cipal Formulas in Part | Notation (Chapter 2) (Measured value of 3) = Seq 8, (p13) where Zaex = best estimate for x, &e = uncertainty or error in the measurement. Fractional uncertainty = (p. 28) Pre Propagation of Uncertainties (Chapter 3) If various quantities x,..., w are measured with small uncertainties &x,..., 61, and the measured values are used to calculate some quantity q, then the uncertainties in x,.... w cause an uncertainty in g as follows: If q is the sum and difference, q = x + + + z— (w+ ++ + w), then [(BxyP + += + (8)? + (Buy? + + (wy? for independent random errors: = het tat Bute + Bw always. (p. 60) XX IF q is the product and quotient, q = =~. then [m= mp , (up Bi) = (By +--+ (FF + (BF + + (F VG PCY 64 for independent random errors: Ia ax bu bw <%, ee Ai lel bo} always. ©. 61) If q = Bx, where B is known exactly, then 6q = |Blée. (p. 54) If q is a function of one variable, q(x). then aa = || (9.68) If q is a power, q = 2, then (p. 66)If q is any function of several variables x, ..., z, then ba = (Fea) +--+ (ay (p. 75) (for independent random errors). Statistical Definitions (Chapter 4) If xj,..-+y denote N separate measurements of one quantity x, then we define: r-13 09.98 Bay , x mean; (p. 98) °, 2 = standard deviation, or SD (p. 100) o; = “£ = standard deviation of mean, or DOM. (p. 102) The Normal Distribution (Chapter 5) For any limiting distribution f(x) for measurement of a continuous variable x fox) dx = probability that any one measurement will give an answer between x and x + dx: (p. 128) i (f(x) dx = probability that any one measurement will p give an answer between x=aandx=b; — (p. 128) f (f(x) dx = 1 is the normalization condition, (p. 128) ‘The Gauss or normal distribution is Grol) = eae, (p. 133) where center of distribution = true value of x ‘mean after many measurements, @ = width of distribution = standard deviation after many measurements. ‘The probability of a measurement within ¢ standard deviations of X is e7" dz = normal error integral; (p. 136) 1 Probwithin to) = —= Vox in particular Prob(within 1a) = 68%.