UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS UNIVERSITEITSEKSAMENS UNISA ler WEP CMT401C October/November 2007 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY IV (THEORY) Duration : 3 Hours Full Marks [100] Total Marks [100] EXAMINERS : FIRST J. OROWE SECOND B. MUKATA EXTERNAL: E CHAPARANGANDA Use of a non-programmable pocket calculator permissible - Memories of programmable calculators must be cleared In the presence of an invigilator prior to start of the examination. This examination question paper consists of 8 pages including this cover page, 3 Appendix pages (pp iii) and 2 Graph papers. INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS, ‘THE TWO GRAPH PAPERS ATTACHED MUST 8E HANDED IN WITH YOUR SOLUTIONS. Deere rere eeeeererre | CLOSED BOOK EXAMINATION [TURN OVER}MT 401-¢ October/November 2007 (a) Asseries of shear tests were performed on a soil. Each test was carried out until the sample sheared, and the principal stresses for each test were: Test no, 03 (kN/m?) 2 (kNim?) ‘i 200 570 2 300 875 3 400 1162 Plot the Mohr stress circles and hence determine the strength envelope and the angle of internal friction of the soil 7 {b) Standard Proctor compaction tests carried out on a sample of sandy clay yielded the following results: Rioters Conta] ITS aT a Bk dons eg) Plot the dry density to moisture content curve and determine the maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content. [6] (c) A liquid limit test carried aut on a soil sample taken from below the water table gave a result of 45%. A plastic limit determination on the same soil gave the following results: Testno. Tinmass Tint wetsoll. Tin + dry soil (9) * (g) (9) 1 15,43 28,83 25,43 2 13,88 27,08 23,88 Classify this soil with the aid of Figure Q1 2 [TURN OVER]om 401-c October!November 2007 Plasticity index ao ——,—__— | 50 or i 40 }— 30 |——}- - tod } i = | | Dae eeeert cl | on | cL Jeeta 10 fe ed I ee ; i i Lise [ate | | | | | oO 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 a0 100 Liquig Limit Figure Q1. Plasticity Chart: Casagrande Classification System [6] [Total 19 marks] (a) Whatis fineness modulus and what is its use? [2] {b) The sieve analysis of a fine aggregate sample weighing 567g produced the following results: SABS Mass retained sieve (ju) on sieve (g) 4750 0 2.360 52 1180 156 600 109 300 153 450 65 Determine the fineness modulus of the aggregate. [7] [Total 9 marks] 3 [TURN OVER](a) (b) fa) (b) (a) (b) (a) MT 401-c OctoberiNovember 2007 In Ordinary Portland cement manufacture, what two reactions take place in the kiln? [1] Describe the aggregate cement reaction. (2) [Total 3 marks] Name the two carbonate rocks usually bumt in the manufacture of lime. Why is quicklime usually pelleted during manufacture? 11,5] Discuss the following problems associated with lime: () carbonisation a) its caustic nature [0,5] [Total 3 marks] Discuss the following uses of geotextiles: (On cracked road surfaces with active cracks. 1 (ii) As pillows for the construction of high fills. 11) Describe the compatibility test for evaluating the permeability of a geotextile as well as its interaction with a soll [2] [Total 4 marks] (i) Give one possible reason why tar primes are only recommended for use on crushed stone or natural gravel bases but not on stabilized bases. 11 (ii) Suggest one product that may be used on stabilized bases. 11] 4 [TURN OVER](b) (a) (b) (c) (a) emt 401-¢ October/November 2007 Discuss briefly the significance of viscosity in each of the following cases: (i) during mixing of asphalt (ii) during compaction of asphalt [2] [Total 4 marks] Describe the manufacture of iron, B] Name one of the procedures for refining steel. 1) Describe briefly the hot-dip galvanizing of steel. [2] [Total 6 marks] Carry out a trial mix design using the PCI method, based on the following data, Design charts are in Appendix A Given: Cement (OPC) RD: 3,14 Sand (natural) RD: 2,65 FM: 1,90 Quality: very good Stone RD: 2,74 size: 26,5 mm compacted bulk density: 1460 ka/m? % defectives 1% degree of control good Required: Strength 35 Mpa on 150 mm cubes Consistence slump 25 mm 5 [TURN OVER](b) (ce) (a) fe) CMT 401-c OctoberiNovember 2007 Durability for marine exposure [22] Calculate the proportions of the mix in (a) for a one sack mix. (4) What is the yield per one-sack batch? 2] The above calculations are based on the assumption that the aggregates used are dry. Assume that the sand contains 4,5% moisture by mass. What adjustments are required to the one-bag mix? [4] (i) Assume that the loose bulk densities of the aggregates are: Stone 1.410 kgim® Sand: dry 1.640 kgim® Sand: damp 1 360 kg/m? Calculate the volumes of aggregates i.2. stone, dry and damp sand per cubic metre. [4] (li) Whyis the loose bulk density of damp sand lower than that of dry sand? [1] [Total 37 marks] 6 ITURN OVER]cm 401-6 October!November 2007 Figure Q9 (a) Figure Q9 shows the typical gradings used for asphalt. (i) Name the gradings marked A and B [2] (i) When choosing the sand for gap-graded mixes, why should one avoid using sand with too fine material or clayey size fractions? (1 (iii) Give one advantage of gap-graded mixes over continuously graded mixes. [1] (b) Give two reasons why mineral fillers are added to asphalt. [2] (c) (i) Define bulk relative density. [2] 7 [TURN OVER]cM 401-¢ OctoberiNovember 2007 (ii) Describe the method for determining the bulk relative density of an aggregate mixture and indicate how the bulk relative density is calculated ™ [Total 15 marks] © UNISA 2007 8 [TURN OVER]APPENDIX A Concrete Mix Design Charts Assume Charts 4 and 2 applicable for 150-mm cubes cm 401-c October/November 2007 Chart 2. Standard Deviation for varying degree: Degree of control ‘Standard deviation :s of control sHpe Good Poor Bad Chart 3. Curves for selection of cement:water ratio for a given strength 28-day compressive strength (MPa) 60 10 Cementwater rats by mass [TURN OVER]cMT 401-¢ OctoboriNovember 2007 APPENDIX A (CONT.) Chart 4. Minimum cement:water ratios for different conditions of exposure Type of structure Exposure conditions [Moderate [Severe |v. severe Pes thin sections less than 25-mm cover to steel |moderate sections Jgeneral reinforced concrete Jexterior portion of mass concrete [Concrete section on the ground 21 (28) 15 19 22 Chart 5. Water content for concrete made with optimum quality 19 mm stone with a 75 mm slump 20 firs are] [Poor 25 Chart 6. Adjustment of water content to com} [Maximum szeofsione (mm) [95 [32 | 19 | 65] ] 375 _] [Gorestonm™ 20) 0) 0 tO To] ii [TURN OVER]CMT 401-6 October/November 2007 APPENDIX A (CONT.) Chart 7. Change in water content required to change slump from ‘one value to another Toa slump of 50st 10 6 o 200 180 125 100 5 ee 26 so 78 100 125 «180 «6175 «= 200 ‘To change from a slump of Chart 8. Values of K for determining stone content Approx slump Placing Values of K range (mm) requirement 75-7150 and compaction ors [25 - 100, [Moderate vibration | 0,80