Gu a de Trabajo Aut onomo

.-)2 )2 1+)+1 , -6 , ,5 - - - 6 5 .1 16 5

1) -560-4 27-46)5 /)4+ 1) )4 4).)- /) -/ 5-81 )

Autores:

- AH @A 
,AF=HJ= A J @A A? = E?= @A -IJHK?JKH=I A 1 CA EAH
= 0E@H =K E?= 7 ELAHIE@=@ @A /H= =@=

Introducci on
6H=I AIJK@E=H = JA H
= @A AJ @ @A I - A A J I .E EJ I I=>H
= @A EH

- AJ @ @A I - A A J I .E EJ I AI K AJ @ K AHE? GKA FAH EJA HAI LAH @A B H = =FH NE =@= K AH I I FH > A =I @A E CA EAH
= + IEIJA A = @EI?HAJE =?E @A K I E@ A K = IAHEA @A A A A J I E JAH? A?J=@ I I A A A J I EJ I ,A JH @A ?=@= A A A J IA @A A K = IAHEA @A @ I GKA JEA A =IEC =@ I K = IAHEA @A E ? C EJ=I @A E E =@=I CH=@ I @A E>AHJ=@ =I HA =?E AI ANEIJA JAI A JHA I CH=@ I @A E>AHJ=@ B H = K IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI - A = = EIEI @A AIJHK?JK?JKH=I A@E= JA A AJ @ @A I - A A J I .E EJ I =I E ? C EJ=I @A IEIJA = I I @AIF = = EA J I 6H=I = >JA ?E @A ?= F @A @AIF = = EA J I IA >JEA A A ?= F @A @AB H =?E AI O JA IE AI = =F E?=H HA =?E AI ?E A =JE?=I O AO @A 0 A HAIFA?JEL= A JA 7 = @A =I FH FEA@=@AI =I E F HJ= JAI @A AJ @ AI = ? LAHCA ?E= ) ? IE@AH=H @EI?HAJE =?E AI =I =I = I K?E K AHE?= ?= ?K =@= ? LAHCA H =FE@= A JA D=?E= = I K?E AN=?J= @A IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI 5E >EA D=O GKA JA AH A ?KA J= GKA I JEA F I @A ? = ?K =K A J= ? A K AH @A E ? C EJ=I @A FH > A = F H GKA D=>H = GKA AC=H = K AGKE E>HE A JHA = > I

1.1.

Objetivos generales
= A A?K?E @A AIJ= FH =?JE?= IA

I FHE ?EF= AI > AJEL I GKA IA FHAJA @A = ?= =H ? A K AH= = ? JE K=?E  )FHA @AH = @EI?HAJE =H K = AIJHK?JKH= ,EIJE CKEH I JEF I @A AIJHK?JKH=I ! ) = E =H I JEF I @A " 4AI LAH K FH > A = =JAHE= AI O IK ? A@E= JA A F HJ= EA J

AJ @ @A I - A A J I .E EJ I

1.2.

Contenido

- ? JA E@ @A AIJ= CK
= IA @ELE@A A @ I F=HJAI FHE ?EF= AI - = FEH AH= IA D=H =K = =FH NE =?E = ? = ?K @A AIJHK?JKH=I @A >=HH=I E ?E@A @EA @ A I ? JA E@ I @A FH > A = O A B=JE = @ A I =IFA?J AIFA?
? I @A AIJA JEF @A AIJHK?JKH= = IACK @= F=HJA ? IEIJA A = =FH NE =?E @A ? = ?K @A A =IJE?E@=@ >E@E A IE = A B=JE = @ ? =O H E JAH AI I KAL I =IFA?J I = ? IE@AH=H A A ? = ?K GKA @E AH= @A I ? = ?K I = JAHE HAI ) > I =F=HJ=@ I ? ? KOA ? K I A A F I @A =KJ AL= K=?E F=H= A = K

Actividades
- AIJA FK J I ?A JH=HA I A A FH CH= = @A A A A J I EJ I GKA L= I = A F A=H F=H= = HAI K?E @A FH > A =I FEAPpv .E EJA - A A J ) = EIOI 2H CH= FAHI = LAH IE  @AI=HH =@ F H A FH BAI H 4 6=O H @A = 7 ELAHIE@=@ @A *AH A AO http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/projects/feap/feappv/ AI K FH CH= = =?=@ A E? GKA FAH EJA = = K =?AH?=HIA = A F A @A @EBAHA JAI JEF I @A A A A J I O @A I @A HAI K?E @A FH > A =I A@E= JA A AJ @ @A I A A A J I EJ I

Figura 2.1: - J H

CH = ? @A FH CH= = .-)2

2.1.

Comenzamos a resolver un ejemplo sencillo: Estructura de barras

Objetivos
 1 JH @K?EH I ? ?AFJ I > =IE? I F=H= = B H K =?E @A AJ @ @A I - A A J I .E EJ I F=H= AIJHK?JKH=I @A >=HH=I @EIJE CKEA @ =I AIJHK?JKH=I @A >=HH=I =HJE?K =@=I O K@ H
CE@ I )F E?=H AIJ I ? ?AFJ I A = E F A A J=?E A .-)2 ! )FH NE =?E = E JAHB= CH = ? @A .-)2 " - JA @AH = HC= E =?E @A FH CH= = .-)2

Denici on del problema

2=H= A = = EIEI @A K = AIJHK?JKH= A@E= JA A AJ @ @A I A A A J I EJ I A FHE AH F=I AI FH ?A@AH = = @EI?HAJE =?E @A = HACE A A A A J I O @ I ,A JH @A AIJA FH ?AI D=O GKA ? IE@AH=H J= >E A I =IFA?J I IECKEA JAI  A JEF @A A A A J I = KJE E =H   @ @A ?= E =H I @ I ! ? =F E?=H =I ? @E?E AI @A ? J H O ?=HC=I " A

2.1. COMENZAMOS A RESOLVER UN EJEMPLO SENCILLO: ESTRUCTURA DE BARRAS

@A @A =JAHE= O GK A FH FEA@=@AI I A?AI=HE=I F=H= IK @A E?E O # =GKA I =IFA?J I F=HJE?K =HAI GKA HAGKEAH= A FH > A = GKA AIJA I = = E = @

Aproximaci on a FEAP
FEAPpv AI K FH CH= = @A A A A J I EJ I FH CH= =@ A ? @EC Fortran I @=J I @A FH > A = IA @A A A A@E= JA A A F A @A ? = @ I GKA IA EH = HA@=?J= @ A K =H?DEL @A JANJ )>H= A =H?DEL Iej0 ? A > ? @A J=I O observe = AIJHK?JKH= CA AH= @A K FH > A = @A A A A J I EJ I @AI=HH =@ F=H= IK ? = ?K ? FEAPpv

 +=@=
A= FKA@A JA AH ? - J= = =NE

=NE

255 ?=H=?JAHAI A B H =J

E>HA

F=H= K L= H AI @A 15 ?=H=?JAHAI
1.234567890123*1.e-5

! +=@= ? K J @A @=J I ? EA = ? = @A E?E @A K ? = @ @A GKA A FH CH= = HA? ?A I ?K=JH FHE AH I ?=H=?JAHAI O JAH E = ? K =
A= A > = ? " 5A FKA@A E ? KEH ? A J=HE I A@E= JA = E ? KIE @A ?=H=?JAH ! K ?=H=?JAH O # 5A FKA@A @A EH F=H = AJH I ? K ?=H=?JAH IE F A @ I ?=H=?JAHAI K K AH - ? = @ F=H= IK @A E?E AI PARAmeter
PARAmeter a = 3.567 nu = 0.3 e1 = 200.0e9 ! n de l nea

$ 5A FKA@A A F A=H FAH=?E AI =JA =JE?=I  / +  ? ? = @ I @EHA? J= A JA ? L= HAI K AHE? I O AI F IE> A A KI @A =I FHE ?EF= AI BK ?E AI JHEC AJHE?=I =>I ANF E J C IGHJ IE ? I J= =IE =? I =J=  = @A E?E @A I = CK I @A =I BK ?E AI JHEC AJHE?=I IA HA= E = A H=@E= AI IE >EA IA FAH EJA = @A E?E A CH=@ I IAN=CAIE = AI A@E= JA A A F A @A =I BK ?E AI IE @ ? I@ J= @ =J= @ =IE @ O =? I@ +=@= BK ?E I JEA A K =HCK A J A JHA F=H A JAIEI AI F IE> A F AH BK ?E AI =I F=H AJAIEI A A =HCK A J

Ejemplo utilizando FEAP

= @A E?E @A FH > A = F=H= HAI LAH A@E= JA FEAPpv IA FKA@A @ELE@EH A L=HE=I F=HJAI GKA L= I = EH @AI?HE>EA @ = ? JE K=?E = F=HJEH @A K A A F ? ?HAJ

2.1. COMENZAMOS A RESOLVER UN EJEMPLO SENCILLO: ESTRUCTURA DE BARRAS

5A ? IE@AH= K = AIJHK?JKH= @A >=HH=I ?EH?K =HAI @A =HA= 8? 2 B=>HE?=@=I A =?AH E = 200/2= >JA C= I @AIF = = EA J I O HA=??E AI A I K@ I O JA IE AI A =I >=HH=I

Comando de inicio extensi on -

2=H= FHAF=H=H A FH > A = = HAI LAH IA @A>A @A EH K =H?DEL A B H =J JANJ sin >HA @=@ = =H?DEL @A>A ? A =H ? = AJH= I F H A A F L= I = >H=H KAIJH FH > A = 1A 

Figura 2.2: - J H

CH = ? @A * ? @A

J=I

)>HE
A=I 

I A * ? @A

J=I O ?

A =

I?

= @A

E?E @A FH > A =

A@E= JA @ I

= FHE AH=
A= @A>A IAH A ? = @ FEAPpv 1 @EIJE J= A JA IA FKA@A AI?HE>EH A =O KI?K =I E K I?K =I =I ? K =I @AI@A = 5 = = 80 IA HAIAHL= F=H= @A EH A J
JK @A FH > A = =
A= IACK @= ? JEA A E B H =?E I >HA A J= = @A FH > A =

=  NUMNP

K AH J J= @A

@ I

 5E JH=>= = ? 9E @ MI O JEA A =?JEL=@ GKA ?K JA =I ANJA IE AI @A =H?DEL I ? ?E@ I JA @H = GKA @AI=?JEL=H = A F?E AI @A +=HFAJ= .-)2FL FKA@A ?= ?K =H =KJ =JE?= A JA A K AH @A @ I A A A J I O =JAHE= AI )I
A = @A E?E AIJ I L= HAI FKA@A IAH EJE@ I AIFA?E ?=@ I ? ?AH

"

2.1. COMENZAMOS A RESOLVER UN EJEMPLO SENCILLO: ESTRUCTURA DE BARRAS

> ? @ A B

NUMEL NUMMAT

K AH J J= @A A A A J I K AH J J= @A =NE =NE =JAHE= AI @

NDM ,E A IE AIF=?E= @A FH > A = NDF NEN

K AH K AH

@A E ? C EJ=I F H @A

@ IF HAA A J

FEAPpv **titulo** NUMNP, NUMEL, NUMMAT, NDM, NDF, NEN ! n de l nea Denici on de Nodos y Elementos

2=H= @EI?HAJE =H = AIJHK?JKH= @A =I ? H@A =@=I @A I

COORdinates 1, 1G, X1, Y1, Z1 2, 2G, X2, Y2, Z2 N, NG, XN, YN, ZN ! n de l nea

I = CA

AJH
=

A@E= JA I

@ IOAA A J I = @ COORdinates

@ I IA FKA@A AIFA?E ?=H A F A= @ A ?

@ @A N AI A K AH @A @ NG AI A E ?HA A J @A CA AH=?E = IECKEA JA @ XN AI A L= H @A = ? H@A =@= x1 @A @ YN AI A L= H @A = ? H@A =@= x2 @A @ O ZN AI A L= H @A = ? H@A =@= x3 IE A FH > A = AI JHE@E A IE =
nodo1+2*ngen1, , nodo2

+K= @ IA A F A= CA AH=?E @A @ I = IA?KA ?E= IACKE@= AI nodo1, nodo1+ngen1, I L= HAI @A =I ? H@A =@=I @A @ I E JAH A@E I IA >JEA A A@E= JA E JAHF =?E E A=

- ? = @ ELEMent AI A F A=@ F=H= @A EH =I ? ANE AI A JHA I @ I 2=H= AA A J I? K AH @A @ I E BAHE H = 13 = @A E?E @A ? = @ AI = GKA IECKA
ELEMent 1, 1G, MA, (NDi, i=1,NEN) 2, 2G, MA, (NDi, i=1,NEN) N, NG, MA, (NDi, i=1,NEN) ! n de l nea

@ @A N AI A K AH @A A A A J I NG AI A E ?HA A J @A CA AH=?E F=H= I @ I MA AI A E@A JE ?=@ H @A =JAHE= =I ?E=@ = A A A J O NDi A A K AH @A @ F IE?E i @A A A A J

Condiciones de Contorno

=I ? @E?E AI @A ? J H @= AI FKA@A @A EHIA A@E= JA I ? = @ I BOUndary FORCe DISPlacement O ANGLe 2=H= AIJ I ? = @ I AI A?AI=HE AIFA?E ?=H A K AH @A @ )K GKA J= >E A AI F IE> A @A EH =I ? @E?E AI @A ? J H = F=HJEH @A ? H@A =@=I > H@AI LA= A = K= FF !  = AIJHK?JKH= F=H= AIJ I ? = @ I AI = GKA IECKA

2.1. COMENZAMOS A RESOLVER UN EJEMPLO SENCILLO: ESTRUCTURA DE BARRAS

BOUNdary nodo1, ngen1, nodo2, ngen2, ! n de l nea FORCe nodo1, ngen1, nodo2, ngen2, ! n de l nea DISPlacement nodo1, ngen1, nodo2, ngen2, ! n de l nea ANGLe nodo1, ngen1, nodo2, ngen2, ! n de l nea i IA AIFA?E ?= A

(id(i,nodo1),i=1,ndf) (id(i,nodo2),i=1,ndf)

(f(i,nodo1),i=1,ndf) (f(i,nodo2),i=1,ndf)

(d(i,nodo1),i=1,ndf) (d(i,nodo2),i=1,ndf)

angl(nodo1) angl(nodo2)

= @ BOUNdary IA KI= F=H= AIFA?E ?=H =I ? @E?E AI @A =F O 2=H= ?=@= @ K AH @A @ nodoi A E ?HA A J @A CA AH=?E = IECKEA JA @ ngeni IE AI A?AI=HE A ?=I ? JH=HE IA @A A ? 0 O A ? @EC F=H= = HAIJHE??E @A CH=@ @A E>AHJ=@ @AI@A = @EHA??E 1 D=IJ= = @EHA??E ndf - ? @EC @A = HAIJHE??E FKA@A IAH 0 IE IA E FE@A A @AIF = = EA J O 1 IE = BKAH = =F E?=@= AI K = - ? = @ FORCe FAH EJA AIFA?E ?=H I L= HAI @A =I BKAH =I =F E?=@=I A I @ I 2=H= ?=@= @ i IA @A A A K AH @A @ nodoi A E ?HA A J @A CA AH=?E = IECKEA JA @ ngeni IE AI A?AI=HE A ?=I ? JH=HE IA @A A ? 0 O A L= H @A = BKAH = F=H= = @EHA??E 1 D=IJ= = @EHA??E ndf - ? = @ DISPlacement E @E?= A L= H @A I @AIF = = EA J I E FKAIJ I A @ I 2=H= K @ i IA @A A A K AH @A @ nodoi A E ?HA A J @A CA AH=?E = IECKEA JA @ ngeni IE AI A?AI=HE A ?=I ? JH=HE IA @A A ? 0 O A L= H @A @AIF = = EA J A = @EHA??E 1 D=IJ= = @EHA??E ndf - ? = @ ANGLe IA A F A= F=H= AIFA?E ?=H A = CK A CH=@ I GKA CEH= K @ 2=H= K @ i IA @A A A K AH @A @ nodoi A E ?HA A J @A CA AH=?E = IECKEA JA @ ngeni IE AI A?AI=HE A ?=I ? JH=HE IA @A A ? 0 O A = CK GKA CEH= A @
angl(nodoi) Tipo de material y sus propiedades FEAPpv ? JEA A K = E>HAH
= ? A A A J I AIJ = @=H O @A I @A =JAHE= GKA FKA@A IAH A F A=@ I A K JE F A FH > A =I @A A? = E?= @A AIJHK?JKH=I O I E@ I - JEF @A A A A J = A F A=H A A = = EIEI IA AIFA?E ?= @A JH @A ? = @ MATErial I JEF @A A A A J I E ? KE@ I A AIJ= LAHIE @A FH CH= = I I HA? CE@ I A = F =CE = " @A = K= )I
EI I @A I @A =JAHE= GKA FKA@A IAH KJE E =@ I IA FKA@A LAH @AI?HEJ I ? @AJ= A A = F =CE = "% @A = K= MATErial, ma, etiqueta tipo, iel, id,(idf(i),i=1,ndf)

- ?

F=H = AJH I @A JEF @A A A A J

! n de l nea

2.1. COMENZAMOS A RESOLVER UN EJEMPLO SENCILLO: ESTRUCTURA DE BARRAS

= AIJHK?JKH= GKA AIJ= I = = E = @ AIJ = ? FKAIJ= F H >=HH=I GKA JH=>= = = =NE O J @=I JEA A =I EI =I FH FEA@=@AI A =IJE?=I F H GKA K E?= A JA IAH = A?AI=HE= = @A E?E @A K JEF @A =JAHE=
MATErial, 1 TRUSs

- )5JE? 15 6H FE? A ' +4 5I 5-+6E &A "

! n de l nea Comando END

;= DA I @A E@ = = = ? @E?E AI @A ? J H O =JAHE= @A FH > A = -I A AIJA FK J ?K= @ IA @A>A A F A=H A ? = @ END GKA JAH E = = A JH=@= @A @=J I O A @= A ? JH @A A A?K?E = FH CH= =
Comandos de lenguaje del programa

2=H= FH ?A@AH = I K?E =H A FH > A = A =H?DEL @A A JH=@= D=O GKA FH ?A@AH = A F A=H A ? = @ BATCh I ? = @ I A?AI=HE I F=H= HAI LAH K FH > A = AIJ =JE? E A= I I IECKEA JAI
BATCh ! pasa al modo computacional TANG ! forma la matriz del sistema FORM ! forma el vector de t erminos independientes del sistema SOLVe ! resuelve el sistema de ecuaciones END ! naliza el modo computacional

= IA?KA ?E= TANG, FORM, SOLVe AI = > =IE?= F=H= = HAI K?E @A FH > A =I A FEAPpv O F H IE F E?E@=@ O A ?EA ?E= FKA@A IKIJEJKEHIA F H A ? = @ TANG,,1 2=H= = E =H A =H?DEL AI ?AI=HE= = E ? KIE @A ? = @ STOP IE >EA = JAI IA @A>A AI?HE>EH A ? = @ INTEractive F=H= F=I=H A ? JH = KIK=HE O F @AH ? FH >=H I @=J I O FHAIA J=H HAIK J=@ I
Ejecuci on del programa

0= AC=@ A A J @A A A?KJ=H A =H?DEL @A A JH=@= @A @=J I GKA DA I FHAF=H=@ 2=H= A F @HA I A A A?KJ=> A @A FH CH= = O A =H?DEL @A A JH=@= A = EI = ?=HFAJ= 2E ?D= I A A E? @A FH CH= = O AIJA I FHACK J=H =A >HA @A =H?DEL @A A JH=@= F @A I LE@=H GKA A >HA @A>A ? A =H ? I ) AI?HE>EH A =H?DEL @A A JH=@= I IKCAHEH = I =H?DEL @A I= E@= O HAIJ=KH=?E GKA =?AFJ=HA I F=H= E @E?=H GKA J @ I I @=J I I L = E@ I -I A AIJA A J ?K= @ A FH CH= = ? EA = = AAH =I
A=I GKA DA I AI?HEJ AI @A?EH @A A = = = =I ? @E?E AI @A ? J H A =JAHE= FH ?A@A = ? = ?K O GKA@= A @ E JAH=?JEL
Presentaci on de datos

I HAIK J=@ I FKA@A >JA AHIA @A B H = K AHE?= CH = ?= I @=J I K AHE? I GKA I AI?HE>EH I I @AIF = = EA J I JA IE AI O HA=??E AI A@E= JA I ? = @ I DISP,ALL STRE,ALL O REAC,ALL HAIFA?JEL= A JA I HAIK J=@ I IA AI?HE>EH = A F= J= = O = = LA A A =H?DEL @A I= E@= GKA H = A JA JA @H =A >HA @A =H?DEL @A A JH=@= FAH ? A = @ F H O F @A 2=H= = ?HA=?E @A CH = ? I AI A?AI=HE F=I=H = A ? = @ PLOT @K @A @E>K F=H= A AI?HE>E I

2.1. COMENZAMOS A RESOLVER UN EJEMPLO SENCILLO: ESTRUCTURA DE BARRAS

Figura 2.3: - J H

CH = ? @A .-)2 F=I =

@K 2

) ? JE K=?E ? 2 6 -50 ,- - A JI ), 4-)+JE I * 7 @=HO 912,-.   -50 ,152 =?A A JI 564AII  + FKA@A ?

F AJA = J=> = = @AI?HEF?E @A ?

= @ A A?KJ=@ @A JH @A

@K

FH >=H GKA A HAIK J=@ AI L = E@ &

2.2. CONCLUSIONES

Autoevaluaci on
6EA A GKA JA AH IKFAH=@ I I IECKEA JAI =IFA?J I  6EA A = >=IA @A ? ?AFJ @A .-)2 @A A F A @A ? = @ I 5=>A IACKEH A = = EIEI J
FE? @A K FH > A = @A A A A J I EJ I ?  B=IA @A FHAFH ?AI @ @A AIFA?E ?= = CA AJH
= =JAHE= O JEF @A A A A J = FH CH= = K J = ? @E?E AI @A ? J H O =??E AI   B=IA @A FH ?AI A@E= JA = HAI K?E O ! B=IA @A F IJFH ?AI ? A = = EIEI @A HAIK J=@ I ! 5=>A JH=>= =H ? K = AIJHK?JKH= @A K@ I =HJE?K =@ I 5=>A GK A FH FEA@=@AI @A A =JAHE= O ?K = J I CH=@ I @A E>AHJ=@ JEA A ?=@= @ A

2.2.

Conclusiones
KO E F HJ= JA JA AH ? =H GK A IA FHAJA @A ? AIJA 6H=>=

- AIJA FK J AI

 6EA A =I >=IAI F=H= F @AH A FA =H = HAI LAH K = AIJHK?JKH= A@E= JA A AJ @ @A I - A A J I .E EJ I ? ?K= GKEAH= @A I FH CH= =I GKA F @H = A ? JH=H = =HC @A IK LE@= FH BAIE = 5=>A ?K = AI I IAA A J I I F=I I = IACKEH F=H= HAI LAH K FH > A = EJ I A JH=@= @A @=J I A@E= JA A AJ @ @A

=  2HAFH ?AI

 ,A E?E O @EI?HAJE =?E @A = CA AJH

= @A @ E E  2H FEA@=@AI @A I A A A J I @AFA @A @A = JEF C
= @A A A A J A F A= @ ! 2H FEA@=@AI @A I =JAHE= AI @AJAH E =@ F H A ? F HJ= EA J @A = JAHE= " + @E?E AI @A ? J H =??E A O @AIF = = EA J I # JH I @=J I ? ? @E?E AI E E?E= AI HA =?E AI E FKAIJ=I AJ?

> ) = EIEI
 6=HA=I FHALE=I = ? = ?K K AH=? C >= @A CH=@ I @A E>AHJ=@ O ? >=?E AI HAIFA?J = ? = ?K  A HE= IK ?EA JA AJ?   + = ?K @A = =JHE @A HECE@A C >= K O LA?J H @A ?=HC=I f ! 4AI K?E @A IEIJA = Ku = f FH

?  2 IJFH ?AI - FH CH= = CA AH= EIJ=@ ?

CH = ? I GKA HA? CA AIJ I

I HAIK J=@ I

@= AI O A A A J= AI

@  1 JAHFHAJ=?E @A HAIK J=@ I -I A F=I

=I @EB
?E A = HAI K?E @A FH > A = FKAI D=O GKA @EI?AH EH IE I HAIK J=@ I GKA >JA A I I L = E@ I EJ I JA A @A I GKA

! 2=H= JA AH EXITO A = HAI K?E @A K FH > A = @A A A A J I ? IE@AH=H I =IFA?J I IECKEA JAI

,AJAH E =H GK A IE F E ?=?E AI IA FKA@A E JH @K?EH A A GKA HAFHAIA JA A @A HA= -LEJ=H B= I A = E JH @K??E @A @=J I A@E= JA = ? JH @A ? H@A =@=I O FH FEA@=@AI B
IE?=I - ACEH = JEF C
= =@A?K=@= @A A A A J I

K AHE? F=H=

?= E =?E @A FK J I @A

'

2.2. CONCLUSIONES

4A= E =H K >KA @EIA O J= = E =@A?K=@ ;

@A = = = ALEJ= @ A A A J I ? @A B H = =@A?K=@=

B H =I @EIJ HIE =@=I

)F E?=H =I ? @E?E AI @A ? J H

=I E F HJ= JA ,A>A A JA @AH A FH > A = GKA L= = = = E =H



Bibliograf a
4= )HCKA AI ) L=HA .K @= A J I @A - =IJE?E@=@ O IK 2H CH= =?E F H - A A J I .E EJ I *A EI? =@HE@ '' + EA EAME? 4 6=O H - AJ @ @A I - A A J I .E EJ I 8 I  O +1 ? /H=M 0E ''" =JA + = ?K @A -IJHK?JKH=I F H A AJ @ @A I - A A J I .E EJ I +1 *=H?A = ''#