III III International Astronom !

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, 20 - 27. 10. 1998. SAO RAS, Nizh i! A"#h$z

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Text of these problems is available also in other languages: Bulgarian, Danish, Portuguese and Russian.

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="(;> A ?!; i("2, @ 1A $0+"2 (/<B. 1. What can one see in the Moon's sky more often - the Sun or the Earth? 2. In a new postal service a hu e cannon shots a postal shell from En lan! to "ew #ealan!. $an you estimate the !uration of the shells fli ht? %. It is known that the e&uatorial coor!inates of vernal e&uino' are ( hr an! ( !e . Which are the "orth ecliptic pole coor!inates? ). Suppose that the Sun collapse! su!!enly to a *lack hole. +ow woul! the or*ital perio! of the Earth *e affecte!? ,. $an we !istin uish the lunar Mare $risium- which !iameter is ,2( km- *y a nake! eye? .. /here are a*out of 2,( millions of stars in the elliptical ala'y CD2 0a satellite of 1n!rome!a ala'y2. /he visual ma nitu!e of this ala'y is 91. If luminosities of all stars are e&ual- what is the visual ma nitu!e of one star in this ala'y?

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Text of these problems is available also in Bulgarian, Danish, Portuguese and Russian. 1. Is it possi*le to o*serve solar eclipses- meteors- comets- auroras- rain*ows- noctilucent clou!s an! artificial satellites on the Moon? 2. /here are $ephei!s varia*les in our own 3ala'y as well as in other ala'ies. Why was the 4perio!-luminosity4 relation first reco ni5e! for $ephei!s in the Ma ellanic $lou!s? %. 6ecause precession- the vernal e&uino' point moves slowly 0,(4 per year2 in the sky. 1lon what celestial circle !oes it move - the e&uator or the ecliptic? ). 1rtificial Earth satellite moves with a spee! of ..7 km8sec alon the circular e&uatorial or*it in the !irection of the Earth rotation. What is the perio! of the satellite appearance a*ove any fi'e! e&uatorial point? ,. $an we !istin uish the lunar Mare $risium- which !iameter is ,2( km- *y a nake! eye? .. /here are a*out of 2,( millions of stars in the elliptical ala'y CD2 0a satellite of 1n!rome!a ala'y2. /he visual ma nitu!e of this ala'y is 91. If luminosities of all stars are e&ual- what is the visual ma nitu!e of one star in this ala'y?

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E(3h +90 9"(;>2 ?A + < EB. Text of these problems is available also in Bulgarian, Danish, Portuguese and Russian. 7. :h0 1+2202 (G H+>0//+I2 &(1>( 0 32. /he .-meter telescope of S19 is one of a few to carry out speckle-interferometric o*servations of visual *inary stars. /he purpose is a !irect measurement of stellar masses. :ou are propose! to estimate the masses of $apella's components- usin our o*servational !ata. $apella 01lpha 1ur2 is a very close visual pair. ;i .1 shows a relative or*it of the component E as o*serve! over many years *y o*servations *y !ifferent o*servatories. /he points o*taine! in S19 are marke! in re!. /he position of the component A is marke! *y a cross an! is connecte! to the periastron point with a strai ht line. /he ra!ial velocity curves of the *oth components are shown in ;i .2. $apella's paralla' is J 0K.077- the revolution perio! of its components is - J 10L<.

$onsi!er a three-!imensional mo!el of the system allowin - in particular- for the or*ital eccentricity an! the inclination of the or*ital plane towar!s the line of si ht. Estimate the masses of the components- usin the <epler's /hir! =aw. $onsi!er the possi*le causes of the errors of your estimates.

8. A 9+/+M$I2 1+22. Er e-on spiral ala'ies are suita*le for the !etermination of their masses. >rof. I.?.<arachentsev an! his collea ues complie! a catalo e of such ala'ies an! o*taine! their mass spectroscopically. /he spectrum of one ala'y- ;3$ 17(@ in ?ra on- is iven *elow. It was o*taine! on the )-th of March 177A- with the help of a spectro raph installe! at the primary focus of the .-meter telescope. 1s the fi ure shows- the spectro raph slit was ali ne! with the maBor a'is of the ala'y. Certical lines crossin the spectrum are emission from the ni ht sky. 9ther emissions *elon to the ala'y. /heir la*oratory wavelen ths are in!icate!. When !eterminin the ala'y's mass at the S19 the +u**le constant was taken to *e + D A) km80sMpc2. :ou are re&uire! to repeat the estimate of the ala'y's mass. Eecall that 1 pc D %.(71(1@ cm- the mass of the Sun is M9 D 21(%% an! the ravity constant is 3 D ...A1(-@ !yncm28 2.

E'plain why a two-!imensional spectrum of the ala'y looks e'actly like that. Estimate the mass of ;3$ 17(@ an! compare it to the mass of our ala'y. $onsi!er the possi*le causes of the errors of your estimates.

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E(3h +90 9"(;>2 ?A + < EB. Text of these problems is available also in Bulgarian, Danish, Portuguese and Russian. 9. :h0 S; i (>3i&+/ + < "+<i( "+ 90. With the help of a 4school telescope4 e'amine an! !raw the !etailes visi*le on the !isk of the Sun. 9rientate the Sun accor!in to the car!inal points. I!entify the !etails of your picture with the !etails of one-!imentional ra!io-sections of the Sun fulfille! in previous !ays with E1/1"-.((. Ea!io o*servations were carrie! out at noon- the knife *eam was !irecte! vertically an! covere! all !isk of the Sun. 10. K:h0 S3+"-S>/i330"K. ...That telescope was christened the Star Splitter, Because it didn!t do a thing but split " star in two or three, the wa# #ou split " globule of $uic%silver in #our hand &ith one stro%e of #our finger in the middle... Robert 'rost (The Star Splitter( With the help of a 4school telescope4 fin! in the sky an! !ivi!e several 0not more than ,2 *inaries into components. >ay attention to the *ri htness an! colours of the components. E'plain the o*serve! relation *etween the *ri htness an! colors of the components 0fill the ta*le *elow2. 9*Bect 1 2 % ) , M33 F "i5hniB 1rkhy5 F 177@ F S19 E1S $olour of main comp. $olour of companion E'planation of the o*serve! facts 0colour- etc.2

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