nh gi cao cng hng in khng dy chuyn nhng: An ton, hiu qu , v hn cch

Tin s Morris Kesler WiTricity Tng cng ty WiTricity Tng cng ty nm 2013

nh gi cao cng hng in khng dy Transfer: An ton, hiu qu , v hn cch

Gii thiu Li xe v nh t sn bay, Marin nhn thy in thoi thng minh mi ca mnh l thp trn pin mt ln na . Mn hnh HD ca n, v cc ng dng s dng GPS , Bluetooth, v LTE/4G truyn thng d liu m mu tiu hao pin nhanh chng . M khng cn nhn , ng ta b in thoi ca mnh thnh mt m chn gi trong cc trung tm giao din iu khin . n vi cm bn di giao din iu khin , mt ngun nng lng khng dy cm nhn s hin din ca in thoi, v truy vn cc thit b xc nh c hay khng n l in khng dy c kch hot. Chic in thoi ny a ra mt phn ng hp l v cu hnh chnh n cho cng hng chuyn giao quyn lc khng dy . Di giao din iu khin , thit b in t m ngun bt v bt u sc in thoi khng dy , khng cn cho mt ci ni sc , dy in, hay c bit l v tr chnh xc ca in thoi. Marin thoi mi khi nghe ku vang sc v tp trung s ch vo con ng pha trc .

Sau khi ra khi ng cao tc, Marin ngc nhin khi thy rng gi xng tng ln trn $ 4.00 mi gallon, nh n c vi thng k t khi ng mi xng ca chic xe mi ca mnh - mt chic xe in hybrid khng dy tnh ph. K t khi ci t mt b sc 3,3 kW khng dy trong nh v vn phng nh xe ca mnh, ko pin xe hi ca mnh c sc y mi bui sng trc khi lm vic v mi bui ti khi anh bt u i li nh ca mnh. Nh xe Marin m thm ko vo ng li xe ca mnh, n lin lc vi b sc khng dy trong nh xe ca mnh. Tng gn thit b in t sc chy qua chn on v gi mt xung in thp xung sn trn sn nh xe. Cm bin trong mat khng nh n l an ton bt u tnh ph . Nh Marin li xe vo nh xe, ng ch n gin u xe ca mnh nh bnh

thng. B sc cng hng c kh nng chu v tr m n s lm vic m khng cn bt k th tc bi u xe c bit.

Marin mm ci khi nhn ra rng anh khng cn phi np tin hoc tip nhin liu hai ca cc thit b cng ngh cao quan trng nht ca ng, in thoi thng minh ca mnh v chic xe hybrid ca mnh. Khng dy cao cng hng

chuyn giao quyn lc thnh cng lm cho cc sn phm thit yu c sn hn , tin li v ng tin cy.

Mc d cu chuyn trn l h cu, cng ngh in khng dy c m t l rt thc t . Bi vit ny khm ph nhng tin b trong cng ngh nng lng khng dy c kch hot bng cch s dng cao cng hng chuyn giao quyn lc khng dy , lm th no nhng tin b ang c p dng trn mt lot cc ng dng, v lm th no h gii quyt cc vn an ton trong cc ng dng in hnh. n n tng v truyn ti in qua khng kh c khong hn mt th k , vi nhng tng tin phong v th nghim ca Nikola Tesla c l l n lc u ni ting lm nh vy [1] . ng c mt tm nhn ca khng dy phn phi in trn mt khong cch ln s dng tng in ly ca tri t . Hu ht cc phng php tip cn chuyn giao quyn lc khng dy s dng mt in t ( EM) lnh vc mt s tn s l phng tin m nng lng c gi i. Vo cui tn s cao ca ph l k thut quang hc s dng tia laser gi in thng qua mt chm tia chun trc ca nh sng pht hin t xa, ni cc photon nhn c chuyn i thnh nng lng in. Truyn dn hiu qu trn mt khong cch ln l c th vi phng php ny , tuy nhin, ch v theo di c ch phc tp l cn thit duy tr s lin kt hp gia di chuyn cc my pht v / hoc thu . Ngoi ra , cc i tng c gia my pht v my thu c th chn cc tia , lm gin on vic truyn ti in v , ty thuc vo mc nng lng , c th gy ra tc hi. tn s vi sng , mt cch tip cn tng t c th c s dng truyn ti hiu qu nng lng trn mt khong cch ln bng cch s dng lnh vc EM bc x t ng-ten thch hp [2] . Tuy nhin , hy cn thn tng t v an ton v h thng phc tp c p dng cho cc phng php tip cn bc x.

N cng c th truyn ti in nng s dng cc trng khng pht x . V d, hot ng ca mt my bin p c th c coi l mt hnh thc chuyn giao quyn lc khng dy v n s dng nguyn tc cm ng t truyn nng lng t mt cun dy s cp mt cun dy th cp khng c kt ni in trc tip . B sc cm ng , chng hn nh nhng ngi tm thy ph bin trong cc in

bn chi nh rng , hot ng trn nguyn tc ny tng t. Tuy nhin , i vi cc h thng ny hot ng hiu qu , cc cun dy s cp (source) v cun th cp ( thit b ) phi c t gn v tr mt cch cn thn v tn trng ln nhau vi . T mt quan im k thut , iu ny c ngha l cc khp ni t gia ngun v cun thit b phi c ln cho hot ng tt .

Nhng nhng g v vic i trn mt khong cch ln hn mt cht hoc c t do hn trong vic nh v cc ngun v thit b lin quan n nhau ? l cu hi m mt nhm Vin Cng ngh Massachusetts t hi . H khm ph nhiu k thut truyn ti in trn " tm trung " khong cch v n mt cch tip cn khng pht x c s dng cng hng tng cng hiu qu ca vic chuyn giao nng lng (xem Vt l ca cao cng hng Chuyn in bit chi tit ) [3] - [ 6 ] . Cng hng yu t cht lng cao cho php truyn nng lng hiu qu mc gi khp ni thp hn, tc l , nhng khong cch ln hn v / hoc vi t do v tr hn l nu khng c th (v do , phng php ny i khi c gi l truyn nng lng khng dy " cao cng hng " hoc " cao cng hng " chuyn giao quyn lc khng dy (HR- WPT ) ) . Nhm nghin cu MIT chng minh k thut cao cng hng bng cch s dng t trng chuyn nng lng trn mt khong cch tm trung 2 mt, v mt ngnh cng nghip ra i. Trong mt s trng hp , cng ngh ny cng c gi l " cng hng t " , v n thng l tng phn " cm ng " cho kh nng ca mnh truyn hiu qu nng lng trn mt lot cc khong cch v vi lch v tr v nh hng . K t cuc biu tnh ban u , vic s dng nhn s - WPT , hoc cng hng t , cho php truyn nng lng khng dy hiu qu trong mt lot cc ng dng l khng th trc y.

M t h thng Trn mt khng gian ng dng m rng mc nng lng t t hn mt watt n nhiu kilowatt , mt h thng truyn nng lng khng dy da trn HR- WPT thng c mt tp hp chung ca cc khi chc nng . Mt s tng qut ca mt h thng nh vy c th hin trong hnh 1.

Hnh 1 : S khi ca mt h thng truyn nng lng khng dy .

Tin trin t tri sang phi trn dng u ca s , cng sut u vo cho h thng thng l mt trong hai in tng (AC ngun in ) c chuyn i sang DC trong mt khi chnh lu AC / DC, hoc cch khc, mt in p DC trc tip t mt pin hoc DC cung cp khc . Trong ng dng nng lng cao mt giai on iu chnh h s cng sut cng c th c bao gm trong khi ny. Mt hiu sut cao chuyn i khuch i chuyn i in p DC vo mt dng sng in p RF s dng vo a ngun cng hng . Thng l mt mng tr khng ph hp ( IMN ) c s dng c hiu qu hai u ra b khuch i vi ngun cng hng trong khi cho php hot ng chuyn mch khuch i hiu qu . Lp D hoc E khuch i chuyn i ph hp trong nhiu ng dng v thng i hi mt tr khng ti quy np cho hiu qu cao nht . Cc IMN phc v chuyn i tr khng ngun cng hng , np bi cc khp ni cng hng thit b v u ra ti, vo nh mt tr khng cho cc b khuch i ngun. T trng to ra bi cc cp v chng cng hng ngun cho cc thit b cng hng , cng hng th v v gy ra nng lng tch t trong n . Nng lng ny c kt ra ca thit b cng hng lm cng vic hu ch , v d, trc tip cung cp nng lng mt ti hoc sc pin . Mt IMN th hai c th c s dng

y nng lng hiu qu t vi cng hng ti. N c th chuyn i tr khng ti thc t vo

mt tr khng ti hiu qu nhn thy bng cng hng thit b m ph hp cht ch hn vic ti cho hiu qu ti u ( phng trnh 5). i vi cc ti i hi mt in p DC , mt chnh lu chuyn i in AC nhn c tr li DC .

Trong cng tc u tin ti MIT , cho ph hp vi tr khng c thc hin bng cch ghp quy np vo ngun cng hng v ra ca thit b cng hng [3] . Cch tip cn ny cung cp mt cch iu chnh khp ni u vo, v do tr khng u vo , bng cch iu chnh s lin kt gia u vo khp ni cun dy ngun v ngun cng hng , v tng t , mt cch iu chnh khp ni u ra, v do tr khng u ra , bi iu chnh s lin kt gia cc cun dy ni u ra thit b v thit b cng hng . iu chnh ph hp vi cc gi tr khp ni, n c th t c hiu qu chuyn giao quyn lc tip cn hiu qu c th ti u ( phng trnh 6). Hnh 2 cho thy mt i din ca mt s quy np phng php khp ni tr khng ph hp . Trong mch ny Mg c iu chnh ti ng

ngun cng hng vi khng u ra ca my pht in . Thit b cng hng c np tng t bng cch iu chnh ML , cc khp ni ln nhau ti. Lot t c th cn thit trong cc cun dy ni u vo v u ra nng cao hiu qu tr khi reactances ca cun cm ni t hn nhiu so vi my pht in v ti cc ngng khng c .

Mg M ML g

LS VG LG CS RS LD CD LL RL RD

Khp ni u vo cun dy ngun cng hng

thit b cng hng u ra ni cun dy

Hnh 2: S biu ca cc khp ni quy np vo v ra khi cc b cng hng .

N cng c th kt ni trc tip my pht in v np vo b cng hng tng ng vi mt lot cc IMNs . Nhng thng bao gm cc thnh phn ( t in v cun cm ) c sp xp theo "T" v / hoc " pi " cu hnh . Cc gi tr ca cc thnh phn ny c th c chn cho hiu qu ti u mt khp ni c bit ngun n thit b v iu kin ti ( "c nh iu chnh" tr khng ph hp ) hoc h c th c iu chnh cung cp hiu sut cao hn trn mt lot cc v tr ngun n thit b v iu kin ti trng ( " du dng " tr khng ph hp ) . Cc yu cu ca ng dng c th s xc nh cch tip cn thch hp nht t mt quan im hiu sut v chi ph.

Mt cu hi ph bin v sc khng dy l : Lm th no hiu qu khng? Hiu qu end-to -end ca mt h thng truyn nng lng khng dy l sn phm ca hiu qu khng dy (xem Vt l ca cao cng hng chuyn in cho mt li gii thch ) v hiu qu ca cc thit b in t ( khuch i RF , chnh lu v bt k giai on chuyn i nng lng khc , nu cn thit ) . Trong ng dng nng lng cao , chng hn nh sc ca plug- in hybrid , kt thc -to-end hiu qu (AC u vo DC u ra ) ln hn 90% c chng minh . Hiu qu nh yu cu tng giai on trong h thng c hiu sut 97-98 % hoc cao hn . Thit k cn thn trong tng giai on l cn thit gim thiu thit hi t c hiu sut nh vy.

Trong cc thit b in t di ng, khng gian thng v cng quan trng , do , kt hp cng hng vo chng thng lin quan n mt s cn bng v kch thc cng hng v hiu qu h thng ph hp vi khng gian hn ch . Ngoi ra , vic p dng trng hp s dng c th lin quan n mt phm vi rng hn ca cc khp ni t gia ngun v thit b m cng c th l mt thch thc cho vic thit k cc mng kt hp tr khng . Tuy nhin , cun dy -to- cun dy hiu qu 90 % tr ln v kt thc -toend hiu qu trn 80% c th t c trong cc ng dng in nng thp hn .

Li ch cng ngh v ng dng S quan tm cao cng hng chuyn giao quyn lc khng dy n t nhiu th trng v cc lnh vc ng dng. C mt s ng c s dng cng ngh nh vy, v nhng thng ri vo mt hoc nhiu trong cc loi sau :

1. Lm cho cc thit b thun tin hn v do nhiu hn mong mun cho ngi mua , bng cch loi b s cn thit cho mt si dy in hoc thay th pin .

2 . Lm cho cc thit b ng tin cy hn bng cch loi b cc thnh phn d b tht bi nht trong hu ht cc h thng in t - cc dy v kt ni. 3 . Lm cho cc thit b m thanh mi trng hn bng cch loi b s cn thit cho pin dng mt ln . S dng ngun in li l t tn km v nhiu hn na vi mi trng m thanh hn sn xut , vn chuyn, v s dng pin da trn truyn thng in ho hc . 4 . Lm cho cc thit b an ton hn bng cch loi b cc nguy c lm dy ln lin quan n mi lin kt dn in, v lm cho chng khng thm nc v chng chy n bng cch loi b tiu kt ni v dy in chy qua mi nh , tng, ro cn khc (ngay c t bo da ) . 5 . Gim chi ph h thng bng cch tn dng kh nng cung cp nng lng nhiu thit b t mt cng hng ngun duy nht.

Mc cao ca kh nng m rng ca mc nng lng v phm vi khong cch trong cc gii php da trn nh gi cao cng hng khng dy cho php chuyn giao quyn lc mt mng rt a dng ca cc cu hnh . Cc ng dng t mc cng sut rt thp cho cm bin khng dy v cc thit b in t cn t hn 1 watt , vi mc nng lng rt cao cho cc h thng cng nghip v xe in cn nhiu hn 3 KW. Hn na, h thng c th c thc hin cho mt trong hai hoc c hai mt ) " khng dy trc tip Powering " ca mt thit b , trong nng lng bt c kt ni trc tip n mt ti trng (v d nh n LED ) v bt k pin hoc nng lng thnh phn lu tr hin c trong thit b l khng cung cp nng lng hoc cung cp in d , hoc b) " sc khng dy " , trong mt pin hoc siu t in c trch nhim nng lng nhn c. V d ca tng c minh ha trong hnh 3.

Hnh 3 : Hnh nh ca cao cng hng h thng chuyn giao quyn lc khng dy s dng khng dy in v vn hnh mt TV LCD ( ~ 250 W cung cp khng dy ) (tri) v khng dy sc pin trong mt in thoi thng minh ( ~ 5 W cung cp khng dy ) (bn phi) . C bn (4) li ch chc nng chnh ca vic s dng cao cng hng h thng chuyn giao quyn lc khng dy so vi cc h thng da trn cm ng t truyn thng. u tin l s linh hot trong nh hng tng i ca ngun v thit b trong qu trnh hot ng. S linh hot ny s m ra khng gian ng dng cng nh lm cho h thng d dng hn v thun tin s dng nhiu . Th hai , mt ngun duy nht c th c s dng chuyn nng lng cho nhiu thit b , ngay c khi cc thit b c yu cu nng lng khc nhau. V d, thay v c mt b sc ring bit cho mi in thoi di ng trong gia nh ca bn , bn c th c mt b mt thu ph x l tt c chng cng mt lc. Th ba , v kh nng hot ng gi tr khp ni t thp hn, kch thc ca cc ngun v thit b cng hng c khng hn ch c tng t. Cui cng , khong cch truyn nng lng hiu qu c th c m rng ng k thng qua vic s dng lp cng hng cho php nng lng " nhy " gia chng. Bn li ch chc nng c minh ha trong hnh 4.

Hnh 4: S biu v li ch chc nng truyn nng lng khng dy da trn HR- WPT . H thng truyn nng lng khng dy da trn HR- WPT ang c pht trin cho nhiu ng dng . Chng ti cho thy cc v d t mt vi trong s nhng lnh vc ng dng . in t tiu dng

Hnh 5 : Hnh nh ca mt my tnh xch tay khng dy h tr (tri) v mt D -Cell pin yu t hnh thc vi sc khng dy c xy dng trong (bn phi) . Cc my tnh xch tay th hin trong cc bc nh cn li trong hnh 5 ang c h tr trc tip bi mt ngun nng lng khng dy trin khai sau hi ng qun tr nt chai , cung cp hn 20 watt in nng hn 40 cm

khong cch . Ngun v thit b cng hng c nh hng vung gc vi nhau . Trong cc bc nh bn phi trong hnh 5, pin yu t hnh thc D t bo th hin tnh ph c kch hot cho chp nng lng khng dy , v c th sc khong cch hn 10 cm t ngun sc khng dy . Cc nh phn tch hy vng rng nhng li ch ca sc qua khong cch v s t do khng gian s cho kt qu cao cng hng chuyn giao quyn lc khng dy chp trn 80% th phn ca tt c cc h thng sc khng dy vo nm 2020 [8] . Thit b y t

Hnh 6: Hnh nh hin th hai v d v HR- WPT sc ng dng trong cc thit b y t : Cn li tht thit b h tr ( LVAD ) (tri) v my to nhp tim (bn phi) . H thng sc khng dy ang c pht trin cho cc thit b y t cy ghp bao gm LVAD tim h tr my bm, my to nhp tim , v my bm truyn dch. S dng cao cng hng chuyn giao quyn lc khng dy , cc thit b nh vy c th c h tr mt cch hiu qu thng qua da v trn mt khong cch ln hn nhiu so vi dy ca da , do in nng c th c cung cp cho cc thit b cy su trong c th con ngi . K thut HR- WPT loi b s cn thit cho dng a thm nhp vo c th con ngi , v thay th phu thut ca pin chnh.

Xe in

Hnh 7: nh hin th mt ng dng ca HR- WPT sc y xe in v hybrid .

H thng sc khng dy ang c pht trin cho sc pin hybrid v xe in . Cc h thng ny cung cp 3,3 kW vi hiu sut cao hn khong cch 10 -20 cm cm ( thanh thi t xe in hnh ) . Hnh 7

cho thy Audi Urban Concept xe , chng minh bi Audi trong thng T, 2012. D kin sc khng dy bao la s nng cao kinh nghim tnh ph cho ch s hu EV , lm cho xe ny thm ch cn hp dn hn cho ngi tiu dng . n LED chiu sng

Hnh 8 : Hnh nh hin th n LED trc tip h tr bi cao cng hng h thng truyn nng lng khng dy . LED ( diode pht ra nh sng ) nh sng c th c h tr trc tip vi in khng dy , loi b s cn thit cho pin trong ni cc di nh sng nhim v , v cho php chiu sng kin trc

nh thit k to ra sn phm m dng nh tri ni trong khng trung , khng c dy ngun. Cc trn u LED hin th hnh bn tri trong hnh 8 c h tr bi mt ngun 10 W gn trn trn nh, v s dng hai lp cng hng ( a trng) nng cao hiu qu ca vic chuyn giao nng lng. H thng phng th

Hnh 9 : Hnh nh cho thy mt s ng dng qun s cao cng hng h thng sc khng dy : robot qun s (tri) v ngi lnh in t (phi) . Nh thit k ca h thng phng th c th s dng sc khng dy nng cao tin cy, thi , v saftety ca cc thit b in t. Cc Talon con robot t xa hot ng th hin trong hnh 9 c trang b sc khng dy n c th c sc trong khi n ang c vn chuyn bng xe ti t trang ny sang trang . M bo him thit b in t gn kt, bao gm c tm nhn ban m v thit b v tuyn c th c h tr khng dy vi pin thc trong o ca ngi lnh , loi b s cn thit cho pin dng mt ln hoc mt si dy in kt ni cc m bo him vi vest gn pin .

Trong vi nm qua, mt s tiu chun t chc pht trin v cc tp on cng nghip bt u hot ng pht trin chi tit k thut v cc tiu chun lin quan n ng dng v thng mi ha in khng dy . Hi K s t (SAE) c mt y ban pht trin cc khuyn ngh v cui cng l mt tiu chun cho sc khng dy ca in v hybrid xe in ( xe hi v xe but ) . Bn ngoi Bc M , khc quc t (y ban k thut in quc t , hoc IEC) v quc gia

t chc (v d , y ban DKE c in , in t & Cng ngh Thng tin v Vin Nghin cu Nht Bn t , trong s nhng ngi khc ) u c lm nh vy. Hip hi in t tiu dng (CEA) ang hot ng trong vic pht trin mt tiu chun cho vic trin khai cc cng ngh in khng dy trong cc ng dng ca ngi tiu dng . Ngoi ra , mt s tp on cng nghip c thnh lp pht trin cc chi tit k thut cho cc thnh phn v h thng (v d , dy in Consortium (WPC) , vn in Alliance ( PMA ) , Lin minh khng dy in ( A4WP ) ) . Nhng n lc ny s gip tng tc ng dng cng ngh in khng dy trn mt khng gian ng dng a dng.

Vt l ca cao cng hng in khng dy Chuyn cng hng Cng hng l mt hin tng xy ra trong t nhin nhiu hnh thc khc nhau . Ni chung, cng hng dao ng lin quan n nng lng gia hai ch , mt v d quen thuc l mt con lc c kh trong nng lng dao ng gia cc hnh thc tim nng v ng lc. Trong mt h thng ti cng hng , c th c mt xy dng ln ln ca nng lng c lu tr trong khi ch c mt kch thch yu vo h thng. S gia tng xy ra nu t l tim nng lng vo h thng ln hn tc mt nng lng bi h thng.

Hnh vi ca mt cng hng b c lp c th c m t bng hai thng s c bn , W0 tn s cng hng ca n v t l tn tht ni ti ca n , . T s ca hai thng s ny xc nh cc yu t cht lng hoc Q ca cng hng ( Q = W0 / 2G) l mt bin php ca n nh th no lu tr nng lng. Mt v d v mt cng hng in t l mch th hin trong hnh 10 , c cha mt in dn , mt t in v mt in tr .

L C R

Hnh 10: V d v mt cng hng .

Trong mch ny , nng lng dao ng tn s cng hng gia cc cun cm ( nng lng c lu tr trong t trng ) v cc t in ( nng lng c lu tr trong in trng ) v c n chi trong in tr . Tn s cng hng v cc yu t cht lng cho cng hng ny l 1 w0 = (1)

w Q=0=

L 1 = w0L

(2) 2G C R R

Biu thc Q (2) cho thy gim s mt mt trong mch , tc l gim R , lm tng yu t cht lng ca h thng.

Trong cao cng hng h thng chuyn giao quyn lc khng dy , cc b cng hng h thng phi c cao -Q chuyn hiu qu nng lng. Cao -Q cng hng in t thng c lm t dy dn v cc thnh phn vi hp th thp ( i khi cng c gi l ohmic , in tr, in tr lot , vv) thit hi v thit hi bc x thp , v c rng tn s cng hng tng i hp . Ngoi ra, cc b cng hng c th c thit k gim s tng tc ca h vi cc i tng lin quan. cng hng cng Nu hai cng hng c t gn nhau nh vy m c khp ni gia chng, n s tr thnh c th cho cc b cng hng trao i nng lng. Hiu qu ca vic trao i nng lng ph thuc vo cc thng s c trng cho mi cng hng v t l khp ni nng lng, , gia chng. S nng ng ca h thng hai cng hng c th c m t bng l thuyt kt hp ch [3] , hoc t mt phn tch ca mt mch tng ng ca h thng kt hp ca b cng hng .

Mt mch tng ng cho cng hng ghp l dng mch cng hng th hin trong hnh 11.

M CD

ld VG RL Rd

Hnh 11: mch tng ng cho h thng cng hng cng .

y cc my pht in l mt ngun in p hnh sin vi bin VG tn s w vi

khng my pht in Rg . Ngun v thit b cng hng cun dy c i din bi

cun cm Ls v Ld , c kt hp thng qua cc cm ln nhau M, ni

M = k LsLd . Mi cun dy c mt t in lot to thnh mt cng hng . in tr Rs v Rd

l in tr k sinh (bao gm c thit hi ohmic v bc x ) ca cun dy v t in cng hng cho cc b cng hng tng ng. Ti trng c i din bi mt tng ng AC khng RL . Phn tch mch ny cung cp cho sc mnh chuyn giao cho cc in tr ti, chia cho cng sut ti a c sn t cc ngun khi c hai ngun v thit b cng hng ti w , R 4U2gL (3) PL = P

rs Rd R R O2 g , ti a CCC (1 + g) (1 + L) + U 2 EC Rs Rd u

U === k QsQd

(4)

l nhn vt c u cho h thng ny .

Chng ti c kh nng la chn my pht in v ti cc in tr cung cp cho hiu nng h thng tt nht (hoc s dng mt mng li chuyn i tr khng ph hp vi gi tr in tr khc ) . Nu chng ta chn

RR =L= Rs Rd, (5)

sau hiu qu ca vic truyn ti in l ti a v c cho bi

U2 hopt = 2 (6) (1 + 1 + U 2) v th hin trong hnh 12. y ngi ta c th thy rng truyn nng lng hiu qu cao l c th c trong h thng c gi tr ln ca U . Lu rng cc kt hp tr khng m t trn l tng ng vi ch kt iu tr l thuyt cho thy rng vic chit xut t mt thit b c th c m hnh ha nh mt sc khng mch c tc dng ng gp mt thut ng b sung, w, mt nng lng mt thit b i tng d ca t l d , do , t l tn tht nng lng tng th c a ra bi G = G + G (7) ddW v hiu qu ca vic truyn ti in l ti a khi

G === W gd

(8)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 -1 0 1 2 10 10 10 10 U Hnh 12: hiu qu ti u ca truyn nng lng nh mt chc nng ca cc con s c u im , U. Lu rng hiu qu tt nht c th ca mt h thng truyn ti in khng dy ch ph thuc vo h thng hnh s bng khen , m cng c th c vit trong iu khon ca h s ghp t gia cng hng , k, v cc yu t cht lng cng hng d , Qs v qd U == k QsQd . (9)

Bit cc yu t cht lng cng hng v phm vi ca cc khp ni t gia chng cho mt ng dng c th, c th s dng phng trnh (6) v (9) xc nh hiu qu tt nht c th cho h thng.

Phm vi rng cc ng dng c kh nng c h tr bi h thng chuyn giao quyn lc khng dy s dng HR- WPT c th c c tnh bng cch kim tra phng trnh (6) v (9) cho thy tm quan trng ca yu t khp ni v yu t cht lng . H s khp ni t tnh l mt th nguyn

tham s i din cho cc phn ca t thng c kt gia ngun v cng hng in thoi, v c ln gia s khng (khng c khp ni ) v 1 ( tt c cc dng c kt ) . H thng truyn ti in khng dy da trn cm ng truyn thng (v d nh bn chi nh rng khng dy ) thng c thit k cho cc gi tr ln hn ca cc khp ni v kt qu l yu cu khong cch gn v lin kt chnh xc gia ngun v thit b. Phng trnh (6 ) v (9 ) cho thy rng vic s dng cng hng cht lng cao lm cho h thng cm ng truyn thng hiu qu hn , nhng c l quan trng hn, lm cho hot ng rt hiu qu ti cc gi tr khp ni thp nht c th, loi b s cn thit cho v tr chnh xc gia ngun v thit b v cung cp cho mt s t do ln hn ca phong tro.

Cn nhc an ton ca con ngi Mt cu hi ph bin v cc h thng truyn nng lng khng dy s dng HR- WPT l : C phi h an ton khng? C l bi v cc h thng ny c hiu qu c th trao i nng lng trn mt khong cch tm trung , ngi c th cho rng h ang c tip xc vi trng in t ln v c kh nng nguy him khi s dng cc h thng ny . Gii thiu bo ch u ph bin ca cng ngh ny l " in -in-the -air " lm t lm du nhng lo ngi tim nng ca con ngi.

Tt nhin, cng ngh ca WiTricity l khng " in -in-the -air " , m l mt cng ngh c s dng t trng dao ng lm trung gian trao i nng lng khng dy . Vi thit k ph hp cc lnh vc in v t lc c th c gi di mc gii hn an ton ca con ngi cng nh thnh lp v lu di m iu chnh tt c cc thit b tiu dng in t bao gm c in thoi di ng , thit b nh tuyn khng dy , tai nghe Bluetooth, thit b pht, vv cht lng cao cng hng yu t c s dng trong cc h thng WiTricity c t l hao ht rt thp , v do c hiu qu c th lu tr nng lng v sc mnh chuyn giao c hiu qu trn khong cch , ngay c khi cng ca t trng l rt thp.

Trong phn ny, chng ti s tho lun v nhng g cc gii hn an ton ca con ngi l , chng n t u , v lm th no n c thnh lp cc h thng in khng dy ph hp vi cc gii hn an ton .

Cc gii hn an ton cho con ngi tip xc vi trng in t c xc nh bi cc kin ang din ra bng chng khoa hc v tc ng ca trng in t i vi sc khe con ngi. T chc Y t Th gii (WHO ) d kin s pht hnh mt b hi ho cc hng dn tip xc vi con ngi trong tng lai gn. Trong khi , hu ht cc quy nh quc gia tham kho , v WHO khuyn co [9] , cc hng dn tip xc vi con ngi c xc nh bi Vin k s in v in t (IEEE) v ca y ban quc t v khng ion ha Bo v bc x (ICNIRP) .

Cc mc ch ca IEEE [10] v ICNIRP [11] hng dn tng t nh : " Mc tiu chnh ca n phm ny l thit lp cc hng dn hn ch EMF ( trng in t ) tip xc s cung cp bo v chng li tc dng ph c bit n sc khe. Mt tc hi cho sc khe gy ra suy pht hin v sc khe ca c nhn tip xc hoc con ci ca mnh , mt tc dng sinh hc , mt khc , c th hoc khng c th dn n mt hiu ng hi cho sc khe " . [ ICNIRP ]

"Mc ch ca tiu chun ny l cung cp mc nguy hi bo v chng li thnh lp nh hng sc khe bt li cho sc khe con ngi gy ra do tip xc vi RF ( tn s v tuyn ) in trng , t trng,

v in t trong di tn s t 3 kHz n 300 GHz ". [ IEEE ]

Trong kin gn y nht ca h trong nhng ti liu khoa hc tch ly , c nhm IEEE v ICNIRP kt lun rng khng c bng chng cho thy rng thnh lp con ngi tip xc vi tn s v tuyn (RF ) trng in t gy ra ung th , nhng c nhiu bng chng cho thy rng thnh lp RF in cc lnh vc c th lm tng nhit c th ca mt ngi hoc c th lm nng cc m c th v c th kch thch cc m thn kinh v c bp. Nhm ICNIRP cng kt lun rng cm ng ca phosphenes1 vng mc c th c xem xt trong vic xc nh gii hn tip xc ca con ngi. C hai nhm u khuyn bn nn hn ch tip xc ca con ngi trng in

1 phosphenes vng mc l hin tng tm thi cm nhn nh sng trong vng mc m khng c photon i vo mt . Kch thch c kh, in trng v t trng dao ng c th gy ra phosphenes .

mnh m l thp hn nhiu so nhng ngi gy ra cc tc dng ph m t trn . Trong trng hp h thng si m , IEEE v ICNIRP ngh hn ch t l hp th c th hoc SAR , mt thc o ca nng lng in t c hp th bi c th con ngi v bin thnh nhit. Trong trng hp in kch thch thn kinh v cc m c v cm ng ca phosphenes vng mc , cc nhm ngh hn ch in trng ni b.

SAR v gii hn in t trng ni b c gi l hn ch c bn ( PN ) , v h l " da trn s lng vt l hoc s lng lin quan trc tip n nh hng sc khe thnh lp . " [ ICNIRP ] m si i vi trng hp ca h thng si m v / hoc nhit c th tng ln, c IEEE v ICNIRP xc nh rng ngay c cc m ca con ngi nhy cm nht khng b nh hng bt li n khi ton b c th trung bnh mc (WBA) SAR l t hn 4 W / kg , tng ng vi mt nhit c th tng ln ti a l 1 C , trong iu kin mi trng bnh thng. Tuy nhin , khng phi nhm ngh thit lp WBA SAR ti 4 W / kg. Thay vo , c hai nhm gii thiu bao gm mt ci gi l " h s an ton " hay " yu t gim " c ngha nh l mt bc cnh bo b p cho d liu khoa hc khng y v cng nhn thc cng cng. IEEE v ICNIRP gii thiu mt gii hn ton b c th trung bnh SAR 0,4 W / kg , cho ngi lao ng trong cc mi trng kim sot (cn gi l phi nhim ngh nghip ) , v mt gii hn SAR 0,08 W / kg i vi cng chng.

Lu W / kg gii hn 0.08 l trung bnh ton thn hoc WBA SAR , v tng ng vi hiu ng khi ton b c th ca mt ngi c tip xc vi mt trng in t