)2 561 ) ,- +

+7

,1.-4- +1) - 1 6-/4) 11

y Clculo do elemento de volume

y=f(x) rea plana a b x

z a

y=f(x) r=f(x) b x

dV= rdx dV=[f(x)]dx

dx

=> H=@ HAI F=H= A => H= HE +=HA E 1L= AJA

@= =F IJE = K?DE 5EF A =H AE KEI = @ AH

- EI= @H= * H @A .ECKAEHA@

8AHI 2=H= ?

=JK= A@EJ=@= F H - EI= @H= * H @A .ECKAEHA@ = A>B( E LE A K@AI? >H

A J HE I A IKCAIJ AI AI?HAL= F=H= @

A F=CA

DJJF

MMM

E LE A K@AI? >H F HJ=

FH BAII HAI A EI= @H=

E LE A K D @A 

0 H HE @A
1 ?E .E = &  5ACK @= 6AH = % ! & '   '       # "      ! ! " #  

EJ HE=
3K=HJ= 3KE J= 5ANJ=

#  $  %  % # '  ' #  "

$  %  &  '  ' #

0 H HE @A )JA @E A J @ I 2H BAII HAI

1 ?E .E = &  5ACK @= 6AH = 3K=HJ= 3KE J= 5ANJ= % ! & '   '     

 

  ! ! " #  

 # " 

#  $  % 

$ 

%  &  '  ' #

% # '  ' #  "

+
    !  "  #  $  %  &  '

JA @

! " # $ 8= H + @E ?K LAH 1 JACH=EI 4ALEI K 2 J ?  F=H= 1 JACH=EI $ %  ! # # AGK= AI F=H= =HAI JHE?=I ! !" !& @A )H? @A K @A =H? @A 4AL @A K J H A =H? A K = 4AJ= 2=H= A = = K -EN + H@A =@ + A ? H@A =@=I +=HJAIE= =I ? H@A =@=I F=H= =HAI JHE?=I H@A =@=I F !& " "! "" "& # $ H@A =@=I 2 =HAI H@A =@=I F A J= @ = @ 1 JH @K 2=HJE 5 5 .K 6A HA  $ $ = 5KFAHE H = 1 BAHE H 1 JACH LA = .K @= . H

 1 6-/4) ,-.1 1,)

 #  6A HA

K =I + FH FHE=I = .K ?

IIE?=I F=H= 4AI ,AI? E@= J K=

1 JACH=EI 1 )F E?=  '   '   ' !

1 JACH= @A K HA= A

[a, b]

AI @= 1 JACH= ,A HA= @A E HA= @A K A J FHE FHE FHE 5 A

H@A =@=I HAJ= CK =HAI EJ=@= F H ?KHL=I AI?HEJ=I A IAJ H ?KHLE A A ?

  +

FHE

@A )H? A J A J A J E@

   +   ! +   % +   8   K

A @A K

  # 4 J=  ! 4AIF IJ=I  " 4ALEI @A +

-NAH? ?E I /AH=EI

$"

.7
 .K

-5 ,- 8 41)5 8)41 8-15 - ,1.-4- +1)

1 JH @K @A 8 HE=I 8=HE LAEI #  /H ? @A K = .K =I E @A 8 HE=I 8=HE LAEI LA -IF= EJAI @A @K=I 8=HE LAEI JHE?= @=I @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI 5KFAHE H @A @K=I 8=HE LAEI +KHL=I A 5KFAHB ?EAI @A ?E=I A * = .K

2)4+1)

$&
$' % % %# %$ %% & &! &# &% ' ' '

" ,EIJ ! " # $ % E + EJA @A K ! '

@A @K=I 8=HE LAEI = .K /A H@A

2H FHEA@=@AI @ I

JE KE@=@A @A K # % 1 JAHFHAJ= I @A K 2 J

,AHEL=@=I 2=H?E=EI ,AHEL=@=I 2=H?E=EI @A -NJHA %  = .K +H JE?

EE

% ! & '

@A

NE

A 2 +

@A

' '$ ''  # & &

,AHEL=@= @A K

= .K

F IJ=

,AHEL=@= 2=H?E= ? AI 1

6=N= @A 8=HE= F ?EJ=I

 ,EBAHA ?E=I 2=H?E=EI A 6 J=EI  ,AHEL=@=I @A .K  -NAH? ?E I /AH=EI ! 4AIF IJ=I

! 1 6-/4)15 ,72 )5
!  ! ! ! ! " ! # ! $ 1 JH @K 1 JAHFHAJ= + ?K /A JHE?= @= 1 JACH= ,KF = + H@A =@= 2 =HAI @= 1 JACH= ,KF =

 !
 "  $  % ! !% "

1 JACH=EI ,KF =I A -NAH? ?E I /AH=EI 4AIF IJ=I

" 1 6-/4)15 6412 )5

"  " " ! " " " # " $ " % 1 JH @K 1 JAHFHAJ= + ?K /A JHE?= @= 1 JACH= 6HEF = + H@A =@=I 4AJ= CK =HAI @HE?=I + + H@A =@=I +E @= 1 JACH= 6HEF = A

"
"! "! "" # #$ $! $%

1 JACH=EI 6HEF =I A 1 JACH=EI 6HEF =I A -NAH? ?E I /AH=EI 4AIF IJ=I

H@A =@=I -IB HE?=I

# 5-37
#  # 5AGK # # # ! # " # # # $ ! %

+1)5 - 5 41-5
?E=I E EJA @A K ?E=I + EJ=@= K HE?=I = @A K = 5 HEA LAHCA JAI LAHC ?E= HE?=I J =I ?E=I E = 5AGK ?E= 5AGK ?E= ?E=I K 5 LAHCA JAI

%
% % % %! %" %" %# %$ %& %' & &! &! &" &# &# E?= K +HEJ HE @= 4= &# &% && &' ' ' '

1 JH @K

5K>IAGK 5AGK 5AGK 5 HEAI # $ " # $ %

5 HEAI +

# % # &

@E

A?AII HE= F=H= + 5 HEA D=H 5 HEA CA +HEJ HE 5 HEA F +HEJ HE +HEJ HE E?= JHE?= LAHC

5 HEAI -IFA?E=EI # &  # & !

# '

+HEJ HE I @A + # '  # ' " # ' & # ' 

?E= @A 5 HEAI

@= E JACH= K 5 HEA 0EFAH D=H @= ? F=H= >AHJ K +HEJ HE @= 4= @A ,) = @A +=K?DO ?E= @A K

# ' # +HEJ HE #  5 HEAI @A 6AH #  ! + LAHC #  5 HEA @A 6AH

I 2 IEJEL I A

AC=JEL I

= I HEA = JAH =@=

I @A 5E =EI 3K=EIGKAH

EEE

# 

5 HEAI =>I # ! +

KJ= LAHC

A JA ? AI

LAHCA JA A ?

@E?E AI

A JA ?

LAHCA JAI

'" '$ '$ '%

# ! 5 HEAI @A .K # " 5 HEAI @A 2 J # " " 2H ?AII # " &

?E= @A I HEAI @A BK F=H= @AJAH ?E=I ?E=I ?A JH=@= A = @A K = I HEA @A BK E =H

?E=I E JAHL= A H=E @A ? LAHC ?E= @A K =

I HEA @A F J 5 HEA @A F J # "  + # # ,EBAHA ?E= # $ 5 HEAI @A 6=O # % 5 HEA @A # & . H #

'&

x=a
AI AI ? J K=I

''    " #

JE KE@=@A @= I @A K A 1 JACH= H >E E =? =KHE

= 5 HEA @A .K ?E=I

# " ! ,AHEL=

@A 5 HEAI @A 2 J

K = CAH= @

@A

AMJ

'  &

# ' -NAH? ?E I /AH=EI  4AIF IJ=I

EL

+=F JK

1 6-/4) ,-.1 1,)

> AJEL I =  ,A = @ ?=F JK AIFAH= IA GKA = K IA = ?=F= @A EH E JACH= E BAHE H A E JACH= IKFAHE H L= JA HA H @= E JACH= @A = BK @= E@= F H @A ? ?K E

+= ?K =H ! " # $ % & '   )F E?=H

A J= @

A IK=I FH FHEA@=@AI @A L=HE LAEI FH FHE=I FH FHE=I @A BK AI @AI? J K=I

+= ?K =H E JACH= @A 4AI 4AI

E@= F H IK>IJEJKE L= L=

LAH ANAH? ?E I GKA A L LAH ANAH? ?E I GKA A L HA=I @A E HA=I @A E HA=I @A E K ?

E JACH=EI E E JACH=EI E AI A AI A AI A K A ? ? ? ?

+= ?K =H += ?K =H += ?K =H

EJ=@=I F H BK EJ=@=I F H BK EJ=@=I F H BK I E@ @A HAL =H?

H@A =@=I HAJ= CK =HAI H@A =@=I F =HAI JHE?=I

H@A =@=I F=H=

+= ?K =H L += ?K =H =HAI

A @A K FHE A J

@A K

H@A =@=I HAJ= CK =HAI F=H=

JHE?=I A F

 !

+= ?K =H = IKFAHB ?EA @A K 4AI LAH FH > A AI

E@

@A HAL

K =I HA=I @A B IE?= FH @K A? E= A JHA

=I =JH=L I @= E JACH=

KJH=I =F E?= " 4AI

LAH ANAH? ?E I KI= @ ?

= BAHH=

A J= JA?

CE?= LAHE ?=H IA I > AJEL I B H= @A @AIA L @A B H LE K A J

) FH L= IAH =JE CE@ I = JA HE?

F IJ= F H GKAIJ AI GKA F IIE>E EJ= AIIA @A H JAEH F=H= HEA J= = B H K = =@ J=@

2 HJ= J

AI @A IAKI AIJK@ I @ I ANAH? ?E I A

@=I GKAIJ AI @AIIA ?=F JK

AII= =F IJE =

  1 JH @K
AIJA ?=F JK @A IA = E@= A ? AIJK@=HA K ? = BK B H I = E JACH= @A =I GKA A L ? J @A E K= J= E@= LA 7 ? = @=I FHE ?EF=EI =F E?= ?K @A HA= A L K AI F=H= J @ AI @= E JACH= 2 H ANA F II A FA =I JH= IA A FH > A

f : [a, b] R
@AJAH A

GKA

f (x) 0

FH F IEJ HAJ=I

E =H =

HA= @= HACE

EJ=@= FA = ?KHL=

x [a, b] y = f (x) FA AEN x

x=a

x=b

A .ECKH=   =>=EN

a f

x
.ECKH=   HA= @= HACE I ?

R
HA= @A K A JHE CK HAJ )IIE CK 

= JKH=
FH > A GKA K E ? E =

-IJE = @
) A J= J = @= HA= F=H= @A

L= H @= HA= 4
F C J EH K B ?E A ? KJE E =H K = J= CA JA >JAH JH=H = FHE

5=>A I

?= ?K =H = = HACE GKA = E ? =

>=IA
I I I

HA= @A K

F @A

>JAH IK>@ELE@E @

I A HAJ

CK

HA= @A K AEH J = =FH NE I

=@ I ?KHL I HA= @A K = HACE =

F=HJA @

= E@AE= E JKEJEL= @

4A? H@A 7JE E =HA

I = E ? E = EJA @AII=I =FH NE

@= HAJ= J= CA JA F H AI

AI @A HAJ=I IA?= JAI A A J A D= JA F=H= F F=H= ?= ?K =H =

= E@AE= IA 2 H ANA

HA=I

HA= @= HACE R L= I @ELE@EH E JAHL= [a, b] A 2 IK>E ba JAHL= I @A ? FHE A J x = ,A J= I I ANJHA I @AIJAI IK>E JAHL= I F H xi 2 @A i {0, 1, 2} 8A = GKA AIJA ?=I JA I x 0 = a x1 = c A x2 = b = .ECKH=  ? IE@AHA I HAJ CK I @A =HCKH=

A = JKH=

Mi = M ax{f (x) : x [xi1 , xi ]}.

a f

x
.ECKH=  ,AIJA @= F H @ >JA I K CK I -IJE F + C =JEL= F H I = @A HA=I @A HAJ CK HA= I @=@= FA = I HA= =

?EH?K I?HEJ = >=IA =

= HACE AI =

?K =

HA= @ I @ EI HAJ 2

F @A

I @E AH GKA =

@=@= F=H=H =

Mi x,

@A

Mi = M ax{f (x) : x [xi1 , xi ]}.

8 ?

=?D= GKA F @A

I ?

i=1

HA= @= HACE  ) @EBAHA E JAHL= ) @A K = ? AN

R HAFHAIA
= A B H = A JHA KEJ

J=@= FA = .ECKH=   A = HACE CH= @A I ? GKA =? E@= A L JA?AHE= ? LA = I @A

B H

=@= FA

I HAJ

CK

I @= .ECKH= I

AIJ= @EBAHA = @A KEJ I JAH

= IA @ELE@ IIA I FAGKA FAH= A J= @ E A F FHE

[a, b]
E

IK>E JAHL=

n = 3, 4, 5, 6, ?
I @EBA )IIE + D ?K AI = GK= JE@=@A J J= =F I AIJ= 6A HA A L LA ? K LE@=I A AJH AI ?

= @A E JACH= @A = E@=@A @A ? ? ?AHJ ?K

HA ?E=EI ? HA =?E KI= @

>JAH IA K

E JACH= A @EBAHA ?E= I

= .K @=

= = E JACH=

= @AHEL=@= JA F

)I E JACH=EI AIJ = AEJKH= @ K ? H= @A JA F @=@

AH=I IEJK=

= J=N= @AHEL=@= F @A

>JAH = GK= JE@=@A E JACH=  @A E JAHL= @A JA

GKA L= = @A K E>KI AIF=?E= )IIE F @A IA ?E= ? A J I @A ?KHL=I

J= GKA @KH= JA K KI=H = E JACH= FHA@E IK

KJE E = @ =I ?

@A K

F II LA ?= ?K =H = = JKH= =JE CE@= F H A A A F=H= HAI LAH FH > A K AI F FK =?E =EI I= @= @A I= CKA @ E JAHL=

?AH A JAI = L

B H = I >HA K = ?E@=@A @A

= HAFHAI= F J E LE A AJ?

E@= A = A AHCE= KI=@= A

+ ?K
2HE F H I AEH= = @A HA=I @AIIAI HAJ

@= HA=
A JA =FH NE CK CK I =HA I = HA= @= HACE A J=

@A E AH

EJ=@= F H CH J =H B H @AIJAI ?

? I @A BK I E

AI

HA=I @A HAJ

I E I?HEJ I

K ?EH?K I?HEJ I F=H= A J

EJA @=I

A@E@= GKA IA =K

A = .ECKH=  !

x
= @ HA=I ?

.ECKH=  ! - @AIJ= B H AH =JA @A HAJ ?E = = CK

)FH NE

HAJ = @=I

CK

HA= J J= @AIA =@= IAH ?=@= LA A HAI EIJ I IA J H = ?=@= LA = E = LAHA

>JE@= FA = I GK= @ =E H EIJ I = CK

HA=I HAJ= CK =HAI GK= @ JA A JA GK= @ = E =H IACKA B H

IK=I >=IAI IA J H = =JE?=

x 0  K AGKEL= A n ). 8 ? ?
=I @A E

A JA AIJA HAIK J=@ = AII= B H AI =KNE E=HAI

2=H= @=H E


,-.1

2=HJE
1  

H@A =@ @A F J I

5A = [a, b] K

E JAHL=

,A

E =

I F=HJE

@A [a, b] = ?

K J

P = {x0 , x1 , x2 , ..., xi , ..., xn } a = x0 < x1 < x2 < ... < xn = b

J=EI GKA A GKA @ELE@A

[a, b] A

IK>E JAHL= I = I=>AH

[x0 , x1 ] , [x1 , x2 ] , [x2 , x3 ] , ..., [xi1 , xi ] , ..., [xn1 , xn ] ,

!

@A

E =@ I E JAHL= I @= F=HJE

|[x0 , x1 ]| = x1 x0 = x1 |[x1 , x2 ]| = x2 x1 = x2 |[x2 , x3 ]| = x3 x2 = x3 |[xi1 , xi ]| = xi xi1 = xi |[xn1 , xn ]| = xn xn1 = xn .

@EII

F @A

I AI?HALAH

-:-

+ IE@AH= @ E JAHL= [1, 12] ? K J @A F J I P = {1, 2, 4, 8, 12} K = F=HJE @A [1, 12]. I E JAHL= I @AII= F=HJE I [1, 2], [2, 4], [4, 8] e [8, 12]. =JKH= A JA JA I 1 = x0 < 2 = x1 < 4 = x2 < 8 = x3 < 12 = x4 .
2 

,-.1

5A = [a, b] K

E JAHL= A ? IE@AHA

P = {x0 , x1 , x2 , , xi , , xn } A Q = {x0 , x1 , x2 , , y0 , , xi, , xn }

@K=I F=HJE AI @A [a, b]. ,E A

-:2  "

I GKA = F=HJE I E JAHL=

K HA I?

= A J @= F=HJE K J I @A F J I

P IA P Q.

+ IE@AHA

[1, 12]

P = {1, 2, 4, 8, 12} A Q = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12}

@K=I F=HJE AI @A [1, 12] ?

P Q. - J

HA

= A J @A P.

! 5
+ IE@AH=HA

= 5KFAHE H
I IA FHA K = BK EIJ ? J K= AIIA E JAHL= ANEIJA

[a, b] A E EJ=@= x [a, b] .

f : [a, b] R @A E@= K E JAHL= BA?D=@ m, M R J=EI GKA m f (x) M F=H= J @

5A = f : [a, b] R K = BK E EJ=@= A IA = P = {x0 , x1 , x2 , ..., xi , ..., xn } K = F=HJE @A [a, b], ? a = x0 < x1 < x2 < ... < xn = b. 5A = Mi L= H IKFHA @A f E JAHL= [xi1 , xi ] , @A i = 1, 2, 3, , n. ,A E = I I = IKFAHE H @A f A HA = F=HJE P A @A J= I F H S (f, P ) ANFHAII
1  ! 

,-.1

S (f, P ) = M1 (x1 x0 ) + M2 (x2 x1 ) + .. + Mn (xn xn1 ) =

-:-

n i=1

Mi (xi xi1 ).

 ! 

2  ! + IE@AHA = BK f : [0, 2] R @A E@= F H f (x) = xsenx. = .ECKH=  " F @A I LAH CH ? @A K = I = IKFAHE H HABAHA JA = K = F=HJE ? F IJ= F H # F J I K = I = IKFAHE H HABAHA JA = K = F=HJE ? =E H AH @A F J I & F J I E KIJH=@= FA = .ECKH=  #

JA GKA @EIJHE>K @ I

? = I

B H

A =K

A J=

AH

@A F

J I @= F=HJE = @ @= HA= I >

=GKE K EB H CH ? @A

A JA

= IKFAHE H

S (f, P )

L=E IA =FH NE

f ( x) =

x sin x,

E JAHL=

[0, 2] .

"

f(x)=xsen x
x
.ECKH=  " 5 = 5KFAHE H

S (f, P ), P

# F

J I

A = 1, 863

K =

f(x)=xsen x
x
.ECKH=  # 5 = 5KFAHE H

S (f, P ), P

& F

J I

A = 1, 746

K =

" 5
,-.1
1

= 1 BAHE H
 " 

5A = f : [a, b] R K = BK E EJ=@= A IA = P = {x0 , x1 , x2 , ..., xi , ..., xn } K = F=HJE @A [a, b], @A a = x0 < x1 < x2 < ... < xn = b. 5A = mi L= H @A f E JAHL= [xi1 , xi ] F=H= i = 1, 2, 3, ..., n ,A E = I I = E BAHE H @A f A HA = F=HJE P A @A J= I F H S (f, P ) ANFHAII
S (f, P ) = m1 (x1 x0 ) + m2 (x2 x1 ) + ... + mn (xn xn1 ) =
n i=1

mi (xi xi1 ).

 " 

-:-

2  " + IE@AHA = BK f : [0, 2] R @A E@= F H f (x) = xsenx = .ECKH=  $ F @A I LAH CH ? @A K = I = E BAHE H HABAHA JA = K = F=HJE ? F IJ= F H K AH HA@K E@ @A F J I # F J I A = .ECKH=  % @A K = I = E BAHE H HABAHA JA = K = F=HJE ? =E H AH @A F J I & F J I

JA GKA =K NE = @ @=

A J= @ CH ? @A

AH

@A F

J I @A

[a, b]

= I

= E BAHE H

S (f, P )

L=E IA =FH

HA= I >

f (x) = x sin x

E JAHL=

[0, 2]

f(x)=xsen x
x
.ECKH=  $ 5 = 1 BAHE H

S (f, P ), P

# F

J I

A = 1, 642

K =

f(x)=xsen x
x
.ECKH=  % 5 = 1 BAHE H

S (f, P ), P

& F

J I

A = 1, 718

K =

 # .K
,-.1
1  # 

1 JACH LA
5A = f : [a, b] R K = BK
n+

E EJ=@= ,E A
n+

I GKA f

E JACH LA IA

lim S (f, P ) = lim S (f, P )

n i=1

K IA = IA
n+

lim

n i=1

mi (xi xi1 ) = lim

n+

Mi (xi xi1 ),

IA @ P = {x0 , x1 , x2 , , xn } GK= GKAH F=HJE

?=I F H @A K = BK E JACH LA @A J=HA

@A [a, b].
I =

E JACH= @A

E@= @A

@A

=J

f (x) dx = lim
*5-48)  #

n i=1

n+

f (wi ) (xi xi1 ), onde wi [xi1 , xi ] .

)I I

=I IKFAHE HAI A E BAHE HAI =?E = @A GKA I NE

$

E@=I I

@A 5

=I @A 4EA =

GK=EIGKAH ANFHAII AI @= B H = S = KK E

n i=1

?=I I F=HJE?K =HAI

f (wi ) xi ,

@A

wi [xi1 , xi ]

A?AII=HE= A JA K

@A f A

?=@= IK>E JAHL=

@= F=HJE ? IE@AH=@= A xi A?AII=HE= A JA ? IJ= JA A J= J A II I FH F IEJ I EHA I ? IE@AH=H AIIAI ?=I I =EI CAH=EI )E @= ? f (x) F @A IAH AC=JEL= ?AHJ I JAH I @A K = I = IKFAHE H K E BAHE H J= > F @A IAH AC=JEL I + IAGKA JA A JA A IA FHA S (f, P ) A S (f, P ) EH HAFHA IA J=H K = I = @A HA=I @A HAJ CK I ,A B H = CAH= AIJ=I I =I HAFHAIA J= = I = @=I HA=I @ I HAJ CK I IEJK=@ I =?E = @ AEN x  @A f 0) ? AC=JEL @=I HA=I @ I HAJ CK I GKA AIJ IEJK=@ I =>=EN @AIJA AEN  @A f 0). 2=H= ?= ?K =H E JACH=EI @A E@=I KI= @ = @A K E BAHE HAI IAH KI=@=I =I IACKE JAI ANFHAII AI
*5-48)  # !

@A I

=I IKFAHE HAI

E EE

1 + 1 + 1 + ... + 1 = k k vezes 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + k = (1 + k )k 2 k (k + 1) (2k + 1) 6

EEE EL L

-:-

12 + 22 + 32 + ... + k 2 =
3 3 3 3

k 2 (k + 1)2 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + k = 4 14 + 24 + 34 + ... + k 4 =

2  # "

k (k + 1) (6k 3 + 9k 2 + k 1) 30

y = x2 + 1, x = 0, x = 4 A y = 0 I=>A @ GKA = BK

7I= @ = @A E
I

@A I

= IKFAHE H A ? JHA = HA= @A E EJ=@= FA =I ?KHL=I E JACH LA 

= F=HJE @ E JAHL=

5 K

P = {x0, x1 , x2 , ..., xn } K
y

[0, 4]

B H

A E KIJH=

= .ECKH=  &

x
.ECKH=  & + F IIKA I IK>E JAHL= AI @E A F @A 5 = 5KFAHE H @A

f ( x) = x2 + 1

 HAJ F @A

CK I =@

I EJEH GKA J @ I JA I GKA

I @= F=HJE AJH EIJ

F @A

IAH GK=EIGKAH

4 40 = x = n n

x = x1 = x2 = ... = xn
HAI F=H= ?=@=

2 HJ= J IA @

I =JHE>KEH L=

xi P

x0 = 0, x1 = x, x2 = 2x, x3 = 3x, ..., xn = nx.

5A = K = BK K IA =

Mi

IKFHA ?HAI?A JA

@A )IIE

f ( x) = x2 + 1 NE @A f A
= I

E JAHL=

[xi1 , xi ].
@=@= F H

AIJA ANA IAK ANJHA

JA @EHAEJ

?=@= IK>E JAHL=

? HHA

Mi = f (xi ). S (f, P ) = = = = = = = = = =

= IKFAHE H @A

M1 x + M2 x + M3 x + .... + Mn x f (x1 )x + f (x2 )x + f (x3 )x + ... + f (xn )x f (x)x + f (2x)x + f (3x)x + ... + f (nx)x x[(x)2 + 1 + (2x)2 + 1 + (3x)2 + 1 + ... + (nx)2 + 1] x[1 + 1 + ... + 1 + (x)2 + 4(x)2 + 9(x)2 + ... + n2 (x)2 ] x[n + x2 (1 + 22 + 32 + ... + n2 )] ( ) 2 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) x n + x 6 ( ) 2 4 4 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n+ 2 n n 6 64 (n + 1)(2n + 1) 4+ 6 ( n2 ) 32 3 1 64 32 32 4+ 2+ + 2 =4+ + + 2. 3 n n 3 n 3n
@=@= F H

2 HJ= J

HA= @AIA =@=

0
)C H= IA @AIA =H I ? =JA ?K I =?E GKA =

( (x + 1)dx = lim
IA ? JH=H = I

n+

64 32 32 4+ + + 2 3 n 3n f, GK=EI

) =

76 . 3
AI @ALAHA FHAIJ= @ IAGK I ABAJK=H >=IJ= JA

= E BAHE H @A CK

@E ?= =I ?

5KCAHA IA GKA

AIJK@= JA HAB= = AIJA ANAH? ?E I E I?HEJ I A

? HHA ?

=I = JKH=I @ I HAJ

?E=I @AIJA B=J

-:-

 # #

y = 16 x2 , x = 1, x = 4 A y = 0 I=>A @ GKA = BK
6 = I

7I= @ = @A E

@A I

= E BAHE H A ? JHA = HA= @A E EJ=@= FA =I ?KHL=I E JACH LA 

= F=HJE @ E JAHL=

5 K

P = {x0, x1 , x2 , ..., xn } K
y

[1, 4]

B H

A E KIJH=

= .ECKH=  '

.ECKH=  '

= 1 BAHE H @A

f (x) = 16 x2

 HAJ

CK

&

+ F IIKA

I IK>E JAHL= AI @E

I @= F=HJE AJH EIJ

F @A

IAH GK=EIGKAH

F @A

I =@

EJEH GKA J @ I JA I GKA

41 3 x = = n n

x = x1 = x2 = ... = xn
HAI F=H= ?=@=

2 HJ= J IA @

A F @A

I =JHE>KEH L=

xi P

x0 = 1, x1 = 1 + x, x2 = 1 + 2x, x3 = 1 + 3x, , xn = 1 + nx.

5A = BK IA =

mi
@A?HAI?A JA

@A )IIE

mi = f (xi ).

f (x) = 16 x2 E JAHL= [xi1 , xi ]. + E @A f A ?=@= IK>E JAHL= ? HHA = I = E BAHE H @A f @=@= F H

E JAHL= IAK ANJHA

[1, 4]

= K

@EHAEJ

S (f, P ) = = = = = = = = =
2 HJ= J =

m1 x + m2 x + m3 x + .... + mn x f (x1 )x + f (x2 )x + f (x3 )x + ... + f (xn )x f (1 + x)x + f (1 + 2x)x + f (1 + 3x)x + ... + f (1 + nx)x [16 (1 + x)2 + 16 (1 + 2x)2 + 16 (1 + 3x)2 + + 16 (1 + nx)2 ]x 16nx + [1 + 2x + (x)2 + 1 + 2 2x + (2x)2 + 1 + 2 3x + (3x)2 + + + 1 + 2 nx + (nx)2 ]x 16nx nx 2(1 + 2 + 3 + + n)(x)2 (12 + 22 + 32 + + n2 )(x)3 n(n + 1) n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 15nx 2 (x)2 (x)3 2 6 3 n2 + n 2n3 + 3n2 + n 15n 9 9 n n2 2n3 9 27 9 45 9 45 9 9 2 = 27 2 n 2n 2n 2n 2n
HA= @AIA =@= @=@= F H

1
*5-48)  # $

( (16 x )dx = lim

2 n+

9 45 2 27 2n 2n

) = 27.

)J A J ANECE I GKA = BK IA = ? J K= 1II F HGKA = ? @E @A ? JE KE@=@A A?AII HE= F=H= GKA K = BK IA = E JACH LA ,=GKE F=H= BHA JA I JH=>= D=HA I ? BK AI ? J K=I ) E JACH=>E E@=@A @A BK AI ? J K=I IAH > AJ @A II AIJK@

2H FHEA@=@AI @=I 1 JACH=EI

5A

f, g : [a, b] R
5A

BK

AI E JACH LAEI A J

E@=I =I IACKE JAI FH FHEA@=@AI

E EE EEE EL

f (x) k
b
K = BK ? IJ= JA E A

f (x) = c

A J

cdx = c(b a).

a

5A K = ? IJ= JA A J

kf (x) dx = k
a

f (x) dx.

[f (x) + g (x)]dx =
a

f (x) dx +
a

g (x) dx.
b

f (x) dx
a

5A

f (x) g (x)

F=H= J @

x [a, b]

A J

g (x) dx.

'

L LE LEE

5A

m f (x) M c [a, b]
A J

F=H= J @

x [a, b]
c

A J

m (b a)
a

f (x) dx M (b a) .

5A

f (x) dx +
c
=?=HHAJ= =

f (x) dx =
a a
EJ= JAI @A E JACH=

f (x) dx.
K@= = IE = @= E JACH= @A E@=

) JH ?= @ I E K IA =

f (x) dx =
b

f (x) dx.

LEEE
-:-

f (x)dx = 0.
2  # %

,AJAH E A = I = IKFAHE H A = I = E BAHE H F=H= f (x) = x2 2x + 2 E JAHL= [1, 2]. ) IACKEH KJE E A =I F=H= ?= ?K =H = HA= @= HACE IEJK=@= =>=EN @ CH ? @A f A A JHA =I HAJ=I y = 0, x = 1 A x = 2.

5 K
? AI KI=HA E JAHL= E JAHL=

) .ECKH=   E KIJH=

CH

@= I

= IKFAHE H @A CK 1II

HABAHA JA = K

= F=HJE F IIKA @A?HAI?A JA

F IJ= @A ?

15

J I A J

>IAHLA GKA =I = JKH=I @ I HAJ A 6 J @ =HA E JAHL=

I ?EH?K I?HEJ I F=H= = I E JAHL=

F HJ=

? HHA F HGKA = BK F=H=

[1, 1] [1, 2].

A ?HAI?A JA A

[1, 2].

2=H=

>JAH = ANFHAII

= IKFAHE H @A A

I = 2H FHEA@=@A LE

I K

= F=HJE

[1, 1]

KJH= F=H=

x
.ECKH=   5 = 5KFAHE H @A

f (x) = x2 2x + 2

# HAJ

CK

= 5KFAHE H F=H=
5A =

E JAHL= [1, 1]
K = F=HJE AI @E @ AJH E JAHL= EIJ CK ? I

IK>E JAHL= 2 HJ= J =IIE

P = {x0, x1 , x2 , ..., xn } I @A P F IIK=

JA I =JHE>KEH L=

I GKA = >=IA @A ?=@= K

@ I HAJ

F @A

HAI F=H= ?=@=

xi P

IA @

[1, 1] @A J= B H = GKA J @ I I x = x1 = x2 = = xn . 1 (1) 2 @=@= F H x = = A n n

x0 = 1, x1 = 1 + x, x2 = 1 + 2x, x3 = 1 + 3x, , xn = 1 + nx. f (x) = x 2x + 2

)C H= L= 2 I @AJAH E =H =I = JKH=I @ I HAJ IK>E JAHL= CK I ?EH?K I?HEJ I AIJA E JAHL= 5A = = BK

Mi

IKFHA

@A

[xi1 , xi ].

@A?HAI?A JA



NE )IIE

@A = I

?=@= IK>E JAHL=

? HHA

IAK ANJHA

AIGKAH@

K IA =

Mi = f (xi1 ).

= IKFAHE H @A

@=@= F H

S (f, P ) = = = = = = = = = =

M1 x + M2 x + M3 x + + Mn x f (x0 )x + f (x1 )x + f (x2 )x + + f (xn1 )x f (1)x + f (1 + x)x + f (1 + 2x)x + + f (1 + (n 1)x)x [ ] [ ] x{5 + (1 + x)2 2(1 + x) + 2 + (1 + 2x)2 2(1 + 2x) + 2 + [ ] + + (1 + (n 1)x)2 2(1 + (n 1)x) + 2 } [ ] [ ] x{5 + (1 2x + (x)2 ) + 2 2x + 2 + 1 4x + 22 (x)2 + 2 4x + 2 + [ ] + + 1 2(n 1)x + (n 1)2 (x)2 + 2 2(n 1)x + 2 } [ ] [ ] x{5 + 5 4x + (x)2 + 5 8x + 22 (x)2 + [ ] + + 5 4(n 1)x + (n 1)2 (x)2 } [ ( )] x 5n 4x (1 + 2 + + (n 1)) + (x)2 1 + 22 + + (n 1)2 [ ] ( )2 2 2 n(n 1) 2 (n 1)n (2n 1) 5n 4 + n n 2 n 6 [ ( 2 )] 2 2n 3n + 1 2 5n 4(n 1) + n 3 n ( ) 3 1 14 4 4 8 4 + + 2. 2+ + 2 + 2 = n 3 n n 3 n 3n

5
IK>E

= 5KFAHE H F=H=
5A =

E JAHL= [1, 2]
K = F=HJE AI @E @ AJH E JAHL= EIJ CK I

Q = {x0, x1 , x2 , ..., xn } JAHL= I @A Q F IIK=

JA I =JHE>KEH L=

2 HJ= J F @A

I GKA = >=IA @A ?=@= K HAI F=H= ?=@=

@ I HAJ ?

xi Q

IA @

[1, 2] @A J= B H = GKA J @ I I x = x1 = x2 = = xn . 21 1 @=@= F H x = = A =IIE n n

x0 = 1, x1 = 1 + x, x2 = 1 + 2x, x3 = 1 + 3x, , xn = 1 + nx.

+ ? HHA B A AIJA E JAHL= ANJHA @EHAEJ = BK @A?HAI?A JA =I = JKH=I @ I HAJ E A CK I ?EH?K I?HEJ I = I

Mi ,

@A ?=@= IK>E JAHL=

Mi = f (xi ).

)IIE

= IKFAHE H @A

[1, 2]

HA =JEL= = F=HJE

@=@= F H

S (f, Q) = = = =

M1 x + M2 x + M3 x + + Mn x f (x1 )x + f (x2 )x + f (x3 )x + + f (xn )x [f (1 + x) + f (1 + 2x) + f (1 + 3x) + + f (1 + nx)]x {[(1 + x)2 2(1 + x) + 2] + [(1 + 2x)2 2(1 + 2x) + 2] + +[(1 + 3x)2 2(1 + 3x) + 2] + + [(1 + nx)2 2(1 + nx) + 2]}x = {[1 + (x)2 ] + [1 + (2x)2 ] + [1 + (3x)2 ] + + [1 + (nx)2 ]}x = nx + (12 + 22 + 32 + + n2 )(x)3 ( )3 1 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 1 4 1 1 = n + = + + 2 n 6 n 3 2n 6n
= I

2 HJ= J

[1, 2] 14 4 4 4 1 1 9 3 S (f, P Q) = + + 2+ + + 2 =6+ + 2. 3 n 3n 3 2n 6n 2n 2n

= IKFAHE H @A



2=H= @AJAH

E =H = I CH

= E BAHE H @A ? 1II K @= I

f, >=IJ= A
CK

JH=H =I = JKH=I @ I HAJ

CK ? AI

I E I?HEJ I F IJ= @A ? L= F HJ=

) .ECKH=   E KIJH=

= E BAHE H @A

HABAHA JA = K

= F=HJE

15 F
A J

J I A

>IAHLA GKA =I = JKH=I @ I HAJ J @ E JAHL= 2=H= = @

I E I?HEJ I

F IIKA @A?HAI?A JA

? HHA F HGKA = BK F=H= = I E JAHL= F=H=

E JAHL= I

[1, 1]

?HAI?A JA A

[1, 2].

>JAH = ANFHAII = F=HJE

= E BAHE H @A

KI=HA

A JA =

2H FHEA@=@A LE J

[1, 1] A

KJH= F=H=

E JAHL=

[1, 2].

.ECKH=  

= 1 BAHE H @A

f (x) = x2 2x + 2

# HAJ

CK

= 1 BAHE H F=H=
+ IE@AHA = F=HJE @EHAEJ = I

E JAHL= [1, 1]
P
J =@= =?E = ) = JKH= @ I HAJ CK I E I?HEJ I @=@= F H

mi ,

? HHA

ANJHA )IIE

@A ?=@= IK>E JAHL= = E BAHE H @A

[xi1 , xi ], E A mi = f (xi ). [1, 1], HA =JEL= = F=HJE P,

S (f, P ) = = = = = = = = = =

m1 x + m2 x + m3 x + + mn x f (x1 )x + f (x2 )x + f (x3 )x + + f (xn )x f (1 + x)x + f (1 + 2x)x + f (1 + 3x)x + + f (1 + nx)x {[ ] [ ] x (1 + x)2 2(1 + x) + 2 + (1 + 2x)2 2(1 + 2x) + 2 + [ ]} + + (1 + nx)2 2(1 + nx) + 2 {[ ] [ ] x 1 2x + (x)2 + 2 2x + 2 + 1 4x + 22 (x)2 + 2 4x + 2 + [ ]} + + 1 2nx + n2 (x)2 + 2 2nx + 2 {[ ] [ ] [ ]} x 5 4x + (x)2 + 5 8x + 22 (x)2 + + 5 4nx + n2 (x)2 [ ( )] x 5n 4x (1 + 2 + + n) + (x)2 1 + 22 + + n2 [ ] ( )2 2 2 n(n + 1) (2n + 1) 2 (n + 1)n 5n 4 + n n 2 n 6 [ ( 2 )] 2 2n + 3n + 1 2 5n 4(n + 1) + n 3 n ( ) 3 1 14 4 4 8 4 + 2. 2 + 2+ + 2 = n 3 n n 3 n 3n

= 1 BAHE H F=H=
+ IE@AHA = F=HJE AIGKAH@ = I

E JAHL= [1, 2]
Q
J =@= =?E = ) = JKH= @ I HAJ CK I E I?HEJ I F H

mi ,

? HHA

ANJHA )IIE

@A ?=@= IK>E JAHL= = E BAHE H @A

[xi1 , xi ], E A mi = f (xi1 ). [1, 2], HA =JEL= = F=HJE Q, @=@=

S (f, Q) = = = =

m1 x + m2 x + m3 x + + mn x f (x0 )x + f (x1 )x + f (x2 )x + + f (xn1 )x f (1)x + f (1 + x)x + f (1 + 2x)x + + f (1 + (n 1)x)x [ ] [ ] x{1 + (1 + x)2 2(1 + x) + 2 + (1 + 2x)2 2(1 + 2x) + 2 + [ ] + + (1 + (n 1)x)2 2(1 + (n 1)x) + 2 } = x{1 + [1 + (x)2 ] + [1 + (2x)2 ] + + [1 + ((n 1)x)2 ]} = nx + [12 + 22 + + (n 1)2 ](x)3 ( )3 1 (n 1)n(2n 1) 4 1 1 1 = n + = + 2. n 6 n 3 2n 6n
= I = E BAHE H @A

2 HJ= J

[1, 2]

S (f, P Q) =
.E = @=@= F H A JA KJE E = @

14 4 4 4 1 1 9 3 + 2+ + 2 =6 + 2. 3 n 3n 3 2n 6n 2n 2n
= IKFAHE H @A

= I

f,

>JA

I GKA =

HA= @= HACE

@AIA =@=

A =

1 2

(x 2x + 2)dx + (x2 2x + 2)dx 1 )1 ) ( ( 14 4 4 4 1 1 14 4 = lim + + 2 + lim + + 2 = + = 6. n+ n+ 3 n 3n 3 2n 6n 3 3

>JAH = I AI HAIK J=@ KJE E = @ = I = E BAHE H @A

JA GKA

f.

7JE E A = @A E @A E JACH= @A E@= F=H= @AJAH E =H = HA= @= HACE R @A E EJ=@= F H f (x) = 9 A g (x) = x2 , ? x 0, I=>A @ GKA f A g I BK AI E JACH LAEI
-:2  # &

5 K

) HACE

AIJ

>HA=@=

= .ECKH=  

.ECKH=  

4ACE

!

HA= @= HACE @A

HACE

R2 , x 0 A R2
HA= @A @A E@=

R R1

F @A IAH E JAHFHAJ=@= ? = HACE HAJ= CK =H E E EJ=@= FA =I ?KHL=I 0

EJ=@= FA =I ?KHL=I

= HACE

R1 A I = HA= @= y = g (x), y = 0, x = 3 A y = f (x), y = 0, x = 3 A x 0.

IA @ = HA= @= HACE KI= @ =I FH FHEA@=@AI @A E JACH=

R1 : A R1 = R2 :
I HAJ

3
CK

9dx = 9[0 (3)] = 27K =

I E I?HEJ I = HACE

HA= @A

R2

AIJ

HAFHAIA J=@ I

= .ECKH=  !

HA=

.ECKH=  !

= E BAHE H @= HACE

R2

% HAJ

CK

@A K

R2

@=@= F H

AR2 =

x2 dx
3
AI @E

KI= @ @ AJH

=I @A

HA=I @A HAJ

CK

I E I?HEJ I J

= F=HJE I @A

P = {x0 , x 1 , x 2 , , x n } P
F IIK=

E JAHL= EIJ CK ? I

JAHL= JA F @A

I GKA = >=IA @A ?=@= K I =JHE>KEH L=

@ I HAJ

HAI F=H= ?=@=

xi P

IA @

[3, 0] @A J= B H = GKA J @ I I IK>E x = x1 = x2 = ... = xn . 2 HJ= J 3 0 (3) = A =IIE @=@= F H x = n n

x0 = 3, x1 = 3 + x, x2 = 3 + 2x, , xn = 3 + nx.
)C H= L= BK I @AJAH E =H =I = JKH=I @ I HAJ CK E I?HEJ CK I E I?HEJ I + AIJA ANA F JA IK = =JE CA IK= = JKH= F J 2 K IA = = = JKH= @A ?=@= HAJ CK g (xi ) = xi . )IIE = I = @A 4EA F=HJE P A? =I = JKH=I @A E@=I @=@= F H @A?HAI?A JA ?=@= HAJ

xi , i = 1, 2, , n, = @A g HA =JEL= =

S (g, P ) =

n i=1

g (xi )x =

n i=1

2 2 2 x2 i x = (x1 + x2 + + xn )x

= [(3 + x)2 + (3 + x)2 + + (3 + x)2 ]x [( ) ( ) ( )] = 9 6x + (x)2 + 9 6 2x + (2x)2 + + 9 6 nx + (nx)2 x = 9nx 6(x)2 (1 + 2 + + n) + (x)3 (12 + 22 + + n2 ) 54 n(n + 1) 27 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) = 27 2 + n ( 2 ) n3( 6 ) 1 1 9 3 = 27 27 1 + + 2+ + 2 n 2 n n 27 9 = 9+ + 2 2n 2n
"

2 HJ= J

KI= @

HAJ

CK

I E I?HEJ I

>JA

I GKA

( AR2 = lim
C = HA= @= HACE

n+

27 9 9+ + 2 2n 2n

) = 9K = .

R AR = AR1 AR2 = 27 9 = 18K = .

-:-

 # '

7JE E A I
? @A

= @A HA=I @A HAJ CK I E I?HEJ I F=H= ?= ?K =H

A I HAJ CK I E I?HEJ I = HACE

(x2 1)dx.
@A E JACH=

5 K

CH

f (x) = x2 1
HAFHAIA J=@ I

@= E JACH= @AIA =@= AIJ

= .ECKH=  "

.ECKH=  "

4AJ

CK

I E I?HEJ I

= HACE

R
I E I?HEJ I J = I K =

2=H= ?= ?K =H

(x2 1)dx
0
AI @E ?

KI= @ @

=I @A

HA=I @A HAJ

CK

F=HJE @A L=

P = {x0 , x1 , x2 , , xn }
F IIK= AJH @ I HAJ

E JAHL= EIJ I

GKA = >=IA @A ?=@= K HAI F=H= ?=@=

CK IA @

xi P

[0, 4] @A J= B H = GKA J @ I I IK>E JAHL= I x = x1 = x2 = ... = xn . 2 HJ= J JA I 4(0) 4 @=@= F H x = =n A =IIE F @A I =JHE>KEH n

x0 = 0, x1 = x, x2 = 2x, , xn = nx.
)C H= L= K = BK I @AJAH E =H =I = JKH=I @ I HAJ AC=JEL= ?=@= HAJ CK CK CK I E I?HEJ I E I?HEJ + )IIE = I AIJA ANA F F J = JA I @A @A?HAI?A JA A =JE CA IK= = JKH=

i = 1, 2, , n,

xi1 ,

K IA = = = JKH= @A ?=@= HAJ

f (xi1 ).

= @A 4EA

#

HA =JEL= = F=HJE

A ?

=I = JKH=I @A

E@=I

@=@= F H

S (f, P ) =

n i=1

f (xi1 )x

= [f (x0 ) + f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) + f (xni )]x { } = 1 + [(x)2 1] + [(2x)2 1] + + [((n 1)x)2 1] x = nx [12 + 22 + + (n 1)2 ](x)3 ( )3 4 (n 1)n(2n 1) 4 = n n 6 n 2 32(2n 3n + 1) 64 32 32 = 4 = 4 + 2 2 3n 3 n 3n
2 HJ= J KI= @

HA=I @A HAJ

CK

I E I?HEJ I

>JA

I GKA

(x 1)dx = lim
2 0

n+

76 32 32 + 2 3 n 3n

) =

76 . 3

 #  6A HA = @ 8= H 6-:4)  # 

@E F=H= 1 JACH=EI
? J K= A J

0 4

5A f : [a, b] R

ANEIJA c [a, b] J= GKA

f (x) dx =

f (c) (b a).
2  # 

-NA F

 # " >JA
K = BK

I GKA
?

(x2 + 1)dx =

AH GKA I=JEIB= =
+ @E

JA HA = @ L= H

@E F=H= AIJ= E JACH=

J K= @A E JAHL= @ GKA

76 . ,AJAH E A IA ANEIJEH 3 [0, 4]

6A HA = @ 8= H

5 K

f (x) = x2 + 1

F=H= 1 JACH=EI C=H= JA GKA ANEIJA

c (0, 4)

(x2 + 1)dx = f (c)(4 0).

0
)IIE

I=JEIB=

4 3 >IAHLA GKA c = 3
= ? ? KI @ 6A HA = @ 8= H

76 3 16 4 c2 + 1 = c2 = c= . 43 3 3
AIJ 6A HA @E E JAHL= GKA FH ?KH= I = I K 2 HJ= J

=  #  F=H= 1 JACH=EI JA b K = E JAHFHAJ= CH CH ? ? @A CA

4 3 c= 3

JHE?= E JAHAII= JA

IA

f (x) 0 A
@ 6A HA

[a, b].

AIJA ?=I

f (x)dx
a
F

= J J=

HA= I >

f
?

@A

a =J b, A
=>I?EII=

AH

f (c)

=  #  AEN HA=

H@A =@= @ = HAJ= D HE

P
F H

@A

LA = = E EJ=@=

.ECKH=  # 6H= = @ F H AII= HAJ= FA = AI = GKA =

P = HA= @= HACE x A FA =I HAJ= x = a A x = b f (c)(b a) A GKA I > CH ? @A f @A a =J b.

IA K

HAJ= CK =H FA 6A HA

=  # 

*5-48)

 # !

IA f B H K = BK
*5-48)  # "

AH c @ 6A HA =  #  A?AII=HE= A JA ? IJ= JA A J GK= GKAH AH c F @A IAH KJE E =@

1 AH ba
b

E?
[a, b].

,A B=J

f (x)dx
a

@EJ L= H

@E @A f A

$

y=f(x)

P(c, f(c))

a
.ECKH=  # 1 JAHFHAJ=

c
CA

b
JHE?= @ 6A HA

x
=  # 

 $ 6A HA = .K @= A J= @ + ?K
5A = E

f : [a, b] R K
,A

= BK EHA

? I = BK

K= E JACH LA

8=

N=H

EJA E BAHE H

a A L=HE=H

EJA IKFAHE H

F (x) =
a
+=I ?KHLE A

f (t) dt F (x) IAH

x [a, b].
K AHE?= A JA ECK= = HA= @ JH=FA E@A

f (t) IA = IA

FHA F IEJEL= A J

@= .ECKH=  $

F(x) F( x+ x)
f(x)

a
.ECKH=  $ 4AFHAIA J=

x
CA

x+ x
JHE?= @A

F (x)

6BK

4-

)  $
a

5A = f : [a, b] R K = BK
f (t) dt

? J K=
f

E JAHL=

[a, b] A J

F (x) =

K = FHE EJEL= @= BK

K IA = F (x) = f (x)

%

,-

564)

7JE E = @

= @A

@A @AHEL=@= JA

I GKA

F (x) =

F (x + x) F (x) x0 x [ x+x ] x 1 = lim f (t) dt f (t) dt x0 x a a [ x ] x+x x 1 = lim f (t) dt + f (t) dt f (t) dt x0 x a x a x+x 1 f (t) dt, = lim x0 x x lim
I GKA ANEIJA

F H

FA

6A HA

=  #  I=>A

c [x, x + x]

J= GKA

x
A F HJ= J

x+x

f (t) dt = f (c) (x + x x) = f (c)x F (x) = lim f (c)

x0
? JA GKA I GKA

GK= @ ?= @A

x 0
IJH=@

cx

K=

>JA

I GKA

f (c) f (x)

A =IIE

F (x) = lim

x0

F ( x + x ) F ( x ) = f (x) . x
? H HE GKA IACKA

= ?

IAGK

?E= @AIIA JA HA

@AHEL LA A
) BK 6A HA

41

 $ 5A f : [a, b] R B H ? (a, b) A F (x) = f (x) .

J K=
@A

E JAHL=
E =@= FHE

[a, b] A J
EJEL= @A

F : [a, b] R

F : [a, b] R,
) $!

@A J

E@= =?E K= K

=  $  J @= BK

E JAHL=

[a, b]

F IIKE FHE

f : [a, b] R EJEL= A [a, b]

A FA

6-

4-

5A f : [a, b] R B H ? J K= A

a b

[a, b] , A J

f (x)dx = G(b) G(a)

@A G
,EIJ @EBAHA

GK= GKAH FHE EJEL= @A f, EIJ

x
564)

K = BK
2A 6A HA

J= GKA G = f.
=  $  I=>A EJEL= @A I GKA

5A = = FHE = ?

F (x) = f.
a 5A

f (t)dt. G

F (x) = f (x),
A J A =I

EJEL= @A

B H GK= GKAH

KJH= FHE

[a, b],

F H K

IJ= JA EIJ

G(x) = F (x) + c.
)IIE

G(b) G(a) = [F (b) + c] [F (a) + c] =

a

f (t)dt
a

f (t)dt =
a

f (t)dt

&

6H ?= @

F H

>JA

f (x)dx = G(b) G(a)

? ) GKAH = J= I @A KIK= IJH=H

f (x)dx = G(x) .
a
FAH EJA GKA IA = KI=H @AJAH J @ E =@=I =I E JACH=EI @A LEIJ F=H= A ? JH=H I E@=I =I JA HA @=I BK = BK @= J A J= @ ? ?K

AI ?

K=I A

E JAHL=

I BA?D=@ I IA

IKFAHE HAI A E BAHE HAI

-:-

2  $ " 7JE E = @ 6A HA = .K @= A J= @ + ?K A ? JHA = HA= I > @A f : [0, 4] R @A E@= F H f (x) = x2 + 1.

CH ?

5 K

2A

6A HA

=  $ ! =

HA= @AIA =@=

@=@= F H

A=
0
+ F=HA AIJA HAIK J=@
2  $ #

x3 (x + 1)dx = +x 3
2
HAIK J=@ >JE@

=
0

64 76 +4= . 3 3
F  # "

-NA

-:-

+= ?K A = HA= @= HACE E JAHL= @A [2, 4].

7 = HAFHAIA J= CH

(x2 2x+8), IEJK=@= A JHA AEN x A = ?KHL= f (x) = 1 8

= CKH=  %

5 K

?= F @A IAH LEIK= E =@=

x
.ECKH=  % HA= I > CH ? @A

1 f (x) = 8 (x2 2x + 8)

2A

JA HA

= BK @=

A J= @

?K

JA

I GKA

A =

1 x3 1 2 (x 2x + 8)dx = ( x2 + 8x) 8 3 2 8 2 ( )] [ 3 3 1 4 (2) 2 2 = 4 + 8(4) (2) + 8(2) 8 3 3 ] [ 1 64 8 60 15 = 16 + 32 + + 4 + 16 = = u.a. 8 3 3 8 2

'

 $ $ . H K =I + IIE?=I F=H= 4AI LAH 1 JACH=EI 4ALEI 

2=H= KJE E =H IE? I @A E JACH= @A E@= JA HA = BK @= = BK A J= 8= KEJ @ ? ?K HA A = HAI K AIIA ?E= >H=H @ ? GKA IA I=E>= ?K >JAH = FHE LA EJEL= I = JE @AHEL=@= @A K I A J JAEI 1 = CK I FH ?AII I ? =I GKA A L GKA IAH @A FH > A E JACH=

K@= = @A 8=HE LA
4) $%

6-

5A = f : [a, b] R K = BK ? J K= A g : [, ] R K = BK @AHEL LA J= GKA g E JACH LA A g ([, ]) [a, b] A = @EII g () = a A g ( ) = b - J

a b

f (x) dx =

f (g (t)) g (t) dt.

BK F IIKE

,K

564)

@AHEL LA = FHE

f : [a, b] R K = BK ? J K= A g : [, ] R K = ? g E JACH LA A g ([, ]) [a, b] ? g () = a A g ( ) = b - J f EJEL= F : [a, b] R A FA 6A HA = .K @= A J= @ + ?K JA I b f (x) dx = F (g ( )) F (g ()) .

5A =

a
2 H KJH =@ FA = HACH= @= ?=@AE= JA I GKA

(F g ) (t) = F (g (t)) g (t) = f (g (t)) g (t)

F=H= J @

t [, ]

IAGKA JA

A JA

(F g ) (t) : [, ] R
K = FHE EJEL= @= BK E JACH LA

f (g (t)) g (t)

2 HJ= J

>J

IA

f (g (t)) g (t) dt = F (g ( )) F (g ()) =

a

f (x) dx.

-:-

5 K
F @A 8=

x1 dx, KI= @ 6A HA =  $ % x 1 2HE AEH L= I A ? JH=H = BK g (t) 5A = t = x 1  JA GKA t 0), A J 2 2 I AI?HALAH x = t + 1 A =IIE >JA I g (t) = t + 1, ?K = @AHEL=@= g (t) = 2t. I =C H= @AJAH E =H I L= HAI @A A + JA I GKA g () = a = 1 A g ( ) = b = 5
2  $ &

+= ?K =H = E JACH= @A E@=

IACKA GKA

= IAGK

?E=

2 + 1 = 1 2 = 0 = 0 2 + 1 = 5 2 = 4 = 2. x1 >JA @AJAH E =HA I f (g (t)) + f (x) = x g (t) 1 t2 + 1 1 t f (g (t)) = = = . g (t) t2 + 1 t2 + 1



.E =

A JA L=

I @AJAH

E =H

L=

H @= E JACH=

KI= @

6A HA

=  $ %

>JA

x1 dx = x

2 2 2 t t2 t +11 2tdt = 2 dt = 2 dt = 2 2 t2 + 1 0 t +1 0 t +1 0 2 2 2 2 t +1 1 dt = 2 2 dt = 2 dt 2 = 2 2 t +1 0 t +1 0 0 t +1
2 2 2

= 2t 2 arctan t
0 0

= 4 2 arctan 2.

EE 1 JACH=

F H F=HJAI
5A =

a b

6-

4-

) $'

f, g : [a, b] R BK

AI GKA F IIKA
b

@AHEL=@=I E JACH LAEI A J

f (x)g (x)dx = f (x)g (x)

a
I ?D= =H = FH JE?= ? IJK =

f (x)g (x)dx.

u = f (x) dv = g (x)dx
A IK>IJEJKE @ = ECK= @=@A =?E = >JA

du = f (x)dx v = g (x)
I

a
3

udv = uv
a

vdu.

-:-

 $ 

,AJAH E A
B= A

L= H @= E JACH=
I

sin3 xdx.

5 K

AIIA ?=I

u = sin2 x du = 2 sin x cos xdx dv = sin xdx v = sin xdx = cos x

A A ? JH= I

sin xdx = sin x( cos x)

3 2 0
3

cos x(2 sin x cos x)dx cos2 x sin xdx

3

= sin x cos x
2 0

+2

2 = ( sin2 x cos x cos3 x) 3 1 2 5 3 1 + = . = 4 2 12 3 24

 % 1 JACH=EI 1 FH FHE=I
,-.1
E I
1  % 

5A = f : [a, ) R K = BK

a +

? J K= F=H= J @ x [a, +) ,A

f (x) dx = lim

b+

f (x) dx,
a

@AI@A GKA
-:2

E EJA ANEIJ=
 %

- ? JHA

L= H K

HE? @= E JACH=
y

1 dx. 1 + x2

x
.ECKH=  & HA= I > CH ? @A E

f (x) =

1 1+x2
I GKA

5 K

8A =

CH

@A

= .ECKH=  &

2A = @A

 %  JA

1 dx = 1 + x2 =

b+

lim

1 dx = lim arctan x b+ 1 + x2
b+

b+

lim (arctan b arctan 0) = lim arctan b =

. 2

,A E

,-.1

 % !

5A = f : (, b] R K = BK

? J K= F=H= J @ x (, b]
b

f (x) dx = lim
a a

f (x) dx,

@AI@A GKA
-:2

E EJA ANEIJ=
 % "

- ? JHA
E

L= H K
 % ! JA

HE? @= E JACH=

1 dx 1 + x2

5 K

2A = @A

I GKA
0

1 dx = 1 + x2 =

lim

( ) lim [arctan 0 arctan a] = lim arctan a = = . a a 2 2

a

1 dx = lim arctan x a 1 + x2

,A E

,-.1

 % #

5A = f : (, ) R K = BK

? J K= F=H= J @ x (, +)

b b+

f (x) dx = lim
a a

f (x) dx + lim

f (x) dx,
c

@AI@A GKA I E EJAI ANEIJ=

-:-

 % $

- ? JHA
E

L= H K
 % # J

HE? @= E JACH=
c = 0,
>JA

1 dx 1 + x2

5 K

2A = @A

= @

1 dx = 1 + x2 = = =

0 a

lim

1 dx + lim b+ 1 + x2
0 b+

1 dx 1 + x2
b

a a

lim arctan x + lim arctan x

a 0 b+

lim (arctan 0 arctan a) + lim (arctan b arctan 0)

lim arctan a + lim arctan b a b+ ( ) = + = . 2 2

 & 1 JACH= @A K = .K
[a, b]
,-.1
5A = f : [a, b] R K = BK F J c [a, b] ,A E I
1  & 

,AI? J K= K
? J K=
f (x) dx + lim
c b

2 J ?
[a, b] AN?AJ

E JAHL=

f (x) dx = lim
c a

f (x) dx,

@AI@A GKA I E EJAI =?E = ANEIJ=

-:2  &

- ? JHA

L= H K

HE? @= E JACH=

1 dx. x2

x
.ECKH=  ' HA= I > CH ? @A

f ( x) =

1 x2

5 K
A

E JACH= @

J @

F E

FAHJA ?A JA =

E JAHL=

[1, 1] ,

AN?AJ

x=0

 >IAHLA = .ECKH=  '

2A = @A

1 dx = x2 =

 &  JA

lim

1 dx + lim+ 0 x2

I GKA

1 1 + lim+ 0 0 x x 1 [ ( )] [ ( )] 1 1 1 = lim + lim+ 1 0 0 1 = [+ 1] + [1 + ] = + lim

+ IAGKA JA A JA = BK

1 dx x2

f (x) =

1 x2

E JACH LA

E JAHL=

[1, 1].

 & ! 3K= @ I E EJAI GKA =F=HA?A =I @A E AI = JAHE HAI ANEIJA A I EJ I @E A I GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE= ? LAHCA +=I ? JH HE K IA = GK= @ K @ I E EJAI ANEIJEH @E A I GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE= @ELAHCA *5-48)

-:=

 & "

+ =IIE GKA =I E JACH=EI =>=EN A

? LAHCA JA K @ELAHCA JA

+4

|x|ex dx;

>

sin x dx. cos2 x

5 K

=

+4

|x|e dx =
x a

xe dx +
x 0 0

lim

= = = =
K IA = = E JACH= ? LAHCA

lim xex (
a

xex dx
x

e dx + xex ) a
0

ex dx

a a

lim

0 + aea + e0 e
a

+ 4e4 0 (e4 1)

lim aea lim ea + 3e4 + 1 lim a + 3e4 + 1 = lim 1 + 3e4 + 1 = 3e4 + 1 a ea

a ea

5 K

>

sin x dx = cos2 x

sin x sin x lim dx + lim dx 2 2 + a b 0 cos x b cos x 2 2 [ [ a] ] 1 1 = lim + lim + cos x cos x a b 2 2 0 b ] [ [ ] 1 1 = lim 1 + lim 1 + cos a cos b a b 2 2 = + 2 + = +
a

K IA = = E JACH= @ELAHCA

"

 ' )F E?= AI @= 1 JACH= ,A

'
8E

E@=
f (x) 0 F=H= J @ x E JAHL= x = a x = b y = 0 A y = f (x) @=@=

HA= A
I GKA IA K =

? H@A =@=I HAJ= CK =HAI

= BK

B H

AC=JEL= EIJ

[a, b]
F H

A J

HA= @= HACE

@A E

EJ=@= FA =I ?KHL=I

A=
a
?=I =EI CAH= AIJ=HA AI

f (x) dx.
?= ?K =H = @ HA= @= HACE IEJK=@= A JHA H@ ? I

I E JAHAII=@ I A

CH  

? I @A @K=I BK

g, ?

f (x) g (x) F=H= J

y

x [a, b], @A =?

= .ECKH=

y=f(x)

y=g(x)

a
.ECKH=  AIJ= IEJK= @ALA  4ACE = @EBAHA

A JHA @K=I ?KHL=I = @A HA=I A >JAH GKA

I KJE E =H K

A=
a
= ANFHAII IE = @A >=IA =?E =

f (x)dx
a
JAH

g (x)dx =
a
? HHAIF IA

[f (x) g (x)] dx.

@A = JKH= @A K J @ HAJ CK E = EJA HA=

f (x) g (x) g
B H

dx.
= BK

JA GKA IA K @= HACE

IEJK=@= A JHA =I ?KHL=I

g (x) < 0 F=H= y = g (x) IAH b b A= [0 g (x)] dx = g (x)dx.

AC=JEL= EIJ

x [a, b]

x=a x=b y=0

@=@= F H

-:-

 '

2x, ?

x
=CA IACKA

+= ?K A = HA= @= HACE E JAHL= [2, 2] .

CH ?= @A AC=JEL= E JAHL=

IEJK=@= A JHA

AEN x A

CH ? @= BK
 + @ALA

f (x) =
AIJ= BK I FH ?A@AH

5 K
JA ? E

) HAFHAIA J=

f F @A IAH [2, 0] A
0 2

>IAHL=@= AC=JEL=

= .ECKH=  E JAHL=

[0, 2]
0

A=

0 2

(0 2x)dx +
0
CH ?

2xdx +
0

(2x 0)dx =
@= BK

2xdx = x [2, 2] ,

2 2

+x
ECK= =

2 0

= 8 u.a.
E@=@AI @A

C HA=

HA= I >

f (x) = 2x,

E JAHL=

8K

.ECKH= 

HA= A JHA

AEN

CH

@A

f (x) = 2x x
@A E

-:-

 ' !

+= ?K A = HA= @= HACE
F ,ALA I @AJAH

@A E EJ=@= FA =I ?KHL=I y = x2 A y =
E JAHL= A A ? GKA AIJ JH= @ E =H AIJA E JAHL= I F

5 K
@=I ?KHL=I 2=H= EII LA

AIIA ANA

B E AIFA?E ?=@

IEJK=@= = HACE

EJ=@= FA =I ?KHL=I

J I @A E JAHIA

{
>=IJ= HAI

@= ECK= @=@A

x2 =
@

LAH

IEIJA I L= @A E

= @A AGK= HAI @A

AI

y = x2 y= x y

B ?E

LAH GKA = I

GKA J H =

A x = 1 ,AIIA x [0, 1]

= HACE

EJ=@= FA =I ?KHL=I

AII= IA JA = LAH@=@AEH= I x=0 2 = x A y = x ?= @AJAH E =@= IA

x
.ECKH=  ,A =? H@ ? = .ECKH=  4ACE @A E I EJ=@= F H

y = x2

y=

x.
>JE@=

F @A

>IAHL=H GKA =

HA= @AIA =@= F @A IAH CH ? @A

=JH=L I @= @EBAHA = A JHA =I HA=I @=I HACE AI IEJK=@=I I > 2 CH ? @A y = x , ? x [0, 1] . )IIE JA I GKA

y =

A I >

A=
0

xx

) 2

2 3 1 dx = x 2 x3 3 3 1 3
K E@=@AI @A

=
0
HA=

2 1 1 = u.a. 3 3 3

2 HJ= J

HA= @AIA =@=

ECK= =

-:-

 ' "

+= ?K A = HA= @= HACE
AEH L= IF

D=?DKH=@= = .ECKH=  !
A =I BK KJH= F=II= FA AI E A=HAI FHAIA JAI CH ? 1 IF J I (0, 0) A (2, ). 2 HJ= J 2

5 K
7

2HE

I E@A JE ?=H = AE GKA @A J I   A   A =

= HAJ= F=II= FA

x
.ECKH=  ! 4ACE D=?DKH=@= @ -NA F  ' "

=I AGK=

AI @AIJ=I HAJ=I I HA= K

y=x
1

y= x , 4

HAIFA?JEL=

A JA

-NEIJA

L HE=I

= AEH=I @A

?= ?K =H AIJ=

= @A =I AIJ

=FHAIA J=@= = IACKEH

A = = = = =
2 HJ= J = HA= @AIA =@=

) ) 2( 1 1 1 x x dx + x dx 4 x 4 0 1 2 3 1 1 2 1 xdx + dx xdx 4 0 4 1 1 x )2 ( 1 3 2 1 2 x + ln |x| x 8 0 8 1 ( ) 3 1 1 + ln(2) ln(1) 8 2 8 4 1 + ln(2) = ln(2) u.a. 8 2

ECK= =

ln(2)

K E@=@AI @A

HA=

-:-

 ' #

)?D=H = HA= @= HACE

A JA A ? JH=

@A E EJ=@= FA I CH ? I @A y + x2 = 6 A y + 2x = 3.
AI @=I ?KHL=I

5 K

1 E?E=

I =I E JAHIA

y = 6 x2 y = 3 2x

6 x2 = 3 2x x2 2x 3 = 0 x = 1
I = HAFHAIA J= >JAH = E JAHL= CH ?= @= HA= @A E = EJ=@= ? B H

x = 3.

) IACKEH B= A  " 2 @A I A J

A E KIJH= = .ECKH= = A @AI? J= @ =

HA= @AIA =@= ?= ?K = @ @A

HA= I > = F=H >

HA= I > = HAJ=

[1, 3] K IA = 3 A = [(6 x2 ) (3 2x)]dx 1 3 = (3 x2 + 2x)dx

1

x3 + x2 3 1 27 1 32 = 9 + 9 (3 + + 1) = 3 3 3 = 3x
%

K =

.ECKH= 

"

HA= @A E

EJ=@= F H

y + x2 = 6
HA=

y + 2x = 3.

2 HJ= J

HA= @AIA =@=

ECK= =

32 3

K E@=@AI @A

-:-

 ' $

- ? JHA
A JA L=

L= H @= HA= @A E EJ=@= FA =I ?KHL=I y = x2 , y = 2 x2 A

I B= AH K = HAFHAIA J= CH ?= ? B H A E KIJH= = .ECKH=

y = 2x + 8.

5 K
 #

1 E?E= = IAGK

?E= L=

I A ?

JH=H =I E JAHIA

AI @=I ?KHL=I

.ECKH= 

4ACE

@A E

EJ=@= F H

y = x2 , y = 2 x2 y = x2 y = 2x + 8 y = x2 y = 2 x2
?K =I I

y = 2x + 8
K AI I

{
2=H= = HAJ= A = F=H > = JA I IEIJA =

x = 4, y =

16

x = 2, y = 4. {
=I JA I I IEIJA =I

2=H= =I @K=I F=H >

?K =I I

AI I

x = 1, y =
HA= @AIA =@=

x = 1, y = 1.
+ ? HHA @K=I JH ?=I E

EJ= JA E BAHE H @= HACE

@ALA

I @ELE@EH =

&

JH I F=HJAI = I=>AH

A1 = A2 A3
2 HJ= J =

8 (2x + 8 x2 )dx = , 3 2 2 1 1 38 = (2x + 8) (2 x2 )dx = (2x + 6 + x2 )dx = , 3 1 1 4 = (2x + 8) (x2 )dx = 18. (2x + 8) (x )dx =
2 1
@=@= F H

HA= @AIA =@=

A = A1 + A2 + A3 =
-:2  ' %

8 38 100 + + 18 = u.a. 3 3 3

x = y + 1 A x = y 1.
2
1 E?E= ) IACKEH I ? @ALA $

+= ?K A @A @K=I B H =I @EIJE J=I = HA= @= HACE

= HAFHAIA J= I A ? JH=H I F CA JHE?= @= HACE

@A E EJ=@= FA =I ?KHL=I
AI> =@= = .ECKH= IK=I

5 K


GKA AIJ

J I @A E JAHIA

A JHA =I ?KHL=I

ECK= = @

.ECKH=  AGK= AI >JA @

4ACE

A JHA =I ?KHL=I

x=y+1

x = y2 1

y2 1 = y + 1
A =E @=

y2 y 2 = 0

y = 1

y=2

y = 1 x = 0
7 @A J >JA @ = FHE = AEH= B H I = @A ?= ?K =H =

y = 2 x = 3.
FH ?A@AH ? @ALA I EI I ANA =H F A I = JAHE HAI BK @A 2=H= EII

HA= @AIA =@=

L=HE LA @A E JACH=

x,

y =x1
JA GKA =?E = @ AEN IE = F IEJEL = JE

y = x + 1.
? HHAIF @A F H @= F=H > @ AEN = IEJK=@=

= AGK=

IE =

AC=JEL

? HHAIF

@A = F=HJA IEJK=@= =>=EN

'

? HHA JH ?=

= E

EJ=

E BAHE H @= HACE A IACKA

@ALA

I J

=H K

= I

= @A E JACH=EI

F=H= ?= ?K =H IK=

HA= ?

B H

3 A = x + 1 ( x + 1)dx + x + 1 (x 1)dx 1 0 0 3 = 2 x + 1dx + ( x + 1 x + 1)dx

0

0 0

4 = (x + 1)3 3

2 x2 + (x + 1)3 +x 3 2

2 9 4 16 9 + + 3 = u.a. = 3 3 2 3 2
7 J + = IACK @= = AEH= @A ?= ?K =H AIJ= A = HA = = HA= = JA @ AIGKAH@= F @A

L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA A IEJK=@= @EHAEJ= = = @ = F=H > HA= J

=H = E JACH= = HAJ= @AIJ= B H E?= E JACH=

y.

AIJA ?=I E

= ?KHL= IKFAHE H AIJ K IA = EJ=

x = y + 1 A = ?KHL= E

BAHE H AIJ

IEJK=@=

x = y 1.
K =

K IA = 2

? HHA JH ?= @A

I ?= ?K =H =

A =

1 2

(y + 1) (y 2 1)dy
2 2

y2 y3 = (y y + 2)dy = + 2y 2 3 1 1 ( ) 8 1 1 9 = 2 +4 2 = u.a. 3 2 3 2
>IAHLA GKA = JH ?= @= L=HE LA AH= FAH =EI IE EJA F AI @A IAH HAI HA=I J LE@= = @ ?= ?K =H @A E JACH= = J E HAIK J K K = ANFHAII ?K = E JACH= F=H= @AF EI ,AIJ= B H J= J F HJ= JA I=>AH AI?HALAH E JACH=EI GKA L=HE LAEI @A E JACH=

x GK=

y?
F AI

FJ=H F H HAI

LAH =GKA = GKA IA

IJH=H

=EI IE

-I?HAL= =I E JACH= EI GKA FAH EJA  ?= ?K =H = HA= @= HACE @A E EJ=@= IE K J= A= A JA FA =I ?KHL=I @A AGK= AI y = x 2, x + y = 2 A x + 2y = 5, J = @
-:2  ' &

= E JACH=

A
H=

HA =

= x.
CA

> E JACH=
JHE?= @= HACE = F EI

HA =
AI> =@=

= y.
= .ECKH=  %

5 K

1 E?E= FH NE F=II

I ?

= HAFHAIA J= >JAH =I E JAHIA I IEIJA =

JA GKA JA

I =FA =I

IKFAHE H @= F=H >

y=

x 2 0.

AI A JHA =I ?KHL=I

- JHA =I @K=I HAJ=I JA

- JHA = F=H >

= A K

= @=I HAJ=I JA

y = 0.
- A JHA = KJH= HAJ= A = F=H > = JA

x+y =2 , ?K = I K x = 1, y = 3. x + 2y = 5 { y = x2 I IEIJA = , ?K = I K x=2 x+y =2 { y = x2 , ?K = I K x = 3, I IEIJA = x + 2y = 5

EJA I EI ?= ?K =H = =H HA= @AIA =@= @A

y = 1.
)C H= F @A = 6 = @ I J=H =I E JACH=EI GKA FAH A HA = = E JACH=

x, @ALA
!

BK

x,

>JA @

y=

5x 2

x
.ECKH=  % 4ACE @A E EJ=@= F H

y=

x2 x+y =2

x + 2y = 5
= GKA J= FHA?EI= > I @A

F=H= = HAJ= IKFAHE H K E @K=I E JACH=EI

y = 2 x F=H= = HAJ= E
+

BAHE H A = E

y=
EJ=

EJ= JA E BAHE H

? HHA JH ?=

x 2 F=H= = F=H > E BAHE H A x=2

A = =

2 1 2 1

[(

) ] ) ] 3 [( ( ) 5x 5x (2 x) dx + x 2 dx 2 2 2 ) 3( 5x 1+x dx + x 2 dx. 2 2 2
A HA = =

> 6 ?=I J=

= @ >

E JACH= K E >

@ALA +

I EI

=H

F=H= = HAJ= IKFAHE H A?AIIEJ= I J=

x=2y

F=H= = HAJ= E BAHE H A

x A BK x = y2 + 2
= E

@A EJ=

y,

>JA @

x = 5 2y
AIJA

F=H= = F=H >

= GKA

EJ= JA IKFAHE H @A @K=I E JACH=EI

? HHA JH ?=

IKFAHE H A

y = 1,

3 ] A = (y + 2) (2 y ) dy + [(5 2y ) (2 y )] dy 0 1 1 3 2 = (y + y )dy + (3 y ) dy.

1

0
AIJA ANA B ?E HAI LE@= GKAIJ )IIE @ALAH =
2  ' '

1
>JE@=I A L LA I = @A E JACH=EI = H K =EI IE HE? L= AI @= =IIE HA= A

=I @K=I ANFHAII AI = GK= I

J=H GKA = ANFHAII IA I A K ?E=@

= L=HE LA

E @AFA @A JA

F AI @A IAH

E?EJ=IIA GKA B IIA ?= ?K =@ LAH AIJ= ANFHAII

FJ=H F H HAI

-:-

) HA= @A K = @AJAH E =@= HACE

A=
1 2

R F @A IAH ?= ?K =@= FA = ANFHAII

4

[ 2 ] (2x ) (2 x) dx + R.

] (2x + 12) (2 x) dx.

= 4AFHAIA JA CA

AJHE?= A JA = HACE

> -I?HAL= = HA= @A R KI= @ y ?

L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA
@= HA= @=@= =?E E EJ= = JA

5 K
 =J =

=
E

1 JAHFHAJ= @ EJ= IKFAHE H

= ANFHAII

y = 2x

A =

E BAHE H

y = 2 x

3K= @

L=HE= @A

A A GK= J

!

.ECKH= 

&

4ACE

R y = 2 x. JA FA =I ?KHL=I y = 2x , y = 2x + 12
A E BAHE H ? I JE K= IA @ 2 JHE?= AIJ >HA=@= = .ECKH=  &

L=HE= @A C JA A E BAHE H

=J

"

EJ= JA IKFAHE H

y = 2x + 12
H CA A

I GKA = HACE A JA F H

R @A E EJ=@= IKFAHE y = 2 x A IK= HAFHAIA J=

5 K

> I F J I @A E JAHIA I { { y = 2 x2 y = 2x2 A: (1, 2); B: (2, 8) y = 2 x y = 2x + 12 { y = 2x + 12 C: (4, 4). y = 2 x C KI= @ y ? L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA F=H= AI?HALAH = HA= @A R JA ) 4( 2 ) 8( y y y 12 y A= dy + dy. 4 2 2 2 2 4

 ' 
5A = F=H= A

HA= @A E EJ=@= F H ?KHL=I AI?HEJ=I A ?=I

= BK = A ? J K= ? E JAHL= F=H= =

AGK= AI F=H=
CH ? @A E EJ= K = HACE

JHE
R
AI

y = f (x) K
I JHE?=I

[a, b]

?K

) IACKEH L= >H=H GKA =

>JAH K

L= ANFHAII

HA= @= HACE

R,

KJE E = @

=I AGK=

x = (t)

y = (t)
= HACE

t [, ] ,
b

@= ?KHL= @AI?HEJ= F H

f.

2=H= EIJ

>=IJ=

HA= @A K

HAJ= CK =H

@=@= F H

f (x) dx =
a
A @A

A=
a
)C H= B= A @ >JA = IK>IJEJKE

ydx.
A IKF @ GKA

y = (t)
F=H= ? ?K

dx = (t)dt
HA= A ?

a = ()

b = ( )

I = ANFHAII

H@A =@=I F=H=

JHE?=I

A=

(t) (t)dt.

-:-

 ' 

- ? JHA = HA= @A E EJ=@= FA = A EFIA

AI F=H= JHE?=I @= A EFIA @=@= I A

x2 y 2 + 2 =1 a2 b

5 K

)I AGK=

x = (t) = a cos t
,AIIA @ JA I GKA

y = (t) = b sin t.

dx = (t) dt = a sin tdt

I L= HAI @A

8= JA

I =C H= @AJAH I GKA

E =H

7JE E = @ I B= AH

= GK=HJ= F=HJA @= A

HA= @AIA =@= C

L=HE= @A

=J

a.

)IIE

F @A

x = () = 0

x = ( ) = a

() = 0 a cos = 0 cos = 0 =

2 ( ) = a a cos = a cos = 1 = 0.
HA= J J= E JAH = A EFIA >=IJ= KJE E =H = IE AJHE= @= HACE A >JAH

)C H= F=H= GKA

>JAH =

A = 4

0
2

b sin t(a sin t)dt = 4ab

2

sin2 tdt
2 2

( ) 1 1 = 4ab (1 cos 2t) dt = 2ab t sin 2t 2 0 2 ( ) 1 = 2ab sin 0 = ab. 2 2

-:2  ' 

+= ?K =H = HA= @= HACE
{ x = 2 cos t . y = sin t

GKA

E JAHE H = A EFIA E1 =

x = 2 cos t A y = 4 sin t

ANJAHE H = A EFIA E2 =

.ECKH= 

'

4ACE

A JHA =I A EFIAI = .ECKH=  ' L= FHE JA A JA AEH I GKA

5 K
F @A

) HACE F =

?K =

HA= @AI= = A J I @A IE A K JEF E?=H

I ?= ?K =H F @A IAH LEIJ= AJHE= A ?= ?K =H = HAIK J=@ F H GK=JH

I KJE E =H =HCK

HA= @= HACE

IEJK=@=

GK=@H= JA @

xy

AIJA GK=@H= JA

x [0, 2].

A J= J

x = 0 2 cos t = 0 t = 2 x = 2 2 cos t = 2 cos t = 1 t = 0,

!!

@A

F=H= @AI?HALAH = HACE GKA I E JAHAII= A ? H@A =I F=H= =J t = 0. )IIE J= @ GKA AIJA ANA F @ALA I J 2 HA=I I > =I A EFIAI E1 A E2 >JA I

JHE?=I @ALA =H = @EBAHA

I E JACH=H = A JHA =I

t=

A = 4 =
2

0
2

[4 sin t(2 sin t)dt 4

2 2

0
2

sin t(2 sin t)]dt

0
2

(32 sin t + 8 sin t)dt =

0
2

24 sin2 tdt
2

= 24

1 (1 cos 2t)dt = 2

) 12 12t sin 2t 2

= 6 u.a.
0

 ' !
5A = E JAHL= L= I J

HA= @A K
= @AIJA ?=F JK

IAJ H ?KHLE
=FHAIA J= ? II @ J E JAHAIIA E JAHL= I K @AJAH

A A
E =H = ? B H

? H@A =@=I F =HAI

I >HA ? H@A =@=I F ? @A E =HAI =HAI = ?KHL= A H@A =@=I F EJ=@= F H HA= @= HACE

= >HALA HALEI

r = f () K [, ] +
=H K

= BK

K= GKA @AI?HALA K

r = f ()

= F=HJE

[, ]

A E KIJH= = .ECKH=  !

.ECKH=  ! 5A =

4ACE K

=H ?

i = i i1
@A

ri = f (i ).

X = {0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , ..., n }

= F=HJE

[, ]

GKA

= 0 < 1 < 2 < 3 < ... < n = . 1, 2, 3, ..., n I IK>=H? I @= F=HJE XA HHAIF @A JA = K CK i i EIJ i1 i i ) HA= @ IAJ H ?EH?K =H @A H=E ri A =H? i @=@= F H
5A = IA =

ri

FHE

A J

H=E

Ai =
A = HA= =FH NE =@= HA= @= HACE @A E

1 (ri )2 i 2 r = f ()
@=@= F H

EJ=@= F H

An =

n i=1

1 2

(ri )2 i .

!"

5A = JAHA

||

IK>E JAHL=

@A = AH

=E H @E ,AIIA

AJH @

@= F=HJE F @AHA

- J

IA

JA @AH = E

EJ

I GKA

||

JA @AH

I AI?HALAH

A = lim An = lim
n
K IA =

n 1 i=1

||0

1 (ri ) i = 2 2
2

r2 d

1 A= 2
GKA F I B H A?A K = ANFHAII F=H= ? ?K =HAI
2  ' "

r2 d,

@A HA=I @A E EJ=@=I F H ?KHL=I A ?

 '  H@A =@=I

-:-

,AJAH E A = HA= @= HACE 1 cos A E JAHE H = ? H?K r = 1.

) .ECKH=  ! E KIJH= = HACE ?

GKA

IE K J= A= A JA ANJAHE H

?=H@E E@A r =

5 K

IE@AH=@=

.ECKH=  ! + @= F H F ? =H AIJ= HACE IEJK=@= L=HE= = ANFHAII

4ACE IE FHE

@A E

EJ=@= F H K HA = = F = @ALA

?=H@E E@A A F H K AEN

= ?EH?K BAH

?E= @= @=@= HA= CK A )IIE

JHE?= A AEH

x,

F @A

I ?= ?K =H

@ >H I GKA

GK=@H= JA @ )E @= I

xy.
I

AIJA GK=@H= JA JA J=H GKA =

E JAHL=  ' 

[0, ]. 2
>JA

HA= @AIA =@=

H@A =@=I F

=HAI FA = @EBAHA

= A JHAI =I

HA=I @= ?EH?K BAH

?E= A @= ?=H@E E@A

KI= @

2 A = 2 =

0
2

2 1 d 2
2

(1 cos ) d =
2 0

(2 cos cos2 )d
2

1 1 1 2 cos (1 + cos 2)d = 2 sin sin 2 2 2 4

ECK=

=2
0

. 4

2 HJ= J

HA= @AIA =@=

K E@=@AI @A

HA=

-:- 2  ' # -I?HAL= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI = E JACH= GKA ?= ?K = = HA= @= HACE IE K J= A= A JA ANJAHE H ?EH?K BAH ?E= r = 1 A E JAHE H = H I ?A= r = 2 cos(2).

5 K

) .ECKH=  ! I

E KIJH= = HACE

@AIA =@=

2=H= @AJAH

E =H

I F

J I @A E JAHIA

@=I @K=I ?KHL=I B= A

2 cos(2) = 1 cos 2 =

1 2 = = ( 2 3 6

1o

GK=@H= JA

!#

.ECKH=  !

4ACE

@A E

EJ=@= F H K

= H I ?A= A K

= ?EH?K BAH

?E=

8= & @AIA =@=

I ?= ?K =H = =EI ECK= =

HA= @= HACE HA=I I IE

@A E JHE?=I A

EJ=@= ? 7JE E = @ I =

E JAHL= ?E=

@A

[0, ] 6

A I

K JEF E?=H F H GKA = HA=

GKA =I @A

= . H

K =  '  A LAHE ?= @ >JA

HA= @= H I ?A=

HA= @= ?EH?K BAH

1 A=8 2
-:2  ' $

[(2 cos(2)) (1) ]d = 4

2 2 0

(4 cos2 (2) 1)d.

-I?HAL= = E JACH= GKA FAH EJA ?= ?K =H = HA= @= HACE A JA E JAHE H =I ?KHL=I r = 5 cos A r = 5 3 sin .
1 E?E= A JA @ALA I E@A JE ?=H =I ?KHL=I @=@=I 2 2 r sin A r = x + y 2 , >JA I GKA 7JE E = @

GKA
=I HA =

IE K J= A=
AI F =HAI

5 K

x = r cos , y =

25 + y2 = 4 5 3 2 75 r = 5 3 sin r2 = 5 3r sin x2 + y 2 = 5 3y x2 + (y ) = 2 4 r = 5 cos r = 5r cos x + y = 5x

2 2 2
A =IIE LA I GKA = HACE ?=@ I @= GKA HECA I E JAHAII= AIJ ? B H IEJK=@= E JAHE H @A @K=I ?EH?K BAH ?E=I @A ?A JH I @AI A E KIJH= = .ECKH=  !!

5 x 2

)2

.ECKH=  !! ) IACKEH @ALA I @AJAH

4ACE

IEJK=@= A JHA ?EH?K BAH A JHA =I ?KHL=I

?E=I

E =H = E JAHIA

5 3 sin = 5 cos 5 3 sin

.E = A JA F=H=

3 tan = 1 tan = [ , ]. 6 2

3 = . 3 6
@ALA ? I ? IE@AH=H

[0, ] 6

>IAHL=

I GKA = A

@AI?HALAH = HACE F=H=

@AIA =@=

r =

r = 5 cos

2 HJ= J

? HHA JH ?= @A

!$

EJ=

F=H=

H=E

=H

A?AIIEJ=

I @A K

= I

= @A E JACH=EI F=H= ?= ?K =H =

HA=

@AIA =@=

1 A = 2

1 2 2 (5 3 sin ) d + (5 cos )2 d 2 0 6 1 6 1 2 = 75 sin2 d + 25 cos2 d. 2 0 2 6

6

HA= @A K = @AJAH E =@= HACE -:- 2  ' % ) F =HAI FA = ANFHAII

R F @A IAH ?= ?K =@= A

? H@A =@=I

] [ 2 1 4 1 I=2 (2 IA ())2 d + ( 2)2 d . 2 0 2 4

= 4AFHAIA JA CA

AJHE?= A JA = HACE

R.

> -I?HAL= = ANFHAII GKA @AJAH E = = HA= @AIJ= HACE A HA = E L=HE LA x; EE L=HE LA y. ? += ?K A L= H @= HA= @= HACE
R.

KI= @ ? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I

5 K
E

) F=HJEH @= E JACH= @=@= LA I GKA = HACE R F IIKE IE AJHE= D JH ?= @A F =H A = 2. A =I BK AI GKA @A E EJ= = HA= I = 2 IA A = 4 2 2 2 2 -IJ=I ?KHL=I I HAIFA?JEL= A JA =I ?EH?K BAH ?E=I x + (y 1) = 1 A x + y = 2. = EJ= @ H=E .ECKH= =>=EN AIJ HAFHAIA J=@ I I CH I ? I @AIJ=I ?KHL=I A >HA=@=

=

= HACE

IE

K J= A=

A JA

E JAHE H =I @K=I ?EH?K BAH

?E=I GKA AIJ

= .ECKH=  !"

.ECKH=  !"

4ACE

5 K

>

1 JAHIA

@A

= 2 sin

= I

@A

= 2 sin = = = 2 4 I
?

3 4
I F J I @A E JAHIA

AIJ= E JAHIA @=I ?KHL=I I

@=@=

= E JACH= A

H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I

(1, 1)

(1, 1).

!%

E 1 JACH=

HA =

L=HE LA

x:
K

I=

( 2 x2 1 + 1 x2 ) dx

1 0

I=2

( 2 x2 1 + 1 x2 ) dx

EE 1 JACH=

HA =

L=HE LA

y: 2y y2 dy + 2
1 2

I=2
0

2 y 2 dy

5 K
A ?

?

2=H= ?= ?K =H =HAI )IIE

L=

H @=

HA= @= HACE

KI=HA

I = ANFHAII

@=@=

H@A =@=I F

[ ] 2 1 1 4 (2 IA ())2 d + A = 2 ( 2)2 d 2 0 2 4 4 2 = 4 IA 2 d + 2 d
0

= 4
0

4 4

? I(2 )

( = 2

d + 2
4

IA

(2) 2

+
0

= ( 1) 2

K =

  +
   +
5A = ? B H

FHE A J @A )H?
FHE A J @A )H? A
K = BK ? J K=

+ H@A =@=I +=HJAIE= =I

[a, b] ,
?K CH ? @AI?HALA =H?

y = f (x)

E JAHL=

AB,

A E KIJH= = .ECKH=  !#

y
f(xi) f(xi-1)

M0 M1 Mi-1
s
x

Mi
y

Mn

x1
.ECKH=  !# + FHE AE

xi-1
A J

xi
@A =H?

b x

8=

I @ELE@EH

=H?

AB

IK>=H? I F H

@= F=HJE

X = {M0 , M1 , M2 , ..., Mn }
!&

GKA

A = M0 < M1 < M2 < ... < Mn = B

?K =I =>I?EII=I I

x0 , x1 , x2 , ..., xn .
6H=?A I =I ? H@=I

M0 M1 , M1 M2 , , Mi1 Mi , , Mn1 Mn
A @AIEC A I I IAKI ? FHE A J I F H

S1 , S2 , , Si , , Sn .
>J IA A J = E D= F EC =

AM0 M1 Mn1 B
= C @ =H?

AB

?K

FHE

A J

=FH NE

=@

@=@

F H

ln = S1 + S2 + + Si + + Sn
K IA =

ln =
=I

n i=1

Si . xi
A

(I ) yi
@A @ GKA F @A I AI?HALAH

Si

= DEF JA KI= @

JHE

CK

@A =@ I

(Si )2 = (xi )2 + (yi )2 ,

@ELE@E @ JK@ F H

xi

>JA

Si xi

)2 =

xi xi

)2 + (

yi xi

)2

K IA =

Si = xi 1+ (

yi xi

)2

A =IIE

Si = 1+

y i xi

)2 xi . (II )

)C H= ?

xi = xi xi1
IACKA GKA

yi = f (xi ) f (xi1 )

yi f (xi ) f (xi1 ) = xi xi xi1

= @A =CH= CA I=>A I GKA ANEIJA

A FA

JA HA

i [xi1 , xi ]

J= GKA

f (xi ) f (xi1 ) = f (i ) . xi xi1

2 HJ= J >JA I GKA

!'

y i = f (i ) . xi
5K>IJEJKE @

(III )

(II )

(I )

HAIK J= GKA

ln =
A IK>IJEJKE @

n i=1

1+

yi xi

)2 xi (IV )

(III )

(IV )

HAIK J= GKA

ln =
5A = GKA

1 + (f (i ))2 xi .
@A ?=@= F=HJE @A

i=1

|x| |x| 0

E JAHL= A

@A

=E H @E

AJH

AB. -

IA

(i ) x.
n

n , IACKA

)IIE

n l = lim ln = lim 1 + (f (i ))2 xi = |x|0 i=1

@

b
a

1 + (f (x))2 dx.
F H

2 HJ= J

FHE

A J

=H?

AB b
a

E JAHL=

[a, b]

@=@

l=
-:2  

1 + (f (x))2 dx.

  

E JAHL= [0, 4] .

,AJAH E =H

FHE A J @ =H? @= ?KHL= @AI?HEJ= F H y =

? FHE A J @A =H? ? IE@AH=@

x, ?

5 K

) .ECKH=  !$ E KIJH=
y

.ECKH=  !$ +

)H?

@A

f ( x) =

x
= B H K =    >JA I

y = f (x) =

JA

I GKA

f (x) =
2

1 2 x

)F E?= @

)2 1 dx l = 1 + (f (x)) dx = 1+ 2 x a 0 4 4 1 4 4x + 1 1 4x + 1 = dx = dx. 1 + dx = 4x 4x 2 0 x 0 0 b
4

JA GKA AIJ= A J= J KJE E =H K ? AIJA ANA = K@=

JE F

= E JACH= IAH I GKA

FH FHE= F EI =F E?=H E .= A @

E JACH= @

A I

x = 0.
I A

FHA?EI

= @A L=HE LAEI

EJAI F=H= HAI LAH = E JACH= = IK>IJEJKE t2 = x, A ? JH=

F EI F @A

dx = 2tdt

x [0, 4],

>JA

t [0, 2] . C 2 1 2 4t2 + 1 2tdt = 4t2 + 1dt. l= 2 0 t2 0

"

+ JA HA GKA

L = BK @=

E JACH= @ A J= @ ?

=C H= ?K

E JAHL=

@A E JACH= AI JHEC

F @A

I KJE E =H JH=H

A = J ? E?= @A IK>IJEJKE

JHE?=I F=H= A ?

) 1 2 1 ( l = t 4t + 1 + ln 2t + 4t2 + 1 2 4 1 17 + ln(4 + 17) u.c. = 4

  ! +
5A = F H

FHE A J @A K
A

=H? A

? H@A =@=I F=H=

F=H= @A I AI?HALAH

JHE?=I

x = (t) y = f (x) . - J

y = (t) , ? t [, ] , =I AGK= AI ? dx = (t) dt A dy = (t) dt, F

JHE?=I @= ?KHL= @AI?HEJ=

dy (t) dt (t) f (x) = = = . dx (t) dt (t)

5K>IJEJKE @ = B H K =    >JA I

b l = = =

= =
2 HJ= J ? FHE A J

1 + (f (x))2 dx a ( (t))2 1+ (t) dt ( (t))2 ( (t))2 + ( (t))2 (t) dt (t)2 ( (t))2 + ( (t))2 (t) dt (t) ( (t))2 + ( (t))2 dt.

A ? H@A =@=I F=H= JHE?=I @=@ F H

@A =H?

l=

( (t))2 + ( (t))2 dt.

 

IJHA KI= @ ? H@A =@=I F=H= ?K BAH ?E= @A H=E r ECK= = 2r.
-:2   "

JHE?=I GKA
?E=

FHE A J @A K = ?EH

5 K

H@A =@=I F=H=

JHE?=I = ?EH?K BAH

@AI?HEJ= F H

x(t) = r cos t y (t) = r sin t

A F=H=

t [0, 2 ].
?   @=@ F H

IAK ?

FHE

A J

@A =H?

JHE?=I @A =? H@

l=
0

(r sin t)2 + (r cos t)2 dt =

0

r2 (sin t + cos2 t)dt =

2

2 rdt = rt|2 0 = 2r.

-:-

  #

+= ?K A

FHE A J @A =H? @= =IJH E@A @AI?HEJ= F H

"

y
3

-3

-3

.ECKH=  !%

)IJH E@A

(t) = 3 cos3 t,

(t) = 3 sin3 t
= .ECKH=  !%

t [0, 2 ].
FHE >JA AEH I

5 K
+

) ?KHL= F @A IAH LEIK= E =@= D IE AJHE=

GK=@H= JA J + (t)

F @A I A ? JH=H ? FHE A J @ IK>=H? IEJK=@ = @ t [0, ] A K JEF E?=H HAIK J=@ >JE@ F H GK=JH 2 = 9 cos2 sin t A (t) = 9 sin2 t cos t, IK>IJEJKE @ = B H K =  
2

l = 4 = 36
0

( )2 2 2 2 (9 cos t sin t) + 9 sin t cos t dt = 4 9

2

cos4 t sin2 t + sin4 t cos2 tdt

2

( ) 2 2 cos2 t sin t cos2 t + sin t dt = 36

0
? FHE A J @A =H?

0
2

cos t sin tdt = 18 sin2 t

0

= 18 u.c.
FHE A J

0
2 HJ= J

@= =IJH E@A @=@=

18

K E@=@AI @A ?

AI F=H= JHE?=I @ LE A J @A K = F=HJ ?K = F= I 2   $ )I AGK= 3 @=@=I F H x = 3t A y = 2t 2 . 3K= IAH = @EIJ ?E= FAH? HHE@= FA = F=HJ ?K = A JHA I E IJ= JAI t = 0 A t = 1?
-:-

5 K

) @EIJ

?E= FAH? HHE@= FA = F=HJ ?K = )F E?= @ = B H A

ECK=

FHE

A J

@A =H?

@= ?KHL=

GKA @AI?HALA = IK= JH= AJ HE=

K =  

F=H=
3

x = (t) = 3t
?

y = (t) = 2t 2

t [0, 1],

>JA

l =
0

1 32 + (3t 2 )2 dt =
0 1

9 + 9tdt

= 3
3 2

1 + tdt = 2(1 + t)
3 2

3 2

= 2(2) 2(1) = 4 2 2 2 HJ= J = @EIJ 4 2 2 K E@=@AI @A

?E= FAH? HHE@= FA = F=HJ ?K = A JHA ? FHE A J

0
K ? I E IJ= JAI

t=0

t=1

ECK= =

"

  % +
5A =

FHE A J @A =H? A
?

? H@A =@=I F =HAI

H@A =@=I F =HAI @= ?KHL=

() = r cos A () = r sin =I [, ] 5K>IJEJKE @ r F H f () =I AGK=

r = f ()

AI F=H= A

JHE?=I LA

() = f () cos
A =IIE

() = f () sin

() = f () cos f () sin = r cos r sin () = f () sen + f () cos = r sen + r cos .

)C H=

( (t)) + ( (t)) = (r cos rsen) + (r sen + r cos )

2 2 2
I FH @KJ I J LAEI A IE F E ?=H HAIK J= A

GKA =F I =F E?=H

( (t)) + ( (t)) = (r ) + r2 .
2 2 2
5K>IJEJKE @ =H? A ? = AGK=   >JA I = B H K = F=H= ? ?K @ ? FHE A J @A

H@A =@=I F

=HAI GKA

@=@= F H

l=

(r )2 + r2 d.

  !

-:-

  &

- ? JH=H
AJHE=

FHE A J @A =H? @ ?=H@E E@A r = a (1 + cos )

I @AJAH E =H + ? FHE A J @ =H? IEJK=@ JA IA

5 K
A IACK @

2 H IE

F @A

GK=@H= JA A = B H

K JEF E?=H F H @ EI

r = a (1 + cos )

r = a sin .

FHE

AEH

5K>IJEJKE @

K =   ! LA

l = = = = =

(r )2 + r2 d 2 (a sin )2 + (a (1 + cos ))2 d 0 sin2 + 1 + 2 cos + cos2 d 2a 0 2a 2 + 2 cos d 0 2a 2 cos d 2 0

1 = 4a 2 sin 2
C ?
  '

= 8a u.c.
0

FHE

A J

@A =H?

?=H@E E@A

r = a (1 + cos )

ECK= =

8a u.c. 0
@= AIFEH=

-:-

,AJAH E A ? FHE A J @A =H? @= F H @= AIFEH= r = 2e2 ? GKA AIJ IEJK=@= @A JH @= ?EH?K BAH ?E= r = a, @A a > 2.
2

5 K
?

1 E?E=

A JA ?E= JA

L=

I I GKA

>JAH

EJ= JAI @A E JACH=

= E JAHIA

= ?EH?K BAH

"!

2e2 = a e2 =
2 HJ= J ? ? JA FHE I A J = F H

a a 2 = ln 2 2

r = 2e2
A ?

IACKA GKA

@= AIFEH= GKA I E JAHAII= @AI?HEJ= r = 4e2 A =IIE IK>IJEJKE @ = ANFHAII =HAI

1 2

1 a ln 2 2 [ 1 a] F H 0, ln . 2 2
  !

)E @= >JA I

H@A =@= F

l = =
0 0

1 2

ln

a 2

2 2 2 2 (4e ) + (2e ) d =
0

ln

a 2

20e4 d

1 2

ln

a 2

2 5e2 d = 5e2

1 2

ln

a 2

) (a = 5 1 u.c. 2

  8 K A @A K
+ IE@AHA I ? E@

5 E@ @A 4AL K
FA = H J= @= ?KHL=

CAH=@

y = f (x)

J H

AEN

x,

E JAHL=

[a, b]

= .ECKH=  !&

y Clculo do elemento de volume

y=f(x) rea plana a b x

z a

y=f(x) r=f(x) b x

dV= rdx dV=[f(x)]dx

dx

.ECKH=  !& 5A =

4 J= K 5A = F=HJE

@A K @ A J

= ?KHL= A E JAHL= L K

J H

@ A IA =

AEN

P = {x0 , x 1 , , x n }
I @= F=HJE F H

[a, b]
A @

I IK>E JAHL=

i xi

?E E @H

x1 , x2 , , xn @A H=E f (i ) A = JKH=

xi
A L

@=@

Vi = [f (i )]2 xi
K A =FH NE =@ @ I E@ IAH @=@ FA = I = @ I L K AI @ I

n cilindros

EIJ

Vn =
5A = A L

n i=1

[f (i )]2 xi .
A J IA

|| K A V

IK>E JAHL= @ I E@

@A IAH

=E H @E @=@ F H

AJH

n , IACKA GKA || 0 i x
b

V = lim Vn = lim
n
2 HJ= J ANFHAII L K A @A K I E@

n i=1

||0

[f (i )] xi =
a
K A J H

[f (x)]2 dx.
@ AEN

@A HAL

x

?= ?K =@

FA =

V =
a

[f (x)]2 dx.

  

""

2    ) @A GKA D= = @AIFAH@ ?E @A H= >A KJHE@ I K B= A @AEH ? IJHKEK K HA?EFEA JA ? E BAHE H GKA FAH EJA = HAF IE =KJ JE?= @= = E A J= ,AJAH E A KI= @ I E@ I @A HAL K = ?=F=?E@=@A J J= A AJH I ? >E? I

-:-

A F=H= GKA IAKI = E =EI AIJA = K = FAGKA = =>AHJKH= = F=HJA ? B H A IJH= = .ECKH=  !' @A =H = A =CA @ HA?EFEA JA

2m

4m cilindro cone 6m

.ECKH=  !'

. H

= @

HA?EFEA JA

5 K
IAH @=@ 2=H=

8= F H

I A ?

JH=H

A @

?E E @H

V1  A @

? J H

A V2  )IIE @ AEN

A J J=

V = V1 + V2 . @AJAH E =H V1 L=
y

I H J=?E

=H = HAJ=

y=2
y

.ECKH=  "

x z
-2

.ECKH=  " )F E?= @ = ANFHAII    >JA

+E E @H I

@A 4AL

V1 =
0
F=H= H J=?E =H A ? A ? @ JA AEN
y

22 dx = 4 4 = 16. r=2
A = JKH=

I K

H=E

h=6

>JA

I = HAJ=

y= 1 x 3

F=H=

J H

N .ECKH=  "
y

x z

.ECKH=  " )F E?= @ = ANFHAII    =EI K

+ = LA

A @A 4AL >JA I

V2 =
0
2 HJ= J L K A @AIA =@

1 2 1 x dx = x3 9 27
F H

=
0

63 = 8. 27

@=@

V = 16 + 8 = 24 u.v.
"#

-:-

 

E JAHL=

+= ?K A L K A @ I E@ CAH=@ FA = H J=  A J H @ AEN x.
E@ @AIA =@ F @A IAH LEIK= E =@ = .ECKH=  "

@= ?KHL= f (x) = x3 , ?

5 K

r x z
.ECKH=  " L K A @AIA =@ 5 E@ @=@ CAH=@ F H FA = H J= @A

y = x3

J H

AEN

V =
1

( 3 )2 x dx =

x7 x dx = 7
6

=
1

127 u.v. 7

-:-

,AJAH E =H L K A @ I E@ CAH=@ FA = HAL K @= HACE 2 FA =I ?KHL=I y = x A y = x + 2 A J H @ AEN x LA = = .ECKH=  "!

2   !

@A E EJ=@=

.ECKH=  "!

E@

CAH=@

FA = H J=

@A K

= HACE

F = = A

J H

AEN

x
@A E E

5 K

AIIA ANA

B E AIFA?E ?=@ E =H AIJA E JAHL= IK=I AGK= AI

E JAHL= @ALA I >JA

GKA AIJ IA ? JH=H

IEJK=@= = HACE IF

J=@= FA =I ?KHL=I @=I ?KHL=I @=@=I

2=H= @AJAH 1CK= = @

J I @A E JAHIA

x2 = x + 2 x2 x 2 = 0 x = 1
) .ECKH=  "! E @E?= GKA IAK L K A @=@ FA = @EBAHA I E@ @AIA =@ I L K AIJ IEJK=@ = A JHA AI ANJAH

x = 2.
)IIE    ,A =? H@ ?

A JHA @K=I IKFAHB ?EAI A E JAH

"$

JA

I GKA

V = = ( =
-:-

(x + 2) dx
2

( 2 )2 x dx

1 2 1

(x2 + 4x + 4 x4 )dx )
2

1 1 3 x + 2x2 + 4x x5 3 5

=
1

72 u.v. 5

- ? JHA L K A @ I E@ @A HAL K (x 2) + y = 1 A J H @ AEN y.

2   "

CAH=@ FA = H J=
@ I E@

@= ?KHL=

5 K

>IAHLA

= .ECKH=  "" = ?EH?K BAH

?E= CAH=JHE

y
1

-1

-1

.ECKH=  "" 1I = @ = L=HE LA

?EH?K BAH

?E=

(x 2)2 + y 2 = 1
?E= >JA

= AGK=

@= ?EH?K BAH

(x 2)2 = 1 y 2
>IAHLA GKA ?KHL=

B H A I

x=2
=@ L FA K

L A

1 y2
K A >JE@ FA = H J= @= >JE@ FA = H J= @= ?KHL=

L K A @ I E@ @AIA =@ x = 2 + 1 y 2 A J H @ AEN y, x = 2 1 y 2 . 2 HJ= J L K A @AIA =@

ECK= =

V = V1 V2 ,
@A

V1 = V2 =

(2 +
1 1

1 y 2 )2 dy 1 y 2 )2 dy

(2

K IA =

V =

1 1

2 2 2 2 [(2 + 1 y ) (2 1 y ) ]dy =
KJE E = I = IK>IJEJKE JHEC

1 1

8 1 y 2 dy. y = sin ,
?

2=H= HAI

LAH AIJ= E JACH= >JA I GKA

JHE?=

dy =

cos d

A =IIE

"%

 V = = 8

8 1 sin2 cos d
2

cos d = 4
2
2

(1 + cos 2)d
2

= [4 + 2 sin (2)]
2
2 HJ= J L K A @AIA =@ ECK= =

= 4 2 .

4 2

K E@=@AI @A L

  # 4 J= =@
)J A A HAJ= =C H= ? A J I @A L ?=I IE@AHA K A @ I AEN I ? H@A =@ I =EI CAH= @A =? H@ ?

J H
I I @A

@A K = 4AJ= 2=H= A = = K
E@ I CAH=@ I F H H J= K

-EN + H@A
J H @A K K @=

A JA I

AI @A ?KHL=I A

y = f (x)
I H J=?E

x = g (y )

AH=

I H=E I @ I ?E E @H I @A HAL ?

F @A

=H = ?KHL=

y = f (x),

x [a, b],

J H

y = c,

= .ECKH= =  "#

y y=c r y=f(x) y=c

r a b x y=f(x) a z
.ECKH=  "# AIJA ?=I HAL K H=E 5 @ @=@ E@ >JE@ E FA = H J= EJAIE =

y = f (x)
ECK=

J H

@= HAJ=

y=c
AEN @A

?E E @H F H

@EIJ

?E= A JHA = ?KHL= A

K IA =

r = c f (x)
A L K A @ I E@ HAIK J= JA @=@ F H

V =
a
,A B H HAJ= = IA L A D= JA IA = ?KHL= K A @ I E@

(c f (x))2 dx.
? F H

x = g (y ),
@=@

y [a, b],

B H H J=?E

=@= A

J H

@=

x = c,

HAIK J= JA

V =
a
JA GKA GK= @

(c g (y ))2 dy.
A JA = HAL K A J H @ I AEN I ? H@A =@ I

c=0

JA

L=

"&

+= ?K A L K A @ I E@ >JE@ GK= @ = F H @= F=H > = y = 2 x2 GKA AIJ IEJK=@= =?E = @ AEN x H J=?E =@= A J H @= HAJ= y = 3.
-:2   $

5 K
@A HAL K

= .ECKH=  "$ F @A >JE@

>IAHL=H = ?KHL= CAH=JHE

AEN

@A HAL

E@

x z

.ECKH=  "$ @A

+KHL= CAH=JHE

A I

E@

@A HAL

>JE@

FA = H J=

@A

y = 2 x2

J H

y = 3.
+ H J=?E A = @ = HA = AEN IA = J H @A K E JAHL= F H FA = @EIJ = HAJ= F=H= A = = AEN @=I =>I?EII=I @ALA E@ I ABAJK=H =

= E JACH= IEJK=@= =?E H=E

x.

x,

@AI?HEJ @=@

@A E JACH= @A x [ 2, 2]. ?E= A JHA = ?KHL= A

=GKE FA = F=HJA @= F=H > AEN @A H J= @=@ F H

@A H J=

r = 3 (2 x2 ) = 1 + x2
A =IIE L K A @AIA =@ @=@ F H

V =
-:2

(1 + x2 )2 dx =

(1 + 2x2 + x4 )dx =

94 2. 15

= HACE

  % -I?HAL= =I E JACH=EI GKA FAH EJA ?= ?K =H L K A @ I E@ IEJK=@= A JHA =I ?KHL=I y = x2 A y = 2x H J=?E =@= A J H

>JE@ GK= @

= @ AEN y ;

> @= HAJ= y = 5;
=@= AIJ HAFHAIA J=@=

? @= HAJ= x = 2.
= .ECKH=  "%

5 K

) HACE

= IAH H J=?E

x
.ECKH=  "% )I E JAHIA AI A JHA =I ?KHL=I I 4ACE = IAH H J=?E =@=

@=@=I F H

"'

x2 = 2x x(x 2) = 0 x = 0, x = 2 y = 0, y = 4.
EJA E JACH= A JHA I L H=E HAJ= A A K = H J=?E HA = @A = AI @ I I = I A J H I E@ = @ AEN @=I H@A =@=I A F H EII L= =@ @ALA H=E @ALA I J I J =H = =

y. +
E@ I ANJAH E@

HAIK J= JA IAH @=@ F H

=H = @EBAHA @A E@

A E JAH

ANJAH F H

@=@

y x= . 2

FA = F=H > L K

x=
0

y.

E JAH

FA =

)IIE

A @AIA =@

?= ?K =@

FA = E JACH=

V =
0
EJA @ALA @ALA I J I J H=E > ? =H = @EBAHA ANJAH @A L K E JAH A @

( y)
2 0
= HA = I L E@ L I K I A =

y ( )2 dy = 2
@A K L=

y2 y 4
I E@ AEN

) dy.
AEN @=I =>I?EII=I L= =@ @=@ A

H J=?E A = A JHA E@ @A

J H

= HAJ= F=H= A = = A JA A E JAH

=H = E JACH=

x.

HAIK J= JA IAH @A H J= AEN @A H J=

AI @ I I

E@ I ANJAH = A

FA = @EIJ

?E= A JHA = F=H > FA = @EIJ E@ ?= ?K =@

F H @=@

r = 5 x2 A H=E F H r = 5 2x.

?E= A JHA = HAJ= A FA = E JACH=

V =

(5 x ) dx
2 2 0

(5 2x)2 dx

0 2 = =
0
2 H H@A =@=I @EBAHA ? @ALA I J I L K = A JHA H=E =C H= @A )IIE ANJAH E@ EJA ? H J=?E = A I A HA =

(25 10x2 + x4 ) (25 20x + 4x2 )dx

0 2

(14x2 + x4 + 20x)dx.
J H = @A K = HAJ= F=H= A = = = LA @ALA AEN I J @=I =H =

=H = E JACH= AI @ I I

y.
@=@

=EI K

E@ I ANJAH @A E@ F H

A E JAH

AIJA ?=I =

FA = HAJ= A

FA = F=H > JE L K

@=@

r =2

F H

r =2

y.

y 2

H=E

E JAH

A @AIA =@

?= ?K =@

FA = E JACH=

4 y 2 = (2 ) dy (2 y )2 dy 2 0 0 4 y2 = (4 2y + ) (4 4 y + y )dy 4 0 4 2 y = (3y + + 4 y )dy. 4 0

4

-:-

  &

5A = R = HACE

I > CH ? @A f (x) = A =?E = @ AEN x ?

,AJAH E A = = HA= @= HACE > ?

R, IA ANEIJEH

1 x

x [0, 4].

L K A @ I E@ L K A @ I E@

>JE@ FA = H J= >JE@ FA = H J=

@= HACE @= HACE

RA RA

J H J H

@ AEN x, IA ANEIJEH @ AEN y, IA ANEIJEH

#

5 K

=
A =
0 4

1 dx = lim a0+ x

1 2

dx = lim 2 x +
a0 a

= lim (2 4 2 a) = 2K = +
a0

5 K
V

>
=
0
I E@

1 x

)2 dx = lim +
a0
L JA

1 dx = lim ln x a0+ x
EJ

= lim (ln 4 ln a) = + +
a a0

2 HJ= J

5 K

?
V

>JE@

=
0

1 2

(4) dy + (
1 2

= 8 + lim

b+

1 3 3x

1 2

b 1 dy = 16 + lim y 4 dy b+ 1 2 2 ( ) 1 8 32 = 8 + lim 3 + = K L b+ 3b 3 3 1 y2

)2

#




-NAH? ?E I /AH=EI
,=@=I =I BK

S (f, P )

f, g : [1, 3] R S (g, P ) .
AI

@A

E@=I F H

f (x) = x + 2

g (x) = x2 + x
JHA

A ?

JHA

,=@= = BK !

f : [2, 5] R

@A

E@= F H

f (x) = x2 + 2
A F=H= =

A ?

S (f, P ) .
@A

,AJAH E A =I ANFHAII AI F=H= = 5 x2 , ? IE@AH= @ x [1, 2]. 7JE E A I

= IKFAHE H

= E BAHE H

f (x) = y =

"

=I IKFAHE HAI F=H= ?= ?K =H = A

HA= @= HACE

IEJK=@= A JHA =I ?KHL=I

x4 + 2 x = 0 x = 1
# 7JE E A = @A FHA?EI E

y = 0.
3
@A E@= F=H= ?= ?K =H

@A E JACH=

(x2 2x)dx.
1

>IAHLA GKA

FH L=H GKA = BK

E JACH LA 

$ 7JE E A I = @A HA=I @A HAJ CK I ?EH?K I?HEJ I F=H= ?= ?K =H

(x2 1)dx.
0
HA= I > CH ?

7JE E A I @A

f (x) = x + 1,
I AEN

= @A 3

HA=I @A HAJ F=H=

CK

I ?EH?K I?HEJ I F=H= @AJAH @A

E =H =

x [0, b], x = 1
A

b>0

=H>EJH HE IEJK=@= A JHA CH ? @A

&

+= ?K A KI= @ A

=I IKFAHE HAI =

HA= @= HACE

f (x) = ex x = y2
A

x, y,
?

A JHA =I HAJ=I

x = 2.
HA= @= HACE IEJK=@= A JHA = ?KHL=

'

7JE E A I AEN

=I E BAHE HAI F=H= ?= ?K =H =

y [0, 2]. f : [a, b] R

K K = BK = BK AJHE?= K = BK



IE@AHA 5A 5A

(a) (b) (c)

 7 F H

f f

F=H A J F=H A J A JA

K=

f (x)dx = 2 0 f (x)dx. a f (x)dx = 0. a

FAH=JKH= JA @E F

IJHA GKA

1 JAHFHAJA CA AJAHA

I EJA I = JAHE HAI

CEIJ= AIJ=>A A?A GKA = JA

A A@E@

F ),
A

@E= @A E LAH

@=@= @A @E= AE

T (t)
AE=

1 = 20 t(t 12)(t 24), @A EJA )?DA = JA FAH=JKH=

KJE E A = BK JA HA = @ ? J L= H

D H=I A

t=0
A

? HHAIF

@E= A JHA =I

D H=I @=

= D

5KCAIJ  - ? CH ?

F=H= E JACH=EI HA= @= HACE IEJK=@= I > 3 = t , F=H= J @ t > 0. IAK

JHA K

K= F IEJEL= A J= GKA = A

A A JHA =I HAJ=I

x=0 f

x=t

IA = ECK= =

A(t)

! ,AJAH E AK = BK @EBAHA ?E LA F IEJEL= A J= GKA

f (t)dt = [f (x)]2
0

F=H= J @

x R.
" 5A =

f : R R K = BK x3 g (x) = f (t)dt. += ?K A
x2

? L=

J H @A

K= A @A

= K

= GKA

L= BK

g : R R

F H

g (1),

I=>A @

f (1) = 2.

#

@A

),- + E@= F H @E

g : R R K = BK ? x dg (t)dt F=H= J @ x R. f (x) = 0 dt

IE@AHA AI =L= EA =I = H = AI GKA IACKA E JAHL=

@AHEL=@=

dg dt

K= A

= BK

AII=I ? 1 ) BK 11 ) BK 111 ) BK ? HHAJ

f f

E JACH LA A

J @

[a, b], a, b R, a < b.

= BK

@AHEL LA A IK= @AHEL=@= =

g.

@EBAHA GKA IA = H

f g
= A

= BK

IJ= JA

= 1 =FA =I > 11 =FA =I ? 1 A 111 =FA =I @ 11 A 111 =FA =I A 1 11 A 111 KIJE GKA IK= HAIF IJ=

$

5A =

f : [0, 1) R
E A

@A

E@= F H

1 f (x) = 1 x2 1

8AHE GKA IA

f (x) dx
0

ANEIJA

%

,AJAH

(a)

2
1

L=

H @=I IACKE JAI E JACH=EI IA F II LA

2

xex dx

(b)

x dx 1 x3 +9
4 3 3 4

(c)

tan2 x sec2 xdx

x dx x+1

(d)

1
0

x sin xdx ( ) 1 + 4 x dx x+ 3 x
L=

(e) (h)
0

1 dx x 1 + x2
3

(f )

3
0

(g )
1
& - ?

tan xdx

(i)
1

x dx 2 + 4x (m)
1

JHA IA ANEIJEH

1(

(a) (b) 2
0 0 2

x+

1 x 3 x

H @A ?=@= K

= @=I IACKE JAI E JACH=EI

dx (e) (f ) (g ) (h)
@A K E ?E

x ln(x)dx ( ) + 1 1 (c) cos dx 2 x 1 x 2 2 1 (d) dx 1 x2 0

' I A CA DAEH I @A FH @K @K EH @A C I =JKH= = K JA F @AI@A

x dx xe dx (i) 2 0 + 16 x xe|x4| dx (j ) xex dx 0 + 5 1 1 dx (k ) dx 5x x x2 1 1 1 + 1 1 x e dx (l) dx 1x 0 0

x
FHAI= AIJE =

1 1 dx (n) 4 x 1 1 1 dx (o) 3 0 x + 1 (p) dx (x + 1)2 2

ex dx

= A

= J=N= @=@= F H @= FH @K

f (t) =
-IJE

GKA K @AJAH E =@ F FH 1 5 t 700e E D=HAI @A AJH I ? >E? I A = GK= JE@=@A J J= @A C I =JKH=

GKA F @AH

IAH ANJH= @= @AIIA F

 ,AJAH E A J @ I I L= HAI @A

F=H=

I GK=EI

1
#!

1 dx xp

LAHCA


 ,AJAH E A F=H= GK=EI L= HAI @A

pR + 9
0

= E JACH=

e
+= ?K A IA F II LA

1 dx x(ln x)p
0
2

LAHCA

(a) (d)
! -

+
1 0

=I IACKE JAI E JACH=EI E

FH FHE=I

xe

x2

dx

(b) (e)

arctan x dx x2 +1
e x

(c) (f )
=@= @A

sin 2xdx

x ln xdx
AI @EBAHA ?E=EI @A

dx

cos x dx 1sin x
= BK

AGK=

A IA = 6H= IB H

=F =?A @A K

F H

+ 0

L(f (x)) =
F=H= J @ B H

esx f (x)dx,
FH FHE= IA = ? LAHCA JA - ? JHA = 6H= I

sR

F=H=

GK= = E JACH= E

=@= @A

=F =?A @A

(a) f (x) = eax

" ) BK C= = @A

(b) f (x) = cos x

E@= F=H= J @

(c) f (x) = sin x

x>0
+

F H

(x) =
0

tx1 et dt.

(a) (b)
#

+= ?K A

(1)

(2). n
E JAEH E F IEJEL

IJHA GKA F=H= JHA =

(n + 1) = n(n).

- ?

HA= @= HACE

EJ=@= FA =I ?KHL=I A

(a) y = sin x y = cos x x = 0 (b) y x = 6, y x3 = 0 (c) y = x2 + 9

A A

x= . 2

2y + x = 0.
A

y = 3 x. x= . 2
A

(d) y = sin x y = x sin x, x = 0

(e) 28 y 5x = 0 x y 2 = 0 y = 2x
$ 4AFHAIA JA CA AJHE?= A JA = HACE ?K =

y = 0.
?= ?K =@= F H

HA=

A=
0
% += ?K A = HA= @A ?=@= HACE A HA =

] (y + 6) ( 4 y 2 ) dy.
EJ=@= FA =I ?KHL=I @=@=I =>=EN E JACH= A HA = = =JH=L I @A

@A E =

(i)

E JACH= A

x (ii)

y.

(a) y = x + 3
2

x = y 2 + 3.
A

(b) 2x + y = 2, x y = 1 (c) y = x 1, y = (d) y + x = 6, y = x

& 4AFHAIA JA CA AJHE?=

7x y = 17.

2 x2

A A

y = 32x2 . y + 2 = 3x.
?K = HA= ?= ?K =@= FA = ANFHAII

A JA = HACE

A=
1

[ (

2x

( )] ) ( )] 4 [( 2 62 15x 2 dx + dx. x 4 x 2
KJE E = @

) IACKEH HAAI?HAL= AIJ= ANFHAII

L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA

#"

'

-IJ=>A A = =I E JACH= EI GKA FAH CKH= =>=EN A@E= JA = E JACH= A HA = = @A E EJ=@= IE K J= A=

EJA

 ?= ?K =H =

HA= @= HACE

D=?DKH=@=

A JA FA =I ?KHL=I

y = x, y = x
HA = =

4 y = , x1

x.
y

> E JACH=

y.

x
! - ? JHA K = HAJ= D HE J= y = k GKA @ELE@= = 2 = x A y = 9 A @K=I F=HJAI ECK=EI = @AJAH E =@= HACE HA= @= HACE ? FHAA @E@= A JHA

=I ?KHL=I ! )

HA= @A K

R
2 2

F @A IAH ?= ?K =@= FA = ANFHAII

A=
4AAI?HAL= AIJ= ANFHAII

2 2

1 x2

) 2x2 dx.

KJE E = @ HA = =

(a)
! F H

E JACH=

A AJHE?=

y;
?K =

(b)

H@A =@=I F=H= ?

JHE?=I JHE?=I @=@=

4AFHAIA JA CA

A JA = HACE

HA= A

H@A =@=I F=H=

A=2

3 sin t(3 sin t)dt 2

3 sin t(2 sin t)dt.

LE A J @ F J

!!

7 K

= ?E? ? H?K

E@A

= ?KHL= GKA F @A IAH @AI?HEJ= FA

@A H=E ,AJAH

?A JH=@

(0, a), GK=

@A E
2

IA HAFHAIA J=H AIJ= ?E?

E@A =JH=L I @=I AGK= HA= @= HACE

t [0, 2 ].
!" 7 @A E !#

P (0, 0) @A @ AIJA ? H?K CEH= I >HA AEN x. 2 @A AI x = a(t sin t) A y = a(1 cos t), ?
E@A += ?K A = HA= @= HACE =@= =IJH E@A

E A =

EJ=@= FA = ?E?

= ?KHL= @A AGK=

x3 + y 3 = a3
>JE@= GK= @ IEJK=@= IE

?D=

EJ=@= FA = =IJH E@A HA= @= HACE

a = 5.
A JA E JAHE H @ I IACKE JAI F=HAI @A

+= ?K A = ?KHL=I

K J= A=

(a) r = 3 cos (c) r = sin

A

r = 1 + cos ;
A

(b) r = 1 + cos (d) r2 = cos(2)

r = 1; r2 = sin(2);
A

r = 1 cos ;
A

(e) r = 2 (1 + sin )
!$ - ? JH=H =

r = 2 (1 + cos ) .
K J= A= A JA E JAHE H = ? H?K

HA= IE

r = 6 cos

A ANJAHE H =

r =

2(1 + cos ).

##

!%

+= ?K A =

HA= @= HACE

IE

K J= A=

A JA E JAHE H

?KHL=

r = 4 + 4 cos r = 1 + cos r = sin(2)

A

A ANJAHE H

r = 6.
!& += ?K A = HA= @= HACE IE K J= A= A JA E JAHE H ?KHL= A ANJAHE H

r = 2 cos .
!' " += ?K A = ,AJAH HA= @= HACE IE K J= A= IE A JA E JAHE H I ?KHL=I

r = sin .
A

E A =

HA= @= HACE

K J= A=

A JA E JAHE H

I H I ?A=I

r = sin(2)

r =

cos(2).
" -I?HAL= = E JACH= GKA FAH A

r=

EJA ?= ?K =H = CKH= =>=EN

HA= I

>HA=@= A JHA =I ?KHL=I

r = sin(2)

3 cos(2),

@=@=

"

5A =

= F H IEJK=@=

@= HACE

IE

K J= A=

A JA E JAHE H

I ?KHL=I

r = 2 cos

r = 4 sin
?= ?K =H

GKA AIJ

ANJAHE H @= ?KHL=

r = 1. -I?HAL= =I E R.

JACH=EI GKA FAH

EJA

(a) (b)
"!

= ?

HA= @= HACE FHE A J

R;
@A =H? @= BH JAEH= @= HACE =I

+= ?K A = =

HA= @=I HACE AI I A

>HA=@=I >

CKH=I =>=EN
1

r=1

r = 2 cos(2)

r = 2e 4

?

r = sin(3)

r = cos(3)

""

4AFHAIA JA CA

AJHE?=

A JA = HACE

?K =

HA= A

H@A =@=I F

=HAI

@=@= F H

[ ] 4 1 1 6 sin2 d + I=2 cos2 (2)d . 2 0 2 6

"# @A E JA =I E JACH= EI GKA FAH EJ=@= FA =I ?KHL=I EJA  ?= ?K =H = HA= D=?DKH=@= A = CKH= =>=EN

r = 2 + 2 cos , r = 4 cos(3)

r = 2.

#$

"$

+= ?K A = > ? @ A B 

FHE

A J

@A =H?

@=I ?KHL=I @=@=I F H

x= 1 y3 + 3 x = 3 + t2 x = 5t2 r = e , r=
A

1 ,? 4y
A

2 y 5;
?

y = 6 + 2t2 ,
? A

1 t 5; 0t ; 2

y = 2t3 ,

0 t 1;
?

x = et cos t
?

y = et sin t, 0 ;

0 2 ;

, ? cos2 1 2
E A = @EIJ

"%

,AJAH

?E= FAH? HHE@= F H K F IE

= F=HJ ?K = GKA IA @AI

?= A JHA

I F

A(2, 3) A B (0, 3) ?K = y (t) = 3 IA (3 t).

"& ) F IE @A K

E IJ= JA

t,

@=@= F H

x(t) = 1 +

? I(3

J I

t)

= F=HJ ?K =

E IJ= JA

t,

@=@= F H

x(t) = 2 cos t + 2t sin t A y (t) =

I E IJ= JAI

2 sin t 2t cos t. t=0At= . 2

"' 5KF A JHA # F=HJ ?K = A I F J I

+= ?K A = @EIJ

?E= FAH? HHE@= F H AIJ= F=HJ ?K = A JHA

D= GKA =I AGK= LE A J

AI A

x(t) = 4t3 + 1

y (t) = 2t 2

@AI?HAL=

= JH= AJ HE= @A K IA @AI

= ?=H

A(5, 2)

+= ?K A = @EIJ B (33, 32 2).

?E= GKA AIJ= F=HJ ?K = FAH? HHA =

+= ?K A = @EIJ

?E= FAH? HHE@= F H K ? =I AGK=

= F=HJ ?K = GKA IA @AI AI A

t=0
#

t = 4,

@A =? H@

x(t) = 1 + 2 cos(3t )
?D= EJ = .ECKH=  "& FHE A J

5 2

?= A

A JHA

I E IJ= JAI
5

y (t) = 5 2 sin(3t 2 ).
C=H J @AI?HEJ =H?

) ?KHL= @AI?HEJ= F H E?= A AIJ F H AIJ= AIFEH=

x(t) = 3et cos 6t

AJHE?=

y (t) = 3et sin 6t

=@= @A AIFEH= IJHA GKA

HAFHAIA J=@= CA GK= @

A JA

t [0, +),

F IIKE ?

.ECKH=  "&

-IFEH=

C=H J

E?=

- ? ?KHL=

? FHE A J @=I ?KHL=I GKA r = 3 sin A r = 3 cos , IEJK=@=

JHA

EJ= FHE

= HACE AEH

B H

=@= FA = E JAHIA

@=I

GK=@H= JA

#%

#!

4AFHAIA JA CH= ?=

A JA

=H?

?K

FHE

A J

?= ?K =@

FA = E JACH=

l=
0

48 cos2 + 48 sin d +
6

16 sin2 + 16 cos2 d.

#" GKA ##

JA =I E JACH=EI GKA FAH IE K J= A= L AEN E =H @ K

EJA

?= ?K =H

FHE A

A J

=H?

@= BH

JAEH= @= HACE

A JA E JAHE H I E@ >JE@

r = 1 + sin
FA = HAL K

r = 3 sin .
@= ?KHL=

+= ?K A J H @

A @

yx2 = 1,

x 1,

x.
L AEN K A @ I E@ @A HAL K CAH=@ FA = H J= @= ?KHL=

#$

,AJAH A J H

x.
CAH=@ @ FA = H J= @ ? H?K @A AGK=

x2 y 2 + =1 a2 b 2

#%

,AJAH E =H L K A @ J H 2 a A J H @ AEN x, IKF >JA D= = > ? @ A L K A @ I E@ A

x2 + (y b)2 =

a < b.
FA = HAL J H @ A K AEN J H @= HACE @A E EJ=@= F H

#&

y=

>JE@ A A

4 x, 3y = x
2
A

y = 0,

x;
@ AEN

y = |x| + 2 y = x x = 2 y=x
2

x=1

x;

y = 2,
A A L

J H A A

@= HAJ= J H J H >JE@ H J=?E

y = 2;
@= HAJ= @= HAJ= GK= @ =@= A K HE E@A

y = 1 x2 x+y =3
E A AEN = @

x y = 1, y + x 2 = 3,

y = 3; x = 2.
= HACE J H IEJK=@= I > = ?KHL= @= HAJ=

#'

,AJAH =?E

K ?

A @

E@

y = ex
@A K

x,
J H

x 0,
= B @

y = 2.
FA = H J= A @ I @A E@ = @A E EJ=@

$

7 FA A

DEFAH> A A I @ K I F = J H

E@A @A K

D= @A HAL E =CE DEFAH> A FA

F @A IAH += ?K A >JE@

>JE@ L K

DEF H>

IAK AEN

x = 3, x = 3 AEN x.

FA = H J=

9y 2 4x2 = 36 y,
L K A @

$

3K= @ I E@

= @AJAH

E =@= HACE

R
2
1 3

H J=?E

=@= A

J H

AEN

HAIK J= JA F @A IAH ?= ?K =@

FA = ANFHAII

[(

V =
4AFHAIA JA CA GK= @ $ + = AJHE?= A JA = HACE J H EJ=@= IE

7 3y 2 R

)2

( )2 ] 1 dy. y
L K A @ I E@ >JE@

A = IACKEH ?= ?K A

H J=?E

=@= A

@= HAJ=

y = 3.
A JA FA =I ?KHL=I  ?= ?K =H = HACE FAH

IE@AHA = HACE

R
K

@A E

K J= A= EJA

y = x3

x = y3. R.
J H @

>JA D= =I E JACH= EI GKA FAH L A @ I E@ >JE@

AJH H J=?E

@= HACE =@= A

> += ?K A AEN

GK= @

R
K A @

y.
EJA ?= ?K =H L I E@ >JE@ GK= @ =

? -I?HAL= =I E JACH=EI GKA FAH HACE

H J=?E

=@= A

J H

@= HAJ=

y = 1.

#&

$!

-I?HAL= =I E JACH=EI GKA FAH @A E = @ EJ=@= FA =I ?KHL=I AEN

EJA

?= ?K =H A

A @

E@ =@= A

>JE@ J H

GK= @

= HACE

y = x2 4 y=2

y =x2

H J=?E

> @= HAJ=

? @= HAJ=

x = 3.
A

$"

+ FHE

IE@AHA = HACE AEH

R
L K

GK=@H= JA A E A

=>=EN
A @

@A E

EJ=@= FA =I ?KHL=I @= HAJ= E@

y = x3 y = 2 x.
GK= @ = HACE

y = 2x, R
A @ HAL

GKA AIJ

IEJK=@=

= ,AJAH @ AEN

>JE@

K?E

=@= A

J H

x.
EJA ?= ?K =H L K I E@ >JE@ GK= @ =

> -I?HAL= =I E JACH=EI GKA FAH HACE $#

HAL

K?E K

=@= A

J H

@= HAJ= K

x = 1.
GKA L K A @A K ? A @A H=E

IJHA LE= L 2

A @A I

E@ I @A HAL

A = JKH=

h
$$

r h V = . 3
LE= L K A @A I E@ I @A HAL K GKA L K A @A K = AIBAH= @A H=E

4 V = a3 . 3

IJHA

#'

 ! 4AIF IJ=I


S (f, P ) = 8 + S (f, P ) =

2 n

S (g, P ) =

38 10 4 + + 2 3 n 3n

175 133 133 + 2 3 2n 6n 8 3 1 + 2 3 2n 6n

A

S (f, P ) = S (f, P ) =
2 3

S (f, P ) =

8 3 1 2 3 2n 6n

" # $ % & ' 

1 11 1 1 + + 2 5 2n 3n 30n4

76 3
1 4 b 4

+b

e2 e1
8 3
,E?= F=H= E JACH=EI I EJA I = A > KIA = @A E KIA FH FHEA@=@AI F=H= GKA>H=H F=H  K =@ AIGKAH@ A @K=I

@A BK

F=H A KIA = IK>IJEJKE

@A L=HE LAEI

u = x
  ! " #

F=H= HAAI?HALAH K

= @=I E JACH=EI

18, 9o F f (t) = 3t2 f (x) =

x 2

g (1) = 2
1JA ?

$

0
%

1 f (x) dx = 2 2 (b) 3 10 4 2 3 (e) 0, 405 (h) ln 2 (e) 1 (f ) 8 (g ) 4 (h) 1 (i) 4 (j ) 1 (k ) 1 2 (l ) 2 (c ) 1 3 (f ) 8 3 (i) 3 2 2 (m) e (n) na o existe (o) na o existe (p) na o existe

(a) 1 e1 1 e2 2 2 (d) sin 1 cos 1 (g ) 3, 202 (a) (b) (c) (d) 1 3 8 ln 2 3 sin 1 1 4

&

8 9

'  

3500 m3
+ + LAHCA F=H= LAHCA F=H=

p > 1. p > 1.
$

(a) 1 e1 2 1 (d) 4
! " # $

(b) 0 (e) 2e3 2 para s > a (2) = 1 (b) 22 (b)

(c) na o existe (f ) 0 s2 s +1 para s > 0 (c ) s2 1 +1 para s > 0

(a)

1 sa

(a) (1) = 1, (a) 2 2 2

y

(c)

125 6

(d) 2 2 sin 1

(e) 17

x
%

(a) A=

125 6

(b) 16 ( 62 4y 15
2

(c)

&
1 2

( ) ) ( ) 8( 2 62 4y 2y dy + dy y 15 2 2
1+ 17 2

324 2 3

(d)

23 6

'

(a) A = (b) A =
1 1

( 2 ) x x dx +

1+ 17 2

) 4 x dx x1 2 ) 4 ( y+4 (y y ) dy + y dy 1+ 17 y 2

! !

k=

9 3 4

(a) A = 2
0

2 2

1 y 1 y 2 dy dy + 2 4 2 2 2

(b) A =

4 3 4

sin tdt
2

2 2 2 2

2t2 dt

!! !" !#

3a2
3a2 8

(a)

5 4

5 (b) 4 2

1 (c ) 2 ( 2)

(d) 1
$

2 2

(e) 6 8 2

!$ !% !& !' " "

4 18 3 4
2 1 4 2
7

3 16

1
= @=I L HE=I HAIF IJ=I F II LAEI

A=
0

1 ( 3 cos 2)2 d + 2

1 (sin 2)2 d + 2

1 ( 3 cos 2)2 d 2

"

1 ( ) 1 arctan 2 1 3 2 4 cos2 1 d (a) A = (16 sin 1)d + 2 arcsin 1 2 arctan 1 4 2 arctan 1 2 3 3 (b) l = 4d + 2d + d

arcsin
"! ""

1 4

arctan
9

1 2 5

arcsin

1 4

(a)

9 3 8

(b) 4e 4 8e 4 + 4e 4

(c)

1 4

"#

= @=I L HE=I HAIF IJ=I F II LAEI

1 A = 2

1 (2 + 2 cos ) (4 cos 3) d + 2 0 1 9 1 6 + 4d + (4 cos 3)2 d 2 0 2 9

2 2

[ ] (2 + 2 cos )2 4 d

"$

(a) (d)
"% "& "' #

1563 40

(b) 24 5

(c)

68 27

34

250 27

2e 2

(e)

2(1 e2 )

(f ) 2
LA K = E JACH= ? @AI? JE KE@=@A

K ?
2 4 352 27

 >IAHLA GKA = HAI

@= E JACH= A L

22

250 27

192

# # #!

FHE

A J

@AIA =@

EJ

A ECK= =

333.

1
3

3 +
?

2
F IJ @A @ EI IK>=H? I @A ?EH?K BAH ?E=I ? B H A CKH= =>=EN

)H?

#"

l=2
0 3 4ab2 3

2 2 9 cos + 9 sin d + 2
6

cos2 + (1 + sin )2 d

## #$ #% #& #' $ $

2 2 a2 b (a) 3 2
7 2

(b)

92 5

(c)

64 15

(d)

162 5

(e) 1 2

32 6 ln 6 ) 1 ( 1 4 32 > V = = l = 1 + 9x4 + 1 + x 3 dx 35 9 1 0 1 2 3 2 3 ? V = (1 x) (1 x ) dx + (1 x3 )2 (1 3 x)2 dx

410 27 1 0 2

$!

(a) V =

(x 9x + 4x + 12)dx
4 2

(20 13x2 x4 + 8x)dx 1 01 3 0 (c) V = (y + 8 + 4 y + 4)dy (y + 8 4 y + 4)dy (y 2 + 8y + 16)dy (b) V =

4 4 3

$"

(a)
,E?= AEN

134 189

(b) V =
0
JA GKA K

(1 +

y )2 y) 1 + dy + 2
2
@AIA =@ F @A IAH A

4 3

y )2 (3 y ) 1 + dy 2
2
FA = H J= A J H @

$#

@= HAJ=

y=

? A J= ? h x, ? x r

>JE@

[r, r]

y [0, h].
@= ?EH?K BAH ?E=

$$

,E?= J H

JA GKA = AIBAH= F @A IAH @A GK= GKAH AEN ? H@A =@

>JE@= FA = H J=

x2 + y 2 = a2

$!

 " 4ALEI
IEIJA A@E@= @A K E KIJH= K F J = @A ? CK

@A + H@A =@=I 2 =HAI

H@A =@=I F A K HA = IEIJA =HAI = K = @A ? =I ? F J H@A =@=I ? N A = K =HAI IEIJA = IA F J H@A =@=I F

R2
@A K EHHAJ= N = @EIJ N= @A J=@ ?E= A @= F H ) .ECKH=  "'

O,

o
.ECKH=  "' ?D= @AJAH F J ?D= =@ 2 J

KI= @

? ?D=

H@A =@=I F =@= CK

=HAI F J IAC

F
A

HECA
F=H

) IA

EHHAJ=

N=

OA
@A I @

AEN F =H
HEA J=@

?= >A HECA A J A

E =@

=JH=L I @

H@A =@ A@E@= A

(r, ),
H=@E=

HAFHAIA J= = @EIJ

?E= A JHA =

P,

=@

H=E

HAFHAIA J= =

AOP.

OP ,

4A =

A JHA

5EIJA = @A + H@A =@=I +=HJAIE= =I 4AJ= CK =HAI A @A + H@A =@=I 2 =HAI

x = r cos y = r sin r2 = x2 + y 2 . r = x2 + y 2 y tan = x

5EIJA =

) CK =I AGK= AI A 4AJ=I


? H@A =@=I F =HAI A IAKI HAIFA?JEL I CH ? I

= 0 0 n

= 0 n, n Z
I ? AEN ? F A

K =H

= HAJ= GKA F=II= FA = F

A B=

CK

0 =

H=@E=

r sin = a
HAIFA?JEL=

r cos = b,

a, b R,

HAJ=I F=H= A =I =

AEN

=H A

, 2

A JA

+EH?K BAH ?E=I



r = a, a R r = 2a cos = AEN =
E IA EE IA

= ?EH?K BAH

?E= @A H=E ?E= @A H=E

|a|. |a|,
? ?A JH I >HA AEN F =H A J= CA JA

K = ?EH?K BAH @A @ GKA 2 CH CH ? ? AIJ AIJ

a>0 a<0

@EHAEJ= @

F F

AIGKAH@= @

$"

r = 2b sin
= AEN E IA EE IA F

= ?EH?K BAH @ ? ? GKA AIJ AIJ

?E= @A H=E

|b|,

?A JH

I >HA

AEN

A J= CA JA 2

=H @A CH CH

b>0 b<0

=?E

= @ @

F F

=>=EN

E =
-GK=

I
AI @ JEF

r = a b cos
CH ? JA

r = a b sin ,
=

@A

a, b R

CH

L=HE= ?

B H

I ?=I I =>=EN  IA

b > a,

A J

8A = = .ECKH=  #

r=a-bcos

r=a+bcos
.ECKH=  # E =

r=a+bsin
I ? =

r=a-bsin

+=H@E E@A

IA

b = a,

A J

CH

JA

B H

=J

@A K

? H=

F H EII

DA?E@

8A = = .ECKH=  #

r=a(1+ cos)

r=a(1- cos)
.ECKH=  #

r=a(1- sin)
+=H@E E@A

r=a(1+ sin)

IA

b < a,

A J

CH

JA

F=II= FA

8A = = .ECKH=  #

r=a - bcos

r=a+bcos
.ECKH=  # E =

r=a+bsin
I IA =

r=a - bsin

$#

4 I ?A=I
-GK= ? B H  5A AI @ A JEF

r = a cos(n)
I K

r = a sin(n), 2n
F J= =I

@A

aR

nN

CH

L=HE=

I ?=I I =>=EN F=H JA = H I ?A= ? 8A = = .ECKH=  #!

r = acos(4)
.ECKH=  #! 4 I ?A=I ?

r = asin(4)

2n

F J= =I

5A

F=H JA

I K

= H I ?A= ?

F J= =I

8A = = .ECKH=  #"

r=a cos(5)
.ECKH=  #" 4 I ?A=I ?

r=a sin(5)

F J= =I

A
-GK= ?=I

EI?=J=I
AI @ JEF

r2 = aa cos(2)

r2 = a2 sin(2),

@A

a R.

I CH

? I F=H= ?=@=

AIJ

= .ECKH=  ##

$$

r=-asin(2) r=asin(2) r=acos(2)

.ECKH=  ## A EI?=J=I

r=-acos(2)

-IFEH=EI
)I AGK=  AI IACKE JAI HAFHAIA J= E?= = CK =I AIFEH=EI -IFEH= DEFAH>

r = a, a > 0. r = a, a > 0.

-IFEH= @A )HGKE ! " -IFEH= C=H J

A@AI

E?= E?=

r = ea . r2 = .

-IFEH= F=H=>

) .ECKH=  #$ E KIJH= AIJ=I AIFEH=EI

(a, /2) (a, /2)

r=a (>0)

r=a (<0)

r=a ( 0)

r=a ( 0)

r=ea

r=

r=-IFEH=EI

.ECKH=  #$

$%

+=F JK .7 -5 ,- 8 41)5 8)41 8-15 ,1.-4- +1) 2)4+1)

> AJEL I =  ,A - ? EH BK JH=H = @ ?=F JK AIFAH= IA GKA = K F IA = ?=F= I FH JE? I AI ?E E @H I F=H=> E@AI F = I A @A AI @A L HE=I L=HE LAEI A @=H ANA @ E A B= AH CH ?

AIBAH=I ? BK

E JAHIA

AI A JHA AII=I IKFAHB ?EAI ?

AI @A L HE=I L=HE LAEI ?

@K=I L=HE LAEI

E @AFA @A JAI ! " # 7I= @ = @A E = BK IJH=H GKA E EJA @A K ? = BK J K= K @A @K=I L=HE LAEI ANEIJA F J = BK B H @A

8AHE ?=H IA K - ?

@A @K=I L=HE LAEI

JH=H @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI A E JAHFHAJ

=I CA

AJHE?=

A JA GK= @

@K=I L=HE LAEI E @AFA @A JAI $ % & '    ! " - ? - ? 4AI JH=H @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI @A BK JH=H =I @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI @A BK LAH FH > A =I GKA A L AJHE?= L= AI ? AI E F IJ=I F ?EJ=I J=N= @A L=HE=

@AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI ?

4AFHAIA J=H CA 4AI - ? - ? 4AI 4AI LAH FH > A

A JA =I @EBAHA ?E=EI F=H?E=EI A J J=EI L= @EBAHA ?E=EI F=H?E=EI A J J=EI H@A IKFAHE H @A @K=I L=HE LAEI GK= @ ANJHA I @A BK ANEIJA

=I GKA A L

JH=H @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI @A JH=H I ANJHA I @A K = BK L=

LAH FH > A

=I GKA A L K

AI @A @K=I L=HE LAEI CE?= LAHE ?=H IA I > AJEL I B H= @A @AIA L @A B H LE K A J

LAH ANAH? ?E I KI= @ ?

= BAHH=

A J= JA?

) FH L= IAH =JE CE@ I = JA HE?

F IJ= F H GKAIJ AI GKA F IIE>E EJ= AIIA @A H JAEH F=H= HEA J= = B H K = =@ J=@

2 HJ= J

AI @A IAKI AIJK@ I @ I ANAH? ?E I A

@=I GKAIJ AI @AIIA ?=F JK

AII= =F IJE =

$&

 1 JH @K
7 B=>HE?= JA F @A ? IJ=J=H GKA =JAHE= KI=@ = KJA ? ?KIJ @ I= @= FH @K HE D H= @ I

@A K

@AJAH JEF

E =@ @A

=HJEC BK

@A @A

FA @A @= GK= E@=@A @ A?AII HE ?E ? I =I BK AIJA @A @ + L=HE LAEI A J I

FAH HE I @ I A J

=GKE =HE= AIJK@=HA @A @K=I

@=I @AIFAI=I @A

A @= IKFAHLEI A = @ HAJ CK ? BK

,E A ?=I + AIJ=

GKA

F HGKA @AFA @A @A ?E ? = K I KJE E =H = HAJ CK AH =H>EJH HE

GK= JE@=@AI @EBAHA JAI @A BK ANA @A L=HE LAEI

AIJA +=F JK F ? CK @A BK DA?E@=

AI @A L HE=I L=HE LAEI

AI @A @K=I L=HE LAEI A

L=HE LAEI F @A IE@AHA

HA= @A K @A >=IA

KEJ

A = JKH=

b.

HA= @AIIA HAJ

A = ab.
2 H @A KJH =@ IA

aB

HK

= L=HE LA

xF

@A

I AI?HALAH =

HA= @AIIA HAJ

CK

BK

EIJ

A (x) = xb.
,AIIA @ JA I = HA= ? A JA BK @A K J = L=HE LA = @ 2 @A JAHA I J= I = > B= AH L=HE=H = >=IA A = = JKH= IE K J= A= AIIA ?=I

b=y

HA= @=@= F H

A(x, y ) = xy,
K IA = = ) BK K 7 AH H=?E ? HA= HA= E = ANFHAII= ? @A ? C LA ?E BK = @A @K=I L=HE LAEI F=H @A F F=H= L K L AI?HALAH

A (x, y )

E@= F=H= J @ F @A IAH BAEJ

A : R R.
K A IAH @=@

J I FAHJA ?A JAI = 2 A @A K F H

F =

R2 A = E
5A =

=CA

F=H= A AF FA@

a, b

=I @E

A I AI @A K

F=H= A AF FA@

V = abc.
2 H ANFHAII KJH ? =@ BK IA

B H K

= L=HE LA

F @A

I AI?HALAH

A @AIIA F=H= A AF FA@

@A K

= L=HE LA

x,

EIJ

V (x) = xbc.
2 @A JAHA IA = I I J= L K > A @ B= AH L=HE=H =I @E F=H= A AF FA@ A I AI ?

a A b IE
K

K J= A= = BK

A JA EIJ

= @

ANFHAII

@A @K=I L=HE LAEI

b=y xAy K

V (x, y ) = xyc.
6= L K > A @ F II LA L=HE=H =I JH I @E F=H= A AF FA@ IAH A I AI IE ? K K J= A= = BK A JA A AIIA ?=I J = @ A

z=c
EIJ

ANFHAII

@A JH I L=HE LAEI

x, y

z,

V (x, y, z ) = xyz.
) BK E =CA K LA =EI @ GKA A L

V (x, y, z )
AH

@A HA=

E@= F=H= J @= JHEF = @A F ? LA ?E = AI?HALAH

J I FAHJA ?A JAI = AIF= R3 A = : R3 R. 8A = I K ANA F

GKA JH I L=HE LAEI

-:-

D= I GKA K = FAII = L = K IKFAH AH?=@ A = 2   5KF @AI?HEJ= ? B H A @A =>=EN

J= @A ?

FH=I IA =

$'

J= @A ? 2H @KJ I AEJA 2 =H= = ) ?=H = 7 E@=@AI F=? JAI  C C # C 2HA

FH=I F H K E@=@A      # #  $ 6 J=      #  !    A JA AEJA F

6 J= = F=C=H 5KF =H= = D= = I GKA =I L=HE LAEI A = ?=H A J

x y z w

HAFHAIA JA

HAIFA?JEL=

F @A

I AI?HALAH = BK

J J= = F=C=H F H

T (x, y, z, w, t) = x + 0, 1y + 0, 5z + 2, 5w + 0, 6t.
) BK

= BK I

@A ?E ?

L=HE LAEI

2=H= A ?

JH=H

J J= = F=C=H HABAHA JA =

J=>A = = JAHE H B= A

T (2, 10, 2, 2, 5) = 2 + 0, 1 (10) + 0, 5 (2) + 2, 5 (2) + 0, 6 (5) = 2 + 1 + 1 + 5 + 3 = 12.

) BK AI?HALAH >=IA

T (x, y, z, w, t) T : R5 R.
A J @ I F I L=

@A F

E@= F=H= J @ I =?E = = E

(x, y, z, w, t) R5 .
@= BK K

? AH

LA ?E HA=

= +

JA GKA

I ANA I @A

=CA

AIIAI ANA

EH BK

AI @A L HE=I L=HE LAEI

.K
,-.1
1 

@A 8 HE=I 8=HE LAEI

5A = D K IK>? K J @A Rn A IA = (x1 , x2 , x3 , , xn ) D. 5A = ?=@= n upla H@A =@= FAHJA ?A JA = D ? HHAIF @AH K E? AH HA= f (x1 , x2 , x3 , , xn ) , @E A I GKA f K = BK @A nL=HE LAEI @A E@= A D ? E =CA A R. IK>? K J D ?D= =@ @ E @A f. + LA ?E = A JA AI?HALA IA f : D Rn R.
2

-:-

I = CK I ANA F (a) f : D R2 R @A E@= F (b) f : D R3 R @A E@= F (c) f : D R4 R @A E@= F (d) f : D R5 R @A E@= F

!

8A =

I @A BK AI @A L HE=I L=HE LAEI H f (x, y ) = 2x + 3y + 1. H f (x, y, z ) = x2 + y + z + 6. H f (x, y, z, w) = x2 + y 2 + z + w + 6. H f (x, y, z, w, t) = x2 + y 2 + z + w + t2 + 6.

-:-

1 K = BK @A @K=I L=HE LAEI ?K yx @ E D = {(x, y ) R2 J= GKA y > x}. /A AJHE?= A JA D B H =@ F H J @ I I F J I @ F = xy GKA AIJ IEJK=@ I =?E =@= HAJ= y = x. = BK w = f (x, y, z ) = 1 2 2 2 2 K = BK @A JH I L=HE LAEI ?K @ E I J @ I I F J I (x, y, z ) R3 (x + y + z ) F=H= I GK=EI x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 0, K IA = J @ I I F J @A R3 , ? AN?A @= HECA
2

) BK

z = f (x, y ) =

T (x, y ) = x2 + 4y 2 CH=KI (a) ,AJAH E A = JA FAH=JKH= (b) ,AJAH E A A HAFHAIA JA CA (a)

6A I GKA

-:-

"

) JA FAH=JKH= A

F J (x, y ) @A K = F =?= @A

AJ= F = =

@=@= F H

L= H ? IJ= JA ECK= = $ CH=KI

F J (3, 1). AJHE?= A JA = ?KHL= =

C @= GK= = JA FAH=JKH= JA

5 K
(b)

) ?KHL= @AIA =@= JA 2 x2 A EFIA + y4 = 1, HAFHAIA J=@= 16

T (3, 1) = 32 + 4 = 13 graus. AGK= T (x, y ) = 16, K IA = x2 + 4y 2 = 16,

= .ECKH= 

GKA

I B H A?A =

%

.ECKH=

$ CH=KI =

@= A EFIA

# /H ? @A K = .K
@A f ?

@A 8 HE=I 8=HE LAEI

E I CH ?

,-.1

5A = f : D Rn R K = BK @A n L=HE LAEI ,A n+1 IK>? K J @A R B H =@ F H J @ I I F J I @= B H =

$

(x1 , x2 , , xn , f (x1 , x2 , , xn )) Rn+1 ,

@A (x1 , x2 , , xn ) Rn .
?=I LEIK= E =H

n = 2,
CH
%

CH @A

@A

= IKFAHB ?EA A K IK>? K

f,

F EI AIJA IAH

R3 . 3K= @ n 3, 4 J @A R .

=EI F II LA

.ECKH=

-:-

CH ? @A f (x, y ) = 9 x2 y 2

F=H=>

E@A ? B H A

IJH= =

.ECKH= ) AGK= @A K

2=H=>

E@A

z = f (x, y ) = 9 x2 y 2
= B H = E F ?EJ= K ANF ?EJ= A BK

= IKFAHB ?EA F @A IAH AI?HEJ=

@A @K=I L=HE LAEI EIJ

F (x, y, z ) = 0

z = f (x, y ).

-:-

&

) AGK=

@= AIBAH= ?A JH=@= = HECA BK @A x A y, ?

F @A IAH AI?HEJ= ?

IACKA

1 F E?EJ= A JA x2 + y 2 + z 2 R2 = 0. -NF E?EJ= A JA A

z = R 2 x2 y 2 .

%

4AFHAIA J=
 ,AJAH

/H ?= @A K = 5KFAHB ?EA
A JA K AI ? = IKFAHB ?EA FH ?A@A IA ? I AEN I ?=HJAIE= I @AJAH IACKA E = @ I F J I E = IA =I E JAHIA

2=H= HAFHAIA J=H CH= ?=

(x, 0, 0), (0, y, 0) e (0, 0, z ).

,AJAH = > ? ! E = IA B= A @ B= A @ B= A @ I JH= I @=I IKFAHB ?EAI I >HA = AGK= = AGK= = AGK= I F = I ? H@A =@ I

xy xz yz

z=0 y=0 x=0

@= IKFAHB ?EA @= IKFAHB ?EA @= IKFAHB ?EA

,AJAH = A

E = IA =I IE HA =

AJHE=I I ? H@A =@ I HA = = F =

= I F = IE

= IKFAHB ?EA F J

ANEIJA K 7

P (x, y, z ); P (x, y, z );

JHE?= A

JHE?= A

xy IA F=H= GK= GKAH F xz IA F=H= GK= GKAH F yz IA F=H= GK= GKAH F

P (x, y, z ) P (x, y, z ) P (x, y, z )

= IKFAHB ?EA F J

IE

HA =

F =

ANEIJA K 7

= IKFAHB ?EA F J

IE

ANEIJA K > A HA =

P (x, y, z ).
H@A =@ I HA = = AEN IE IE JHE?= A

JHE?= A

HA =

F =

= I AEN I ?

= IKFAHB ?EA F J

x IA F=H= GK= GKAH F y z

IA F=H= GK= GKAH F

P (x, y, z ) P (x, y, z ) P (x, y, z )

ANEIJA K 7

P (x, y, z ); P (x, y, z ); P (x, y, z ).

IE JHE?= A HA = HECA IA F=H= GK= GKAH F J IE JHE?= A JHE?= A HA = = AEN J

= IKFAHB ?EA F J

ANEIJA K 7

= IKFAHB ?EA F J

HA =

AEN

IA F=H= GK= GKAH F

ANEIJA K ? A HA =

HECA

" 5A? HE = F =

= IKFAHB ?EA F J

P (x, y, z )

ANEIJA K

P (x, y, z ).
3K= @ 2=H= EII = ? I JH= B= A I FHE ?EF=EI E = I = AGK= H@A =@ = AGK= H@A =@ = AGK= H@A =@ B HA IK ?EA JAI F=H= ?=H=?JA F = I F=H= A I = I HA? HHA IA = @AJAH @A IA? AI ?

AI A -NJA I @= IKFAHB ?EA I ? H@A =@ I K

z = k IA @ k F (x, y, k ) = 0 y = k IA @ k F (x, k, z ) = 0

IJ= JA F = ?

I >HA K = ?

F (x, y, z ) = 0 xy ; F (x, y, z ) = 0 xz ; F (x, y, z ) = 0 yz.

EIJ

JAHA

I = AGK=

IJ= JA F = ?

EIJ

JAHA

I = AGK=

I >HA

x = k IA @ k K = ? F (k, y, z ) = 0 I >HA
-:2 '

IJ= JA F = ?

EIJ

JAHA

I = AGK=

-I> =H CA

AJHE?= A JA = IKFAHB ?EA @A AGK=

x2 y 2 z 2 + = 1. 52 42 32
%

5 K
 F 6H= J

8= 1 JAHIA

I FH ?A@AH ? AI ?

B H

I F=II I EIJ=@ I =?E I F I F J I J I

= I HA=EI A

I AEN I ? @KF I F =

H@A =@ I I

(0, y, 0)
I I >HA

K IA = JA I ?

(x, 0, 0) A (0, 0, z ) P (0, 4, 0) A P (0, 4, 0).

H@A =@ I

5 >HA

F =

xy : .=

A @

z = 0 JA

IA = DEF H>

x2 y 2 + = 1 .ECKH= 52 42

!

.ECKH=

6H=

I >HA

xy
K J A L= E

5 >HA 5 >HA

F = F =

xz : yz :

.= A @ .= A @

y=0 x=0

JA JA

IA

IA = DEF H>

y2 z2 =1 42 32

.ECKH=

"

.ECKH=

"

6H=

I >HA

yz =1
F @A IAH AI?HEJ= ?

5E

AJHE=I

-NF E?EJ=

A JA = AGK=

x + 52
K I ?

y2 42

z2 32

x2 z 2 y =4 1+ 2 + 2 5 3
C " 5A? AEN IE JHE?= A HA = B= A @ = I F =

y = 4 1 +

x2 z 2 + 52 32
H@A =@ I A E= @A DEF H> >JA I K = B= HECA AI @A E= AI

H@A =@ I = I AEN I ? I K K = B=

AI A ANJA I AI HA= F=H= A = .= A @

@A A EFIAI @A AEN

HA= F=H= A F

z = k, ? k R, >JA y. .= A @ y = k, ? k>4 x = k, ? k R, >JA I L= = AEN y.

AEN

k < 4,

A JA K

= B=

E= @A DEF H>

2 H ANA

B= A @

z=3

JA

I = AGK=

@A K

= DEF H>

A .ECKH=

#

x2 y 2 32 x2 y 2 + = 1 + = 2. 52 42 32 52 42

%!

.ECKH=

6H=

I >HA

F =

z = 3.
@A A EFIAI .ECKH= $

2 H ANA

B= A @

y = 8

JA

I = AGK=

x2 (8)2 z 2 x2 z 2 2+ 2 = 1 2 2 = 3 5 42 3 5 3

x2 z 2 + = 3. 52 32

.ECKH=

6H=

I I >HA

I F =

y = 8.

+ ?

IJHK

@= IKFAHB ?EA

I A A

A J I B H A?E@ I FA = @EI?KII D=I ? B H A = .ECKH=

=?E %

= FAH

EJA

IJHKEH = IKFAHB ?EA DEFA>

E?= @A @K=I B

y x

.ECKH=

0EFAH>

E@A @A @K=I B

D=I

JA GKA = CKH= =?E = CH ? @A K = BK @A @K=I L=HE LAEI = HAFHAIA J= CA JHE?= @A K = IKFAHB @=@= ANF E?EJ= A JA FA =I ?EA ?K = AGK= 2 2 2 2 x y x y BK AI z = 3 1 + A z = 3 1 + .
*5-48) 

25

16

25

16

-:-

+ IE@AHA = BK @A @K=I L=HE LAEI f (x, y ) = 4 4x2 y 2 . ,AJAH E A E @A f (x, y ), ? IJHK= A E@A JE GKA CH ? @A z = f (x, y ).


%"

5 K
@ E CH

D(f ) = {(x, y ) R2 / 4x2 + y 2 4} = {(x, y ) R2 / x2 +

@A ?

y2 1}, 4 x2 + R3
A

K IA =

f (x, y )
@A

? K

K J

@A F

J I @

F =

xy
?

E JAHE H @= A EFIA K J A @A F J

f (x, y )

y2 = 1. 4
F H

= IKFAHB ?EA

K IA = K

@=@

Gr(f ) = {(x, y, z ) R3 / (x, y ) D(f )

)IIE AIJ= JA I

z = f (x, y )}.
CH ? CH @A ?

z =

4 4x2 y 2
&

GKA

K ?A JH

H= =

z

0

@ C

x2 +
@A

= AGK=

@A K = .ECKH=

A EFI E@A ?

HECA

y2 z2 + = 1, 4 4 z = f (x, y ) AIJ

HAFHAIA J=@

.ECKH=

&

4=

z0

A EFI E@A

y2 z2 x + + =1 4 4
2


7 ?

+KHL=I A 5KFAHB ?EAI @A

= ?KHL= = = A EFIA @ C -NA @= GK= K F " = BK @A LA

LA
@A @K=I L=HE LAEI

E =@=

?KHL= @A
@= B H

z = f (x, y ) JA

LA

?KHL= @A ? J H
3K= @ ?D= ?D= I =@=I

L=

H ?

IJ= JA @A

f.
) AGK= @A K = ?KHL= @A J=

F=H=

f (x, y ) = k.
LA

= BK

=I 5A f HAFHAIA AGKEF JA ?E=EI

5KF D= GKA K F = F =

HAFHAIA J= K

= @EIJHE>KE

@A JA

FAH=JKH= JHE? CH E? ?

IK=I ?KHL=I @A LA @A

F JA ?E= A

=I ?KHL=I @A ? F @A K K = BK

=@=I @A

EI JAH ?KHL=I

= IKFAHB ?EA

S
@ L=

z=k
LA ? HHAIF IA

L= E= A J @A K >JA I K K

A =

@AIJ= ?KHL= @A

xy,

k > 0,
IJ= JA J H

K E@=@AI =>=EN

z = f (x, y ). 5A = E JAHIA @A LA f (x, y ) = k. ) ?=@= F J J = IKFAHB ?EA S GKA AIJ k K E@=@AI =?E = @A A IA k < 0. ) ? IE@AH=H I @EBAHA JAI
= ?KHL= @A @A ?KHL=I ?D= @= IKFAHB ?EA =@ @A

@A S
E B H @A

HAI F=H= = ? =F= @A ? = K@=

k,

K J

=F= @A ? J H
I @ I L=

6=

B=?E EJ= = LEIK= E = I AGKE AIF= =@ I @A

3K= @

=I ?KHL=I @A

LA I = HAI

IJH=@=I A

E JAHL=

k,

= FH NE

E@=@A @A ?KHL=I IK?AIIEL=I =I =I ?KHL=I IEC E ?= GKA =EI =B=IJ=@=I K IA =

I >HA = =? ELE@=@A @A =EI H=FE@= LA AIJ

!

S. 3K=

J 

=EI FH NE A =I AIJ A CHA

A JA @

GKA GK= @

GK= @

?KHL=I @A

K J=I = IKFAHB ?EA

?KHL=I @A

-:-

5A = f (x, y ) = x2 + y 2 . .= = K LA A 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
%#

=F= @A ? J H

@A f,

IJH= @ =I

5 K

)I ?KHL=I @A = .ECKH=

LA I '

=I ?EH?K BAH

?E=I

x2 + y 2 = k.

=F= @A ?

J H

@A

F @A IAH LEIJ

.ECKH= F @A @A ? K > H= I? F II=

'

+KHL=I @A CH ? AI @A K

LA

x2 + y 2 = k
@A JH I L=HE LAEI

I LEIK= E =H

= BK

w = f (x, y, z ),
IE@AH=@= E@A

IE@AH=H =I IKFAHB ?EAI @A AGK=

LA @A

f. )E
%

@= J @= IKFAHB ?EA @A LA @A = CK LA

f (x, y, z ) = k, GKA I ?D= E@= F H K = AGK= A x, y, z F

@A JH I L=HE LAEI @A

=@=I @A IKFAHB ?EAI @A IAH ? DEFAH> 2

= IKFAHB ?EA @A

= BK

@= .ECKH=

= IKFAHB ?EA @A

g (x, y, z ) = 1

g (x, y, z ) =

2 H ANA F 2

x y z + 2 2. 2 5 4 3

" ,EIJ ?E=I A * =I

5A = @A

-IF=
?E= @A

P (x1 , x2 , , xn ) A A (y1 , y2 , , yn ) @ EI F J I @A Rn . ) @EIJ J=@= F H ||P A|| , @=@= F H ||P A|| = (x1 y1 )2 + (x2 y2 )2 + + (xn yn )2 .
1 #

=J

A,

5A = A (y1 , y2 , , yn ) K E = I > = =>AHJ= @A ?A JH A A H=E = ? n R J=EI GKA ||P A|| < , K IA =

,-.1

F J @A Rn A > 0 K AH HA= ,A K J @A J @ I I F J I P (x1 , x2 , , xn )

B (A, ) = {(x1 , x2 , , xn ) Rn ; ||P A|| < } .

-:2 $

F=

F=H= = 1 A A(1, 2) JA

I = > = =>AHJ=

{ } B ((1, 2) , 1) = P (x, y ) R2 ||(x, y ) (1, 2)|| < 1

GKA

CH= ?= A JA HAFHAIA J=@= FA = .ECKH=

y



.ECKH=



= =>AHJ=

B ((1, 2) , 1) .

%$

-:-

%

A (1, 1, 2) A = 1 A J = > = =>AHJ= { } B ((1, 1, 2) , 1) = P (x, y, z ) R3 ||(x, y, z ) (1, 1, 2)|| < 1

5A =

AIJ CH= ?= A JA HAFHAIA J=@= FA = .ECKH=

z



y x
.ECKH=  * = =>AHJ=

B ((1, 1, 2) , 1)

!
,-.1

E EJA @A K = .K

@A @K=I 8=HE LAEI

@A @K=I L=HE LAEI H=?E ? E

8= I AIJK@=H = ANEIJ ?E= @ E EJA @A K = BK = C BAEJ F=H= BK AI @A n L=HE LAEI

1 ! 

5A = f K = BK @A @K=I L=HE LAEI @A E@= K = > = =>AHJ= B (A, r) , AN?AJ F IIELA A JA A A (x0 , y0 ) . ,E A I GKA AH L E EJA @A f (x, y ) GK= @ (x, y ) JA @A F=H= (x0 , y0 ) IA @=@ > 0, F @A I A ? JH=H K > 0 J= GKA |f (x, y ) L| < IA FHA GKA 0 < ||(x, y ) (x0 , y0 )|| < . AIIA ?=I AI?HALA I
(x,y )(x0 ,y0 )

lim

f (x, y ) = L.

-:-

IJHA GKA I

(x,y )(1,3)

lim

(2x + 3y ) = 11.

IJH=H GKA @=@ > 0, ANEIJA > 0 J= GKA |f (x, y ) 11| < IA FHA GKA 0 < ||(x, y ) (1, 3)|| < . )IIE
|f (x, y ) 11| = = = = |2x + 3y 11| |(2x 2) + (3y 9)| |2 (x 1) + 3 (y 3)| |2 (x 1)| + |3 (y 3)| 2 |(x 1)| + 3 |(y 3)| <

5 K

,ALA

A >JA

I GKA
2 |(x 1)| + 3 |(y 3)| < .

1

2 H KJH =@

@A 0 < ||(x, y ) (x0 , y0 )|| < , IACKA GKA

0< (x 1)2 + (y 3)2 < .
%%

)C H= FA = @A

@A
|x 1| =

@K

JA
(x 1)2

I GKA

(x 1)2 + (y 3)2 <

A
|y 3| =

(y 3)2

(x 1)2 + (y 3)2 <

A =IIE
2 |(x 1)| + 3 |(y 3)| < 2 + 3 = 5.

 11 

2 HJ= J

@A 1 A 11 F @A

I B H =H

IEIJA = @A E AGK= AI

2 |(x 1)| + 3 |(y 3)| < 2 |(x 1)| + 3 |(y 3)| < 5 5

)IIE
,

F @A

I =@ EJEH GKA 5 = A A ? JH=H GKA =

C @=@ > 0 ANEIJA = J= GKA |f (x, y ) 11| < IA FHA GKA 0 < ||(x, y ) (1, 3)|| < 5 GKA FH L= FA = @A E GKA lim 2x + 3y = 11.
(x,y )(1,3)
*5-48) ! !

+ ?K  LE HE LA GK= @ x IA =FH NE = @A x0 ,

I GKA F=H= ANEIJEH E EJA @A K = BK @A K = L= A?AII HE GKA I E EJAI =JAH=EI lim+ f (x) A lim f (x)
xx0 xx0

ANEIJ= A IA = ECK=EI F=H= BK AI @A @K=I L=HE LAEI = IEJK= = C= =EI ? F E?=@= F EI F = D K = E E@=@A @A ?KHL=I ?= E D I = C @=I GK=EI F J (x, y ) F @A IA =FH NE =H @A (x0 , y0 ) . 2 H IA E EJA @= ,A E !  ANEIJA FHA ?EI A J GKA f (x, y ) JA @= F=H= L, E @AFA @A JA A JA @ ?= E D ? IE@AH=@ -II= E@AE= I B H A?A K = E F HJ= JA HACH= 6A HA = ! " F=H= E LAIJEC=H = ANEIJ ?E= @A E EJAI @A BK AI @A @K=I L=HE LAEI

6A

4- ) ! " 5A = f K = BK @A @K=I L=HE LAEI @A E@= K = > = =>AHJ= ?A JH=@= A (x0 , y0 ) AN?AJ F IIELA A JA A A (x0 , y0 ) . 5A f (x, y ) JA E EJAI @EBAHA JAI GK= @ (x, y ) JA @A F=H= (x0 , y0 ) F H ?= E D I @EBAHA JAI A J
(x,y )(x0 ,y0 )

lim

f (x, y ) xy + y2

ANEIJA

-:-

! #

8=
IE@AHA

IJH=H GKA

(x,y )(0,0) x2

lim

ANEIJA
C1
AN=J= A JA AEN

5 K
?= E D

GKA F=II=

C1 = {(x, y ) R2 ; x = 0} . FA F J (0, 0) . )IIE lim

C1

JA GKA

(x,y ) (0,0)
+ F=II= IE@AHA =C H= FA F J

f (x, y ) =

(0,y )(0,0)

lim

f (0, y ) = lim

y 0 02

0y = 0. + y2
? K J @A HAJ=I GKA

C2 = {(x, y ) R2 ; y = kx}. (0, 0) . )IIE f (x, y ) =

(x,kx)(0,0)

JA GKA

C2

(x,y ) (0,0)
C2

lim

lim

f (x, kx) =

(x,kx)(0,0) x2

lim

xkx + (kx)2

= lim

x0

k x2 k = . x2 (1 + k 2 ) 1 + k2
%&

IJH=

I A J

GKA

(x,y )(0,0)
S1

lim

f (x, y ) xy + y2 lim

(x,y )(0,0)
S2

lim

f (x, y )

A ?

EII

? K

I GKA

(x,y )(0,0) x2

lim

ANEIJA

-:-

! $

8=
AEH I

I
L=

IJH=H GKA

3x2 y ANEIJA (x,y )(0,0) x2 + y 2

E EJA JA AI L= FA H @A HAJ=I GKA F=II=

5 K
K F J HE?

2HE + JA

IE@AH= @

I LAHE ?=H IA F H ?= E D I @EBAHA JAI C1 = {(x, y ) R2 ; y = kx} , ? K J

(0, 0)

(x,y ) (0,0)
C1

lim

f (x, y ) =

(x,kx)(0,0)

lim

f (x, kx) =

(x,kx)(0,0)

lim

3x2 kx x2 + (kx)2

= lim
+ FA F IE@AH= @ J =C H= JA

x0

x3 k xk = lim = 0. 2 2 x (1 + k ) x0 1 + k 2
? K J @A F=H > =I GKA F=II=

C2 = {(x, y ) D; y = kx2 }, ( ) f x, kx2 =

(0, 0) , lim
C2

I GKA

(x,y ) (0,0)

f (x, y ) =

(x,kx )(0,0)

lim 2

(x,kx )(0,0)

lim 2

3x2 kx2 x2 + (kx2 )2

= lim
+ IA = E

x0

3x4 k 3x 2 k = lim = 0. x2 (1 + k 2 x2 ) x0 1 + k 2 x2 f (x, y ) ,

H IACKA GKA D FH >=>E E@=@AI @A GKA E

(x,y ) (0,0)
C1

lim

f (x, y ) =

(x,y ) (0,0)
C2

lim

L = 0

EJA @A ,ALA

I=JEIBAEJ= GKA

3xy . 2=H= ? (x, y ) = x2 +y 2 I IJH=H GKA @=@

)IIE

=H @ALA ANEIJA

I LAHE ?=H IA = ,A J= GKA

!  AIJ IA FHA

> 0,

>0

0 < ||(x, y ) (0, 0)|| < .

|f (x, y ) 0| <

3 |x2 | |y | 3x2 y |3x2 y | = = < 1 x2 + y 2 |x2 + y 2 | x2 + y 2 ,A 0 < ||(x, y ) (0, 0)|| < >JA I 0 < x2 + y 2 < . 5A @ x2 x2 + y 2 y 2 x2 + y 2 F @A I AI?HALAH |f (x, y ) 0| = 3 (x2 + y 2 ) |y | 3 |x2 | |y | = 3 |y | < 3 x2 + y 2 < 3. 2 2 2 2 x +y x +y
+ F=H= @ 1 ? IJH= 11 F @A I GKA ANEIJA I =@ E EJEH GKA  11 

|y | =

3 = ,

@A LA

2 HJ= J

EJA ANEIJA A GKA

(x,y )(0,0)

lim

= . 3 3x2 y = 0. x2 + y 2

-:-

! %

+= ?K A IA F II LA

L= H @A

(x,y )(0,1)

lim

3x4 (y 1)4 . (x4 + y 2 2y + 1)3

%'

5 K
F=II= FA

1 E?E= F J

I E LAIJEC= @

= ANEIJ

?E= @

EJA KJE E = @

@EBAHA JAI ?= JA I GKA

E D I GKA

(0, 1).
E D I E A=HAI

7JE E = @

I ?=

C1 = {(x, y ) R2 ; y = kx + 1}
(x,kx+1)(0,1)

(x,y ) (0,1)
C1

lim

3x4 (y 1)4 = (x4 + (y 1)2 )3

lim

3x4 (kx)4 (x4 + (kx)2 )3

= lim
)C H= KI= @ I ?= E D I F=H=> E? I

x0

3k 4 x8 = 0. x6 (x2 + k 2 )3
JA I GKA

C2 = {(x, y ) R2 ; y = kx2 + 1}
(x,kx +1)(0,1)

(x,y ) (0,1)
C2

lim

3x4 (y 1)4 = (x4 + (y 1)2 )3

lim 2

3x4 (kx2 )4 (x4 + (kx2 )2 )3

= lim
2 HJ= J ANEIJA ? >JA I E

x0

3k 4 x12 3k 4 = . x12 (1 + k 2 )3 (1 + k 2 )3
E D I @EIJE J I ? ? K I GKA E EJA

EJAI @EBAHA JAI F H ?=

-:-

! &

+= ?K A IA F II LA
I E LAIJEC= @ E D IA F J A I KI=H ?=

L= H @A

(x,y,z )(3,1,5)
E EJA +

lim

(x + 2y + z )3 . (x 3)(y 1)(z + 5)
JA I K = BK @A ! L= LAJ H @EHAJ H JHE?=I F=H=

5 K
@A K @A EH

1 E?E=

HE LAEI @ALA ?=

= HAJ= GKA F=II= FA E D HAJE

v = (a, b, c) I =I ? H@A =@=I @A K (3, 1, 5), F @A I KJE E =H =I AGK= AI F=H=

= ANEIJ R3 . 5A

?E= @

{ } C1 = (x, y, z ) R3 ; x = 3 + at, y = 1 + bt, z = 5 + ct .

2=H= I =FH NE =H I @A

(3, 1, 5)

F H

C1 ,

>=IJ= B= AH

F=H

AJH

t0

A =IIE

(x,y,z ) (3,1,5)
C1

lim

(3 + at + 2 + 2bt 5 + ct)3 (x + 2y + z )3 = lim t0 (x 3)(y 1)(z + 5) (at)(bt)(ct) = lim

t0

(at + 2bt + ct)3 (a + 2b + c)3 = . abct3 abc

?= E D I HAJE 2 HJ= J A I @EIJE J I FA = HACH= > @EIJE J I

)JHE>KE @ F=H= @ I @ EI ?=

@EBAHA JAI L= =H I @A E EJA A

HAI F=H= GKAIJ

a, b, c,
>JA

K IA = KJE E = @ I E EJAI J= ANEIJA

I =FH NE

(3, 1, 5)

E D I

!'
E EE = >
5A 5A

2H FHEA@=@AI @ I E EJAI
f : R2 R
(x,y )(x0 ,y0 )
@A E@= F H

f (x, y ) = ax + by + c, A lim g (x, y )

ANEIJA

(x,y )(x0 ,y0 )

lim

f (x, y ) = ax0 + by0 + c.

lim

f (x, y )

(x,y )(x0 ,y0 )

c R, lim

A J

(x,y )(x0 ,y0 )

lim

[f (x, y ) g (x, y )] = cf (x, y ) = c lim

(x,y )(x0 ,y0 )

lim

f (x, y )

(x,y )(x0 ,y0 )

g (x, y ) .

(x,y )(x0 ,y0 )

lim

(x,y )(x0 ,y0 )

f (x, y )
&

? @ A 24

(x,y )(x0 ,y0 )

lim

[f (x, y ) .g (x, y )] =

(x,y )(xo ,yo )

lim

f (x, y )

(x,y )(x0 ,y0 )

lim

g (x, y ) .

f (x, y ) lim [ ]= (x,y )(x0 ,y0 ) g (x, y ) lim

51

(x,y )(x0 ,y0 )

lim

f (x, y ) g (x, y )
@AI@A GKA

(x,y )(x0 ,y0 )

lim

(x,y )(x0 ,y0 )

lim

g (x, y ) = 0.

(
(x,y )(x0 ,y0 )
2

[f (x, y )] =
! 

(x,y )(x0 ,y0 )

lim

)n f (x, y )

F=H= J @

n Z +.

K = BK

J= GKA

5A g
lim

K = BK

(x,y )(x0 ,y0 )

f (x, y ) = a, A J g (f (x, y )) = g

@A K = L=HE LA ? J K= K
(x,y )(x0 ,y0 )

lim

F J a, A f (x, y ) (g f ) (x, y ) = g (a), K IA =

(
(x,y )(x0 ,y0 )

lim

(x,y )(x0 ,y0 )

lim

) f (x, y ) .

-:-

! 

+= ?K =H

(x,y )(1,2)

lim

ln(x2 + xy 1).

5 K
JA >JA I GKA I

IE@AH= @

=I BK

AI A

f (x, y ) = x2 + xy 1
(x,y )(1,2)

g (u) = ln u, u = 2.
)F E?= @ = FH F IE =?E =

lim

f (x, y ) = 2

A GKA

K= A

(x,y )(1,2)

lim

(g f )(x, y ) =

(x,y )(1,2)

lim (

ln(x2 + xy 1) ) (x + xy 1) = ln 2.
2

= ln [
-:2 ! 

(x,y )(1,2)

lim

5A

(x,y )(2,2)

lim

x2 y 2 f (x, y ) + ln x+y

)] x2 + 2xy + y 2 +1 = 2, @AJAH E A x+y

(x,y )(2,2)

lim

f (x, y ).
+ E EJA @=@ ANEIJA JA I FA =I FH FHEA@=@AI @A E EJAI

5 K
2 = = = =

( 2 )] x + 2xy + y 2 x2 y 2 f (x, y ) + ln +1 lim (x,y )(2,2) x+y x+y ( ( 2 )) x + 2xy + y 2 x2 y 2 lim lim f (x, y ) + ln lim +1 (x,y )(2,2) x + y (x,y )(2,2) (x,y )(2,2) x+y ( ( )) (x + y )2 (x + y )(x y ) lim lim f (x, y ) + ln lim +1 (x,y )(2,2) (x,y )(2,2) (x,y )(2,2) x+y x+y ( ) lim (x y ) lim f (x, y ) + ln lim (x + y + 1) [
(x,y )(2,2) (x,y )(2,2) (x,y )(2,2) (x,y )(2,2) (x,y )(2,2)

= 4 = 4
C

lim lim

f (x, y ) + ln(1) f (x, y )

1 f (x, y ) = . (x,y )(2,2) 2 lim

&

24

51

! !

5A

> = =>AHJ= @A ?A JH (x0 , y0 ), AN?AJ F IIELA A JA A

(x,y )(x0 ,y0 )

(x,y )(x0 ,y0 )

lim

f (x, y ) = 0 A g (x, y )

K = BK

E EJ=@= A

= CK =

(x0 , y0 ), A J

lim

f (x, y ).g (x, y ) = 0.

-:-

! "

IJHA GKA
I

(x,y )(0,0)

lim

x2 y = 0. x2 + y 2
A

5 K
5=>A

IE@AHA

f (x, y ) = x x = 0,
A J

g (x, y ) =
>=IJ=

x2

xy . + y2 g (x, y )
E EJ=@=

I GKA

(x,y )(0,0)
A ?

lim

IJH=H GKA I GKA

-I?HALA @

H@A =@=I F

=HAI JA

g (x, y ) =
-LE@A JA FH F IE A JA

xy r2 cos sin = = cos sin . x2 + y 2 r2

J JA I GKA

= JAHE H

|cos sin | 1 A F HJ= x2 y lim = 0. (x,y )(0,0) x2 + y 2

g (x, y )

EJ=@=

FA =

KJH=
5A =

= AEH= @A HAI LAH KI= @ =E @= = 2H F IE

A

! !
A

f (x, y ) = y

g (x, y ) =

x2 . x2 + y 2

- J

(x,y )(0,0)

lim

f (x, y ) = 0

|g (x, y )| =
K IA = HAIK J=@

x2 1 x2 + y 2

F=H= J @

(x, y ) = (0, 0),

C FA = 2H F IE =?E = JA I

g (x, y )
@AIA =@

EJ=@= F=H= J @

(x, y ) = (0, 0),

-:-

! #

+= ?K A IA ANEIJEH

2x2 y 2 2xy 3 . (x,y )(0,0) 3x2 + 3y 2 lim

I

5 K

7I= @

=I FH FHEA@=@AI JA

2x2 y 2 2xy 3 lim = (x,y )(0,0) 3x2 + 3y 2 = 2x 2 = 0, (x,y )(0,0) 3 lim

= @= HECA AN?AJ

(
(x,y )(0,0)

lim

2xy y 2 2x2 y 2 3 x2 + y 2 3 x2 + y 2

y2 y2 2x2 2xy 2 lim (x,y )(0,0) 3 x + y 2 (x,y)(0,0) 3 x2 + y 2 lim

K = BK ! ! E EJ=@= K = LE E

+ D=

y2 2xy = 0, A 2 (x,y )(0,0) 3 x + y2 A (0, 0), JA I FA = 2H F IE lim

y2 y2 2x2 y 2 2xy 3 2x2 2xy = lim lim = 0. (x,y )(0,0) (x,y )(0,0) 3 3x2 + 3y 2 x2 + y 2 (x,y)(0,0) 3 x2 + y 2 lim

&

" + JE KE@=@A @A K = .K
,-.1
,E A I GKA f
1 " 

@A @K=I 8=HE LAEI

5A = f : D R2 R K = BK @A @K=I L=HE LAEI A (x0 , y0 ) D. ? J K= A (x0 , y0 ) IA I=JEIB= =I ? @E AI

(i) f (xo , yo ) ANEIJA (ii) lim f (x, y )
(x,y )(x0 ,y0 )

ANEIJA

(iii)

(x,y )(x0 ,y0 )

lim

f (x, y ) = f (x0 , y0 ) . { xy + y2 se (x, y ) = (0, 0) se (x, y ) = (0, 0)

-:-

"

8AHE GKA IA = BK

f (x, y ) =

x2 0

? J K=

(0, 0) .
,ALA I LAHE ?=H IA = FHE

5 K E EE
+ 8E

I=JEIB= @E

=I ? AIJ

@E

AI @= ,A

" 

f (0, 0) = 0,
I E -NA F

AEH= ?

I=JEIBAEJ= ANEIJA 2 HJ= J = IACK @= ? @E

! # GKA

xy lim 2 2 (x,y )(0,0) x +y

@= ,A C

"  ? J

I=JEIBAEJ= K= A

f (x, y )

-:-

" !

) BK

@A

J K= A

4 x (y 1)4 IA (x, y ) = (0, 1) E@= F H f (x, y ) = x2 + (y 1)2 0 IA (x, y ) = (0, 1) f

I=JEIB= @E =I ? AIJ ANEIJA A @E AI @= ,A E " 

(0, 0) .

(0, 1)?
,ALA I LAHE ?=H IA = FHE

5 K E EE
+ 8= IAH

f (0, 1) = 0,

AEH= ?

I=JEIBAEJ= ECK= = AH IA B H @EBAHA JA = BK

I LAHE ?=H IA ? J K=

(x,y )(0,1)
F J 

lim

f (x, y )

[ 2 ] x4 (y 1)4 [x2 (y 1)2 ][x2 + (y 1)2 ] 2 = lim = lim x + ( y 1) = 0. (x,y )(0,1) x2 + (y 1)2 (x,y )(0,1) (x,y )(0,1) x2 + (y 1)2 lim

EEE

, I EJA I = JAHE HAI IACKA GKA

(x,y )(0,1)
2 HJ= J = BK

lim
?

f (x, y ) = 0 = f (0, 1).

K= F J

f (x, y )

@=@=

-:-

" "

8AHE GKA IA = BK

3x2 y se (x, y ) = (0, 0) f (x, y ) = x2 + y 2 0 se (x, y ) = (0, 0)

I=JEIB= @E =I ? AIJ @E AI @= ,A E " 

(0, 1).

? J K= A

(0, 0) .

5 K E
+

,ALA

I LAHE ?=H IA = FHE

f (0, 0) = 0,

AEH= ?

I=JEIBAEJ=

&!

EE EEE

LE

-NA

! $

3x2 y = 0, = IACK (x,y )(0,0) x2 + y 2 lim

@= ?

@E

AIJ

I=JEIBAEJ=

5ACKA @ I EJA I = JAHE HAI GKA

(x,y )(0,0)
2 HJ= J A =I JH I ? @E AI @= ,A E

lim

f (x, y ) = f (0, 0) .
"  AIJ I=JEIBAEJ=I C

f (x, y )

K=

(0, 0) .
2 " #

J H A =I BK

-:-

7JE E A =HCK A J I ? IEIJA JAI F=H= @AJAH E =H IA ANEIJEH AI @A E@=I =>=EN ? J K=I
{
x2 y 2 , x4 +y 2

L= H @A b GKA

= f (x, y ) =
{

b,

IA IA

(x, y ) = (0, 0) . (x, y ) = (0, 0)

> g (x, y ) =

x3 (y 5)2 , 2x7 +3(y 5)4

b,
3KAHA

IA IA

(x, y ) = (0, 5) (x, y ) = (0, 5)

E =H IA ANEIJA >JA I

5 K
?=HA +

= 
?=

I @AJAH

(x,y )(0,0)
AI L=

lim

f (x, y ).
H K

2=H= J=

FHE

AEH EJA

LAHE

I IA F H ?= IE@AHA

E D I @EBAHA JAI

HE?

F=H= AIJA E

E D

] x2 (kx)2 lim f (x, y ) = lim f (x, kx) = lim 4 x0 x + (kx)2 (x,y )(0,0) (x,kx)(0,0) C1 [ ] [ 2 2 ] k 2 x4 k x = lim 2 2 = lim 2 =0 2 x0 x (x + k ) x0 x + k 2
+ IE@AHA ?= E D

C1 = {(x, y ) R2 / y = kx}

] [ 2 2 ] k x x 2 k 2 x4 lim f (x, y ) = lim f (x, kx ) = lim 4 = lim =0 2 4 2 x0 x + k x x0 1 + k 2 (x,y )(0,0) (x,kx )(0,0) C [
2
2

C2 = {(x, y ) R2 / y = kx2 }

+ 2=H= ?

F H

C1
H

C2

>JELA I

EJA ?

IA @

 D ANEIJA

FH >=>E E@=@AI GKA

EJA ANEIJ=

=H @ALA

IJH=H GKA @=@ IA I

> 0,

>0

@A

GKA

|f (x, y )| <
2 H FH FHEA@=@AI @K =HAI JA

FHA GKA

0 < (x, y ) (0, 0) < .

|f (x, y )| =
=IIE AI? AI? DA @ DA @

x2 y 2 x2 y 2 x2 (x4 + y 2 ) = = x 2 x2 + y 2 < 2 x4 + y 2 x4 + y 2 x4 + y 2 = , FH L= I KI= @ = @A E GKA lim f (x, y ) = 0.

(x,y )(0,0)
I GKA = BK JA GKA F @A

2 HJ= J

b=0

JA

f (x, y )
I AI?HALAH

K= A

J @ I

I F

J I

(x, y ).

5 K

=

y2 x2 y 2 y2 2 2 lim f (x, y ) = lim = lim x 4 = lim x lim (x,y )(0,0) (x,y )(0,0) x4 + y 2 (x,y )(0,0) (x,y )(0,0) x4 + y 2 x + y 2 (x,y)(0,0)
&"

+ A

(x,y )(0,0)

lim
JA

x2 = 0
I GKA

y2 x4 + y 2

= BK

EJ=@=

= LE E D=

= @=

HECA

AN?AJ

(0, 0),

y2 lim f (x, y ) = lim x lim = 0. (x,y )(0,0) (x,y )(0,0) (x,y )(0,0) x4 + y 2
2
2 HJ= J AI? DA @ 3KAHA

b=0

JA

I GKA = BK E =H

f (x, y ) lim

K= A

J @ I

I F FHE

J I AEH

(x, y ).
LAHE

5 K
?=HA + IE@AHA

>
?=

I @AJAH

IA ANEIJA I

(x,y )(0,5)
AI L=

g (x, y ).
H K

2=H= J= HE?

I IA F H ?=

E D I @EBAHA JAI

>JA

F=H= AIJA E

EJA

E D

C1 = {(x, y ) R2 / y = kx + 5}

x3 (kx)2 lim g (x, y ) = lim g (x, kx + 5) = lim x0 2x7 + 3(kx)4 (x,y )(0,5) (x,kx+5)(0,5) C1 [ ] [ ] k 2 x5 k2x = lim 4 3 = lim =0 x0 x (2x + 3k 2 ) x0 2x3 + 3k 2
+ IE@AHA ?= E D

] [ ] x3 k 2 x 4 k2 k2 lim g (x, y ) = lim g ( x, kx + 5) = lim = lim = x0 2x7 + 3k 2 x8 x0 2 + 3k 2 x (x,y )(0,5) (x,kx2 +5)(0,5) 2 C
2
2

C2 = {(x, y ) R2 / y = kx2 + 5}

FA

?=

E D >JA

C2

>JELA

L=

H @

EJA @AFA @A @ L= H @ J E

@A EJA

JA C

I GKA F=H= L=

HAI

@EIJE J I @A ANEIJA

I HAIF IJ=I @EIJE J=I F=H= ANEIJA

(x,y )(0,5)
J

lim

g (x, y )

2 HJ= J

@A

GKA

g (x, y )

IA = ?

K=

(0, 5).

# ,AHEL=@=I 2=H?E=EI
5A = @ E

z = f (x, y ) K = @A f. .EN= @ y0

BK F @A F J

HA= I ?

@A @K=I L=HE LAEI HA=EI A IA = IE@AH=H = BK GK= @ @E?= IA F H K @A K ANEIJA @A E = IA

= L=HE LA

@AHEL=@= @AIJ= BK

HA =

= x,

F J (x0 , y0 ) A E

x = x0 ,

(x0 , y0 ) K F J @ g (x) = f (x, y0 ). ) @AHEL=@= F=H?E= @A f,

f (x0 , y0 ) x
)IIE

z (x0 , y0 ). x

f g (x) g (x0 ) (x0 , y0 ) = g (x0 ) = lim xx0 x x x0 f (x, y0 ) f (x0 , y0 ) = lim xx0 x x0 f (x0 + x, y0 ) f (x0 , y0 ) = lim x0 x ,A @ = C N= @ x0 F @A I ? IE@AH=H = BK @A K f (x0 , y ). ) @AHEL=@= @AIJ= BK F J y = y0 , GK= @ ANEIJA @A F=H?E= @A f, A HA = = y, F J (x0 , y0 ) A E @E?= IA F H f (x0 , y0 ) y
K

= L=HE LA E = IA

@AHEL=@=

h(y ) =

z ( x0 , y 0 ) . y

&#

)IIE

f h(y ) y (y0 ) (x0 , y0 ) = h (y0 ) = lim y y0 y y y0 f (x0 , y ) f (x0 , y0 ) = lim y y0 y y0 f (x0 , y0 + y ) f (x0 , y0 ) = lim y 0 y
)IIE @A E
# 

,-.1

5A = f : D R2 R K = BK A f @A f A (x, y ) I D. )I @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI f x y

1

HA= @A @K=I L=HE LAEI HA=EI A (x, y ) @=@=I F H

f (x, y ) f (x + x, y ) f (x, y ) = lim x0 x x

f (x, y ) f (x, y + y ) f (x, y ) = lim . y 0 y y

2 #

-:-

5A = f (x, y ) = x2 y + xy 2 A ? JHA
= ,A E #  >JA I

f (x,y ) x

f (x,y ) . y

5 K

)F E?= @

f (x, y ) = x = = = = =
) = C= A JA A ?

x0 x0

lim lim lim

x0

x0 x0 x0

lim

lim

lim

f (x + x, y ) f (x, y ) x (x + x)2 y + (x + x)y 2 (x2 y + xy 2 ) x 2 x y + 2xy x + y (x)2 + xy 2 + y 2 x x2 y xy 2 x 2 2 2xy x + y (x) + y x x (2xy + y x + y 2 ) x x 2xy + y x + y 2 = 2xy + y 2 . f (x, y ) f (x, y + y ) + f (x, y ) = lim = x2 + 2xy. y 0 y y

JH= IA GKA

JA GKA F=H= A ? JH=H f >=IJ K ? IE@AH=H y ? K = ? IJ= JA = x BK f (x, y ) A =F E?=H =I HACH=I @A @AHEL= AIJK@=@=I = @AHEL= @A BK AI @A K = @AHEL= IA A HA = = y, = JA @ x ? IJ= JA L=HE LA 2=H= A ? JH=H f y
*5-48) # !

-:-

# "

5A = f (x, y ) = 3x2 y + 2 sin xy, A ? JHA

= @

f x

f . y
>JA I

5 K

IJ= JA

FHE

AEH

?=I

IACK @

f (x, y ) = 6xy + 2y cos xy x f (x, y ) = 3x2 + 2x cos xy. y

&$

*5-48)

# #

J @=I =I L=HE LAEI A

-:2 # $

?=I @A f JAH =EI @A @K=I L=HE LAEI I HA = = GK= f AIJ IA @ @AHEL=@=

? IE@AH=@=I ? IJ= JAI

f f f f , , A . x y z t

5A = f (x, y, z, t) = 3x2 yz 3 t2 + 2 sin x2 yz 3 t2 . - ? JHA =I @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI

5 K

.= A @

y, z, t

IJ= JAI F @A

I @AHEL=H F=H?E=

A JA A

x:

)C H= B= A @

f (x, y, z, t) = 6xyz 3 t2 + 4xyz 3 t2 cos x2 yz 3 t2 . x x, z, t ? IJ= JAI >JA I = @AHEL=@= F=H?E= A HA = f (x, y, z, t) = 3x2 z 3 t2 + 2x2 z 3 t2 cos x2 yz 3 t2 . y IJ= JAI JA I = @AHEL=@= F=H?E= A z:

y:

= @

x, y, t

.E =

A JA

f (x, y, z, t) = 9x2 yz 2 t2 + 6x2 yz 2 t2 cos x2 yz 3 t2 . z JA @ x, y, z ? IJ= JAI A ? JH= I f (x, y, z, t) = 6x2 yz 3 t + 4x2 yz 3 t cos x2 yz 3 t. t

# % 1 JAHFHAJ=
2 @A 5A = I E JAHFHAJ=H CA

/A
AJHE?= =H?= AIJA F

JHE?= @=I @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI

A JA = @AHEL=@= F=H?E= ? I K J F ? J K J = J=N= @A E ? E =

f (x, y )

= BK

@A @K=I L=HE LAEI A IA =

?KHL= I >HA = IKFAHB ?EA = HAJ= t1 J= CA JA 0 ,y0 ) tg, K IA = f (x x K

S.

y = y0 . P (x0 , y0 ) I >HA

?KHL=

? A

? A ?EA JA = CK =H @=   F ) = J C=

f (x, y0 ) @AI?HALA K = = ?KHL= f (x, yo ) A JH= = I f (x0 ,y0 ) ?EA JA = CK =H m = tg. - J = x HAJ= J= CA JA ?KHL= f (x, y0 ) F J
A JA

P (x0 , y0 , f (x0 , y0 )) LA = = .ECKH= HAJ= t2 J= CA JA ?KHL= f (x0 , y )

!

f (x0 ,y0 ) y
?

? A ?EA JA = CK =H @= B H A E KIJH= = .ECKH=

P (x0 , y0 , f (x0 , y0 )) ,

-:-

x2 + y 2 ,

# & ,AJAH E A = AGK= F J P (1, 2, 5).

@A K

F=
CH ?

GKA IA = J= CA JA = F=H=>
@= BK @ALA I

E@A z =
2=H=

5 K
@AJAH = AIJA F =

JA GKA = IKFAHB ?EA @AIA =@= E =H = AGK= A ? JH= @ F =

z = f (x, y ) = x2 + y 2 .

J= CA JA @AIA =@

>JAH @ EI LAJ HAI FAHJA ?A JAI

y=2

K IA = @ EI LAJ HAI J= CA JAI = F=H=> E@A F J P. 2=H= EII B= A @ 2 I = ?KHL= z = f (x, 2) = x + 4. ) HAJ= J= CA JA = AII= ?KHL= F J P,

@=@= F H

z z0 =
K IA =

f (x0 , y0 ) (x x0 ) = 2x0 (x x0 ), x x = 1, z = 2x + 3,
>JA I = ?KHL= F =

z 5 = 2(x 1)
,= CA AJHE= = = JE?= JA AI = B H

y = 2.
@=@ 2 F H

I GKA

LAJ H @EHAJ H = AIJ= HAJ= J= CA JA

b1 =

(1, 0, 2).

,=

= B= A @

z = f (1, y ) = 1 + y ,

?K = HAJ=

J= CA JA A

P,

@=@= F H

z z0 =
K IA =

f (x0 , y0 ) (y y0 ) = 2y0 (y y0 ), y

&%

.ECKH=

1 JAHFHAJ=

/A

JHE?= @A

f x

.ECKH=

!

1 JAHFHAJ=

/A

JHE?= @A

f y

z 5 = 4(y 2)
)IIE = F = A ? JH= I J= CA JA @AIA =@ J = @

z = 4y + 3

F =

x = 1.
I >JAH LAJ H H =

LAJ H @EHAJ H

b2 = (0, 1, 4). i j k 1 0 2 0 1 4
@AIA =@

)C H= F @A

b = b1 b2 =
2 HJ= J = AGK= CAH= @ F =

= (2, 4, 1).
@=@= F H

2x 4y + 1z + d = 0.
+ =?E = AIJA F = >JA JA I AGK= @ALA F=II=H F H 2 HJ= J

P (1, 2, 5),

IK>IJEJKE @ F=H=>

IK=I ? E@A

H@A =@=I

= AGK= F J

d = 5.

F =

J= CA JA =

z = x2 + y 2 ,

P (1, 2, 5),

2x 4y + z + 5 = 0.
&&

,A B H F = F F = J

= CAH= A =

= AEH= ? F =

AIJ=I HAJ=I J= CA JAI

t1

t2

B H= C

? @A

IJHK @=I K A K E?

y = y0

KJH=

x = x0 ,

A =I

I ?

F=H= A =I A ? ? HHA JAI JE@=

(x0 , y0 , f (x0 , y0 ))

@A E JAHIA

@AIJ=I HAJ=I JA AIJA F = @EII IA

GKA =I ? J P (x0 , y0 , f (x0 , y0 )) )

GKA F=II= FA = = JA A F = F = F F J J

F=

I GKA A =I I

J= CA JA IKFAHB ?EA z = f (x, y )

= IKFAHB ?EA F H ?KHL= +

F J
H F = =

KJH= ?KHL= GK= GKAH ?

z = f (x, y )
FAHJA ?A

P,

A J

= HAJ= J= CA JA @ F = F =

C
A

F=II= @

J=

>

.
A K

2=H= @AJAH

E =H = AGK=

J= CA JA FHA?EI=

I @

LAJ H JE@=I

GKA FAHJA ?A =

t1

t2

HAJ=I ?

I GKA LAJ H H = n @=@ FA = FH @KJ LAJ HE= @ I LAJ HAI @EHAJ HAI @AIJ=I HAJ=I P (x0 , y0 , f (x0 , y0 )) K F J GKA FAHJA ?A = F = . )IIE ( ) ( ) ( ) f f f f n=v 1 v 2 = 1, 0, (x0 , y0 ) 0, 1, (x0 , y0 ) = (x0 , y0 ), (x0 , y0 ), 1 . x y x y =I ? F A JAI @ LAJ H H = A =I ? H@A =@=I @ F J F J P, >JA P (x0 , y0 , f (x0 , y0 )) I GKA = AGK= @=@= F H

7I= @ @ F =

J= CA JA

IKFAHB ?EA

z = f (x, y )

f f (x0 , y0 )(x x0 ) + (x0 , y0 )(y y0 ) (z z0 ) = 0. x y

+ IE@AHA = IKFAHB ?EA z = x2 + y 2 . ,AJAH E A I F J I , GKA F=II= FA I F J I (1, 1, 1) A (2, 1, 1), J= CA JA = AIJ= IKFAHB ?EA
-:2 # '

@A K

F=
F J

5 K
(x0 , y0 , z0 )

5=>A @=@

I GKA F H

LAJ H

= @

F =

J= CA JA

IKFAHB ?EA

z = x2 + y 2

) f f (x0 , y0 ), (x0 , y0 ), 1 , x y
@=@= F H

= AGK=

F =

J= CA JA

:
IK>IJEJKE @

f (x0 , y0 ) f (y y0 ) x y+z+d=0 x y
I

=I @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI JA

: 2x0 x 2y0 y + z + d = 0.
3KAHA EIJ I A ? JH=H F J P (x0 , y0 , z0 ) GKA FAHJA ?A = F = A = IKFAHB ?EA z = x2 + y 2 , 2 I GKA I F J I P1 (1, 1, 1) A P2 (2, 1, 1) FAHJA ?A = F = z0 = x2 0 + y0 , A I=>A C IK>IJEJKE @ I F J I P, P1 A P2 = AGK= @A JA I IACKE JA IEIJA = F=H=

.
HAI

2 2x0 x0 2y0 y0 + x2 0 + y0 + d 2x0 2y0 + 1 + d 4x0 + 2y0 + 1 + d 2 d = 5y0 y0 2 6y0 + 1 = 0 x0 5y0 x0 = 2y 0 z0

D @ EI F J I @A J= C ?E=

LAH

2 HJ= J

2 d = x2 0 + y0 2x0 2y0 + 1 + d = 0 x0 = 2y0 = 1 y0 = 1 P1 (2, 1, 5) 5 = 2 x0 = 2 7 5 (2 1 1) = 5 z0 = 1 P , , 2 5 5 5 5 ( ) 2 1 1 P1 (2, 1, 5) A P2 , , . 5 5 5

= 0 = 0 = 0

&'

$ ,AHEL=@=I 2=H?E=EI @A H@A

5A = +=@= K ,A J=HA

5KFAHE H
f x
A

z = f (x, y )
I

= BK

?K =I @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI IAH L=

f y

J=

>

I HA =

@AHEL LAEI =

= @AII=I @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI F @AH

A JA @AHEL=@= A

A =

y.

x x y
A

( (

f x x f x f y

) = ( ) = )
=

f x

2f x2 )) =

= IACK @= @AHEL=@= F=H?E= @A

HA =

x; x; x

3f x3

= JAH?AEH= @AHEL=@= F=H?E= @A

HA =

2f = IACK xy A HA = = x; ( ( )) f 3f = 3 = y y y y x =
?=I @= BK F IA JA I

HA =

2f yx y;

= IACK @= @AHEL=@= F=H?E= @A

FHE

AEH

HA =

A @AF EI

@= @AHEL=@= F=H?E= @A

FHE

AEH

HA =

A @AF EI

JAH?AEH= @AHEL=@= F=H?E= @A

HA =

y;
2 H

ANA

f JAH =EI @A @K=I L=HE LAEI = J= IACKA = AI = CE?= f (x, y, z, t) JA IA ( ( ( ))) f 4f = F=H= HAFHAIA J=H = GK=HJ= @AHEL=@= @A f FHE t z y x tzyx A HA = = x, @AF EI A HA = = y A =IIE IK?AIIEL= A JA
2 $ 

AEH

-:-

5A = f (x, y, z, t) = x3 y 4 z 5 t2 A ? JH=H
I E E?E= A JA A HA = =

4f . xyzt

5 K

,AHEL=

t,

>JA @

f (x, y, z, t) = 2x3 y 4 z 5 t, t
= IACKEH @AHEL= I A HA = =

2f (x, y, z, t) = 10x3 y 4 z 4 t, zt
F=H= =F I @AHEL=H I A

y 3f (x, y, z, t) = 40x3 y 3 z 4 t, yzt

A JA @AHEL=H

I A

>JAH

4f (x, y, z, t) = 120x2 y 3 z 4 t. xyzt

'

-:-

7 = BK

@A @K=I L=HE LAEI u @EJ= D=H AGK= @A =F =?A A

R2 .

E?= IA I=JEIB= = AGK=

2u = 0, ? DA?E@= ? y 2

2u + x2

IJHA GKA = BK

u(x, y ) = ex sin y + ey cos x

K = BK

D=H
6 = @

E?=
=I @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI IK?AIIEL=I @A

5 K

u,

JA

u x 2u x2 u y 2u y 2
5K>IJEJKE @ = AGK= @A

= (sin y ) ex (sin x) ey = (sin y ) ex (cos x) ey = (cos x) ey + (cos y ) ex = (cos x) ey (sin y ) ex .

>JA I GKA

=F =?A

2u 2u + = (sin y ) ex (cos x) ey + (cos x) ey (sin y ) ex = 0. x2 y 2

+ D=H = BK E?=

@=@= I=JEIBA

= AGK=

@A

=F =?A

IJH=

I GKA A =

= BK

% -NJHA
5A =

I @A K = .K
@A @K=I L=HE LAEI ,E A > = =>AHJ= @A ?A JH

@A @K=I 8=HE LAEI

I GKA A H=E

f JA K NE HA =JEL F J > 0 J= GKA F=H= J @ (x, y ) FAHJA ?A JA > = JA IA f (x, y ) f (a, b) . 2 H KJH =@ IA f (x, y ) f (a, b) F=H= J @ (x, y ) FAHJA ?A JA > = @E A I GKA f JA K F J @A E HA =JEL F J (a, b) . I F J I @A NE I A @A E I @A f I @A E =@ I F J I ANJHA I @A f. ) E =CA @A K F J @A NE ?D= =@= @A L= H NE @A f, @= AI = B H = GKA = E =CA @A K F J @A E @A E =@= L= H E @A f.
K = BK

(a, b)

IA ANEIJEH K

(a, b)

%  2 J +H JE?
,-.1
I
1 %

5A = (a, b) K F J FAHJA ?A JA = @

E @A f. 5A

= >=I K =I K IA K = @A =I ANEIJEH A J (a, b) @A I F J I ?H JE? I @A f I I ?= @E@=J I = F J I @A NE K

f f (a, b) A (a, b) x y E =@ F J ?H JE? @A f.

% ! 2 J @A 64) %"

NE

A 2 J @A

E
E @A f. 5KF D= I GKA
f , x

5A = (a, b) K

F J FAHJA ?A JA = @

f 2 f 2 f 2f 2f , , , A ANEIJA A I ? J K=I K = > = =>AHJ= @A ?A JH (a, b) . y x2 y 2 xy yx 5KF D= I GKA (a, b) IA = K F J ?H JE? A IA = =E @=

'

(a, b) =

2f 2f ( a, b ) (a, b) x2 yx 2f 2f (a, b) (a, b) xy y 2

2f (a, b) = (a, b) . x2

- J E IA > 0 A < 0, = BK f JA K NE HA =JEL A (a, b) ; EE IA > 0 A > 0, = BK f JA K E HA =JEL A (a, b) ; EEE IA = 0, =@= F @A I = H =H EL IA < 0, = BK f JA K F J @A IA = A (a, b) . @A
-:2 % #

NE

- ? JHA I F J I ?H JE? I @=I BK E K @A IA =

AI =>=EN A ? =IIE GKA I ?

F J I

= f (x, y ) = 4xy x4 2y 2; > f (x, y ) = 3x4 + 2y 4 ;

5 K

=

8=

I E E?E=H A ?

JH= @

I F

J I ?H JE? I

=I @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI I

f (x, y ) = 4y 4x x
A AIJ IA FHA >A

f (x, y ) = 4x 4y y f
I @=@ I F H

@A

E@=I

I F

J I ?H JE? I @A

4x 4y = 0 x x3 = 0 x(1 x2 ) = 0 x = 0; x = 1 4y 4x 3 = 0
J I ?H JE? I I

)IIE @A J= +

I F

P (0, 0), Q(1, 1) 12x2 4 4 4

R(1, 1).

) IACKEH

L=

I = = EI=H

(x, y ) =
JA I GKA

= 48x2 16,

(0, 0) = 16,
= IAGK ?E= L= I = = EI=H L=

(1, 1) = 32
H @A

(1, 1) = 32.
2f x2

(x, y ) =

= 12x2 .

6A

I GKA

(0, 0) = 0
2 HJ= J @A =? H@ ?

(1, 1) = 12
6A HA = % " ? F F F J J I F J ? K

(1, 1) = 12.
I GKA

(0, 0) < 0 A (1, 1) > 0 A < 0 A (1, 1) > 0 A < 0 A

P (0, 0) @A IA = Q(1, 1) F J @A R(1, 1) F J

J I ?H JE? I +

NE @A NE

5 K

>

8=

I E E?E=H A ?

JH= @

=I @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI I

f (x, y ) = 12x3 x
A AIJ IA FHA >A @A E@=I I F

f (x, y ) = 8y 3 y f
I @=@ I F H

J I ?H JE? I @A

'

12x3 = 0 8y 3 = 0
C

x=0 y=0

)IIE

E?

?H JE?

P (0, 0).

(x, y ) =
2 HJ= J BK K F J @A =? H@ >IAHL= @A E ?

36x2 0 0 24y 2
= % "

= 864x2 y 2 (0, 0) = 0.
=@= F @A I ? J @ ? KEH ) = EI= @ I L= HAI @=

6A HA

I GKA

f (0, 0) = 0 A f (x, y ) > 0 F=H= @= BK f (x, y ) = 3x4 + 2y 4 .

(x, y ) = (0, 0).

2 HJ= J

(0, 0)

,AJAH E A =I @E A I AI @A K = ?=EN= HAJ= CK =H IA J= F= @AIJE =@= = =? @E?E = A J @A 108 cm3 @A L K A IA GKAHA I KI=H = E = GK= JE@=@A A =JAHE= F=H= IK= ? BA?
-:2 % $

5 K

5A =

x
L K

FHE

A J

@= >=IA - J

= =HCKH= @= >=IA A I AI?HALAH IEIJA

z
=

= = JKH= @= ?=EN=

IKFAHB ?EA A

A @= ?=EN=

F @A

S (x, y, z ) = xy + 2xz + 2yz V (x, y, z ) = xyz

K = BK @A @K=I L=HE LAEI IA

) BK JK @ F H

S (x, y, z ) V . ,AIIA xy

F @A IAH AI?HEJ= ? @ JA I

B H IK>IJE

S (x, y ) = xy +
)F E?= @ LA I HAI LAH 6A HA IEIJA = % " L= I @AJAH AI @A E@

2V 2V + . y x
I F J I ?H JE? I @A

E =H

S.
+

1 E?E=

A JA @A

= @A AGK=

FA =I @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI

S 2V x (x, y ) = y x2 S 2V (x, y ) = x 2 y y
JA I GKA

2V y =0 x2 2V x 2 =0 y
? I=>A I GKA

yx2 = 2V xy 2 = 2V

yx2 = xy 2

x, y = 0, F @A I @ELE@EH = > I I =@ I 3 A ? JH=H GKA x = y. 2 HJ= J >JA I GKA 2V = x A ? 3 2 (108) = 6 A y = 6. C F J (a, b) = (6, 6) E? F 2V 2V + . xy + y x
= IAGK ?E= L= A I ? =IIE ?=H AIJA F 6 = @ J ?H JE? 2=H= EII

@= J

xy A V = 108, IACKA GKA x = ?H JE? @= BK S (x, y ) =

JE = ECK= @=@A F H

FHA?EI=

>JAH

I L=

HAI

@A

(6, 6)

(6, 6) .

=I IACK @=I @AHEL=@=I JA

I GKA

'!

 2S 4V (x, y ) = 3 2 x x 2S (x, y ) = 1 xy 2S (x, y ) = 1 yx 2S 4V ( x, y ) = y 2 y3

2 HJ= J

@A LA

2S 4 (108) (6, 6) = = 2, 2 x 63 2S (6, 6) = 1, xy 2S (6, 6) = 1, yx 2S 4 (108) (6 , 6) = = 2. y 2 63

@A LA

@A LA

@A LA

=
+ K E

2 1 1 2

=3

= 2.
% " >JA I GKA

=3>0
HA =JEL )E @= ? =I @E A

y = 6cm.

= 2 > 0, FA IACK @ EJA @ 6A HA = F J (6, 6) . C =I @E A I AI @= >=IA V 108 z= IACKA GKA z = = 3. xy 6 (6)

F=H= GKA ?KIJ @A B=>HE?=

@= ?=EN= I

f JA x = 6cm

2 HJ= J

A I AI @= ?=EN=

IA =

x=

6 cm, y = 6 cm
-:2 % %

z = 3 cm.

B=>HE?= JA B= @A I @A K EJA F=@H A @A KN +KIJ= 4 40, 00 F=H= B=>HE?=H K @A F=@H A 4 60, 00 F=H= @A KN 7 = H = @A FAIGKEI= @A AH?=@ AIJE = GKA IA @A F=@H B H LA @E@ F H x HA=EI A @A KN F H y HA=EI A J B=>HE?= JA LA @AH 500(y x) @ EJA F=@H A 45000 + 500(x 2y ) @ @A KN = ?=@= = + GKA FHA I I EJA I @ALA IAH LA @E@ I F=H= =NE E =H K?H

5 K

) BK

K?H

@=@= F H

L(x, y ) = 500(y x)(x 40) + (45000 + 500(x 2y ))(y 60).

)I @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI @A

@=@=I F H

L(x, y ) = 1000y 1000x 10 000 x

A

L(x, y ) = 1000x 2000y + 85 000 y

+ =I @AHEL=@=I AIJ I B= AH IA FHA >A @A E@=I F=H= A ? JH=H I F J I ?H JE? I @A

@ALA

L(x, y ) =0 x
4AI LA @ AIJA IEIJA = JA I

L(x, y ) =0 y {

1000y 1000x 10 000 = 0 1000x 2000y + 85000 = 0

E? + F J ?H JE?

1000x + 1000y = 10000 1000x 2000y = 85000

I = = EI=H IA AIJA F J

x = 65 . y = 75
K F J

2 HJ= J @A NE

(65, 75). 8=

?H JE?

'"

 2L = 1000, x2
A

2L = 2000, y 2

2L = 1000, xy
JA I GKA

2L = 1000, yx

=
2 HJ= J LA @E@ F H F

1000 1000 1000 2000

J

= 106 > 0
@A B=J F H K F

=
@A NE

2L = 1000 < 0. x2
C EJA F=@H IAH

P (65, 75)
A @A KN

R$ 65, 00
% &

R$ 75, 00.

- ? JHA =I ? H@A =@=I @ F J GKA FAHJA ?A = IKFAHB ?EA z = xy + 2 A ?K GK=@H=@ @= @EIJ ?E= HECA @ IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I IA = E 3K= AIIA L= H E
-:2

5 K

3KAHA

I @AJAH

E =H

Q(x, y, z )

@A

@= BK

f (x, y, z ) = d(Q, O)2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 ,

? @EIJ = ? ?E= @E >JA GKA

@= IKFAHB ?EA

z = xy + 2.

5K>IJEJKE @

= BK

@=

I = BK

f (x, y ) = x2 + y 2 + x2 y 2 + 4xy + 4.
2=H= A ? JH=H I F J I ?H JE? I @A

f,

f (x, y ) = 2x + 2xy 2 + 4y x
A

f (x, y ) = 2y + 2x2 y + 4x. y

=I @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI IA = FHA AIJ @A E@=I I F J I ?H JE? I @A

+ IEIJA

=I I

AI @

f (x,y ) x f (x,y ) y
= I K

= 0 = 0
@ IEIJA

2x + 2xy 2 + 4y = 0
=

2y + 2x2 y + 4x = 0
2=H= =I @A =EI I I K AI @ IEIJA = K JEF E

6A ?= @

I GKA = FHE

P1 (0, 0)

AEH= AGK=

F H

A = IACK @= F H

>JA

2x2 + 2x2 y 2 + 4xy

5A

= 0 2x2 2y 2 = 0 y = x.

2y 2 2x2 y 2 4xy = 0
= FHE AEH= AGK= JA I

y=x

J= @

{ 2x + 2x + 4x = 0
3

x = 0 x2 + 3 = 0
'#

x = 0 P1 (0, 0).

5A

y = x

J= @

= FHE

AEH= AGK=

JA

{
3

2x + 2x 4x = 0
2 HJ= J JA I JH I F

x = 0 x2 1 = 0
I 6A I GKA

x = 0 x = 1
A

P2 (1, 1) . P3 (1, 1)
I JAIJA @=

J I ?H JE? I

P1 (0, 0), P2 (1, 1)

P3 (1, 1).

7I=HA

IACK @= @AHEL=@= F=H= ? =IIE ?

2 f (x,y ) x2

2 f (x,y ) yx

2 + 2y 2 4xy + 4 = 4xy + 4 2 + 2x2

(x, y ) =
2 f (x,y ) xy 2 2 f (x,y ) y 2 2

= 4(1 + y )(1 + x ) 16(xy + 1) = 4 + 4x2 + 4y 2 + 4x2 y 2 16xy 16

A

(x, y ) =
)F E?= @ I F J I ?H JE? I >JA I

2 f (x, y ) = 2 + 2y 2 . x2
F J @A IA = @A

(0, 0) = 12 < 0 (1, 1) = 16 > 0 (1, 1) = 16 > 0

)IIE ANFHAII I ?= @E@=J @= @EIJ

P1 (0, 0) K A (1, 1) = 4 > 0 A (1, 1) = 4 > 0 I = F=H= F J Q I

GK=@H=@ >JA I

f (x, y ).

P2 (1, 1) F J @A E @A f (x, y ). P3 (1, 1) F J @A E @A f (x, y ). P2 (1, 1, 1), A P3 (1, 1, 1). 5K>IJEJKE @ = d(P3 , O)2 = 3.
F=H= GK=@H=@ @= @EIJ ?E= A L= H E

?E= =

d(P2 , O)2 = 3
2 HJ= J ! I @ EI F J II F J I @A E

& ,AHEL=@= @A K = .K
) JAI @A @EI?KJEH = @AHEL=@= @A K BK + BK AI @A @K=I L=HE LAEI IE@AHA I =I BK AI 2 = BK ?

F IJ=
I B= =H I >HA ? I @A JA I F IE EH K = @A L=

F IJ= L=

F H

u(x, y ) = x2 y + y A v (x, y ) = x + y 2 . 2 @A F (u, v ) = 2u + 3v. 4AAI?HALA @ F A BK @A x A y F (u(x, y ), v (x, y )) = = = = =

2 [u(x, y )]2 + 3 [v (x, y )] 2(x2 y + y )2 + 3(x + y 2 ) 2(x4 y 2 + 2x2 y 2 + y 2 ) + 3x + 3y 2 2x4 y 2 + 4x2 y 2 + 2y 2 + 3x + 3y 2 2x4 y 2 + 4x2 y 2 + 5y 2 + 3x

A =IIE

F (u(1, 2), v (1, 2)) = 2 (1)4 (2)2 + 4 (1)2 (2)2 + 5 (2)2 + 3 (1) = 47.
K ?

u(x, y ) = x2 y + y
IACKA GKA

v (x, y ) = x + y 2

u(1, 2) = (1)2 2 + 2 = 4

v (1, 2) = 1 + 22 = 5,

'$

A A J

F (u(1, 2), v (1, 2)) = F (4, 5) = 2 (4)2 + 3 (5) = 47.

II E JAHAIIA A ? JH=H

F F A . ) BK x y

F (x, y ) = 2x4 y 2 + 4x2 y 2 + 5y 2 + 3x

F @A IAH AI?HEJ= ? K = BK

1IJ

F (u(x, y ), v (x, y )) = 2x4 y 2 + 4x2 y 2 + 5y 2 + 3x

A AIIA ?=I JA I

F (x, y ) = 8x3 y 2 + 8xy 2 + 3 x

A

F (x, y ) = 4x4 y + 8x2 y + 10y. y

+ F @A 1II ? F IJ= I >IAHL=H JEL= >JAH =I @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI =JH=L I @AIIA FH ?AII =@ H = BK IK ?EA JA F=H= AIJK@=H = (x)) I=>A I GKA [f (g (x))] = = BK

= E K

4ACH= @= +=@AE=
f (g (x)) g (x) .
?

KEJ 5A JELAH AI = JA HE= I

f (g

=F E?=@= F=H= A ?

JH=H = @AHEL=@= F=H?E= @A K

F IJ= @A L HE=I L=HE LAEI

,-.1

& 

5A = z (x, y ) = F (u(x, y ), v (x, y )) A J

z (x, y ) F (u, v ) u F (u, v ) v = + x u x v x

A
z (x, y ) F (u, v ) u F (u, v ) v = + y u y v y
-:-

+ IE@AHA I =I BK AI u(x, y ) = x2 y + y A v (x, y ) = x + y 2 . ,A E @ K = L= BK z F H z (x, y ) = F (u, v ) = 2u2 + 3v. - ? JHA =I @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI @A z A HA = = x A y.
2 &

5 K
F (u, v ) :

1 E?E=

A JA

@AJAH

E =

I =I @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI @=I BK

AI

u(x, y ), v (x, y )

F = 4u, u F = 3, v
A KJE E = @ = HACH= @= ?=@AE= ,A E

u = 2xy, x u = x2 + 1, y
&  >JA

v = 1, x v = 2y. y
I =I @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI

'%

z (x, y ) F u F u v = + x u x v x = 4u u v +3 x x

= 4 (x2 y + y ) (2xy ) + 3 (1) = 8x3 y 2 + 8xy 2 + 3

A

z (x, y ) F u F v = + y u y v y = 4u u v +3 y y

= 4 (x2 y + y ) (x2 + 1) + 3 (2y ) = 4x4 y + 8x2 y + 10y.

-:2 & !

,AJAH E A

F F A F=H= F (x, y ) = ln 5 (x4 + 2xy + y 3 ) + (2xy + 3x2 ). x y F

?

5 K

2 @A

I HAAI?HALAH = BK

F (u, v ) = ln(u + v ) 5 ,

@A

u(x, y ) = x4 + 2xy + y 3
A

v (x, y ) = 2xy + 3x2 .

7I= @ = HACH= @= ?=@AE= JA I

F x

= = = =

F u F v + u x v x 1 1 u 1 1 g + 5 u + v x 5 u + v x 1 (4x3 + 2y ) + (2y + 6x) 5 x4 + y 3 + 4xy + 3x2 6x + 4y + 4x3 . 20xy + 15x2 + 5x4 + 5y 3

=

?K

@= @AHEL=@= A
& "

HA =

@AEN=@

ANAH? ?E

F=H=

AIJK@= JA

-:-

dw IA w = xy + z - ? JHA dt A t = 0?

8=HE=

@ I L= HAI @A K = BK

C @A K = D E?A
L= H @AIJ= @AHEL=@=

@A x = cos t, y = sin t A z = t. 3K=

'&

5 K

2A = HACH= @= ?=@AE=

>JA

dw = dt = = =
C F=H=

w dx w dy w dz + + x dt y dt z dt y ( sin t) + x(cos t) + 1(1) sin t( sin t) + (cos t)(cos t) + 1 sin2 t + cos2 t + 1 = 1 + cos 2t.

dw = 1 + cos 0 = 2. dt K = ? IJ= JA A w = f (u, v ), @A u = x ? I y IA -:- 2 & # 5A @ v = x IA + y ? I , I=>A @ GKA f @EBAHA ?E LA IJHA GKA t = 0,
JA I GKA

2w 2w 2w 2w + = + . x2 y 2 u2 v 2

5 K
>JA I

7I= @

= HACH= @= ?=@AE= F=H= =I @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI @A FHE

AEH= A IACK @=

H@A

2w = x2 = =

2w = y 2 = =

w f u f v f f = + = ? I + IA x u x v x u v ( ) ( ) f f ? I (u, v ) + IA (u, v ) x u x v ( 2 ) ( 2 ) f u f u 2 f v 2 f v ? I + + IA + u2 x vu x uv x v 2 x 2f 2f 2f 2f 2 2 ? I + ? I IA + IA ? I + IA u2 vu uv v 2 w f u f v f f = + = ( IA ) + ? I y u y v y u v ( ) ( ) f f IA (u, v ) + ? I (u, v ) y u y v ( 2 ) ( 2 ) f u f u 2 f v 2 f v IA + + ? I + 2 u2 y vu y uv y v y 2 2 2 f f f 2f 2 2 ? I IA IA ? I + ? I IA u2 vu uv v 2

I

(1)

(2)

,=I -NFHAII AI  A   JA

2w 2w 2w + = ( x2 y 2 u2
A =IIE FH L=

IA

? I

) +

2w ( v 2

IA

? I

) =

2w 2w + u2 v 2

I GKA @A B=J

= AGK=

@=@=

LAH@=@AEH=

' ,AHEL=@= 2=H?E= ?

5KF I @ @A D= = H= I GKA

6=N= @A 8=HE=
- J = @AHEL=@= F=H?E= @A

= BK

@A @K=I L=HE LAEI

E IJ= J

A= @A L=HE= @A

f,

x. 1IJ f (x0 , y0 ) y

= J=N= @A L=HE= I @

F H K E@=@A @A @A

P (x0 , y0 ) , F H K E@=@A @A L=HE= x F J P (x0 , y0 ) . ) = C= A y.

f (x0 , y0 ) x
JA

= J=N= @A L=HE=

F H K E@=@A @A

''

-:-

2 '  5=>A @ GKA = FHAII P A GKE F=I?= I L K A V A EJH I A = JA FAH=JKH= T A A LE I @A K @A K C I E@A= AIJ HA =?E =@ I FA = B H K = P V = 8T, A ? JHA = J=N= @A L=HE= E IJ= J A= @A V F H K E@=@A @A P, GK= @ T = 300k A V = 100L.

5 K
@

-IJ= GKA @ALA

I E JAHAII=@ I I AI?HALAH

= J=N= @A L=HE= BK @A

E IJ= J

A= @A

F H K E@=@A @A

P,

@A

P,

K IA =

V (T, P ) =
) J=N= @A L=HE= F=H?E= E IJ= J A= @= FHAII

8T . P
F H K E@=@A @A

@=@= FA = @AHEL=@=

V (T, P ) 8T = 2. P P
2=H= @AJAH E =H

KI=

I = HA =

P V = 8T
A >JA I

P =
2 HJ= J

8 300 = 24kP a. 100

V (300, 24) 8 300 = 4, 17. = P (24)2

2 ' ) = JKH= @A K ? A ?EH?K =H 100 ? A @A?HAI?A = K = H= @A 10? I H=E @= >=IA 50? A ?HAI?A H= @A 5? I ,AJAH E A = LA ?E@=@A @= L=HE= @ L K A @AIJA ? A

-:-

5 K

2HE

AEH

L=

I AI?HALAH

A @

A A

BK

JA

V (t) =
C FA = HACH= @= ?=@AE= JA I GKA

r2 (t)h(t) , 3

dV dt

V dr V dh 2rh dr r2 dh + = + r dt h dt 3 dt 3 dt 2 (50) 2 50.100 (5) + (10) = 3 3 50000 25000 25000 = = cm3 /s. 3 3 3

 ,EBAHA ?E=I 2=H?E=EI A 6 J=EI

I @EBAHA ?E=EI @A K @= I =?H I?E I 2=H= A JA @AH E =H = CK I ANA F = BK I @ K =

AIJE =JEL=

@= L=HE=

@= BK AEH=

GK= @ A JA AN=

I L=HE LAEI E @AFA @A JAI IEC E ?=@ I @ I @EBAHA ?E=EI F=H?E=EI A J J= L= I FHE

-:-

+ IE@AHA I K HAJ CK F H A (x, y ) = xy. 8A = = .ECKH= "

2  

@A =@ I x A y. ) HA= @AIIA HAJ CK



@=@=

.ECKH=

"

)?H I?E

I @EBAHA ?E=EI

I =@ I @A K

HAJ

CK

5A = F H

=@

B H @=@

=?H I?E

EJAIE

dx,

HA= @

HAJ

CK

IAH

@=@=

A(x + dx, y ) = (x + dx) y = xy + ydx

A =IIE >JA I

A (x + dx, y ) A (x, y ) = ydx.

) L=HE= 5A @ ) = E EJAIE = @AIJ= HA= IAH

A(x,y ) x
C=

= y,

F @A

I AI?HALAH

dAx = ydx. A (x, y ) dAx = dx. x

HA = =

A JA = @EBAHA ?E= F=H?E= A

y
I E

@=@= F H EJAIE

dAy = dx
A

)C H= IA = I =@ I HAJ CK IAH

B HA

@=@ I =?H I?E

=EI

A (x, y ) dy. y dy,= HA= @

A (x + dx, y + dy ) = (x + dx) (y + dy ) = xy + ydx + xdy + dxdy = A(x, y ) + ydx + xdy + dxdy

A =IIE

A (x + dx, y + dy ) A (x, y ) = ydx + xdy + dxdy.

A = L=HE= J J=

dA

@=

HA=

A = ydx + xdy + dxdy.

5A @ EIJ

dxdy 0,

A(x,y ) x

=y
A J

A(x,y ) =xA? FH @KJ @ I E y = AIJE =JEL= @= L=HE= J J=

EJAIE

=EI

dx

dy

@AIFHA

LA

dA =
-:-

A (x, y ) A (x, y ) dx + dy. x y

2  + IE@AHA I K F=H= A AF FA@ @A =@ I x, y A z. - J L K A @AIJA F=H= A AF FA@ IAH @=@ F H V (x, y, z ) = xyz. ,AIA L LA @ K H=?E ? E = C = @ ANA F = JAHE H >JA I

V (x + dx, y, z ) = (x + dx) yz = xyz + yzdx

K IA =

V (x + dx, y, z ) V (x, y, z ) = yzdx



A = L=HE=

EJAIE

= @

A IAH

dVx = yzdx,

GKA F @A IAH AI?HEJ= ?

dVx =
) = C= A JA >JA I

V (x, y, z ) dx. x V (x, y, z ) dz. z

=EI

dVy =
5A = I =@ I

V (x, y, z ) dy y
@=@ I =?H I?E

A I E

dVz =

B HA

EJAIE

dx

dy

A @

F=H= A AF FA@

IAH

V (x + dx, y + dy, z ) = (x + dx) (y + dy ) z = xyz + yzdx + xzdy + zdxdy = V (x, y, z ) + yzdx + xzdy + zdxdy
A A J

dVxy = yzdx + xzdy + zdxdy.

FH @KJ E IAH EJAIE @=@= F H

zdxdy

JA @A = L K

AH A @

@AIFHA

LA A F HJ= J =F I @=@ K

= AIJE =?H I?E

=JEL= @= L=HE= = I =@ I

= F=H?E= @

F=H= A AF FA@

dVxy =
.E = L K A @ A JA L IA = I =@ I F=H= A AFEFA@

V (x, y, z ) V (x, y, z ) dx + dy. x y x, y, z B HA @=@ I =?H I?E I E

IAH

EJAIE

=EI

dx, dy

dz,

V (x + dx, y + dy, z + dz ) = (x + dx) (y + dy ) (z + dz ) = (xy + ydx + xdy + dxdy ) (z + dz ) = xyz + yzdx + xzdy + zdxdy + xydz + ydxdz + xdydz + dxdydz
A A J

V (x + dx, y + dy, z + dz )V (x, y, z ) = yzdx+xzdy +zdxdy +xydz +ydxdz +xdydz +dxdydz,

K IA = L=HE= J J= @ L K A

V = yzdx + xzdy + zdxdy + xydz + ydxdz + xdydz + dxdydz.

= .ECKH= K @EBAHA ?E= @A L I FH @KJ I JAH I @AIFHA F=H= A AF FA@ # F @A K A I LAH F=HA A AF FA@ $ LA HAIK J= JA @ I =?H I?E @ I L JA @A E A K = IAH I =JHE>K @ I = ?=@= F A = @AIJAI L K A @ = @=I L=HE LAEI A = .ECKH= I ?=@= K A AI HAIK J= JAI GKA ? AH EJAIE @=@= F H C = I

dV. zdxdy, ydxdz, xdydz

LA A F HJ= J = AIJE K =?H I?E

dxdydz

=JEL= @= L=HE= = I =@ I

= J J= @

=F I @=@

x, y

dV = yzdx + xzdy + xydz,

GKA A LEHJK@A @A IK=I @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI F @A IAH HAAI?HEJ= ?

dV =
/AH=

V (x, y, z ) V (x, y, z ) V (x, y, z ) dx + dy + dz. x y z V V V dx + dy + dz. x y z

A JA AI?HALA IA

dV =
,A B H = CAH=



.ECKH=

#

2=F= A AF FA@

HAIK J= JA @ I =?H I?E

I =JHE>K @ I = ?=@= =@

.ECKH=

$

AI GKA ?

F A

@EBAHA ?E= @A L

dV

,-.1

@=@= F H

 !

5A f (x, y, z )

K = BK

@EBAHA ?E LA A J

= @EBAHA ?E= J J= @A f

df =
-:2  "

f f f dx + dy + dz. x y z

 

= .ECKH=

7I= @ @EBAHA ?E= @AJAH E A = L=HE= @ L K A @ HA?EFEA JA % GK= @ IK= = JKH= =K A J= A 3% A IAK H=E @A?HAI?A A 1%.
5 2 4
.ECKH= % 4A?EFEA JA @ -NA F  "

IJH=@

cone cilindro

!

5 K
?E E @H A

K L

A @AIA =@ K A @ ?

F @A IAH AI?HEJ A ?E E @H

? JA I

V = V1 + V2 ,

@A

V1

A @

V2

V1 = R2 h, R = 4, h = 2, dR =
A ? A JA I

4 3 = 0.04; dh = 2 = 0.06 100 100

V2 =
2 HJ= J

R2 H 4 3 , R = 4, H = 5; dR = = 0.04; dH = 5 = 0.15. 3 100 100

L K A J J= ECK= =

= @EBAHA ?E= @

dV

= dV1 + dV2 ( ) ( ) V1 V1 V2 V2 = dR + dh + dR + dH R h R H 2Rh R2 = 2RhdR + R2 dh + dR + dh 3 3 16 2 4 5 (0, 04) + (0, 15) = 2 4 2 (0, 04) + 16 (0, 06) + 3 3 1, 6 2, 4 0, 8 = 0, 64 + 0, 96 + = 0, 32 + = 0, 59. 3 3 3
 #

8= I ? IE@AH=H K = =J= ?E @HE?= A h = 5 ? ?KIJ @ =JAHE= KI=@ A IK= ? =I @E A I AI I BHAHA K =?H I?E @A 10% H=E =FH NE =@ @ =?H I?E ?KIJ @= ?=EN= - GK= @= ?=EN=
-:2

BA?D=@= ? @E A I AI r = 2? BA? @A R$ 0, 81 F H ? 2 . 5A A 2% = = JKH= GK= IAH L= H L= H AN=J @ =?H I?E ?KIJ

5 K

2 @A

I AI?HALAH = BK

?KIJ

C (r, h) = 0.81(2rh + 2r2 ),

@A

2rh HAFHAIA

J= =

HA= =JAH= @= ?=EN= A

@A >=IA I BHA K = = JKH= I BHA K

=?H I?E =?H I?E

r2 = HA= @= >=IA A @= J= F= 3K= @ H=E @A 10%, F=II= @A 2 F=H= 2, 2 cm, F HJ= J r = 0, 2. 3K= @ @A 2%, F=II= @A 5cm F=H= 5, 1cm, F HJ= J h = 0, 1. 8= I
JH=H L= H =FH NE =@ @ =?H I?E @ ?KIJ

KI=H = @EBAHA ?E= F=H= A ?

dC =

C C dr + dh r h = 0, 81(2h + 4r)dr + 0, 81.(2r)dh = 0, 81(10 + 8 )0.2 + 0, 81.(4 )0, 1 10, 17.

=@ K K @ @ =?H I?E @A ?KIJ ?KIJ @= ?=EN= GK= @ =I @E A I AI I

2 HJ= J @E ?=@=I 2=H= I=>AH

L= @A L=

H =FH NE H AN=J

R$10, 17,

=?H I?E =?H I?E

14, 28%.
@= ?=EN= JA I GKA ?= ?K =H

C = C (2, 2; 5, 1) C (2, 5) ( ) = 0, 81 2 (2, 2) (5, 1) + 2 (2, 2)2 0, 81(20 + 8 )

)IIE AHH @ ? L= ?K H AN=J =FH NE @A =@

10, 47.
I =IIE GKA

R$10, 47, K K B E @A 0, 42%.

=?H I?E

@A

14, 7%.

>IAHL=

"

2  $ 7 = ?=EN= A B H = @A F=H= A AF FA@ JA @E A I AI E JAH =I ECK=EI = $? &? A  ? 5A @ = AIFAIIKH= @=I F=HA@AI  ? @ BK @  !? A @= J= F=  ? B= AH K = AIJE =JEL= A ? 3 @ L K A @A =JAHE= A?AII HE = IAH KI=@ = ? BA? @= ?=EN=

-:-

5 K
y=8
A

8=

I KI=H = @EBAHA ?E= +

J J=

F=H= B= AH = AIJE  ? JA

=JEL= I I

E?EJ=@=

5A =

x = 6,

z = 12.

= AIFAIIKH= @=I F=HA@AI

dx = dy = 2 (0, 2) = 0, 4
A IA @ = AIFAIIKH= @ BK @  ! A @= J= F=   JA I

dz = 0, 3 + 0, 1 = 0, 4.
+

V = xyz,

IACKA GKA = AIJE

=JEL= @AIA =@=

@=@= F H

-:-

5 K
5.
JA 3KAHA I GKA

V V V dx + dy + dz x y z = yzddx + xzdy + xydz = 8.12.0, 4 + 6.12.0, 4 + 6.8.0, 4 = 86, 4 cm3 .  % 7IA @EBAHA ?E=EI F=H= AIJE =H L= H @A (0, 01)2 + (3, 02)2 + (3, 9)2 . + IE@AHA = BK w = f (x, y, z ) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 , JA I GKA f (0, 3, 4) = 25 = I @AJAH E =H K = =FH NE = F=H= f (0.01, 3.02, 3.9) A FA = JA HE= @A @EBAHA ?E= dV = f (0.01, 3.02, 3.9) f (0, 3, 4) + dw,

@A

dw =

w w w dx + dy + dz, x y z

dx = 0, 01, dy = 0, 02

dz = 0, 1.

)IIE

x y z 3 4 (0.01, 3.02, 3.9) f (0, 3, 4)+ (0, 01)+ (0, 02)+ (0, 1) = 5+0+ (0, 02) (0, 1) = 4, 932. w w w 5 5

 ,AHEL=@=I @A .K
2
5A = y 2

AI 1 F ?EJ=I

= y (x) K = BK @A E@= E F E?EJ= A JA FA = AGK= F (x, y ) = 0. 2 H ANA F 2 3 3 2 x + y 9 = 0 K x y + x y + xy + x + y 9 = 0. ) AGK= x2 + y 2 9 = 0 F @A IAH B=?E A JA ANF E?EJ=@= A BK @A x K @A y. 2 H F @A I B= AH AI ? = 2 3 3 2 2 2 AGK= x y + x y + xy + x + y 9 = 0. 6= > B= A @ F (x, y ) = x + y 9 B=?E A JA dy dx 2 3 3 2 A , AI ? HHA IA AH I F (x, y ) = x y + x y + xy + x + y 9. A ? JH= I dx dy dy II E JAHAIIA AIJ A A ? JH=H K = B H = @A @AJAH E =H ? H=FE@A =I @AHEL=@=I A dx dx . dy
1 E?E= 8= A JA L= I HAI F E?EJ= LAH A JA A FH > A HA = = KI= @ = ? DA?E A J =@GKEHE@ A + ?K 1 I @AHEL=H

x,

= AGK=

x2 y 3 + x3 y 2 + xy + x + y 9 = 0,
>JA @

#

(2xy 3 + 3x2 y 2 y ) + (3x2 y 2 + 2x3 yy ) + (y + xy ) + 1 + y = 0 (3x2 y 2 y + 2x3 yy + xy + y ) + (2xy 3 + 3x2 y 2 + y + 1) = 0 (3x2 y 2 + 2x3 y + x + 1) y = (2xy 3 + 3x2 y 2 + y + 1) .
C

y =
5A @ F H

2xy 3 + 3x2 y 2 + y + 1 dy = 2 2 . (1) dx 3x y + 2x3 y + x + 1

>JA I =I @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI @A

F (x, y ) = x2 y 3 + x3 y 2 + xy + x + y 9,

F, @=@=I

F (x, y ) = 2xy 3 + 3x2 y 2 + y + 1 x

A

F (x, y ) = 3x2 y 2 + 2x3 y + x + 1. y

>IAHL= @ AIJAI HAIK J=@ I A ? F=H= @ ? 1 F @A I AI?HALAH = B H K =

F (x, y ) dy x = F (x, y ) dx y
IA FHA GKA 5A KI= @ F H

F (x, y ) ,

F (x, y ) x
E@= E A J

F (x, y ) y
>J

B HA BK

K=I A @A

(x, y ) y
FA =

z = z (x, y )
AI A

@A

F E?EJ= = JAHE H

A JA A

F (x, y ) = 0. y AGK= F (x, y, z ) = 0,

A @A J=@=I

FH ?A@E

IA IK=I @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI GKA IAH

z x
2

z . y
 

-:-

,=@= = BK

E F ?EJ= x2 + y 2 + z 2 9 = 0 A ? JH=H
>JA I

z y x , A . x x z

5 K

-I?HALA @

F (x, y, z ) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 9,

F (x, y, z ) = 2x, x F (x, y, z ) = 2y, y F (x, y, z ) = 2z. y

)C H= IK>IJEJKE @ ? LA EA JA A JA = B H K = =?E = A ? JH= I

F x x z 2x = x = = = , F x 2z z 9 ( x2 + y 2 ) z F 2x x x y = x = = = , F x 2y y 9 (x2 + z 2 ) y
$

F x 2z z z = z = = = . F z 2x x 9 (y 2 + z 2 ) x
-:2 

7 = BK K = BK

z (x, y ) @=@= E

F E?EJ= A JA F H K = AGK=
F = 0. v

@ JEF F

x z , y x2

) =

0,

@A F (u, v )

@EBAHA ?E LA J= GKA

IJHA GKA z I=JEIB= = AGK=

@EBAHA ?E= F=H?E= x

z z +y = 2z. x y z
@AFA @A E F E?EJ= A JA @A

4AI K
@AHEL= E

+ F ?EJ=

y,

@ALA

I KJE E =H = ANFHAII

F=H=

F z = x F x z
)C H= F=H= ?=@AE= F=H= >JAH =I @AHEL=@=I @A

F,

@A

F z y = F y z x z u= Av= 2 y x

A KJE E =

I = HACH= @=

>JAH

F F u F v F = + = x u x v x u

( ) ( ) 1 F 2z 1 F 2z F + = , y v x3 y u x3 v ( ) F F u F v F F 1 1 F = + = .0 + = 2 , 2 z u z v z u v x x v ( x y2 ) + z, F x F .0 = 2 . v y u
>JA I

F F u F v F = + = y u y v y u
2 HJ= J IK>IJEJKE @ =I @AHEL=@=I E

F ?EJ=I @A

1 F 2z F F 3 z x2 y u x v x = = = F 1 F x y z x2 v
A

F u + 2z F x v

F x F F x3 u z y y 2 u = = = 2 . F 1 F y y F z x2 v v
2 HJ= J IK>IJEJKE @ = AGK= @=@= JA I

F z 2z z x3 x2 +y = x u + + y 2 x x y y F x y v
%

F x3 u = F y v

F F 3 x u + 2z + u = 2z. F y F v v


 = ?

-NAH? ?E I /AH=EI
,AJAH

xy 5 ; f (x, y ) = 2 y x2

E A @AI?HAL= A HAFHAIA JA CA

A

f (x, y ) = x ln(y 2 x); 2x2 4 ; f (x, y ) = 4 x2 y 2

AJHE?=

E @=I A JA @ x+y+1 > f (x, y ) = ; x1 @ f (x, y ) = y x 1 y;

AJHE?=

BK

AI =>=EN

B 

f (x, y, z ) = ln(16 x2 y 2 4z 2 ).
AI

4AFHAIA JA CA

A JA =I IKFAHB ?EAI @A AGK=

(a) x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 25; (c) 9x + 4y + 12z = 36;

! ,=@= = BK IACKEH B= = K " #

(b) x2 + y 2 z 2 = 25; (d) z 2 x2 y 2 = 0.

LA

f (x, y ) =
AI>

1 , @AJAH E A =I ?KHL=I @A x2 +y 2 @ CH ? @AIJ= BK

AJHE?= A JA =I IKFAHB ?EAI @A

1 z= 4 ,z = 4

z = 9.

,AI?HAL= A HAFHAIA JA CA 7I= @ = @A E

LA @A

f (x, y, z ) = x2 +y 2 z 2 .

IJHA GKA

(a)
$ -

(x,y )(2,1)

lim

(3x + 2y ) = 8
=>=EN

(b)

(x,y )(1,3)

lim

(2x 4y ) = 10. f (x, y ) ANEIJA

KIJE GKA = IK= HAIF IJ=

?=@= ANAH? ?E

LAHE GKA IA

(x,y )(0,0)

lim

(a) f (x, y ) =

x2 x2 + y 2 x2 + y x2 + y 2
L=

(b) f (x, y ) =

x2 y 2 x2 + y 2 x2 + y 3 x2 + y 2

(c) f (x, y ) =

x3 + y 3 x2 + y 2 xy x+y

(d) f (x, y ) =
% += ?K A IA F II LA

(e) f (x, y ) =
EJAI =>=EN

(f ) f (x, y ) =

H @ I E

KIJE GKA = IK= HAIF IJ=

(a)

2x(y 2) 2 (x,y )(0,2) 3x + y 2 4y + 4 lim lim

L=

(b)

(x 3)5 y 2 + (x 3)4 y 4 3 (x,y )(3,0) (x2 6x + 9 + y 6 ) lim lim x2 y 2 z 2 x6 + y 6 + z 6

(c)
&

(x,y,z )(2,1,0)

(x + y + z 3)5 (x 2)(y 1)z 3

(d)

(x,y,z )(0,0,0)

+= ?K A =

H @ I IACKE JAI E

EJAI KI= @

=I FH FHEA@=@AI

(x,y )(2,2)

lim lim lim

exy [ln(x2 y 2 ) ln(x y )];

>

sin(x2 + y 2 ) ; (x,y )(0,0) x2 + y 2 cos(x2 + y 2 ) 1 ; (x,y )(0,0) x2 + y 2 x2 2 ; lim x 2 y + x 2 2y 2 (x,y )( 2,1)

(x,y )(0,1)

?

@

A

lim

x+y1 ; x 1y
&

B 

(x,y )(0,0)

lim lim

(x2 + y 2 ) ln(x2 + y 2 );

C

D

(x2 5x + 6)(y 4 16) ; (x,y )(3,2) (x 3)(y 2) sin(x y ) + sin(y ) lim . (x,y )(0, ) xy
EJA F=H= @AJAH E =H L= H @A

'

7IA =I FH FHEA@=@AI @A E

(x,y )(4,4)

lim

g (x, y ),

IA @

[
(x,y )(4,4)

lim

] (x y )g (x, y ) 1 + cos(x y ) = . 2 2 x y 2
@AJAH E A L= H @A



5A

(x,y )(1,1)

lim

{xf (x, y ) + eyx [ln(x2 y 2 ) ln(x y )]} = ln 2,

(x,y )(1,1)
 -

lim

f (x, y ).
LAHE GKA IA = BK

f ? J K= KIJE ?= @ IK= HAIF IJ= 2xy IA (x, y ) = (0, 0) = f (x, y ) = x2 + y 2 0, IA (x, y ) = (0, 0) (x + y + z + 1)2 , IA (x, y, z ) = (1, 0, 2) > f (x, y, z ) = (x 1)2 + y 4 + (z + 2)2 1, IA (x, y, z ) = (1, 0, 2) x + y , IA (x, y ) = (0, 0) ? f (x, y ) = x2 + y 2 0, IA (x, y ) = (0, 0) 5xy 2 3x2 y , IA (x, y ) = (0, 0) @ f (x, y ) = 2x2 + y 4 0, IA (x, y ) = (0, 0) x2 y 2 , IA (x, y ) = (0, 0) A f (x, y ) = x2 + y 4 0, IA (x, y ) = (0, 0) 3xy 2 6y , IA (x, y ) = (2, 0) B  f (x, y ) = x2 4x + 4 + y 2 1, IA (x, y ) = (2, 0) 3y 4 (x + 1)4 , IA (x, y ) = (1, 0) C f (x, y ) = (y 4 + x2 + 2x + 1)3 0, IA (x, y ) = (1, 0) 5x2 (y 2) , IA (x, y ) = (0, 2) ,AJAH E A IA = BK f (x, y ) = x2 + y 2 4y + 4 b, IA (x, y ) = (0, 2) A (0, 2) F=H= = CK L= H @A b R. KIJE GKA IK= HAIF IJ= ? =HCK A JA JAI ANF E?EJ= @ L= H @A b A K = HA = A JHA A , IA B H ?=I
?=@= EJA

? J I ?

K= IEI

'

!

"

2 x + 3x2 y + y 2 , IA (x, y ) = (0, 0) ? J K= ,AJAH E A IA = BK f (x, y ) = 2x2 + 2y 2 b, IA (x, y ) = (0, 0) = HECA F=H= = CK L= H @A b R. KIJE GKA IK= HAIF IJ= ? =HCK A J I ? IEI JA JAI ANF E?EJ= @ L= H @A b A K = HA = A JHA A , IA B H ?=I (x 3)(y + 2)(z 1)2 , IA (x, y, z ) = (3, 2, 1) ,AJAH E A IA = BK f (x, y, z ) = (2x + y 3z 1)4 b, IA (x, y, z ) = (3, 2, 1) ? J K= A (3, 2, 1) F=H= = CK L= H @A b. KIJE GKA IK= HAIF IJ= ? =HCK A J I
? IEIJA JAI A J I ? = BK IEIJA JAI F=H= ?= ?K =H ? J K= @=@= F H IA ANEIJEH L= H @A 7JE E A =HCK

#

f (0, 0),

@A

f :

R2 R

f (x, y ) = 1 + xy
$ -I?HAL= =I BK ?E=EI A HA = AI =>=EN =

x2 y 2 x2 + y 2
= @A BK

IA

(x, y ) = (0, 0).

AI ? F IJ= A A ? JHA =I @AHEL=@=I F=H

= B H

(a) z = ln x2 e2y + x2 e2y (c) z = x2 cos2 y + 2x2 sin y cos y + x2 sin2 y

% 7I= @ = HACH= @= ?=@AE= A ?

y.

( ) 2 (b) z = ln (ex+y )2 + x2 + y (d) z = x + y 2 + (x2 e2y )3

&

'

x+y (a) f (x, y ) = 2 (b) f (x, y ) = ln 3 (x2 + y 2 ) + (2x + y 2 x2 ) 2 x +y +1 ( ) (y) x z z I K @= AGK= @EBAHA ?E= y IJHA GKA z = sin + ln +x = 0. y x y x (y ) (z ) 8AHE GKA IA = BK f (x, y, z ) = x2 sin + y 2 ln + z 2 ex/y K = I K @= z x f f f AGK= @EBAHA ?E= F=H?E= x +y +z = 2f. x y z 2z 2z + = 0. x2 y 2 ( 2) 2y xy 8AHE GKA IA = BK f (x, y ) = e + ln x2 2 2 x f y f F=H?E= + = 2xyexy . 2 y x x y 2
5A

JHA =I @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI @A

z = ln (x2 + y 2 )

IJHA GKA

= I

@= AGK=

@EBAHA ?E=

5A

u=

1 x2 + y 2 + z 2

IJHA GKA

2u 2u 2u + + =0 x2 y 2 z 2
A

5A =

f (x, y, z ) = x3 y 4 z 5 + x sin yz F=H?E=EI @A f A g =J = JAH?AEH= H@A

E A K = AGK= F=H= F =

g (x, y ) = ex ln y.

- ?

JHA J @=I =I @AHEL=@=I

"

,AJAH F J

GKA

J= CA JA

IKFAHB ?EA

2x2 + y 2 =

P (1, 1, 2).

z , 2



- ?

JHA = AGK=

F =

J= CA JA

IKFAHB ?EA

12x2 + 3y 2 z = 0,
J= CA JA

P (1, 4, 36).
$ - ? F = % ,AJAH 3 JHA K F J @= IKFAHB ?EA

6x + 4y z = 5.
E A = AGK= 2 2 @ F = F J

z = 3x2 y 2

@A IAK F =

F=H= A

GKA

J= CA JA = IKFAHB ?EA @A

E@= E

F E?EJ=

A JA F H

z (x + y )z + 2 = 0
& 5=>A IA GKA = AGK=

P (1, 2, 2).
F E?EJ= A JA K = BK @ F = E A = AGK=

z = f (x, y )
J= CA JA = ' 5=>A @

?K CH

x2 + z 3 z xy sin z = 1 @A A E CH ? F=II= FA F J P (1, 1, 0). ,AJAH ? @A f F J P. 2x + y + 3z 6 = 0

J F=H= A HAI @A = F =

GKA

F = F

J= CA JA = A

CH

@A

z = f (x, y ),
!

P (1, 1, 1),

?= ?K A

I L=

f (1, 1) x

f (1, 1). y x3 x2 + y 2
A F=II= FA =

IJHA GKA J @ I HECA

I F =

I J= CA JAI =

CH

@A

f (x, y ) =

!

,AJAH

E A = AGK= CH ?

@ @A AI

J= CA JA = ! +

GKA f (x, y ) = xy.

F =

F=II= FA

I F

J I

(1, 1, 2)

(1, 1, 1)
,AJAH

A GKA IA =

IE@AHA =I BK @ @A

f (x, y ) = 2 + x2 + y 2
J= CA JA = >JE@ CH EJA ?

g (x, y ) = x2 y 2 . f (x, y )
F CH J ?

E A

= = AGK= > !! + F J

F = F =

@A

(1, 2, 7);
@A

= J= CA ?E=

g (x, y ).

IE@AHA = BK E A E A @

@A @K=I L=HE LAEI E J @A

f (x, y ) = 100 + 4y 2 25x2 .

= ,AJAH > ,AJAH

f (x, y ).
CH ? @A F = J= CA JA =

!"

z = f (x, y ) J= GKA z = f (x, y ) AIJA F J IA = HJ C = = LAJ H v = (0, 1, 2) . + IE@AHA = BK @A @K=I L=HE LAEI f (x, y ) = 36 9x2 4y 2 . E JAHIA @ CH ? @A z = f (x, y ) ? F = y = 2.
F I >HA = ,AJAH > ,AJAH E A @ E @A

IA =

= ?KHL= @A

f (x, y ).
?KHL=

E A = AGK=

@= HAJ= J= CA JA

(1, 2,

11). 2w 2w + + x2 y 2

!#

5A =

w = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )k . ,AJAH
I=JEIBAEJ=

E A F=H= GK=EI L=

HAI @A

= ECK= @=@A

2w =0 z 2
!$ 5A =

z = f (u),

u = x + ay 2 .
K

2H LA GKA

z z 2ay = 0. y x
+= ?K A

!%

5A =

f (x y, y z, z x) (
= BK

= BK

@EBAHA ?E LA

!&

,=@= K

yx zy , xy yz

) ,
?= ?K A

f f f + + . x y z

x2

f f f + y2 + z2 . x y z



!'

5A =

w = xf

(y) x

( g

y x , x y

) ,
@A

BK

AI @EBAHA ?E LAEI

IJHA GKA

(y) w y w + =f . x x y x
" 5A =

= BK = AGK=

@EBAHA ?E LA GK= GKAH A ? @EBAHA ?E= F=H?E=

w
"

I=JEIB=

(y x z ) w = x3 f , , . x z x w w w x +y +z = 3w. x y z
IE@AHA A

IJHA GKA

5A = 2

w = f (x2 at) + g (x + at2 ), w 2w A . t2 x2 w = f (u)+ g (v ) K

= BK IJHA GKA

@A

BK

AI @EBAHA ?E LAEI A

a R. += ?K A

"

5A =

@EBAHA ?E LA

@A

u(x, t) = x2 + t2 A v (x, t) = x2 t2 . d2 f d2 g + du2 dv 2 ( + ) .

A

2w 2w df + 2 = 4 + 4(x2 + t2 ) 2 x t du
"! 5A =

w = f (x, y )

= BK

@EBAHA ?E LA

@A

x(r, ) = r cos )2 w y )2 .

y (r, ) = r sin .

IJHA GKA

w r

)2

1 + 2 r

)2 =

w x

""

+ ?

IE@AHA = BK

g (t) = t

f (2t, t3 ), A y

GKA

f (x, y )
H@A ?

K J

= BK K=I

@A @K=I L=HE LAEI ,AJAH E A

@AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI @A FHE

AEH= A IACK @=

g (t).
@A @K=I

"#

5A =

f (u, v ) K

= BK

@A @K=I L=HE LAEI @EBAHA ?E LA A

F (x, y ) K

= BK

L=HE LAEI @A

E@= F H

F (x, y ) = f (sin x, cos y ).

5=>A @ GKA

f f (0, 1) = (0, 1) = 2, u v
K = BK A @A E@= E ,AJAH

?= ?K A

F (0, 0) x
A JA F H A BK

F (0, 0). y
@A

"$

5A =

y = y (x)

F E?EJ= E A

x = F (u, v ),
@A

@EBA

HA ?E LA

u = x2 + y

v = y2.

F.
"% 5A = BK

dy dx

x, y

A @=I @AHEL=@=I @A

z = z (x, y )

= BK

@A IJHA GKA

E@= E

F E?EJ=

A JA F H

F (xy, z ) = 0,

@A

@EBAHA ?E LA

z z x y = 0. x y
E? AJH AJH = LA A =K ?E@=@A @A = LA

"&

) =HAE= E IJ= JA @= = JKH= E KJ

@AHH=

=@= JA JA

JA ?

4 m3

F H

E KJ

@=@ A J F H

6m
IA

@A @E @E

5m
A J=

@A = JKH=

3K=

= J=N= @A =K

AIIA E IJ= JA

?E@=@A @A

2 cent metros

"'

) HAIEIJ A =

?E=

FAHAI

R, A E

D K

@A K

?EH?K J HE A A= L ?E@=@A

@=@= F H JI K @E

= B H = A AJH = @A LA E IJ= J

E , @A I I E IJ= JA GK= @

R =
E KE

= ? HHA JA

I = 15A, E
- ?

=K

A J=

JHA = J=N= @A L=HE=

0, 1V /s A I @A R.

LA

?E@=@A @A

E = 120V A 0, 05A/s.



#

@AJAH

E =@

?EH?KEJ

JHE? ?E=

= ? HHA JA

@=@=

BK

@= L

J=CA GKA

V, V
@ F H

@= HAIEIJ

?E=

R L

A @= E @KJ

F H

V I = . R2 + 10L2
= J=N= @A = K = H=

E IJ= JA A

210 volts, R
A GK= J IACK @ ? # IJ= JA GKA 3K=

ECK= =

3 ohms A AIJ @A?=E @ = K 2 henrys A AIJ ?HAI?A @ @ALA IAH = L=HE= @A V, AIJA E IJ=
ECK= = @EHECE @ IA F=H= AIJA ? D AIJ A LA

0, 1 ohms F H IACK @A 0, 05 henrys

JA F=H= GKA = ? HHA JA FAH

= A =

, EI ?=HH I K F=H= IK ? H @ LE=I GKA FHE H @ LE=I LA AEH

?E@=@A @A & A K AIJ @EHA @ =

D = KJH

KJH A ?

@EHECE @ JH A J

IA A @=I

?E@=@A @A # ?E@=@A AIJ = "

LE= = @ ?=HH

@=I @K=I

) GKA LA ?=HH

I ?=HH I IA =FH NE IACK @

= !

@= E JAHIA

HAIAHL=J HE

@A =HAE= JA

B H

=J JA ?

@A K @E E?

= FEH E KE = K L K

) J=N= @A L=

@= =HAE= @AIJA HAIAHL=J HE ?E@=@A ?

E@A E LAHJE@= @A >=IA GK=@H=@= 3 = LA ?E@=@A @A 40 cm /min. A J J= @A =HAE= ? HAIAHL=J HE A GK= @ K JA

-IJ= =HAE= B H = ?D K 3 AH= 243 cm . ,AJAH E A = LA JAH @= =HAE= A H=E =K C I ? ?=EK @ A J= K FHE

GKA =K GKA

A J= = = JKH= @

HAIAHL=J HE = J=N= @A E@

5=>A @

AIJA E IJ= JA = = JKH= @

3 cm
#!

0, 3 cm/min. k = 10, F=H= A

L BK K ? ? A @ 3 JH=H = J=N= @A L=HE= C I 120cm3 A AIJ I > @A?HAI?A = J=N= JA J=CA F

7IA = AE @ E IJ= J K @A   @E = FHAII

P V = kT, ?

A= @= JA

FAH=JKH= E IJ= JA A GKA 2 @A &din/cm = J=N= @A ?HAI?E A J 2 ? s. 5KCAIJ AI?HAL= P, V A T A IK E@= K HAIEIJ H A JHE? A BK

/s

= FHAII

@ @= L

#"

) A AHCE= ?

A @= HAIEIJ = L

?E=

R
@A

@=@= F H

200 volts

A K

V2 P = . R

,AIA = IA GKA K ?E= @A

@AJAH I

E =@

HAIEIJ H JA D= K

J=CA

= HAIEIJ

20

(a) 3K= (b)

B H ## +

@ALAH

IAH = L=HE=

= HAIEIJ

?E= F=H= GKA = A AHCE= ? = L J=CA I BHAH K

IK

E@= @A

AIIA HAIEIJ H

GKA FH=JE?=

A JA E = JAH=@= GK= @ IK EH

@A?H I?E

0, 2 volts
?E=

5A AIIA HAIEIJ H ?

3%

=EI GKA = A AHCE= @AIA =@= GK= @ = L=HE= FAH?A JK= @= IK= L

IK= HAIEIJ J=CA

1%
IE@AHA

H GKA = @AIA =@= GK= IAH JHE CK @= CKH= =>=EN

@=@ ?

E IJ= JA JA FHE A J

I GKA

x = 40?
CK FHE

y = 50?
=K A J= @E A

A = K

H=@ 6
I A  #H=@ I I @AJAH E A = ?

= 5A

x
@=

A ?

A J

= J=N= @A !? = J=N= @A = JA F

HAIFA?JEL=

A JA A

E KE = K HA = FHE

J=N= @A L=HE= > 5KF D= GKA = E ? AJE@

HA= @AIJA JHE

CK

HA= E =H = K AHH -

A@E@= @ I ? HA =

A J I @ I =@ I

x A y, A @
H @= HA=

CK =EI

, B

= GK= @AIJ=I L=HE LAEI @EBAHA ?E=EI

L=

IA I LA

KIJE GKA IK= HAIF IJ= KI= @

!

#$

CK =?H I?E

?A JH= @A K = IAH @=@

IAJ H ?EH?K =H H=E CK

80 A

H=E

@AIIA IAJ H

20 cm. 3K=

@ALAH =@=

IAH A JA

F=H= GKA =

E = JAH=@= GK= @ #% ) FHAII @A K = K #&

HA= @AIJA IAJ H ?EH?K =H GKA =FH NE ?A JH= I BHAH K @A?H I?E @A 1 ? L K A

A

GKE

F=I?= I @= FHAII I A L @ K

A = JA

EJH I A = JA AE @= B H FAH=JKH= =K A? A J= @ E= @E

FAH=JKH= K = ! ?

@A K

C I E@A= AIJ

HA =?E A 

=@ I F H A AIJ A

T A A LE I P V = 8, 31T. ,AJAH
A AIJ =K A J= @ I =EI @A ?KIJ E A = J=N= @A 

E A = J=N= @A L=HE= = J=N= @A   K = @ E?= J=

GK= @

) B H A?

= D

JA @A 9E I = AH

GKA = GK= JE@=@A

@A FH @KJ I F=H= K @ FA@E@

= FA@EH

@=@= FA = B H

K =

Q=
= = A

2KM , h

K
IA

?KIJ = = @A

M
@A ?=@= EJA

@A EJA I LA @E@ I F H IA 5A

= KJA

K = 2, M = 20

h = 0, 05,
=E H

@AJAH

= F=H= GK= @=I L=HE LAEI HAIF IJ= KI= @ > = L=HE= ?KIJ #' 7 AIJE $ 7 @E = =J= @A = $? IA @

K, M

= IA IE>E E@=@A @A

Q Q
A

KIJE GKA IK=

@EBAHA ?E=EI AH @A EJA I LA @E@ I F H IA = KJA = B H ? @A ?=@= EJA = @A K ?E E @H = = IA FAH

=K

A J=

10%

= = @A

= A?A ?

IJ= JA F IIKE = JKH= E JAH = B= = K = 3 @AII= =J= A ? . @A K = I= = A @ 5A =I J J=

AJ= BA?D=@= H=E E JAH

?EH?K =H HAJ 7I= @

ECK=

A AIFAIIKH=  ? =JAHE= A?AII HE

@EBAHA ?E=

=JEL= @= GK= JE@=@A @A FE J H ? >H=

F=H= B=>HE?=

A@E@=I @ A I AI

JAJ

R$12, 00 F H m2 I 12m A 15m A

A AHH A@E@=I E@= K

F=H= FE J=H =I " F=HA@AI A = JKH=

JAJ

3m,

AHH

@A =J =JEL= @

0, 05m
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J @=I =I JH=>= D

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KI= @

= @EBAHA ?E=

= AIJE

= F=HJEH @AII=I $ ) A AHCE= ? A IK D

HAIEIJ H A

JHE? A

@=@= F H

P =

R = 12

I ?= ?K =H =JH=L I @= @EBAHA ?E= K

L=

V2 M=JJI 5A V = 120 L JI R H =FH NE =@ F=H= = L=HE=

@A A AHCE= GK= @ $ 7 @=@ =JAHE= AIJ E IJ= JA @ L

@A?HAI?A @A AI? =@ @A H=E

0, 001V
@A K

=K

A J= @A

0, 02
K

I E?= = F=HA + K

IA @ H=E K

HA?EFEA JA B H A = = JKH=

= @

= FE D= ?

@= >=IA A IA

12 ?

8?
L K

>JA D= K A IAH ?

= =FH NE

@= L=HE= HAIK J=@ $! 7 BK E ?

L=HE= F=H= = L=HE= A I AI @

12, 5 ?

A = = JKH= F=H=

7, 8 ?

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>JE@= ? F= @A @E @A CH H I

AN=J= @

h=4m
GKA

r=3m
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IJHK @ = ?

F=H=

=KNE E=H @A ?KIJ $" 7 !? K = ? $#

=H = ?

= A = IJHK B H

5=>A @

=JAHE= KJE E =@ @= GK= IAH

IJHK

@AIIA BK E ?KIJ= 4

150, 00 F

m2 . 7I=

@EBAHA ?E=

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@AIIA BK E IA =K = @A F=H= A AF FA@

A J=H JA @E

I IAK H=E

5%

A IK= = JKH=

3%.
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= ?=EN= A 5A @ BA? = AIJE

A I AI E JAH =I ECK=EI = %?

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) = JKH= A A JA 5A K =EI =HC

10

?A J EJE@=

AJH I HAIFA?JEL= GK=JH = L=HE= F H ?A J @= = KIJE GKA

FAGKA

=?H I?E = L=HE=

FH @K EH K FAH K @ L

?E E @H

GK= IAH

A JA = F H?A J=CA ?K

JKH= F=H= GKA IK= HAIF IJ=

? HH= K

A @AIJA ?E E @H

"

$$

= A

FHAI= @A ? I

JE? I

A?AIIEJ= @A =J=I ?E 2 H FAGKA =I JH I?E =

@HE?=I BA?D=@=I ? @ALE@ IK=I =I L=HE= A@E@=I AI

H=E

@A

4 cm

= JKH= @A AIJ=I A

20 cm F=H= A

>= =H IAKI FH @KJ I

= B=>HE?=

>= =CA I =FHAIA J= A CA DAEH L K @A ? A ? HHAJ

AI A

,E= JA @EII >= =CA I H=E K

= 5A K JA D=

A @A GK= E@=@A FHA?EI= =IIACKH=H GKA AII=I A A A @ALAH IA FHA ?KF=H =HCK =EI ? L=HE= AI A J I KI= @ @EBAHA ?E=EI

= = JKH= > 5A K ?KIJ = AIJE

KIJE GKA IK= HAIF IJ= ? @A B=>HE?= =JEL= F=H= = JKH= @AIJ=I A =?H I?E =E H A H=E

>= =CA I B H @A  K @A?H I?E 

20

?A J=L I F H ?KIJ = = HECE =

cm2 ,

>JA D= >=

B=>HE?=H IA A

=CA I ? $%

2%

3%

H A

HA =

5=>A IA GKA = HAIEIJ @=@= F H

?E= R FH @K E@= F H @ 1 1 1 = + . 7 AIJK@= JA R R1 R2 F=H= A JAH L= ? I L= H @A HAIEIJ ANEIJA K = L=HE= = B=>HE?= HAI AN=J I

EI HAIEIJ HAI @A

R1
D

R2
I A

I A

F=H= A ? D I

@A A CA D=HE= FH

AJ K K

?EH?KEJ

@ EI HAIEIJ HAI A 2 H FH L=LA ? A JA E A IA

?E=I @A

R1 = 100
ANF IJ AI A

R2 = 400

I HAIEIJ HAI =@GKEHE@ I FA ,E= JA @

AIJK@= JA

= ,AJAH

R IAH
=HCK

=EI IA I LA = L=HE= A J I @EBAHA ?E=EI @A

R1

KA

R2 .

KIJE GKA

IK= HAIF IJ= KJE E = @ > >JA D= K @A $& 7I= @ = > ? = AIJE I A

=JEL= F=H= = L=HE= D I HAIFA?JEL= = =FH NE =

R, IA

AIJK@= JA KJE E =H HAIEIJ

?E=I

100, 2

399, 7

A JA F=H=

@EBAHA ?EAEI A ?

JHA K

(1, 1)3,02 ; cos(e0,2 1) ; 9, 4 (3, 02)2 + (1, 97)2 + (5, 99)2 .

IE@AHA = BK @A @K=I L=HE LAEI @=@= F H AJHE?= A JA

$'

f (x, y ) = 2 x2 +
@ = E @A

y2 1. 9

= ,AJAH > 7I= @

E A A HAFHAIA JA CA @EBAHA ?E=EI A ?

f (x, y ).

JHA K

= =FH NE

F=H=

f (1.98, 3.3). x+y1 . x 1y f (x, y ).

%

IE@AHA = BK

@A @K=I L=HE LAEI @=@= F H

f (x, y ) =
@ E

= ,AJAH > 7I= @ ? 7I= @ @ 7I= @ %

E A A HAFHAIA JA CA =I FH FHEA@=@AI @A E @EBAHA ?E=EI A ? @EBAHA ?E=EI A ?

AJHE?=

A JA

@A

EJA ?= ?K A = =FH NE = =FH NE

(x,y )(4,3)
= = @AJAH

lim

f (x, y ). f (9.06, 3.04). f (4.04, 3.04).

JHA K JHA K

F=H= F=H= E A F ?

,=@= = IKFAHB ?EA = = AGK= > = ? =IIE ?= @

z = x2 y 2 + 6x 4y 4,
F = @ F

J= CA JA = AIJ= IKFAHB ?EA J

P (3, 2, 9);
ANJHA @= IKFAHB ?EA

P (3, 2, 9),

IA F II LA

#

,AJAH

E A

I F

J I ?H JE? I @= BK ? F

? =IIE GKA %! 2HA?EI= IA ? ? >KIJ LA

I IA F II LA IJHKEH K C=IJ= @

J I @A =B H

1 5 f (x, y ) = 2 ln(x2 y ) + x4 x2 y + 5 4 2
NE E K @A IA = = @A K AI F=H= A AF FA@ =JAHE= A =JAHE= A JAH F=H= AIJ ?=H IJHK = AI

J= GKA ? = IAH A

270 m3 @A
5KF @

H GK= JE@=@A @A BAEJ=I ? J= GKA

IK= ?

GKA J @=I =I F=HA@AI @AJAH %" 7 F H E =H =I @E

= AIFAIIKH=

A I AI @ L

= ?=EN= HAJ= CK =H JA AJH GK=@H=@ = J= ?KIJ =JAHE= KI=@

3
BK @ E

=JAHE= KI=@ ?KIJ= 4 AJH GK=@H=@

=I =JAH=EI ?KIJ= 4    F H AJH GK=@H=@ A 3K=EI =I @E A I AI @=

=JAHE= KI=@ @A ? BA IA =

F= ?KIJ= 4 !  F H

?=EN= F=H= GKA %# 5A = J=

A(0, 0), B (4, 0) A C (3, 3)

I L HJE?AI @A K ?E=I @

JHE F

CK J

- ?

JHA

P (x, y )
A H

GKA = I

= @ I GK=@H=@ I @=I @EIJ

= I L HJE?AI IA = =

F II LA %$ ,AJAH E A =I @E A I AI HA =JEL=I @A K cm2 A GKA ? F HJA >= =CA @= F=HJA = ?=EN= HAJ= CK =H IA NE F II LA @A L J= K F= GKA F IIK= K A =

HA= J J= @A %% 7 K J= = A A

300

FHAI= @A A 5A =JAHE=

A?AIIEJ= B=>HE?=H ?=EN=I HAJ= CK =HAI @A =JAH= ?KIJ= = AJ=@A @ =JAHE= @AJAH E =H =I @E

128 cm3
E E

@A L F=H= = E =

= IAH KI=@

F= A F=H=

BK @

@= ?=EN=

A I AI @= ?=EN= GKA

IAK ?KIJ %& 7

@A FH @K ? ?=@= F = FHE ? @A AGK= AEH ?J= JA ? K I ? @ I IAKI L HJE?AI H@A =@ I 3K= L K = A

= ?=EN= HAJ= CK =H HECA AIJ

HECA F IJ NE %' 7

A JH I @A IK=I B=?AI ? E ?E@E @ IEJK=@ F II LA @A J= ?=EN= B=>HE?= JA FH @K K ?KIJ J J= 3K=EI IAH

I JH I F = =I IK=I @E F=@=I

L HJE?A

3x + 2y + z = 6.
A I AI

FAGKA

@ EI JEF I @A

K HAI?A JAI A E ?= @AI?A JAI

B=>HE?= JA I=>A GKA ?A JAI JAH

IA FH @K EH

100 2x
& 7

HA=EI A ?=@= E ?=

x F=@=I K HAI?A JAI A y F=@=I E ?= @AI @A 12x + 11y + 4xy A F @AH LA @AH ?=@= K HAI?A JA F H @AI?A JA F H 125 3y HA=EI 3K= J=I F=@=I @ALA IAH
NE AJ 3K= E?=I ?KIJ 2 K?H NE @ EI JEF I @A EC=I J J= @= FH @K

FH @K E@=I F=H= GKA

B=>HE?= JA JA D= K?H

= ?AHJ= E @ IJHE= FH @K EC=I A ANFHAII

@AII=I @A

FA = BK

>JE@= ?

= LA @=I @AII=I EC=I

@=@= FA = BK K?H

C (x, y ) = x + 100x + y xy A = HA?AEJ= J J= R(x, y ) = 100x x2 + 2000y + xy,

2
A =@=I @A ?=@= K @AII= E @ IJHE= = @=I EC=I ,AJAH E A

HAFHAIA J= GKA

= GK= JE@=@A @A J =NE E =

LA @A FH @K & ,AJAH E =@= A A JA ?KIJ F H

FHAI= FH @K BAHA?E@ I = GKA @AFA @A

FH @KJ I ?K =I GK= JE@=@AI I AH?=@ ? ? IK B H @A

y.

6=EI FH @KJ I I

HAIFA?JEL=

200y.
@=@ AH?=@ & 7 =

J J= @= A FHAI= F=H= FH @K EH A LA = x2 + 2y 2 + 2xy. )@ EJE @ GKA J @= = FH @K E A = FH @K GKA =NE E = K?H ?=I=?

x A E@ H = FHA I K EJ HE I p1 A p2 , A AGK= AI p1 = 120 2x A p2 = @AH GK= JE@=@AI x A y @ I FH @KJ I

E @E?=@=I F H IA = =>I HLE@= FA

@AJAH

= LA @A @ EI JEF I @A ?=I=? I 5A =

B.

?KIJ= 4 # 

FHA

@A LA @= @ = B E @A

B.

J J= @A LA @=I BAEJ

FA =

A ?KIJ= 4 "  A A A y FHA @A LA @= (3200 50x + 25y ) K E@=@AI @

?=I=?

?=I=? @ ?=I=?

B A

?=I=?

$

(25x 25y )
>JE@ FA = JHA =I ?

K E@=@AI @ = IA =

?=I=?

B.
J

- ?

JHA

I L=

HAI @A

F=H= GKA

K?H

=E H F II LA F J GKA FAHJA ?A = IA = E F=? JA =EI ? E =H =I F =

&!

- ?

H@A =@=I @ ?E= = F GKA

GK=@H=@ &"

@= @EIJ

P (3, 2, 1)
FAH AJH

x+yz+5 = 0

A ?K

) CK I ? HHAE I ANECA FHE @E A J @= = JKH= A I AI @

@= B=?A IKFAHE H @A K K

AN?A@= &" ?

F=H= GKA F II= IAH A LE=@ =E H L A GKA F @A IAH A LE=@

,AJAH

F=? JA HAJ= CK =H @A FAH=JKH= A K

&#

5KF NE

D= GKA = JA = -

@=@= A

CH=KI F H

T (x, y, z ) = xyz .
NE F=H= = I

F 2

J -

GK= GKAH @= AIBAH= GK=EI F FAH=JKH= E I @ I =

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4

IA =

J I @AIJ= AIBAH= = JA

FAH=JKH=

GK=EI F L= H

J I @= AIBAH= = JA

&$

,AJAH JHE CK

E A

= @ I ? IIA

CK

I E JAH

I @A K

%

! 4AIF IJ=I
 = 6 @ I > 6 @ I I F I F J I @ J I @ F = F =

xy

=?E

=  K

E JAHE H @

CH

@A

y = x2 . y = 1 x
@A

xy xy xy xy

@EHAEJ=  K =?E

= A I >HA = HAJ=

AN? KE @ ? 6 @ I @ 6 @ I =?E

= HAJ=

x = 1.
F = F = AIGKAH@=  K GKA AIJ =>=EN ANJAHE H @ @= HAJ= CH A ?

I F I F

J I @ J I @

x = y2.

y =1

AIGKAH@=  K

= @= HAJ= I F  K I F

y = x.
F = GKA AIJ ? @A ANJAHE H @ CH

A 6 @ I A =>=EN B  6 @ I

J I @

y = 2x .

E JAHE H @= ?EH?K BAH 2

?E=

x2 + y 2 = 4

J I

(x, y, z )

GKA AIJ

E JAHE H @

A EFI E@A

x2 y 2 z 2 + + = 1. 16 16 4

(a) esf era de raio 5 (c) plano

! " )I ?KHL=I @A LA I

(b) hiperbolo ide de uma f olha (d) cone circular

?EH?K BAH K ? IA ?E=I @A H=E AI

2,

1 1 A , HAIFA?JEL= 2 3
E@AI @A K K = B

A JA D= K DEFAH> A JA E@AI

)I IKFAHB ?EAI @A @A @K=I B

LA I

K DEFAH>

D=I @AFA @A @

LA B H

k = 0, k > 0

k < 0,

HAIFA?JEL=

# $

(a) =

(b) =

6 (c) L = 0, com = (f ) na o existe

2

(a) na o existe (d) na o existe

% & 6 @ I I E

(b) L = 0, com = (e) na o existe

ANEIJA

EJAI @=@ I

(a) ln 4 (d)
2 2

(b) 1 (e) 0 (h)

1

(c) 0 (f ) 0

(g ) 32
'

(x,y )(4,4)

lim lim

g (x, y ) = 4 f (x, y ) = 0
2



(x,y )(1,1)



(a) cont nua, com = (c) descont nua (e) cont nua, com =


(b) descont nua (d) descont nua (f ) descont nua

AIJA ?=I

(g ) descont nua

f f

K= F=H=

b=0 b=

= . 5 =
&

!

K= F=H=

1 A 2

AIJA ?=I

2 3

" # $

IA

FHA @AI?

K= E @AFA @A JA @ E ?

L=

H @A

b.

f (0, 0) = 1. 1 z = x x

KIJE ?= IA FA = @A

(a)

z e2y e2y = 2y y e + e2y

2

z 2(e2(x+y ) + x) (b) = 2(x+y2 ) x e + x2 + y (c) z = 2x(1 + sin(2y )) e x

z 4ye2(x+y ) + 1 = 2(x+y2 ) y e + x2 + y z = 2x2 cos(2y ) y e z 2y 6x6 e6y = y 2 x + y 2 + (x2 e2y )3 f x2 y 2 2xy + 1 = y (x2 + y 2 + 1)2 f 2y + 2x2 y = y 3(x2 + y 2 + 2x + x2 y 2 )
@EBAHA ?E= @=@=

(d)
%

z 1 + 6x5 e6y = x 2 x + y 2 + (x2 e2y )3 f x2 + y 2 2xy + 1 = x (x2 + y 2 + 1)2 f 2x + 2 + 2xy 2 = x 3(x2 + y 2 + 2x + x2 y 2 )

= AGK=

(a)

(b)
& '  

*=IJ= @AHEL=H A IK>IJEJKEH 5E

@= AGK=

@EBAHA ?E= @=@= H@A @A

*=IJ= J 5E

=H =I @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI @A IACK @= I K @= AGK= @EBAHA ?E= @=@=

A IK>IJEJKEH

= AGK=

@=@=

*=IJ= J !

=H =I IACK @=I @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI @A

A IK>IJEJKEH

= AGK=

@=@=

3f = 6y 4 z 5 x3 3g = ex ln y 3 x

3f = 24x2 yz 5 xz 3 cos yz y 3 3g 2ex = y 3 y3

3f = 60x3 y 4 z 2 xy 3 cos yz z 3

" # $ % & '

8x + 4y + z + 2 = 0. 24x + 24y z = 36 P (1, 2, 1) 4x 8y + 7z + 6 = 0 z =x1 2 f (1, 1) = , x 3

*=IJ= GKA = >JAH = AGK= HECA I=JEIB=

f 1 (1, 1) = y 3
@ F = J= CA JA K F J

!

P (a, b, f (a, b)) GK= GKAH A

IJH=H

IK= AGK=

'

! ! !!

x + 6y 2z 3 = 0
= =

2x + 4y z 3 = 0

>

(1, 2, 5)
25x2 4

{(x, y ) R2 / 2 x K x 2, y 2 ) ( 5 2, y GK= GKAH}; > P 0, ,8 5 . 3 3

= I F J I @ F =

25} {(x, y ) R2 / 2 x

!"

xy

GKA AIJ

E JAHE H

K I >HA = A EFIA

{
>

x2 y 2 + = 1; 4 9

z
A

= 2 9 11 = 11 (x 1)

!# !$ !%

k=0

k = 1 2

7JE E A = HACH= @= ?=@AE= +D= A

u = x y, v = y z
AH

w = z x,KJE E

A = HACH= @= ?=@AE= A

IJHA GKA = I

@AIA =@= !& +D= A

u =

yx zy , v = xy yz
AH

A KJE E A = HACH= @= ?=@AE= F=H=

IJH=H GKA = I

@AIA =@= !' "

*=IJ= KJE E =H = HACH= @= ?=@AE= A = HACH= @ 7JE E A = HACH= @ FH @KJ K J= A JA ?

FH @KJ = HACH= @= ?=@AE= ?

u=

w=
" 5A

z . x
A

y x , v = x z

u = x2 at

v = x + at2

>J

IA FA = HACH= @= ?=@AE= A @

FH @KJ

2 2w df d2 g 2d f = 4 x + 2 + x2 du2 du dv 2
" "! 7JE E A HACH= @= ?=@AE= A HACH= @ *=IJ= KJE E =H = HACH= @= ?=@AE= FH @KJ

2 2 2w dg 2 2d g 2d f = 4 a t + 2 a + a . t2 dv 2 dv du2
F=H= >JAH =I @AHEL=I IACK @=I

""

g (t) =

2f f 2f (2t, t3 ) + 2t (2t, t3 ) + 3t3 2 (2t, t3 ). y xy y

A

"#

F (0, 0) = 2 x 1 2x

F (0, 0) = 0. y

"$

F dy u = F F dx + 2y u v
7JE E A @AHEL= E E F ?EJ= A HACH= @= ?=@AE=

"% "&

dh 0, 39 dt 1 dR = dt 30
D

"'

I F H IACK @

 

# # # #! #" ## #$ #% #&

dV =3 dt 94 1, 28? 0, 4
D

JI F H IACK @

(a) dR = 0, 04
=

(b) 1 %
2
I > HA = =

dA dt

60, 8?

0, 125? 0, 042
= 2= I HA = @A = K L=HE= = L=HE= @A

Q =EI IA I LA A > dM = 4 GKA ? HHAIF 3, 2 ?

2

h;

@A 

#' $ $ $ $! $" $# $$

dC = 55, 8 dP = 2, 02 dV = 70, 371 cm3 dC = 616, 38 dV = 100, 4?

3

V = 69, 9 cm3

= = JKH= @ALA @A?HAI?AH A

8%,
H=E

=FH NE

=@=

A JA AI AI H=E = = JKH= F EI L K A  LA AI

(a)

A CA DAEH

@ALA @=H

=E H =JA @ GKA

L=HE= L=HE=

=EI IA I LA

L=HE= AI

(b) dC = 221, 16 centavos

$%

(a) R

@A AIIAEI LA AI

=EI IA I LA = L=HE=

AI A

R1

GKA = L=HE

AI A

R2 .

(b) dR = 0, 116
$& =  ! > ?

4 135 242 35 Df = {(x, y ) R2 / x2 +

@A AGK=

$'

=

x2 +

y2 =1 9

y2 1}, 9

K IA =

I F

J I

ANJAHE H A I >HA = A EFIA

> " $ % =

Df = {(x, y ) R2 / x 0, y 1 = HAJ= y = 1, AIGKAH@= A I >HA y = 1 x.

AEN

x + y = 1}, K IA = y HAJ= x = 0 A

I F

J I =>=EN

A I >HA

FAHJA ?A JAI = HAJ=

 

>

(x,y )(4,3)

lim

f (x, y ) = 4

? #  @ "  % = > % %! %" %# %$ %% %& %' & & & &! &" &#

z9=0 P
F A J @A I NE F J I @A IA = A

P1 (2, 2)

P2 (2, 2) x = y = z = 3 270 x = 2, y = 2, z = 5 x=
7 A 3

P3 (1, 2)

P4 (1, 2)

J I @A

NE

y=1

x = y = 10, z = 5 x = y = 4, z = 8 x= 2 , y = 1, z = 2, V = 3 x = 9, y = 13 x = 1000, y = 2000 x = 10 y = 30 x = 84, y = 89 x= 4 , y = 11 , z= 3 3 x = y = 14, z = 28

) JA A

4 3

22 3

(1, 1, 2).

FAH=JKH=

NE JA

= A

(1, 1, 2) A (1, 1, 2). GKA ANEIJA =E @= KJH I # F

= A

(1, 1, 2)

A J= J

J I @A IA =

&$

3 2

+=F JK

1 6-/4)15 ,72 )5
> AJEL I =  - ? JH=H = @ L= ?=F JK AIFAH= IA GKA = K IA = ?=F= @A H @A K AJHE?= = E JACH= @KF = A JA K = E JACH= @KF = EJA K ? ?= ?K =H L= H @A K = E JACH= @KF =

1 JAHFHAJ=H CA ! " # $ % & - ? JH=H I E H@A

EJ= JAI GKA FAH @A E JACH=

1 LAHJAH =

= E JACH= @KF = =HAI H@A =@=I F =HAI

+= ?K =H E JACH=EI @KF =I A 6H= IB H 6H= IB H 4AI =H K =H K

H@A =@=I F

= E JACH= @KF = @A ? = E JACH= @KF = @A ? K = BAHH=

H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I F=H= ? H@A =@=I F A J= JA? =HAI F=H= ? CE?= LAHE ?=H IA

H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I

LAH ANAH? ?E I KI= @ ?

) FH L= IAH =JE CE@ I = JA HE?

F IJ= F H GKAIJ AI GKA F IIE>E EJ= AIIA @A H JAEH F=H= HEA J= = B H K = =@ J=@

> AJEL I B H= @A @AIA L @A B H LE K A J

2 HJ= J

AI @A IAKI AIJK@ I @ I ANAH? ?E I A

@=I GKAIJ AI @AIIA ?=F JK

AII= =F IJE =

 !

!  1 JH @K
AIJK@ K AH= ? @=I BK AI @A L HE=I L=HE LAEI = ?= ?K =H A HA = =@ J=@ I @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI AI? = A = A =@ F=H= E JACH= I LAH = CK I ANA EJ = JEF = F I D = I =EI = @=I L=HE LAEI E @AFA @A JAI F=H= @AHEL=H IJ= JAI I = E JACH=
!  

I GKA =I @A

AI

FH ?A@E

A J

IAH

) JAI @A

AIJK@=H

JEF = FH FHE=

A JA @EJ= L=

-:-

- ? JHA = FHE EJEL= @= BK

B E @EJ L= I =@ EJEH

f (x, y ) = 12x2 y 3 A
? ?

HA =

x.
HA = =

5 K
J= J

IJ= JA A E JACH=H A

2 H

12x2 y 3 dx = 4x3 y 3 + C.

2 H

AIIA ?=I

= ?

IJ= JA

= BK

@A

y.

2 @A IAH F H ANA

C (y ) =

ay + by + cy + 3

A K

= @=I FHE

EJEL=I @A

IAH

F (x, y ) = 4x3 y 3 + ay 3 + by 2 + cy + 3.
JA GKA

F (x, y ) = 12x2 y 3 . x
-:2 ! 

- ? JHA = FHE EJEL= @= BK

I =@ EJEH

f (x, y ) = 12x2 y 3 A
IJ= JA A E JACH=H A HA =

HA =
=

= y.
y.
2 HJ= J

5 K

)C H= L=

x?

12x2 y 3 dy = 3x2 y 4 + K.
AIIA ?=I = ? IJ= JA

cx + 3

A K

KJH= FHE

x. 2 @A IAH F H ANA F K (x) = ax3 + bx2 + 2 4 3 2 EJEL= @A f (x, y ) = 12x y IAH F (x, y ) = 3x y + ax + bx + cx + 3. K
K = BK @A

2 3

JA GKA

-:-

!  !

- ? JHA

F (x, y ) = 12x2 y 3 . y x+1 L= H @= ANFHAII 24xydy

x
= .K @= A J= @ + ?K JA I

5 K

)F E?= @

6A HA

x+1

x+1

24xydy = 12xy

2 x

= 12x (x + 1)2 12x (x)2

= 12x3 + 24x2 + 12x 12x3 = 24x2 + 12x.

+ F @A I >IAHL=H

x+1
x

24xydy
K = BK @A

x+1

x,

K IA =

F (x) =
x

24xydy =

24x2 + 12x.
-:2 !  "

- ? JHA

L= H K

HE? @A

F (x) dx

@A F (x) =

x+1

24xydy.

 "

5 K

ANA

= JAHE H LE

I GKA

F (x) =
x
2 HJ= J =F E?= @ 6A HA

x+1

24xydy = 24x2 + 12x.

A J= @ + ?K JA I GKA

= .K @=

F (x) dx =
1

24x + 12x dx = 8x + 6x
2

= 8(2) + 6 (2) 8 (1) + 6 (1)

3 3
I -NA F I !  ! A !  " F @A IAH HAAI?HEJ I ?

2)

= 74.

1
K IE F AI A JA

F (x) dx =
1

(
x

x+1

) 24xydy dx

F (x) dx =
1
F

x+1

24xydydx.
JA GKA = L=HE LA @AFA @A JA = FH ?AII @A I K @=@

,AII= B H = FHE =>=EN

>JA

I K

ANA

@A E JACH= @KF = JE

AEH= = IAH E JACH=@= A = L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA =

x+1

24xydydx =
1

y =x+1 y =x

) 24xydy dx dx

=
1

y =x+1

12xy 2
y =x

=
1

) 24x2 + 12x dx
2

8x + 6x
0 4

= 74.
1

-:-

!  #

- ? JHA
=

L= H @= E JACH= I =
= .K @= A J= @

3x

3 16 x2 dydx.
FHE AEH E JACH= @ A HA = =

5 K
y

)F E?= @ HA =

6A HA

?K

A @AF EI A

x. = =
0 0 4 0 4 4

3x

3 16 x2 dydx =

3 16 x2 y
x

3x

dx

( ) 3 16 x2 (3x x) dx 6x 16 x2 dx = 2 (16 x2 )3
4

0 = 2 (16 42 )3 + 2 (16 02 )3 = 128.

 #

!
) @A !  @= B H @A L K

1 JAHFHAJ=
E AI A ? E@= IE =B H =

/A

JHE?= @= 1 JACH= ,KF =

= E JAHFHAJ= FH > A KEJ I L K = @A ? ? K =II ?E=@= = CA ?K ?K JHE?= IA @A K @A HA= =I L A D= JA K )IIE @A E E = = E@= = @A L A LAH .ECKH= = @A @EBAHA ?E=EI

@A E JACH= @KF = ?

F HJ= K

@A E JACH= @A

F AI =II ?E= @ LA = I

= GKA = E JACH= @A = E@=@A @A >JAH IA

= @= E JACH= @KF = A L

AI A A

A J=HAI EIJ

A J J= =F I AIJ=I I

.ECKH= !  + E JA E BAHE H @A E L A K = I F = A B H IE@AHA AIJE EJ= = HACE I ? >JE@ I K =H = BK L F = K

1 JAHFHAJ=

/A @A

JHE?= @= 1 JACH= ,KF = E@= K = HACE IKFAHE H @A E@

z = f (x, y ) 0
A =FH NE =@ @ I I

F =

E@

@A E

EJ=@

A JA F H F =

xy II= z = f (x, y ) ,
I F=H= A IAH I

A JA FA

z=0 xz
A

A =JAH= IK>@ELE@E ? = E B H

A JA FA

?E E @H

FA = ?KHL= BA?D=@= GKA )IIE = E JACH= EJAIE

2=H= J= J = @A K

RA

nIK>HACE
K AI @A ?

AI JH= = @ K =I E

H@A =@ I FA = I

yz

A =I .ECKH=I !

A ! !

E@=@A @A L

=EI E I?HEJ=I

= @A F=H= A AF FA@ I ?

IJH= = .ECKH= ! !

.ECKH= ! + IE@AHA ? FHE

8 K

A A A

A J=H @A

|P |

{R 1 , R 2 , , R i , , R n }
A J @=

= F=HJE =EI @ I

RB

=@= F H CK I

n HAJ
5A =

CK

5A =

=E H @A J @=I =I @E=C

Ri

IK>HAJ

Ai

HA= @=

 $

.ECKH= ! !

A =FH NE

=@

IK>HACE L F H K A D=LAH

Ri . 2=H= @ i IE

?=@=

AI?

DA

I K L K

F=H= A AF FA@ HACE

@A >=IA

(xi , yi ) Ri . FH @KJ Vi = f (xi , yi )Ai Ai A = JKH= f (xi , yi ) . + D n IK>@ELEI AI

J =@ @ I E@ @A E EJ=@ IKFAHE H A JA F H

n F=H= A AF FA@ I )IIE f (x, y ) A E BAHE H A JA FA =

A =FH NE @=@

V
)IIE = E JACH= @KF = @A K = BK

n i=1

f (xi , yi ) Ai .
@A E@= K = HACE

@=@= F H

f (x, y ) dxdy = lim

R
@AI@A GKA AIJA E
*5-48) ! 

n i=1
=

|P |0

f (xi , yi ) Ai ,
K = I = @A 4EA = 

EJA ANEIJ= 

JA GKA = I

= =?E

5A f (x, y ) = 1, A J I E@ A GKAIJ = LAH@=@A K ?E E @H ?K = >=IA = HACE F = = R A ?K = = JKH= @=@= F H z = f (x, y ) = 1. + L K A @A K ?E E @H @=@ FA FH @KJ @A IK= >=IA FA = = JKH= JA I AIJA ?=I GKA V = AR , K IA = = HA= @= HACE R @=@= F H
AR =
R

dxdy.

! ! + ?K
5=>AH HA? ? @A E BK ? ?K EJ= @A @
2

@= 1 JACH= ,KF =
@ E @A E JACH= KJH A F J E  K HACE F HJ= JA ? K I ? =E H F @A E JACH= HA? DA?E  BK @= A J A A J= F=H= @=I ?KHL=I GKA BK @A @A E JACH= KEJ=I LA AI KJH=I LA AI @ALE@ = I = CK I ANA LA EA JA JAH AII=I ?KHL=I AI?HEJ=I A

DA?AH

@=I E JACH=EI @KF =I = HACE EIJ -II= ? H K

x x = f (y )
?K

y = f (x)
LA E HE?

LA EA JA AI?HALAH A H JH=>= D

EIJ @

?E= 8A =

ANECE@

FH ?AII

L=
! ! 

-:-

+= ?K A
x.

L= H @= E JACH=

24xydxdy IA @ R = HACE

@A E EJ=@= FA =I

?KHL=I y = x2 A y =

 %

.ECKH= ! "

4ACE

@A 1 JACH=

-NA

! ! 

5 K

) HACE

@A E JACH=

AIJ

AI>

=@=

= .ECKH= ! ! 

) IACKEH ?

IJHK

I = J=>A = @A E E

EJ= JAI @A E JACH=

EJ= JAI @A 1 JACH= +KHL=I .K AI AIGKAH@= @EHAEJ=

?KHL= ?KHL=

?KHL= E BAHE H ?KHL= IKFAHE H )I ?KHL=I E JACH= AIGKAH@= A @EHAEJ= I I E

x=0 x=1 y = x2 y= x
F A FHE AEH I > @A )IIE

EJ= JAI GKA ?

A =I ?KHL=I E BAHE H A IKFAHE H

IACK @

24xydxdy =
R

24xydydx =
0

2y = x

12xy
y = x2 1

dx

x2 1

=
0

12x(x x )dx =
4 0

) 12x2 12x5 dx

=
? 2HE ?K 8= AEH= @= E JACH= A JA >JAHA -NA

4x3 2x6

= 2.
0
LE@ J ? = @

! !  B E @AIA L = @

L=HE LA E @A = @

FA @A JA

I HA?= ?K =H AIJ= E JACH= J I = J=>A = @A E

=C H=

L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA @= .ECKH= ! " J

EJ= JAI @= HACE

y?

L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA +KHL=I ?KHL= ?KHL= AIGKAH@= @EHAEJ= .K AI

?KHL= E BAHE H ?KHL= IKFAHE H

y=0 y=1 x = y2 x= y

 &

) ?KHL=I

AIGKAH@= A

@EHAEJ= I IACK @

I E )IIE

EJ= JAI @

FHE

AEH

>

@A E JACH=

A =I

?KHL=I E BAHE H A IKFAHE H @

24xydxdy =
R

24xydxdy =
0

x= y

12yx2
x= y 2 1

dy

y2 1

=
0

12y (y y )dy =
4 0

) 12y 2 12y 5 dy

=
+ F @A I >IAHL=H L=

4y 3 2y 6
K HE?

= 2.
0
AI @A E I @ EI ?=I I ?KHL=I @KH= JA AIIA FH

KEJ=I LA AI = HACE ?=I ?AII = AI? @A E JACH=

2 ! !

@A E JACH= I K ANA F

EJ=@= =FA =I F H GK=JH E KEH JH=>= D

D= @= L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA =@AGK=@= F @A @E 8A =

-:-

- ? JH=H

L= H @= E JACH=

dxdy,

@A R = HACE = @

IEJK=@=

E JAHE H

@= F=H > = y = x2 A @A E EJ=@= F H y = 6 x A y = 1, J

(a) x ? (b) y ?

L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA

R
AIJ I >HA=@=

5 K

) HACE

= .ECKH= ! #

.ECKH= ! # >JAHA I I F

4ACE

@A 1 JACH= @=I ?KHL=I HAI

-NA

! ! =I

J I @A E JAHIA

x = 3, y = 9 y = x2 y =6x x = 2, y = 4
= @

LA @

I IEIJA

x = 1, y = 1 y = x2 y=1 x = 1, y = 1.
I GKA = HACE @A E JACH= JA @ALA IAH I = IACKE JA 2 HJ= J

= 6 J=>A =

L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA LA ? ?K

IK>@ELE@E@= A

JH I HACE AI F=H= GKA

F II= IAH ABAJEL=@

6=>A = @A E +KHL=I ?KHL= ?KHL= AIGKAH@= @EHAEJ=

EJ= JAI HABAHA JA 41 42

HACE

R
43

?KHL= E BAHE H ?KHL= IKFAHE H

x = 3 x = 1 y = x2 y =6x

x = 1 x=1 y=1 y =6x

x=1 x=2 y = x2 y =6x

 '

A = E JACH= @KF = IAH

@=@= F H

dxdy =
R

dxdy + = = =
3 3 1 3 1 x2 6x R1 1

dxdy +
R2 6x

dxdy
R3 6x

dydx + dint2 1 dx
x2

6x

dydx +
1 1 1 6x

dydx
x2

6x

y
x2

dx +
1 2

y
1

dx +
1

(6 x x )dx +

(6 x 1) dx +

) 6 x x2 dx

22 13 39 = + 10 + = . 3 6 2
> 6 = @

L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA LA @=@= F H 6=>A = @A E E ?KHL= ?KHL=

I GKA =C H= = HACE ? ?K

@A E JACH=

F @A

IAH IK>@ELE@E@= A = J=>A = @A E

=FA =I @K=I IK> HACE AI F=H= GKA

F II= IAH ABAJEL=@

2 HJ= J

EJ= JAI

EJ= JAI HABAHA JA 41

HACE 42

EJ= JAI AIGKAH@= @EHAEJ=

?KHL= E BAHE H ?KHL= IKFAHE H )IIE = E JACH= @KF = IAH @=@= F H

y=1 y=4 x= y x= y

y=4 y=9 x= y x=6y

dxdy =
R

dxdy + =
1 R1 4

dxdy
R2 y

6y

=
1

y y

dxdy + dy +
4 9

y 6y

dxdy

x
y 4 1

x
4 y 9

dy y )dy = 61 28 39 + = . 6 3 2
@EIFA I=@ = ? ?K

=
JA GKA = @= E JACH= K@=

(2 y )dy +

(6 y +

= @= L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA @E

E KEK

JH=>= D

-:-

-I?HAL= = E JACH= GKA HAFHAIA J= = HA= @= HACE @A E EJ=@= FA =I ?KHL=I x = y , y x = 1, y = 1 A y = 1, J = @ = x ? L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA > y ? L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA
2 ! ! !

5 K
{
1 E?E=

HA= @A E

EJ=@= FA =I ?KHL=I F @A IAH LEIJ= I A ?

= .ECKH= ! $

x=y y=1

A JA L= 2

JH=H

P (1, 1), x
?

x=y Q(1, 1), y = 1

I F 2

J I @A E JAHIA

y =1+x R(2, 1). y = 1

I @ELE@EH = HACE A @K=I

= 6

= @

L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA @ALA

!

.ECKH= ! $

4ACE

@A 1 JACH=

-NA

! ! !

6=>A = @A E E ?KHL= ?KHL=

EJ= JAI HABAHA JA 41

HACE 42

EJ= JAI AIGKAH@= @EHAEJ=

?KHL= E BAHE H ?KHL= IKFAHE H 7I= @ = IE AJHE= @= HACE

x = 2 x=0 y = 1 y =1+x

x=0 x=1 y= x y=1

R2 , >JA I 0 1+x A= dydx + 2

2 1 0

8 dydx = . 3 x
IE@AH=H K HACE = E?= HACE

> 6

= @

L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA >=IJ= ? 6=>A = @A E E ?KHL= ?KHL= EJ= JAI HABAHA JA EJ= JAI AIGKAH@= @EHAEJ= 4

?KHL= E BAHE H ?KHL= IKFAHE H C = HA= @=@= F H

y = 1 y=1 x=y1 x = y2

A=

1
*5-48) ! ! "

8 dxdy = . 3 y 1

y2

= HACE HACE
-:2

IA = IE
! ! #

FHA?EI J =H ?KE@=@ ? KI @A IE AJHE=I JHE?= FHA?EI GKA = BK @ E JACH= @ JA D= =

IK ?EA JA GKA AI = IE AJHE= @= @A E EJ=@= FA =I

IAH @EBAHA JA

+= ?K A L= H @A I = 2 ?KHL=I y = 2x A y = x2 + 1.
-NAH? ?E ? HHA @ALE@ = >IAHL= =?E =

(x + 2y )dA, IA @ R = HACE
KI @A IE AJHE=

5 K
1II

>IAHLA GKA IA B H B= AH

HAIK J=@

4AIF IJ=

I=

32 . 15

!

.ECKH= ! %

2=HJE

H@A =@=I F

=HAI

! " 1 JACH=EI ,KF =I A

.HAGKA JA @AI?HEJ= A FH ?AII 5A = ? F=H= A JA = HACE H@A =@=I F ? ?K

+ H@A =@= 2 =HAI

?= ?K =@= = E JACH= @KF = H@A =@=I HAJ= CK =HAI ? H@A =@=I F =HAI 8= =EI B=?E A JA ? I @AI?HALAH 8A = = .ECKH= ! %

RI

>HA = GK= IAH GKA A

=HAI @

@A E JACH=EI @KF =I A

X = { = 0 , + , + 2, + 3, , n = } K = F=HJE @ =H? . + IE@AHA I =I ?KHL=I @A H=E ri1 A ri A = IK> HACE Ri @A R @A E EJ=@= FA =I ?KHL=I @A H=E ri1 , ri , i1 A i . ) B H = @A Ri =FH NE =@= A JA K HAJ CK @A =@ I ri , li1 = ri1 i A li = ri i 2 @A I =@ EJEH GKA K = =FH NE = @= HA= @A Ri @=@= F H Ai = ri ri i . 6 = @ K F J (rki , ki ) E JAHE H @A Ri F @A I B H =H K I E@ ?K = HA= @= >=IA Ai A = JKH= f (rki , ki ) , @A @ GKA L K A @AIIA I E@ IAH
@=@= F H

Vi = f (rki , ki ) ri ri i .
)IIE L K A I > = IKFAHB ?EA

f (r, )
n i=1

IAH

=FH NE

=@= FA = I

f (rki , ki ) ri ri i .
@A J

5A = |P | = @E=C = @= =E H HACE Ri @= F=HJE ri 0, i 0, rki r, ki A ri r. 2 HJ=

R.

- J

IA

|P | 0

IACKA GKA

F @A

I AI?HALAH

V = lim
K IA =

n i=1

|P |0

f (rki , ki ) ri ri i

V =

r2

f (r, ) rdrd.

8E I = JAHE H A JA GKA = F=HJE @A K = HACE R F H HAJ=I F=H= A =I = I AEN I x A y CAH= IK> HACE AI HAJ= CK =HAI ?K I =@ I I xi A yi A HA= Ai = xi yi . - J =JKH= I FAHCK J=H I IA =I HA=I Ai = xi yi A Ai = ri ri i I ECK=EI
*5-48) ! " 

? =H GKA

F H

F @A IA

IJH=H GKA

xy 0 r 0

lim xi yi

lim ri ri i

= 1 A EII E F E?= GKA

dxdy = rdrd. )IIE

= AGKEL=

?E= A JHA = E JACH= @KF = A

? H@A =@=I HAJ= CK =HAI A =

!

E JACH= @KF = A

? H@A =@=I F =HAI

x2

@=@= F H

y2

r2

f (x, y ) dxdy =
x1 y1 r1

f (r cos , r sin ) rdrd.

.ECKH= ! &

-:-

! "

-I?HAL= = E JACH= A

? H@A =@=I F =HAI GKA ?= ?K = = HA= I

>HA=@= =

.ECKH= ! &

4ACE

@A 1 JACH=

-NA

! "

6A

I =I IACKE JAI AGK= x2 + y 2 = 4 A

AI F=H= =I ?EH?K BAH 2 2

?E=I =I GK=@H= JA I @

r=2 =
= E JAHIA . 2 HJ= J 3 @=I ?EH?K BAH = HA= A ?

A ?E=I

(x 2) + y = 4 A ?=HJAIE= r = 4 cos A F =HAI 1 JA I cos = , GKA FHE AEH 2

=HAI @=@= F H

H@A =@=I F

A=
0

4 cos

rdrd.

-:-

! " !

= r = 4 sin .
F=II

- ? JHA = HA= @= HACE

CA I F

GKA

IE K J= A= A JA ANJAHE H = r = 2 A E JAHE H
@AIA =@= AIJ @=I ?KHL=I E KIJH=@= = .ECKH= ! '

5 K
FH NE

) HAFHAIA J= A ? JH=H

JHE?= @= HACE J I @A E JAHIA

.ECKH= ! ' 1CK= = @ =I AGK= AI >JA

4ACE I

@A 1 JACH=

-NA

! " !

4 sin = 2
) J=>A = @A E EJ= JAI

sin =
@=@= F H

1 2

5 . 6

!!

E =H? =H? H=E H=E )IIE = HA= @= HACE

EJ= JAI

E BAHE H IKFAHE H E BAHE H IKFAHE H

-GK= = 6 = 56

AI

r=2 r = 4 sin

@=@= F H

A = =
6 6

5 6

4 sin

rdrd =
6

5 6

r2 2
5 6 6

4 sin

d
2

5 6

) 8 sin2 2 d =
5 6

(2 4 cos(2))d

= (2 2 sin(2))
6

10 10 2 sin = 6 6
-:2 ! " "

2 2 2 sin 6 6
0
2

4 = + 2 3. 3 5er drd @A ? H@A =@=I F

2

6H= IB H A = E JACH= @KF = I =

2
2 cos +2 sin

=HAI F=H= ? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I KJE E = @ = x ? L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA > y ?

L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA
], [0, 2
F = GKA I E @E?= GKA = HACE

5 K

, I E AIJ

EJ= JAI @A E JACH= IEJK=@= I @E >JA GKA FHE H=E I = HACE AEH F

JA

I GKA

@A E JACH= 2 [ cos +2 , 2] sin 2 2

GKA )IIE

xy. 6A I J= > GKA r =H L=HE= @AI@A = HAJ= x + 2y = 2 =J = ?EH?K BAH ?E=

GK=@H= JA @ IJH=@= = .ECKH= ! 

x + y = 4.

@A E JACH=

.ECKH= !  2=H= JH= IB H =H

4ACE

@A 1 JACH= JA GKA
2

-NA

! " "

E JACH= @

5er 5ex +y 5e drd = rdrd = dydx. r x2 + y 2

r2
2 HJ= J = 6 = @

L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA JA

I
2 2

I=
0

4x2

2x 2

5ex +y dydx. x2 + y 2

!"

> 6 ? HHA K

= @

L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA

A?AII HE

= I

= @A E JACH=EI

GKA

= JH ?= @A E

-:-

2 4y2 2 2 2 2 5ex +y 5ex +y I= dxdy + dxdy. x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2 0 1 22y 0 9 3 ! " # + IE@AHA = ANFHAII I = y 2 cos(x7 )dxdy.
1 0 y

4y2

EJ=

F=H=

x,

EIJ

= 1 LAHJ= = H@A @A E JACH= @A I, K IA = HAAI?HAL= AIJ= ANFHAII J = @ x ? L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA > 4AAI?HAL= AIJ= ANFHAII KI= @ ? H@A =@=I F =HAI ? += ?K A L= H K HE? @A I, KJE E = @ K = @=I ANFHAII AI = JAHE HAI

5 K

1 E?E= >JA

A JA

@ALA

I AI>

=H = HACE

@A E JACH=

@A

I.

x [ y, 3]

y [0, 9]

I = HACE

HAFHAIA J=@=

= .ECKH= ! 

.ECKH= !  = 2=H= E LAHJAH = H@A

4ACE

@A 1 JACH= A?AII HE A JA

@ J

-NA =H

! " # E @AFA @A JA )IIE

@A E JACH= I B=?E

) F=HJEH @= .ECKH= !  F @A

J=H GKA

x? L=HE LA x [0, 3] A y [0, x2 ].

I=
0
> 2=H= JH= IB H @A E EJ= = HACE =H

x2

y 2 cos(x7 )dydx.
=HAI ? A = I JH= IB H = @ =I ?KHL=I GKA

F=H= ?

H@A =@=I F

@A E JACH=

y = x2 r sin = r2 cos2 r = x = 3 r cos = 3 r =

= E JAHIA @AIJ=I ?KHL=I x

sin = tan sec cos2

3 = 3 sec . cos

=3

y = 9),

JA

I GKA

tan = 3 = arctan 3.
+ GKA = HACE @A E JACH= AIJ IEJK=@= FHE AEH GK=@H= JA @ F =

xy,

JA

[0, arctan 3]. - ? H=E F =H L=HE= @AI@A = F=H > = =J = HAJ= JA I GKA r [tan sec , sec ]. A >H= @ GKA A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI JA I x = r cos , y = r sin A dxdy = rdrd, >JA I GKA arctan 3 3 sec I= r3 sin cos(r7 cos7 )drd.
0 tan sec
!#

? 2=H= ?= ?K =H HAI LE@= 2 HJ= J

L= JA

HE?

@A

I, @ALA

FJ=H F H IK= EJA

A D H ANFHAII = = =EI IE

) = EI= @ F AI @A IAH

=I JH I ANFHAII AI @EIF

LAEI FAH?A>A I GKA

I GKA = E JACH= @

I =
0

x2

y 2 cos(x7 )dydx =
0

y3 cos(x7 ) 3
3

x2

dx
0

=
0

x 1 cos(x7 )dx = sin(x7 ) 3 21

=
0

1 sin(2187). 21

!$

! # -NAH? ?E I /AH=EI
 += ?K A =I E JACH=EI @KF =I @=@=I =>=EN

3x+1

(b)
0

3y +1

xy dxdy
2

(a)
0 x
2 6

xydydx
0 4 cos

(c)
0

xexy dydx
ln 2

cos sin re drd

r2

y2

(d)

(e)
0
EJA

x cos dxdy y
HA= @= HACE E E?E= A JA

(f )
0

xy 5 ex
@A E EJ=@= IE

2 y2

dxdy

-I?HAL= =I E JACH=EI @KF =I GKA FAH K J= A= @AFA @A JA A =F I J = @

?= ?K =H = J = @

R x
?

A JA FA =I ?KHL=I @=@=I =>=EN

L=HE LA E

L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA

= >
! H@A

y = x2 1, y = 1 x, y = y=
4x 3 8 +3 , y = 2 x, y
@A E JACH= IA

4x + 12 A 3 =x 2 A 2

y = 12 y=
16 3

9x . 2 4x . 3
JH ?= @ =

-I> ?A = HACE

A ?= ?K A =I E JACH=EI @KF =I @=@=I =>=EN

@A E JACH=

A?AII HE

= >
"

x sin(y 2 )dydx.
1

x2
2

cos x 1 + cos2 xdxdy.

=I = IACKEH AI> ?A CA AJHE?= A JA = HACE @A E JACH= A KJE E A ? H

arcsin y

I FH > A @A =@=I F

= > ? @ A B

#

14 x2 y 2 dxdy
R R

=HAI F=H= ?= ?K =H =I E JACH=EI @A

= HACE

@=@= F H

4 x2 + y 2 9. x2 + y 2 4
?

14 x2 y 2 dxdy

@A

= HACE

@=@= F H

x 0

y 0. 3 9x2
3 2

9x2 0

ex

2 y 2

dydx.

4x2 0 2+ 4x2 2 4x2

1 dydx. 4 + x2 + y 2 xy dydx. x2 + y 2
@A

(x2

1 dxdy + y 2 )3

= HACE

@=@= F H

4 x 2 + y 2 9.

-I?HAL= A = = HA= @=

A H

H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I =I E JACH= EI @KF =I GKA FAH EJA  ?= ?K =H 2 2 2 HACE @A E EJ=@= FA =I ?KHL=I x + y = 9 A y + 1 = 3x, J = @ >

L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA

L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA

!%

@A E = F

-I?HAL= =I E JACH= EI @KF =I GKA FAH 2 2 EJ=@= FA =I ?KHL=I x + y = 20 A y =

EJA

 ?= ?K =H =

HA= @=

x2 ,

A H

HACE

KI= @ ? ? H@A =@=I

x?
=HAI

L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA

>

y?

L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA

% + IE@AHA = ANFHAII

2xx2

I=
1

x2 + y 2 dydx. x+y
IK= H@A @A E JACH= =HAI H@A =@=I F

= >
&

4AAI?HAL= = ANFHAII 6H= IB H A = ANFHAII

@=@= E LAHJA @ @=@= F=H= ?

6H= IB H

A F=H= ?

H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I = IACKE JA E JACH=

I=
2 3 cos

sin drd. 2 x + 4y dxdy. x2 + y 2

' + IE@AHA = ANFHAII

2 2

1y2
y

I=
0

= 4AAI?HAL= = ANFHAII @=@= E LAHJA @ IK= H@A @A E JACH= > 6H= IB H A = ANFHAII @=@= F=H= ? H@A =@=I F =HAI ? 7JE E A K = @=I ANFHAII AI A ? JH=@=I I EJA I = JAHE HAI F=H= ?= ?K =H
K  6H= IB H HE? @A

L=

I. I =

A = E JACH= = @

r3 drd

@A ?

H@A =@=I F

=HAI F=H= ?

H@A =@=I

?=HJAIE= =I J =  +

L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA

>

L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA

IE@AHA = IACKE JA ANFHAII

I=
0

x2

x cos((1 y ) )dydx +
2 1

2x2

x cos((1 y )2 )dydx.
@= ANFHAII =?E =

= 4AFHAIA JA CA > += ?K A  7JE E A ? L= H

AJHE?= K HE?

A JA = HACE @A

@A E JACH= =

I,

=@ J= @

A D H ANFHAII =

F=H= EII

H@A =@=I F

I=

1
1 2

=HAI F=H= HAAI?HALAH = I 2 x x

2 2

4x2

1x2

xydydx +
1 0

xydydx +

xydydx

A ! +

E?= E JACH= @KF =

IE@AHA = IACKE JA ANFHAII

I=
0

1y 2

2 2yy2 2 x2 + y 2 x + y2 dxdy + dxdy. x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2 1 0

E LAHJA @ F=H= ? @A = IK= H@A @A E JACH= =HAI

= 4AAI?HAL= AIJ= ANFHAII > 6H= IB H ? += ?K A A AIJ= ANFHAII L= H K HE?

H@A =@=I F K

I,

KJE E = @

=I @=I ANFHAII AI = JAHE HAI

!&

"

+= ?K A

(x + 3y )dA,

@A

= HACE

JHE= CK =H @A L HJE?AI

(0, 0), (1, 1)

(2, 0). r =

#

+= ?K A

1+

D cos A ANJAH =

1 dA, IA @ x2 + y 2

, = HACE ?E=

IA

EF =

E JAH =

?=H@E E@A

?EH?K BAH

r = 1.

!'

! $ 4AIF IJ=I


(a)

9 4

(b)

103 60
2

(c) e4 5
4x +12 3

(d)
0

e12 + 23 64 dydx +

(e)
1 0

(f ) 1 (eln 8

ln4 2 1)
2 12 9x

4x +12 3

x 12 92

dydx +
1

(a)

A=
3 x2 1

dydx +
2 1x
242y 9

1x
242y 9

dintx2 12 dydx

A=
0

y +1

dxdy +
3

dxdy +
8

12

1y 0

y +1

dxdy
3y 9 4

(b) A=

4x+8 3

dydx +
0

4x+8 3

dydx +
1

16 x 43 3

dydx
x 2 2

2x

x 2 2

A=

2y +4

dxdy +
0

y 4 3 4 3 y 8 4

dxdy

2y

! "

=

1 cos 16 4
10 (2 3

>

2 21 3

(a)

10

5)

(b) (7 14 5 10) 3 64 15 3 9x2 (e )

2 9x2

(c) (1 e9 ) (f ) 65 2592

(d) + 4 ln 2 2 ln 6
# =

2
1 3

3x1

A=
5

3x1

dydx +

dydx

9y2
y 2 +1 3

>

A=

5 2

dxdy

20x2

=

A=
2 4 x2 y

dydx dxdy +
4 20

20y2

>

A=
0

?

dxdy
20y 2

arctan 2 0

tan sec

20

A=2
1

rdrd + 2
1 2 cos 1+

rdrd
arctan 2

1y 2

=

I=
0
4

x2 + y 2 dxdy x+y

&

r drd cos + sin sec 0 3 9x2 3 3xx2 y y I= dydx + dydx 2 2 2 x + y2 0 3xx2 x + y 0 9x2
>

I=

"


' =

2 2

0 1

I=
0
4

2x + 4y dydx + x2 + y 2

1
2 2

1x2

2 x + 4y dydx x2 + y 2

> ?

I= 2 I=
0
2 2

(2r cos + 4r sin )drd

1 2

2
x y 1x2

 =

2 2

(x2 + y 2 )dydx
1
2 2

>

I=
0 0

(x2 + y 2 )dxdy +

1y2
0

(x2 + y 2 )dxdy



=

1 sin 1 2 2 4 I= r3 cos sin drd

>

I=

! =

1+ 1x2

I=
0
2 4

2xx2 2 sin

x2 + y 2 dydx x2 + y 2

>

I= I =2 22
2 cos

drd

? " #

I=2 I=2

"

+=F JK

"

1 6-/4)15 6412 )5
> AJEL I =  - ? JH=H = @ L= ?=F JK AIFAH= IA GKA = K IA = ?=F= @A H @A K JHE?= A = E JACH= JHEF = IE?= ? ? ? A JA K = E JACH= JHEF =

1 JAHFHAJ=H CA ! " # $

+= ?K =H E JACH=EI JHEF =I A += ?K =H E JACH=EI JHEF =I A += ?K =H E JACH=EI JHEF =I A 6H= IB H ?E =H K = E JACH=

H@A =@=I HAJ= CK =HAI H@A =@=I ?E @HE?=I

H@A =@=I AIB HE?=I H@A =@=I HAJ= CK =HAI F=H= ?E @HE?=I A @A

JHEF = @A ?

@HE?=I F=H= HAJ= CK =HAI =H K = E JACH= JHEF = @A ? H@A =@=I HAJ= CK =HAI F=H= AIB HE?=I A @A AIB HE

6H= IB H

?=I F=H= HAJ= CK =HAI & 6H= IB H F=H= ?E ' =H K @HE?=I = E JACH= JHEF = F=H= HAI = L = CKH= @A E K = BAHH= EJ=@= F H IKFAHB ?EAI A A ? A J= JA? CE?= LAHE ?=H IA I > AJEL I B H= @A @AIA L @A B H LE K A J JH=H IAK L K A I JH I IEIJA =I @A ? H@A =@=I A @A?E@EH GK= IEIJA = = E JACH= JHEF = @A ? H@A =@=I ?E @HE?=I F=H= AIB HE?=I A @A AIB HE?=I

J=H K

=EI =@AGK=@   .= AH = 4AI

=GKAJA @A K

LAH ANAH? ?E I KI= @ ?

) FH L= IAH =JE CE@ I = JA HE?

F IJ= F H GKAIJ AI GKA F IIE>E EJ= AIIA @A H JAEH F=H= HEA J= = B H K = =@ J=@

2 HJ= J

AI @A IAKI AIJK@ I @ I ANAH? ?E I A

@=I GKAIJ AI @AIIA ?=F JK

AII= =F IJE =

"

"  1 JH @K
)I E JACH=EI JHEF =I =F E?=@=I I >HA I I E JACH=EI @KF =I =F E?=@=I I >HA K I F H =L= =@
6)

E@ I

AIF= @ F = F=HJA @

= HACE

xyz xy
?

@A

E@=I @A B H II > AJEL JANJ @A K

= = @A ?

C= ?K

@EI?KJEH

HAI @= @A 8= I AI>

F EI AIJAI B= A

JA @

=H =FA =I =I E@AE=I FHE ?EF=EI

JH I L=HE LAEI @A I >HA S ?

"  

5A = S K I E@ AIF= JHE@E A IE = A f : S R K = BK @A E@= I >HA ?=@= F J (x, y, z ) S. ,A J=HA I = E JACH= JHEF = @A f

f (x, y, z ) dxdydz.

"
2=H= ? B H

1 JAHFHAJ=
N=H =I E@AE=I L= A E KIJH= = .ECKH= " 

/A
I IKF H GKA = @

JHE?= @= 1 JACH= 6HEF =

I ? E@

S n
F =

F=H= A AF FA@

= F=HJE H@A =@ I

@AIIA F=H= A AF FA@

>JE@= IA??E

I F=H= A

I = I AEN I ?

.ECKH= "  BH=?E @ I ? - J L = K A J @A

2=HJE K

@A K ?

I K J

E@ @A IK> F=HA A AF FA@ I ?D= =

>JE@

FA = F=HJE

K =I @= F=HJE

i?
@ I

K = A IA = E@

=II= @=

i? S IAH

5KF D= I GKA K = i? K = JA D= @E A I AI xi , yi A zi . F J GK= GKAH @= i? K = Vi = xi yi zi . 5A = (x i , yi , zi ) K f : S R = BK @A IE@=@A A ?=@= F J @A S, A J K = AIJE =JEL= @= ) x y z A @AIIA @ K = AIJE =JEL= @= =II= , z , y K = m i = f ( x i i i i i i A @AII=

m
5A @ I

n i=1

f ( x i , yi , zi ) xi yi zi .
= @= =E H ? K = @= F=HJE @A

|N | E@ S

? IAH

FHE

A J

@= @E=C

S,

A J

=II=

@=@= F H

m = lim
K

n i=1

|N |0

f (x i , yi , zi ) xi yi zi

m=
S

f (x, y, z ) dxdydz.

"!

*5-48)

"

L= H K

HE?

 5A f (x, y, z ) = 1 A J = =II= m A L K A V @ I E@ JA 2 HJ= J L K A @A K I E@ A JAH I @A E JACH=EI JHEF =I

AI @=@ F H

V =

dxdydz.

" ! + ?K @= 1 JACH= 6HEF = A CK =HAI

5A =

+ H@A =@=I 4AJ=

FA =I ?

E@

@A E A

EJ=@

FA =I ?KHL=I ?

IKFAHB ?EAI

z = f (x, y )

z = g (x, y ),

x = a, x = b, y = y1 (x) A y = y2 (x) A f (x, y ) g (x, y ) F=H= J @ (x, y ) , @A =? H@

EJ= JAI -GK=

= J=>A = =>=EN 6=>A = @A E EJ= JA AIGKAH@= @EHAEJ=

AI

+KHL= +KHL=

+KHL= E BAHE H +KHL= IKFAHE H 5KFAHB ?EA E BAHE H 5KFAHB ?EA IKFAHE H ) E JACH= JHEF= @A K = BK ? J K=

x=a x=b y = y1 (x) y = y2 (x) z = f (x, y ) z = g (x, y )

F H

f (x, y, z ) I >HA I E@ S @=@= b y2 (x) g(x,y) f (x, y, z ) dxdydz = f (x, y, z ) dzdydx.

S a y1 (x) f (x,y )

-:- 2 " !  ,AJAH E A A 2x + 4y + z = 8.

L K A @ I E@ @A E EJ=@ FA I F = I z = 0, y = 0, x = 0
CA AJHE?= A JA I E@ .ECKH= " 

5 K

1 E?E=

I HAFHAIA J= @

.ECKH= " I >HA I >HA IACKE@= F = KJH @ALA ? I FH H@A =@ I E@ J AJ=H I

5 E@

E@

-NA

" !  I ? H@A =@ I FJ=@ ) FH F H FH A AJ=H

I >HA K

@ I F =

xy
F =

F @A IAH LEIJ= EJ= JAI @

= .ECKH= " ! = @

JA GKA F @AH =

I JAH

) J=>A = @A E

L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA

@=@= F H

""

.ECKH= " !

2H

F =

xy.
AI

E +KHL= +KHL=

EJ= JAI AIGKAH@= @EHAEJ=

-GK=

+KHL= E BAHE H +KHL= IKFAHE H 5KFAHB ?EA E BAHE H 5KFAHB ?EA IKFAHE H )IIE L K A @AIA =@ @=@ F H

x=0 x=4 y=0 y =2 x 2 z=0 z = 8 2x 4y

82x4y

V =
0

2 x 2

82x4y

dzdydx =
0

0 4

2 x 2

z
0

dydx
2 x 2

= =
0 0

4 0 4

2 x 2

(8 2x 4y )dydx = ( ) (
0

(8y 2xy 2y 2 ) )2 dx =
0

dx
0 4

1 1 16 4x 2x 2 x 2 2 x 2 2

32 1 u.v. (8 4x + x2 )dx = 2 3

-:-

" !

IEJK=@

+= ?K A L K A @ I E@ @A E EJ=@ FA I ?E E @H I z 2 + x2 = 9 A y 2 + x2 = 9 FHE AEH ?J= JA

CA AJHE?= A JA @ I E@ F @A IAH LEIJ= = .ECKH= " "

5 K

) HAFHAIA J=

.ECKH= " " + @A E EJ= GKA AIJ 8A = I FHE E@ AIJ E@ AEH IEJK=@ A FHE

E@ AEH F =

-NA

" !

?J= JA

I F = = F=HJA

AIJA I

A = FH

I >HA

xy

x = 0, y = 0 A z = 0 2 2 @= ?EH?K BAH ?E= x + y = 9

I

GK=@H= JA EJ= JAI

I = J=>A = @A E

"#

E +KHL= +KHL=

EJ= JAI AIGKAH@= @EHAEJ=

-GK=

AI

+KHL= E BAHE H +KHL= IKFAHE H 5KFAHB ?EA E BAHE H 5KFAHB ?EA IKFAHE H L K A @=@ F H

x=0 x=3 y= 0 y = 9 x2 z= 0 z = 9 x2

V = =
0 0

9x2

9x2

dzdydx =
0 3 0

9x2

9 x2 dydx
3

y 9 x2
0

9x2

dx =

x3 (9 x )dx = 9x 3
2

= 18
0

K L

-:-

" ! !

-I?HAL=
F = K 2

L K A @ I E@ @ -NA F " !
xy
KI= I

@A $ B H =I @EIJE J=I
 K L=HE LA F = JA I =I C J J= A JA @A = F=HJA @= EJ= AI A =I

5 K
 2H AJ= @

? FHE

L=HE LA ) FH AEH

AIF=?E= A

FA @A JA A ?EH?K BAH E JACH=EI

?E=

y? L=HE LA E 2 x + y = 9 GKA AIJ

@AFA @A JA

I >HA

xy
E

GK=@H= JA

E

x?

L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA

EE

y?

L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA

z [0, 9 x2 ] y [0, 9 x2 ] x [0, 3] z [0, 9 x2 ] x [0, 9 y 2 ] y [0, 3]

L=HE LA JA AEH ) FH A

V =
0

9x2

9x2

dzdydx 9y2
0
J J=

V =
0

9x2

dzdxdy
0
A JA @A = F=HJA @= EJ= AI A =I

2H

AJ= @

FA @A JA A ?EH?K BAH E JACH=EI

?E=

F = xz KI= I y ? z ? L=HE LA E @AFA @A 2 x + z = 9 GKA AIJ FHE K 2

AIF=?E=

 K L=HE LA F = I =I C JA

I >HA

xz
E

GK=@H= JA

E

x?

L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA

EE

z?

L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA

y [0, 9 x2 ] z [0, 9 x2 ] x [0, 3] y [0, 9 x2 ] x [0, 9 z 2 ] z [0, 3] x

? ) FH F H A ?

V =
0

9x2

9x2

dydzdx
0 9z 2

V =
0

9x2

dydxdz
A JA @AFA GK=@H=@ F @A ? HHA I =I E I KI=H F = EJ= AI

! E

2H EJ=@

AJ= @

F =

yz

KI=

L=HE LA AIF=?E=  K L=HE LA J J= I >HA AIJ= FH F = A

@A JA A =FA =I K

y
F H

z ? L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA y = 0, z = 0, y = 3 A z = 3,
F EI D JH ?= @A E @ I ?E E @H I EJ=

yz

= E JACH=

y=z

>JE@

FA = E JAHIA

x2 + y 2 = 9

= L=HE LA x A AIJ= JH ?= 2 2 A x + z = 9, C JA

A =I E JACH=EI

"$

E

L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA

x [0, 9 y 2 ] z [y, 3] y [0, 3]

3

2 x [0, 9 z ] z [0, y ] y [0, 3]

V =
0

9y2 dxdzdy +
0

9z 2

dxdzdy
0

EE

L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA

x [0, 9 y 2 ] y [0, z ] z [0, 3]

3

x [0 , 9 z2] y [z, 3] z [0, 3]

V =
0

9y2 dxdydz +
0

9z 2

dxdydz
0

-:-

" ! "

y = 0 A y = 5.

- ? JHA L K A @ I E@ @A E EJ=@ FA =I IKFAHB ?EAI z = 9x2 , z = 5y,

I ? = ? IJHK @ I E@ @A =? H@ ? = .ECKH= " #

5 K

1 E?E=

.ECKH= " # FH NE F=II HAI LA = 2 @AJAH I

E@

-NA

" ! " @A E JACH= 1CK= = @ I >HA F = AI

E =H =I ?KHL=I GKA E IEIJA = @A AGK= AI

EJ=

xy.

2=H= EII

>JA

I = F=H >

FA =I ?KHL=I

y = x2 4. ,AIIA @ F = y = x 4, y = 0 A y = 5 .ECKH= " $

z = 9 x2 z =5y xy, = HACE

= HACE

=I @K=I AGK= @A E

@A E JACH=

EJ=@=

.ECKH= " $ 2=H= @E E KEH JH=>= D @ FH ?AII

2H

F = ?

xy
LA EA JA J =H

@A E JACH= EJ= JAI

L=HE LA

E @AFA @A JA

,AIIA

= J=>A = @A E

@=@= F H

"%

EJ= JAI

-GK=

AI

+KHL= E BAHE H +KHL= IKFAHE H +KHL= +KHL= AIGKAH@= @EHAEJ=

5KFAHB ?EA E BAHE H 5KFAHB ?EA IKFAHE H )IIE L K A @AIA =@ @=@ F H

y=0 y=5 x= y+4 x= y+4 z =5y z = 9 x2

V =
0
?

y +4

9x2

dzdxdy =
0

y +4

9x2

dxdy =
0

y +4

y +4
I E@

5y
IE JHE? A HA =

y +4
= AEN

z
5y

y +4

) 4 x2 + y dxdy,

y,
5

F @A

I AI?HALAH

x = 2 4x + yx dy 4 x + y dxdy = 2 3 0 0 0 0 ) 3 5 5( ( y + 4) 8 2 4 y + 4 = 2 + y y + 4 dy = 2 y + 4 + y y + 4 dy 3 3 3 0 0
2

y +4

y +4

8 32 32 (y + 4)3 + (y + 4)5 (y + 4)3 = 9 15 9 = 8 (y + 4)5 15

" ! #

0
K L

=
0

8 8 1688 8 5 5 ( 9 4 ) = (35 25 ) = (243 32) = 15 15 15 15

-:-

+= ?K A

L= H K

HE? @A I =

x dV, IA @ S

I E@ @ -NA F

"!"

5 K
I=
0 5

= HAI

ANA

=?E

= JA

I = J=>A = @A E

EJ= JAI A J

>=IJ= AI?HALAH

I =I E JACH=EI EJAH=@=I

y +4

9x2

xdzdxdy =
0
AH  I E@ GKA

y +4

(9x x 5x + xy )dxdy =
3 0
IA AIJEL IIA

y +4

5y

y +4

0dy = 0.
= =II=

>IAHLA GKA @ I @ I @ E@ E E@ E - J ) F H

HAIK J=@

B=HE= IA JE@ @A E JACH= F HJ= J LA I K A =

I ?= ?K = @ A L= = BK HAI

>IAHLA GKA = BK

f (x, y, z ) = x
= E JACH=

=IIK

AC=JEL I I >HA K

@A E JACH= AIJA ?=I @EII

S

F @A HAFHAIA J=H = @A IE@=@A @AIJA JHEF = @A K

=FA =I HAI

>IAHLA GKA

I=
0
= FHE AEH= @ AH @

y +4

9x2

xdzdxdy = 2
0
AH 

y +4

9x2

y +4

xdzdxdy,
5y
F @A A HA = = I KI=H IE AEN AJHE= AIJA ?=I JHE?

5y

A = IACK @= E IE @A E JACH= JHE?=

@EBAHA JA @A I E@

F EI =FAI=H @ E JACH= @

2 HJ= J

?KE@=@ ?
"&

S, IAH IE

KI @A IE AJHE=I

= BK

-:-

2 " ! $ .= = = J=>A = @A E EJ= JAI A AI?HAL= = E JACH= GKA FAH EJA ?= ?K =H = =II= @ I E@ @A E EJ=@ FA =I IKFAHB ?EAI x2 + y 16 = 0, x + y 4 = 0, y = 2x + 13, z = 0 A z = 10, IA @ = @A IE@=@A @=@= F H d (x, y, z ) = x2 yz.

5 K
AIJ IEJK=@=

E@ F =

@AIA =@

IEJK= IA A JHA HAFHAIA J=@=

I F =

z=0

z = 10.

) >=IA @

E@

GKA

xy,

AIJ

= .ECKH= " %

.ECKH= " % + ? HHA JH ?= = E EJ= >JA E +KHL= +KHL=

2H

F =

xy
A @K=I IK> HACE AI

IKFAHE H @ALA I = J=>A =

I @ELE@EH AIJ= HACE

R1

R2 .

)IIE

FH ?A@A @

EJ= JAI AIGKAH@= @EHAEJ=

+KHL= E BAHE H +KHL= IKFAHE H 5KFAHB ?EA E BAHE H 5KFAHB ?EA IKFAHE H C = =II= @AIA =@= @=@= F H

R1 x = 3 x=1 y =4x y = 2x + 13 z=0 z = 10

R2 x=1 x=4 y =4x y = 16 x2 z=0 z = 10

0

M=

2x+13

10

x yz dzdydx +
3 4x 1 4x

16x2

10

x2 yz dzdydx.

-:-

" ! %

4AAI?HAL= = ANFHAII

3 3 4

16y 2

16y 2 2

dzdxdy +
0

16y 2 0

62x 3

I=
0

dzdxdy

3 3 4

K =
2H

E?= E JACH= JHEF = A

AJ= @ F = = HACE

? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I @A " B H =I @EIJE J=I

D K = JH ?= @A E I F = @= FHE EJ= JAI ? B H A = ANFHAII @ F = @=@= =

5 K
F H

xy
@

I.

1 JAHFHAJ= @

= E JACH= @=@= JA F =

xy

= IACKE JA HACE

HAFHAIA J=@=

.ECKH= " & IA @

R1

xy

AEH= E JACH= A

R2
K

= HACE

xy

@= IACK @= E JACH= ) E A FJE? EJ= AIF=?E= C= A @ I @=@= FA =I IKFAHB ?EAI AEN E@

GKA IA FH L K

HAFHAIA J=

HAFHAIA J=@

z= 6 2x z= GKA 3

16 y 2 2
K F =

GKA

H= =

@A K AEN

?E E @H =IIE

F=H= A

y,

= .ECKH= " '

"'

R1

R2

.ECKH= " &

2H

F =

xy.

.ECKH= " '

E@

?K

@=@

F H

I.

2H

AJ= @

F =

xz,

JA

I = HACE

HAFHAIA J=@=

= .ECKH= " 

.ECKH= "  )IIE  =

2H

F =

xz.

  2H

0 0 0 0 0 0
AJ=

J=CA @=I E JACH=EI @=@= F H 2 63z 164z2 y 16 4z 2 2 63z I = dydxdz x 2 0 0 0 z 2 3 62x 164z2 y 16 4z 2 3 62x dydzdx I = z 3 0 0 0 x 3 @ F = yz, JA I = HACE HAFHAIA J=@= = .ECKH= " 

.ECKH= "  )IIE = J=CA @=I E JACH=EI

2H

F =

yz.

@=@= F H

#

!

"

0 0 0 0 0 0

63z x 2 16y 2 z 2 y 4 3z x 6 2 y 16 4z 2 z 2

I=
0

16y 2 2

63z 2

dxdzdy
2

164z 2

63z 2

I=
0

dxdydz

" " 1 JACH=EI 6HEF =I A

? = CK I ANA F I K = E JACH= LAHJA @ = F=H= ? H@A =@=I ?E

+ H@A =@=I +E
JHEF = F @A IAH HAI LE@= @A K 8A = I AIJA FH ?AII

@HE?=I
= B H = =EI IE F AI @A ? LAHI

@HE?=I

.ECKH= "  5A = BK

H@A =@=I +E

@HE?=I

0 < 1 0 2 A IKF D= I GKA I H=E I r1 A r2 0 r1 () r2 () IA = L E@ F=H= J @ [1 , 2 ] . 5A = f (r, ) A g (r, ) BK AI ? J K=I J=EI GKA f (r, ) g (r, ) IA = LAH@=@AEH F=H= J @ [1 , 2 ] A J @ r1 ( ) r2 ( ) . 5A = S I E@ ? IJEJK @ F H J @ I I F J I ?K =I ? H@A =@=I ?E @HE?=I I=JEIB= = =I ? @E AI 0 1 , r1 ( ) r2 ( ) A f (r, ) g (r, ) . 0
A

1
J

@ EI =H? I J=EI GKA K=I @A

AI ?

J=EI GKA

- J

JA

I = J=>A = @A E

EJ= JAI 6=>A = @A E +KHL=I )H? )H? 4=E 4=E E BAHE H IKFAHE H E JAH ANJAH EJ= JAI -GK=

AI

5KFAHB ?EA E BAHE H 5KFAHB ?EA IKFAHE H 7 = E JACH= JHEF = GKA A

= 1 = 2 r = r1 () r = r2 () z = f (r, ) z = g (r, ) .

b
a

H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I IA AI?HALA ?

y2 (x)

g (x,y )

I=
y1 (x) f (x,y )
JH= IB H =@= A ? H@A =@=I ?E

f (x, y, z ) dzdydx
@HE?=I F=H=

r2 ()

g (r,)

I=
1 r1 ( ) f (r, )

f (r cos , r sin , z ) rdzdrd.

#

-:-

" " 

y 2 + x2 +1 z = 0, E BAHE H A JA FA
/A AJHE?= A JA JA

,AJAH E =H

L K A @ I E@ @A E EJ=@ IKFAHE H A JA FA F=H=> E@A F = z = 0 A =JAH= A JA FA ?E E @H x2 + y 2 2y = 0.

I IACKE JA I E@ HAFHAIA J=@ = .ECKH= " !

5 K

.ECKH= " ! ) FH IA J H = A 2 F =

E@ ?E=

-NA

" "  =F I ? F AJ=H GK=@H=@ I

xy = ?EH?K BAH 2 x + (y 1) = 1 .ECKH= " "

x2 + y 2 2y = 0 GKA

.ECKH= " " I FH > A E@ AIJ @A E ? EJ=@ E BAHE H

2H

A F = I

F =

xy
H A JA FA F=H=> E@A

A JA FA

z = 0 A IKFAHE
KEJ

z = y 2 + x2 + 1.
= KI= @ E

.= A @

=I J=>A =I F @A @HE?=I

>IAHL=H GKA

=EI B ?E HAI

LAH AIIA

H@A =@=I ?E ? H@

EJ= JAI A +KHL=I +KHL= +KHL=

HAJ= CK =HAI -GK= AI )H? )H? 4=E 4=E

EJ= JAI A E BAHE H IKFAHE H E JAH ANJAH

H@

?E

@HE?=I AI

+KHL=I

-GK=

AIGKAH@= @EHAEJ=

+KHL= E BAHE H +KHL= IKFAHE H 5KFAHB ?EA E BAHE H 5KFAHB ?EA IKFAHE H

x = 1 x=1 y = 1 1 x2 y = 1 + 1 x2 z=0 z = y 2 + x2 + 1

5KFAHB ?EA E BAHE H 5KFAHB ?EA IKFAHE H

1 = 0 2 = r1 = 0 r2 = 2 sin z=0 z = r2 + 1

#

H@A =@=I ?E

@HE?=I

@=@

F H

V = = =
0 0

2 sin

1+r2

rdzdrd =
0 0

2 sin

r(1 + r2 )drd r2 r4 + 2 4
2 sin

2 sin

(r + r3 )drd =
0

d
0

(2 sin2 + 4 sin4 )d = 0
0

2 sin2 (1 + 2 sin2 )d

= 0 =
0

2 sin (1 + 2 sin )d = (2 3 cos(2) + cos2 (2))d

(1 cos(2))(2 cos(2))d

3 = 2 sin(2) 2
-:2 " "

+
0

1 + cos(4) 1 1 d = 2 + + sin(4) 2 2 8

= 2 +
0

5 = u.v. 2 2

4AFHAIA JA CH= ?= A JA
V =
0 0 2

I E@ ?K
2

L K A
rdzdrd.

@=@ FA = E JACH=

4r 2 cos2

5 K

) F=HJEH @ I E

EJ= JAI @= E JACH= F @A E EJ= JAI A +KHL=I E BAHE H IKFAHE H E JAH ANJAH ?

I ?

IJHKEH = J=>A = @HE?=I AI

H@A =@=I ?E -GK=

)H? )H? 4=E 4=E

5KFAHB ?EA E BAHE H 5KFAHB ?EA IKFAHE H + @HE? JA )IIE IE@AH= @ L=HE= @AI@A = I K ?E E @H JH= A IKFAHE H A ? I =H? I E BAHE H A IKFAHE H ? I HECA ?A JH=@ A JA JA I I E@ I @ F = =

1 = 0 2 = 2 r1 = 0 r2 = 2 z=0 z = 4 r2 cos2
? K + I GKA = >=IA @ I E@ AIJ FH AJ=@=

I >HA J @ I

I GK=@H= JAI F EI JA HECA

0 2.
=J = ?EH?K E? @A AGK= F=H=>

xy

z=0

?E E @H E KIJH=@

0 r 2, JA I GKA H=E ?E BAH ?E= @A H=E 2. 2 HJ= J =JAH= A JA x2 + y 2 = 4. 1 BAHE H A JA JA I F = z = 4 x2  >IAHLA GKA r2 cos2 = x2 

= .ECKH= " #

.ECKH= " #

E@

-NA

" "

#!

-:-

" " !

-I?HAL= A

? H@A =@=I HAJ= CK =HAI = E JACH=

I=
0 0 0
AJHE?= A JA I E@ @A E JACH= 8= I
2

2 cos

9r2

r2 dzdrd.

5 K
?

1 E?E=

A JA @ALA EJ= JAI E

I E JAHFHAJ=H CA

IJHKEH = J=>A = @A E

EJ= JAI A ? H@A =@=I ?E @HE?=I +KHL=I -GK= AI )H? )H? 4=E 4=E E BAHE H IKFAHE H E JAH ANJAH

5KFAHB ?EA E BAHE H 5KFAHB ?EA IKFAHE H + I >HA IE@AH= @ FHE AEH I =H? I E BAHE H A IKFAHE H ? GK=@H= JA @ F =

1 = 0 2 = 2 r1 = 0 r2 = 2 cos z=0 z = 9 r2
I GKA = >=IA @ I E@ AIJ FH AJ=@= I 0 )C H= L= I AI?HALAH 2 5=>A I GKA x = r cos , @A @ GKA

? K

xy

F EI JA

= ?KHL= r = 2 cos A ? H@A =@=I 2 2 2 cos = x , A GKA r = x + y . )IIE r

HAJ= CK =HAI

2x r 2 = 2x r x2 + y 2 = 2 (x 1)2 + y 2 = 1. r = 2 cos =
8A A ? I GKA A ? H@A =@=I HAJ= CK =HAI ?E= @A AGK= @=@= F H EJ= JAI A +KHL=I +KHL= +KHL= AIGKAH@= @EHAEJ= ? H@A =@=I HAJ= CK =HAI -GK= AI EJ=@= FA = ?EH?K BAH

(x 1) + y = 1. ,AIIA

= FH A 2 2

E@ @

I >HA

F =

xy

@A E

= J=>A = @A E

EJ= JAI

H@A =@=I HAJ= CK =HAI E

+KHL= E BAHE H +KHL= IKFAHE H 5KFAHB ?EA E BAHE H 5KFAHB ?EA IKFAHE H 6= > JA @ALA I GKA I AI?HALAH @A B H

x=0 x=2 y=0 y = 2x x2 z=0 z = 9 ( x2 + y 2 ) r2 dzdrd.

+

= =@AGK=@= = ANFHAII

dxdydz =

rdzdrd
)IIE

r2 dzdrd = r (rdzdrd) =
= E JACH= @=@= IAH AI?HEJ= A ?

x2 + y 2 dxdydz.

H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I F H

I=
0

2xx2

9x2 y 2

x2 + y 2 dzdydx.

#"

-:-

2 " " " + IJHK= A ?= ?K A L K A @ A H I E@ @A E EJ=@ IE K J= A= A JA F H y = 0, y = 4, x2 + z 2 = x A x2 + z 2 = 3z.

5 K

-I>

E@

.ECKH= " $ 2H A F =

E@

-NA

" " "

xz :

.ECKH= " % 5A @ = FH A K = HACE HA =

2H

F =

xz
I IEIJA = IEIJA JA I = @A ?

A JHA ?EH?K BAH = F =

?E=I KI=HA

H@A =@=I ?E

@HE?=I A

xz

F=H= HAI

LAH = E JACH=

)IIE

1 JAHIA

x z y 2 x + z2 tg

= r cos { { 2 = r sin r = cos x + z 2 = x = y 2 2 r = x +z = 3z 3 sin = r2 z = x

?E=I = I K @ IEIJA =

@=I ?EH?K BAH

r = cos = . r = 3 sin 6

##

J=CA

A HAI

@= E JACH= A

H@A =@=I ?E

@HE?=I
2

V = =
0 0

3 sin

rdydrd +
6 6 2

cos

rdydrd

6 sin d +
0
6

2 cos2 d (
6 2

= 3 (

(1 cos(2))d + )
6

(1 + cos(2))d )
2

sin(2) = 3 2

sin(2) + + 2

=
6

5 3 6

" # 1 JACH=EI 6HEF =I A

= IA KI= @ A A A ? = JAHE H LE H@A =@=I ?E GKA F I GKA KI=H ? =EI HA? J A @=@ = CK I ?=I I >H= @

+ H@A =@=I -IB HE?=I

H@A =@=I ?E I ANF @HE?=I F @A B=?E EJ=H H=H IEIJA = @A ? @=@ KEJ JH=>= D H@A =@=I AIB HE?=I

@HE?=I =C H= GKAHA

P (, , ) , @A 2 2 x +y x = cos sin , y = sin sin , z = cos , 2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 , tan = A z y tan = . x 5A = 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 A 1 J=EI GKA 0 0 < 1 2, 0 0 < 1 A 0 0 < 1 . 5KF D= I GKA I E@ S IA = ? IJEJK @ F H J @ I I F J I ?K =I ? H@A =@=I AI B HE?=I (, , ) I J=EI GKA
? H@A =@=I AIB HE?=I F H

P (x, y, z ) , A

0 1
5A =

0 1
J @ I IF

0 1 .
J I@ - J I E@

f (x, y, z ) K
A

= BK ?

@A

E@= A

S A ?=@= F
I AI?HALAH

P (x, y, z )

F @A IAH AI?HEJ

H@A =@=I AIB HE?=I

f (, , ) .
2

F @A

x1

y1

z1

f (x, y, z ) dV (x, y, z ) =
x0
@A

f (, , ) dV (, , ),
1 1
A J J I

y0

z0
A =IIE

1
@A L ? K A @A ? H@A =@=I AIB HE?=I I

dV (x, y, z ) = dxdydz
I @AJAH E =H

dV (, , )
E =H I >JA

A A I F

GKA FHA?EI=

2=H= @AJAH

dV (, , )

IE@AHA =?H I?E

d, d

=JHE>K @ I = ?=@= L=HE LA

P (, , ) Q (, , + d) R (, + d, ) T ( + d, + d, ) .
= .ECKH= " & F @A I ?K >IAHL=H K L K F=H= A AF FA@ =@ E EJAIE = ?KHLE A ? @E A I AI

P T , QR

PQ ,

A =FH NE

dV = P T QR P Q .
-IJA F=H= A AF FA@ ?KHLE A A A A J @A L K A @A ? H@A =@=I AIB HE?=I

#$

.ECKH= " &

H@A =@=I -IB HE?=I

B ?E LAH GKA + CK

PT
?A

= L=HE= = ? H?K @A

Q FAHJA

? HHAIF

@A JA = L=HE=

A JHA I F J I P A T A F HJ= J P T = d @A H=E OP = OQ = A =H? P Q IK>A JA @A K , IACKA GKA

H=E

PQ = d.
+

OQU

Q A R FAHJA ?A Q = >JA I
@ >JA I

? H?K

@A H=E

OU

GKA

OU

=@

F IJ

JHE

CK

OU = OQ sin = sin
A @AIIA

QR = sin d.

2 HJ= J

dV = P T QR P Q = d (d) ( sin d) = 2 sin ddd.

A >H= @ GKA A ? ? H@A =@=I HAJ= CK =HAI JA I

dV = dxdydz,

= AGKEL=

?E= A JHA

I @EBAHA ?E=EI A

H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I A AIB HE?=I

dxdydz = 2 sin ddd.

2 HJ= J

x1 x0

y1

z1

f (x, y, z ) dzdydx =

f (, , ) 2 sin ddd.
1 1 1

y0

z0

-:-

" # 

4r3 V = . 3
8= F = )IIE A

IJHA KI= @ ? H@A =@=I AIB HE?=I GKA

L K A @A K = AIBAH= @A H=E r

5 K
FH

I KJE E =H K

xy
L

= AIBAH= ?A JH=@= = HECA @A AGK= 2 2 2 = ?EH?K BAH ?E= x + y = r A F HJ= J JA A @= AIBAH= ?= ?K =@ F H

0 .

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = r2 . 5K= I GKA 0 2 A

V =
0

4 2 sin ddd = r3 . 3
#%

-:-

2 " # -I?HAL= A ? H@A CH= EI GKA FAH EJA  ?= ?K =H L z 2 = 3x2 + 3y 2 A x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 ANFHAII AI >JE@=I F=H= ?= ?K =H L

=@=I HAJ= CK =HAI A A ? H@A =@=I AIB HE?=I =I E JA K A @ I E@ @A E EJ=@ FA =I IKFAHB ?EAI z 2 = x2 + y 2 I F J I A GKA z F IEJEL ) IACKEH KJE E A K = @=I K A @AIJA I E@

5 K
IEJK=@

2HE

AEH

x +y +z =4

HAFHAIA J= ? 2 2 2

I E JAHFHAJ=H ?=@= IKFAHB ?EA = .ECKH= " ' = AGK= z 2 = x2 + y 2 A E BAHE H = AGK= z 2 = 3x2 + 3y 2 HAFHAIA J= ? A IKFAHE H A = AGK= L= HAFHAIA J= = AIBAH= FH > A I @ EI ? = FA@A F=H= @AJAH AI E =H L K A @ I E@

E JAHE H @= AIBAH= A A JHA

.ECKH= " '

E@

-NA

" #

8= I IEIJA

I @AJAH

E =H =I ?KHL=I @A E JAHIA

A =I FH

AI I >HA

F =

xy

4AI

LA @

=I @A AGK=

AI

z 2 = x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 z2
@= FHE

{
A

z 2 = 3x2 + 3y 2 , x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4
= IACK @= AGK= >JA I

> I

I ?=I I IK>IJEJKE @

AEH= AGK= A

x2 + y 2 + x2 + y 2 = 4 2x2 + 2y 2 = 4 x2 + y 2 = 2
L AIBAH= x 2 2 K

x2 + y 2 + 3x2 + 3y 2 = 4 4 x 2 + 4y 2 = 4 x 2 + y 2 = 1.

+y +z = 4 A ? x + y + z2 = 4 A ? A z2 =
E EJ= JAI

A @ 2

I E@ 2

IAH

@=@

FA = @EBAHA = A JHA L K A @ I E@ @A E EJ=@ FA = 2 2 2 A z = x +y A L K A @ I E@ @A E EJ=@ FA = AIBAH= 3x2 + 3y 2 . )I J=>A =I @A E EJ= JAI I

+KHL= = AIGKAH@= +KHL= = @EHAEJ= +KHL= = E BAHE H +KHL= = IKFAHE H 5KFAHB ?EA E BAHE H 5KFAHB ?EA IKFAHE H 2 HJ= J L K A IAH @=@ F H

E@  x= 2 x= 2 2 y= 2x y = 2 x2 z = x2 + y 2 z = 4 x2 y 2 dzdydx
#&

E@

x = 1 x=1 2 y= 1x y = 1 x2 z = 3x2 + 3y 2 z = 4 x2 y 2

V =

2x2

4x2 y2
x2 + y 2

1x2

4x2 y2 dzdydx
3x2 +3y 2

2x2

1x2

+ ? FH AH

F @A @ F =

I FAH?A>AH = HAI H=E AIB HE?

@AIJ= E JACH= HECA =J AI

JH=>= D I=

8=

I AI?HAL

= A

H@A =@=I AIB HE?=I ) L=HE= A AI L=E @= = AIBAH= @A H=E = A HECA ?

= 2. = 4. ? E EJ= JAI @ I

xy I ?EH?K BAH ?E=I ? CK L=HE= A JHA I @ EI ? A @A AGK= z 2 = 3x2 + 3y 2

E@ A ? E EJ= JAI A ? +KHL=I )H? )H? )H? )H?

?A JH AGKEL= A =

= 2. + =I L=HE= @A @A AGK= z = x + y AGKEL= A = CK = 6 . 2 HJ= J = J=>A = @A

EIJ JA I GKA =H? 2 2 2

H@A =@=I AIB HE?=I

@=@= F H H@A =@=I AIB HE?=I -GK= AI

E BAHE H IKFAHE H E BAHE H IKFAHE H

5KFAHB ?EA E BAHE H 5KFAHB ?EA IKFAHE H )IIE L K A IAH @=@ F H

1 = 0 2 = 2 1 = 6 2 = 4 1 = 0 2 = 2

V =
0

sin ddd =
0 2

3 3

sin dd
0

=
0

=
0

2 8 sin dd = 3 0 6 ( ) 2 3 8 d = 3 2 2

8 cos d 3
6

4 ( 2 + 3) 3
2

=
0 5

) 8 ( 3 2 3

K L

-:-

" # !

+ IE@AHA = ANFHAII

I=2
0 ) =H?JC( 3 4
IA
3

ddd @=@= A

? H@A =@=I

AIB HE?=I  ,AI?HAL= A HAFHAIA JA CH= ?= A JA 4AAI?HAL= I KI= @ ? H@A =@=I ?E @

E @A E JACH=

@A I.

@HE?=I
 I E@

5 K

= 1@A JE ?=

@ AJHE=

@A E JACH=

S

= ANFHAII

AIJ

K JEF E?=@= F H  ANEIJA IE

2
2

EJ= JAI A

H@A =@=I AIB HE?=I

) =H?JC( 3 4
IA
I

LAHJA @

F=H= ?

H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I JA

=5 =
IA
3

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 25 x2 + y 2 = 9 z=
4 3

AIBAH= ?E E @H

= =H?JC ( 3 ) 4

x2 + y 2

IA

E ?

#'

>IAHL= @

GKA

A I

= L=HE= I GKA

@ ?E E @H I

CK E@

GKA ? S
E JAHE H

A =

A A L=E =J

F = A

xy.
@

= .ECKH= " H=E AIB HE? ?E E @H

 JA

I HAFHAIA J=@ AJHE= JA

A = AIBAH= @AI?HEJ I =?E AIBAH=

ANJAHE H =

A FA = IE 2

x + y + z = 25

= FA = E EJ= 2 2 4

x + y 2 = 9.

.ECKH= " > 2=H= AI?HALAH J= AI ?E ) FH A @HE?=I @HE?=I F =

E@

5 I @AI?HALAH LAHJAH  I E@

H@A =@=I ?E

@HE?=I @ALA A ?

E@A JE ?=H = BK

@A E JACH=

F=H= ?

H@A =@=I ?E

xy

AIJ

HAFHAIA J=@=
y

= .ECKH= "

.ECKH= "

2H

E@

F =

xy.

EJ= JAI @A

KI= @

IE

AJHE=

2 0 3 5 0 z 25 2 f (, , ) = 1 2

.K .K

@A E JACH= @A E JACH=

A A

? ?

H@A =@=I AIB HE?=I H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I

IA
x2 + 1 y2

f (x, y, z ) =

1 + z2

x2 + y 2

.K

@A E JACH=

H@A =@=I ?E

@HE?=I

f (, , z ) = 2 + z 2

25r2

I=2
0
" # "

1 dzdd. 2 + z 2

-:-

-I?HAL= I IEIJA =I @A ? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I ?E @HE?=I A AIB HE?=I =I ANFHAII AI GKA FAH EJA ?= ?K =H L K A @ I E@ @A E EJ=@ IE K J= A= A JA FA =I IKFAHB ?EAI x2 + y 2 = 2y, z = x2 + y 2 A z = 3x2 + 3y 2 .
2

4AI K
? A AI>

?E E z = x2 + y 2 @ I E@

@H @A E

x2 + y 2 = 2y
EJ=

@A E

EJ=@= =JAH= ? A

A JA

E BAHE H

A JA A

z=

E@

@AIA =@ IKFAHE H

A GK= J A JA 8A =

3x2 + 3y 2

= .ECKH= "

$

.ECKH= "

E@

-NA

" # "

2=H=

>JAH = E JACH= A I @ EI ? AI EIJ !

L=HE= A JHA

H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I >=IJ= >IAHL=H GKA = = JKH= @ z [ x2 + y 2 , 3x2 + 3y 2 ] A = FH A @ I E@

E@

F =

xy

@=@= FA = .ECKH= "

.ECKH= " )IIE - ? JH= J = @ I A J

2H

F = I GKA

xy y [0, 2] A GKA x [ 2y y 2 , 2y y 2 ].

y?

L=HE LA E @AFA @A JA JA ?

= IACKE JA E JACH= A

H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I

V =
0
)C H=

2yy2 3x2 +3y2

2y y 2

dzdxdy.
x2 + y 2
? H@A =@=I ?E @HE?=I >JA I GKA

z [r,
JA 2

3r]. + = FH A F = xy ? HHA =FA =I FHE AEH A IACK @ GK=@H= JAI [0, ], A GK= J H=E ?E @HE? L=HE= @= HECA r = 0 =J = ?EH?K BAH ?E= 2 x + y = 2y, GKA A ?E @HE?=I IA AI?HALA ? r = 2r sin , K IA = r = 2 sin . )IIE
I GKA 2 JH= A ? I = IACKE JA E JACH= A ? H@A =@=I ?E @HE?=I

HAAI?HALA @

=I AGK=

AI @ I ?

AI A

V =
0
? AI ? H@A =@=I AIB HE?=I = @ JA

2 sin

3r

rdzdrd.
I GKA >JA

[0, ]
I

A GKA

CK

LAHJE?=

L=HE= A JHA

6H= IB H

z = 3x2 + 3y 2 cos = 3 sin tan = 33 = z = x2 + y 2 cos = sin tan = 1 = 4

F=H= AIB HE?=I

$

F HJ= J ?

A ?

JH= HECA

L=HE= @AI@A = IACKA

[ , ]. 4AIJ= A J 6 4  = 0) =J ?E E @H ?EH?K =H
I GKA

>JAH = E GKA @ALA

EJ=

F=H=

H=E

AIB HE?

GKA

I JH= IB H

=H F=H= AIB HE?=I

x2 + y 2 = 2y 2 sin2 = 2 sin sin sin = 2 sin =

- J E JACH= JA I GKA

2 sin . sin
?= ?K =@ FA

sin [0, 2sin ]

H@A =@=I AIB HE?=I

V =
0

0
H

2 sin sin

2 sin ddd.
HE? @AIJA L K A @ALA I FJ=H F H HA ? F=H=

JA GKA I I @A

IA @AIA

IIA ?

>JAH

L=

LAH = E JACH= AI?HEJ= A =EI E JACH=EI

H@A =@=I ?E

@HE?=I @ALE@

= IK= IE

F E?E@=@A A

$

" $ -NAH? ?E I /AH=EI

 ,AJAH E =H 2 2 L K A @ I E@ E JAHE H =I IKFAHB ?EAI

b2 (x2 + y 2 ) + a2 z 2 = a2 b2
A

x + y = ax.
E =H L K A @ I E@ E JAHE H =I IKFAHB ?EAI 6 = HACE F=H=> @A E E? @ AIF=

,AJAH !

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 8
@A E EJ=@= FA

x2 + y 2 = 2z.
I

+= ?K =H

I=

(x 1)dV,
A FA K A @

IA @

I F =

y = 0,

z = 0, y + z = 5
"

?E E @H I E@

z = 4 x2 .
FA =I IKFAHB ?EAI

x + y = 2ax.
# ,AJAH E =H A L K A @ I E@ @A E EJ=@ FA =I IKFAHB ?EAI

,AJAH E =H 2 2

EJ=@

z = 0, z 2 = x2 + y 2
x a

y b

z c

= 1, x = 0,
A

y=0
$ ,AJAH

z = 0.
L K A @ I E@ @A E EJ=@ FA =I IKFAHB ?EAI

E =H

x2 + y 2 + 2y = 0, z = 0
A

z = 4 + y.
% & ,AJAH ,AJAH 2 E =H E =H L L K K A@ A @ I E@ I @A E EJ=@ FA =I IKFAHB ?EAI

x2 + y 2 = a2

x2 + z 2 = a 2 .
A

E@

@A E

EJ=@

FA =I IKFAHB ?EAI

r = 4 cos , z = 0
?

r = 16 z .
2
' I EJA I =>=EN =@=I AIB HE?=I AI?HAL= A ? H@A =@=I HAJ= CK =HAI =I E JACH=EI @=@=I A H@A

= >
 + A

0
2

I=2 I=
0
IE@AHA I
6

9 2 sin ddd.

4 2 sin ddd.
EJ=@ E@ I E@ E BAHE H GKA ? I=>A @ @A E A JA F H

0
@A E

E@

y + 2z = 6,
@A E

IKFAHE H

=JAH=

A JA FA

?E E @H

J H = = HACE

EJ=@= F H @=@= F H ?J= JA IE GKA

+= ?K A =  ,AJAH BK  )

=II= @AIJA I =II= @ 2

GKA IK= @A IE@=@A FHE AEH

y f (x, y, z ) = 2y + z.

A JA F H z = 6 = x2 A y = 4.

E A = 2 IKFAHB ?EAI x

EJ=@ A

K J= A=

A JA FA =I = IK=

+ z = 4, x + y = 2
IJH= I E@ ?K

x + 2y = 6,
L K

I=>A @

f (x, y, z ) = 12z
FA = ANFHAII

@A IE@=@A CKH= =>=EN A F @A IAH ?= ?K =@

V =
0

22x

4z 2

dydzdx.

$!

4AAI?HAL= AIJ= ANFHAII ?=HJAIE= =I @A ?E ? ! 4AFHAIA JA CA B H

= E JACH=

JHEF = AGKEL= A JA

KI= @

H@A =@=I

=I @EIJE J=I A JA I E@ ?K L K A F @A IAH ?= ?K =@ FA = ANFHAII

AJHE?=

V =
0
) IACKEH HAAI?HAL= AIJ= ANFHAII @A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I @A ?E ? " 5A = B H

4z

82z

dydxdz.
? K = E JACH= JHEF = AGKEL= A JA KI= @ ? H

=I @EIJE J=I

I E A

E@ L=

@A E H

,AJAH

GKA = @A IE@=@A A

2 2 2 z = 0, x2 + y 2 = ( a A z = x + y . ) @A a R F=H= GKA = =II= @A S IA = ECK= = 82 1 , I=>A @ 1 ?=@= F J @A S @=@= F H f (x, y, z ) = . 1 + (x2 + y 2 )2

EJ=@ FA =I IKFAHB ?EAI A JA 2

#

4AFHAIA JA CA ?=I FA = ANFHAII ANFHAII

AJHE?=

M =
K

E@ ?K = =II= 2 4r 2 4 + r2

@AI?HEJ= A

H@A =@=I ?E

@HE

zdzdrd.

) IACKEH HAAI?HAL= AIJ=

KJE E = @

0 KJH
A JA

0 r2 IEIJA = @A ?
I E@ ?K L

H@A =@=I K A F @A IAH ?= ?K =@ FA = ANFHAII

$

4AFHAIA JA CA

AJHE?=

V =
0

2+x2

4x2

dzdydx +
0

6y

dzdydx
2+x2
= E?= E JACH= JHEF = A ? H@A =@=I

A = IACKEH HAAI?HAL= AIJ= ANFHAII ?=HJAIE= =I % 4AAI?HAL= = ANFHAII

KJE E = @

I=

x+1

8x2 y 2

ydzdydx +
0
?

1x

8x2 y 2

ydzdydx

1
? K =

E?= E JACH= JHEF = A

H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I

$"

&

4AAI?HAL= = ANFHAII

I=

1 1

x2 +4

1x2

dzdydx +

5 x2 +4

5y

dzdydx
1
=I @EIJE J=I

? '

E?= E JACH= JHEF = A AJHE?= A JA I

? E@

H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I @A JH I B H ?K L K A F @A IAH ?= ?K =@

4AFHAIA JA CA

FA = ANFHAII

V =
0
) IACKEH HAAI?HAL= AIJ= ANFHAII  7JE E A ? 2 2

2 sin ddd.
H@A =@=I ?E =II= @ @HE?=I I E@ IEJK=@ =?E = @ ? A

z


H@A =@=I AIB HE?=I F=H= ?= ?K =H = 2 2 2 = x + y 2 A E JAHE H AIBAH= x + y + z = @=@= F H d(x, y, z ) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 . H@A =@=I AIB HE?=I F=H= HAI

4z,

I=>A @

GKA IK= @A IE@=@A @A

=II=

7JE E A ?

LAH = IACKE JA E JACH= JHEF =

I=

3x2

4x2 y2
1
I E@ ?K =
6

3
AJHE?=

3x2
A JA

z dzdydx. x2 + y 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2
=II= ?= ?K =@= A ? H@A =@=I AIB HE?=I

4AFHAIA JA CA FA = ANFHAII

M=
0

0
A E@

5 cos2 +2 sin2

3 cos

ddd.
@HE?=I ? H@A =@=I

) IACKEH HAAI?HAL= AIJ= ANFHAII ! 4AFHAIA JA CA ?E AJHE?= A JA I

H@A =@=I ?E

?K =

=II= F @A IAH ?= ?K =@= A

@HE?=I FA = ANFHAII

M=
0

0
A

r2 3

103r2

(r + z )dzdrd.

) IACKEH HAAI?HAL= AIJ= ANFHAII " -I?HAL= A ?= ?K =H L ? K A K

H@A =@=I AIB HE?=I ? EJ=@ H@A =@=I AIB HE?=I = E JACH= GKA FAH IE K J= A= A JA FA =I IKFAHB ?EAI EJA 2

H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I A A A @ 2

y 2 + z 2 = 16
# += ?K A E JAHE H $ + 2 IE@AHA 2 L

x + y 2 + z 2 = 8z.
I E@

A HI

E@

@A E

x +
A JA

AIBAH= I

A @ 2

x +y +
@A E

GKA AIJ IEJK=@ =?E = @A z = 0 A GKA IE 2 2 z = 9 A = DEFAH> E@A @A K = B D= x + E BAHE H A JA F H

y z = 1.
A JA F H E@ A

K J= A= 2 2

E@

EJ=@

z = 2x2 + 2y 2
L

A IKFAHE H K A @AIJA I

x + y + z = 3.
? % + IE@AHA I E@

-I?HAL= = E JACH=

GKA FAH

EJA ?= ?K =H

H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I ?E

@HE?=I A AIB HE?=I E BAHE H A JA F H

z = 6
?

x2 + y 2 .

@A E

EJ=@

2z =

x2 + y 2
L

A IKFAHE H K A @AIJA I

A JA F H E@ A

-I?HAL= = E JACH= GKA FAH @HE?=I A AIB HE?=I

EJA ?= ?K =H

H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I ?E

$#

&

-I?HAL= A ?= ?K =H =

H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I ?E I E@

@HE?=I A AIB HE?=I =I E JACH=EI GKA FAH A JA E JAHE H @=I IKFAHB ?EAI @A IE@=@A

EJA

=II= @ A

y 2 + z 2 = 4z

z =1+

'

(x2 + y 2 )z 2 cos(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) f (x, y, z )dV, -I?HAL= I =

S
I A E@ IEJK=@ IE K J= A= x2 +y 2 +z 2 A JA

1 2 x + y2, 2

IEJK=@

IE

K J= A=

x2 +

I=>A @

GKA IK= BK

f (x, y, z ) =

JH I IEIJA

=I @A ?

H@A =@=I @EIJE J=I

IA @

E JAHE H @A

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2z

A @A

z = 2

x2 + y 2

f (x, y, z ) =
L K

e . x+y+z
I E@

!

A @A K

S V =

@=@

FA = ANFHAII

0
IA @

2 a

4 x2 a2 4 x2 a2

6a2 x2 a2 y 2

dzdydx,
x2 +y 2

K L

AH K L=

HA= F IEJEL A @ H @A I E@ KI= @ ? L H@A =@=I ?E K A @ I E@ @HE?=I

= -I?HAL= > ,AJAH

E A

F=H= GKA

IA = ECK= =

16 . 3

$$

" % 4AIF IJ=I



V = V =

2a2 b(3 4) 9 4 (8 27) 3

! " # $ % &

I = 544 15 V = V =
32a3 9 abc 6

V = 3 V = V =
16a3 3 3 2

'

9x2 y2 9 x2 y 2 z 2 = I = dzdydx x2 + y 2 + z 2 3 9x2 0 12 12x2 16x2 y2 4 x2 y 2 z 2 > I = dzdydx 2 + y2 + z2 x2 +y 2 x 0 0 3 2 4x2 16x2 y2 4 x2 y 2 z 2 dzdydx x2 + y 2 + z 2 0 3x2 +3y 2 0
3

9x2

 

M = 400 M = 44 2 V = V = V = V = V =
0 0 2 0 4 0 0 4x2 0 82z 0 8 0 0 4 0 1 0 2 0 4

2z 2

4z 2

dydxdz
0 4y

2z 2

dxdzdy
0 4z 2 0

2z 2

dxdydz
0 4x2 +8x 0 1 1 2

22x

dzdydx +
0

4y

dzdydx
4 0

4y

4y

4x2 +8x 1 1 1 2

22x

dzdxdy +
0 82z

dzdxdy
4y

!

V = V =
0 4z

dydzdx dxdydz 8y 2
0 0
$%

4z

V =

dxdzdy

 V =
0

2x2

4x2

dzdydx +
0

8y 2 dzdydx
0 2

2x2 8

8 y 8 y 2 2 dzdxdy + V =
0
"

4x2

dzdxdy
0

a=3
2

2x2

4x2 y 2

#

M=

2 2 0

2x2 4x2

x2 +y 2

4 + x2 + y 2 z dzdydx x2 + y 2

6z

$

V =
1

dydzdx
0 1y

8x2 y 2

%

I=
0 y 1 1 1x2

ydzdxdy
0 3 5z

dydzdx =
0

1z

5z

dydxdz =
0

5z

1z

&

I=
1

1z

1z

dxdydz

'

2 0

4r 2

rdzdrd
0

3 2

1r 2

V =
K

3 r 3 3 2

4r 2

rdzdrd +
0

3 r 3

rdzdd
4r 2

V =
0 0 16 5

1r2

rdzdrd.

 

) 8 2 1 2 I=1 3 3 4 M= ( M=
0 0 2

3 2

3 r 3

52r2

dzdrd
3

10 cos2 +3 sin2

(sin +cos ) ddd +

0 2

3 cos sin2

(sin +cos )2 ddd

" +=HJAIE= =I

12

12x2

16x2 y2
4

V =

12 2 0

12x2 4 2

dzdydx
16x2 y 2

8 cos

-IB HE?=I

V =
0 0 32 3

sin ddd +

2 sin ddd.

V = 18
+=HJAIE= =I

3 2

3 y2 3x2 y2
4

V =

23

3
4

dzdydx
y 2 2x2 +2y 2 3r 2

2 0

3 2

+E

@HE?=I

V =
r2

rdzdrd

$&


-IB HE?=I

2 0

0 4

sin dzdd +
0 2

1 2

cot csc

V =

2 sin dzdd

16x2

x2 + y 2

+=HJAIE= =I

V =
4 2 0

16x2 4 0

x2 +y 2 2

dzdydx

6r

+E

@HE?=I

V =
r 2

rdzdrd
2

-IB HE?=I

arctan 2

V =
0

6 cos + sin 2 sin ddd

2+

& +=HJAIE= =I

4x2

4x2 y 2 x2 +y 2

M=
2 2

4x2 2

2+ 4r2

1+ 1 2

(x2 + y 2 )z 2 dzdydx cos(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )

+E

@HE?=I

M=
0 2

0
4

1 1+ 2 r

r3 z 2 dzdrd cos(r2 + z 2 ) 6 sin3 cos2 ddd cos(2 ) ex +y +z dzdydx x+y+z

2 2 2 2 2

4 cos

-IB HE?=I

M=
0

' +=HJAIE= =I

1x2

2 2 cos sin
2 1

x2 y 2

I=
1 2

1x2 1 2r

1x2 y 2

+E

@HE?=I

I=
0 0

1 1r 2

er +z rdzdrd r cos + r sin + z e sin ddd sin cos + sin sin + cos
2 2

-IB HE?=I

I=
0 2

2 cos + sin

0 2 cos

+
0 0

e sin ddd sin cos + sin sin + cos

>

! =

a 2

6a2 r 2

rdzdrd
2 ar

a=1

$'

+=F JK 5-37
> AJEL I =  4A? DA?AH K ?

# +1)5 = @ ?=F JK = IAGK ?E= A LAHE ?=H K @ELAHCA JA

5 41-5
= K IA = ?=F= @A

AIFAH= IA GKA

= IA > IA

LAHCA JA

?HAI?A JA

K @A?HAI?A JA = IAGK ?E= I F IEJEL I

? FH FHEA@=@AI @A K ,A ! " # $ % & '    - ? EH I HEAI JH=H = I K

HE?=I @A JAH = @A I HEAI CA

1@A JE ?=H =I I HEAI AIFA?E=EI 8AHE ?=H IA = I HEA ) = EI=H = ? 4A? 4A? - ? LAHC ?

JHE?= D=H

E?= I HEA F I ?HEJ HE I @A ? LAHC ?E=

LAHCA JA

K @ELAHCA JA =F E?= @

?E= @A I HEAI = JAH =@=I A @A IE =EI GK=EIGKAH KJ= A JA A ? AI @A ? LAHC H A @A E ?E= @=I I HEAI @A F J =? =KHE EJAI A E JACH=EI CE?= ?E=I @E?E = A JA ? LAHCA JAI

DA?AH I HEAI =>I DA?AH I HEAI @A BK JH=H H=E A

E JAHL=

,AIA L

LAH BK

AI A

I HEAI @A 6=O AI = HAI K K

7JE E =H I HEAI @A BK 4AI

LAH ANAH? ?E I KI= @

= BAHH=

A J= JA?

) FH L= IAH =JE CE@ I = JA HE?

F IJ= F H GKAIJ AI GKA F IIE>E EJ= AIIA @A H JAEH F=H= HEA J= = B H K = =@ J=@

LAHE ?=H IA

> AJEL I B H= @A @AIA L @A B H LE K A J

2 HJ= J

AI @A IAKI AIJK@ I @ I ANAH? ?E I A

@=I GKAIJ AI @AIIA ?=F JK

AII= =F IJE =

%

#  1 JH @K
AIJA ?=F JK E A EJ @A JAH = ?E L=I BK I ?E= GK= J C=H J ?HE=H AIJK@=HA )I I HEAI E - =I I I I HEAI E EJ=I @AIA KI=@=I IJHKEH EJ=I =I GK=EI I FA D= F =JA K I =I GKA A L =H BK LA K = =JA AH JE?= JHE?=I ''' F=FA BK @= A J= J= J AI JHEC F H ANA @A I F=H= =FH NE

E?=I F=H= HAI

LAH AGK=

AI @EBAHA ?E=EI F=H= ABAJK=H E JACH=EI ? JE? I @A AEI B IE?=I ) J

F E?=@=I F=H=

AI A F=H= ?

#
@AJAH JAH @AJAH ? IAGK E

5AGK ?E=I
= E CK=CA E =@= IAGK -IJK@=HA =CA ?E= A ? ?E= IK ? JE@E= = H@A ?H KI=@ = AE JEF ? JAH CE?= K K BK AIFA?E= @A BK AIJK@=HA ) BK F IJ FA @A I = BK E@= I IAGK @A J= ?E= IEC E ?= K = D K CE?= J=H K = IK?AII F H ANA @A ? EI=I A F @A =JKH=EI K =JA = H@A JE?= H@A A JA F=H= @A = IK?AII AH I AH I ?K =

E =@= F H K

FHEA@=@AI GK= @

R. 1IJ n .
K J ?

f : N R GK= J = E f : N R @A E@= F H f (n) = 2nn +1 I F=HAI H@A =@ I (n, f (n)) @=@ F H

N = {1, 2, 3, 4, }
EJA A IK=I FH K ANA F @A

I = {(1, f (1)), (2, f (2)), (3, f (3)), , (n, f (n)), }

K

{ } 1 2 3 n I = (1, ), (2, ), (3, ), , (n, ), 3 5 7 2n + 1

E =@ = IE ? K J @ I JAH 1IJ A J I @= IAGK @A ?E=

@A @A B H F IE @AJAH

f (n).
?

/AH=

A JA

F E ?=@= A A

I
=CA

HAFHAIA J=@

FA =I E K J

=CA I @A @ I JAH

n N

K J

I
?E=

AI?HEJ = GKA =

@A B H

GKA @AJAH E =@= FA

E =@= E

nN ,

?KF=

I @= IAGK

f (n)

K IA =

{ I = {f (1), f (2), f (3), , f (n), } =

2 @A ? B H K J I >IAHL=H GKA @ I JAH I JAH JAH

1 2 3 4 5 n , , , , , , , 3 5 7 9 11 2n + 1

} .

5 11

f (n) =

= KIK= @A HAFHAIA J=H JAH n yn = 2n+1 AJ? 2=II=HA I =C H= ? K J I = {u1 , u2 , u3 , , un , }.

=CA @A n = 5, F EI ?KF= = GKE J= F IE n @A E =@ JAH CAH= @= IAGK ?E= ) 2n+1 n n CAH= @A K = IAGK ?E= un = 2n+1 K xn = 2n+1 K @A E B H = @A IAGK ?E= AIIA ?=I JA I E

,-.1
-:-

E =

5A = N = {1, 2, 3, 4, } ? K J @ I =JKH=EI R = HAJ= HA= ,A I = =F E?= un : N R @A K = IAGK ?E= K HE?=

# 

2=H= A D H ? FHAA I L= I IKF H GKA ?HAI?E A J @E HE @A K = 2 # n E D=CA @A IK I @=@= A BK @ ?HAI?E A J J J= FA = IAGK ?E= un = n+13 @A n ? HHAIF @A = AH @A @E=I @A LE@= @ IK A lim un J= = D @A K IK =@K J n {1 2 3 4 5 } n )IIE ? K J 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , , n+13 , HAFHAIA J= J= = D @E HE @ IK A HA = = J= = D =
/H= ?= =II J J= A JA F @A I >IAHL=H = ?KHL= @A ?HAI?E A J ?K E EJA HAFHAIA J=@ FA =

y=1

.ECKH= # 

%

.ECKH= # 

+HAI?E

A J

@= E D=CA

@A IK

+ 1II = @E=I GKA

F @A IK

>IAHL=H = =II ?=H A I

J J=

y=1

HAFHAIA J= F H ANA FA J H

E F

EJA @A ?HAI?E GK= A I

A J AH

@ E

IK @A = D

IEC E ?= GKA F @A @ALA F @A

I AL= J=H GKAIJ AI ? JH=J= A J

F=H= =JE CEH =JEL= A

80%

@A IAK J=

.ECKH= #

>IAHL=H K

= AIJE

@A # @E=I

.ECKH= # ) GKAIJ @=@= FA = @A =C H= E ? @A E

-IJE

=JEL= F=H= = AIJE = IAGK

>JAH & F H ?A J =JEL= A ?E= JAH I

J= =JA

= D JE? I

= ) HAIF IJ= IAH

B= AH K EJA @A K

# !
,-.1
1

E EJA @A K = 5AGK ?E=

# "

E L= A = @AIECK= @=@A |un a| < .

-:2 # #

n JA @A F=H=

5A = un K = IAGK ?E= @E A I GKA AH a E EJA @A un GK= @ EJ IA @=@ > 0 F @A I A ? JH=H K > 0 J= GKA F=H= J @ n > K E@=
I A ?

L=

,=@= = IAGK ?E= un : N R @A IJH=H GKA lim un = 1.

,ALA I IJH=H GKA @=@

-NA F
JH=H

F H un =

n , n+13

5 K
n>K

L= A = @AIECK= @=@A

>0F |un a| < . )C H=

@A

K >0

J= GKA F=H= J @

|un 1| =

n n 13 13 n = < . 1 = n + 13 n + 13 n + 13

%

,A

GKA F @A

I AI?HALAH

13 < n + 13
+ + KJH IAGKA JA F=H= @ =@ A JA F @A I @=@ I @ = A JHA AH A I

I J

13 < n + 13
=H F

13 13 < n.
E # # " ? A J FAH " AIJ=H ? K J J= = A?AH A I=JEIBAEJ= I GKA @ I IK

K=
# =

-NA E

1313 A = ,A ? = ,A E
A =@ I IK J J= A J A

= 0, 2
I 2 H A J

HAFHAIA J= = @EBAHA

?HAI?E

A J

?HAI?E I @ALA

@A @E=I GKA

JH=J=

F=H= =JE CEH FA

80%

@A IAK ?HAI?E

-:-

,AJAH E A AH E @A @E=I GKA K JA @A IK I ?K ?HAI?E A J n @=@ FA = IAGK ?E= un = n+13 @ALA FAH = A?AH A JH=J= A J F=H= =JE CEH HAIFA?JEL= A JA 80%, 90% A 95% @ IAK J= = D =
2 # $

5 K
F=H=

-NA

# @

# ? J=

? K = D AH

I GKA @=@ = E I L=

>0
HAI @A

F @A

I J F H

=H

K=

80%, 90%
JA

95%

HAIFA?JEL=

1313 .+ A JA 0.2, 0.1

0.05

I HAIFA?JEL=

A JA

@A @E=I

@=@

(a)

13 13 13 13 0, 2 = = 52 @E=I 0, 2 13 13 13 13 0, 1 (b) K = = = 117 @E=I 0, 1 13 13 13 13 0, 05 (c) K = = = 247 @E=I 0, 05 K=

I JEH=H =H JA GKA = F=HJEH @A K F E @AJAH A J E =@ GKA A JA F IK = L=HE= ? I >JAH A FAGKA = A HA = GK= JE@=@A @A H= @A JH=J=

KJH= ? @ ?HAI?E NE 2 HJ= J

? KI

GKA F @A KEJ

A J

FH @KJ H @ALA AIJE @A K?H

@E=I F=H=

# % 5AGK ?E=I + LAHCA JAI

,-.1
n
5A

5A = un K = IAGK ?E= ,E A lim un = L F=H= = CK L R.

1 # &

I GKA un

? LAHCA JA IA A I

A JA IA

un
2 #

B H ?
'

LAHCA JA @EHA

I GKA

un

@ELAHCA JA
n 2n+3 n 3n+5

-:-:-

) IAGK ?E= un =

2n+3 3n+5

? LAHCA JA F EI lim un = lim

=2 . 3



n2 1 ? LAHCA K @ELAHCA ,AJAH E A IA = IAGK ?E= un = 1 4

?E= @=@=

5 K
+

) IAGK E

EJA @A

un

n ANEIJA = IAGK

J= GKA

lim un = lim 1 n2 1 = . 4
n ?E= @ELAHCA

AIJA E EJA
,564)

6-

4-

) #



5A = un : N R K = IAGK ?E= A
D= I GKA

R J= GKA lim un ANEIJA A J

n

E?
5KF

un : N R K = IAGK ?E= A R J= GKA lim un n ANEIJA A IKF D= I GKA a A b, ? a = b, I E EJAI @AII= IAGK ?E= - J @=@ > 0 A F @A I A ? JH=H K1 > 0 A K2 > 0 J= GKA F=H= J @ n > K1 JA D= I |un a| < 2 F @A I F=H= J @ n > K2 JA D= I |un b| < . )C H= IA = K = max{K1 , K2 }. - J 2 AI?HALAH F=H= J @ n > K
%!

|a b| = |a un + un b| = |(un a) (un b)| |un a| + |un b| < 2 +2 = .

+ a A b |a b| = 0, EIJ I IA ? IJ= JAI C JAHA E I

a = b.

EJA @A

|a b| < F=H= un , IA ANEIJA

J @ E?

> 0

IA

A I

A JA IA

# ! 5K>IAGK ?E=I
nk < } K GK ?E= @A un .
-:2 # !

,-.1

# ! 

5A = un : N R K = IAGK ?E= 5A = N = {n1 < n2 < n3 < < IK>? K J E EJ @A N , A J unk = un N : N R @EJ= K = IK>IA

5A = un : N R K = IAGK ?E= @=@= F H un = n12 . 5A = N = {1, 3, 5, 7, } N . - J = IAGK ?E= unk : N R K = IK>IAGK ?E= @A un . I JAH I @= IAGK ?E= I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , 9 , 16 , 25 , 36 , 49 , } A I JAH I @= IK>IAGK ?E= I {1, 9 , 25 , 49 , }. {1, 4 ? LAHCA
564)

>

6-

4-

) #!!

F=H= L.
5KF

5A K = IAGK ?E= ? LAHCA F=H= L, A J

D= I GKA

J @=I IK=I IK>IAGK ?E=I J=

?E= J= GKA

,@=@ )C K A J J= >
2

un : N R
J @

= IAGK

> 0, ANEIJA K > 0 J= GKA F=H= H= IA unk : N R K = IK>IAGK

? ? K J F=H= E EJ JA JA I

k > k0

n>K ?E= @A un , I GKA F=H= ?=@= > 0, GKA nk > nk0 > K A =IIE
GKAH = I @A

lim un = L. )IIE n L E@= = @AIECK= @=@A |un L| < . @A N = {n1 < n2 < < nk < } ANEIJA K k0 N J= GKA nk0 > K A |unk L| < ,
GKA FH L= GKA

unk

LAHCA F=H=
# ! "

L,

IJH=H

) IAGK ?E= un = (1)n @ELAHCA JA F EI =@ EJA IK>IAGK ?E=I GKA ? LAHCA F=H= L= HAI @EBAHA JAI ? JH=HE= @ JA HA = = JAHE H ,A B=J = IK>IAGK ?E= @A 2n @E?AI F=HAI @=@= F H u2n = (1) = 1 ? LAHCA F=H= L1 = 1, A GK= J GKA IK= IK>IA GK ?E= @A @E?AI F=HAI @=@= F H un = (1)2n+1 = 1 ? LAHCA F=H= L2 = 1. + I E EJAI @=I IK>IAGK ?E=I I @EBAHA JAI = IAGK ?E= @ELAHCA
-:-

# " 5AGK ?E= E EJ=@=

5A = un : N R K = IAGK ?E= A R. ,E A I GKA un E EJ=@= IA ? K J {u1 , u2 , u3 , , un } B H E EJ=@ K IA = IA ANEIJEHA k1 A k2 R J=EI GKA k1 un k2 F=H= J @ n N .
1 # " 

,-.1

6,IKF J=

4-

) #"

5A = un : N R K = IAGK ?E= ? LAHCA JA A R, A J

5KF D= I GKA

un

E EJ=@=
R A K > 0, I un
IA = C

564)

un : N R
?E= - J

K @=@

= IAGK

?E= ?

LAHCA JA A I A ? JH=H

D=

I GKA

EJA @AII= IAGK

= 1,

F @A

GKA F=H= J @ n > K JA D= I |un a| < 1. )IIE F=H= J @ n > K, JA B (a, 1). + ? K J { u1 , u 2 , u 3 , , u K } EJ C =@ EJA K L= H NE M = max u1 , u2 , , uK , IACKA GKA {u1 , u2 , u3 , , un1 , un , } B (a, 1) B (0, M ). un E EJ=@=
*5-48) # " !

E EJ=@= ?

) HA? FH ?= @AIIA JA HA = LAH@=@AEH= 2 H ANA F 1 un 1, =I un ? LAHCA JA

%"

un = (1)n

# # 5AGK ?E=I
AIJA F=H CH=B = = EI=HA

HE?=I

J =I
?E=I A

I = CK

=I FH FHEA@=@AI @=I IAGK

R.

,-.1

# # 

5A = un K = IAGK ?E= @A L= HAI HA=EI ,E A

I GKA un

@A?HAI?A JA IA un+1 un F=H= J @ n N ; ?HAI?A JA IA un un+1 F=H= J @ n N ;

?HAI?A JA IA un+1 > un F=H= J @ n N ;

@A?HAI?A JA IA un > un+1 F=H= J @ n N .

,-.1
-:-

1 # # 5A = un K = IAGK ?E= @A L= HAI HA=EI - J J = IA FAHJA ?AH = K @ I JEF I @AI?HEJ I = ,A E ##

un

@A

E =@=

# # !

IJHA GKA = IAGK ?E= un =

n+1 n2 +2

J =
E # # 

5 K
6A I GKA

,ALA

un =

I IJH=H GKA un FAHJA ?A = K @ I JEF I @AI?HEJ I = ,A (n+1)+1 n+1 n+2 A u = = . 8AHE ?=HA I IA un+1 un n+1 n2 +2 (n+1)2 +2 n2 +2n+3

n+2 + 2n + 3 2 (n + 2)(n + 2) n3 + 2n2 + 2n + 4 1 n2

) J JE =
1 # # "

n+1 n2 + 2 (n + 1)(n2 + 2n + 3) n3 + 3n2 + 5n + 3 n2 + 3n. n.

C

= @AIECK= @=@A

LAH@=@AEH= F=H= J @

un =

n+1 n2 +2

@A?HAI?A JA A =IIE

,-.1

5A = un K = IAGK ?E= K HE?= C A K @ EI AH I HA=EI ,E A I GKA C E EJ= JA E BAHE H @A un IA C un F=H= J @ n A GKA K E EJ= JA IKFAHE H @A un IA K un F=H= J @ n.
n+1 + IE@AHA I = IAGK ?E= J = @A?HAI?A JA un = n I JAH I I 2 +2 ?K 2 3 4 5 , , , , A ?K E EJA L = 0. - J J @ AH HA= C 0 E EJ= JA E BAHE H @A 3 6 11 18 2 un A J @ K 3 E EJ= JA IKFAHE H @A un , F EI un < u1 = 2 . 3

-:-

# # #

,-.1

HE HAI A J
*5-48)

# # $

un
# # %

5A = un K = IAGK ?E= K @EJ= IAGK ?E= E EJ=@=

n

HE?= GKA F IIKE E EJ= JAI E BAHE HAI A IKFA FHA?EI= JAH E EJA 2 H ? LAHCA JA
R J=EI GKA lim un = a
n

ANA F

JA GKA K = IAGK ?E= F=H= IAH E EJ=@= un = (1) JA E EJA =I E EJ=@=

) ##& ) ##'

66E
n

44-

6 @= IAGK ?E=

J = E EJ=@= A

lim yn = b. - J
n

5A = un A yn IAGK ?E=I K I L E@=I =I = H = AI

HE?=I A

lim c = c;
%#

EE EEE EL LE

lim cun = ca;

n n

lim (un yn ) = a b;

lim un yn = ab; lim un n yn =a ; b

L 5A b = 0 A yn = 0 A J
lim ck n n = 0, IA k

K = ? IJ= JA F IEJEL=

# $ 5 HEAI
,-.1
I B H =
1 # $ 

HE?=I
EJ= @=
n=1

5A = un : N R K = IAGK ?E= K HE?= ,A E = I I HEA E = @A J @ I I E EJ I JAH I @AII= IAGK ?E= K IA = K = I HEA K = ANFHAII
un = u1 + u2 + u3 + + uk + .

) IAGK ?E= un , ?K I E JAH @= I HEA

3KAIJ AI FAHJE A JAI I = E EJ= AIJ=HA K A =HA K 2=II=HA A J= J F IIKE + I = HAIF I = I I ?

EJ I JAH
AIJK@

II

=@ I
+ LE B=J A JA A ?

?D= =@= @A JAH

IA @AJAH A J @ E =

CAH= K n IE
HAIK J=@ @A K =

@A I HEAI I = I = EJ= @AIA L

6 @= I HEA F IIKE K KEJ = ?

@AH J=EI GKAIJ AI EJ= @ ?AEJ

HAIJ= JA @AIJA ?=F JK E =H IA K L= = I HEA E = EJ= H @AIJ= I

=EI FHA ?KF=@ I ? GKA FH FHE= @A

@A @AJAH JH=H

=I F=H?E=EI @A K

= I HEA

,-.1
F H

# $

5A =

n=1

un K = I HEA ) I
k n=1

= @ I FHE AEH I k JAH

I @AIJ= I HEA @=@=

Sk =

u n = u1 + u2 + u 3 + + uk

@A

E =@= I
JA GKA =I I

= F=H?E= @= I HEA @=@=

=I

S1 S2 S3 Sk
B H ? = K = IAGK ?E= ?D= LAHCEH A @A 5A K L= H 2=H= K IA = IA ANEIJEH I

= = = =

u1 u1 + u2 = S 1 + u2 u1 + u2 + u3 = S 2 + u3 Sk1 + uk

=@= @A J= GKA

IAGK ?E= @A I
k

=I F=H?E=EI

5A AIJ= IAGK

lim Sk = S,

@E A

I GKA = I HEA @=@=

? LAHCA F=H=

?E=

J=HA

un = S. S,
@EHA A J I GKA = I HEA L= I ?

n=1 ANEIJEH J=
EJ

@ELAHCA

IEC E ?= @ ANA

GKA F

F @A

>JAH

F=H= = I

= @=I E

EJ=I F=H?A =I @= I HEA IE@AH=H A = = EI=H K

A D H A JA @E

%$

-:-

2 # $ ! ,KH= JA JA F GKA FAH = A?AH = K ELAHIE@=@A K AIJK@= JA @= 7@AI? @ALAH HA?A>AH K = AI=@= @A IAK F=E A K E@=@AI AJ HE=I GKA >@A@A?A IAGK ?E= 20000 un = , @A n ? HHAIF @A = AH @= F=H?A = = IAH HA?A>E@= 2AHCK J= IA

E 3K= J= JA GKA AIJK@= JA @ALAH HA?A>AH =J = @= B=?K @=@A IKF @ GKA A A ? ? K= ?KHI A $ AIAI EE ?=I @ AIJK@= JA FAH = A?AH = K ELAHIE@=@A E @A E@= A JA ? ?=H J= JA HA?A>E@

n(n + 1)

5 K
?HALA L=

)I F=H?A =I H @=

A I=EI HA?A>E@=I FA

AIJK@= JA I

@=@=I FA = IAGK

?E= GKA @AI

AI=@= GKA I

10000,
2=H= HAIF E EJ= EIJ @AH = FHE

10000 5000 2000 10000 2500 , , 1000, , , , 3 3 3 21 7

AEH= FAHCK J= L= I AI?HALAH FH > A = B H =J @A K = I HEA

20000 10000 5000 2000 10000 2500 = 10000 + + + 1000 + + + + n(n + 1) 3 3 3 21 7 n=1
I FHE AEH I JAH I @=I I =I F=H?E=EI @AIJ= I HEA I @=@=I F H

S1 = u1 = 10000, 40000 , S 2 = S 1 + u2 = 3 S3 = S2 + u3 = 15000, S4 = S3 + u4 = 16000

)C H= FHA?EI= HAAI?HALA I JAH I @AJAH E =H K = ANFHAII @A? F=H= F IE JAH A CAH= @AIJ= I BH= = 2=H= EII = @ CAH= @= I HEA KI= @ AI F=H?E=EI J

20000 A B A (n + 1) + Bn A + (A + B )n = + = = n(n + 1) n n+1 n(n + 1) n(n + 1)

A >JA @ GKA

A = 20000 A+B =0

A = 20000

B = 20000.

,AIIA

= I HEA @=@= F @A IAH HAAI?HEJ= ?

) ( 20000 20000 20000 = n ( n + 1) n n+1 n=1 n=1

A = I = @ I IAKI

( Sk =
A ? F @A

k FHE

AEH I JAH

@=@= F H

20000 20000 2

) +

20000 20000 2 3
I E JAH

) + +
>JA

20000 20000 k k+1

I GKA

I IE

F E ?=H = CK I JAH

A@E HE I

Sk = 20000
%%

20000 , k+1

K IA =

Sk =
AEJ H F @AH + GKA = I K LAHE ?=H GKA =I I F=H= = GKAIJ I B H A?E@=I F H AIJ= ANFHAII E @

20000k . k+1
E =@=I = JAHE H @A A JA ? HHAIF = I = @A JA I

=I F=H?E=EI @AJAH ANA F

? HHAIF

IAN=C IE

S60 =
,AIIA AJ HE=I 2=II=HA J= A J F=H= I =C H= = HAIF ?HAI?E A J @ =F I $ AIAI

20000 60 = 19672. 61
HA?A>E@ K J= JA @A

AIJK@= JA JAH

19672
I LAH

K E@=@AI ? F H

@AH = IACK @= GKAIJ @= I = @= I HEA

= .ECKH= # ! F @A

Sk

k
.ECKH= # ! 2 HJ= J F @A GKA = I K IA = I = H IA AIJK@= JA E EJA -IJE =JEL= F=H= E@= ?HAI?E A J @= I HEA >IAHL= @ AJ HE=I 1II CH ? EJ

?=H E @A

A JA GKA

= K ELAHIE@=@A K E@=@AI

=H GKA

HA?A>AHE=

=EI @ GK= @

20000

IEC E ?=

= @= I HEA JA

20000

= GK= JE@=@A @A F=H?A =I JA @A F=H= E

KJH=I F= =LH=I = I

20000k = 20000. k k k + 1 HEA ? LAHCA F=H= 20000 A F @A lim Sk = lim

20000 = 20000. n ( n + 1) n=1

I AI?HALAH

+ I E

LE EJA @A K

I =?E )IIE = IAGK

= = I @A ?E= E

= @A K I E

= I HEA E EJA @A K

EJ=

>JE@= FA AI

EJA @= IK= IAGK @ ?

?E= @A E@

=I F=H?E=EI

= I HEA @

GKA B E @A

#$" 5
,-.1
GKA
1

= @A K = 5 HEA
# $ #

5A =

un K = I HEA ?K = IAGK ?E= @A I

n=1

=I F=H?E=EI

Sk . ,E A

n=1

AH S

=I

= @= I HEA @A J= @ S =

un , IA S B H

E EJA @A Sk GK= @ k

JA @AH F=H= E EJ K IA = IA @=@ > 0 FK@AH k > N0 L= A = @AIECK= @=@A |Sk S | < .

I A ? JH=H N0 > 0 J= GKA F=H= J @

%&

-:-

# $ $

+ IE@AHA = I HEA >JE@=

-NA F

# $ ! @=@= F H

GKA

20000 = 20000. n=1 n(n + 1)

+ I A J LE = IAGK 20000k IJH=H GKA lim k k+1 I =?E = ?E= @A I

20000 . n=1 n(n + 1)

IJHA

5 K
,ALA

=I F=H?E=EI @= I HEA @=@= K IA = GKA @=@ +

Sk =
I A ?

20000k . k+1
JH=H

= 20000,

>0

F @A

N0 > 0

J= GKA F=H= IA

k > N0

A J

|Sk 20000| < .

|Sk 20000| =
JA

20000k 20000k 20000 20000 20000k = 20000 = k+1 k+1 k+1

L E@= IA

I GKA = @AIECK= @=@A @AIA =@= IAH

20000 20000 < 20000 < k + < k. k+1

+ 5KF A IAGKA JA D= A JA F @A I J =H

N0 =

20000
2=H=

A = ,A

# $  AIJ=H = A JHA = I

I=JEIBAEJ= J= JA

I GKA IA @AIA = I=>AH = F=HJEH @A GK= F=H?A = = @EBAHA

J J= = HA?A>AH IAH >JAHA I

IAN=C IE 5KF A E EJA

= IANJ= = @EBAHA D= A H @

A H @ GKA 300 K 20000 300 N0 = = 65, 667. 1II 300 = A JHA K

>JAH = HAIF IJ= J

= 300

IEC E ?= GKA A E EJA

J @=I =I F=H?A =I = F=HJEH @= A H @ = I GKA

J= JA A

300

K J= JA A >JAHA I

I GKA IA @AIA = I=>AH = F=HJEH @A GK= F=H?A = = @EBAHA GKA

= A JHA

20000 200 N0 = = 99. 1II 200 AH 99 = @EBAHA = A JHA

200

2=H=

>JAH = HAIF IJ= J

= 200

IEC E ?= GKA A J= JA A E

J @=I =I F=H?A =I EJA A H @

= F=HJEH @= F=H?A = @A

GKA  K

#$%
,-.1
,E A
1

5 HEAI + LAHCA JAI

# $ &

5A =

n=1

un K = I HEA A IA = Sk = I
k

= F=H?E= @ I JAH JH HE @E A

I @AII= I HEA I GKA = I HEA

I GKA

n=1

un

? LAHCA JA IA
n=1 20000 n(n+1)

lim Sk ANEIJA +=I ?

@ELAHCA JA
-:2

# $ '

) I HEA

@ -NA F # $ !

? LAHCA JA F EI

lim Sk = lim

20000k = 20000. n k + 1

-:-

# $ 

,AJAH E A IA = I HEA
I LAHE ?=H IA = IAGK AIIA = @ I @A

2n n1 n=1 5
?E= @A I I HEAI CA AEH I JAH

? LAHCA JA K @ELAHCA JA
=I F=H?E=EI @AIJ= I HEA JA JHE?=I F @A I IAH HAI E EJA 6 @=I B H A

5 K
@A

,ALA GKA IACKA

=I I HEAI GKA =FHAIA J= E -I?HALA I = I

LE@=I ?

FHE

Sk = 2 +

2k 22 23 24 + 2 + 3 + + k1 5 5 5 5
%'

EE

K JEF E?=

Sk

F H

2 5

2 22 23 24 2k 2k+1 Sk = + 2 + 3 + + k 1 + k 5 5 5 5 5 5
EEE 6 = I = @EBAHA = A JHA I HAIK J=@ I @A E A EE >JA @

2 Sk Sk = 5
K IA =

22 23 2k 2+ + 2 + + k 1 5 5 5

2k 2k+1 22 23 + 2 + + k 1 + k 5 5 5 5

3 2k+1 Sk = 2 k 5 5
K =E @=

10 5 2k+1 10 10 Sk = = k 3 3 5 3 3
A ?

( )k 2 5

2 < 1, 5

JA

I GKA =

10 10 S = lim Sk = lim k k 3 3
+ IAGKA JA A JA = I HEA

( )k 2 10 = . 5 3 10 . 3

2n n1 n=1 5

LAHCA F=H=

-:-

# $ 

- ? JHA JAH
n=1

CAH= @= IAGK ?E= @A I >JA @

=I F=H?E=EI @= I HEA L= H @A IK= I

=IIE JA

n=1

) IACKEH @AJAH E A IA = I HEA ? LAHCA K @ELAHCA

= IA F II LA

4 . (2n + 3)(2n 1)

5 K

JA GKA

4 1 1 = , (2n + 3)(2n 1) 2n + 3 2n 1 4 = (2n + 3)(2n 1) n=1

=I F=H?E=EI

I GKA

n=1
C = IAGK ?E= @=I I

1 1 2n + 3 2n 1

) .

Sk

) 1 1 = 2 n + 3 2n 1 n=1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 1 + + + + + 5 7 3 9 5 11 7 ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 + + + + 2k 1 2k 5 2k + 1 2k 3 2k + 3 2k 1 1 1 1 + = 1 + 3 2k + 1 2k + 3
JAH CAH= @= IAGK ?E= @A I =I F=H?E=EI @= I HEA @=@=

k (

2 HJ= J

1 . 2k + 3
&

1 4 + Sk = + 3 2k + 1

2 H @A +

= I HEA ?

LAHCA IA

(
k

lim Sk

ANEIJA A = I

= @= I HEA

L=

H @

EJA

lim Sk = lim
=

4 1 1 + + 3 2k + 1 2k + 3

4 = . 3

) I HEA @=@= ?

LAHCA A IK= I

S = 4 . 3

>IAHL= AI
 7 ANA = @=I FH FHEA@=@AI @=I I HEAI E =BAJ=@= IA IK>JH=EH F IA -NA F I K =@E?E # $ ! =H EJ=I I K ? GKA = ? AH LAHC EJ ?E= K @ELAHC ?E= 2 H @A JAH I = A =I

AIJK@= JA I

A =IIA = HA?A>AH = FHE FHE AEH JAH K IA =

=F I # A = I

AIAI = I HEA IAHE= AI?HEJ= ? = IAHE=

n=6
KJH F H =@

AEH= F=H?A =

S = 20000 S5 .
AI=@= I = I ? ? N= @A

5A F H K

IAK F=E @A?E@EIIA I A E E?E=H F=C= A J =

n=6 I FHE
? > I

20000 , n(n + 1) n=1

AEH I 

AIAI @=H K @ ?E I HEA ? FHE

= AEH

= IAHE=

20000k . S = 2000(10) + lim k k + 1

n=1

I ?=I I =

JE K=H

LAHCA JA LAHCA JA A = I HEA IA =I I HEAI K @ELAHCA JA LAHCA JA @A JAH I F IEJEL I IAKI JAH > IAH ? I F @A IAH HA=CHK = AI =

5A = I HEA @ELAHCA JA F @A IAH ? ! 5A

n=1

un

yn
A

@ELAHCA JA A J

A J= J LAHCA JA

n=1

un

n=1

yn

(un + yn ) n=1 (un + yn ) @ELAHCA JAI = I HEA n=1

= I HEA

un K = I HEA ? n=1 F=@ I @A GK= GKAH @

I = GKA = I HEA @=@=

A = I HEA HAIK J= JA J=

LAHCA JA A JAH

6-

4-

) #$

5A =

n=1

un K = I HEA A N . 5A = I HEA
n=

un = u + u+1 + u+2 +

B H ? LAHCA JA A J

= I HEA
n=1

un = u1 + u2 + u3 + + uk +

J= >
,5A =

IAH ? LAHCA JA
564)

5KF

GKA = I HEA

Sk

JAH

CAH= @= IAGK ,AIIA

un ? n= ?E= @A IK=I I
@ JAH

LAHCA JA JA =I F=H?E=EI CAH= @= I

I GKA A = F IIKE K J= GKA =

= I

S = u1 + u 2 + u3 + + u . Sk = S + Sk
+ IAGKA JA A F HJ= J

S = lim Sk A IA = k F=H?E= @= I HEA un IAH

n=1 k

A JA

n=1

k
?

lim Sk = lim S + lim Sk , @

k k
LAHCA JA

@A IACKA GKA

lim Sk = S + S.

un

&

2H FHEA@=@AI
5A =

n=1

un = u1 + u2 + u3 + + uk +

n=1

yn = y1 + y2 + y3 + + yk + S
A

@K=I I HEAI GKA ? FH FHEA@=@AI E

LAHCA

F=H=

S ,

HAIFA?JEL=

A JA

A J

E@=I =I IACKE JAI

n=1

kun = k

n=1

un

F=H= J @

k R, yn ,

K IA = = I HEA

n=1

kun

LAHCA F=H=

kS. S + S .

EE

n=1

(un yn ) =

n=1

un

n=1

K IA = = I HEA

n=1

(un yn )

LAHCA F=H=

# % + @E
ANEIJA K I FH NE LAHE ?= @ A = ? IA K I EJA I D = I HEA

A?AII HE= F=H= + LAHC ?E=

= I HEA ? LAHCA JA K + ?E= I=>AHA LAHA 2 H I GKA I ?HEJ HE I GKA @ F IIKE = ? @E -II= ? HAIF IJ=I = JEF I F=HJE?K =HAI @A I HEAI @E @=@= FA A?AII HE= F=H= ? JA HA = =>=EN LAHC

= HACH= CAH= F=H= LAHE ?=H IA K

LAHCA JA

6,GKA J=

4-

) #%

5A

n=1

un

K = I HEA ? LAHCA JA A J
I GKA = I HEA

lim un = 0.

564)

5KF @

D=

lim Sk = S, @A k GKA F=H= J @ k

JA

GKA FA = ,A

un ? LAHCA F=H= S, A J F @A I = H =H n=1 E # $ & @=@ > 0 F @A I A ? JH=H N0 > 0 |Sk S | <
2
A

> N0
I GKA

L= A = @AIECK= @=@A

S k = S k 1 + uk ,

uk = S k S k 1

|Sk1 S | <

. + 2

A =IIE

|uk 0| = = = =

|Sk Sk1 0| |Sk S + S Sk1 | |(Sk S ) + (S Sk1 )| |Sk S | + |S Sk1 | |Sk S | + |Sk1 S | < + = . 2 2
? H HE = IACKEH

)IIE 7 = ?

FA = ,A IAGK

E ?E=

# KEJ

" IACKA GKA E

lim uk = 0. k F HJ= JA @AIIA JA HA =

n

41

# %

5A =

n=1

un K = I HEA J= GKA lim un = 0, A J

n=1

un
2 3

@ELAHCA JA
= 0.

-:-

# % !

) I HEA

n=1

2n+2 3n+5

@ELAHCA JA

GKA lim un = lim

n

2n+2 n 3n+5

&

-:-

# % "

) I HEA

n=1

1 n

J= GKA lim un = lim

n

A?AII HE= F=H= ? LAHC ?E= A J= J F @A LAHC ?E= = H =H IA A = ? LAHCA JA K @ELAHCA JA

*5-48) # % #

1 n n

= 0 EIJ

F IIKE = ? @E

I IA

=F E?=H KJH I JAIJAI @A ?

GKA =JA J I IA lim un = 0 FH L= IA GKA = I HEA @ELAH n CA JA =I IA lim un = 0 = I HEA F @A ? LAHCEH K @ELAHCEH F=H= EII A?AIIEJ= I AIJK@=H n ?HEJ HE I F=H= B= AH J= LAHE ?=
8AHA CA JA I = IAGK ?E= = CK I HAIK J=@ I GKA FAH EJA LAHE ?=H IA K = I HEA ? LAH K @ELAHCA JA

2 HJ= J

# & 5 HEAI -IFA?E=EI

# &  5 HEA D=H
,-.1
A ?
1 # &

E?=
K

) I HEA
E?= I I E?= A AN=

1 n=1 n

@A

E =@= I HEA D=H

=EI E @E E?= F HJ= JAI @=

E?=
=JA @A K JE?= LAHC 5AK KIE?= K = I HEA I EJA I ?E= IA J H =H ?E= A IKHCA = ? H@=

) I HEA D=H AN ? ) I HEA D=H @ELAHCA JA ALE@A JA GK= @ IK>IAGK @E?AI I

= @=I I HEAI > H= F IIK= = ? I IK=I I 2=H= EII L= B H

I D=H

E? I FH @K E@ I FA = LE>H= JHELE= @= I HEA D=H IE@AH=H =I I = IK>IAGK ?E=

A?AII HE= F=H= ?

) @ELAHC

?E= @= I HEA D=H E =H ?E= @A I ?E=I @A =I F=H?E=EI

5K= A J= @ELAHC =E H @AJ= DA E?= =I ?

=I F=H?E=EI ?

= LAH@=@A L= LAHCA F EI =@ ?K

IJH=H GKA = IAGK IA

Sn
I ?

?E=I @ELAHCA JAI FHA F J

2,

= @

S2 , S4 , S8 , S16 , S32 , S2n @A Sn . 6A I GKA

S21 = S2 = 1 + S22 = S4 = S23 = S8 = S24 = S16 = >

A =IIE IK?AIIEL= = JA

1 1 1 2 > + = 2 2 2 2( ) 1 1 1 1 1 3 S2 + + > S 2 + + = S2 + > 3 4 4 4 2 2 ( ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 S 4 + + + + > S4 + + + + = S4 + > 5 6 7 8 8 8 8 8 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 S8 + + + + + + + + 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ) ( 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 + + + + + + + = S8 + > S8 + 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 2 2

@A B H = GKA F @A I E JKEH GKA

A JA I GKA

S2 n >

,AIJ= B H

n+1 2

F=H= J @

n N .

n
GKA I @E GKA

lim S2n lim

I ? JH=HE=H ? K

S2n

= IK>IAGK EH =

n+1 = , n 2 ?E= @ELAHCA JA @A Sn . +

6A HA = # ! ! I GKA = FH FHE= E?=

EII +

JA

I GKA

Sn

J=

> =I

@ELAHCA F EI @ 8A = GKA I

JH HE =I I

F=H?E=EI @= I HEA D=H I = CK IJH= = B H

E?= @ELAHCA ? = A J= ?

I HEA D=H
E

= IAGK

E?= @ELAHCA
@

?E= @A I

=I F=H?E=EI @= I HEA D=H = GK= = I

>JE@=I ?

=KN E EJ

)2 - $

= @= I HEA JA @A =

S10 = 2, 9289 Sum milha o = 14, 392

S100 = 5, 1873 Sum bilha o = 21, 300

&!

S1000 = 7, 485 Sum trlha o = 28, 208.

# & ! 5 HEA CA
,-.1
@A
-:2

JHE?=
E = I I HEA CA = @= I HEA CA
JHE?=

# & "

,A

JHE?=

J @= I HEA @= B H =

n=1

a1 q n1 ,

@A q

E =@= H=
# & #

- ? JHA = I
IE@AHA

JHE?= A AIJK@A IK= ? LAHC ?E=

5 K

I = I HEA CA

n=1
A = I = @ I IAKI

a1 q n1 = a1 + a1 q + aq 2 + + a1 q n1 +
AEH I JAH I @=@= F H

nFHE

Sn = a1 + a1 q + aq 2 + + a1 q n1 .
K JEF E?= @ = > I I =@ I @AII= ECK= @=@A FA = H=

>JA

qSn = a1 q + a1 q 2 + a1 q 3 + + a1 q n
A J = @ = @EBAHA = A JHA =I @K=I JE =I ANFHAII AI >JA I

qSn Sn = (a1 q + a1 q 2 + a1 q 3 + + a1 q n ) (a1 + a1 q + aq 2 + + a1 q n1 ) , (q 1)Sn = a1 q n a1 = a1 (q n 1), a1 (q n 1) Sn = . (q 1)

2=H= AIJK@=H = ? LAHC ?E= @AII= I HEA @ALA I ? IE@AH=H JH I ?=I I

1 5A

q=1
JA

A J

lim Sn = lim
HAI F=H= E

Sn
11 5A

a1 (q n 1) = n (q 1)
EJA A F HJ= J

A = I HEA = I HEA

@ELAHCA JA @ELAHCA JA

5A

q = 1

A J

@ EI L=

|q | > 1

A J

lim Sn = lim

a1 (q n 1) = n (q 1)

A = I HEA

@ELAHCA JA

111 5A

|q | < 1
?

A J

lim Sn = lim

a1 q n a1 a1 a1 (q n 1) = lim + lim = n q 1 n (q 1) (q 1) (q 1)

A =

I HEA + ? KI

LAHCA JA

7 = I HEA CA
|q | < 1
=E @= JA

JHE?=
I GKA

|q | < 1.
-:2
2

3K= @

@ELAHCA JA IA
a1 q n1

n=1

|q | 1 a1 . = 1q

? LAHCA JA IA

# & $

) I HEA

( ) 2 n n=1 3

? LAHCA JA F EI IK= H=
q=
3 2

q =

2 3

< 1.

= I HEA

( ) 3 n n=1

@ELAHCA JA F EI IK= H=

> 1.

&"

# ' +HEJ HE I @A + LAHC ?E= @A 5 HEAI

3K= @ ? LAHC GKA F=II=HA ? ?E= DA?A 2 @A I JAH CAH= @= I = @A K = I HEA B ?E B= AH = LAHE ?= LAHC @= ?E= I LAHE ?=H IA K = I HEA ? LAHCA KI= @ ?HEJ HE I F=H= ? I = AIJK@=H = IACKEH

# '  +HEJ HE @= E JACH= 64) #'

5A =

n=1

un K = I HEA J= GKA un+1 un F=H= J @ n N . 5A = f (x)

K = BK
n N . - J

F IEJEL= ? J K= A @A?HAI?A JA IA = E JACH=

1

E JAHL= [1, ) J= GKA f (n) = un F=H= J @

f (x) dx ? LAHCEH = I HEA

un J= >

IAH ? LAHCA JA

5A = E JACH= @ELAHCEH = I HEA J= >

) @A IJH= @AIJA JA HA = >E> E CH= =

IAH @ELAHCA JA
IAH AIJK@=@= A

n=1

= F @AH

GK= GKAH K

@ I ELH I ?

IJ= JAI

-:-

# ' !

8AHE GKA =I DEF JAIAI @ JAIJA @= E JACH= A KJE E A

n=1

IA F II LA F=H= = = EI=H

= ? LAHC ?E= @= I HEA

nen . f (x) = xex ,

>LE= A A JA

5 K

IE@AHA = BK

f (x)
BK

K= A F IEJEL= F=H= I GKA NE

x 1. .= J= LAHE ?=H GKA @A?HAI?A JA 7I= @ f (x) = ex (1 x) A f (x) < 0 F=H= J @ x > 1, ?= A J f (x) @A?HAI?A JA F=H= J @ x 1. +
LAHE ?=@=I F @A I KJE E F=H= AIJK@=H = ?

JAIJA @= FHE

AEH= @AHEL=@= JA =FHAIA J= K

x=1

=I DEF JAIAI @ ?E= @= I HEA

LAHC

JAIJA @= E JACH= AIJ n

ne

JAIJA @= E JACH= = H ?

= GKA = I HEA

n=1

ne

I =
1

LAHCA IA

= E JACH=

xex dx

n=1 LAHCA A = I HEA @ELAHCA IA = E JACH= @ELAHCEH

)IIE

I = =

b+

xe dx = lim xex dx b + 1 1 b b ex dx lim xex +

1 1

( ) ( ) 2 b 1 2 b 1 b 1 = + lim b b = . = lim be + e e + e b+ e b+ e e e
+ = E JACH= E FH FHE= ? LAHCA FA JAIJA @= E JACH= = I HEA

n=1

nen J=

>

LAHCA

# ' " 5 HEA F K 5 HEA 0EFAH D=H

,-.1
1 # ' #

E?=
1 , p n=1 n

,A

E =

I I HEA p J @=I =I I HEAI AI?HEJ=I = B H =

@A p

K = ? IJ= JA F IEJEL=
&#

8=

I KJE E =H

6A HA

= # '

F=H= AIJK@=H = ?

LAHC

?E= @= I HEA

p.

-:-

# ' $

-IJK@A = ? LAHC ?E= @= I HEA

IE@AH= @ @E

1 1 1 1 1 = 1+ p + p + p ++ p + . p 2 3 4 n n=1 n

5 K
B= A @

f (x) =
AI @

J @=I =I ?

6A HA

1 , xp

JA

I GKA @A

f
1

F IEJEL= @

K= A @A?HAI?A JA I J =H = E JACH=

I=JEI

= # '

GKA F @A

1
6A I JH I ?=I I = ? IE@AH=H I GKA

1 dx = lim n xp

1 dx. xp

E 5A

p=1

JAHA

1
+ ?=I IAGKA JA JA

1 dx = lim n x

1 dx = lim ln x n x
= I HEA

= lim (ln n ln 1) = .
1 n

A JA GK= @ E?=

F 

1 1 = p n=1 n n=1 n

@ELAHCA JA

JA GKA

AIJA

I = I HEA D=H

EE 5A

p<1
1

JAHA

I GKA

1p>0
n

A =IIE

1 dx = lim n xp
A JA IA

1 x1 p dx = lim n 1 p xp
= I HEA

( = lim
n

n1p 1 1p 1p

) = .

IAGKA JA

F 

1 p n=1 n

@ELAHCA JA

EEE 5A

p>1
1

JAHA

I GKA

1p<0
n

A =IIE

1 dx = lim n xp

x1p 1 dx = lim n 1 p xp
HEA

( = lim
n

n1p 1 1p 1p

) =

1 . 1p

IAGKA JA

A JA IA

F =I

1 p n=1 n

? LAHCA JA

-:-

# ' %

)I I HEAI =>=EN I

ANA F I @A I HEAI p.
p = 9 > 1. p=
1 2

= >

1 ? LAHCA JA F EI 9 n=1 n 1 @ELAHCA JA F EI n n=1

K = I HEA F ? K = I HEA F ?

< 1.

&$

# ' & +HEJ HE @= ? 64) #''

F=H=
un K = I HEA A IA =
n=1 n=1 n=1 n=1 n=1
= I HEA ? LAHCA JA = IAGK ?E= @A IK=I I + =I F=H?E=EI

5A =

n=1

yn K = I HEA ?K = ?

LAHC ?E= GKAHA = I HEA = I HEA

AIJK@=H A J

E 5A un B H K = I HEA ? LAHCA JA A 0 yn un F=H= J @ n, A J n=1 ? LAHCA JA EE 5A

n=1

yn

un B H K = I HEA @ELAHCA JA A yn un 0 F=H= J @ n, A J

yn

@ELAHCA JA
,564)

E 5A =

un
K

= I HEA ?

LAHCA JA A

yn

= I HEA J= GKA

0 yn Sn

un
JA

F=H= J @ E EJA

n. +
@A

un

L,

n=1 @ GKA

u1 + u2 + u3 + + uk + < L.

0 yn un

F=H= J @

n,

IACKA GKA

0 y1 + y2 + y3 + + yk + u1 + u2 + u3 + + uk + < L.
+ J IAGKA JA = C A JA FA = IAGK 6A HA K ?E= @A I ? =I F=H?E=EI @A LAHCA JA A =IIE

n=1

yn

EJ=@= A

@EII

= # # &

= I HEA F=H= J @

n=1

yn
+

LAHCA JA

EE 5A =

un

= I HEA @ELAHCA JA A

yn u n 0

n.

n=1 I HEA @ELAHCA JA = IK= IAGK

AH +

?E= @A I =I F=H?E=EI Sn JA E EJA @A L > 0, ANEIJA K > 0 J= GKA u1 + u2 + u3 + + uk + > L yn un F=H= J @ n, IACKA GKA

un K = n=1 GKA @=@ K n > K.

F=H= J @

y1 + y2 + y3 + + yk + u1 + u2 + u3 + + uk + > L.
+ E IAGKA JA A JA = IAGK ?E= @A I =I F=H?E=EI = I HEA yn @ELAHCA JA n=1

y1 + y2 + y3 + + yk +

EJ=@= A =IIE

-:-

# ' 

7I= @

6A HA = # ' ' AIJK@A = ? LAHC ?E= @= I HEA

n=1

n . n3 + n2 + n + 1
I A ? JAH JAH JH=H K = I HEA GKA I=>A = H=H I IAH ? JAH LAH CAH=

5 K
CA JA 7

B H A J

6A HA

= # ' ' @ALA F=H= @ FH ?AII JH=H K

K @ELAHCA JA A B= AH = ? KI=@ 8=

CAH= @AII= I HEA ? CAH= =@AGK=@

= I HEA A

AIJK@

FH ?A@E

F=H= A ? I @AI?HALAH

@= I HEA FH F IJ= E 6A KE @

I @K=I B H @A

=I @A

H=H K JAH

GK ?EA JA

=K

A J= @ AIJK@ L=

@A I @E

E =@ H E KEH

K @E @A

E E

E =@ H = F=II

CAH= @= I HEA A

=@ H F=II

n3

n2

n n 1 n < 3 < 3 = . 2 2 +n+1 n +n +n n +n n(n + 1)

&%

-NA

# $ ! LE

I GKA = I HEA

20000 1 = 20000 , n=1 n(n + 1) n=1 n(n + 1)

? LAHCA JA

20000 n=1 n(n + 1)

LAHCA JA

F @A

I AI?HALAH J= >

IACKA FA = FH FHEA@=@A E GKA

1 n=1 n(n + 1)

EE 8=

I LAHE ?=H GKA @A B=J

n3 n2

n2

n 1 +n+1 n(n + 1)

F=H= J @

n N .

GKA L E@ F=H= J @

n3

n + +n+1 n2 (n + 1) n3 + n2 0
6A HA

1 n(n + 1) n3 + n2 + n + 1 n3 + n2 + n + 1 n+1
n=1

n.

FA

= # ' ' = I HEA

n3

n2

n +n+1

LAHCA JA

# '  +HEJ HE @A ,) = >AHJ K +HEJ HE @= 4= 6- 4- ) # '  5A = un K = I HEA J= GKA un > 0 F=H= J @
- J E ) I HEA EE ) I HEA EEE
,A ?

n A

n=1

un+1 = L. n un lim

n=1 n=1

un ?

LAHCA IA L < 1;

un @ELAHCA IA L > 1;

=@= F @A
564)

I = H =H IA L = 1.
5A =

n=1

un

= I HEA J= GKA

un+1 = L. n un lim

- J

@=@

>0

F @A

JH=H 5KF

K>0
D=

J= GKA F=H= J @

n>K
ANEIJA

L= A = @AIECK= @=@A

un+1 L < . un
E F E?= GKA

I GKA

L < 1.
F @A

- J

= @

=qL

I AI?HALAH

q J= GKA L < q < 1 un+1 L <qL @ un

K

A EII @A LA

q L < 1.

(q L) <
,= JE = HA = ? ? K

un+1 L<qL un
I GKA

(q L) + L <
JA

un+1 < q. un

un+1 < un q.

,AII= HA =

I GKA

un+1 un+2 un+3 un+k

A =IIE IK?AIIEL= A JA @A B H

< un q < un+1 q < un qq < un q 2 < un+2 q < un q 2 q < un q 3 < un+(k1) q < un q k1 q < un q k

= GKA

un+1 + un+2 + un+3 + < un q + un q 2 + un q 3 + .

&&

= I HEA CA JHE?= ? H= |q | < 1 A F HJ= ? LAHCA JA )IIE FA 6A HA = # ' ' = I HEA un ? LAHCA IA L < 1. n=1 un+1 2 H KJH =@ IKF D= I GKA lim = L > 1, A J >JAHA I un+1 > un F=H= J n un n A @AIIA @ lim un = 0. + IAGKA JA A JA = I HEA F IIKE = ? @E A?AII n F=H= ? LAHC ?E= C = I HEA un @ELAHCA IA L > 1. n=1 un+1 ) F=HJA EEE @ +HEJ HE @A ,) = >AHJ @E GKA IA lim = 1, A J AIJA ?HEJ n un JA GKA K E ? ? KIEL >IAHLA EII ? IE@AH= @ K I ANA F I

un q + un q 2 + un q 3 +

@ HE=

HE

un+1 lim = 1, n un
= I HEA D=H

n=1
F H = FHE AEH= = I HEA F ?

1 n2
?

n=1

1 . n

2=H= =

>=I

p = 2,

LAHCA JA A = IACK @=

E?= GKA I=>A

# ' !

I IAH @ELAHCA JA

-:-

7I= @

?HEJ HE @A , ) = >AHJ AIJK@A = ? LAHC ?E= @= I HEA

2n n=1

5 K

6A

I GKA

un =

2n n

un+1 =

2n+1 . n+1

un+1 n2n+1 n2n 2 2n = n = n = un 2 (n + 1) 2 (n + 1) (n + 1)

A =IIE FA ?HEJ HE @A ,) A >AHJ JA I GKA

L = lim

un+1 2n = lim = 2 > 1. n un n (n + 1)

@ELAHCA JA

IAGKA JA

A JA = I HEA

2n n=1 n

-:-

# ' "

-IJK@A = ? LAHC ?E= @= I HEA

I GKA

1 . n=1 n!
A A J

5 K

6A

un =

1 n!

un+1 =

1 (n + 1)!

L = lim
1 n=1 n!

un+1 n! 1 = lim = lim = 0 < 1, n un n (n + 1)! n n + 1

LAHCA FA = ?HEJ HE @A ,) A >AHJ

F HJ= J

= I HEA

# ' # +HEJ HE @A +=K?DO K +HEJ HE @= 4= 6- J

4) # ' $

5A =

n=1

un K = I HEA J= GKA un > 0 F=H= J @ n A

lim

un = L.

&'

E ) I HEA EE ) I HEA EEE

-:2

n=1 n=1

un ?

LAHCA IA L < 1;

un @ELAHCA IA L > 1;

=@= F @A
# ' %

I = H =H IA L = 1. 7I= @
I GKA

?HEJ HE @A +=K?DO AIJK@A = ? LAHC ?E= @= I HEA

un = ( n )n n 2n+5 =
n A =F E?= @ 2n+5
?HEJ HE

n=1

n 2n + 5
>JA

)n .

5 K
GKA

6A

@A +=K?DO

A ?

? K

I GKA = I HEA

n 1 L = lim n un = lim = < 1, n 2n + 5 n 2 ( ) n n ? LAHCA JA 2n + 5 n=1

52n LAHC ?E= @= I HEA . 3n+1 n=1 2

-:-

# ' &

-IJK@A = ?
I GKA

5 K
)IIE

6A

un =
n

52n 25 52 = 1 = 1 . 3 n +1 2 23+ n 8.2 n 25

1 n

L = lim
A = I HEA

un = lim

n 8.2

25 >1 8

52n 3n+1 n=1 2

@ELAHCA FA

?HEJ HE

@A +=K?DO

#  5 HEAI @A 6AH
@= B H =

I 2 IEJEL I A

AC=JEL I
E = I I HEA = JAH =@= I HEA

,-.1

#  

5A = un > 0 F=H= J @ n N . ,A

n=1

(1)n1 un = u1 u2 + u3 u4 + + (1)n1 un +
n=1

(1)n un = u1 + u2 u3 + + (1)n un +
n=1

-:-

# 

) I HEA

(1)n1

ANA F @A I HEA = JAH =@=

1 1 1 1 1 = 1 p + p p + + (1)n1 p + p n 2 3 4 n

'

#  ! + LAHC ?E= @A K = I HEA = JAH =@=

1 BA E F=II=HA A JA J @ I I ?HEJ HE I @A ? GKA LAC I JAH L ?E= LEIJ I =J I @= I HEA B IIA A J I L E@ I F=H= ) IACKEH AC=JEL I I HEAI = JAH =@=I F EI A AI ANECE= J @ I F IEJEL I I F IEJEL I A I = LAH = CK I HAIK J=@ I GKA I E@ I F=H= I HEAI @A JAH

6-

4-

) #  " 6A HA
n=1

= @A

AE> EJ 

+ IE@AHA K = I HEA = JAH =@=

(1)n1 un = u1 u2 + u3 u4 + + (1)n1 un +

J= GKA

(i) u1 > u2 > u3 > u4 >

(ii) lim un = 0.
n

- J I L E@=I =I IACKE JAI ? ? KI AI = ) I HEA = JAH =@= ? LAHCA JA > ) I = F=H?E= Sn @= I HEA = JAH =@=
,5KF
564)

J= GKA 0 < Sn < u1 .

2n
FHE AEH I JAH F IEJEL I A E E?E=HA LAHC FA = ? I = ? @E I @= I HEA = JAH =@= I @A J=CA H@A A ,AIIA I GKA F=H I

= + I JAH AH A

IE@AHA I @A FHE EJ JAH AEH

I = I H@A JAH I

= @ I B H

D=

I GKA

F=H @= I HEA I AC=JEL =BAJ= = ? )IIE

AC=JEL I JAH

5A F H =?=I F IEJEL

u2 ,

F EI

= HAJEH=@= @A K

@A JAH

?E= @= I HEA

u2n1

u2 n

AC=JEL

(i)

JA

(u1 u2 ) > 0, (u3 u4 ) > 0, (un un+1 ) > 0, (u2n1 u2n ) > 0
@A @ GKA

S 2 = u1 u2 > 0
A =IIE IK?AIIEL= A JA

S4 = S2 + (u3 u4 ) > S2
2 HJ= J >JA I GKA

S 6 = S 4 + ( u5 u6 ) > S 4

0 < S2 < S4 < .... < S2n .

)E @= =II ?E= @ I JAH I @A KJH= B H = >JA I GKA

S2n = (u1 u2 ) + (u3 u4 ) + ... + (u2n1 u2n ) = u1 (u2 u3 ) (u4 u5 ) ... (u2n2 u2n1 ) u2n
A FA = ? K @E

(i),

?=@= JAH

A JHA F=H >JA @ EJ=@= A ? ?E= @A I K

JAIAI

F IEJEL=

2 HJ= J

AIJ= @

I IK>JH=E @ GKA

= GK= JE@=@A F IEJEL= @A + EII ? IACKA GKA

u1 ,
E

HAIK J=@

E BAHE H =

u1 ,

@A

0 < S2n <

u1 . S2n
+ JA )IIE ? K I GKA = IAGK

n =F E?= @ = ?

5A =

lim S2n = S.
@E

S2n

0 < S2 < S4 < < S2n , J= > J = S2 , S4 , , S2n ? LAHCA FA 6A HA = # # & < u1 , IACKA GKA S < u1 . 5A @ S2n+1 = S2n + u2n+1 A
=I

(ii),

I GKA

n
+ F=H IAGKA JA A JA

lim S2n+1 = lim S2n + lim u2n+1 = S + 0 = S.

n n
=I @A I GKA H@A F=H JA = AI = I = @ I JAH I @A H@A

A JA =I I IJH=HA @=@

.E = +

GKA

lim S2n = S, 2n > K1 .

n

>0

n F @A

lim Sn = S.
I A ? JH=H

K1 > 0

J= GKA

|S2n S | <

IA

FHA

'

+ IA

K = max {K1 , K2 } , F=H= J lim Sn = S A = I HEA (1)n1 un ?

6 = @

lim S2n+1 = S, @=@ n FHA GKA 2n + 1 > K2 .

> 0

F @A

I A ?

JH=H

K2 > 0

J=

GKA

|S2n S | <
C

n>K

L= A = @AIECK= @=@A

|Sn S | < .

LAHCA JA

n=1
2 #  #

-:-

7I= @

JA HA = @A AE> EJ AIJK@A = ? LAHC ?E= @= I HEA

n=1

(1)n1

n+2 . n (n + 1)
@E AI @ 6A HA = #  " JAH CAH= F=H=

5 K
@= I HEA J @

un I=JEIB= J @=I ? n+2 un = > 0 F=H= J @ n N . n (n + 1)

8= I LAHE ?=H IA =JKH= 6A I GKA

)C H= L=

I LAHE ?=H IA

un > un+1

n+2 n (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 1) (n + 2) n3 + 5n2 + 8n + 4 4n2 + 8n

GKA LAH@=@AEH )E @= F=H= J @

n+3 (n + 1) (n + 2) > n (n + 1) (n + 3) > n3 + 4n2 + 3n > 1, >

AEH= ? @E @ 6A HA = #  " AIJ

=JKH=

)IIE

= FHE

I=JEIBAEJ=

n
A A J = I HEA J @=I =I ANEC ?E=I @

lim un = lim

n+2 = 0. n n (n + 1)
I=JEIBAEJ=I 2 @A I ? ? KEH A J GKA

6A HA

= #  " AIJ

n=1

(1)n1

n+2 n (n + 1)

LAHCA JA

#  5 HEA @A 6AH
,-.1
F H JAH
1

I @A 5E =EI 3K=EIGKAH
I @A IE =EI GK=EIGKAH J @= I HEA B H =@=

#   ,A E = I I HEA @A JAH I F IEJEL I A AC=JEL I

)I I HEAI = JAH =@=I I

?=I I F=HJE?K =HAI @=I I HEAI @A JAH

I @A IE =EI GK=EIGKAH

-:-

# 

) I HEA

n=1

1 )= 2 + sin( n 6

3 2

+1+

3 2

1 +1 +0 2 2

3 2

3 2

1 +0+ 2

ANA F @A I HEA @A JAH

8AHA I ? = IAGK ?E= K LAHCA JA

I @A IE =EI GK=EIGKAH
JA HA = GKA FAH EJA LAHE ?=H IA K = I HEA @A JAH I @A IE =EI

GK=EIGKAH

6-

4-

) #  !

5A =

n=1

un K = I HEA @A JAH

I @A IE =EI GK=EIGKAH 5A = I HEA IAH ? LAHCA JA

n=1

|un |

B H K = I HEA ? LAHCA JA A J

= I HEA

n=1

un J= >

'

A J= J

IA = I HEA

n=1

|un | B
n=1

H @ELAHCA JA

=@= F @AHA

I= H

=H I >HA = ?

LAHC

?E=

@= I HEA @A IE =EI GK=EIGKAH

un .

-:-

#  "

8E

-NA F

#  # GKA = I HEA

(1)n1 n + 2 n (n + 1) n=1

? LAHCA JA

2 H

= I HEA

AII= = H =
-:2

(1)n1 n + 2 n+2 = n (n + 1) n=1 n=1 n (n + 1)

? LAHCA JA

AEJ H F @A LAHE ?=H

KI= @

?HEJ HE @= ?

F=H=

#  #

7I= @
I GKA

6A HA = #  ! AIJK@A = ? LAHC ?E= @= I HEA

(1)n1 n3

(1)n1 . n3 n=1

5 K
p=3>1
I HEA J= >

6A

n=1

n=1

1 .+ n3
C

F @A

I ?

>IAHL=H AIJ= LAHCA JA ) ?

= I HEA

p?

A F HJ= J

LAHCA JA

F @A IAH AIJK@=@= FA

n=1 JA HA = @A

(1)n1 n3

LAHC

?E= @AIJ=

AE> EJ

-:-

#  $

7I= @
I GKA

6A HA = #  ! AIJK@A = ?

sin(nx) + 3 cos2 (n) LAHC ?E= @= I HEA . n2 n=1

5 K

6A

sin(nx) + 3 cos2 (n) |sin(nx) + 3 cos2 (n)| = n2 n2 n=1 n=1

A ?

|sin(nx)| 1

|cos2 (n)| 1,

KI= @

FH FHEA@=@AI @A

@K

IACKA GKA

sin(nx) + 3 cos2 (n) |sin(nx)| + 3 cos2 (n) 1 + 3 cos2 (n) 1 + 3 = 4,

A A J F @A I ? ? KEH GKA

|sin(nx) + 3 cos2 (n)| n=1 n=1 4 n2

n2
K = I HEA

4 n2 n=1

F=H= J @

=JKH=

LAHCA JA p

= 2 > 1),

JA

I GKA = I HEA

sin(nx) + 3 cos2 (n) n2 n=1

? LAHCA FA )IIE ?HEJ HE @= ? F=H= J= > ? LAHCA FA 6A HA = #  !

= I HEA

n=1

sin(nx) + 3 cos2 (n) n2

'!

#
?

5 HEAI =>I KJ= A JA ? LAHCA JA A ? @E?E = ? LAHCA JAI

EH I HEAI =>I F I =>=EN KJ= A JA ? LAHCA JA A ? @E?E = A JA ? I ANA
#  

A JA
I

) JAI @A @A IE@AH=H
2

LAHCA JAI L=

-:-

+ IE@AHA

I = I HEA D=H

E?=

1 1 1 1 1 = 1 + + + + + + n 2 3 4 n n=1

IJH=

I GKA AIJ= I HEA

n=1

@ELAHCA JA 2 H

= I HEA D=H

E?= = JAH =@= @=@= F H

(1)n1

1 1 1 1 1 = 1 + + + (1)n1 + n 2 3 4 n

? LAHCA JA FA JA HA = @A AE> EJ I > ? @E AI EIJ F @A

@E ?=H = I

8=

IJH=H GKA = I HEA

n=1

(1)n1

I E JAHBAHEH = IK= B H = @A ? LAHCEH

L= H @A ? LAHC I @A ?E= @A H@A

1 ? LAHCA n

5 K
? B H

2=H=

(1)n1

@AIJ= I HEA IAF=H= @ A IACKA

= @ I JAH

n=1 F=H @= I

1 n

>=IJ= HA=CHKF=H I @A

I JAH H@A

I F=H

= @ I JAH

( Sn =
+

1 1 1 1 + + + + + 3 5 2n 1
>IAHL=H F @A

1 1 1 1 + + + + + 2 4 6 2n

) .

AEJ H F @A

I AI?HALAH

Sn =
A ?=@= K E @AJAH = @AIJ=I IK> I =I

n=1

1 1 2n 1 n=1 2n

C I JA I GKA

@ELAHCA JA

Sn = ,

EIJ

= I

E =@= IEC E ?= @

GKA IA AI?HALAH

n=1
= B H =

(1)n1

1 n ) ( )

n=1

(1)

n1

1 = n

1 1 1 1 + + + + + 3 5 2n 1
LAHC ?E= 1II

1 1 1 1 + + + + + 2 4 6 2n

=@= F @A

I = H

=H I >HA = IK= ?

? HHA F HGKA = I HEA

n=1
? + ?E = LAHCA >=IA A JA ? ANA F = JAHE H L=

(1)

n1

1 1 = n n n=1

EH I HEAI =>I KJ= A JA ? LAHCA JA A ? @E

I @A

LAHCA JA

'"

,-.1

# 

5A =

n=1

un K = I HEA @A JAH

I @A IE =EI GK=EIGKAH A J

E 5A

n=1

|un | ?

LAHCA = I HEA
n=1

@A

E =@= =>I KJ= A JA ? LAHCA JA = I HEA

n=1

EE 5A un ? LAHCA A n=1 A JA ? LAHCA JA

-:2 #  !

|un | @ELAHCA A J

un

@A

E =@= ? @E?E =

=>I KJ= A JA ? LAHCA JA

-:2 #  "

1 (1)n1 , AIJK@=@= -NA F #   n n=1 sin(nx) + 3 cos2 (n) ? LAHCA JA A GK= J GKA = I HEA , AIJK@=@= n2 n=1

) I HEA

? @E?E = A JA -NA F #  $

+ =IIE GKA = I HEA K

HE?=

CA JA ? @E?E = A JA ? LAHCA JA K @ELAHCA JA

(1)n1 n2 ? n3 + 4 n=1

=>I KJ= A JA ? LAH

5 K
BK

6A

I GKA

f (x) =

x2 x3 + 4

(1)n1 n2 n2 = , A AIJ= 3 n3 + 4 n=1 n=1 n + 4 3 ? J K= F=H= J @ x = 4, A

= I HEA @ELAHCA JA

F EI =

F=HJE?K =H F=H= J @

x 1,

F IEJEL= F=H= J @ J @

3
C

2,

F=HJE?K =H F=H=

x 1,

A ?

f ( x) =

x>2

K IA =

= BK

f ( x)
2

@A?HAI?A JA F=H= J @

x(8 x3 ) > 0 F=H= (x3 + 4)2 x 2, A =IIE F @A I

b

=F E?=H

?HEJ HE

@= E JACH=

A @AIJA IACKA GKA

x2 dx = lim b+ x3 + 4

1 x2 dx = lim ln(x3 + 4) 3 b+ 3 x +4

= +,
2

K IA = = E JACH= E FH FHE= A ? IAGKA JA A JA = I HEA @ELAHCA (1)n1 n2 2 H K = I HEA = JAH =@= ? LAHCA JA F EI I=JEIB= n3 + 4 n=1 JA HA = @A AE> EJ LEIJ GKA

=I ?

@E

AI @

n2 =0 n+ n3 + 4 lim
F EI =?E = LAHE ?=

un+1 =

(n + 1)2 n2 = un , (n + 1)3 + 4 n3 + 4 x2 x3 + 4

F=H= J @

n2

I GKA = BK ? @E?E

f (x) =
=

@A?HAI?A JA F=H= J @

x 2.

2 HJ= J

= I HEA @=@=
#

A JA ?

LAHCA JA

+ =IIE GKA =I I HEAI K HE?=I =>=EN ? =>I KJ= A JA ? LAHCA JA ? @E?E = A JA ? LAHCA JA K @ELAHCA JA KIJE ?= @ IK= HAIF IJ=
-:2 # 

=

n=2

(2)n (ln n)n + 2 n + 1

= ) = EI= @

(1)n 2 > 4 n3 + 2n n=1

?E= =>I

5 K

= ?

LAHC

KJ= JA

(2)n 2n 2n = (ln n)n (ln n)n + 2 n + 1 (ln n)n + 2 n + 1

'#

)F E?= @

JAIJA @= H=E

JA

L = lim

n

2n 2 = lim = 0. n n ln n (ln n)
C FA JAIJA @= ? F=H= = I HEA @=@=

+ ?

L < 1
LAHCA =>I

= I HEA KJ= = ?

n=2 A JA
LAHC

2n (ln n)n

LAHCA

> ) = EI= @

?E= =>I

KJ= JA

(1)n 2 2 2 = , 4 4 4 3 3 n + 2n n + 2n n3
? 2 H EII =@= F @A >IAHLA GKA I ? ? KEH F EI = I HEA @=@= A H GKA K = I HEA F @ELAHCA JA

4
A

2 2 = n3 + 2n [n3 (1 +

2 )] n2

1 4

2 n (1 +
3 4 1 2 4 ) n2

1 (1 +

1 2 1 )4 34 . 2 n

4
A F H ? F=H= = ? I = I HEA @=@= LAHC ?E= ? ? @E?E ) = EI= @ = JAH =@= JA 2 HJ= J

n3

2 2 3 , 4 + 2n 3n 4
LAHCA =>I KJ= A JA = @A AE> EJ F EI = I HEA @=@= KI= @ A 6A HA

2 =0 lim 4 n n3 + 2n
? @E?E =

2 an = 4 n3 + 2n
LAHCA JA

@A?HAI?A JA

= I HEA @=@=

A JA ?

# ! 5 HEAI @A .K
+

AI
: R R @A E@=I F H f0 (x) = 1, f1 (x) = x, f2 (x) = x2 , fn (x) = xn , , F @A I AI?HALAH = I =

f3 (x)

IE@AH= @ =I BK AI fi = x3 , f4 (x) = x4 , ,

S (x) = f0 (x) + f1 (x) + f2 (x) + f3 (x) + f4 (x) + + fn (x) + = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 + + xn +

-II= I K = E EJ= K ANA F @A I HEA @A BK E AI F EI IAK JAH AI ? CAH= @AFA @A @A IACKA = L=HE LA HA=

x.

=EI CAH=

A JA @A

I I HEA @A BK

,-.1
BK

E = I I HEA @A BK 1 # !  ,A @= L=HE LA HA= x A = @A J=HA I F H

n=0

AI = J @= I HEA = GK=

JAH

CAH=

K =

un (x) = u0 (x) + u1 (x) + u2 (x) + + un (x) +

# !
+ BK AI 7

+ LAHC ?E= @A I HEAI @A BK

AIJK@ @=I I HEAI K HE?=I AIJ= = I HEA @A BK AI IA B H ? LAHCA JA ?

AI
= ? F=H= K LAHC = BK ?E= @=I I HEAI @A ) E =CA LAHCEH

I E JAHAII=@ I

'$

@A ?=@= L= @ELAHCA JA

H @A

K F

= I HEA @A BK F=H= ?=@= L=

AI

= I HEA

HE?= GKA F @A IAH ?

LAHCA JA

2 H ANA

H @A

x,

= I HEA

n=0
K IAH ? = I HEA CA = BK

xn = 1 + x + x 2 + x3 + x4 + + xn +
? LAHCA IA 1II

JHE?= A F HJ= J

LAHCA F=H= K LAHC

1

1 S ( x) = , 1x
@AJAH

|x| < 1 A @ELAHCA ?=I

HAI @A

JH HE AI ? E

IK= I

IA

|x| < 1.
? K J

IEC E ?= GKA K

= I HEA @A BK E =@ @

LAHCA JA K E JAHL=

E =@

@A L=

x,

@A

@A ?

?E=
# ! !

,-.1

5A =

n=0

un (x) K = I HEA @A BK

AI ,A

E =

I@

K E JAH

L= @A ? LAHC ?E= @= I HEA = ? K J @A J @ I I L= HAI @A x F=H= I GK=EI = I HEA ? LAHCA JA A @A E = I H=E @A ? LAHC ?E= @EIJ ?E= A JHA ?A JH A =I ANJHA E@=@AI @ E JAHL= ? LAHC ?E=
-:2 # ! "

H=E @A ? LAHC ?E= @= I HEA

n=0

xn

R=1 A
n=0

IAK E JAHL=
1 . 1x

@A ?

LAHC ?E=
-:2

I = (1, 1) . 2=H= J @ x (1, 1) JA

# ! #

IA GKA

xn =

,AJAH E A E JAHL= A H=E @A ? LAHC ?E= @= I HEA

= ? LAHC ?E= =>I KJ= @= I HEA JA I GKA

cos(x) + sin(x) . n4 + n n=1

5 K

) = EI= @

cos(x) + sin(x) |cos(x) + sin(x)| |cos(x)| + |sin(x)| 2 2 = 4 4 4 4 4 n +n n +n n +n n +n n

A ? =>I HA= E

2 4 n=1 n
KJ= @A EJ A JA ? )IIE

I HEA ?

LAHCA JA K IA =

? K

F H ?

F=H=

GKA = I HEA @=@= LAHCA F=H= J @ H=E @A ? LAHC L= ?E= H

LAHCA JA E JAHL=

= I HEA

x.

@A ?

LAHC

cos(x) + sin(x) ? n4 + n n=1 ?E= @AIJ= I HEA R A IAK

# " 5 HEAI @A 2 J ?E=I

)I I HEAI @A F J FH > A F IIKA =FH NE FH CH= =I @A =H BK L= =JA ?E=I I =I I HEAI @A BK F EI I K A J=HAI = HAI AI GKA =F=HA?A JAEI EII AI A @A AGK= ? =EI BHAGK @A BK > ?E= I JE?= A A CA D=HE= E = E JACH= AI GKA F=H= F AN=I = JE@AHEL=@=I A A AI F H F EII =@ HAI B= A AI @EBAHA ?E=EI A J= F E ?=H ANFHAI AI ? ?E=I

E I ?EA JEIJ=I B= A F=H= HAFHAIA J=H BK AIFA?E= = AIJK@

F=H= IE

?= ?K =@ H=I A ?

FKJ=@ HAI

LEIJ= @EII

I @=H =JA

@=I 5 HEAI @A 2 J

,-.1

7 = I HEA @A F J ?E=I K = I HEA ?K I JAH I A L LA =FA =I F J ?E=I @A x K JEF E?=@=I F H ? A ?EA JAI ? IJ= JAI cn , K IA = K = I HEA @A F J ?E=I AI?HEJ= = B H =
1 # " 

n=0

cn xn = c0 + c1 x + c2 x2 + c3 x3 + + cn xn + .

'%

-:-

# "

) I HEA

n=0

xn @ -NA F

# ! "

K = I HEA @A F J ?E=I # ! #

@A J @ I I K =

? A ?EA JAI cn I

ECK=EI = 1.

= I HEA I

I HEA @A F J ?E=I F EI IAKI JAH

*5-48) # " !

A L LA

cos(x) + sin(x) @ -NA F n4 + n n=1

=FA =I F J ?E=I @A x.

J= AI L=

2=H= GKA I HAIK J=@ I = JAHE HAI F II= IAH KI=@ I IA K@= =I =I I =@ EJEH GKA un (x) = cn xn F=H= ?=I @=I I HEAI @A F J ?E=I

# " " 2H ?AII F=H= @AJAH E =H E JAHL= A ?E= @A K = I HEA @A F J ?E=I

7JE E = J ? = @ @E IA I ?HEJ HE I @A , ) = K KI=@

H=E @A ? LAHC
LAHC E ?E= =>I KJ=

un+1 lim n un
@ I ?HEJ HE

n
-

( ) lim n |un |

>AHJ

K @A +=K?DO F=H= = ? @A

un = cn xn .
I GKA

+=I

EJA ANEIJ= L= A =

GK= GKAH ?=I

JAHA

un+1 cn+1 xn+1 lim = lim = |x| L n n un cn xn

@A

L = lim
,AIIA @ GKA H=E I @ A

cn+1 . cn
LA @ = E AGK=

|x| L < 1,

|x| <

E JAHL= @A ? LAHC ?E= IAH >JE@ I HAI 1 , K IA = H=E @A ? LAHC ?E= L

R=
*5-48)

1 . L

ECK= = 

+ =@= F @A
# " #

LAHCA F=H= x = A x = . .AEJ= AIJ= LAHE ?= L L ? LAHC ?E=

-:2 # " $

?HEJ HE @A , ) = >AHJ E ? ? KIEL GK= @ E EJA @= H= I = H =H IA |x| L = 1. )IIE @ALA I LAHE ?=H IA = I HEA ?
1

F @A IA AIJ=>A A?AH
n=0

E JAHL=
3n x n . 5n (1 + n2 )
I GKA

@A

,AJAH E A
?HEJ HE

E JAHL= A
@A ,) =

H=E @A ? LAHC ?E= @= I HEA

>AHJ F=H= = ? LAHC ?E= =>I

5 K

)F E?= @

KJ= JA

lim

un+1 un

3n+1 xn+1 ( ) 5n+1 1 + (n + 1)2 5n 3n 3xn x (1 + n2 ) = lim = lim 3n xn n 5n 5 (n2 + 2n + 2) 3xn n 5n (1 + n2 ) 3x (1 + n2 ) 3 (1 + n2 ) 3 = lim = | x | lim = |x| 2 2 n 5 (n + 2n + 2) n 5 (n + 2n + 2) 5
LAHCEH IA

)IIE

= I HEA ?

R= 5 . 3
= IAGK ?E= @ALA

3 | x | < 1, 5

K IA = IA

|x| < 5 .2 3

HJ= J

H=E

@A ?

LAHC

?E=

I LAHE ?=H IA = I HEA ?

LAHCA F=H=

x=

5 3

5 x= . 3

'&

5A

5 x= , 3

JA

I = I HEA

( )n 3n 5 3n 5n 1 n 3 = (1) n = (1)n . n 2 2 n 5 (1 + n ) n=0 5 (1 + n ) 3 (1 + n2 ) n=0 n=0

?HEJ HE @A AE> EJ

GKA ?

LAHCA FA 5A

x=

5 3

JA

I = I HEA

n=0
GKA ? LAHCA F H ? F=H=

( )n 3n 5 3n 5n 1 3 = = . n 2 n 2 n 5 (1 + n ) n=0 5 (1 + n ) 3 (1 + n2 ) n=0
F EI

1 1 1 + . 2 2 n=1 n n=0 (1 + n )
+ @A ? ? KI LAHC ?E= H=E @A ? LAHC ?E= @= I HEA

3n xn n 2 n=0 5 (1 + n )

R=

5 3

IAK E JAHL=

5 5 x . 3 3

-:-

# " %

,AJAH E =H
L=

E JAHL= A
?HEJ HE

H=E @A ? LAHC ?E= @= I HEA

@A , ) = >AHJ JA

n=0

n!xn .

5 K

)F E?= @

A JA

n
)IIE LAHC ?E=

lim

un+1 (n + 1)!xn+1 = lim = lim (n + 1) |x| = n n un n!xn

LAHCA =FA =I GK= @ IAK H=E @A ?

I GKA

0, IA x = 0 . , IA x = 0
IAK E JAHL= @A ?

= I HEA @=@= ?

x = 0.
?E=

2 HJ= J

I = {0}

R=0

LAHC

# " &
,-.1
B H =
n=0
2=H=
1

5 HEA @A F J ?E=I ?A JH=@= A

# " '

x=a
x = a

,A
n

E =

I I HEA @A F J ?E=I ?A JH=@= A

J @= I HEA @=

cn (x a) .
>JAH H=E JH=H F H A E JAHL= E JAHL= @A ? @A ? LAHC LAHC ?E= @=I I HEAI A ?E= F=H= = I HEA

(x a)

A A ?

(x a) , >=IJ= B= AH z = cn z n . )F I AIJ= AJ=F=

n=0 2 (x 5) n . 2 n=0 n + 3

IK>IJEJKE IA

(x a)

= E AGK=

R < z < R.

-:-

# " 

,AJAH E =H

H=E A
F @A

E JAHL= @A ? LAHC ?E= @= I HEA

I AI?HALAH

5 K

5A =

z = (x 5)

- J

2 (x 5) n 2z n = . 2 2 n=0 n + 3 n=0 n + 3
7I= @ JA HA = @A ,) = >AHJ JA I GKA

''

lim

un+1 un

2z n+1 (n2 + 3) 2z n+1 (n + 1)2 + 3 ( ) = lim = lim 2z n n n (n + 1)2 + 3 2z n n2 + 3 (n2 + 3) |z | n2 + 3 = |z | lim 2 = |z | = lim 2 n (n + 2n + 4) n n + 2n + 4 |z | < 1.
2 HJ= J IAK H=E @A ? A LAHC ?E=

A =IIE IAGK

= I HEA ? ?E= @ALA 5A

LAHCA IA

R = 1.

I LAHE ?=H IA = I HEA ? JA I = I HEA

LAHCA F=H=

z = 1

z = 1.

z = 1

2z n 2 (1)n 2 = = (1)n 2 2 2 n + 3 n=0 n + 3 (n + 3) n=0 n=0

GKA ? LAHCA FA 5A JA HA = @A AE> EJ

z=1

JA

I = I HEA

2z n 2(1)n 2 = = . 2 2 2 n + 3 n=0 n + 3 n=0 (n + 3) n=0

GKA ? LAHCA F H ? F=H= ? K =

pI

HEA F EI

2 2 2 + . 2 3 n=1 n2 n=0 (n + 3)
+ ? ? KI ?E= H=E @A ? LAHC ?E= @= I HEA

LAHC

1 z 1.

5K>IJEJKE @

F H

2z n 2 n=0 n + 3 x 5, >JA

R = 1
I

IAK E JAHL=

@A

4 x 6,
GKA E JAHL= @A ? LAHC ?E= @= I HEA

2 (x 5) n . 2 n=0 n + 3

# "  + JE KE@=@A @= I
5=>A 2 H K ANA F I @ IA = I + ?K  GKA = I LAH E ? HHA = A L @A EII EJ I JAH

= @A K = 5 HEA @A .K
AH EJ @A BK F @A AI ? J I IAK HAIK J=@ IAH ?

AI
K=I J K ? J K= I 8A =

= @A K

-:-

# " 

IJHA GKA = I HEA

= I
1 3

n=1

1 x 2n+1

1 x 2n1

? LAHCA F=H= K = BK

@AI

? J K=

5 K

-I?HALA @

= @ I

nFHE
1 5 1 3

AEH I JAH

I @AIJ= IAHEA
1 5

Sn (x) = x x + x x
A A E E = @ I F=H JAIAI >JA

+ x x

1 7

( + +
1

1 x 2n+1

1 x 2n1

I GKA

Sn (x) = x + x 2n+1 .


)IIE

( S (x) = lim Sn (x) = lim

n
2 HJ= J

x +

1 x 2n+1

) =

1 x, IA x = 0 0, IA x = 0.
AI @=@= A GK= J ? LAHCA JA

lim Sn (x) ANEIJA F=H= J @ n JA GKA = I = @AIJ= I HEA K = BK

@A IAKI JAH

x R
@AI?

A = I HEA @A BK J K= A

x = 0,
GKAIJ

F J ?E=I

I AH= ?

>IAHLA =E @= GKA = I HEA A

K = I HEA @A

GKA ?=@= K

# " ! ,AHEL=
+ @AHEL=@=I ?K  LE A J= J F @A @AEN=H @A IAH L F @A IAH @ELAHCA JA E@= 8A =

@A K = I HEA @A BK
I GKA = @AHEL=@= @A K IA JELAH ,= I K AI I K ANA = B H F = I = = GK= JE@=@A E

AI ? J K=I
EJ= @A BK EJ= @A BK AI AI ECK= AI ? I = @=I LAHCA JA AII= FH FHEA@=@A = I HEA @A BK

= = @AHEL=@= @A K

-:-

# " "

+ IE@AHA = I HEA
|sin(n4 x)| 1

GKA = I HEA @A IK=I @AHEL=@=I

@ELAHCA JA
F=H= J @

sin(n4 x) . n2 n=1

IJHA GKA AIJ=

x

K = I HEA ? LAHCA JA A

5 K

=JKH= A J @

HA=

IACKA GKA

1 sin(n4 x) |sin(n4 x)| = n2 n2 n2

A F H ? =>I = I KJ= F=H= A JA ? ? K =

I HEA ?

LAHCA JA p

= 2

F @A

I ? L=

? KEH GKA = I HEA @=@= H HA= @A

LAHCA JA K IA =

)E @= AIJ= I HEA ?

LAHCA F=H= J @

x.

5A =

S (x)

= @AIJ= I HEA

S (x) =
@AHEL= @

sin(n4 x) sin x sin(24 x) sin(34 x) sin(44 x) sin(n4 x) = + + + + + + n2 12 22 32 42 n2 n=1

JAH = JAH AIJ= I = JA I GKA

S (x) =

cos x 24 cos(24 x) 34 cos(34 x) 44 cos(44 x) n4 cos(n4 x) + + + + + + 2 2 2 2 12 2 3 4 n = cos x + 22 cos(24 x) + 32 cos(34 x) + 42 cos(44 x) + + n2 cos(n4 x) +
A

A =F E?= @

x = 0,

>JA

S (0) = cos 0 + 22 cos 0 + 32 cos 0 + 42 cos 0 + + n2 cos 0 + = 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + + n2 +

GKA K = IAGK ?E= @A I =I @ELAHCA JA )IIE = I HEA @A BK AI ? LAHCA F=H= GKAIJ > ANECA

x = 0,

A GK= J ,=

K = I HEA @A F J ?E=I
AI = B H = GKA IAH L EIJ - GK= J F @A A J= J AI E@

GKA = @AHEL=@= @AIJ= I HEA @ELAHCA A = @AHEL=@= F=H= K

x = 0.
@A K

>IAHLA GKA = I HEA A = I HEA @A BK AI ECK= = I AI ?E=I ?

= E JACH= =I =

AI J=

?KE@=@ I

GKA = E JACH= @A K ? HHAH ?E=I B H ? GK= @

EJ= @A BK

= @=I E JACH=EI K IA = LAHCA JAI GK= @ JAH ? =

= GK= JE@=@A E

EJ= @A BK

IA JH=J=H @A I HEAI @A F J > IAH

K JAH

= I HEA @A F J GKA =I H=E @A ? AI

LAHCA JA F @A IA ABAJK=H = @AHEL= B H A LAHA I = IACKEH

A = E JACH=

L=I I HEAI LAC

>JE@=I F H AIJAI FH ?AII I J=

?E= ?



# # ,EBAHA ?E=
) I E JAHL= ? HHA JAH =? H@ ? = @A K @A ? = I HEA @A F J LAHC

A 1 JACH=
?E=I K = BK ,A JH

@A 5 HEAI @A 2 J ?E=I
f (x) =

cn (x a)n ,

?K

E @A

?E= @= I HEA =>=EN

@AIJA E JAHL=

n=0 = @AHEL=

A = E JACH=

= JAH HAIK J=@

K IA = F @A IA @AHEL=H A E JACH=H ?=@= JAH

E @ELE@K= @= I HEA @A

6-

4-

) # # 

5A =

n=0

cn (x a)n K = I HEA @A F J ?E=I ?

H=E @A ? LAHC ?E=

R > 0. - J

= BK

f @A

E@= F H
2 n=0

f (x) = c0 + c1 (x a) + c2 (x a) + =

cn (x a)n

@EBAHA ?E LA A F HJ= J ? J K=

E JAHL= (a R, a + R) A
n=1

E EE

f (x) = c1 + 2c2 (x a) + 3c3 (x a)2 + = f (x) = 2c2 + 6c3 (x a) + =

n=2

ncn (x a)n1

n(n 1)cn (x a)n2

A =IIE

F H @E= JA )

@EII

= @ C = K + ac0 , JA

IA GKA

EEE

(x a)2 (x a)3 (x a)n+1 f (x)dx = C + c0 (x a) + c1 + c2 + = C + cn 2 3 n+1 n=0

I H=E I @A ? LAHC ?E= @=I I HEAI @=I AGK= AI E EE A EEE I
*5-48)

J @ I ECK=EI = R.

# # - > H= JA HA = = JAHE H @EC= GKA H=E @A ? LAHC ?E= FAH = A?A GK= @ K = I HEA @A F J ?E=I @EBAHA ?E=@= K E JACH=@= EII IEC E ?= GKA E JAHL= @A ? LAHC ?E= FAH = A = AI 2 @A ? HHAH @A = I HEA E E?E= ? LAHCEH A K ANJHA A GK= J GKA = I HEA @EBAHA ?E=@= @ELAHCA AIIA F J

AI

-:-

# # !

-NFHAIIA
F

? LAHC ?E=

1 ? (1 x)2

K = I HEA @A F J ?E=I A @AJAH E A IAK H=E @A

x (1, 1)
A J

5 K

-NA

# ! " LE

I GKA IA

1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + = xn . 1x n=0

,EBAHA ?E= @ ?=@= =@ @AII= AGK= >JA I GKA

1 2 3 = 1 + 2 x + 3 x + 4 x + = nxn1 . (1 x)2 n=1

2 @A I @AI ?=H @E?A @ ? J=@ H JH ?= @

nF

n + 1, AI?HALA

= HAIF IJ= ?

1 = (n + 1)xn . 2 (1 x) n=0

,A =? H@ GKA H=E E JAHL= @A ? ? LAHC 6A HA LAHC = # #  H=E HECE = @A ? =>AHJ LAHC ?E= @= I HEA @EBAHA ?E=@= AEJ H F @AH I K IA = E JAHL= AI @A ? ?E= @= I HEA ?E= @= I HEA = I=>AH

R = 1.

LAHE ?=H GKA

>JE@=

I ANJHA

(1, 1).

-:-

# # "

-NFHAIIA
F

@A ? LAHC ?E=

x5 ? (1 3x)2

K = I HEA @A F J ?E=I A @AJAH E A IAK E JAHL=

x (1, 1)
L E@ GKA

5 K

-NA

# # ! LE

I GKA F=H=

1 = (n + 1)xn . (1 x)2 n=0

6H ?= @

F H

3x

> I

I =@ I @AII= ECK= @=@A

>JA

1 n = ( n + 1)(3 x ) = 3n (n + 1)xn (1 3x)2 n=0 n=0

A AII= I HEA ? @AIA =@= >=IJ= LAHCA IA

3x (1, 1),

K JEF E?=H = I HEA =?E

K IA = IA x 5 = F H x , >JA @

1 1 ( 3 , 3 ).

)C H=

F=H=

>JAH = I HEA

x5 5 n n = x 3 ( n + 1) x = 3n (n + 1)xn+5 . (1 3x)2 n=0 n=0

KJH= B H = @A AI?HALAH AIJ= I HEA

x5 = 3n5 (n 4)xn 2 (1 3x) n=5

A IAK E JAHL= @A ? LAHC ?E=

1 1 ( 3 , 3 ).

-:-

# # #

- ? JHA = HAFHAIA J=
I E E?E= A JA GKA FA

A
-NA

I HEAI @A F J ?E=I F=H= f (x) = ln(1 x).

F # # ! >JA I GKA

5 K

JA

1 = xn f ( x) = 1 x n=0

A E JACH= @ = > I I =@ I @AII= AGK= ? =KN E @ 6A HA = # #  >JA I GKA

f (x) =
2=H= @AJAH E =H )IIE L=

1 xn+1 xn dx = C + =C . 1x n+1 n n=0 n=1

H @A

C,

?=

x=0

AII= AGK=

A A ?

JH=

C0 =

f (0) = ln 1 = 0.

ln(1 x) =
H=E E JAHL= JA @A ? @A ? LAHC LAHC LA

xn n=1

= x
AI

x2 x3 . 2 3
@= I HEA HAIK J=@ @ HECE = -NA F

?E= @AII= I HEA ?E=

GKA

R = 1,

F H +

I = [1, 1).
?

GKA =?

JA?A GK= @ I GKA

1 = ln 2, ln 2

8AHE GKA 1 ?= I x = 2

# # #

1 1 1 1 1 ln 2 = + + + + = . 2 8 24 64 n2n n=1

K IA = KI= @ AIJ= I HEA @A BK AI >JELA I = I = @= I HEA K HE?=

1 . n2n n=1

!

# $ 5 HEAI @A 6=O H
+ @A F J IE@AHA K = BK = ?E=I @= B H

f (x)

A IA =

HA= GK= GKAH LEH = F=H=

2HAJA @A IA A ? K IA = J= GKA

JH=H K

= I HEA

cn (x a)n

GKA ?

f,

n=0 n=0
KJH=I F= =LH=I GKAHA I GKA # $ 

f (x) =

cn (x a)n .

f (x) = c0 + c1 (x a) + c2 (x a)2 + c3 (x a)3 + + cn (x a)n +

)IIE FHA?EI= AEH @AJAH I @AJAH E = I E =H I ? A ?EA JAI = @

c 0 , c1 , c 2 ,
= BK # $  >JA I

2HE

c0 ,

x=a

f (a) = c0 + c1 (a a) + c2 (a a)2 + c3 (a a)3 + + cn (x a)n +

@ @A LA

f (a) = c0 .
,AJAH >JAH E = I = @AHEL=@= @= BK # $  A = IAGK ?E= =F E?= I A

x=a

F=H=

c1 ,

K IA =

f (x) = c1 + 2c2 (x a) + 3c3 (x a)2 + + ncn (x a)n1 + f (a) = c1 + 2c2 (a a) + 3c3 (a a)2 + + ncn (a a)n1 +
@ @A LA

f (a) = c1 .
I = IACK @= @AHEL=@= @= BK # $  A = IAGK ?E= =F E?= I A

,AJAH F=H=

E = >JAH

x=a

c2 ,

EIJ

f (x) = 2c2 + 3 2c3 (x a) + 4 3c4 (x a)2 + + n(n 1)cn (x a)n2 + f (a) = 2c2 + 3 2c3 (a a) + 4 3c4 (a a)2 + + n(n 1)cn (a a)n2 +
@ @A LA

f (a) = 2c2
,AJAH E = I I = JAH?AEH= @AHEL=@= @= BK

c2 =

f (a) . 2!
= IAGK ?E=

# $  A

f (3) (a)

F=H=

>JAH

c3 .

6A

f (3) (x) = 32c3 +432c4 (x a)+543c5 (x a)2 + +n(n1)(n2)cn (x a)n3 + f (3) (a) = 32c3 +432c4 (a a)+543c5 (a a)2 + +n(n1)(n2)cn (a a)n3 +
@ @A LA

f (3) (a) = 3 2c3

c3 =

f (3) (a) . 3!

"

2H IIACKE @

@AII= B H

A ?

JH=HA

cn =

?HALAH = I HEA ?

IACKA

f (n) (a) , n!

@A

GKA F @A

I HAAI

f (x) = f (a)+f (a) (x a)+

K IA = A ? JH=

f (3) (a) f (n) (a) f (a) (x a)2 + (x a)3 + + (x a)n + 2! 3! n!

H

I = I HEA @A 6=O

f (x) =
-:-

f (n) (a) n=0

n!

(x a)n . f (x) = sin x.

H@A I @A

# $ 

,AIA L LAH A
AEH L= I @AJAH

I HEA @A 6=O H = BK

5 K
F J

2HE

E =H =I @AHEL=@=I @A J @=I =I

f (x) = sin x

a.

6A

I GKA

f (a) = sin a (3) f (a) = cos a

) IACKEH IK>IJEJK I = ANFHAII

f (a) = cos a f (4) (a) = sin a

@= I HEA @A 6=O

f (a) = sin a f (5) (a) = cos a

H

f (x) = f (a) + f (a) (x a) +

A >JA I

f (a) f (3) (a) f (n) (a) (x a)2 + (x a)3 + + (x a)n + 2! 3! n! sin a cos a sin a (x a)2 (x a)3 + (x a)4 + . 2! 3! 4!
I JAH I A IA @ I JAH I A ? IIA ?

sin x = sin a + cos a (x a)

-IJ= I HEA F @A IAH HAAI?HEJ= IAF=H= @ B H A IACKA

( sin x =

) ( ) sin a sin a cos a 2 4 sin a (x a) + (x a) + + cos a (x a) (x a)3 + , 2! 4! 3!

A B H = @A I =J HE LA GKA

A AI?HALA @

sin x =

n=0

(1)n

sin a cos a (1)n (x a)2n + (x a)2n+1 . 2n! (2 n + 1)! n=0

# % 5 HEA @A
+ @A K E = BK =? =KHE A =? =KHE $'& I HEA @A @A K I HEA @A

=? =KHE
%"$ B E K =? =KHE = BK =JA >=IJ= J @=@= F H JE? =H AI? ? I 2=H= >JAH @AIA L H ,AIIA LE A J @ =

a=0

= I HEA @A 6=O

f ( x) =
-:2

f n (0) f (0) 2 f (3) (0) 3 f (n) (0) n xn = f (0) + f (0) x + x + x + + x + . n! 2! 3! n! n=0

# % 

,AIA L LAH A
F A J >JA I

I HEA @A
LA

=? =KHE = BK
I

f (x) = sin x.
I HEA @A 6=O H .= A @

5 K
AIIA @AIA L

-NA LE

# $  @AIA L

f (x) = sin x A

a=0

#

( sin x =
K IA =

) ( ) sin 0 sin 0 cos 0 2 4 3 sin 0 (x 0) + (x 0) + + cos 0 (x 0) (x 0) + 2! 4! 3!

sin x = x
K =E @=

x3 x 5 x7 x 9 + + + 3! 5! 7! 9!

x2n+1 sin x = (1) . (2n + 1)! n=0

n
AEJ H F @AH I HEA K )E @= LAHE ?=H IA CH= @AI @E ?K @=@AI GKA LAHCA F=H= J @ E JAHL= L= L= = JA @A ? LAHC ?E= @AIJ= J @= = HAJ= HA= K IA = AIJ= I HEA ? H HA= @A I GKA

x.
?E= @A I HEAI

AIJ= I HEA F @A IAH =F E?=@= F=H= @AJAH E =H HE?=I 2 H ANA F IK>IJEJKE @ x = = I HEA =?E 6

H @A ?

LAHC

( )3 6
-:2 # %

( )5 + 6 5!

( )7 6 7! +

( )9 6 9! + = sin 1 = . 6 2 sin x f (x) = dx. x x,

A ? JH= @

6 3!

,AIA L LAH A
AEH @ELE@E

I HEA @A

=? =KHE = BK
>JE@ -NA F

5 K

2HE

I ?=@= JAH

# %  F H

sin x x2 x4 x6 x8 =1 + + + x 3! 5! 7! 9!
) IACKEH E JACH= I = I HEA JAH = JAH A >JA I

sin x dx = x

dx

x2 dx + 3!

x4 dx 5!

x6 dx + 7!

x8 dx + 9!

=x

x3 x5 x7 x9 + 5 + + 3!3 5!5 7!7 9!9

(1)n x2n+1 , = n=0 (2n + 1)! (2n + 1)

GKA ? LAHCA F=H= J @ L= H HA= @A

x.

-:-

# % !

7JE E A I HEAI @A BK

AI F=H= ?= ?K =H lim
-NA F

sin x x . x0 x3
I GKA

5 K

) F=HJEH @= I HEA A ?

JH=@=

# %  JA

sin x = x
A A J

x3 x5 x7 x 9 x2n+1 + + + (1)n + 3! 5! 7! 9! (2n + 1)!

sin x x =

x3 x5 x7 x9 x2n+1 + + + (1)n + . 3! 5! 7! 9! (2n + 1)!

$

,ELE@E @

> I

I =@ I F H

x3 ,

A ?

JH=

sin x x 1 x2 x4 x6 x2n2 n = + + + ( 1) + . x3 3! 5! 7! 9! (2n + 1)!

2 HJ= J

( ) sin x x 1 x 2 x4 x 6 x2n2 1 n lim + + (1) + = . = lim + 3 x0 x0 x 3! 5! 7! 9! (2n + 1)! 6

# % "

-:-

,AIA L LAH A
A JA LE

I HEA @A

=? =KHE = BK
=? =KHE @A

f (x) = sin(2x). sin x

5 K

) JAHE H

I GKA = I HEA @A

sin x = x
JH ?= @

x3 x5 x7 x2n+1 + + (1)n + 3! 5! 7! (2n + 1)!

>JA I

F H

2x

AIJ= I HEA

sin(2x) = 2x = 2x =

(2x)3 (2x)5 (2x)7 (2x)2n+1 + + (1)n + 3! 5! 7! (2n + 1)! 23 x3 25 x5 27 x7 22n+1 x2n+1 + + + (1)n + 3! 5! 7! 2n + 1

(1)n 22n+1 (x)2n+1 . (2n + 1)! n=0

7 @A BK

= @=I FHE ?EF=EI =F E?= AI AMJ BHAGKA JA

AI @=I I HEAI @A 6=O A JA E JACH=L= BK

H A @A

=? =KHE

? HHA AEH

= E JACH= ? + ?K K = 

AI ANFHAII= @

=I FHE

I HEA @A F J 2 H ANA AMJ

?E=I A @AF EI E JACH= @ = I HEA JAH = JAH x2 F = BK g (x) = e F @A IAH E JACH=@= FA =I J ? E?=I @ K = BK A A A J=H ANA F = IACKEH KI=HA

F EI IK= = JE@AHEL=@=

I = E@AE= @A

F=H= E JACH=H AII= BK

-:-

# % #

-NFHAIIA
AEH A ?

ex dx ?
2

K = I HEA @A F J ?E=I
=? =KHE I GKA F=H=

5 K

2HE

JH=HA

I = I HEA @A I A ? JH JA

g (x) = ex .
2

> H= IA =

F II LA KI=H J @ @EHAJ L= x (n) x e .+ f (x) = e F=H= J @

= = F=HJEH @= I HEA @A

=? =KHE

F=H=

f (x) =

=JKH=

f (n) (0) = e0 = 1 n N
A =IIE = I HEA @A =? =KHE @= BK ANF A ?E=

xn f (n) (0) x 2 x3 n x = =1+x+ + + . e = n! 2! 3! n=0 n! n=0 x

2 @A IA @A ? LAHC IJH=H B=?E ?E= E
2

EJ

A JA GKA AIJ= I HEA ? 2 6H ?= @ x F H x

LAHCA F=H= J @ AIJA @AIA L LE

HA= A GKA IAK E JAHL= >JA I GKA

A J

ex =

(x2 )n (1)n x2n x4 x6 = = 1 x2 + + n! n! 2! 3! n=0 n=0

%

GKA J= =? H@

> ?

LAHCA F=H= J @ = # #  A

x.

)C H= F @A

I E JACH=H AIJ= I HEA JAH

= JAH

@A

6A HA

>JAH

n R =C +x x3 x5 x7 + + 3 5.2! 7.3!

x2

dx = C +
0 1

(1)n x2n+1 n=0

(2n + 1)n!

-:-

# % $

+= ?K A

ex dx ?
2

K = FHA?EI
A J= @ +

@A JH I ?=I=I @A?E =EI

?K ANFHAII >JE@= ANA F

5 K

)F E?= @ I GKA

6A HA

= .K @=

= JAHE H JA

0
-NF= @E @

x2

dx = C +

(1)n x2n+1 n=0

(2n + 1)n!
K

=
0

n=0

(1)n . (2n + 1)n!

= CK I JAH

I @AIJ= I HEA

HE?= JA

I GKA

0
A >IAHL=

x2

dx =

n=0

(1)n 1 1 1 1 1 1 =1 + + + (2n + 1)n! 3 10 42 216 1320 9360

J @ I I @A =EI F IIKA I @= ANF= I @K JAHA I

I GKA = F=HJEH @ IANJ JAH @AIJ= ANF= I 1 < 0, 001 A =IIE = I =H I I ?E ? FHE A H GKA 1320 K = =FH NE = ? FHA?EI @A =J 3 ?=I= @A?E =EI

AEH I JAH

ex dx 1
2

1 1 1 1 + + 0, 7475. 3 10 42 216

-:-

# % %

7JE E A @AIA L LE A J A
lim

I HEAI @A

=? =KHE F=H= ?= ?K =H

arctan(x) sin x . x0 x3 cos x

5 K
+

A =

I ?

@AIA L

LE

A J

I HEA @A F J

?E=I @A

f (x) = arctan x.

f (x) =
=EI IE F AI E E?E=H FA @AIA L LE

1 = (1 + x2 )1 1 + x2 A J @A f . -NA F

# & 

>JA

I GKA

(1 + x)1 = 1 x + x2 x3 + x4 + + (1)n xn +
JH ?= @

F H

x2 ,

IACKA GKA

f (x) = (1 + x2 )1 = 1 x2 + x4 x6 + + (1)n x2n +

A J E JACH= @ JAH = JAH JA I GKA

arctan x =
= ? IJ= JA

1 x3 x5 x7 (1)n x2n+1 dx = x + + + + 1 + x2 3 5 7 2n + 1
@= BK @AIA L LE =H? A J J= CA JA A AH  IA I HEA F=H=

I )

= ANF= I I GKA

)E @= I=>A

sin x = x

x3 x5 x7 (1)n x2n+1 + + + + 3! 5! 7! (2n + 1)!

&

II )

= @

= @EBAHA

= A JHA =I AGK=

arctan x sin x = x
2 @A = I HEA @A I

1 1 + 3 3!

AI

1 A 11
)

>JA

+x

1 1 5 5!
F=H=

+ + x
B=?E

2n+1

(1)n (1)n+1 + 2n + 1 (2n + 1)!

) +
= JAH

>JAH = I HEA @A @AIA L

=? =KHE =

cos x

A JA >=IJ= @AHEL=H JAH

sin x

LE@= =?E

>JA @

cos x = 1
)C H= F @A I J =H

x 2 x4 x 6 x2n + + + (1)n + . 2! 4! 6! (2n)! ) (

A IE

) 1 1 (1)n (1)n+1 2n+1 x +x + + x + + arctan(x) sin x 5 5! 2n + 1 (2n + 1)! ( ) = x2 x4 (1)n x2n x3 cos x 3 x 1 + + + + 2! 4! (2n)! ( ( ( ) ) ) 1 1 1 1 (1)n (1)n+1 2 2n2 +x + + x + + + 3 3! 5 5! 2n + 1 (2n + 1)! ( ) = 2n x2 x4 x6 x 1 + + + (1)n + 2! 4! 6! (2n)!
3

GK ?EA JA @AIA =@

1 1 + 3 3!

F E ?=H F=H=

>JAH GKA

.E =

A JA F @A

I =F E?=H

EJA A

> I

x0

lim

arctan(x) sin x = x3 cos x

1 1 + +0 1 1 1 3 3! = + = . 1+0 3 6 6

I =@ I @AII= ECK= @=@A A A ?

JH=H GKA

# & . H K = CAH= @ >E

5KF F IEJEL D= , I GKA @AIA L E JAHAIIA LE A J CAH= @ @AIA L >E LE E

E @A
A J @A @ AMJ >E

AMJ
E LA

(a + b)n ,
GKA

F=H=

E JAEH

0 n 1 n1 2 n2 2 k nk k n n (a + b) = Cn a + Cn a b + Cn a b + + Cn a b + + Cn b . n
+

k Cn =
F @A

n! n (n 1) (n 2) (n (k 1)) (n k )! n (n 1) (n 2) (n (k 1)) = = , k ! (n k )! k ! (n k )! k!
I AI?HALAH

(a + b)n = an +nan1 b+
6 = @

a=1

n (n 1) (n 2) (n (k 1)) nk k n (n 1) n2 2 a b + + a b + +bn . 2! k! b = x LA GKA n (n 1) 2 n (n 1) (n 2) (n (k 1)) k x + + x + + xn , 2! k! A J EJ 2 H IA n B H K E JAEH F IEJEL K AH ? n >E E (1 + x) A I HEA @A =? =KHE ,AIIA @ JAHA I n (n 1) 2 n (n 1) (n 2) 3 x + x + + 2! 3! n (n 1) (n 2) (n k + 1) k + x + k!
'

(1 + x)n = 1 + nx +
GKA K LE @AIA L A J E LE LAH

LA EA JA @AIA L @AIA L

EJ

(1 + x)n = 1 + nx +

# & 

-IJ= I HEA ?D= AEJ H F @AH ? LAH@=@AEH -I?HALA @ A

=@= @A I HEA >E

E= +HEJ HE GKA JA

?=I

F=HJE?K =H @= 5 HEA @A >AHJ = I HEA >E I E=

=? =KHE =>I KJ= LE

+ A JA A J

LAHE ?=H =JH=L I @ F=H= J @ B H

@A ,) A

LAHCA JA F=H= J @

x HA= n. )

J= =J HE

|x| < 1.
I GKA

2 @A IAH FH L=@ JH=@=

GKA AIIA @AIA L

FH L= F @A IAH A ?

ELH I ?EJ=@ I

= >E> E CH= =

= @A I

(1 + x) = 1 +

n (n 1) (n 2) (n k + 1) k=1

k!

xk

IA

|x| < 1.

-:-

# & 

,AIA L LAH A
I GKA

I HEA @A BK

AI = BK

f (x) =

1 . 1+x

5 K

6A

f (x) =
2 HJ= J >=IJ= IK>IJEJKEH

1 = (1 + x)1 . 1+x
= B H K = @= I HEA >E E= )IIE

n = 1

1 1 (1 1) 2 1 (1 1) (1 2) 3 = 1 + (1) x + x + x + 1+x 2! 3! 1 (1 1) (1 2) (1 k + 1) k + x + k! 2 6 3 1 (1 1) (1 2) (1 k + 1) k = 1 x + x2 + x + + x + 2! 3! k! 1 2 3 4 k k (1)k xk . = 1 x + x x + x + + (1) x + = 1+x k=0

-:2 # &

-NFHAIIA ?
I = = EI=H E E?E= IJH=

K = I HEA @A F J ?E=I = BK
A JA = BK

f (x) =

ln(x + 1) . x
ECK= =

5 K
ANA F

8=

ln(x + 1).

) IK= @AHEL=@=

1 , x+1

= JAHE H

I GKA

1 = 1 x + x2 x3 + x4 + + (1)n xn + = (1)n xn , x+1 n=0

F HJ= J @ALA I E JACH=H = > I I A >H I @= ECK= @=@A >JA @

ln(x + 1) =

1 dx = 1+x n=0

(1) x dx =
n n

n=0

(1)n

xn+1 . n+1 x,
@ @A

GKAHA

f (x) =

ln(x + 1) , x

@ALA

I @ELE@EH J @ I

>H I F H

xn ln(x + 1) = (1)n . x n+1 n=0

-:-

# & !

,AIA L LAH A
I GKA

I HEA @A BK

AI = BK

f (x) =

1 . 1+x

5 K

6A



f (x) =
2 HJ= J >=IJ= IK>IJEJKEH

1 1 = (1 + x) 2 . 1+x

n = 1 = B H K = @= I HEA >E E= )IIE 2 ( 1 ) ( 1 )( ) ( ) 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 2 2 = 1+ x+ x + x + 2 2! 3! 1+x ( 1 )( 1 ) 1 1 2 ( 1 k + 1) k 2 2 2 2 + x + ( ) k! ( )( ) 1 3 1 3 5 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 = 1 x+ x + x + 2 ( )( 2! ) 3! 1 3 5 1 2k ( ) 2 2 2 2 + xk + k! 1 1 13 2 135 3 1 3 5 ... (2k 1) k = 1 x+ 2 x 3 x + + (1)k x + 2 2 2! 2 3! 2k k ! 1+x

-:2 # & "

,AIA L LAH A
I =FH LAEJ=H

I HEA @A BK
HAIK J=@ @

AI = BK
-NA F

f (x) =

1 . 1 x2 x
F H

5 K
6AHA

2 @A I A J

# & ! IK>IJEJKE @

(x2 ) .

1 ( 2 ) 1 3 ( 2 )2 1 3 5 ( 2 )3 x + 2 x 3 x + 2 2 2! 2 3! 1 + (x2 ) 1 3 5 (2n 1) ( 2 )n x + + (1)n 2n n ! 1 13 135 6 1 3 5 ... (2n 1) 2n 1 x + + x + = 1 + x2 + 2 x4 + 3 2 2 2! 2 3! 2n n ! 1 x2 1 = 1

2 # & #

-:-

,AIA L LAH A

I HEAI @A BK

AI = BK

f (x) = arcsin x. f (x) =

= JAH

5 K
=FH LAEJ=H

= @AHEL=@= @= BK @ -NA

f (x) = arcsin x
JAH

HAIK J=@

dx = 1 x2

# & " A E JACH

1 13 135 x2 dx + 2 x4 dx + 3 2 2 2! 2 3! 1 3 5 ... (2n 1) + x2n dx + 2n n! dx +

>JA @

1 1 x2

F @A

x6 dx +

GKA HAIK J= A

arcsin x = x +
K IA =

1 3 13 135 7 1 3 5 ... (2n 1) 2n+1 x + 2 x5 + 3 x + + x + + C 23 2 2!5 2 3!7 2n n! (2n + 1)

1 3 5 ... (2n 1) n=1

arcsin x = x +
*5-48)

2n n! (2n

+ 1)

x2n+1 +

. 2

HE HAI

# & $ 8= A HAII= J=H GKA L E@ =FA =I F=H= |x| < 1.

@AIA L LE A J

>JE@ A

J @ I I ANA F I = JA



# ' -NAH? ?E I /AH=EI

 ,AJAH ?K A J= E A > I GK=JH FHE ?=I AEH I JAH ANEIJ= I @A ?=@= K = @=I IAGK ?E=I @=@=I =>=EN +=

lim un ,

(a) un = (e) un =

n 4n+2 n +1 n

(b) un =

(1)n 5n ln n n

(c) un =

(1)n n n+1

(d) un =

100n n 2 +4
2 3

(f ) un =

(g ) un = ln

(i) un = cos n 2 (m) un =

,=@ I

(j ) un = arctan n (n) un = 1 + (1)n

I =>=EN

3n e2n

n (h) un = 5n +3 ( ) n 2 n2 (k ) un = 1 n ( l ) un = 2 n n n (o) un = n n ( p) u n = 7 3 1 n

(1)

(a)
!

{1

I JAH

, 2, 4 , 8 , 3 9 27 81
n 2n1 10n (2n)!

@AJAH

(b)

{1

E A K

= ANFHAII

, 2 , 4 , 8 , 3 9 27 81
?E=I =>=EN

F=H= =I IAGK

(c)
n

{1

?E=I

, 3, 5, 7, 2 4 6 8
J

{ } 2 3 (d) 0, 1 , , , 4 9 16

+ =IIE GKA IA F II LA

=I IAGK

GK= J

IK=

E?E@=@A

(a) un = (e) un =
" 5KF @ALA ? # 5KF ? $

(b) un = n 2 (f ) un = un un
GKA IA = K GKA IA = K

(c) un = ne (g ) un =
?E= J

nn n!

1 n+ln n
= J=

n (d) un = 25n2 n! (h) un = 3 n

D= GKA

= IAGK

GKA

1 un 5.
EJA

-IJ= IAGK

?E=

LAHCEH D= GKA

=EI F @A IAH @EJ = IAGK ?E=

I >HA J

IAK E GKA EJA

= J= IAK E = IAGK

un 5.

-IJ= IAGK

?E= @ALA

LAHCEH

=EI F @A IAH @EJ = AI @A

I >HA = @

2 @A IA @A

>JAH =FH NE

k KJE E

?E= HA?KHIEL=

un+1 =

1 2

( un +

k un

) ,

1 . u1 = 2
JHA =I =FH NE

= - ? > % 7

IJHA GKA IA = @=I =EI B= ?E= E A

u2 , u3 , u4 , u5 , u6 F=H= L = lim un , A J L = k.
= AI

10.

I=I IAGK

?E=I

= IAGK @A

?E= @A .E>

=??E %  #

@A

E@=

FA = HA? HH = ,AJAH > B= I JAH I FHE @

un+1 = un + un1 ,
I @A FHE AEH I JAH ?E= L= IAGK KH  K H= I @AII=

u 1 = u 2 = 1.
?E= A JA =

I @AIJ= IAGK

I @= AH @A

xn =

un+1 @ K = =FH NE = F=H= ECK= un KHA= @A J=@ F H . ,AJAH E A K = =FH NE

L= IAGK ?E=

@ I ?E ? ? 5KF & - ? JHA

AEH I JAH GKA

= lim xn ,
n
CAH= @= IAGK E A IA = I HEA ?

IJHA GKA ?E= @A I LAHCA

=1 (1 + 2
K @ELAHCA

5).
= @=I I HEAI =>=EN H @A IK= I = IA

JAH @AJAH

=I F=H?E=EI @A ?=@= K >JA @ L=

) IACKEH F II LA

(a)

1 n=1 (2n 1) (2n + 1)

(b)

8 n=1 (4n 3) (4n + 1)

n=1 n=1 n=1

2n + 1 (c) 2 n=1 n2 (n + 1)
2n1 (e) n n=1 5

( ln

(d)

n n+1

(f )

n (n + 1)

1 (

n+1+

) n

(g )
'

1 n=1 1.2.3.4.5. .n.(n + 2)

= AI =>=EN F I ANE>E @ ? JH= ANA

(h)

n3

3n + 4 + 3n2 + 2n
K B= I=I KIJE GKA IAKI =HCK K FH L= @ =I = H = A AI

) = EIA IA =I = H J I LAH@=@AEH=I = 6 @= IAGK > 6 @= IAGK ? 6 @= IAGK @ 6 @= IAGK A 5A B  5A

LAH@=@AEH=I =

I F=H= =I = H

AI B= I=I

?E= E ?E= E ?E= ? ?E=

EJ=@= EJ=@=

LAHCA JA J = A JA J = AH

LAHCA JA J

A?AII=HE=

= @A?HAI?A JA ?

LAHCA F=H=

un

B H @A?HAI?A JA A A J

un > 0

F=H= J @

n N,
n=1

A J

un

LAHCA JA

1 < q < 1,
?E=

n+

lim q n = 0.
= I HEA

C 5A = IAGK

un

LAHCA A J

un

J=

>

LAHCA

D 5A

n=1

un

LAHCA A J

n=1

un

J= ?

> @E?E K
2

? =

LAHCA A JA ? HE?= ? LAHCA JA

E 6 @= I HEA = JAH =@= ?   ) I HEA

LAHCA JA K

(n3 + 1)2 4 2 n=1 (n + 5)(n + 1)

LA @ = BK

= I HEA

LAHCA JA

  ,AIA L

g (x) =

t2 et dt

I HEA @A F J

?E=I

>J

IA

g (x) =

(1)n x2n+3 . n=0 n!(2n + 3)

  ) I HEA @A F J ECK= = ?E=I

n=1

(1)3n xn

LAHCA JA

E JAHL=

1 1 ( 3 , 3)

A IK= I

S=

3x . 1 + 3x
?E=

 5A = IAGK

un

LAHCA A J

= I HEA

n=1

(un+1 un )

J=

>

LAHCA

 

  )

F

(1)n (3x 5)2n 22n (n!)2 n=0 36 I HEA 22n 91n ? LAHCA JA A IK= I = ECK= = . 5 n=1 1 ?HEJ HE @= E JACH= C=H= JA GKA ? LAHCA n=3 n ln n ln(ln n)
H=E @A ? LAHC ?E= @= I HEA @= I HEA

EJ

!

 

- ? - ?

JHA

JAH

CAH= @= I

= @= I HEA

n=1

4n2

4 1

A LAHE GKA IA A =

LAHCA JA

I HEAI =>=EN IA F II LA ( )n = @=I 1 5 1 1 (a) (b) (c) ( d ) 2 5 n+1+ n n=1 n=1 (5n + 2)(5n + 7) n=1 n + 6n + 8 n=1

JHA = I

7I= @ CA JAI

JAIJA @A ?

F=H=

LAHE GKA IA =I I HEAI =>=EN

LAHCA JAI

K @ELAH

1 (a) n n=1 n3 n=1

(b)

n 2 n=1 n + 1
|sen(n)| 2n n=1

(c)

1 n n=1 n

(d)

n2 3 n=1 4n + 1
n=1

(e)

1 n2 + 4n

(f )

(g )

n! n=1 (2 + n)!

(h)

1 n3 + 5

1 (i) 2 n=1 n n + 5 n+1+ n (m) 3 n n=1 (q )

!

1 (j ) n+5 n=1 n +
1 + n42n (n) n5n n=1 n + ln n 3 n=1 n + 1

n 2n (k ) (l) 3 n=1 4n + n + 1 n=1 (2n)! 2 + cos n (o) n2 n=1

(p)

n n=1 n + 4

1 + 2n n n=1 1 + 3
JAIJA @A , ) =

(r)

7I= @ CA JAI

>AHJ LAHE GKA IA =I I HEAI =>=EN

LAHCA JAI

K @ELAH

(a)

n+1 2 n n=1 n 2 n=1

(b)

n! n n=1 e

(c)

1 n+1 n=1 (n + 1)2

n=1

(d)

3n n3 + 1

3n (e) n 2 n=1 2 (n + 2)
n+1 n n=1 n4 n 3 (k ) 2 n=1 n + 2

(f )

2n

n! (2 + n)!

1 n=1 n + 5 3n + 1 (j ) 2n n=1 (g )
" 7I= @

(h)

n +n+1 n=1 n! (l ) 3 n=1 (n + 2) (i) 4n2

(m)

2n1 n n=1 5 (n + 1)
K @ELAHCA JAI 4n

(ln n) n (a) n n=1 n 2

JAIJA @A +=K?DO LAHE GKA IA =I I HEAI =>=EN I ? ( ( )n )nLAHCA JAI n + 1 n + 1 ( c ) ( d ) (b) 2n n2 n2 2n n=1 n=1 n=1 JAIJA @= E JACH= LAHE GKA IA =I I HEAI =>=EN I ln n 1 n ?

n n n10n + 1

#

7I= @

(a)

ne

(b)

n=1 arctan n 2 n=1 n + 1

n=1 n=1

n nen
2

(c)

LAHCA JAI K @ELAHCA JAI 1

n=2 n=1

n ln n n2 en

(d)

n=1

(n + 1)

ln (n + 1)

(e)

(f )

(g )

(h)

earctan n 2 n=1 n + 1

(i)
$

1 n=1 4n + 7
K @ELAHCA JA

(j )

1 2 n=1 n n + 1
I =>I KJ=

(k )

1 2 n=1 n(1 + ln n)
LAHCA JA ? @E?E = A JA ? LAH

8AHE GKA IA =I I HEAI =>=EN CA JA

A JA ?

"

(a)

n=1 n=1 n=1 n=1

(1)n1 (1)
n1

2n n! ( )n 2 n 3 3n n! 1

(b)

n=1 n=1 n=1 n=1

(1)n1 (1)n1 (1)n1 (1)

n1

1 (2n 1)! n! 2n+1 n2 + 1 n3

(c)

n=1

(1)n1 (1)n1 (1)n1

n2 n! 1 + 2n

(d)

(e)

(f )

n=1 n=1 n=1

n2 nn n!

(g )

(1)n1 (1)
n1

(h)

(i)

(j )

n3 + n n 2 n +1
K

(k )

n n 2n (2n 5)n n 3 n +3
=>I KJ=

(l)

4 n1 n (1) en

(m)
%

n=1

(1)n1

(n)

(1)n1
?

(o)

n=1
HE?=I =>=EN

(1)n 2n2 n n=1

LAHCA JA ? @E?E =

+ =IIE GKA =I I HEAI A JA ? LAHCA JA

A JA ?

K @ELAHCA JA

KIJE ?= @

IK= HAIF IJ=

(a)

n=1

(1)n1

(2

3n+4

n)

en n3n

(b)

n cos(n ) 2 n=1 n + n + 1
(1)n 54n+1 n3n n=1 cos(n) + sin(n) n3 + n n=1
LAHC

(c)

(1)n n=1 n+ n
(1)n 73n+1 (ln n)n n=1

(d)

(1)n (n + 1)! n=1 2.4.6 .(2n) n sin(n ) + n n2 + 5 n=1

E A H=E A E JAHL=

(e)

(f )

(g )
& ,AJAH

(h)
@A ?

(i)

ne2n 2 n n=1 n e 1
?E=I =>=EN

?E= @=I I HEAI @A F J

(a)

n=1 n=1

(b)

(1) x n3 n=1
(2)n xn 4 n n=1 n=0

n1 n

(c)

(3x 2)n n! n=0

(1)n xn n n=2 4 ln n (1)n (x + 2)n n2n n=1 (4x 5)2n+1 n=1

(d)

(1)n n4n xn

(e)

(f )

(g )

n(x + 2)n 3n+1 n=0 n=1 n(x 5)n 2 n=0 n + 1

(h)

n(x 4)n

(i)

(j )

n!(2x 1)

xn (k ) n n=1 n n3 (n)
nn (x + 2)n n n=0 (2n 5) n(x 1)2n n3 + 3 n=0
I E JAHL= I @A ?

(l )

n2

(m)

(o)

n4 (x 1)n en n=0 n=1

(p)
' 5A =

2n (x + 1)n n2 + 1 n=0 xn . 2 n=1 n

,AJAH

(q )
E A

(r )
LAHC

(1)n

1.3.5.7. .(2n 1)xn 3.6.9. .3n f, f

A

f (x) =

?E= F=H=

f .

) F=HJEH @= I

= @= I HEA CA

JHE?=

n=1

xn , F=H= |x| < 1, A

JHA =I I

=I @=I I HEAI

#

=>=EN

(a)

n=1

nxn1

(b)

n=1

nxn

(c)

n n n=1 2 (1)n xn n n=1

(d)

n=2

n(n 1)xn

(e)
 - ?

n2 n 2n n=2

(f )

n2 n n=1 2
A

(g )

(h)

(1)n n n=0 2 (n + 1)
AI =>=EN

JHA K

= HAFHAIA J=

I HEA @A F J

?E=I F=H= =I BK

1 (a) f (x) = 1 + x3 (d) f (x) =

1 (b) f (x) = 4 + x3

x (c) f (x) = 9 + 4x2

x2 x3 ( e ) f ( x ) = (f ) f (x) = ln(5 x) (g ) f (x) = x ln(x2 + 1) (1 2x)2 (x 2)2

E@= ? K = I HEA @A F J

-NFHAIIA = E JACH= E @A

(a)
!

x dx 1 x8

(b)
A I

ln(1 x2 ) dx x2
I HEA @A F J = @A K

?E=I

(c)

x arctan x dx x3

(d) arctan x2 dx
JA

7JE E A = HAFHAIA J= ANFHAII F=H=

?E=I @A K

= I HEA

f (x) = arctan x F=H= FH L=H = IACKE (1)n HE?= = 2 3 . n n=0 3 (2n + 1)

@EBAHA ?E=

"

IJHA GKA = BK

f ( x) =

xn n=0 n!

@= AGK=

f (x) = f (x).

IJHA GKA =I BK @= AGK=

AI

@EBAHA ?E=

(1)n x2n (2n)! n=0 f (x) + f (x) = 0.

f1 (x) =

f2 (x) =

(1)n x2n+1 n=0 (2n + 1)!

AI

- ?

(a)
% - ?

JHA = I

= @=I IACKE JAI I HEAI n 2n+1 (1)n 2n (1)

n=0

42n+1 (2n + 1)!

H=E A @

(b)

n=0

62n (2n)!
LAHC

3n (c) n=1 n!

3n (d) n n=0 5 n!

JHA

@A ?

?E= @= I HEA

2n (x 2)n . n 2 n=0 5 (1 + n )

&

,AJAH

E A

E JAHL=

@A ?

LAHC

?E= @= I HEA

(3x 5)n . 7n n n=1

'

IJHA GKA = I HEA @A F J IK= I = E A ECK= =

?E=I

(1)n x2n 32n n=0

LAHCA JA

E JAHL=

(3, 3)

A GKA

S=

9 . 9 + x2
LAHC @A ?E= @= I HEA @A F J ?E=I GKA HAFHAIA J= = BK J H

!

,AJAH

E JAHL=

@A ?

4 f (x) = 2 x
! ,AIA L

ANF= @E@= A

a = 1.
A I HEA @A @A ? LAHC LAHC =? =KHE ?E= AI GKA HAFHAIA J= = @AJAH E = @ JAH

L= = BK

f (x) = cosh(x3 )
A A IAK E JAHL= H=E @A ?

CAH= @A IK= ANF= I ! ,AJAH BK E A E JAHL= x2

?E= @= I HEA @A BK

f ( x) =

1 . x
$

!!

7I= @

I HEAI @A

=? =KHE

IJHA GKA

cos xdx = sin x + k.

A I HEAI @A =? =KHE A @AJAH E A

!" ,AIA L L= = BK @A ?

f ( x) =
0
LAHC ?E=

t2 ln(1 + 4t2 )dt

IAK E JAHL= !# ,AIA L

LAH A

I HEA @A 6=O

H A

=? =KHE

=I BK

AI

(a) f (x) = sin2 x (e) f (x) = cos 2x

!$ 7JE E A @AIA L LE

(b) f (x) = x2 sin 2x sin(x5 ) (f ) f (x) = x3

A J 2 A I HEAI @A

(c) f (x) = e3x cos x 1 (g ) f (x) = x2

F=H= ?= ?K =H 3 2

(d) f (x) = ex

(h) f (x) = x3 ex
EJAI

(a) lim

x0

cos 2x + 2x 1 x4 ln(1 + x2 ) 1 cos x

3

=? =KHE 2

(b) lim

x0

sin(x ) + cos(x ) x 1 x6

I IACKE JAI E

(c) lim

x0

(d) lim

ln(1 + x2 ) 3 sin(2x2 ) x0 x2 x2 sin(x2 ) + ex 1 x0 ln(1 + x4 )

4

(e) lim

ln(1 + x3 ) ex + 1 x0 x6
4

(f ) lim

cos(2x2 ) ex (g ) lim x0 x sin(x3 )

!% 7JE E A I HEAI GKA J H = L K

sin(x8 ) + cos(3x4 ) 1 (h) lim x0 ex8 1

K I HEAI @A F J ?E=I F=H= A ? JH=H I L= HAI HA=EI @A

HE?=I A

E@=I ?=@= K

= @=I ECK= @=@AI =>=EN

(a)
!& ,AIA L

n=0

nk

=9
=? =KHE

ex cos(x2 ) (b) lim =k x0 x4

4

!'

1 1 (a) f (x) = (b) f (x) = 1x 1+x 1 sin x (d) f (x) = (e) f (x) = dx 2 (x ) 1x ln(1 + x) 1+x (g ) f (x) = dx (h) f (x) = ln x 1x (j ) f (x) = arccos x (k ) f (x) = arctan x t 1 dx KJE E = @ ANF= I A += ?K A = E JACH= 3 1 + x4 0
JAH K CAH= @AIJ= ANF= I I K B= = IAK @AIA L LE

LAH A

I HEA @A

=I IACKE JAI BK

AI

(c) f (x) = (f ) f (x) =

1 2 1 + x

ex dx
2

(i) f (x) = arcsin x (l) f (x) = 3 1 + x

I HEA @A F J A J ? FA ?E=I A ,AJAH I # JAH E A I

%

#  4AIF IJ=I


(a) (i)

1 4

(b) 0 (j )
2

(c) 0 (k ) e2 (b) un =

(d) 0 (l) 0

(e) (m) 0

(f ) 0 (n) (c) un =

(g ) (o) 1
2n1 2n

(h) ( p) 0 (d) un =
n1 n2

(a) un =
!

2n1 3n

(1)n1 2n1 3n

(a) decrescente (e) decrescente

" ) IAGK ?E= ?

(b) decrescente (f ) crescente

K = IAGK ?E=

(c) decrescente (g ) decrescente

J = E EJ=@=

(d) decrescente (h) na o decrescente

5AK E EJA

LAHCA F EI

J= GKA

1 L 5.
# 5A = IAGK = IAGK $ ?E= B H J > J = ?HAI?A JA IAH ? LAHCA JA ? I = H =H E EJA

L 5. L.

2 H

IA

?E= B H EJA

= @A?HAI?A JA JA GKA IA

=@= F @A

,E?= F=H=

L = lim un

=F E?= IA E EJAI A = > I =@ I @= HA = ( ) 1 k L + L . )C H= >=IJ= EI =H L. 2 % ,E?= F=H= + GKA & EII EJA ? JA GKA IA EJAI A =

A J lim un+1 = n+ n+ @A HA? HH ?E= @=@= A >J

EII

IA GKA

L=

= lim xn = lim
n+

n+

un+1 un

A J

n+

lim

un1 1 = . un
>J IA

=F E?= IA E

> I =@ I @= HA =

@A HA? HH

?E= @=@= A

1 =1+ .
n 2n+1

)C H= >=IJ= EI

=H

.
1 2

(a) Sn = (c) Sn = (e) Sn = ( g ) Sn =

'

) I HEA ?

LAHCA F=H=

(b) Sn = 1
1 3 1 2

8n 4n+1

) I HEA ?

LAHCA F=H=

n(n+2) (n+1)2 1 3 1 2

) I HEA ?

LAHCA F=H=

(d) Sn = ln(n + 1). (f ) Sn = 1 (h) Sn = (e) V (m) V

5 2 1 n+1 2 n+1

) I HEA @ELAHCA

2n 3.5n 1 (n+2)!

) I HEA ?

LAHCA F=H=

) I HEA ?

LAHCA F=H=

) I HEA ?

LAHCA F=H=

1 n+2

LAHCA F=H=

5 2

(a) F (i) F


(b) F (j ) F 2 . 2n + 1 1 4
+ ?

(c) F (k ) V
) I HEA ?

(d) F (l) V
LAHCA F=H=

(f ) V (n) V

(g ) F (o) V

(h) F (p) F

Sn = 2 (a) S =
ACA @=

2. 7 24 (d)
) I HEA @ELAHCA

 

(b) S =

1 7

(c) S =

LAHCA JA , @ELAHCA JA 1 E ?

? KIEL 

(a) C (b) C (c) C (d) D (e) D (f ) C (g ) C (h) C (i) C (j ) D (k ) C (l) C (m) D (n) D (o) C (p) D (q ) C (r) C
! ACA @= + ? LAHCA JA , @ELAHCA JA 1 E ? ? KIEL 

(a) C (b) D (c) C (d) I (e) D (f ) C (g ) I (h) C (i) I (j ) C (k ) D (l) D (m) C

&

"

ACA @=

+ ?

LAHCA JA , @ELAHCA JA 1 E ?

? KIEL 

(a) C (b) C (c) C (d) C

# ACA @= + ? LAHCA JA , @ELAHCA JA 1 E ? ? KIEL 

(a) C (b) D (c) D (d) D (e) C (f ) C (g ) C (h) C (i) D (j ) C (k ) C

$

(a) =>I KJ= (d) =>I KJ= (g ) =>I KJ= (j ) ? @E?E (m) ? @E?E
%

A JA A JA A JA = = A JA A JA

(b) =>I KJ= A (e) @ELAHCA JA (h) ? @E?E = (k ) @ELAHCA JA (n) =>I KJ= A (b) ? @E?E = (e) =>I KJ= A (h) =>I KJ= A
?E= A

JA A JA JA

(c) =>I KJ= A JA (f ) =>I KJ= A JA (i) @ELAHCA JA (l) =>I KJ= A JA (o) ? @E?E = A JA
A JA JA

(a) (d) (g )
&

=>I =>I

KJ= KJ=

A JA A JA

A JA JA JA

@ELAHCA JA

(c) ? @E?E = (f ) =>I KJ= A (i) @ELAHCA JA

?E=

I E JAHL= @A ? LAHC (a) R = 1, I = [1, 1) (d) R = 1 , I = ( 1 , 1) 4 4 4 (g ) R = 3, I = (5, 1) } (j ) R = 0, I = { 1 2 (m) I = [4, 6), R = 1 (p) I = [ 3 , 1 ], R = 1 2 2 2 [1, 1], [1, 1] 1 (1 x)2 (e) 4 (a)
n=0
A

R H=E @A ? LAHC (b) R = 1, I = [1, 1] ( e) R = 1 , I = ( 1 , 1] 2 2 2 (h) R = 1, I = (3, 5) (k ) R = 3, I = [3, 3] (n) I = (4, 0), R = 2 (q ) I = [0, 2], R = 1
A JA

(c) R = , I = (, ) (f ) R = 4, I = (4, 4] (i) R = 2, I = (4, 0] 1 (l ) R = 4 , I = [1, 3 ] 2 (o) I = (1 e, 1 + e), R = e 3 3 (r) I = ( , ), R = 3 2 2 2

' 

(1, 1),

HAIFA?JEL=

x (1 x)2 (f ) 6 (b) (1)n x3n

(c) 2 (g ) ln(1 + x) (b) f (x) =

2x2 (1 x)3 (h) 2 ln 3 2 (d)

(a) f (x) =

(1)n 4n x2n+1 (c)f (x) = 9n+1 n=0 n +2 nx (e) f (x) = n+1 n=1 2 (1)n x2n+3 (g ) f (x) = n+1 n=0 x8n+2 +K n=0 8n + 2

(1)n x3n 4n+1 n=0 n1 n+1 (d) f (x) = 2 nx n=1

(f ) f (x) =

xn+1 n+1 n=0 (n + 1)5

(a)

(b)

x2n1 +K n=1 n(2n 1)

(c)

(1)n+1 x2n1 +K 4n2 1 n=1

(1)n x4n+3 (d) +K n=0 (4n + 3)(2n + 1)

! ,E?= IJHA GKA

(1)n x2n+1 arctan x = 2n + 1 n=0

A @AF EI B= =

x=

3 . 3

'

"

,E?= @=@=

@AHELA JAH

= JAH

@AI

GKA

@E?A @

=J HE

A IK>IJEJK=

= AGK=

,E?= @=@=

@AHELA JAH

= JAH

@AI

GKA

@E?A @

=J HE

A IK>IJEJK=

= AGK=

2 (a) 2
1 JAHL=

(b)
@A ?

3 2

(c) e3 1
?E=

(d ) e 5
A H=E @A ? LAHC ?E=

LAHC

1 9 x 2 2 2 x < 4. 3
CA

5 R= . 2

& ' !

1 JAHL= ,E?=

@A ?

LAHC

?E=

JA GKA = I HEA @=@=

JHE?= @A ? LAHC ?E=

n=0

(1)n (4n + 4)(x 1)n ,

x6n , n=0 (2n)!
GKA ?

E JAHL=

0 < x < 2.

!

cosh(x3 ) =

LAHCA F=H= J @

xR
x2n1 n=1 n!
GKA ? LAHCA F=H= J @

,AIA L

LE

A J

A H=E

I HEAI @A @A ? = JAH LAHC

=? =KHE ?E= E

: f (x) =
EJ

x R,
!!

K IA =

*=IJ= E JACH=H JAH

!"

f (x) =
,AIA L

(1)n 4n+1 x2n+5 n=0 (n + 1)(2n + 5)

LE A J A

LAHCA F=H=

1 1 x . 2 2

!#

I HEAI @A

=? =KHE

(a)

(1)n 22n+1 x2n+2 (2n + 2)! n=0 (1)n x2n n! n=0

(b)

(1)n 22n+1 x2n+3 (2n + 1)! n=0 (1)n 22n x2n (2n)! n=0

(c)

3n xn n=0 n! (1)n x10n+2 n=0 (2n + 1)!

(d)

(e)

(f )

(1)n x2n2 (g ) (2n)! n=1

!$

x2n+3 (h) n=0 n!

(a)

2 3

(b) 8 9

2 3

(c) 2 1 2

(d) 5

(e ) 1

(f ) 2

(g ) 3

(h)

7 2

!%

(a) k = ln

(b) k =

!&

,AIA L LE n

A J

5 HEAI @A

=? =KHE

(a)

(b) 1 +

n=0 n=0

(1)n 1.3.5. .(2n 1)xn 2n n ! n=1 1.3.5. .(2n 1)x2n 2n n! n=1

(c)

(1)n x2n

(d) 1 +

(e)

(1)n x2n+1 +C n=0 (2n + 1)!(2n + 1)

(1)n xn+1 +C 2 n=0 (n + 1) 1.3.5. .(2n 1)x2n+1 (2n + 1)2n n! n=1

(f )

(1)n x2n+1 +C n=0 (2n + 1)! 2x2n+1 n=0 2n + 1 1.3.5. .(2n 1)x2n+1 (2n + 1)2n n! n=1

(g )

(h)

(i) x +

(j ) x

(k )
!'

(1)n x2n+1 2n + 1 n=0

(1)n 2.5.8. .(3n 4)xn 1 (l ) 1 + x + 3 3n n! n=2

1 (1)n 1.4.7.10. .(3n 2)t4n+1 dx = t + 3 (4n + 1).3n n! 1 + x4 n=1