Demand Assessment RTP MOD

Module 2.
2: Demand Assessment
Contents
1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................1 1.1 Demand Assessment ..........................................................................1 1.2 Approaches to Demand Assessment .....................................................2 1.2.1 Engineering Demand Assessment ...................................................2 1.2.2 Social Demand Assessment............................................................2 1.3 Consultation Processes .......................................................................3 1.3.1 Identification of Stakeholders .........................................................3 1.3.2 Stakeholder Analysis.....................................................................3 1.3.3 SWOT analysis .............................................................................4 1.4 House Hold Survey.............................................................................5 2.0 Demand Assessment for Road Project................................................5 2.1 Existing System Analysis.....................................................................6 2.2 Road Demand ...................................................................................6 2.3 Traffic Surveys ..................................................................................8 2.4 Traffic Counts....................................................................................8 3.0 Demand Assessment for Water Supply...............................................8 3.1 Demand Mapping...............................................................................8 3.2 Demand Assessment of existing and future infrastructure stock.............. 12 3.2.1 Demographic and Socio Economic ................................................. 12 3.3 A case of Ahmedabad Water supply Report .......................................... 15 3.3.1 Present Population...................................................................... 15 3.3.2 Review of Historic Growth of the Service Area ................................ 15 3.4 Case Study for Augmentation of Keshod of Water Supply Project ............ 18 3.5 Land use ........................................................................................ 19 3.6 Location Aspects/Site-Suitability ........................................................ 19 3.7 Existing service analysis ................................................................... 19 3.8 Design Period .................................................................................. 20 3.9 Per Capita Water Supply ................................................................... 20 3.9.1 Basic Needs ............................................................................... 20 3.9.2 Factors affecting consumption ...................................................... 21 3.9.3 Domestic and non-domestic needs ................................................ 21 3.9.4 Institutional Needs ..................................................................... 21 3.9.5 Fire Fighting Demand.................................................................. 22 3.9.6 Industrial Needs ......................................................................... 22 3.9.7 Peak Factor ............................................................................... 23 3.10 Water Demand Assessment ............................................................. 23 3.10.1 Case I: Demand Assessment of water in the City of Ahmedabad .. 24 3.10.2 Case II: Demand Assessment of water for the city of Rajkot ........... 25
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4.0 Waste Water System ........................................................................ 30 4.1 Existing System Analysis................................................................... 30 4.2 Norms and Standards ....................................................................... 31 4.3 Demand Assessment ........................................................................ 31 4.4 Design Period .................................................................................. 31 4.5 Sewage flows .................................................................................. 32 4.6 Sample Demand Assessment ............................................................. 33 4.6.1 Step 1 ...................................................................................... 33 4.6.2 Step 2 ...................................................................................... 33 4.6.3 Step 3 ...................................................................................... 33 4.6.4 Step 4 ...................................................................................... 34 5.0 Solid Waste ...................................................................................... 34 5.1 Existing System Analysis................................................................... 35 5.2 Composition of Waste....................................................................... 35 5.3 Quantity of waste ............................................................................ 36 5.4 Density of waste .............................................................................. 36 5.4.1 Moisture Content........................................................................ 37 5.5 Demand for Solid Waste Management................................................. 37 5.6 Calculating Solid Waste Quantum ....................................................... 37 5.6.1 Alternate 1 ................................................................................ 37 5.6.2 Alternate 2 ................................................................................ 37 5.6.3 Alternate 3 ................................................................................ 38 5.7 Domestic Waste............................................................................... 38 5.7.1 Alternative: 1 ............................................................................ 38 5.7.2 Alternative: 2 ............................................................................ 38
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1.0 Introduction
Although urbanization in an economy is considered a positive sign of development, but it brings in allied problems also. The process of urbanization has created a huge gap between demand and supply of urban services and infrastructure. With the increasing urbanization trends; the cities and towns are not only becoming more densely populated but are also growing geographically. This requires scaling up of basic infrastructure facilities such as water supply, sewerage system, sanitation, solid waste management, roads and housing in existing urban areas and provision in new areas. In the existing urban areas the basic infrastructure facilities has not been able to match with this rapid urban growth and hence is overstressed. Such development poses serious health as well as economic risks to the entire community. With a restricted resource base, poor institutional capacities, the scaling up and development of urban infrastructure development in India is a big challenge for town and infrastructure planning professionals.
1.1 Demand Assessment

The analysis of infrastructure needs is an important step in project demand. The manner in which needs are defined and the nature of the needs have a direct impact not only on what will be built, but on the investments that will be made. The demand assessment is of great relevance to planners, who are responsible for making investment and management decisions about what services to provide the households. Information on the extent to which project beneficiaries demand and are willing to pay for project outputs is necessary to design better projects during the early stages of the project cycle, and to manage and evaluate the performance of projects. As all the designs, estimates, implementation system, financial provisions are made based on the projected demand thus for the success of any projects accurate assessment very important. Although the task is complex, there are various methods for assessing infrastructure needs and highlighting the principles and standards on which needs analyses. Demand assessment involves four main tasks: (1) selecting households to study, (2) data collection, (3) data analysis, and (4) checks for validity. The selection of households to listen to or consult with can be based on rigorous random sampling procedures, or more informal or purposive sampling. Data collection can involve a review or use of secondary data sources, or primary data collection in the project area. Primary data can be collected through house hold questionnaire survey, participant observation, structured or open-ended interviews, focus groups, or participatory community meetings. Data analysis can range from qualitative interpretation of participant
1
observations,
to
simple
tabular
Module 2.2: Demand Assessment
presentations
of
raw
data
from
structured
interviews,
to
sophisticated
econometric estimation of household demand relationships. The accuracy and reliability of the results can be crosschecked by the use of multiple methods or repeated investigations.
1.2 Approaches to Demand Assessment

Infrastructure demand assessment can be classified in two broad categories (1) Engineering Demand Assessment and (2) Social Demand Assessment.
1.2.1 Engineering Demand Assessment

Engineering Demand Assessment is a supply-driven process in which households or citizens have few choices or virtually no say in the process. It determines infrastructure quality and quantity norms and standards set by international, national or state departments. Engineering needs assessment is a technical method based on engineering studies of the conditions and needs for development and investment. Engineering needs studies attempt to meet technical engineering and quality of service standards. The condition of the existing infrastructure stock is determined and future infrastructure needs are identified. The gaps between the existing stock and future needs are identified.
1.2.2 Social Demand Assessment

Social Demand Assessment is an iterative, demand-driven process in which planners or decision makers use information on household preferences to structure the menu of service options for households. In particular, demand information can reduce the risks of building facilities that people do not want and for which they are not willing to pay for. Regular, periodic demand assessments can provide utility managers with the information needed to respond to changing customer circumstances, and regulators with useful information to assess the performance of service providers. Public consultations use varying mechanisms for gaining feedback including polls, mail or phone surveys, open houses and focus groups. The public is the primary stakeholder in planning and prioritization, they use, own and pay for infrastructure thus they have a major influence in decision making for infrastructure. Also public participation in the decision making is becoming inevitable in the current era of globalization and privatization because the local authorities are becoming a facilitator rather than provider and citizens are becoming customers rather than beneficiaries. Citizens should be involved at all the stages of plan preparation starting from visioning, conceptualizing, actual plan preparation and resource management and implementation. This minimises
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JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs
confrontation and miscommunications while preparing and implementing projects and policies and also gives sense of ownership to the citizen.
1.3 Consultation Processes

Experience points to certain characteristics which foster a successful public participation or consultation process, and which help to ensure outcomes that reflect the interests and concerns of potentially affected people and parties. These include the following: The process seeks out and facilitates the involvement of those potentially affected (identification of key stakeholders) The process provides participants with the information they need to participate in a meaningful way The process makes all reasonable efforts to identify the interests of, and meet the process needs of, participants Participants are provided opportunities for meaningful input and public issues/concerns are considered in developing the project design and making project approval decisions The process incorporates feedback and can evolve in response to the input and needs (access, format, etc.) of participants The public participation process communicates to participants how their input affected outcomes (i.e., project design and review/approval decisions)
1.3.1 Identification of Stakeholders

Stakeholders are the group of individuals, communities or organizations who are directly or indirectly effected by the project, plan or policy and who has a right to say for the betterment of the same. The stakeholders can include NGOs, government organisations (like Police Department, Administration, line departments GPCB etc.), commercial organisations, elected representatives, eminent citizens, technocrats and social workers.
1.3.2 Stakeholder Analysis

The stakeholder analysis shall help identify primary, secondary and key stakeholders, map the stakeholders, showing their degree of importance and influence and provide clear information on the concerns and interests of each stakeholder group.
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Steps in stakeholder analysis include: Listing of all persons / groups connected with or influenced by the project Categorising them (e.g. beneficiaries, actors, influencers etc.) Characterising and analysing each stakeholder groups role and interest (openly expressed/hidden/vested) in the project, strengths (resources, rights, monopolies, etc.), importance of stakeholder groups for the success of the project and their degree of influence; and identifying the potential for contribution by important stakeholders to the project and what they can receive from it. Identifying consensus for project work.
Identification of the development sectors for consultation: Key development sector should be identified for the consultation with categorised sector specific stakeholders. They can be: Urban Spatial Growth Urban Poverty Urban Environment Water Supply Sewerage and Sanitation Storm Water Drainage Solid Waste Management Roads, Traffic and Transport Municipal Finance Institutional Development Urban Governance
1.3.3 SWOT analysis

The SWOT Analysis is to identify Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats for each identified sector/area of focus. SWOT analysis should be undertaken with the sectoral working groups. The SWOT analysis should be focused on the following parameters: Resource Availability Geographical and Topographical Conditions Political and institutional framework Regulatory Framework Financial Framework Participatory Approach in the planning process Private Participation in the Development Process Availability of Technical know-how
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The following describes the steps involved in the SWOT Analysis with each Working Group: Identification of the vision, goals and objectives for the sector Identifying current and upcoming strengths and obstacles aiding / preventing the city from achieving the identified sectoral goals Analyse and listing of key issues to be addressed in each sector and develop consensus on the vision, goals and objectives for the sector, that contribute to achievement of the overall goals and objectives defined by stakeholders for the city
Illustration 1.1: SWOT for the Pune city Strengths Strong and diverse to economic and base of Connectivity Maharashtra Cultural capital Active and involved citizens Opportunities IT, ITES, Automobiles, chemicals, Threats Dominance of Bangalore and Chennai in IT and Automobiles Demands of economic growth Impact of population growth Manufacturing Education and research Strong inflow of talent Spillover of economic opportunities from Mumbai Mumbai rest Weaknesses Large slum population Inability to meet demands for housing and traffic Rising pollution levels
1.4 House Hold Survey

Household survey is the other method for assessing and acquiring public perceptions and demand for different sectors and overall city development at large. The key aspects to be taken care are selection of sample and sample size. Sample should represent the total spatial area as well as population size, class, economic groups and vulnerable groups (women, children, senior citizens, disabled etc). Questionnaire should include questions on qualitative as well as quantitative information and perception of the respondent for specific sectors as well as overall city development at large. The questionnaire should also provide space and platform to the respondents to express their concerns and vision for specific sectors as well as overall city development at large.
2.0 Demand Assessment for Road Project

Traditionally civilizations grew along rivers. Now a days the growth takes place along roads. Roads cater to traffic above and utilities below it. Roads are an integral part of urban infrastructure and the extent to which a city/town grows as well as the capacity to grow further, depends to a great extent on the road
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network and connectivity. The design of road network should be an integral part of overall land use planning of the city. The intent of all road networks should be allowed for efficient vehicular, pedestrian and public transportation without adversely affecting adjacent habitat. Attention must be paid to creating hierarchy of arterial, collector, local roads, continuous walkways and cycle ways.
2.1 Existing System Analysis

For road projects following aspects should be studied and analysed: Existing road network Existing road hierarchy Freight corridors Existing and proposed carrying capacity Missing linkages Intersections on the road Existing and proposed land use Employment generation nodes Traffic and circulation pattern Condition of the road Right of Way Existing infrastructure on the road Accident data Over Bridges Carrying capacity and utilised capacity
2.2 Road Demand

In urban scenario, the traffic is heterogeneous. There is sizable bicycle traffic. There is sizable pedestrian traffic. The demand for road can be estimated by a classified volume count of traffic. This survey should be conducted for seven days throughout 24 x 7 surveys. All vehicle categories including non motorised traffic like bicycles, animal driven carts etc. There should be a separate pedestrian survey. An Origin Destination (OD) survey to estimate preference for a particular route may also be carried out. Locations attracting heavy traffic demand such as Government offices, commercial centres, hospitals, educational institutes, religious and other places of interest may be marked and traffic generated at those locations should be estimated. A detailed socio economic study is required for understanding future trends. Planning must provide for future requirements. It is usually found that the future projections are overtaken by faster developments.
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Demands from the local stakeholder for improvement of existing roads or proposing new roads and Gap between existing network available and current as well as future projected demand should be identified. The main demand on urban roads is of passenger traffic. However, there is sizable commercial goods traffic also plying on these roads. For assessment of demand a Classified Traffic Volume Count is carried out. Urban roads are to be designed for catering to peak traffic, whereas on arterial roads (like NH, SH, MDR, ODR etc.) are designed for average annual daily traffic AADT. The survey should be carried out at strategic locations to capture maximum traffic data. Survey locations should be carefully selected. In case of new road, surveys should be carried out on existing road nearby and diverted traffic should be worked out. If a new locality is being developed or a new industry is coming up and a new road is to be designed, generated traffic should be worked out. From present traffic and economic profile, traffic at the end of design period should be worked out. The road should be designed to cater to the peak traffic in the last year of design period. This survey should be carried out continuously for at least seven days. Hourly traffic counts for each category of motorised and non-motorised (bicycles, animal driven carts, etc) traffic should be worked out. Peak traffic for each category of traffic should be found out from this count. The formats available for traffic survey for arterial roads (NH, SH, MDR, ODR etc.) may be used with suitable modifications. A parking requirement survey should be carried out to find out area required for parking. A pedestrian survey to find out requirement of footpath should be carried out. All movements at traffic junctions should be counted for design of intersections. From survey data, todays traffic is available. The traffic growth rate should ideally be worked out from past data for at least five years. However, in present scenario, traffic is growing at a very fast rate. Hence, growth rate should be worked out from socio Economic profile. Again, if the CDP envisions higher growth, then growth rate predicted in CDP may be considered. Ultimately the road should be able to cater to traffic at the end of its design life. Similarly all other facilities, particularly intersections, parking and pedestrian facilities should be able to handle traffic at the end of design period.
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2.3 Traffic Surveys

Information about traffic is indispensable for any highway project since it would form the basis for design of the pavement, fixing the number of traffic lanes, economic appraisal. Traffic surveys required to be conducted in connection with the preparation of road projects are discussed in the succeeding paragraphs.
2.4 Traffic Counts

Classified Volume Count of traffic is the basis of traffic study required in connection with improvements to existing roads. The general practice in vogue in the country on rural highways is to make continuous 7-day traffic counts once or twice a year. Past data for as many years as possible (preferably 5 to 10) should be compiled from existing records so that traffic volumes, trends of growth, and other features of traffic such as the composition of heavy vehicles can be analysed. Where traffic details are not available, or are incomplete, a fresh survey should be made in accordance with IRC: 9-1972 Traffic Census on Non-Urban Roads with suitable modifications for consideration of non motorised traffic.
2.5 Origin Destination Surveys

Origin Destination surveys for finding preference for particulars routes are required to be studied. This gives requirements of capacity enhancements along specific routes.
2.6 Pedestrian surveys

Pedestrian surveys give requirement of pedestrian facilities like pedestrian ways (Foot paths), pedestrian refuge at crossings, median widths.
3.0 Demand Assessment for Water Supply

3.1 Demand Mapping
Based on the household survey and SWOT analysis a ward or zone level infrastructure status mapping should be done. Ward or zone level demand mapping is very important as it gives clear indication of level of satisfaction, quality of service available and identify service gap in the ward or zone, and decision makers can plan for specific service in specific ward. In any urban area demand of water vary in different ward. Considering the census data, a ward wise water demand table 3.1 has been prepared.
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Table 3.1: Ward Wise HH Population, Density and Water Demand in AMC
Density Ward No. Ward Name Number of Households Total Population (Per Sq. Kms.) 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 2 KHADIA KALUPUR DARIAPUR SHAHPUR RAIKHAD JAMALPUR PALDI VASNA GANDHIGRAM NAVRANGPURA SARDAR PATEL STADIUM NARANPURA NAVA VADAJ JUNA VADAJ SABARMATI DUDHESHWAR MADHUPURA GIRDHARNAGAR ASARWA NARODA ROAD SARASPUR POTALIA KUBERNAGAR SARDARNAGAR SAIJPUR THAKKARBAPANAGAR NARODA MUTHIA BAPUNAGAR RAKHIAL GOMTIPUR RAJPUR AMRAIWADI BHAIPURA HATKESHWAR NIKOL ROAD ODHAV KHOKHRA MAHEMDAVAD MANINAGAR KANKARIA 3 11734 11511 11518 11774 12171 10823 15925 22097 13952 12525 15121 18664 14452 14771 14520 12335 12877 12486 9529 14986 13064 15215 16821 19074 15751 25261 19663 16041 12674 12258 12626 15540 21655 23898 22948 14887 18252 12907 4 54570 61106 63081 62694 64646 66536 74957 103569 67122 60230 72878 83272 68313 71947 73074 68026 70598 66540 53946 83751 71052 80471 87597 99873 79637 129179 94236 90031 75111 68476 73096 76513 102665 120314 106451 71577 87900 69517 6 39543 44931 85245 55977 34756 66536 12968 18831 10033 8857 21951 23792 30634 19551 15161 27541 16418 29313 36949 47858 42043 19869 37595 25941 37040 32621 8606 39487 24546 36423 23579 35754 61476 28922 15339 31393 27130 20150 53.0 59.4 61.3 60.9 62.8 64.7 72.9 100.7 65.2 58.5 70.8 80.9 66.4 69.9 71.0 66.1 68.6 64.7 52.4 81.4 69.1 78.2 85.1 97.1 77.4 125.6 91.6 87.5 73.0 66.6 71.0 74.4 99.8 116.9 103.5 69.6 85.4 67.6 Demand of Water with projected population (mld)
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Density Ward No. Ward Name Number of Households Total Population (Per Sq. Kms.) 39 40 41 42 43 BEHRAMPURA DANILIMDA BAGEFIRDAUS VATVA ISANPUR Total 14150 20149 25105 26630 23917 692257 77548 110313 121998 121725 113949 3520085 8934 21214 19062 3709 9094 18445
Demand of Water with projected population (mld) 75.4 107.2 118.6 118.3 110.8 3421.3
Source: Statistical Outlook of Ahmedabad, 2005
(i) Ward wise H/H variation
SARDAR PATEL STADIUM NAVRANGPURA GANDHIGRAM VASNA PALDI JAMALPUR RAIKHAD SHAHPUR DARIAPUR KALUPUR KHADIA
00 00
00 00 80
10
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10
00 12 0 00 14 0 00 16 0 00 18 0 00 20 0 00 22 0 00 24 0 00 0
20
40
60
(ii) Ward wise Population Variation
NAVA VADAJ NARANPURA SARDAR PATEL STADIUM NAVRANGPURA GANDHIGRAM VASNA PALDI JAMALPUR RAIKHAD SHAHPUR DARIAPUR KALUPUR KHADIA
50 0 10 00 0 15 0 0 00 20 0 0 25 0 0 0 30 0 0 00 35 0 0 40 0 0 0 45 0 0 00 50 0 0 55 0 0 0 60 0 0 00 65 0 0 70 0 0 0 75 0 0 0 80 0 0 00 85 0 0 90 0 0 00 95 0 10 00 0 0 10 0 00 50 00
(iii) Ward wise Water demand Variation
MADHUPURA DUDHESHWAR SABARMATI JUNA VADAJ NAVA VADAJ NARANPURA SARDAR PATEL STADIUM NAVRANGPURA GANDHIGRAM VASNA PALDI JAMALPUR RAIKHAD SHAHPUR DARIAPUR KALUPUR KHADIA 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 110.0
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Demand of water can vary in different ward
80.
7 65. 58. 116.9 103 72. 100 67.

All numbers the in box Water
represent
demand in MLD
75.4
107.2 110.8 118.3
Map 1: Demand variation in various municipal wards of AMC

Some of the components remain common for all the infrastructure services and form the base for all projections and assumptions e.g. population, land use, site suitability and availability and some of the components are service specific and to be analysed separately e.g. distribution network, sources, norms and standards.
3.2.1 Demographic and Socio Economic

For any infrastructure project demand assessment, the key demographic parameters are population growth and economic group distribution. Population forecasts are used for two purposes first, to suggest what a population will look like in the future and second, to check what was the trend for population development in past. For population projections, static parameters like existing population and past growth trend and dynamic parameters like employment and
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investment opportunities should be considered. The design population has to be estimated with all the factors governing the future growth and development of the project areas in all the sectors viz. not only residential but also commercial, educational, industrial, social and administrative. A judgment based on these factors would help in selecting the most suitable method of deriving the probable trend of the population growth in the area/areas of the project out of the following mathematical methods used for population. There are various methods for populations projections e.g. arithmetic increase method, geometric increase method as well as incremental increase method, decreasing growth method and graphical method.
(A) Arithmetic Increase Method This method is generally applicable to large and old cities. In this method the average increase of population per decade is calculated from the past records and the present population is added to the average increase. Pn = [ P0 + n.x], where Pn = Prospective or forecasted population after n decades from the present (i.e. last known census) P0 = Population at present (i.e. last known census) n = No. of decades between now and future. x = Average (Arithmetic mean) of population increase in the known decades
Box-1 Example Population: Naranpura Ward Ahmedabad city as per census data 2001 is 83272. What will be the population in the year 2031 at the decadal growth rate 25% of the population at census 1991 Population in 2001 P0 = 83272 Decadal growth rate X =25 Number of decade between now & future n = 30/10 Hence Population in the year 2031 Pn =83272 + [(83272 x((30/10)x25)/100] =145726
(B) Geometric Increase Method This method is mostly applicable for growing towns and cities having vast scope for expansion. In this method percentage increase is assumed to be the rate of growth and average of the percentage increase is used to find out future increment in population.
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Pn = Po (1 + r/100) ^n, where Po = Initial Population i.e. the population at the end of the last known census Pn = Future population after n decades. r = Annual growth rate (%)
Box-2 Example Population: Naranpura Ward Ahmedabad city as per census data 2001 is 83272. What will be the population in the year 2031 at the decadal growth rate 25% of the population at census 1991 Population in 2001 P0 = 83272 Decadal growth rate =25% Annual growth r=25/10 =2.5% Population to be projected for the year n= 30 Hence Population in the year 2031 Pn =83272 x( 1+2.5/100) ^30 =174670
(C) Incremental Increase Method In this method the increment in arithmetical increase is determined from the past decades and the average of that increment is added to the average increase. Pn = P0 + n.x + n (n + 1)/2 . Y Where, Pn = Population after n decades from present (i.e. last known census) X = Average increase of population of known decades Y = Average of incremental increases of the known decades
(D) Decreasing Growth Method Average decrease in the percentage increases is worked out and is then subtracted from the latest percentage increase for each successive decade. It is applicable where the rate of growth shows downward trend. (e) Graphical Method The graph between time and population is plotted from the available data and curve is plotted.
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3.3 A case of Ahmedabad Water Supply

3.3.1 Present Population
The historical population figures for old ANC limits area available from the year 1901. The limit have changed often and the last being in year 1986. Table 3.2 below presents the census figure for the project area from the yare 1961; the table also indicates the decadal growth rate.
Table 3.2: Historical Population (in lacs) AMC Year Old limits 1961 1971 1981 1991 11.50 15.86 20.60 22.50 37.91 29.88 9.22 Decadal growth % 1.03 1.55 3.16 6.30 50.49 103.87 99.37 EA Decadal growth % 0.23 0.41 1.43 3.30 78.26 248.78 130.77 EDA Decadal growth % 0.095 0.18 0.37 1.13 94.65 105.56 205.41 FA Decadal growth %
Source Water Supply Identification Report, Ahmedabad city Water supply project
3.3.2 Review of Historic Growth of the Service Area

Present AMC limits: Present AMC limits are a summation of the areas covered by AMC (old limits) till 1986 and changed east. The AMC (old limits) were changed many times and the previous before the last change of 1986 was in 1951. Hence in this study the historic population from 1961 is considered. Historic population of AMC (old limits) and that of east Ahmedabad is available. The decadal growth of AMC (old limit) in on a decline from the year 1951 and it is also observed that the maximum decadal increase has never exceeded about 40% except in the decade, 1931-41 when the AMC limits were extended. Presently the decadal growth for 1981-912 has dropped from about 30% to 9%. This indicates that the growth in AMC (Old limits) has almost reached saturation and the gross density is about 152 persons/ha which varies between 86 persons/ha to 725 persons/ha.
As the facilities are similar in the extended eastern parts and in the expected extension of western parts, people may prefer to migrate to these areas where the land cost is comparatively lower. Migration would also depend on the work of place of worth as people prefer minimum commuting.
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Observations indicate that the migration to the western periphery (though it is not yet included in the municipal limits) is more than that to the extended eastern part. The growth in the AMC (new limits) for the year 1961-1981 is calculated by summation of the populations in the AMC (old limits) and the population of extended eastern part. The trend is on a decline and is varying between 40% and 21%. As the growth rates in AMC (old limits) and exceeded Eastern areas individually vary substantially, the future projections are made by considering the growth individually but keeping the total growth below 20% for AMC (new limits). Multistoried buildings are not yet a trend % people prefer to live in independent houses. Western Periphery: There area 24 villages on the western periphery covering an area of about 78 sq. kms out of which 11 villages are developing at a rapid rate and are identified as Early Development Are (EDA) and the other 13 villages are identified as Fringe Area (FA) The EDA has recorded a decadal growth rate of about 250% in the decade 197181 an has now declined to about 131%, hence the growth in the EDA is also on a decline but the FA has recorded a decadal increase of about 200% in the decade 1981-91 while it was only about 100% is the previous decades. Hence the people are migrating to FA where the land costs are lower than the EDA. Hence we may presume that the growth in future in both EDA and FA would be on decline but the decadal growth rate would till be quite high as compared to AMC For EDA, AUDA has estimated the population as about 6 lakhs., 10lakhs, and 13 lakhs by Graphical Trend Method for the Year 2001.,2011 and 2021 respectively. TCE in their NRCP report has also considered similar declining growth rate of about 200% to 52%. With these rates the total population in about 78sq.km would be about 21 lakhs. Future Projections: Population projection for the AMC limits is worked out by various mathematical methods and by Graphical Trend Method. These are presented in table- . The population projections by Arithmetical method, Incremental Increase Method and that by Graphical Trend Method are similar but the projections with Geometrical Progression Method are on a higher side and would reach about 101 lakhs. Projections by Graphical Trend Method seem to be very close to the actual situation. For EDA, AUDA has adopted population projections worked out with Graphical Trend Method. For FA projections are made by Graphical Trend Method.
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The growth in the extended eastern and western areas would be at faster rate more so in the western peripheral areas. From a present population old about 4.5 lakhs, it would reach a population about 21,lakhs which is more than 4 times in about 3 decided. This means, there would be migration not only from AMC limits but also from the other places. The growth in AMC limits has increased by four fold in about 5 decades that in extended eastern area it would be in 4 decades.
Table 3.3: Population Projection by various methods (In lakhs)
2001 GR AR GE 27.4 13.42 40.82 II 24.90 8.89 33.79 2011 GR 24.8 14.0 38.8 AR 30.0 9.80 39.8 GE 33.30 28.62 61.92 II 26.10 12.33 38.43 2021 GR 26.0 18.2 44.2 AR 33.60 11.56 45.16 GE 40.60 61.03 101.63 II 26.00 16.63 42.63
AMC(old 23.4 26.3 limits) East 10.0 8.05 Ahmedabad Total 33.4 34.35 AMC(new limits) Source Water Supply
Identification Report, Ahmedabad city Water supply project
AR-Arithmetical method, GE Geometrical method, II- Incremental Increase method, GR- Graphical method
Table 3.4: Projected Population by Graphical Trend Method Population Description 1991 Census 2001 Projected 2011 2021
AMC(old limits) East Ahmedabad Population fro AMC Present limits EDA Fringe Area Population Periphery Population for Service Area for Western
22.44 6.3 28.74 3.3 1.13 4.43 33.14
23.4 10.0 33.4 6.5 3.0 9.5 42.9
24.8 14.0 38.8 10.0 5.0 15.0 53.8
26.0 18.0 44.2 13.4 7.6 21.0 65
Source Water Supply Identification Report, Ahmedabad city Water supply project
Adopted Projections: TCE during the NRCP studies has adopted the projections as indicated in table 3.5 . The projected population considered during this study
.
almost matches with the present projection and hence to retain the consistency, projections of NRCP report are adopted as indicated in Table
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Table 3.5: Adopted Population Projections (Lakhs) Description Year 1991 2001 2011 2021
West AMC East AMC Extended East AMC EDA (West) FA Extended West Service area
5.75 13.98 9.01 28.74 3.28 1.13 4.41 33.15
6.97 15.63 10.66 33.26 6.5 3.00 9.5 42.76
8.44 16.97 13.47 38.88 9.88 5.00 14.88 53.76
9.85 18.40 15.97 44.22 13.44 7.6 21.04 65.26
Source: Water Supply Project Identification Report, April 1997
In NRCP Report the area has been adjusted with East AMC for design of sewerage system.
3.4 Case Study for Augmentation of Keshod of Water Supply Project

The following table shows the census population of Keshod village of Keshod taluka of Junagadh district under GUDM.
Table 3.6: Population of Keshod as per Census A B C D E As per 1961 census As per 1971 census As per 1981 census As per 1991 census As per 2001 census 12500 19613 32036 50172 63257
Source: Appraisal Report Augmentation of Keshod Water Supply Report
Table 3.7: Population Forecast considering 2001 census Method A. Incremental increase method B. Arithmetic progressive method C. Geometrical progressive method D. Geometric Ratio Method i) Average Geometric progressive Ratio Method ii) Maximum Geometric Ratio iii) Latest Geometric Ratio Method E. Geographical method Method 63257 63257 63257 63257 91090 97416 77174 70800 129044 146756 98681 89100 182813 221400 126514 112200 2001 63257 63257 63257 2007 71900 70870 80042 2022 96400 89904 144159 2037 125500 108937 259638
Source: Augmentation of Keshod Water Supply Project Vol I, 2006
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Following table3.8 shows the Population forecast considered in the project as per incremental increase method
Table 3.8: Projected Population as per incremental increase method A B C D As per 1961 census Present stage year 2007 Intermediate Stage year 2022 Ultimate Stage year 2037 63257 71900 96400 125500
Source: Augmentation of Keshod Water Supply Project Vol I, 2006
3.5 Land Use

Existing as well as future land use e.g. residential, commercial, industrial, public purpose of the city plays key role in development of the city. Infrastructure demand varies in different land use zones e.g. in industrial zone water demand is normally very high and thus industrial waste water generation in that area is also high. In commercial areas water demand and sewage generation is relatively low. So existing as well as future land use should be thoroughly analysed to gauge future demand. More emphasis should be given to the critical areas like slums and low income settlements.
3.6 Location Aspects/Site-Suitability

Location and alignment of existing services, additional land required for improvement and expansion of the services should be analysed. Site suitability aspects like location, accessibility, terrain, soil condition, water table should be studied and analysed for preparing design proposal for all the infrastructure services.
3.7 Existing Service Analysis

Data used to identify service gap can involve a review or use of secondary data sources, or primary data collection in the project area. Primary data can be collected through participant observation, structured or open-ended interviews, focus groups, or participatory community meetings. Data analysis can range from qualitative interpretation of raw of participant from observations, to simple to tabular presentations data structured interviews, sophisticated
econometric estimation of household demand relationships. Consumption patterns and life styles of a particular society shape the nature of demand, may it be higher or lesser depending upon the degree of consumption. Secondary data on quantity and quality of services exists in the city can be collected from the ULB. The pressure on infrastructure due to the existing demand is directly linked with the consumption pattern of the people. In next sections we will analyse sector or service specific demand components,
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3.8 Design Period

Water supply projects may be designed normally to meet the requirements over a thirty year period after their completion. The time lag between design and completion of the project should also be taken into account; this should not exceed a duration ranging from two years to five years depending upon the size of the project. Table 3.9 provides details of design periods for different water supply components.
Table 3.9: Design periods for project components Sr. No 1 2 3 Design Items Storage by dams Infiltration works Pumping (i) pump house (ii) electric motors and pumps 4 5 6 7 8 Water treatment units Pipe connection to several treatment units and other small appurtenances Raw water and water conveying mains Clear water reservoirs at the head works, balancing tanks and service reservoirs Distribution system 30 15 15 30 30 15 30 Period (In years) 50 30
Source: CPHEEO, 1999
3.9 Per Capita Water Supply

3.9.1 Basic Needs
Piped water supplies for communities should provide adequately for the following purposes/ requirements as applicable: Domestic needs such as drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, flushing of toilets, gardening and individual air conditioning Institutional needs. Public purposes such as street washing or street watering, flushing of sewers, watering of public parks. Industrial and commercial uses including central air conditioning. Fire fighting. Requirement for livestock. Minimum permissible Unaccounted for Water (UFW).
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3.9.2 Factors affecting consumption

Consumption of water is affected by a number of factors as mentioned below: Size of City larger the size, more the consumption. Characteristics of population and standard of living high per capita consumption in the high value residential area of the city or in a suburban community, whereas low per capita consumption in slum areas. Industries and Commerce - The type and number of different industries also affect consumption. Commercial consumption is that of the retail and wholesale mercantile houses and office buildings. Climatic conditions - In hot weather, the consumption of water is more compared to that during cold weather Metering - The consumption of water when supply is metered is less as compared to that when the water charges are on flat rate basis.
3.9.3 Domestic and non-domestic needs

The following table 3.10 represents the per capital water demand for domestic and non-domestic needs as per CPHHEO manual of water Supply and treatment
Table 3.10: Recommended per capita water supply for designing schemes Sr. No 1 2 Recommended maximum Classification of towns/cities Towns provided with piped water supply but without sewerage system Cities provided with piped water supply where sewerage system is existing/contemplated Metropolitan and Mega cities provided with piped 3 water supply where sewerage system-is 150 existing/contemplated
Source: CPHEEO Third edition 1999, Manual on Water supply & Treatment Note: (i)In urban areas, where water is provided through public stand posts, 40 lpcd should be considered (ii)Figures exclude "Unaccounted for Water (UFW)" which should be limited to 15% Figures include requirements of water for commercial, institutional and minor industries. However, the bulk supply to such establishments should be assessed separately with proper justification.
Water Supply Levels (lpcd) 70 135
3.9.4 Institutional Needs

The water requirements for institutions(individual) such as offices, factories, schools, hotels, restaurants, hospitals, railway station, airports and cinema halls and theatres need to be provided in addition to the provisions indicated in the previous table, where required, if they are of considerable magnitude and not covered in the provisions already made. (refer table3.11 below).
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Table 3.11: Institutional requirements (Individual) Sr. No 1 2 Institutions Office Factories Where bath rooms are provided Where no bath rooms are provided 3 Boarding Schools Day schools / Colleges Hostels 4 5 6 Hotel Restaurants Hospitals (Including Laundry) Number of beds not exceeding 100 Number of beds exceeding 100 Nurses home and medical quarters 7 Railway Station Junctions and intermediate stations where mail and express trains stops (Both Railways and Bus station)is provided Intermediate stations where mail and express trains does not stop Terminal railway stations 8 9 Airports- Sea port Cinema Halls and Theatres (per seat) 45 (Can be reduced to 25 where bathing facilities are not provided) 45 70 15 70 45 (with bathing facilities) 340 (per bed) 450 (per bed) 135 45 30 135 45 135 180 (per bed) 70 (per seat) Water Supply (lpcd) 45
Source CPHEEO Third edition 1999, Manual on Water supply & Treatment
3.9.5 Fire Fighting Demand

In designing water supply schemes, it is usual to provide for fire fighting demand as a coincident draft on the distribution system along with the normal water supply to the consumers as assumed. A provision in kilolitres per day based on the formula of 100 x square root of p where, p = population in thousands can be adopted for communities larger than 50,000. One third of the fire-fighting requirements should desirably form part of the service storage. The balance requirement can be distributed in several static tanks at strategic locations / points. These static tanks may be filled from the nearby water sources (if available) such as ponds, streams or canals by water tankers wherever feasible.
3.9.6 Industrial Needs

While the per capita rates of supply recommended will ordinarily include the requirement of small industries (other than factories) distributed within a town, separate provisions would be required to be included for meeting the demands
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likely to be made by specific industries located within the urban areas. The forecast of this demand would be based on the nature and magnitude of each such industry and also on the quantity of water required per unit of production.
Table 3.12: Water Requirement for different kind of Industries Industry Automobile vehicle Distillery Fertiliser Leather Paper Special quality paper Straw board Petroleum refinery Steel Sugar Textile Unit of Production Vehicle (Kiloleter Alcohol Tonne 100Kg(Tanned) Tonne Tonne Tonne Tonne (crude) Tonne Tonne (cane crushed) 100Kg (goods) Water (KL/Unit) 40 120-170 80-200 4 200-400 400-1000 75-100 1-2 200-250 1-2 8-14 Requirement in
Source: CPHEEO Third edition 1999, Manual on Water supply & Treatment
3.9.7 Peak Factor

Peak Factor for water demand should be considered as per population (Refer table 3.13).
Table 3.13: Peak factors for Contributory Population Contributory population Up to 50,000 50,000 to 2,00,000 Above 2,00,000
Peak Factor 3.00 2.50 2.00
3.10 Water Demand Assessment

The water requirement norms for all such uses should be taking into consideration and demand is estimated. Also a quick survey of consumption patterns and life styles and population percentage of a particular society or income group or housing typology should be carried out to estimate or cross check actual demand. A typical water requirement rate is presented in table 3.14
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Table 3.14: Water Requirement Rate as per WHO standards and IS Codes Water Requirement Rates (in Use Drinking Cooking Bathing Washing of utensils Washing of house Washing of house Flushing Total 3 5+20 (washing) 135 15 15 15 30 238 liters) WHO standards IS Codes 5 5 55 10 10 20 30 135 Adopted water Requirement Ltrs. 5 5 55 10 10 20 30 135
3.10.1 Case I: Demand Assessment of water in the City of Ahmedabad

Demand Assessment methods used in Water Supply Project Identification Report. AMC is trying to get an allocation from Narmada canal for immediate augmentation. Estimations have been made for the gross water demand which would arise if a 24 hours water supply is given throughout AMC. Presently AMC Gross supply is about 152 LPCD in about 3 hours for about estimated 32 lacs of population. Demand for public purposes in the city of Ahmedabad could be broadly classified in the following subhead. A. Domestic Need: Comprising of water required for drinking cooking, washing, flushing toilets B. Institutional Needs C. Industrial, commercial uses as well as Construction purpose D. Gardening E. Hospital F. Fire fighting G. Requirements of live stock H. Likely wastage among all users and line losses The demand of water supply is based on WHO standards & Indian Standard Code of Basic Water requirement of water supply, drainage and sanitation (Indian Standard:IS1172:1983) as well as the building codes which requires minimum of 135 lpcd for all residences provided with full flushing system for toilet with the break-up of specific users. Thus taking into consideration the water requirement for all such uses the water requirement norms for the urban areas of AMC has been adopted as 135 lpcd.
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Table 3.15: Gross demand of water for the city of Ahmedabad (In MLD) Description I. AMC(present level) A) Domestic Hut Chawls Bunglows b) Commercial& Industrial c) Public uses Sub total AMC d) Leakage Total II Western Periphery a) Domestic EDA FA b)Commercial & Industrial c) Public Uses Sub total of Western Periphery d) Leakage Total Grand Total 169 78 19 19 285 50.29 335.29 1305.13 349.44 197.6 63.12 63.12 673.28 118.81 792.09 2185.56 37.34 110.91 543.7 66.52 66.52 824.36 145.47 969.83 49.65 147.45 722.02 132.66 132.66 1184.44 209.02 1393.46 2001 2021
Source: Water Supply Project Identification Report, AMC, 1997
3.10.2 Case II: Demand Assessment of water for the city of Rajkot
(A) Alternative 1: Demand for public purposes in the city of Rajkot could be broadly classified in the following subhead. A. Domestic Need: Comprising of water required for drinking cooking, washing, flushing toilets B. Institutional Needs C. Industrial, commercial uses as well as Construction purpose D. Gardening E. Hospital F. Fire fighting G. Requirements of live stock H. Likely wastage among all users and line losses The demand of water supply is based on WHO standards & Indian Standard Code of Basic Water requirement of water supply, drainage and sanitation (Indian Standard:IS1172:1983) as well as the building codes which requires minimum of 135 lpcd for all residences provided with full flushing system for toilet with the break-up of specific users.
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Thus taking into consideration the water requirement for all such uses the water requirement norms for the urban areas of Rajkot has been adopted as 135 lpcd. (B) Alternative 2: Alternatively, demand of water is also calculated based on consumers. For which the city base actual survey has been carried out for different categories of houses. The analyses are as under Housing Conditions: the type of housing and the economic level of a consumer is an important factor influencing consumption. People staying in houses having large number of plumbing fixtures (such as bath tubs, showers, wash basins, flushing cisterns) and having garden and lawns, would normally have higher consumption than those staying in small houses or in slums. The areas within the walled city have very old buildings with narrow lanes demonstrating traditional planning. The newly developed area, have high rise buildings, modern row houses and individual bungalows which show modern trends. About one-fifth of the city's population lives in slums and hutments. Housing categories: No authentic data is available on various housing types, except slums (BPL survey by United Research Survey). Following housing categories have been identified by analysis of tax data and building plan permission data. Category Description I. II. Slums Low Rise flats
III. High Rise Flats IV. Traditional Row Houses / Buildings V. Modern Row Houses VI. Bungalows Slums: Slum clearance board had identified about 74 + 10 = 84 notified slums within the Corporation limits. Besides, Below Poverty Line Survey (BPL Survey) which was carried out by United Research Organization, identified that about 35% city population resides in slum areas. In Ahmedabad, there is a policy of giving free water through community stand posts. In the areas of the city where there is piped water supply, water supply to the slum is through tankers. Low Rise and High Rise Flats: Residents of this housing type are from middle and upper middle class. There are apparently to be found in low rise and high rise buildings. Typically, a flat consists of two or three bed-rooms, a hall, a kitchen
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and one or two bathrooms. The area of a flat may vary from 550 Sq. ft. to 1400 Sq. ft. Traditional Row Houses: Residents of this housing type are from the middle to the lower middle class. These type of houses are mainly to be found in the walled city area, and internal city ward area. These are mainly ground floor or GF+1 structure having an area of 400 to 900 Sq. ft. A sump is provided for storage of water and most of these houses have a bathroom and toilet facility. Modern Row houses: These are newly constructed row houses in the areas outside the walled city area and widely seen categories of houses. Residents of this housing type are from the middle & higher middle income group. These are mainly GF+1 structure having typically an area of 900 Sq fts to 2000 Sq fts. Buildings are having one hall, two or three bed-rooms, kitchen and two to three Bath / WC. A small courtyard is also provided. Bungalows: Residents of this housing type are reducing because of the land cost. Some higher income group people posses such houses. The total area of the bungalows varies from 1500 Sq fts to 3000 Sq fts. A typical bungalow consists of three bedrooms, a hall, a dining room, a kitchen, a store room, a guest room, parking space and a small garden. There are a minimum of three bathrooms. In addition to Municipal water supply, these bungalows generally have their bore well with a sump and pumping arrangements. Distribution of Housing Types: Tax data & town planning sectional building plan data were analyzed for categories of houses. The following table 3.16 represents the Proportion of housing categories for entire city workout as follows:
Table 3.16: Proportion of Housing Categories Category Slums Low rise Flats High rise Flats Traditional Row Houses Modern Row Houses Bungalows % of population 35 19 03 15 38 05
Source: Detailed Project Report of Water Supply Project of Rajkot Municipal Corporation
Water demand is normally classified as domestic water demand and non-domestic water demand. Domestic water demand covers the use of water for drinking, washing, bathing, flushing etc. Non domestic water demand includes the water
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demand for educational, institutional, religious institutions, hospital, swimming pools, commercial establishments, industries and fire fighting. Water demand is necessarily assessed for 100% satisfaction of the consumers. Under constrained resources, water is allocated to consumers and the actual water supply thus may not be able to meet the demand. Since most of the water supply schemes have to be generally designed to meet the water demand in the long run, it is necessary to estimate the water demand on a 100% satisfaction basis.
Table 3.17: Water Supply Demand Weighted average Category Slums Low rise Flats High rise Flats Traditional Row Houses Modern Row Houses Bungalows Sample Size 25 250 25 75 75 100 Consumption (LPCD) 90 120 125 115 125 150
Field survey for Domestic Demand: A sample survey was carried out in various housing categories. The results are as under: The sample size was kept small keeping in view the time and effort required for the survey and presented in table 3.18.
Table 3.18: Adopted Domestic Water Demand: Category Slums Low Rise Flats High Rise Flats Traditional Row Houses Modern Row Houses Bungalows Average for city Water Demand (LPCD) 90 120 125 115 125 150 120.8
Based on above category wise water demand figures are finally adopted for planning purpose: From both the alternatives, Domestic Demand: Adopted Domestic Water Demand =135 LPCD
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Water demand for Domestic Purpose Rajkot Municipal Corporation supplies water to domestic consumers through piped individual tap connections in older Rajkot, through community stand post in slum and backward area. The major part of RMC water supply is for domestic consumers. Individual tap connections are chargeable, while water supply to domestic consumers through stand post and tankers are free of cost. In normal conditions, RMC supplies water 110 LPCD while in the scarcity period; it depends upon the availability of water. Water demand for Commercial Purpose RMC does not encourages demand from Industrial and commercial consumers, resulting in less connections in these categories. Commercial areas include office buildings, warehouses, stores, hotels, etc. Water that is required for these areas is supplied to offices, hotels, hospitals, hostels, etc. This quantity will vary considerably with the nature of city and with the number and type of commercial establishments present in it. In case of Rajkot city, there is no dense commercial area present. As the utility of these areas is only for the day time, a lump sum amount of 10% of the total domestic water requirements may be added for the water requirements for commercial areas. Water Demand for Industrial Use In case of Rajkot, there is no major water based industries. Thus the requirement of water is only for other non-water based small scale and medium scale industries located in RMC area as well as in RUDA area. Assuming the water requirement for industrial use as 5% of the total Domestic water requirement. Water Demand for public/semi public use This includes the quantity of water required for public utility purposes, such as watering of public parks, gardening, washing and sprinkling on roads, use in public fountains, etc. For most of the public water supply schemes in India, a nominal amount of 5% of the total domestic consumption may be added to meet this demand. As stated above, the present population of Rajkot city is 1.15 million. The city has underground drainage facility and thus it should be served with per capita supply of 135 litres for smooth functioning of sewerage. Considering the above rate of water supply, the present requirement of the city works out to be 155 MLD. However, yet 55% area has been covered under underground drainage facility and for balance area the underground drainage project is under execution and likely to be completed by middle of 2007 and as such as on date the requirement of water per capita is being considered 120 LPCD. With this, the present requirement of the city is 105 MLD. Considering 28% system losses the gross requirement works out to 135 MLD which is optimal availability of water from all
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the reservoirs during good rainfall year. However, during scarcity condition the city supply is being curtailed up to 90 LPCD depending upon the availability of water from the all the reservoirs. The industrial as well as commercial requirement in the city is meagre. About 90% population is being served through tap connection whereas few slums are being supplied water on stand post basis and the area at higher elevation where pipeline is not feasible are being supplied through tankers.
4.0 Waste Water System

Waste water disposal systems can be either the on site type or the kind where water-borne wastes are disposed off-site into a water body or on land. To keep overall costs down, most urban systems today are planned as an optimum mix of the two types depending on various factors. The design of the sewerage system should be based on the design criteria given in the Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment - December 1993 published by CPHEEO and also on the prevailing standard engineering design practices.

For sewerage projects following aspects should be studied and analysed: Existing system Separate sewerage or combined sewerage system Existing and future sources of waste water Existing as well as likely future sources of water e.g. domestic, commercial, industrial should be analysed Existing conveyance system Existing city level conveyance system their capacities and capacity currently utilised should be analysed. Gap between exiting conveyance system available and current as well as future projected demand should be identified Treatment facilities Treatment facilities, location, their capacity and capacity currently utilised, possible locations for new facilities to be proposed should be analysed. Gap between existing treatment facilities available and current as well as future projected demand should be identified Collection network Some of the aspects to be analysed in the collection network are: Existing areas and population covered and not covered Existing network, pipe diameters, capacities and condition of the pipelines Pumping facilities, location, capacity and capacity currently utilised Losses, infiltration and leakages in the collection network Gap between existing conveyance network available and current as well as future projected demand should be identified
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Existing waste water generated and per capita waste flow should be analysed. Rate of waste water flow depends up on quantum of water supplied to the community and rate of infiltration
4.2 Norms and Standards

Norms and standards for quality as well as quantity should be checked for future demand assessment. Quantity Norms: As per the CPHEEO norms, sewage generated will be considered as 80% of the water reaching the consumer end. Such assumption will lead to more realistic sewage flow considerations and economical design of sewerage system. The sewage flows considered for design of the sewerage system will comprise of sewage emanating from domestic, commercial and industrial premises. An infiltration allowance of 5 % should be considered based on the past experience. CPHEEO suggests the sewerage system should be designed for the time period of 30 years after completion and time lag between design and completion of the system should not exceed 2-3 years. Population Equivalent- The population equivalent is a parameter useful in the conversion of the contribution of wastes from industrial establishment for accepting in to sanitary sewer system. As per the CPHEEO the average daily per capita contribution of suspended solids and BOD are 90 gms and 45 gms respectively which is used for estimating population equivalents.

The waste water network and treatment requirement norms for all such uses should be taking into consideration and demand is estimated. Also a quick survey of consumption patterns and life styles and population percentage of a particular society or income group or housing typology should be carried out to estimate or cross check actual demand.
4.4 Design Period

The length of time up to which the capacity of a sewer will be adequate is referred to as the design period. Sewerage projects may be designed normally to meet the requirements over a thirty year period after their completion. The period between design and completion should also be taken into account which should be between three to six years depending on the type and size of the project. The project components may be designed to meet the periods mentioned in table 4.1
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Table 4.1: Design Periods for components of sewerage system and sewage treatment Recommended Sr.No 1 Component Collection System 30 Design Period (in Years) The system should be designed for the prospective population of 30 years as its replacement is not possible during its use 2 Pumping Stations Duplicating machinery within the pumping 30 station would be easier/cost of civil works will be economical for full design period. 15 Life of pumping machinery is Generally 15 years The construction may be in a Phased Sewage Plant Treatment manner as initially the flows may not 30 reach the designed levels and it will be uneconomical to build the full capacity plant initially. 5 Effluent disposal 30 Provision of design capacities in the and Utilization
Clarification
i.e. Sewer Network
(Civil Works) 3 4 Pumping Machinery
initial stages itself is economical.
4.5 Sewage flows

Sewage flows for the design of sewers will include peak dry weather flows of domestic sewage from residential, commercial and institutional areas. Generally 80% of the water supply may be expected to reach the sewers unless there is data available to the contrary. However the sewers should be designed for a minimum waste water flow of 100 litres per capita per day. Peak Flow: The flow in sewers varies considerably from hour to hour and also seasonally but for the purposes of hydraulic design it is the estimated peak flow that is adopted. The peak factor or the ratio of maximum to average flows depends upon contributory population and the following values (refer table 4.2) are recommended.
Table 4.2: Peak factors for Contributory Population Contributory Population upto 20,000 20,000 to 50,000 50,000 to 7,50,000 above 7,50,000
Peak factor 3.00 2.50 2.25 2.00
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4.6 Sample Demand Assessment

To assess sewage flow (average as well as peak) is a main input data for calculating the size and gradient of the trunk main for conveying the sewerage discharge and addition of infiltration of ground water into the mains which will be the final discharge inflow for the STP. Here we can understand by the following illustration: For example Jaipur city has decided to establish a new sewerage treatment plant out side the city for treatment of sewage effluent coming from new outskirt area. Existing population of the outskirt area of Jaipur city is 500000 people and decadal growth of 30% on 2001 census.
4.6.1 Step 1
Population projection has to be done for the design period of the STP. From the table 4.1 given above for the STP we have to take 30 year as design period. Now from the Geometric Increase Method equation of population projection, Total future population Pn =Po (1+r/100)^n will generate the sewerage affluent Hence Pn = 500000 (1+3/100) ^30 =1213631 i.e. We have to calculate the sewerage discharge for this much population.
4.6.2 Step 2
Now a water supply system has to be considered for the city. In the city, total quantity of 250 litres of water per capita is supplied (considering all other sources) and these figures are always taken into account by the consultants for calculation of generation of waste water for the design of STP. CPHEEO has fixed criteria for per capita bases and it is 140 to 150 litres/ capita of water required to run the under ground drainage system smoothly. Therefore for the outskirts area of Jaipur city, 150 litre/capita water supply has been considered for the waste water generation. Normally 80 to 85% of the quantity of water reaching the consumers end is considered as waste water for the disposal system. Hence, for the area, above mentioned per capita waste water to be generated will be = 0.85 x 150 = 127 litre/capita
4.6.3 Step 3
Now peak factor should be considered for the total discharge to be generated for the STP.
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Peak factor depends upon the density of population, topography of the project area and hours of water supply for design based on contributory population recommended by CPHEEO I the manual.
However, looking to the individual TP scheme population, 2.5 peak factor is taken in the sewer as well as in the STP design. Hence Total waste water that will be generated = [2.5 x 127 (LPCD) x 1213631 (population)] / 1000000 = 385.32 MLD
4.6.4 Step 4
The estimation of ground water infiltration shall be practically zero however, the provision of ground water infiltration has been estimated as per criteria shown in the CPHEEO manual on Sewerage & Sewerage treatment (Page 40) i.e. minimum 500 litres / km/ day. Taking into consideration the length of the main trunk line 15 Km up to STP location. Total infiltration of ground water into main will be = 500 X 15 = 7500 litres = 7500/1000000 = 0.075 MLD which can be neglected. So total waste water assessed for the STP is 385.32 MLD
5.0 Solid Waste

Solid Waste Management is a part of public health and sanitation, and according to the Indian Constitution, falls within the purview of the State. Since this activity is non-exclusive, non-rivalled and essential, the responsibility for providing the service lies within the public domain. The activity being of a local nature is entrusted to the Urban Local Bodies. The Urban Local Body undertakes the task of solid waste service delivery, with its own staff, equipment and funds. In a few cases, part of the said work is contracted out to private enterprises. India produces about 42 million tons of urban solid waste annually. The current municipal solid waste generation is estimated to be approximately 0.4 kilograms per person per day. Waste generation ranges from 0.2 kilograms to 0.6 kilograms per capita per day in cities ranging from 1 lakh to more than 50 lakh population. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has estimated that 5000 urban areas in India generate more than 1 lakh tons per day (TPD) of which 20-50% remains uncollected. It is estimated that the ULBs spend about Rs 500-1,500/ton on waste collection, transport, treatment, and disposal, most of it on collection and transport and very little on disposal and treatment and; 75 to 80% of this expenditure is on staff salaries. In spite of this, collection efficiencies range from 50 to 90% of the waste generated. Localities of the urban poor and slums are likely to be the ones most neglected, exposing the residents to extreme squalor, made unbearable especially when it rains. A survey by the CPCB on the status of
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municipal solid waste management reported indiscriminate dumping on open lands. There have been studies of the public health impacts caused by pollution of surface and ground waters resulting from the liquid and solid waste disposal practices of small and medium-size towns. Sanitary landfills designed and constructed to prevent contamination of ground water, stench, and other forms of environmental hazards are largely absent.

For any solid waste management projects the following aspects should be studied and analysed: Existing waste generation (Land Use Wise) Waste composition Major Generation/Litter Points Waste collected, waste segregated and waste recycled Existing areas and population covered and not covered under waste collection system Waste transportation system Waste Treatment and Final Disposal Gap between existing system available and current as well as future projected demand should be identified Land for land fills (as per the specified site selection criteria)
5.2 Composition of Waste

Solid waste generation is mainly from domestic, trade, commercial, agricultural and industrial activities and from public services. In Indian cities, it is a combination of various heterogeneous waste materials a mixture of vegetable and organic matter and inert matter such as glass, metal, stones, ashes, textiles, wood, grass, and so forth. Its main sources are residential premises, business establishments and street sweepings. Following tables 5.1 and 5.2 show per capita generation of solid waste with various type of city , Pattern / Chemical characteristics, Physical characteristics which should be kept in mind while assessing the demand of solid waste in the city. Indian mixed waste has a large proportion of compostable material and inert materials. The Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization (CPHEEO) have published a comprehensive manual on municipal solid waste management for the guidance of ULBs.
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Table 5.1: Physical Characteristics of Municipal Solid Wastes in Indian Cities Population Range (in million) Number Of Cities Surveyed Percentage 0.1 to 0.5 0.5 to 1.0 1.0 to 2.0 2.0 to 5.0 >5 12 15 9 3 4 2.91 2.95 4.71 3.18 6.43 0.78 0.73 0.71 0.48 0.28 0.56 0.35 0.46 0.48 0.94 0.33 0.32 0.49 0.59 0.8 44.57 40.04 38.95 56.67 30.84 43.59 48.38 44.73 49.07 53.9 Paper Rubber, Leather And Synthetics Glass Metals Total Compostab le matter Inert
Source: Background material for Manual on SWM, NEERI, 1996
Table 5.2: Chemical Characteristics of Municipal Solid Wastes in Indian cities

Number Of Cities Surveyed Moisture Organic matter
Population Range (in million)
Nitrogen as Total Nitrogen
Phosphorous as P2O5
Potassium as K2O
C/N Ratio
Calorific value* in kcal/kg
Percentage
0.1 to 0.5 0.5 to 1.0 1.0 to 2.0 2.0 to 5.0 >5 12 15 9 3 4 25.81 19.52 26.98 21.03 38.72 37.09 25.14 26.89 25.6 39.07 0.71 0.66 0.64 0.56 0.56 0.63 0.56 0.82 0.69 0.52 0.83 0.69 0.72 0.78 0.52 30.94 21.13 23.68 22.45 30.11 1009.89 900.61 980.05 907.18 800.7
Source: Background material for Manual on SWM, NEERI, 1996
5.3 Quantity of waste

The current municipal solid waste generation is estimated to be approximately 0.4 kilograms per person per day. Waste generation ranges from 0.2 kilograms to 0.6 kilograms per capita per day in cities ranging from 1 lakh to more than 50 lakh population.
5.4 Density of waste

Knowledge of the density of a waste i.e. its mass per unit volume (kg/m3) is essential for the design of all elements of the solid waste management system viz. Community storage, transportation and disposal. For example, in high income countries, considerable benefit is derived through the use of compaction vehicles on collection routes, because the waste is typically of low density. A reduction of volume of 75% is frequently achieved with normal compaction equipment, so that an initial density of 100 kg/m3 will readily be increased to 400 kg/m3. In other words, the vehicle would haul four times the weight of waste in the compacted state than when the waste is loose. The situation in low-income countries is quite different: a high initial density of waste
CEPT, Ahmedabad
36
precludes the achievement of high compaction ratio. Consequently, compaction vehicles offer little or no advantage and are not cost-effective.
5.4.1 Moisture Content

Moisture content of solid wastes is usually expressed as the weight of moisture per unit weight of wet material. Moisture Content (%) = Wet weight dry weight ------------------------------ X 100 Wet weight A typical range of moisture contents is 20 45% representing the extremes of wastes in an arid climate and in the wet season of a region having large precipitation. Values greater than 45% are however not uncommon. Moisture increases the weight of solid waste and therefore the cost of collection and transport. Consequently, waste should be insulated from rainfall or other extraneous water.
5.5 Demand for Solid Waste Management

The waste water network and treatment requirement norms for all such uses should be taking into consideration and demand is estimated. A quick survey of consumption patterns and life styles and population percentage of a particular society or income group or housing typology should be carried out to estimate or cross check actual demand. The information regarding waste quantity and density coupled with waste generation rate (by weight), is important while assessing the payload capacity of the collection equipment. It is possible to estimate the number of vehicles required for the collection and transportation of waste each day.
5.6 Calculating Solid Waste Quantum

5.6.1 Alternate 1
As per CPCB norms one person generates 210 gms / day of solid waste in small cities and 450 gms / day in large cities.
5.6.2 Alternate 2
For purposes of project identification, where an indication of service level must be estimated and data from the project preparation stage have not yet been developed, Municipal refuse generation rates are suggested in table 5.3.
CEPT, Ahmedabad
37
Table 5.3: Waste Generation kg per capita per day

Land use Residential refuse Commercial refuse Street sweepings Institutional refuse Waste generation(kg/cap/day) 0.3 to 0.6 0.1 to 0.2 0.05 to 0.2 0.05 to 0.2
Source: Detailed Project Report of Solid Waste Management Project of Rajkot Municipal Corporation
5.6.3 Alternate 3
Solid waste is assessed by considering Population, Households and Total street length of the area. Domestic waste is calculated by considering population and per capita waste Institutional and commercial waste then calculated 30% of the waste calculated waste Sweepers are assessed by considering the road length of the area to be served. Tricycle and handcarts is calculated by considering the households of the area to be served. Finally input data for the landfill side design are calculated by considered the norms for segregation of the waste, composition of the waste. Illustration Case of Rajkot DPR Municipal solid waste can be broadly divided into four major categories as per source of generation i.e. domestic waste, commercial waste, institutional waste and industrial waste.
5.7 Domestic Waste

Followings two alternatives have been analyzed for estimating the present generation of waste. A primary data survey was carried out on the present generation of total waste is estimated 300 Metric Tons per day.
5.7.1 Alternative: 1
Generation of waste in Rajkot is assessed on the basis of average Indian City @ 350 grams per capita per day. Hence the Domestic waste to be generated = 0.350 X projected Population of the city = 300 metric tons per day.
5.7.2 Alternative: 2
Alternatively, generation of waste is also calculated based on actual survey results for which the city base actual survey has been carried out for different categories of houses. The analyses are as under and presented in table 5.4.
CEPT, Ahmedabad
38
(A) Housing Conditions:

Table 5.4: Category of housings Category EWS LIG MIG HIG Ward No. with major population of particular category 1,5,19,20 4, 6, 16, 17, 21. 2,3,7,9,11,13, 14, 15, 18, 23 8,10,12,22
Field survey for Assessment of Per Capita Generation: A sample survey was carried out in various housing categories. The results are as under in table 5.5.
Table 5.5: Field Survey Results of Generation of Waste Categories Economically Weaker Section LIG MIG HIG Overall Avg Sample Size 114 159 230 240 Avg Daily Per capita generation (gms/day) 183.59 218.00 292.86 308.51 250.74
Finally based on density and per capita generation the total solid waste generated for the city is found out. The total solid waste generated and volume of the solid waste generated is shown in the above. The total solid waste generated and volume of the solid waste generated is shown in the below Table 5.6.
Table 5.6: Type of Waste Sr. No. 1 2 3 3. 4 Type of Waste Domestic Waste Trade/Institutional Waste Construction waste Market Waste Slaughter house waste Total waste/ Industrial Daily Generation Tons/day 250.74 10.52 18.27 19.72 0.75 300 % 8358 3.50 6.09 6.58 0.25 100
CEPT, Ahmedabad
39
Table 5.7: Results of Sampling of Ward No. 12 (HIG) (Hot Season in Month of March06)
06/3/06 (Monday) No. of Samples taken (family) No. of Individuals Wt of Sample in kg Per capita generati on gms/d 07/03/06 (Tuesday) Wt of Sample in kg Per capita generation gms/d 08/03/06 (Wednesday) Wt of Sample in kg Per capita generation gms/d 09/03/06 (Thursday) Wt of Sample in kg Per capita generation gms/d 10/03/06 (Friday) Wt of Sample in kg Per capita generation gms/d 11/03/06 (Saturday) Wt of Sampl e in kg Per capita generation gms/d Weekly Avg Daily Generation in gms/day/ percapita
16 18 10 12 12 Total No. of Samples /family 16 18 12 12 Total
48 62 38 48 44 240 No. of Individu als 48 62 48 44 240
16.00 20.00 11.50 15.00 14.30 76.80
333.33 322.58 302.63 312.50 325.00 320.00
15.20 19.50 11.00 14.00 13.80 73.50
316.67 314.52 289.47 291.67 313.64 306.25
14.90 18.90 11.40 14.70 14.10 74.00
310.42 304.84 300.00 306.25 320.45 308.33
14.40 18.40 11.50 14.40 13.70 72.40
300.00 296.77 302.63 300.00 311.36 301.67
15.30 19.50 11.80 15.50 14.00 76.10
318.75 314.52 310.53 322.92 318.18 317.08
15.00 18.80 11.50 15.00 14.20 74.50
312.50 303.23 302.63 312.50 322.73 310.42 310.63
Cold Season in Month of December2005 051205 (Monday) 16.00 20.00 14.70 14.50 76.70 333.33 322.58 306.25 329.55 319.58 061205 (Tuesday) 14.90 18.70 14.60 14.00 72.40 310.42 301.61 304.17 318.18 301.67 071205 (Wednesday) 14.70 19.20 14.00 14.10 72.00 306.25 309.68 291.67 320.45 300.00 081205 (Thursday) 14.20 18.80 14.20 13.70 71.10 295.83 303.23 295.83 311.36 296.25 091205 (Friday) 14.90 19.00 14.50 14.30 74.20 310.42 306.45 302.08 325.00 309.17 101205 (Saturday) 15.30 19.30 14.30 13.90 74.80 318.75 311.29 297.92 315.91 311.67 306.39
CEPT, Ahmedabad
40
Table 5.8: Results of Sampling of Ward No. 14 (MIG) (Hot Season in Month of March06)
06/03/06 (Monday) No. of Samples taken (family ) No. of Individuals Wt of Sample in kg Per capita generation gms/d Wt of Sample in kg 07/03/06 (Tues) Per capita generati on gms/d Wt of Sample in kg 08/03/06 (Wed) Per capita generati on gms/d Wt of Sample in kg Per capita generati on gms/d Wt of Sample in kg 09/03/06 (Thurs) 10/03/06 (Fri) Per capita generati on gms/d Wt of Sample in kg 11/03/06 (Satur) Per capita generati on gms/d Avg Daily Generati on in gms/day/ per capita
12 12 10 10 10 Total
No. of Sample /family
48 56 44 40 42 230
16.00 16.00 14.00 13.50 13.30 72.80
333.33 285.71 318.18 337.50 316.67 316.52
15.30 16.30 13.50 13.00 13.00 71.10
318.75 291.07 306.82 325.00 309.52 309.13
15.70 16.30 13.90 13.30 13.40 72.60
327.08 291.07 315.91 332.50 319.05 315.65
15.50 16.10 13.70 12.90 12.90 71.10
322.92 287.50 311.36 322.50 307.14 309.13
15.90 16.00 13.90 13.20 13.00 72.00
331.25 285.71 315.91 330.00 309.52 313.04
15.60 16.30 13.50 13.30 13.00 71.70
325.00 291.07 306.82 332.50 309.52 311.74 312.54
Cold Season in Month of December 2005

No. of Individual 05/12/05 (Monday) 06/12/05 (Tuesday) 07/12/05 (Wednesday) 08/12/05 (Thursday) 09/12/05 (Friday) 10/12/05 (Saturday)
12 12 10 10 10 Total
48 56 44 40 42 230
13.40 15.60 12.00 11.40 11.30 63.70
279.17 278.57 272.73 285.00 269.05 276.96
13.60 15.50 11.90 11.60 10.70 63.30
283.33 276.79 270.45 290.00 254.76 275.22
13.40 15.00 11.60 11.30 10.50 61.80
279.17 267.86 263.64 282.50 250.00 268.70
13.30 15.30 11.50 11.10 10.40 61.60
277.08 273.21 261.36 277.50 247.62 267.83
13.60 15.50 11.90 11.60 10.70 63.30
283.33 276.79 270.45 290.00 254.76 275.22
13.60 15.50 11.90 11.60 10.70 63.30
283.33 276.79 270.45 290.00 254.76 275.22 273.19
CEPT, Ahmedabad
41
Table 5.9: Results of Sampling of Ward No. 4 (LIG) (Hot Season in Month of March06)
06/03/06 (Monday) No. of Sample s taken (family
07/03/06 (Tues) Per capita generati on gms/d
08/03/06 (Wed) Per capita generati on gms/d
09/03/06 (Thurs) Per capita generati on gms/d
10/03/06 (Fri) Per capita generati on gms/d
11/03/06 (Satur) Per capita generati on gms/d
No. of Individuals
Wt of Sample in kg
Per capita generation gms/d
Wt of Sample in kg
Wt of Sample in kg
Wt of Sample in kg
Wt of Sample in kg
Wt of Sample in kg
Avg Daily Generat. gms/day/ per capita
12 12 10 10 10 Total
No. of Sample /family
48 56 44 40 42 230
7.80 9.00 7.05 6.00 6.38 36.23
216.67 230.77 293.75 200.00 212.50 227.83
7.50 8.85 7.20 5.85 5.70 35.10
208.33 226.92 300.00 195.00 190.00 220.75
7.65 8.70 7.20 5.70 5.70 34.95
212.5 223.1 300.0 190.0 190.0 219.8
7.65 9.23 8.25 6.15 6.15 37.43
212.5 236.5 343.8 205.0 205.0 235.40
7.35 9.0 7.725 6.75 6.3 37.12
204.17 230.77 321.88 225.00 210.00 233.49
7.65 8.78 7.65 6.6 6.15 36.83
212.50 225.00 318.75 220.00 205.00 231.60 228.14
Cold Season in Month of December 2005

No. of Individuals 05/12/05 (Monday) 06/12/05 (Tuesday) 07/12/05 (Wednesday) 08/12/05 (Thursday) 09/12/05 (Friday) 10/12/05 (Saturday)
12 12 10 10 10 Total
48 56 44 40 42 230
7.13 8.63 6.75 6.00 6.15 7.13
197.92 221.15 281.25 200.00 205.00 197.92
6.98 8.25 6.00 6.15 5.70 6.98
193.75 211.54 250.00 205.00 190.00 193.75
6.75 8.03 5.70 5.85 5.40 6.75
187.50 205.77 237.50 195.00 180.00 187.50
6.90 8.40 6.38 5.63 5.25 32.55
191.67 215.30 265.63 187.50 175.00 204.72
7.13 8.63 6.75 6.00 6.15 34.43
197.92 221.15 281.25 200.00 205.00 216.51
6.75 8.03 5.70 5.85 5.40 31.88
187.50 205.77 240.63 197.50 180.00 200.44 207.86
CEPT, Ahmedabad
42
Table 5.10: Results of Sampling of Ward No. 5 (EWS) (Hot Season in Month of March06)
06/03/06 (Monday) No. of Samples Taken (family) No. of Individ uals Wt of Sample in kg Per capita generati on gms/d 07/03/06 (Tuesday) Wt of Sample in kg Per capita generation gms/d 08/03/06 (Wednesday) Wt of Sample in kg Per capita generation gms/d 09/03/06 (Thursday) Wt of Sample in kg Per capita generation gms/d 10/03/06 (Friday) Wt of Sample in kg Per capita generation gms/d 11/03/06 (Saturday) Wt of Sample in kg Per capita generation gms/d Weekly Avg Avg Daily Generation in gms/day/p ercapita
4 5 3 4 3 Total No. of Samples (family 4 5 3 4 3 Total
24 28 22 20 20 114 Indivi duals 24 28 22 20 20 114
4.75 5.75 4.50 4.00 4.10 23.10
197.92 205.36 204.55 200.00 205.00 202.63
4.65 5.50 4.00 4.10 3.80 22.05
193.8 196.4 181.8 205.0 190.0 193.4
4.5 5.35 3.8 3.9 3.6 21.15
187.5 191.1 172.7 195.0 180.0 185.5
4.6 5.6 4.25 3.75 3.5 21.7
191.67 200.00 193.18 187.50 175.00 190.35
4.75 5.65 4.5 4.15 3.9 22.95
197.92 201.79 204.55 207.50 195.00 201.32
4.5 5.35 3.85 3.95 3.6 21.25
187.50 191.07 175.00 197.50 180.00 186.40 193.27
051205 (Monday)
061205 (Tuesday)
071205 (Wednesday) 3.65 4.8 3.85 3.7 3.5 19.5 152.08 171.43 175.00 185.00 175.00 171.05
081205 (Thursday)
091205 (Friday)
101205 (Saturday)
4.00 5.00 4.00 4.00 3.75 20.75
166.67 178.57 181.82 200.00 187.50 182.02
3.85 4.85 3.90 3.80 3.65 20.05
160.42 173.21 177.27 190.00 182.50 175.88
3.7 4.6 3.9 3.65 3.45 19.3
154.17 164.29 177.27 182.50 172.50 169.30
3.8 4.85 4 3.8 3.65 20.1
158.33 173.21 181.82 190.00 182.50 176.32
3.7 4.6 3.85 3.65 3.45 19.25
154.17 164.29 175.00 182.50 172.50 168.86 173.90
CEPT, Ahmedabad
43
(B) Institutional Waste Institutional waste can be divided into two types of waste one is waste generated from educational institutions and other various institutions. Rajkot has the privilege of being one of the biggest educational centres in Saurashtra region. The Govt Medical College, A.V.P. Technical Institute, The estimated wastes generated from these institutes are 10.58 tons per day. Shops, offices, Institutions shall generally throw their solid waste on the footpaths, streets, open spaces/nallas. (C) Restaurants Waste There is no arrangement of primary collection of waste from the hotels. (D) Market Waste There is no arrangement of primary collection of waste from the market. (E) Industrial Waste The total waste is estimated around 8 tons per day. (F) Construction Waste There is no system of storage neither of construction waste nor of its primary collection. (G) Bio Medical Waste The city has around 20 big hospitals and around 200 private nursing home & pathological laboratory. The total solid waste generated from these institutions is approximately 1.2 Tons per day.
CEPT, Ahmedabad
44

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Module 2.

1.1 Demand Assessment

Module 2.2: Demand Assessment

1.2 Approaches to Demand Assessment

1.2.1 Engineering Demand Assessment

1.2.2 Social Demand Assessment

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.2: Demand Assessment

1.3 Consultation Processes

1.3.1 Identification of Stakeholders

1.3.2 Stakeholder Analysis

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.2: Demand Assessment

1.3.3 SWOT analysis

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.2: Demand Assessment

1.4 House Hold Survey

2.0 Demand Assessment for Road Project

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.2: Demand Assessment

2.1 Existing System Analysis

2.2 Road Demand

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.2: Demand Assessment

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.2: Demand Assessment

2.3 Traffic Surveys

2.4 Traffic Counts

2.5 Origin Destination Surveys

2.6 Pedestrian surveys

3.0 Demand Assessment for Water Supply

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.2: Demand Assessment

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.2: Demand Assessment

Source: Statistical Outlook of Ahmedabad, 2005

(i) Ward wise H/H variation

Module 2.2: Demand Assessment

(ii) Ward wise Population Variation

(iii) Ward wise Water demand Variation

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.2: Demand Assessment

Demand of water can vary in different ward

7 65. 58. 116.9 103 72. 100 67.

107.2 110.8 118.3

Map 1: Demand variation in various municipal wards of AMC

3.2 Demand Assessment

3.2.1 Demographic and Socio Economic

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.2: Demand Assessment

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.2: Demand Assessment

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.2: Demand Assessment

3.3 A case of Ahmedabad Water Supply

3.3.2 Review of Historic Growth of the Service Area

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.2: Demand Assessment

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.2: Demand Assessment

Identification Report, Ahmedabad city Water supply project

22.44 6.3 28.74 3.3 1.13 4.43 33.14

23.4 10.0 33.4 6.5 3.0 9.5 42.9

24.8 14.0 38.8 10.0 5.0 15.0 53.8