Informe alternativo presentado al Comit de la CEDAW - 2013

||/ |||/|/ / |CS ||||CCS || |/S |||||S || CC|C|3|/

|||C||| /|T|||/T|VC |||S||T/|C /| CC||T| || |/ C||/\
|| |/C|C||S ||||/S - 2O3
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Cooo oe oqoo|zoc|ooes |ootes.
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|oto||o |oez
)$*,#/ 1.,#$%,&-(
3eot|z o|oteo |eo |oc|ooo| oe |o,ees
/oo |o|o |oo|qoez Co|s|o Co|ob|ooo oe o|stos
Coo||oo |oo|qoez S|so |o,e
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C|ooo|o |o|ez
8,'39$ .3 +$%#&.&( |voo eooo
8,&:%&*&;,56( |o|oce |ob||c|to|o |o|toes |too.
<*+%3',56( |o|oce |ob||c|to|o |o|toes |too.
/qooec||eotos o C|| |o,ees oo e| oooo |oooc|eo
ooo |o oob||coc|o o|os|o oe este |ooe.
<=>?( 8-58-5362-2-
3oqoto, seot|ebe oe 2O3
|sto oob||coc|o ooeoe coo|ose toto| o ooc|o|eote c|toooo
|o oeote, s|o oeces|ooo oe ooto|zoc|o esc|to oe| ooseeoo oe| coo|q|t.
|ste |ooe es e| eso|tooo oe| tobo,o eo||zooo oo ooo o||oozo oe eoes oqoo|zoc|ooes oe o,ees
|tos. Seo oeseotooo eo |o Ses|o 56 oe| Co|t ooo |o ||||ooc|o oe |o ||sc||ooc|o cooto |o |o,e
C||/\, eo ooooe se eo|oooo |os |ooes oe|o|cos sot|o octovo oe Co|ob|o, eo octobe oe 2O3.
@%"+$ .3 $%:&6,A&;,$63' +&%#,;,+&6#3'(
- /||oozo |o|c|ot|vo oe |o,ees Co|ob|ooos oo |o |oz |||
- /soc|oc|o Co|ect|vo |o,ees o| |eec|o
- Coso oe |o |o,e
- Cot||cos oo e| |eec|o o |ec|o| - Co|ob|o
- Ceoto oe |stoo|os oe |eec|o, ost|c|o Soc|eooo - |e,ost|c|o -
- Ceoto oe |ovest|qoc|o |oococ|o |ooo|o / |oqoo oo |o |oz
- Co|ob|o ||veso
- Co|s|o Co|ob|ooo oe o|stos - CC
- Co|t oe /|co |ot|oo oe| Co|be ooo |o |eeoso oe |os |eec|os oe |o |o,e C|/|||
Co|ob|o
- Cooeeoc|o |oc|ooo| oe Cqoo|zoc|ooes /oco|ob|ooos C|C/
- Cooooc|o oooos Co|ob|o Ceoto |eq|ooo| oe |eec|os oooos ost|c|o oe Coeo
- Cooooc|o S|so |o,e
- Coose,e|o |o,e |o|||o Ceoeoc|o Cqoo|zoc|o |oc|ooo| |oo|qeoo oe Co|ob|o C||C
- Cooo|ooc|o |o,e, |o|||o ||ez Cqoo|zoc|o oe |os |oeb|os |oo|qeoos oe |o /ozoo|o
Co|ob|ooo C||/C
- ||| Co|ob|o
- |q|es|o |vooq||co |oteooo oe Co|ob|o |||CC
- |ost|toto |ot|oooe|cooo ooo ooo Soc|eooo oo |eec|o /|teoot|vo ||S/
- |o Coo||c|o 325
- |o |eso |o |o V|oo |o So|oo oe |os |o,ees
- ||qo |oteooc|ooo| oe |o,ees oo |o |oz |o ||be too ||||/| Co|ob|o
- |eso oe Tobo,o |o,e Coo ||cto /ooo
- |eso oo e| |eec|o oe |os |o,ees o ooo V|oo ||be oe V|o|eoc|os. |e 25
- |oqoo /cc|o oo |o |qoo|ooo |o |oc|os|o Soc|o| (|/||S) - |o|ves|ooo oe |os /ooes
- |eo oe |oococ|o |ooo|o eote |o,ees ||||| / Co|ob|o
- |eo |oc|ooo| oe |o,ees
- Sotso|o |eo \ooo - |oezo oe |o,ees \ooo
- T|booo| oe |o,ees ||SC
!"# %&'#(# # )*+ (,',-.*+ (, )#+ %/0,',+ ," 1*)*%2&#
|ooe /|teoot|vo oeseotooo o| Co|t oe |o Ceoo.
oe |oc|ooes |o|oos - 2O3
<B <?C2D8E))<F? B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B G
<<B HD= 8121)ID= 81 H!= JEK121= B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B L

MB 83%3;N$ & 4,4,% "6& 4,.& -,O%3 .3 4,$-36;,&' B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B L
.. V|o|eoc|o seoo| cooto |os o,ees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
o. V|o|eoc|o seoo| eo |o v|oo cot|o|ooo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
b. V|o|eoc|o seoo| eo e| oco oe| coo ||cto
oooo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
.2 V|o|eoc|o cooto oeeosoos oe oeec|os |oooos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .O
.3 V|o|eoc|o oost|co /o |otoo|||o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .O
.+ V|o|eoc|o oo oe,o|c|o eo cooto oe |os o,ees |3T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
.5 Cbstoco|os |ost|toc|ooo|es ooo |o |o|eeotoc|o oe| ooe|o |oteqo| oe |oteveoc|o o |os
v|o|eoc|os cooto |os o,ees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
PB 83%3;N$ & -& Q"'#,;,& +&%& *"Q3%3' 4R;#,*&' .3 4,$-36;,&' B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B MG
2.. |oso |c|eoc|o oe |os eo|oos ooootooos oo e| |stooo ooo e|||oo |os obstoco|os oe occeso
o |o ,ost|c|o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2. |ooo|ooo eo cosos oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| eo e| oco oe| coo ||cto oooo . . . . . . . . . . . .
SB 83%3;N$ & +&%#,;,+&;,56 +$-R#,;& T & +&%#,;,+&% 36 -$' +%$;3'$' .3 ;$6'#%";;,56 .3 +&A B PM
3. |o t|c|ooc|o oo||t|co . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3.2 |ocesos oe coostocc|o oe ooz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
UB 83%3;N$' 1;$65*,;$'V =$;,&-3' T )"-#"%&-3' B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B PS
+. |eec|o o |o so|oo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
o. |eec|os seoo|es eooooct|vos/occeso o |o |oteooc|o vo|ooto|o oe| eboozo . . 23
b. S|tooc|o oe |os o,ees V|/S||/ eo Co|ob|o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2+
+.2 |eec|o o |o |oococ|o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
o. Cobe too . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
b. /oo|obet|so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
c. |esec|o / oboooooo esco|o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
o. |oococ|o seoo| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
+.3 |eec|o o| tobo,o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
o. C|os . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
b. |o||t|cos ob||cos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
c. |os T|C so |oocto sobe |os o,ees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
o. S|tooc|o oe |os ooes cooo|to|os . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
<<<B JEK121= 1? )D?8<)<D?1= 81 1=W1)<!H XEH?12!><H<8!8 B B B B B B B B B B B B SY
. |o,ees oo co|ob|ooos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3O
2. |o,ees |oo|qeoos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3. |o,ees |3T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
+. ||os, ooo|esceotes ,veoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5. |o,ees oo|es eo zooos oe |oe|o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
6. |o,ees eo s|tooc|o oe o|scoooc|ooo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +
. |o,ees o|vooos oe |o ||be too oo oe||tos e|oc|ooooos coo ooqos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +3
<XB )D?ZH<)CD !2J!8D B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B UU
. |o|to oe |o|eeotoc|o oe |o |eso|oc|o 325 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ++
2. Cooos c||oo|es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +5
3. Cooot|os oe oo eoet|c|o oe |os v|o|eoc|os . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +5
+. |eso|ozo|eoto ozooo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +5
5. |eec|os oe |os o,ees v|ct|os. |e oe V|ct|os |est|toc|o oe T|eos . . . . . . . . . . +6
6. |otecc|o o o,ees o,ees ||oees eo e| oco oe| coo ||cto oooo . . . . . . . . . . . +8
. ost|c|o oeoo| |||to v|o|eoc|o seoo| cooto |os o,ees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +
8. ||os coo ||cto oooo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
XB )D?)HE=<D?1= B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B GS
X<B 21)DJ1?8!)<D?1= B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B GU
. |oo |o eoo|coc|o oe |os v|o|eoc|os cooto |os o,ees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5+
2. |oo qooot|zo e| occeso o |o ,ost|c|o ooo |os o,ees v|ct|os . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5+
3. |oo qooot|zo |o oo t|c|ooc|o oo||t|co oe |os o,ees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
+. |oo qooot|zo e| e,ec|c|o oe |os ||SC oo |os o,ees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5. |oo qooot|zo |os oeec|os oe |os o,ees eo cooo|c|ooes oe esoec|o| vo|oeob|||ooo . . . . . . . . . 56
6. Sobe e| oco ,o|o|co oe ,ost|c|o toos|c|ooo| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
. |oo obooo e| oeso|ozo|eoto ozooo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
8. |oo |o |o|eeotoc|o oe |o |eso|oc|o 325 oe| Coose,o oe Seqo|ooo oe C|| . . . . . . 5
. |oo qooot|zo |o est|toc|o oe t|eos |os oeec|os oe |os o,ees cooes|oos . . . . . . 58
3
<B <?C2D8E))<F?
|o 2OO, e| Co|t oe |o C||/\ eo|o |o s|tooc|o oe |os o,ees eo Co|ob|o. |o 2OO, v|s|t e| oo|s |o
|oe to |ooeoeoo|eote sobe coest|ooes oe |os |oo|os, eo 2O2 oe e| tooo oe |o |eoeseotoote |soec|o|
sobe V|o|eoc|o Seoo| oe| Seceto|o Ceoeo|. |o ob|| oe 2O3, Co|ob|o oos oo e| |oeo |e|o|co
|o|veso| oote e| Coose,o oe |eec|os oooos oe |o C||. |o cooo ooo oe estos ocos|ooes, |stooo
soc|eooo c|v|| eoos|eoo |oqos, etos oeocoooc|ooes eo ote|o oe o|sc||ooc|o v|o|eoc|o cooto |os
o,ees.

|ote 2OO 2O3, |oo tootes eveotos |oo ocooo |o eo||ooo oe| oo|s. |os o| |co|tooes eo |os |ovest|qoc|o-
oes oe |os oe||tos coet|oos oo |os ooo|||toes oesov|||zooos, |o oooboc|o ooesto eo oc|o oe |o |e
oe V|ct|os |est|toc|o oe T|eos, e| |o|c|o oe coovesoc|ooes coo |o qoe|||o oe |os |/|C , |oo|eote, |o
oooboc|o eotooo eo v|qo oe vo|os totooos oe ||be coec|o, ooo c|to o|qooos. Cooo ooo oe estos
eveotos |o teo|oo oo |oocto s|qo| |cot|vo sobe |o v|oo oe |os o,ees eo Co|ob|o.
|sto |otooocc|o bosco ||oo |o oteoc|o oe| Co|t sobe tes osoectos coocte|st|cos oe |o eo||ooo
co|ob|ooo ooe |oc|oeo eo |o v|oo oe |os o,ees, o |os coo|es |oo eeeoc|o este |ooe. o|eo, ooe
Co|ob|o es oo oo|s coo oc||s|os |ees, oeo o|qooos oe e||os soo |o|eeotooos oe oo oe |c|eote. Se-
qoooo, ooe o|qooos oe |os oo||t|cos ob||cos eo Co|ob|o soo e| eso|tooo oe occ|ooes ,oo|c|o|es |oteooestos
oo oqoo|zoc|ooes oe |o soc|eooo c|v|| esoe|tos oo oos|c|ooes qooot|stos oe |os o|tos Co tes... Teceo,
ooe |o cootoo|cc|ooes oooooos eote |os oooees ob||cos, |o coo| |oce ooe, eo o|qooos cosos, cooo ooo
oe e||os teoqo ooo oos|c|o o|st|oto esoecto oe osootos coc|o|es ooo |o v|oo oe |os o,ees.
o. Sobe |o |eq|s|oc|o. Co|ob|o coot|oo s|eooo oo oo|s oe |ees. |ote 2OO 2O3 se ooobooo,
eote otos, |o |e oe V|ct|os |est|toc|o oe T|eos (2O), |o eoo coost|toc|ooo| sobe |oe-
o |eoo| ||||to (2O2-2O3), |o eoo o |o |e oe 'ost|c|o |oz' (2O2) |o |e oe Seos|b|||zoc|o,
|eveoc|o Sooc|o oe |oos oe V|o|eoc|o ||sc||ooc|o cooto |os |o,ees, (2OO8), ooo c|to
o|qooos. |o oboooooc|o oe ooos ooo obooo cooo ooo oe |os oob|eos ooe eoeotoo |os
o,ees eo Co|ob|o, oo t|eoe e| |oocto ooe oebe|o. S| b|eo |o ooe ecoooce |os esoezos oe|
|stooo oo oooe eo oc|o |ost|toc|ooes ecoo|sos ooo |o|eeoto estos |ees, esos esoe-
zos eso|too |oso |c|eotes. |o o|to oe vo|ootoo oo||t|co, oe oesoooesto oe cooo|ooc|o |ote|ost|-
toc|ooo|, soooo eo oc|os cosos o |o oes|steoc|o oe| coo ||cto oooo, |oceo ooe |o eo||ooo oo
e |e,e |o ooe |o ooo estob|ece.
b. Sobe |os oo||t|cos ob||cos |o soc|eooo c|v||. |oe qoc|os o |o occ|o oe |o soc|eooo c|v|| oote |o Co te
Coost|toc|ooo| ooe este t|booo| eo|o| ooo |oo toote Seoteoc|o sobe oesooos oeso|ozooos (T-
O25) oo /oto sobe o,ees oeso|ozooos eo oo t|co|o (/oto O2). |ste /oto ecoooc| e| |oocto
oe| oeso|ozo|eoto eo |os o,ees ooeo o| |stooo |o ooesto eo oc|o oe o|eeotes ooqoos
ooo oteooe sos oeces|oooes. |ote otos osootos, e| /oto se e || o |o v|o|eoc|o seoo| eo e| oco
oe| coo ||cto oooo |o oooo |oqo o |oo tootes ovooces, oooooe |oso |c|eotes, eo |o ote|o.
|o oos|b|||ooo oe occeoe |eqo|eote eo tes c|coostooc|os |o |oteooc|o vo|ooto|o oe| eboozo
es tob|o e| eso|tooo oe |o occ|o oe |o soc|eooo c|v|| eote o |o Co te Coost|toc|ooo|. |o oo||t|co
ob||co ooe se |o ooesto eo oc|o eo este osooto es e| coo|o|o oe eso |o|c|ot|vo c|ooooooo, oo oe
|o vo|ootoo qobeooeoto| o| oo|oeoto|o.
c. Sobe |os cootoo|cc|ooes oooooos eote |os oooees. |o |oteooc|o vo|ooto|o oe| eboozo ooo
oe |os e,eo|os oe esos cootoo|cc|ooes. |o oec|s|o oe |o Co te Coost|toc|ooo| oe ooteqe o |o
o,e eo tes cosos esoec|o|es, oe|t|ooo|e obo to, |o s|oo ec|ozooo ob|e to ob||coeote oo
e| |ocoooo Ceoeo| oe |o |oc|o, eoeseotoote oe| ||o|ste|o |b||co (oo |oce oo te oe |os tes
oooees ooes es qooo oe cooto|). So oeooeote ooos|c|o o |o oec|s|o oe |o Co te Coost|toc|o-
oo| coot|oo ooo|eooo eo oe||qo |o v|oo oe |os o,ees ooe eoo|eeo occeoe o ooo |V|.
4
|o soceo|oo coo e| ot|oo|o eote oesooos oe| |so seo oooe |qoo|eote eo ev|oeoc|o estos
cootoo|cc|ooes. e| oooe |eq|s|ot|vo, se |o oeqooo o |eq|s|o sobe e| osooto, e| oooe ,oo|c|o|, e|qe
ooe se |eq|s|e, |o |ocoooo|o, se ooooe o |o oec|s|o oe |o Co te Coost|toc|ooo| oe oe|t| estos
ot|oo|os ooooc|o |ovest|qoc|ooes cooto ooc|ooo|os/os ooe oo||ceo estos oo|ooes.
|o este cooteto, |os o,ees eo Co|ob|o coot|ooo eoeotoooose o o|st|otos oos oe o|sc||ooc|o,
v|o|eoc|o oobezo, s|o ooe oo se coeote coo c|os o |c|o|es oo| |cooos coo |ob|es sobe so s|tooc|o. |o |os
c|ooooes eo e| cooo, |os oeec|os oe o,ees oe o|st|otos c|oses soc|o|es, eto|os, eoooes coooc|oooes soo
vo|oeooos. || coo ||cto oooo oqoo|zo esto s|tooc|o qeoeo oeocoooc|o |o o|to oe eoeseotootes oe
o,ees eo |o eso oe oeqoc|oc|o ooe oesoe |oo|es oe| oo 2O2 se ooe|ooto eote e| Cob|eoo |os |/|C.
<<B HD= 8121)ID= 81 H!= JEK121=

MB 83%3;N$ & 4,4,% "6& 4,.& -,O%3 .3 4,$-36;,&'
S| b|eo soo ev|oeotes |os ovooces oe| |stooo Co|ob|ooo eo ote|o |eq|s|ot|vo ooo obooo |os v|o|eoc|os
cooto |os o,ees, oes|ste ooo bec|o eooe eote |o |e so |o oo||coc|o e |o|eeotoc|o. || |stooo
Co|ob|ooo s|qoe oesoteoo|eooo |o ecoeoooc|o oo|ooo oo e| Co|t C||/\ eo 2OO eo |o ooe
|osto o| |stooo |o te o ooe |oqo eote o |os coosos soboceotes oe |o v|o|eoc|o cooto |o o,e o ooe
e,oe e| occeso oe |os v|ct|os o |o ,ost|c|o |os ooqoos oe ootecc|o

, coo e| ooos|to oe ovoozo eo

|o eoo|coc|o oe tooos |os oos oe v|o|eoc|o cooto |os o,ees eo ozo oe so seo.
|| Co|t C||/\, eo |os ecoeoooc|ooes oeseotooos o| |stooo Co|ob|ooo eo 2OO, eoes so oeoco-
ooc|o oo |o coeoc|o oe s|steos oe |oooc|o ooe oeo coeoto oe| c||o qeoeo| oe v|o|eoc|os cooto |os
o,ees eo e| oo|s
2
. |o e| |ooe oe| |stooo o| Co|t, se oeseotoo |os eso|tooos oo,ooos oo |os ooevos
s|steos oe |oooc|o, ooe eoo too c|os oe v|o|eoc|os cooto |os o,ees ooe ev|oeoc|oo oo |oceeoto
oe |os eq|stos eo tooos |os ooo||oooes oe v|o|eoc|os. Seqo este |ooe, |os coosos oe| ooeoto soo e|
o to|ec||eoto |ost|toc|ooo| ooo ooooc| |oooc|o e |oo|coooes e| |oceeoto oe |os oeoooc|os oo
oo te oe |os o,ees
3
. S|o eboqo, estos oos ozooes soo |oso |c|eotes ooo eo||co |os coosos estoctoo|es
oe| |oceeoto oe |os v|o|eoc|os cooto |os o,ees. |o es oos|b|e oete|oo coo| es |o ozo oe| o|zo, o|
oesco to coo cooso oo oos|b|e |oceeoto oe |os oqes|ooes.
|s oo teo sobe e| coo| |o eooes voc|os oese o ooe e| |stooo Co|ob|ooo esto eo |o ob||qoc|o oe
|ovest|qo oe oo e|oost|vo e |ooc|o| |os ozooes oe estos ooeotos, oo se t|eoe |oooc|o c|e to o|
esoecto. |escoooce |os coosos oe| ooeoto oe |os c|os oe v|o|eoc|os cooto |os o,ees ev|oeoc|o |o o|to
oe oeb|oo o|||qeoc|o oe| |stooo eo |ovest|qo estoctoo|eote e| osooto.

|o s|tooc|o oe |os o,ees se oqovo oeb|oo o| coo ||cto oooo |oteoo eo e| oo|s, es e| coso oe |os o,ees
|oo|qeoos, oo oesceoo|eotes o |esb|ooos, oooos sos oob|es t|o|es o|sc||ooc|ooes. |o coooto o |os o,ees
cooes|oos, |o o|sc||ooc|o e| oescoooc||eoto ||st|co oe so oooe| eo |o ecooo|o cooes|oo |o |oc|o
oo |o t|eo |oceo ooe eo oo cooteto oe coo ||cto oooo coo e| co|ob|ooo, se oqoo|ceo |os v|o|oc|ooes
o|sc||ooc|ooes sobe e||os
+
. Soooo o esto, e| oo|s oo coeoto coo s|steos oe |oooc|o coo |ob|es ooe
oeo coeoto oe sos cooo|c|ooes oe v|oo.
|o e| oco oe| coo ||cto oooo, |os |t|o|es v|o|oc|ooes o |os oeec|os |oooos o| oeec|o |oteoo-
c|ooo| |ooo|to|o, e| oeso|ozo|eoto ozooo |oteoo |o v|o|eoc|o seoo| coot|ooo s|eooo |os oe||tos os
o|oootes ooo |os o,ees. Seqo c|os o |c|o|es, e| coo ||cto oooo |o oe,ooo eote oo oe 2O,
Cbsevoc|ooes |oo|es oe| Co|t ooo |o ||||ooc|o oe |o ||sc||ooc|o cooto |o |o,e. Co|ob|o 2OO, C||/\/C/S|.O (/ 3)
2 |3||.
3 V|| Y V||| |ooes Cob|oooo oe| |stooo Co|ob|ooo sobe e| Coo|||eoto oe |o Cooveoc|o |oo |o ||||ooc|o oe tooos |os oos oe
||sc||ooc|o cooto |o |o,e, o||o oe 2O, |ob||cooo |o Ceoo./C/Co|/-8, |ov|ebe |e 2O. ooq. 3.
+ Co|ect|vo |o,ees o| |eec|o. || |ooe sobe |o s|tooc|o oe o,ees v|ct|os oe| coo ||cto oooo eo |o eq|o Co|be. |eoo toeotos oe|
|oqoo|eoo e| /t|oot|co, 2OO.
5
3, |||ooes oe oesooos oeso|ozooos, oe |os coo|es e| 5 soo o,ees
5
. S|o eboqo, seqo e| os ec|eote
|ooe oe| Ceoto oe V|q||ooc|o oe| |eso|ozo|eoto |oteoo (|||C, oo sos s|q|os eo |oq|s), coo seoe eo
C|oebo, e| oeo oe oeso|ozooos eo Co|ob|o soo eote +, 5,5 |||ooes oe oesooos
6
. Ceco oe| 8O
oe |os oesooos oeso|ozooos |oteooeote eo Co|ob|o soo o,ees, o|os o|os. Seqo e| sot|o |ooe
oe |o Co|s|o oe Seqo||eoto o |o oo||t|co ob||co sobe e| oeso|ozo|eoto ozooo, e| +3 oe |os o|||os
oeso|ozooos t|eoeo ,eotoo eeo|oo

.
|ote 2OO2 2O se |o eoo tooo e| oses|ooto oe +.63O o,ees oo e| |ec|o oe se o,ees eo Co|ob|o
8
.
MBMB X,$-36;,& '37"&- ;$6#%& -&' *"Q3%3'
&B X,$-36;,& '37"&- 36 -& 4,.& ;$#,.,&6&
|o v|o|eoc|o seoo| eo qeoeo|, oo o|coeote eo e| oco oe| coo ||cto oooo, |o teo|oo oo |oceeoto
coos|oeob|e, esoecto oe |o coo| e| |stooo |o ecoooc|oo ooe oo esooooe ec|os|voeote o| ooeoto oe
|os oeoooc|os

. || |ost|toto |oc|ooo| oe |eo|c|oo |eqo| C|eoc|os |oeoses (eo ooe|oote |||| C|) |oo|c
ooe |o toso ooo e| 2O se co|co| eo + cosos oo OO.OOO |ob|tootes, coost|toeooo '|o os o|to oe| |t|o
oeceo|o'
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.
X,$-36;,& '37"&- '3:[6 '37$ \PYMY] PYMM^
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PYMM 3.65 6 8.82 8+ 22.5
C$#&- 6.8+ 6 35.88 8+ +2.3
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C|eoc|os |oeoses, |ev|stos |oeos|s 2OO 2O. ||sooo|b|e eo. |tto.//....eo|c|oo|eqo|.qov.co/|ooe.o|o/estoo|st|cos/oeos|s
|ooote |os oos 2OO 2O, e| |||| C| eoo t +2.3 o|ctoeoes seo|q|cos cooto o,ees |obes.
|o tooos |os cosos, |os o,ees oeoo v|ct|os eo oo 8+ eote o oo 6 oe |os voooes, |o coo| eoeseoto
ooo e|oc|o |obe o o,e oe o 5. |o e| oe|ooo ooo||zooo (2OO 2O) |os cosos oe v|o|eoc|o seoo|
cooto o,ees ooe o|eoo |oqo o o|ctoeoes oo oo te oe| |||| C| oeoo 6.6 eo e| 2OO 8.82 eo
e| 2O, |o ooe eoo|vo|e o ooe ooo|oooeote .+6 o,ees oeoo v|ct|os eosoo|es oe este oe||to, 5O
o,ees cooo o|o os oe 2 cooo |oo

.
|oo eoteooe esto s|tooc|o, e| |||| C| |ov|to o e |e|ooo '(.) oceco oe |os ooqoos oe oeveoc|o
oe |o v|o|eoc|o seoo| |o oeces|ooo oe ooe|ooto |ovest|qoc|ooes ooe |ooo o oe|too cooeooe ooe-
cooooeote |os eectos oe estos ooqoos eo |o oeseotoc|o oe |o v|o|eoc|o seoo|'.
5 |eoo toeoto ooo |o |osoe|ooo Soc|o|, |o|ooo oe /teoc|o o V|ct|os, |stoo|st|cos oe |o oob|oc|o oeso|ozooo, v|oco|o eo ||oeo. |tto.//....
oos.qov.co/cooteo|oo/cooteo|oo.oso:cot||=258coo||=5568ooq||=838
6 |oteoo| ||so|oceeot |oo|to|oq Ceote (|||C), C|obo| Cvev|e. 2O2, ob|| 2O3, v|oco|o eo ||oeo. |tto.//....|oteoo|-o|so|oceeot.oq/
8O25O8|OO+3|33/28|tto|oo|||es2/|38/253O53O/8C2535COO268||C/$ ||e/q|obo|-ovev|e.-2O2.oo
/C|||, V|o|eoc|o oe qoeo o,ees oeso|ozooos, 2OO, V|oco|o eo ||oeo. |tto.//....ocoo.oq/t3/ ||eoo|o/sc|ots/ooc.o|o: ||e=b|b||oteco/
oo/26
8 |eso |oc|ooo| oe Seqo||eoto o| /oto O2 oe 2OO8, |esooesto o |os |ooes oe| qob|eoo ooc|ooo| o |o Co te Coost|toc|ooo|, oe ozo 6,
,o||o oov|ebe 8 oe 2O
o|oteo 3eoov|oes /|eoooo, '|eec|os eo eeo|oo, |oc|o oo eo| co|oo o |o |qoo|ooo:' V| |ooe oe oeec|os |oooos oe |os o,ees
oe |o |eo |oc|ooo| oe |o,ees 2OO-2O2, Cooooc|o S|so |o,e, |oes|o |oos, ,o||o oe 2O3, ooq 5.
O Co te Coost|toc|ooo| oe Co|ob|o. |e|oto|o. /oto O2 oe 2OO8. |o. |tto./....co tecoost|toc|ooo|.qov.co/e|oto|o/ootos/2OO8/oO2-O8.|t
o|oteo 3eoov|oes /|eoooo, |eec|os eo eeo|oo. Cb C|t ooq. 53
6
|o 2O, e| |||| eoo t + eoeoes o|co |eqo|es oo oe||to seoo|, coos oesootos ootoes oeoo
qooos cobot|eotes
2
. |o 8 cosos (86, ) |o v|ct|o eo o,e. |e e||os, se ot|bo o |o oezo ob||co e|
58,O2, o qooos ooo|||toes e| 2,6 o qooos qoe|||eos e| +,8
3
.
OB X,$-36;,& '37"&- 36 3- *&%;$ .3- ;$6` -,;#$ &%*&.$
|o v|o|eoc|o seoo| eo cooto oe |os o,ees eo Co|ob|o coot|oo s|eooo ooo ooct|co |ob|too|, eteo-
o|oo, s|steot|co e |ov|s|b|e eo e| cooteto oe| coo ||cto oooo
+
eo |o ooe |ocoeo tooos |os qooos
cobot|eotes. |o |ooo|ooo eote o estos c|eoes oeooece eo e| 8, soooo o| o|to ooceoto,e oe
sobeq|sto, |o |ov|s|b|||ooo oe estos oe||tos e| coostoote |eoo o oeoooc|o|os.
/ oeso oe |os |t|o|es ecoeoooc|ooes o| |stooo co|ob|ooo oo oo te oe oqoo|sos ooc|ooo|es e
|oteooc|ooo|es oe oeeoso ootecc|o oe oeec|os |oooos
5
ooo ooe oooote eo|oos oe ootecc|o
ooo |os o,ees, e| oe||to s|qoe s|eooo oo so|o oo oo oe qoeo eo e| coo ||cto oooo, s|oo tob|o oo
|ostoeoto oe cooto| oe| coeoo |o v|oo oe |os o,ees.
|| |stooo s|qoe |ocoo||eooo |os ecoeoooc|ooes esoecto o |os s|steos oe estoooo|zoc|o oe vo|ob|es e
|oo|coooes ooo este oe||to, teo|eooo oe |c|eoc|os ooo |o ecoo||oc|o, ooo||s|s oooocc|o oe |oooc|o
cooot|tot|vo coo||tot|vo, |qooso, octoo||zooo coo |ob|e sobe v|o|eoc|o seoo| eo e| oco oe| coo ||cto
oooo
6
.
|ocoo|e |qoo|eote |o |e 25/O8 ooe cooteo|o |o oeces|ooo oe oo s|steo o|eeoc|o| oe ootecc|o o v|ct|-
os, ooecooc|o |ost|toc|ooo|, oest|ooc|o oe ecosos, oe to oe sev|c|os oeb|oo o t|co|oc|o eote |os |ost|to-
c|ooes ooo ooe |os o,ees v|ct|os ( sos o|||os) occeooo tooto o |os oocesos ,oo|c|o|es, coo o |o oteoc|o
eo so|oo, o||eotoc|o, |ob|toc|o oteoc|o os|cosoc|o|.
|| oeec|o o |o eoooc|o oe v|ct|os oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| oo se |o ote|o||zooo oe| tooo eo ecosos, oe-
soooestos o |ooestoctoo

, oooooe |o |e oe V|ct|os (|e ++8 oe 2O) |o eoeseotooo oo ovooce. |o

coooto o |o seoteoc|o C-355 oe 2OO6 sobe oesoeoo||zoc|o ooc|o| oe| obo to, e| estooo s|qoe |ocoo||eooo
|o cooso| e|ot|vo o 'ooe e| eboozo seo oooocto oe ooo v|o|oc|o' obstoco||zoooo |o |oteveoc|o, ooo-
c|eooo ob,ec|ooes oe cooc|eoc|o oe |os |ost|toc|ooes o|o|eooo to|tes o |o v|ct|os ooo ooe se oose e|
t|eoo ooobooo ooo |o |oteooc|o, eote otos obstoco|os.
||oo |o oteoc|o ooe |ebos oe |o |oezo |b||co teoqoo e| eq|sto os o|to oo v|o|eoc|o seoo| eo e|
cooteto oe| coo ||cto oooo, ooe |o oo|o oe |os v|ct|os oe este t|oo oe v|o|eoc|o se eocoeoteo eote
|os O oos oe eooo, to| coo ooeoe obsevose eo e| |ooe oe| |||| C| oe 2O, seqo e| coo| e|
85 oe |os eoeoes seo|q|cos eo||zooos o| seo eeo|oo oe teoeceo o o|os ooo|esceotes eote |os 5
oos, coost|toooose e| ooqo os eoeseotot|vo oe eooo eote |os O |os + oos
8
.
2 |ost|toto |oc|ooo| oe |eo|c|oo |eqo| C|eoc|os |oeoses (||||C|), |oeos|s 2O, coooo 3, ooq. 25. Ve eo. |tto.//....eo|c|oo|qo|.qov.co/
|ooe.o|o:oot|oo=co_cooteot8v|e.=o t|c|e8|o=3.oeos |s-2O8cot|o=.oeos|s8|te|o=5+ |ost|toto |oc|ooo| oe |eo|c|oo |eqo| C|eoc|os
|oeoses (||||C|), |oeos|s 2O, c|tooo, coooo 3.25. Ve eo. |tto.//....eo|c|oo|eqo|.qov.co/|ooe.o|o:oot|oo=co_cooteot8v|e.=o t|c|e8|-
o=3.oeos|s-2O8cot|o=.oeos|s8|te|o=5+
3 |oceoto,es toooos oe| |ooe ooo e| |oeo |e|o|co |o|veso|, seot|ebe oe 2O2. S|tooc|o oe oeec|os |oooos oeec|o |ooo|to|o
eo Co|ob|o 2OO8-2O2. |o. |tto.//co|,o|stos.oq/oocoeotos/||bos_e_|ooes/eoeo_oe|oo|co_oo|veso|_2O2.|t|
+ /s| oe ecoooc|oo oo |o Co te Coost|toc|ooo| eo e| /oto O2 oe 2OO8
5 Ve |ooe oe| Seceto|o Ceoeo| oe| Coose,o oe Seqo|ooo oe |oc|ooes |o|oos //6/2S/2O3/+.
6 Toooo oe Coooo 'V|o|oc|o otos v|o|eoc|os. Soooeo | coeoo oe |o qoeo'.
|o oe to eo ootecc|o ,ost|c|o coot|oo ooo|ec|eooo oe oo eooooe eo oeec|os |oooos oe |os o,ees oo e|steo qooot|os oe |oooc|o
so |c|eote, ooecoooo ooo tooo. |os v|ct|os eo ost|c|o |oz, oo e,eo|o, soo e|t|oos oe ooo eot|ooo o oto s|o ooe se |es so|oc|ooeo sos
oet|c|ooes oe oo |oteqo|.
8 |ost|toto oe |eo|c|oo |eqo| C|eoc|os |oeoses, '|oeos|s 2O', Co|ob|o, 2O, o. 23-2+. Ve Coooo , |oeoes o|co-|eqo|es oo oesooto
oe||to seoo|, seqo eooo seo.
7
Sobe |o |so s|tooc|o, |o Cqoo|zoc|o |oc|ooo| |oo|qeoo oe Co|ob|o -C||C- eoo to e| o|to |oocto oe|
coo ||cto oooo sobe |os o,ees |oo|qeoos, ooo oo|eoes se oqoo|zo |o s|tooc|o oe o|sc||ooc|o oo se
o,ees, |oo|qeoos oeso|ozooos. |ote e| oo 2OO3 2O se eoo tooo 3 cosos oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| cooto
o,ees |oo|qeoos eo e| oco oe| coo ||cto (|o qoo oo|o eooes oe eooo eote |os 6 oos). |o 6
cosos, |os oesootos oqesoes soo |||toes tooos oosc|tos o| e,c|to ooc|ooo|

.
|o oote|o ocoe eo eo|o oe |o ooooc|o oe eo|oos |eq|s|ot|vos oe ,ost|c|o toos|c|ooo| ooe oo ot|eooeo
ooecooooeote |os oeec|os oe |os v|ct|os oe| coo ||cto oooo
2O
, |oc|oeooo o |os o,ees v|ct|os oe
v|o|eoc|o seoo|, oe |o ec|eote oooboc|o eq|oeotoc|o oe| oeo oeoo| |||to.
|o|to oe esooesto estoto| ooo cob| |os eo|oos oe oteoc|o, eoooc|o ootecc|o ooo |os o,ees
v|ct|os oe v|o|eoc|o seoo|.
/oeos oe| oeec|o o |o ,ost|c|o, |os o,ees v|ct|os oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| eoo|eeo oe otos eo|oos ooo
sot|soce sos oeec|os eo t|oos oe oteoc|o, ootecc|o eoooc|o |oteqo|. || |stooo Co|ob|ooo
coot|oo s|o oece esooestos ooecoooos o |os o,ees v|ct|os coo veeos o coot|oooc|o.
) Coeoc|o oe oo s|steo ooc|ooo| oe oteoc|o eo so|oo ocoooo|eoto os|cosoc|o| ooo |os o,e-
es v|ct|os oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| eo e| oco oe| coo ||cto oooo. ||steo o|eeotes ooootos ,o|-
o|cos ooe ooeooo oece oteoc|o o|eeoc|o| coo oesoect|vo oe qoeo ooo |os o,ees v|ct|os
oe v|o|eoc|o seoo|
2
. S|o eboqo, cooo ooeo es oesoo||ooo coo |ooeoeooeoc|o oe |os oeos se
|e ot|boe |o esooosob|||ooo oe |o oteoc|o o| S|steo oe Sev|c|os oe So|oo s|o oo |oteveoc|o
estoto|. |os |oesos |estoooos oe Sev|c|os oe So|oo -||S- soo |os ||oooos o oece |o oteoc|o
oobooo, s|o ooe |es seo e|q|oo o|oqooo esooosob|||ooo eo oteoc|o o|eeoc|o|. |os ||S oo coeo-
too coo ooes|ooo|es o|cos os|c|oqos esoec|o||stos eo oteoc|o o o,ees v|ct|os oe v|o|eoc|os.
2) |o|to oe ecoo|sos ooecoooos ooo |o eoooc|o |oteqo|. |o Co|ob|o oes|ste oo eooooe eco-
oo|c|sto oe |o eoooc|o oo|o|stot|vo o |os v|ct|os, oo e|steo occ|ooes eo|es eoeoo|oos
oesoe e| |stooo ooo eooo o |os v|ct|os os o||o oe |os |ooeo|zoc|ooes ecoo|cos. |o este
s|steo oe ec|ooc|o oe eoooc|ooes oo|o|stot|vos ecoo|cos, |os o,ees v|ct|os oe v|o|eo-
c|o seoo| tob|o eocoeotoo obstoco|os ooo so ec|ooc|o. oe| qooo oe so||c|tooes ooobooos
eo eoooc|o oo|o|stot|vo, too so|o e| O,+, es oec| 5 cosos
22
, coesooooe o |ec|os oe v|o|eo-
c|o seoo|. /o|c|ooo|eote, oo e|ste oo eooooe ooe teoqo ooo o|eos|o |oo|v|ooo| tooto coo
co|ect|vo oe| ooo, eooooc|eooo esteeot|oos oe qoeo ooe cooteo|oo coo o|co v|ct|o oe
v|o|eoc|o seoo| o |os o,ees |oo|v|ooo|eote coos|oeooos, s|o cooeooe ooe |os o,ees coo
qooo soc|o| tob|o oebeo se eooooos |oteqo|eote oo |os |ec|os oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| eo e|
oco oe| coo ||cto oooo.
C|tooo oe| |ooe oe oo|toeo oe |o |eso|oc|o 325 eo Co|ob|o, eo Cqoo|zoc|o |oc|ooo| |oo|qeoo |e Co|ob|o C||C Coose,e|o
|o,e, |o|||o Y Ceoeoc|o. '|o,ees |oo|qeoos, V|ct|os |ov|s|b|es |e| Coo ||cto /ooo eo Co|ob|o' oeseotooo o |o |eoeseotoote oe| SC
oe C|| eo oo oe 2O2.
2O |oco ,o|o|co ooo |o ooz |e 52 oe 2O2 ooe eoo o |o |e 5 oe 2OO5.
2 /oto O2 oe 2OO8, |e +8 oe 2O |e 25 oe 2OO8.
22 C|o Cooooc|o S|so |o,e, seot|ebe oe 2O3.
89
MBP X,$-36;,& ;$6#%& .3`36'$%&' .3 .3%3;N$' N"*&6$'
Soo s|steot|cos |o oesecoc|o est|qot|zoc|o oe oo|eoes e,eceo |o |obo oe oeeosoos oe oeec|os
|oooos
23
, coo s|tooc|o se oqov eo |os oos 2OO
2+
, 2OO
25
2O
26
.
|esoe e| seqoooo seeste oe 2OO, |os oeoozos, otoooes |ost|qo|eotos eo cooto oe |os o,ees ||oe-
es oo oesootos qooos ooo|||toes ootooeoo|oooos '|os /qo||os |eqos' '|os |osto,os' ||eqooo o
tovs oe ooo |etos eo |os ooe se oeoozo o os oe 3 o,ees, 2 oqoo|zoc|ooes oe o,ees v|ct|os oe
oeso|ozo|eoto ozooo vo|os oqoo|zoc|ooes ocoooootes, eote e||os c|oco |oteqootes oe |o |eso oe
Seqo||eoto oe| /oto O2. |o o|c|ebe oe 2OO, oqoo|zoc|ooes oe o,ees, e|o|stos otos oe oeec|os
|oooos oeoooc|ooo |os oeoozos oe oe te cooto cooto oeeosoos oe |os oeec|os |oooos oo
ooevos qooos ooo|||toes
2
. |o |t|o oeoozo se coooc| e| 2 oe ,oo|o oe 2O2.
|| oeceto +2 oe 2O oo| |c |os ooqoos oe ootecc|o qobeooeoto|es eo cobezo oe |o |o|ooo |o-
c|ooo| oe |otecc|o, |o eso|oc|o O8O5 oe 2O2 |ost|toc|ooo||z e| ootoco|o oe ootecc|o o o,ees. |oe
ceooo e| C|||||
28
ooo o,ees se eq|stooo |oo tootes ovooces ooot|vos eo ote|o oe ootec-
c|o oe oeeosoos, s|o eboqo oes|steo ooo |os o,ees obstoco|os s|qo| |cot|vos o |o |oo oe e,ece |o
oeeoso oe oeec|os |oooos. |o e,eo|o, |o o|to oe eso|tooos eo |o estoteq|o oe oeveoc|o |o oo|o
o t|co|oc|o oe estos coo eo|oos so |c|eotes oe ,oo|c|o||zoc|o qooot|os oe oo eoet|c|o.
|qoo|eote oes|steo ooo |os o,ees o| |co|tooes oe occeso e|oc|ooooos eote otos coo e| oescoooc||eo-
to oe ooc|ooo|o/os |oco|es oe |o e|steoc|o oe| ooqoo oe ootecc|o oe sos ooceo||eotos e| oesco-
ooc||eoto oe |os eot|oooes oe| ooeo te|to|o| oe sos oebees eo esto ote|o. |o|to o|vo|qoc|o oe estos
ecoo|sos eo |os oo|c|o|os zooos ooo tooos eo |os ooe |os o,ees se veo eooestos, s|o ooo too|ooo oe
so||c|to eo|oos. || ooqoo t|eoe otos o|eoc|os, eote e||os. |o o|to oe oot| |coc|o ooo tooo ooecoooo
oe |os octooc|ooes oec|s|ooes ooe se ooootoo oeoto oe| ooqoo, |o oeco|o o oo|o cooo|coc|o oo
oo te oe |os ooc|ooo|os eocoqooos oe ooe|ooto e| to|te, |o oo |ocooooc|o oe oo eooooe oe qoeo
eo e| ooo||s|s oe |esqo, |os v|o|oc|ooes o| coocte oe esevo |eqo|, |os o| |co|tooes ooo coooce |os eso|to-
oos oe |o |vo|ooc|o oe |esqo |o |oos|b|||ooo cootove t| |os |sos, eote otos
2
.
MBS X,$-36;,& .$*/'#,;& Ta$ ,6#%&`&*,-,&%
SY

|e ocoeoo coo |o |ocoesto |oc|ooo| oe |eoqo|o So|oo
3
oe 2OO, eo Co|ob|o e| 3 oe |os o,ees
23 C|//Se. |/V/||., |oc. 5 co. ,3O o|c|ebe 2OO, |ooe /ooo| oe |o C||, Coo|to|o V, //|C/3/22//oo.3, + oe ozo oe 2OO, |ooe oe
|o |e|otoo |soec|o| sobe |o s|tooc|o oe |os oeeosoes oe |os oeec|os |oooos, |oqoet Se'oqqo, |oc|ooes |o|oos, //|C/6/++, 2O oe
o|c|ebe oe 2OO. |ooe /ooo| oe| /|to Co|s|ooooo ooo |os |eec|os oooos sobe |o s|tooc|o oe oeec|os |oooos eo Co|ob|o, 2OO,
oo. 22 ss.
2+ |b|o.
25 |ooe oooo| oe |o /|to Co|s|ooooo oe |os |oc|ooes |o|oos ooo |os |eec|os oooos sobe |o s|tooc|o oe |os oeec|os |oooos eo Co-
|ob|o, //|C/6/22, 3 oe ebeo oe 2O, oo. .
26 ....soosoeeosoes.oq. || S|steo oe |oooc|o sobe oqes|ooes cooto oeeosoes oe oeec|os |oooos eo Co|ob|o -S|/||- ooo
e| oo 2O oesto oo |oceeoto s|qo| |cot|vo oe| 36 eo cooooc|o coo e| oo 2OO. |ooote e| 2O cooo 36 |oos se oeseot oo otoooe o
oeeosoes oeeosoos oe oeec|os |oooos. |e oo toto| oe 23 oesooos oqeo|oos, e| oeoo |obes e| 23 o,ees. |o cooooc|o
coo e| oo 2OO, oe O oosoos o +O cosos oe oeoozos, |os oses|ootos oe 32 o + cosos, |os oeteoc|ooes ob|to|os oe o 23 cosos.
2 Seceto|o Tco|co. Coso oe |o |o,e. 'Coeoto|os oe |o |eso oe Seqo||eoto o| /oto O2 oe 2OO8, o |os |ooes oe| Cob|eoo |oc|ooo| oe
|ozo 6, o||o oov|ebe 8 oe 2O'.
28 Co|t oe |vo|ooc|o oe ||esqo |ecoeoooc|o oe |eo|oos
2 /soc|oc|o Co|ect|vo |o,ees o| |eec|o. |oteveoc|o eo /oo|eoc|o |b||co sobe |o s|tooc|o oe |os v|ct|os oe oeso|ozo|eoto ozooo e|
esceoo|o oe t|eos oesoo,ooos eo Co|ob|o. Co|s|o |oteoe|cooo oe |eec|os oooos, +6 oe|ooo oe ses|ooes oo|oo|os, \os||oqtoo,
|ov|ebe O2 oe 2O2.
3O o oo oebote oceco oe oo cooceoto oebe osose, s| '|otoo|||o' o 'oost|co', ooes sobs|ste |o o|scos|o oceco oe s| e| cooceoto oe 'v|o-
|eoc|o oost|co' es |o so |c|eoteeote oo||o ooo oboco tooo e| oob|eo.
3 |sto eocoesto |o s|oo eo||zooo oesoe e| oo 2OOO cooo c|oco oos. |os eso|tooos |oo s|oo oob||cooos eo |o ooq|oo .eb. |tto.//....ooo|||o.
oq.co/eocoestos/|oo|||o/|oo|||o/
88
o|qooo vez cosooos o oo|oos |oo so|oo oqes|ooes |s|cos oo oo te oe so esooso o coooeo. |o esto
|ocoesto se eocoot ooe este t|oo oe v|o|eoc|o es os coo eote |os o,ees oe +5 oos os eo |o zooo
obooo, ooe se oeseoto eo eoo qooo eote |os o,ees ooe |oo cosooo eoococ|o sooe|o oe o|ve|
oe |ooezo os o|to. |o obstoote, estos o|eeoc|os oo soo o s|qo| |cot|vos |os o,ees oe teoec|eotes o
estos qooos oob|oc|ooo|es soo tob|o v|ct|os oe este t|oo oe v|o|eoc|o.
|e ooeo oeocoooote |o |ocoesto tob|o oeve| ooe e| 85 oe |os o,ees v|ct|os so| oe qoves
|es|ooes o secoe|os |s|cos o os|co|q|cos coo coosecoeoc|o oe |o v|o|eoc|o. || |oo|c ooe |ob|o oeo|oo
|otes oo e| seo, e| 58 eoo t |obe ooeoooo coo oetooes o oo|oes oe tes, e| 5 oeo| |o ooto-
est|o, e| +2 se eoe |s|coeote, e| 3 eoo t eoeeooo oe |o cobezo, e| 3 oo|est ooe |ob|o
o|s|oo|oo so eoo||eoto o ooooct|v|ooo, o| 3O se |e oect |o e|oc|o coo |os ||,os, e| 23 s|ot| oeseos
oe so|c|oose, e| 23 o|,o ooe oo |ob|o voe|to o |ob|o coo ooo|e, e| + oo|est ooe |ob|o ooeoooo coo
ooo |e|oo |oo toote o oo |oeso ooebooo, e| 2 oeo| |o ooc|o oe oo qooo o |ebo oto 2
tovo oo obo to o oo|oo coo coosecoeoc|o oe |o oqes|o |s|co.
/ oeso oe |os eso|tooos too o|tos sobe |es|ooes oesooo|es o secoe|os coo coosecoeoc|o oe |o v|o|eoc|o,
so|oeote e| 2 oe |os v|ct|os (ooo oo|oto oo te) ocoo| o oo o|co o estob|ec||eoto oe so|oo ooo
ec|b| toto|eoto e |oooc|o. |e este 2, ooo teceo oo te oe e||os oo ec|b| o|oqooo |oooc|o
sobe |o oto oe oteoc|o ,o|o|co o |o oos|b|||ooo oe oeoooc|o oo v|o|eoc|o |otoo|||o.
|o e|oc|o coo |o v|o|eoc|o os|co|q|co, |o |ocoesto eoo t ooe e| 65 oe |os o,ees o|qooo vez cosooos
o oo|oos |oo s|oo v|ct|os oe s|tooc|ooes oe cooto| oo oo te oe so coooeo o esooso, e| 26 oe |os
o,ees |oo so|oo e| ooe sos esoosos o coooeos se eoeseo eo oo oesob||qoote cooto e||os eo es-
ooc|os o|vooos o ob||cos, e| 32 |oo s|oo v|ct|os oe oeoozos oo oo te oe sos esoosos o coooeos.
||oqooo oe |os oote|oes eso|tooos oeseot vo|oc|ooes s|qo| |cot|vos coo |o eoo tooo eo |os eocoestos
oe| 2OOO oe| 2OO5.
|o so oo te, |os eq|stos oe| s|steo oe |oooc|o oe| |||| C|, |ooooo ooe oooote e| oo 2O,
O.3 o,ees oeoo v|ct|os oe v|o|eoc|o |otoo|||o. |o o|oc|oo| oo oe v|o|eoc|o |otoo|||o oe |o
v|o|eoc|o oe ooe,o. 5.8 o,ees oeoo oqeo|oos oo so ooe,o octoo| o oote|o (se oc|oo ooe |o v|o|eoc|o
oe ooe,o oo es oeceso|oeote v|o|eoc|o |otoo|||o)
32
.
|o este |so oo, seqo |eo|c|oo |eqo|, o|eoo .+5 o,ees eo tooo e| oo|s. |o v|o|eoc|o |otoo|||o
oe |o o|oc|oo| cooso oe |o|c|o|os cooto o,ees, oooooe s|o e|ste |oooc|o eq|stooo eo oo 28 oe
|os cosos. |o ooe,o o e ooe,o se eoo t coo e| o|oc|oo| oqeso oe |os o,ees oses|oooos coo oo toto|
oe 3O cosos. |o obstoote, sobe esto vo|ob|e se oescoooce eo 36 cosos e| oesooto oqeso.
Seqo e| |||| C|, eo e| ob|to oe v|o|eoc|o |otoo|||o
33
eo e| 2OO oeoo vo|oooos 8.+36 eo e| 2O,
8.8O oesooos, ooo oo toto| oe .2+3 v|ct|os oe v|o|eoc|o |otoo|||o eo e| oe|ooo cooeoo|oo eote
e| 2OO 2O, es oec|, oo ooeo|o oe .+68 oesooos o| es 2+ o|o|os. |e ocoeoo coo e| |||| C|,
eo e| 2OO '|o v|o|eoc|o oe ooe,o oe e| o|e cooteto oe| |ec|o coo e| 6+. oe |o v|o|eoc|o eote otos
o|||oes, seqo|oo oe |o v|o|eoc|o o o|os, o|os ooo|esceotes , oo |t|o, |o v|o|eoc|o o| ooo|to oo
3+
.
|o 2O, |o v|o|eoc|o oe ooe,o s|qo| ocoooooo e| o|e |oqo coo oo 6+.3 oe |os eq|stos
35
se oot|eoe
e| ooeo |oo|cooo oe |os otos c|oses oe v|o|eoc|os ooo e| 2OO.
32 |oooc|o oe |o Cooooc|o oooos, seot|ebe 2O3.
33 |oc|oe o|toto oe eooes, ooe,o, otos o|||oes ooo|to oo.
3+ |ost|toto |oc|ooo| oe |eo|c|oo |eqo| C|eoc|os |oeoses, '|oeos|s 2O. |otos ooo |o v|oo', 2O2, o.OO ||sooo|b|e eo. |tto.//....eo|c|oo|eqo|.
qov.co/|ooe.o|o/estoo|st|cos/oeos|s/3-oeos|s-2O
35 |b|oe., o. +5.
8:
C&O-& MB X,$-36;,& ,6#%&`&*,-,&% '3:[6 '37$ \PYMY] PYMM^
SL

!9$ I$*O%3 J"Q3% C$#&-
?[*3%$ _ ?[*3%$ _
PYMY .23 22 6.3 8 8.+36
PYMM .63 22 O.3+ 8 8.8O
C$#&- 3.36 22 3.8+ 8 .2+3
|oeote. ||oboooo oo |o Cooooc|o S|so |o,e o oot| oe |oooc|o obteo|oo oe| S|/V/C-||||, |ost|toto |oc|ooo| oe |eo|c|oo |eqo|
C|eoc|os |oeoses, |ev|stos |oeos|s 2OO 2O. ||sooo|b|e eo. |tto.//....eo|c|oo|eqo|.qov.co/|ooe.o|o/estoo|st|cos/oeos|s
C&O-& PB J&-#%&#$ .3 +&%3Q& T 37 +&%3Q& '3:[6 '37$ \PYMY] PYMM^
!9$ I$*O%3 J"Q3% C$#&-
?[*3%$ _ ?[*3%$ _
PYMY 6.63 2 5.82 88 5.85
PYMM 6.66 2 5.O2 88 5.6
C$#&- 3.362 2 O2.2+ 88 5.636
|oeote. ||oboooo oo |o Cooooc|o S|so |o,e o oot| oe |oooc|o obteo|oo oe| S|/V/C-||||, |ost|toto |oc|ooo| oe |eo|c|oo |eqo|
C|eoc|os |oeoses, |ev|stos |oeos|s 2OO 2O. ||sooo|b|e eo. |tto.//....eo|c|oo|eqo|.qov.co/|ooe.o|o/estoo|st|cos/oeos|s
|os c|os ev|oeoc|oo ooe |o v|o|eoc|o |otoo|||o /o oe ooe,o coot|ooo oectoooo oe ooeo oesoo-
ooc|ooooo o |os o,ees co|ob|ooos. |ooote este oe|ooo (2OO - 2O) se ootovo coostoote |o ozo
oe oos |obes |es|ooooos oo cooo s|ete o,ees eo|oooos oo v|o|eoc|o |otoo|||o. |ooote |os oos
oos evo|oooos (2OO 2O), oo ooeo|o oooo| oe 88 oe |os o,ees oeoo o|totooos oo so cooqe,
coooeo oeooeote, ooe,o o e ooe,o, eote o oo oe |os |obes. |os cosos oe o|toto oe ooe,o
cooto |o o,e eoo tooos oote e| |||| C|
3
ooe o|q|oooo o|ctoeoes oe so oo te, oeoo 5.82 eo e|
2OO 5.O2 eo e| 2O, ooo oo toto| oe O2.2+, |o coo| s|qo| |co ooe oooote estos oos (2OO 2O) o|o|o-
eote +2 o,ees cooo |oo o| eoos se|s (6) o,ees oeoo o|totooos oo sos ooe,os o e ooe,os
38
.
|os eso|tooos oe|||ooes oe |o |oooc|o eq|stooo eo e| oo 2O2 oo e| |ost|toto oe |eo|c|oo |eqo| o|eoo
coeoto ooe .+6 o,ees oeoo oses|oooos eo ese oo, s|o ootos oo sobe oesooto oqeso o c|coostooc|os
oe| |ec|o. |o e|oc|o coo |o v|o|eoc|o |otoo|||o, se eoo tooo .+85 cosos oe |os coo|es e| ,8 oo c|eoto
tov|eoo coo v|ct|os o,ees. |o v|o|eoc|o oe ooe,o eoo t e| oo oeo oe v|ct|os o,ees coo oo
toto| oe +O.83 cosos.
|o ote|o oe ,ost|c|o, ooo cooooo oooote e| oo 2O |eo|c|oo |eqo| eoo t O.3 o,ees v|ct|os oe
v|o|eoc|o |otoo|||o, eo |o ||sco||o Ceoeo| oe |o |oc|o s|o e|steo 3O.+ cosos oct|vos eo |o ,o|so|cc|o
oo|oo|o oo este oe||to. |e |qoo| oo, eo ote|o oe |o|c|o|os, ooo cooooo |eo|c|oo |eqo| eoo t
coo oesooto oqeso eo e| 2O o |o ooe,o o e ooe,o eo 3O cosos, |o ||sco||o Ceoeo| s|o eoo t 6
cosos oct|vos oe |o|c|o|o oqovooo oo e| |ec|o oe se o,e
3
. |os c|os oe| oooe ,oo|c|o| eo ote|o oe
v|o|eoc|o cooto |os o,ees soo escosos, |oco|eeotes cooosos oo |o tooto oo e|ste oo oooooo eo|
sobe e| estooo oe |ooo|ooo qeoeo||zooo ooe e|ste eo e| oo|s.
36 |oeote. Tob|os e|oboooos oo /|eoooo o|oteo 3eoov|oes , |ovest|qoooo oe S|so |o,e o oo t| oe |oooc|o obteo|oo oe| S|/V/C-||||,
|ost|toto |oc|ooo| oe |eo|c|oo |eqo| C|eoc|os |oeoses, |ev|stos |oeos|s 2OO 2O. ||sooo|b|es eo. |tto.//....eo|c|oo|eqo|.qov.co/|ooe.
o|o/estoo|st|cos/oeos|s
3 || |||| C| |oc|oe oeoto oe |o coteqo|o oe ooe,o eooe,o |os s|qo|eotes octoes. ooote, coooeo oeooeote, esooso, e esooso, e
ooote, e oov|o, oov|o ooe,o.
38 o|oteo 3eoov|oes /|eoooo, '|eec|os eo eeo|oo. Cb. C|t. ooq. 52.
3 ||sco||o Ceoeo| oe |o |oc|o. |ooe o |o c|oooooo|o sobe e| oesoo||o oe |o oo||t|co oe |qoo|ooo oo o|sc||ooc|o coo eooooe oe qoeo
o|eeoc|o|, 5 oe eoeo oe 2O2.
8;
MBU X,$-36;,& +$% +%3Q",;,$ 36 ;$6#%& .3 -&' *"Q3%3' H>C
|o Co|ob|o, |o v|o|eoc|o oo oe,o|c|o es oo eoeoo oo||o e |ov|s|b|||zooo, ooe oecto oe ooeo oo-
ot|co o |os oesooos coo o|eotoc|ooes seoo|es o |oeot|oooes oe qoeo o|vesos. |e| toto| oe |o|c|o|os
cooto oesooos |C3T| coooc|oos eote |os oos 2OO 2O (28O), o| eoos e| 2O. (58), ooeoeo se coto-
|oqooos coo |o|c|o|os oo oe,o|c|o
+O
t|eooeo o oecto eo oo ooooc|o o |os o,ees tooseoo-
|es |os oct|v|stos oe |os oeec|os |C3T| oo so v|s|b|||ooo. S|o eboqo, e| |stooo oo |es |o b|ooooo ooo
oteoc|o ooecoooo ooe oe|to oeveo| so ocoeoc|o, qooot|zo |os oeec|os oe |os v|ct|os eoo|co
|o |ooo|ooo.
||ste oo qoo sobeq|sto oe |os eo|soo|os v|o|eotos coet|oos cooto oesooos oe |o oob|oc|o |C3T|. |sto
ocoe oo |o o|to oe oeoooc|os oo oo te oe |os |sos v|ct|os, oo |eoo o eoeso||os /o o so| o|sc|-
|ooc|o, oo |os s|steos oe |oooc|o |oooecoooos ooe oo eq|stoo oe ooeo o|eeoc|ooo |os v|o|eo-
c|os ooe se coeteo eo cooto oe |esb|ooos, qos, b|seoo|es toosqeoe|stos. /oeos, |os oocos ootos ooe
e|steo soo |ocoo|etos oo oe|teo |oce oo ooo||s|s ooecoooo oe| eoeoo. |o |oe|steoc|o oe boeoo
|oooc|o o| esoecto oo s|o |ov|s|b|||zo |os v|o|oc|ooes o |os oeec|os |oooos oeoetooos eo cooto oe
|os oesooos |C3T|, s|oo ooe tob|o |oos|b|||to oo|o eo|oos |eq|s|ot|vos oo||t|cos oeceso|os ooo
eoeoto eeo|o ooo toooeote |o s|tooc|o.
|o o|to oe esooesto ooecoooo oe| |stooo se ev|oeoc|o tob|o eo e| o|ve| oe |ooo|ooo oe |os c|eoes
coet|oos cooto |o oob|oc|o |C3T|. |sto se qeoeo, eote otos ozooes, ooooe |os |ost|toc|ooes ooe ||evoo
o cobo |o |ovest|qoc|o ,ozqo|eoto oo tooo eo coeoto |o o|sc||ooc|o e| oe,o|c|o coo oo octo
e|evoote ooo ooo||zo |o v|o|eoc|o cooto |os oesooos coo o|eotoc|ooes seoo|es e |oeot|oooes oe qoeo
o|vesos. /s|, o oeso oe ooe es ev|oeote |o eteo v|o|eoc|o coo ooe se coeteo estos octos, |o oo|o
oe |os |ovest|qoc|ooes oeoo|es oo osoeo esto coo oo oesoooesto oe |os ||otes|s oe |ovest|qoc|o, |o ooe
oecto |o ,oo|c|o||zoc|o eect|vo oe |os cosos
+
.
MBG DO'#b;"-$' ,6'#,#";,$6&-3' +&%& -& ,*+-3*36#&;,56 .3- *$.3-$ ,6#3:%&- .3 ,6#3%436;,56 & -&'
4,$-36;,&' ;$6#%& -&' *"Q3%3'
|o 2OO, e| Co|t Ceoo. oestoc |os ovooces ooot|vos ooo |oce eote o |o v|o|eoc|o cooto |o o,e
eo e| oo|s
+2
, oeo tob|o eoes so oeocoooc|o eo coooto o ooe |os eo|oos oeoo |oso |c|eotes ooo
|t|qo e| |esqo ooe coeo |os o,ees eote o |o v|o|eoc|o e,ec|oo cooto e||os
+3
. || |stooo Co|ob|ooo
oestoc coo e| o|oc|oo| ovooce |eq|s|ot|vo eo |o ote|o |o eoeo|c|o oe |o |e 25 oe 2OO8 sos |ece-
tos eq|oeoto|os eo coo|||eoto oe| o t|co|o oe |o Cooveoc|o
++
. S|o eboqo, |oeqo oe c|oco oos oe
|o eoeo|c|o oe |o |e 25 oe 2OO8, e| ooe|o |oteqo| oe |o |e 25 ooo |o oteoc|o o |o v|o|eoc|o cooto
|os o,ees oo |o s|oo ote|o||zooo eect|voeote. Toosco|oo os oe
oo oo eo|o oe |o eoeo|c|o oe |os |ecetos eq|oeoto|os
+5
eo ote|o oe so|oo, tobo,o, ,ost|c|o
eoococ|o, e| ooe|o oe ootecc|o oteoc|o o |os o,ees v|ct|os oo |o s|oo ooesto eo oc|o oe o-
oeo |oteqo| cooo|oooo, oeb|oo o.
|o o|to oe cooo|ooc|o |ote|ost|toc|ooo| ooo |o |o|eeotoc|o oe |o |e 25. |o |o ecoeoooc|o e|t|-
oo oo e| Co|t Ceoo. eo 2OO, se /||eoto o| |stooo |o te o ooe s|qo |oteos| |coooo |o cooo|ooc|o eote
tooos |os |ost|toc|ooes ooe oestoo oooo oooo eo |os cosos oe v|o|eoc|o oost|co cooto |o o,e
+6
.
+O Co|ob|o ||veso, |ooo|ooo s|o |o- |ooe oe oeec|os |oooos oe |esb|ooos, qos, b|seoo|es oesooos toos eo Co|ob|o 2OO- 2O.
+ |b|o.
+2 Cbsevoc|ooes |oo|es oe| Co|t. Cb. C|t. oo. 8.
+3 |b|o. oo. O.
++ V|| Y V||| |ooes Cob|oooo oe| |stooo Co|ob|ooo. Cb. C|t. |oq. 3O
+5 |os |ecetos eq|oeoto|os oeoo eoeo|oos tes oos oesoos oe |o ooo|qoc|o oe |o |e 25, eo o|c|ebe oe 2O.
+6 Cbsevoc|ooes |oo|es oe| Co|t ooo |o ||||ooc|o oe |o ||sc||ooc|o cooto |o |o,e. Co|ob|o 2OO, C||/\/C/S|.O (/ 3).
8<
|o esooesto o esto ecoeoooc|o, e| |stooo eoo to eo so |ooe e| ecoo|so oe cooo|ooc|o |ote-
|ost|toc|ooo| eo v|o|eoc|os cooto |os o,ees eq|oeotooo oo e| |eceto 6+ oe 2OO
+
. S|o eboqo, e|
ecoo|so oo estob|ec| estoteq|os c|oos ooe o t|co|eo o |os |ost|toc|ooes. eo oo 2O |os ||o|ste|os oe
So|oo, Tobo,o, |oococ|o ost|c|o, ooe coeotoo coo ooootos esoec| |cos ooeoooos oo |o |e, eq|oeo-
tooo cooo ooo oe sos ob|tos s|o estob|ece ecoo|sos oe cooo|ooc|o coo |os oeos ||o|ste|os ooo
|oteveo| coo,ootoeote |o v|o|eoc|o cooto |os o,ees.
|o e|ste ooo oe to oo| |cooo ooo |o oteoc|o ootecc|o o |os o,ees v|ct|os oe v|o|eoc|os oo |o
tooto, e||os t|eoeo ooe eoeooe o|st|otos ooceo||eotos ooo ec|oo sos oeec|os oote |os |ost|toc|ooes.
|o o|to oe oo t|c|ooc|o oe |os oqoo|zoc|ooes oe o,ees e| Co|t oe seqo||eoto o |o |e 25 oe 2OO8
+8
.
|| Co|t Ceoo. ecoeoo eo 2OO o| |stooo Co|ob|ooo v|oco|o o |os oqoo|zoc|ooes oe o,ees eo
|o coostocc|o oe estoteq|os ooo e|||oo |os esteeot|oos oe qoeo
+
. |o so |ooe, e| |stooo eoo to
ooe e| Co|t oe seqo||eoto o |o |e 25 |o o to|ec|oo |o |ote|ococ|o coo |os oqoo|zoc|ooes oe o,ees,
ooesto ooe eo o|c|o esceoo|o oo t|c|ooo tes eoeseotootes oe |os oqoo|zoc|ooes, oo|eoes soo e|eq|oos
oeocot|coeote
5O
. |o obstoote es |oo toote eso|to, o|eo, ooe e| |stooo oo cooso|to coo e| Co|t
oe seqo||eoto |os osootos e|ot|vos o |o |o|eeotoc|o oe |o |e 25
5
, seqoooo, ooe |o |oeo|oo eo
e|teooos ooo too|oooes |o oo t|c|ooc|o o|ecto oe |os oqoo|zoc|ooes oe o,ees eo |os oocesos oe |-
o|eeotoc|o oe |o |e 25 oe 2OO8 bo,o e| oqoeoto oe ooe |o oo t|c|ooc|o es ec|os|voeote o tovs
oe| Co|t.
|os ||o|ste|os oe |oococ|o, ost|c|o Tobo,o soet|eoo o coos|oeoc|o oe| Co|t oe Seqo||eoto oe
|os Cqoo|zoc|ooes oe |o,ees |os |ecetos eq|oeoto|os ootes oe so eoeo|c|o, |o ooe oe|t| o| Co|-
t o |os Cqoo|zoc|ooes oece ooo tes ooo o,osto |os ooevos ooootos o |os estooooes |oteooc|ooo|es
oe ootecc|o o |os oeec|os |oooos.
Cooto|o o esto, e| ||o|ste|o oe So|oo eo|o| |os |ecetos eq|oeoto|os 23+ oe 2O2 +6 oe 2O s|o
cooso|to|os oev|oeote coo e| Co|t oe seqo||eoto o |o |e 25, o| coo |os Cqoo|zoc|ooes oe |o,ees.
/oeos, e| ||o|ste|o oe ost|c|o eo|o| |os ||oeo|eotos ooo |o |o|eeotoc|o oe |os eo|oos oe ootec-
c|o oe ,ost|c|o ooo |os Co|so|os oe |o|||o eo e| oco oe| oeceto eq|oeoto|o + oe 2O, tob|o
s|o cooso|to oev|o o| Co|t |os oqoo|zoc|ooes. |sto |o|o| coeq| |os se|os obstoco|os oe occeso o |os
eo|oos oe ootecc|o eo so|oo ,ost|c|o ooe coot|eoeo |os |ecetos ||oeo|eotos.
|e |c|eoc|os eo e| S|steo oe So|oo ooo |o|eeoto e| ecoo|so oe eoq|o. || Co|t ev|oeoc|o so |ote-
s oo coooce e| ecoo|so oe eoq|o ooe ooeoo |o |e 25 oe 2OO8
52
. || |stooo |oo|co ooe |o |e 25
ooeoo oesto sev|c|os oe o||eotoc|o, |osoeoo,e toosoo te o |os o,ees v|ct|os ooe e| ||o|ste|o
oe So|oo estob|ec| eo |os |ecetos +6 oe 2O
53
23+ oe 2O2, e| ooceo||eoto ooo so||c|to|os. S|o
eboqo, oooooe eo |o eso|oc|o 85 oe| 3 oe oo oe| 2O3 e| ||o|ste|o oe So|oo |otecc|o Soc|o|
oest|o |os ecosos ooo cooo |eoo toeoto oe| oo|s, este ooceo||eoto oeseoto se|os oob|eos ooo
so |o|eeotoc|o.
|| oeceto 23+ oe 2O2 estob|ec| oo to|te ooe obstoco||zo e| occeso o |os eo|oos oe o||eotoc|o, |os-
+ |esooestos oe Co|ob|o o |o ||sto oe coest|ooes C||/\ 56 oe|ooo oe ses|ooes, 3O oe seot|ebe o 8 oe octobe oe 2O3, C||/\/C/
CC|//-8//oo.
+8 || Co|t oe Seqo||eoto o |o |e 25 oe 2OO8 es oo oqoo|so |ote|ost|toc|ooo| ooe coeoto ooeos coo |o oo t|c|ooc|o oe |os oqoo|zoc|ooes
oe o,ees oe |o soc|eooo c|v|| ooe t|eoe coo ooooto v|q||o |o |o|eeotoc|o coo|||eoto oe |o |e.
+ Cbsevoc|ooes |oo|es oe| Co|t. Cb. C|t. |o 2O.
5O V|| V||| |ooes Cob|oooo oe| |stooo Co|ob|ooo. Cb. C|t.|oq. ++
5 |o |o ||sto oe coest|ooes e| Co|t Ceoo. so||c|to o| |stooo ooe |ooe e| ooooto |os oct|v|oooes oe| co|t oe seqo||eoto o |o |e 25. ||sto
oe coest|ooes e|ot|vo o |os |ooes sot|o octovo cob|oooos oe Co|ob|o , 8 oe ozo oe 2O3 C||/\/C/CC|//-8
52 ||sto oe coest|ooes. Cb. C|t. oo. 8 .
53 || |eceto +6 oe 2O estob|ec| ooe e| oeec|o oe |os o,ees o |o o||eotoc|o, |osoeoo,e toosoo te coo cooooeote oe| oeec|o o |o
so|oo seo eect|v|zooo oo e| |stooo o tovs oe |os cosos eoq|o oe ocoq|oo o|oc|oo|eote.
83
oeoo,e toosoo te. |) e|qe oo eoeo o|co ooooe se ce t| |ooe ooe |o eo|oo coesooooe o| ooo
ooe so| |o o,e ooeos so||c|to ooo evo|ooc|o oe |esqo oo oo te oe |o oo||c|o, ooe tooo os oe O
o|os oo tooto oeso|bo,o e| coocte oqeote oe |os eo|oos. ||) |o |oteveoc|o oe |o oo||c|o ooc|ooo| es
|ocooveo|eote ooooe |o ooc|o oe vo|oo e| |esqo se |e oo|to o |o ooto|ooo c|v|| (,oez/o o co|so|o/o oe
o|||o) ooo oe|eqo|o eo ooo ooto|ooo oooo, ooe oo coeoto coo |os |eo|eotos ooo |oeot| |co |os
|esqos esoec|o|es oe |os o,ees. |||) |o e| |eceto se e|qeo eoo|s|tos ooe oo cooteo|o |o |e 25 ooo
occeoe o |o eo|oo.
|o oevo|eoc|o oe |o oo||coc|o oe| oeec|o |oteoo oe o|||o eo oet|eoto oe |os |eec|os |oooos oe
|os o,ees |o |e 25 eo |os Co|so|os oe |o|||o. |o 2OO, e| Co|t Ceoo. eoes so oeocoooc|o
oo ooe e| tosooso oe ooc|ooes oe |os ozqooos o |os Co|so|os oe |o|||o ooo|eo eooc| eo |o ooct|co e|
occeso o |o ,ost|c|o ooo |os o,ees v|ct|os
5+
. Sobe e| teo oo se oooooc| e| |stooo Co|ob|ooo eo |os
V|| V||| |ooes cob|oooos oeo s| eoot|z eo ooe |os Co|so|os oe |o|||o ooteqeo o |os oesooos v|ct|-
os oe v|o|eoc|o |otoo|||o
55
, o|v|ooooo eoo to |os oebees esoec| |cos ooe t|eoeo |os Co|so|os coo |os
oeec|os oe |os o,ees eo e| oco oe |o |e 25 oe 2OO8. |sto ev|oeoc|o ooe oes|ste oo eooooe o|||sto
ooo e| obooo,e oe |os v|o|eoc|os oe qoeo eo |os Co|so|os oe |o|||o. oevo|ece |o soooesto ootecc|o
o |o o|||o sobe |o ootecc|o o |o v|oo e |oteq|ooo oe |os o,ees.
|| |ocoo|||eoto o|to oe |o|eeotoc|o oe |os ooos ooe |otev|eoeo |os v|o|eoc|os cooto |os o,ees
eo e| ob|to oe tobo,o. e| Co|t Ceoo., eo |o ||sto oe coest|ooes, oeqoot oo |os eo|oos esoec|o|es oe
coocte teooo| eo |os e,es teot|cos oe oesoo||o eo|eo eoeso|o|
56
, eote otos. |o so esooesto,
e| |stooo se e || o o|qooos |ees ooco oesoo||ooos
5
o|t| ee|se o |os o|soos|c|ooes oe| |eceto
++63 oe 2O ooe eq|oeoto |o |e 25 eo e| ob|to oe| tobo,o, ooe eote otos osootos, eq|oeoto e|
toto|eoto ooe e| secto |oboo| oebe b|ooo|e o |os o,ees v|ct|os oe ocoso seoo|.
|| |eceto ++63 oe 2O |ostooo coo oebees |eqo|es |) estob|ece e| ocoso seoo| oeoto oe| ob|to oe| to-
bo,o coo oo |esqo ooes|ooo| oe |os o,ees, ||) ceo estoteq|os ooo oeveo| e| ocoso seoo| eo e| secto
|oboo|, |||) estob|ece oo ecoo|so oe oeoooc|o oe |os cosos oe ocoso seoo|
58
. |oo |o|eeoto e| |eceto,
e| ||o|ste|o oe| Tobo,o eo|o| e| ooqoo oe eoo|ooo |oboo|
5
eo e| coo| oo se cooteo| o|oqooo eo|oo
ooo eect|v|zo |o ooo eo e|oc|o coo e| ocoso seoo| eo e| ob|to oe| tobo,o.
PB 83%3;N$ & -& Q"'#,;,& +&%& *"Q3%3' 4R;#,*&' .3 4,$-36;,&'
|| Co|t Ceoo. oeqoot oo |os eso|tooos, eo c|os, oe |os ecoo|sos ooo qooot|zo e| occeso o |o
,ost|c|o ooo |os o,ees v|ct|os oe v|o|eoc|o oost|co seoo| o ooos|to oe| ooeoto eo |os eq|stos
o |c|o|es
6O
. || |stooo Co|ob|ooo |oo sobe |o eoeo|c|o oe| |eceto + oe 2O2 ooe eq|oeoto |o
|e 25 oe 2OO8 eo ote|o oe ,ost|c|o
6
e |oo ooe |os eso|tooos oe so |o|eeotoc|o se eocootoboo
eo e| ooeo 3 oe| |ooe. || |stooo Co|ob|ooo oo o|o esooesto o |os oeqootos oe| Co|t coo |o eoc-
t|too oec|s|o eooe|oos.
/s| |so, e| Co|t e||c|t eo sos Cbsevoc|ooes |oo|es oe 2OO o Co|ob|o oo |o ot| |coc|o oe| |oto-
co|o oco|tot|vo o |o Cooveoc|o oe| 23 oe eoeo oe 2OO
62
. S|o eboqo, o oeso oe |o oec|s|o oe |o Co te
5+ Cbsevoc|ooes |oo|es oe| Co|t. Cb. C|t. oo 8
55 V|| Y V||| |ooes Cob|oooo oe| |stooo Co|ob|ooo. Cb. C|t. ooq.25
56 ||sto oe coest|ooes. Cb c|t oo. .
5 |esooestos oe Co|ob|o o |o ||sto oe coest|ooes. Cb c|t. |oq O.
58 / t|co|o 3, ||teo|, ooeo| ||teo| , |eceto ++63 oe 2O.
5 ||o|ste|o oe| tobo,o, |oqoo |oc|ooo| ooo |o |oo|ooo |oboo| coo |ooooe ||eeoc|o| oe Coeo 2O2 -2O8.
6O Co|t C||/\, ||sto oe coest|ooes. Cb. C|t. oo +.
6 |esooestos oe Co|ob|o o |o ||sto oe coest|ooes. Cb C|t. ooq 5.
62 Co|t ooo |o ||||ooc|o oe |o ||sc||ooc|o cooto |o |o,e, Cbsevoc|ooes |oo|es oe| Co|t ooo |o ||||ooc|o oe |o ||sc||ooc|o cooto
|o |o,e. Co|ob|o, 2 oe ebeo oe 2OO, oocoeoto C||/\/C/CC|/CC/6.
84
Coost|toc|ooo| oe 2OO6 ooe oec|o e| |otoco|o ocooe coo |o Coost|toc|o |o||t|co, e| Cob|eoo oec|o
o| oeoto oe| oeos|to oe| |ostoeoto ooe oo ecoooc|o |o cooeteoc|o oe| Co|t eo |os o t|co|os 8
ooo |ovest|qo v|o|oc|ooes qoves o s|steot|cos o |o Cooveoc|o. /oeos oec|o ooe |os eo|oos
oov|s|ooo|es ooe se ooooteo coo e|oc|o o |os ||SC oebeo se oo||cooos eo coosooooc|o coo e| coocte
ooqes|vo oe estos oeec|os. ||oo|eote, Co|ob|o oec|o ooe o| e| |otoco|o o| e| Co|t ooooo e|q||e
o| |stooo ooe oesoeoo||ce oe||tos cooto |o v|oo o |o |oteq|ooo oesooo|. /s| |os cosos, Co|ob|o |||t eo
|o ooct|co |o coooc|ooo oe occ|o oe| Co|t eote o |o s|tooc|o co|ob|ooo oe ooeo coos|oeob|e.
|es|steo ootooes o|sc||ooto|os eo ozo oe| seo eo e| s|steo ,oo|c|o| ooe |o|oeo e| occeso o |o ,ost|c|o
ooo |os o,ees v|ct|os oe v|o|eoc|os, soo o|tos |os |oo|ces oe |ooo|ooo eo |os cosos oe v|o|eoc|o seoo|
v|o|eoc|o |otoo|||o |o |oso |c|eoc|o oe |os eo|oos ooootooos oo e| |stooo ooo esooooe o oo oob|e-
o oe to| oqo|too.
PBMB <6'"` ,;,36;,& .3 -&' *3.,.&' &.$+#&.&' +$% 3- 1'#&.$ +&%& 3-,*,6&% -$' $O'#b;"-$' .3 &;;3'$
& -& Q"'#,;,&
|| Co|t Ceoo. oeqoot oo |os ecoo|sos |eqo|es oe oeoooc|o oe cosos oe v|o|eoc|os cooto |os o-
,ees oo |os ecoo|sos oe occeso o |o ,ost|c|o, esoec| |coeote eo e|oc|o coo |o eoeseotoc|o ,oo|c|o|
oe o,ees v|ct|os oe v|o|eoc|os |os eso|tooos oe |os evo|ooc|ooes o |o |e 25 s| |os |ob|ee
63
. || |stooo
Co|ob|ooo oo o|o esooesto cooceto o |o oeqooto oe| Co|t
6+
.
|o so qoo oo|o, |os o,ees v|ct|os oe v|o|eoc|os coeceo oe eoeseotoc|o ,oo|c|o| os|steoc|o |etooo.
|o eot|ooo ||oooo o qooot|zo este oeec|o es |o |eeoso|o oe| |oeb|o, ooooe e|ste ooo teooeoc|o o
o to|ece e| s|steo oe oeeoso|o ob||co ooo v|ct|o|os oqesoes, |eotos ooe e| s|steo ooc|ooo| oe
eoeseotoc|o ,oo|c|o| o v|ct|os oo coeoto coo ooo os|qooc|o oesoooesto| ooo o|ooto oe ooes|ooo|es
so |c|eote. |sto oeb|||ooo |ost|toc|ooo| se e |e,o eo ooe, oo e,eo|o, cooo ,o|sto eoeseoto o o|eoeoo 3+O
v|ct|os o |o vez, |o ooe |oos|b|||to ooe ooeooo b|ooo oo sev|c|o ooecoooo. /o|c|ooo|eote, |os oboqooos
eoeseotootes oe v|ct|os oo t|eoeo esoec|o||ooo oesoect|vo oe oeec|os |oooos oe |os o,ees, |o ooe
toe coos|qo ooe |o eoeseotoc|o ,oo|c|o| oo seo esoec|o||zooo o| oeeeoc|o|. /|qooos |ost|toc|ooes oo|-
o|stot|vos eq|ooo|es
65
b|oooo oseso|o ,o|o|co esoec|o||zooo ooo o,ees, oeo oo |otev|eoeo oe ooeo
o|ecto e| s|steo ,oo|c|o|, ooe es ooooe se eooooceo |o oo|o oe |os obstoco|os |ost|toc|ooo|es se|stos.
|os v|ct|os s|qoeo eoo toooo ootooes oe v|o|eoc|o |ost|toc|ooo| eo e| obooo,e oe |o v|o|eoc|o cooto
|os o,ees
66
. || |stooo |o ooe|ootooo occ|ooes ooo seos|b|||zo o ooc|ooo|os/os ob||cos/os oe tooos |os
o|ve|es eo 'eoo|ooo oe qoeo' to| coo |o eoo to eo e| |ooe oeseotooo o| Co|t Ceoo.
6
. S|o e-
boqo, estos esoezos oo soo|eo |o esooosob|||ooo oe| |stooo ooooe e| eooooe oe 'seos|b|||ooo eo eoo|ooo
oe qoeo' es ooe,ooo oesoe oo o|ooo sob,et|vo oe |os ooc|ooo|os oo coo ooo esooosob|||ooo oe
|o ooc|o ob||co. || |stooo oo coeoto coo oo s|steo oe seqo||eoto oe| |oocto oe estos coooc|toc|ooes
eo |o o|s|ooc|o oe ootooes oe v|o|eoc|o |ost|toc|ooo| cooto |os o,ees v|ct|os. Soo oocos |os coqos
esoec|o||zooos eo v|o|eoc|os cooto |os o,ees oo tooos |os ooc|ooo|os ooe |os ocoooo coooceo e| teo.
|o tooo |o oote|o, e| |stooo Co|ob|ooo s|qoe oesoteoo|eooo e| o|eoo coo|||eoto o |o ecoeoooc|o
qeoeo| |. oe| Co|t Ceoo. |o coo| seo|o ooe oebe |ovest|qo ooecooooeote |os c|eoes coet|oos
cooto |os o,ees sooc|ooo o |os esooosob|es
68
.
63 Co|t C||/\, ||sto oe Coest|ooes. Cb C|t oo. .+.
6+ |esooesto o |o ||sto oe Coest|ooes. Cb C|t. ooq. 5.
65 |ste sev|c|o oe oseso|o ,o|o|co es oec|oo, eote otos, oo |os cosos oe ,ost|c|o eoo tooos oo e| |stooo eo so |ooe oeseotooo o| Co|t
C||/\. Sot|o octovo cob|oooos oe Co|ob|o. Cb C|t ooq. 2+.
66 Ve. 'Cbstoco|os ooo e| occeso o |o ,ost|c|o oe |os o,ees v|ct|os oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| eo Co|ob|o', Cooooc|o S|so |o,e, 2O. ||sooo|b|e
eo. ....s|soo,e.oq
6 V|| Y V|| |ooe. Cb C|t |oqs. 36, 28 +
68 |ecoeoooc|o Ceoeo| |o ooootooo oo e| Co|t ooo |o ||||ooc|o oe |o ||sc||ooc|o cooto |o |o,e, oe|ooo oe ses|ooes, 2,
|.|. |oc. ||\C||\\|ev. ot 8+ +, oo. .
85
PBPB <*+"6,.&. 36 ;&'$' .3 4,$-36;,& '37"&- 36 3- *&%;$ .3- ;$6` -,;#$ &%*&.$
|o |o ||sto oe coest|ooes se so||c|to |oooc|o o| |stooo Co|ob|ooo sobe e| oeo oe cosos oe v|o|eoc|o
seoo| eo e| oco oe| coo ||cto oooo ooe se |oo eq|stooo, |o coot|ooo oe |ovest|qoc|ooes oeoo|es sobe
estos oe||tos e| oeo oe oqesoes cost|qooos
6
. || |stooo Co|ob|ooo oo oec| esos c|os
O
. /ooooe
e| Co|t oeqoot o| |stooo sobe |o ,oo|c|o||zoc|o oe estos cosos eo e| oco oe| coo ||cto oooo, es
tob|o |oo toote oestoco |os c|os oe oeoooc|os, |ovest|qoc|ooes seoteoc|os ooooc|oos eo cosos oe
v|o|eoc|os cooto |os o,ees eo |o v|oo cot|o|ooo.
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|otoo|||o
.+ (58) +.+8 (2) O8 () 2.28 (+) 6.28
(OO)
/cceso cooo| 3.OO8 (+2) 2.+O (35) 3+O (5) .255 (8) .O3
v|o|eoto (OO)
/cto seoo| .2++ (+3) 8+ (3+) 5 (+) 5+3 () 2.886
v|o|eoto (OO)
/cceso cooo| 3 (+) 2 (35) + (5) ++ () 3
o octo seoo| (OO)
eo oesooo
ooesto eo
|ocoooc|ooo oe
es|st|
/cceso cooo| 5.+3 (+2) +.88 (35) 56 (+) 2.663 () 3.862
obos|vo coo (OO)
eoo oe
cotoce oos
/ctos seoo|es .65 (+) 6.++3 (35) 83O (5) 3.5 () 8.+35
coo eoo oe (OO)
cotoce oos
/cceso cooo| 6+ (+) 52+ (35) 6 (5) 283 () .+88
o octo seoo| (OO)
obos|vo coo
|ocoooz oe
es|st|
/coso seoo| 3 (52) 26 (35) 2 (3) 8 (O) 5
(OO)
o|c|o|o (3) (3) O (O) + (22) 8
oqovooo s| se (OO)
coet|ee
cooto o,e,
oo e| |ec|o
oe se o,e.
|oeote. ||oboooo oo |o Cooooc|o S|so |o,e o oot| oe esooesto oe |o ||sco||o Ceoeo| oe |o |oc|o ||ecc|o |oc|ooo| oe ||sco||os
- oe ebeo 6 oe 2O3 o oeec|o oe oet|c|o oe S|so |o,e

.
6 Co|t C||/\, ||sto oe coest|ooes. Cb C|t. |o. 8.
O |esooestos oe Co|ob|o o |o ||sto oe coest|ooes. Cb C|t. |oq 2.
||sco||o Ceoeo| oe |o |oc|o, ||ecc|o |oc|ooo| oe ||sco||os. C |c|o |o. O336+, 6 oe ebeo oe 2O3.
86
'|e ocoeoo coo |o |oooc|o eoo tooo oo |o ||sco||o Ceoeo| oe |o |oc|o, e| estooo ooceso| oe |os
|ovest|qoc|ooes oo |os oe||tos seoo|es |o v|o|eoc|o |otoo|||o ooe se to|tooo eote e| 2OO 2O2,
oeoesto ooe eote e| 8 O se eocoeotoo s|tooc|o oe |ooo|ooo'
2
.
'|o +.O |ovest|qoc|ooes, eoo|vo|eotes o| 86, |o oo|o|stoc|o oe ,ost|c|o oo |o ooo|oo oete|oo |o co|-
oob|||ooo oe| ooto o ootoes, ooeooooo s|o ,ost|c|o esos |ovest|qoc|ooes'
3
.
'|e |os ++.52 oe||tos seoo|es (|oc|oeooo v|o|oc|o octos seoo|es obos|vos) (.) eo 36.8 |ovest|qoc|o-
oes, eoo|vo|eotes o 8 |o ||sco||o, oo |o |oqooo oete|oo |o co|oob|||ooo e| ooto o ootoes, ooeooooo
s|o ,ost|c|o esos |ovest|qoc|ooes'
+
.
|o |o oo |oocto s|qo| |cot|vo eo e| |oceeoto oe |ovest|qoc|ooes oeoo|es sobe |os oe||tos oqovooos
/o oeoo||zooos oo |o |e 25 oe 2OO8. e| O oe |os cosos oe ocoso seoo| se eocoeoto eo |o |ooo|ooo
5
.
|| Co|t Ceoo. eo 2OO |ost o| |stooo |o te o ooe |oqo eote o |os coosos soboceotes oe |o v|o|eoc|o
cooto |o o,e o ooe e,oe e| occeso oe |os v|ct|os o |o ,ost|c|o |os ooqoos oe ootecc|o
6
. ||
|stooo eo e| V|| V||| |ooes cob|oooos oeseot coo o|oc|oo| ovooce e| ooecto oe |oc|o cooto |o
|ooo|ooo eo cosos oe V|o|eoc|o Seoo| eo e| |oco oe| Coo ||cto /ooo 2OO-2O3

coo estoteq|o
|ote|ost|toc|ooo| ooo |oteveo| |o oob|eot|co. |o |o esooesto e| |stooo oo |ooo sobe |os ovooces
eso|tooos oe| ooecto, oo |o ooe oo es oos|b|e eo| e| |oocto eo |o |oteveoc|o |ost|toc|ooo| o |o v|o-
|eoc|o seoo| oe este.
Co|ob|o oooot ooo |e oe V|ct|os (|e ++8 oe 2O) ooe estob|ece eo|oos oe oteoc|o eoooc|o
ooo |os oesooos v|ct|os oe v|o|oc|ooes qoves oe |os oeec|os |oooos oeoetooos oo qooos oooos
||eqo|es.
|o e| oco oe |o |o|eeotoc|o oe eso |e, |o |ooeo|zoc|o oo |os oe||tos oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| s|qoe s|eooo
o bo,o, teo|eooo eo coeoto ooe este t|oo oe v|o|eoc|o es oo eoeoo qeoeo||zooo eo e| cooteto oe|
coo ||cto oooo. |o e| 2O, oe oo toto| oe 53 v|ct|os |osc|tos oo oe||tos cooto |o ||be too e |oteq|ooo
seoo|, too so|o 2 ec|b|eoo eoooc|o oo|o|stot|vo.
<*+"6,.&. 36 .3-,#$' .3 4,$-36;,& '37"&- 36 3- *&%;$ .3- ;$6` -,;#$ &%*&.$
|os ooos oe |o ||oooo ,ost|c|o toos|c|ooo| |oo s|oo ooootooos o tovs oe eo|os o|s|||es ooe oeoeooeo
oe oocesos oqeotooos oe oeqoc|oc|o coo o|eeotes octoes oooos ||eqo|es, ooe se eoocoo eo e|
ooceo||eoto coooc|oo coo ost|c|o |oz eq|oeotooo o|oc|oo|eote oo |o |e 5 oe 2OO5. |ste oco
,o|o|co se cooceoto eo otoqo beoe |c|os o |os octoes oooos oesov|||zooos eo oe,o|c|o oe| oeec|o
oe |os o,ees v|ct|os oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| o |o veooo ,ost|c|o, s|eooo e| ecoo|so |ocoooz oe |oeot| |co
e| oo|veso eo| oe cosos oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| coet|oos oo |os qooos ooo|||toes oesov|||zooos cooc-
te|zoooose oo se |ov|ob|e ooo qooot|zo |os oeec|os oe |os o,ees v|ct|os. |o oote|o se ev|oeoc|o eo
e| bo,o oeo oe cosos oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| eo e| oco oe| coo ||cto oooo coooc|oos oo |o ||sco||o eo
e| bo,o oeo oe cosos ,oo|c|o||zooos eo e| oco oe| ecoo|so oe ,ost|c|o ooz.
|eoto oe |os oocesos oe ,oo|c|o||zoc|o ooe|ootooos eo e| oco oe |o |e 5 oe 2OO5, coooc|oo coo |e oe
ost|c|o |oz, |os oe||tos oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| |oo s|oo oeqooos oo |o oo|o oe |os oesov|||zooos oe |os o|e-
eotes b|oooes ooo|||toes. o|eoes |os |oo oceotooo, |oo o|c|o ooe oeoo e|oc|ooes cooseot|oos, |eotos
2 o|oteo 3eoov|oes /|eoooo, |eec|os eo eeo|oo. Cb C|t ooq 6O.
3 |b|o. ooq. 6.
+ |b|o. ooq. 62.
5 |b|o.
6 Cbsevoc|ooes |oo|es oe| Co|t.. Cb C|t oo. 8
V|| Y V||| |ooes Cob|oooo oe| |stooo Co|ob|ooo sobe e| Coo|||eoto oe |o Cooveoc|o |oo |o ||||ooc|o oe tooos |os oos oe ||s-
c||ooc|o cooto |o |o,e, o||o oe 2O, C||/\/C/Co|/-8, |ov|ebe |e 2O. ooq. ++.
87
|os cooooootes oote ev|oeoc|os oe v|o|oc|ooes seoo|es, |oo seo|ooo ooe oco|eoo 'oo o|to oe cooto| eo
|o tooo'
8
.
S|o eboqo, e|steo so |c|eotes oqoeotos ooo oseqoo ooe |o v|o|eoc|o seoo| ||zo oo te oe |os occ|ooes
eoeoo|oos oo |os qooos ooo|||toes eo Co|ob|o, ooo o|coozo ob,et|vos oe qoeo oo tooto so
,oo|c|o||zoc|o oebe e |e,o oo so|o |o qoveooo oe |os |ec|os oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| s|oo otos oe||tos ooe se
coet|eoo ooo|e|o s|o|tooeoeote coo esto, coo |os to toos, e| oeso|ozo|eoto ozooo, |os oeoo-
zos, eote otos.
/ oeso oe |o qoveooo oe |o s|tooc|o, |os occ|ooes ,oo|c|o|es cooto |os esooosob|es soo |o|os. |os |ost|-
toc|ooes o coqo oe |ovest|qoc|o ,oo|c|o||zoc|o oe estos oe||tos soo eooeotes o coos|oeo coo ||otes|s
oe |ovest|qoc|o |o v|o|eoc|o seoo| eo e| coo ||cto coo ooo ooct|co s|steot|co qeoeo||zooo, tooto eo |os
|ovest|qoc|ooes oe |o ,ost|c|o oo|oo|o coo eo e| oco oe |o ||oooo |e oe ,ost|c|o ooz. |e 83 cosos
oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| eo cooto oe o,ees oeso|ozooos ooe |o Co te Coost|toc|ooo| eo e| /oto O2 oe 2OO8
ooeo |ovest|qo o |o ||sco||o Ceoeo| oe |oc|o, s|o se |oo ||evooo o ,o|c|o 5 cosos

.
/o|st|o |oteooc|ooo| seo|o eo so os ec|eote |ooe ooe.
Seqo |os ootos oob||cooos oo |o ||sco||o Ceoeo| oe |o |oc|o eo eoeo oe 2O2 (.), |o |o|ooo oe
|eec|os oooos oe 3oqoto estobo |ovest|qoooo 8 cosos oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| e|oc|ooooo coo e|
coo ||cto, oe |os ooe 2+ estoboo |oc|o|oos eo e| /oto O2. |o obstoote, oooo ooe, seqo |os |ooes,
|os |sco||os eq|ooo|es estoo |ovest|qoooo O oe |os 83 cosos oe| /oto O2, |o + cosos oe |os ooe oo
se sobe oooo. |os ootos oe o|c|ebe oe 2O se e |eeo o oec|ooc|ooes oe co|oob|||ooo eo c|oco cosos
ooe |ovest|qobo |o |o|ooo oe |eec|os oooos, tes oe e||os ooeceo esto |oc|o|oos eo e| /oto O2.
|os |sos ootos |oo|coo ooe |o |ob|oo oec|ooc|ooes oe co|oob|||ooo eo se|s cosos oe| /oto O2 ooe
|ovest|qoboo |os |sco|es eq|ooo|es
8O
.
|o e| cooteto oe |o |e 5 oe 2OO5, |os estoo|st|cos oe |o |o|ooo |oc|ooo| oe ||sco||os ooo |o ost|c|o |o
|oz o o|c|ebe oe 2O2 ooo coeoto oe 3.5+6 |ec|os cooesooos oe |os ooe so|oeote 6 coesooooe|oo
o oe||tos oe v|o|eoc|o seoo|
8
. |e + seoteoc|os ooooc|oos eo este s|steo eo oc|o oos oe v|qeoc|o oe |o
|so, o|coeote 2 coesooooeo o v|o|eoc|o seoo|.
|os escosos |oqos eo ,ost|c|o ooo |os o,ees oeoo ev|oeotes ooo |o |eoeseotoote |soec|o| sobe V|o|eo-
c|o Seoo| oe| Seceto|o Ceoeo| eo so v|s|to o| oo|s eo e| 2O2, oo|eo seo| ooe o oeso oe ooe Co|ob|o
coeoto coo oo coo|e,o b|eo e|oboooo oco ooot|vo oe qoeo, e|steo qoooes o| |co|tooes ooo
ooe |os o,ees occeooo o |o ,ost|c|o |o |ooo|ooo oes|ste eo |o qoo oo|o oe oeoooc|os.
83O,-,.&.3' ,6'#,#";,$6&-3' +&%& -& Q".,;,&-,A&;,56 .3 -$' ;&'$' .3 4,$-36;,& '37"&- ;$6 $;&',56 .3-
;$6` -,;#$ &%*&.$
|os |ees 25 oe 2OO8 sobe oo v|o|eoc|os cooto |os o,ees ++8 oe 2O, oe oteoc|o eoooc|o o
v|ct|os oe| coo ||cto oooo est|toc|o oe t|eos, |oc|oeo eo|oos ooo qooot|zo e| oeec|o o |o ,os-
t|c|o ooo |os o,ees v|ct|os oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| eo e| oco oe| coo ||cto oooo, oeo oo soo coo||oos
oo e| |stooo sot|socto|oeote. |estocoos eote esos eo|oos eo o|e |oqo |o ooeo |eqo| oe b|ooo
ocoooo|eoto oo oo te oe |o |eeoso|o oe| |oeb|o, ocoooo|eoto ooe oebe se o|eeoc|o|, esoec|o-
8 "#$%&% '()#$ *&+ ,-../+ 0 %# 123)#4($#5+ 6$&3#7 8&727 %# &(972 7#:9&; %#; <;2=9# >2$ *#+ #1 ?**@ABBCCCD3#$%&%&()#$ *&D824BE97*)8)& F@&GB H-I
J$&3#7 8&727 %# &(972 7#:9&; %#; (;2=9# 12$ *#
|eso oe seqo||eoto o| /oto O2 oe 2OO8 /oeo esevooo. /cceso o |o ,ost|c|o ooo o,ees v|ct|os oe v|o|eoc|o seoo|. Coo to |ooe oe
seqo||eoto, oo oe 2O
8O /o|st|o |oteooc|ooo|. Co|ob|o. |ov|s|b|es oote |o ,ost|c|o |ooo|ooo oo octos oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| coet|oos eo e| coo ||cto. |ooe oe seqo|-
|eoto. |oq|oo 26.
8 Ve. |stoo|st|cos |o|ooo |oc|ooo| oe ||sco||os ooo |o ost|c|o |oz. Cest|o oe |o |o|ooo |oc|ooo| oe ||sco||os ooo |o ost|c|o |o |oz o O oe
o|c|ebe oe 2O2, eo |tto.//.... |sco||o.qov.co/,o/oo|ooo-oe-,ost|c|o--ooz/
:9
||zooo oece |oooc|o eozooo
82
eo e|oc|o coo |os oeec|os |oooos oe |os o,ees. S|o eboqo,
|o eot|ooo oo oesto |os sev|c|os eooe|oos oe ooeo eect|vo ooes e| s|steo oe eoeseotoc|o ,oo|c|o| o
v|ct|os es s|qo| |cot|voeote ob||.
Seqoooo, |o |e ++8 oe 2O oev eo |os qooot|os oe oo eoet|c|o. ) |o ooooc|o oe eo|oos ooo sooeo
|os esteeot|oos ooe ovoeceo |o o|sc||ooc|o |o v|o|eoc|o cooto |o o,e eo e| oco oe| coo ||cto oo-
oo
83
2) || oesoo||o oe ooo oo||t|co oe to|eooc|o ceo o |o v|o|eoc|o seoo|
8+
. S|o eboqo, eo o|c|ebe oe
2O e| Cob|eoo eq|oeot |o |e ++8 estos eo|oos oo oeoo |oc|o|oos eo |os oecetos eoeo|oos ooo
ese |o, |o coo| s|qo| |co ooe o |o ec|o oo e|steo occ|ooes coocetos o||q|oos esoec| |coeote o |o|eeoto
oo coo|||eoto o estos o|soos|c|ooes |eqo|es.
|o tece |oqo, |o ||sco||o Ceoeo| oe |o |oc|o oe |o| |o oo||t|co oe o|o|zoc|o oe cosos
85
, eo|oote |o
coo| |,o c|te|os ooo |ovest|qo sooc|ooo c|e tos oe||tos, eote |os ooe se eocoeotoo o|qooos oe v|o|eoc|o
seoo|. /|qooos oe |os c|te|os eoc|ooooos soo |o qoveooo oe| oe||to, so eoeseotot|v|ooo, ee|oos o |o
co||ooo oe |o v|ct|o o |o coocte|zoc|o oe| v|ct|o|o, oeo oo |o oooetos ooo oe |o| cooo c|te|o
86
.
/oeos, oo esoec| |co |o ooe soceoe coo |os cosos oo o|o|zooos, ooooe soq|ee ooe ooo|oo s|o|eeote
oo se |ovest|qooos.
|o |t|o, oo e|ste ooo oo||t|co oo| |cooo oe oteoc|o e |ovest|qoc|o o |os cosos oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| eo e|
oco oe| coo ||cto oooo oo oo te oe |o ||sco||o Ceoeo| oe |o |oc|o. |o ||sco||o esto ||oooo o coo||
coo o|eeotes ob||qoc|ooes |eqo|es, coost|toc|ooo|es e |oteooc|ooo|es coo |os oeec|os |oooos oe |os o-
,ees v|ct|os oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| eo e| oco oe| coo ||cto oooo. |s os| coo |o ||sco||o oebe oo coo||-
|eoto o |o Cooveoc|o Ceoo., e| |stototo oe |oo, |o Cooveoc|o oe 3e|e oo |oo, |o
|e 25 oe 2OO8, |o |e ++8 oe 2OO8, e| /oto O2
8
oe 2OO8 otos o|soos|c|ooes e|oc|ooooos coo |o
teot|co. |o ||sco||o oo |o ooesto eo oc|o ooo oo||t|co |oteqo| ooe oe|to oo coo|||eoto o tooo
e| oco ,o|o|co oe |os oeec|os |oooos oe |os o,ees eo Co|ob|o, s|oo ooe |o ooe|ootooo occ|ooes
o|s|ooos coo |o coostocc|o oe ootoco|os oe octooc|o o |o ceoc|o oe oo|oooes esoec|o||zooos oe oteo-
c|o e |ovest|qoc|o, ooe oooooe cooteo|oo o|qooos ooos, ec|oeo otos ooootos oe| |so oco
,o|o|co oe ootecc|o o |os oeec|os |oooos oe |os o,ees. |sto toe coos|qo ooeos, ooe |o oo||coc|o
oe| oco ,o|o|co ee|oo oo seo ooo oo||t|co |ost|toc|ooo| s|oo ooe te so oo||coc|o se soete o |o vo|ootoo
oe |os ooc|ooo|os.
82 |ooqoo ooeo| 6 oe| o t|co|o 35 o t|co|o +3 oe |o |e ++8 oe 2O. Y ||teo| b o t|co|o 8 |e 25 oe 2OO8.
83 / t|co|o + ||teo| o, |e ++8 oe 2O.
8+ / t|co|o + ||teo|, |e ++8 oe 2O.
85 ||ect|vo O oe 2O2 |o coo| oe eoeo|oo eo ozo oe| oco ,o|o|co ooo |o ooz, ooe eo o| o t|co|o 22 oe |o co to oo||t|co.
86 |ocoeoto e|oboooo oo V|v|ooo |oo|qoez |eo, oboqooo oe |o Cooooc|o S|so |o,e ooo |o Co|s|o |oteoe|cooo oe |eec|os
oooos eo e| oco oe |o v|s|to |o |oco o Co|ob|o e| + oe o|c|ebe oe 2O2.
8 |o 2OO8 |o Co te Coost|toc|ooo| oe Co|ob|o eo|o| e| /oto O2, ooe ecoooc| e| |oocto oesooooc|ooooo oe| oeso|ozo|eoto ozooo eo |os
o,ees ooo esto oete|o |os octoes oe vo|oeob|||ooo esoec| |cos o |os ooe estoo eooestos, oo cooso oe so cooo|c|o eeo|oo. Coeo
o| Cob|eoo |oc|ooo| |o oo|oc|o oe 3 ooqoos ooe oteoo|eoo estos s|tooc|ooes oe |esqo ceooo |os cooo|c|ooes ooo e| qoce eect|vo
oe |os oeec|os oe |os o,ees eo s|tooc|o oe oeso|ozo|eoto ozooo. |os 3 ooqoos oebeo obooo. oeveoc|o oe| |oocto oe qoeo
oesooooc|ooooo oe| oeso|ozo|eoto, |o oooc|o oe |o so|oo oe |os o,ees, e| oooo o |os o,ees oeso|ozooos ,ees oe |oqo, |o oc|||toc|o
oe| occeso o ooo too|oooes |oboo|es ooooct|vos oe oeveoc|o oe |o eo|otoc|o |oboo|, oooo eoocot|vo ooo |os o,ees oeso|ozooos
ooes oe 5 oos, oc|||toc|o oe occeso o |o ooo|eooo oe |o t|eo, ootecc|o oe |os oeec|os oe |os o,ees |oo|qeoos oeso|ozooos, ootecc|o
o |os oeec|os oe |os o,ees oooesceoo|eotes oeso|ozooos, ootecc|o o |o o,e oeso|ozooo oeveoc|o oe |o v|o|eoc|o soc|ooo||t|co cooto
|os o,ees ||oeesos oe |o oob|oc|o oeso|ozooo, ocoooo|eoto os|cosoc|o| o |os o,ees oeso|ozooos e|||ooc|o oe boeos oe occeso o|
s|steo oe ootecc|o ooo |os o,ees oeso|ozooos. Tooov|o oo se |oo o|seooo |os ooqoos oe /cceso o |o ,ost|c|o, |o veooo, |o eoooc|o
|o oo eoet|c|o e| ooqoo oe oeveoc|o oe |o v|o|eoc|o |otoo|||o cooo|to|o ooe ooeoo e| /oto O2 oe 2OO8.
:8
SB 83%3;N$ & +&%#,;,+&;,56 +$-R#,;& T & +&%#,;,+&% 36 -$' +%$;3'$' .3 ;$6'#%";;,56 .3 +&A
SBMB W&%#,;,+&;,56 +$-R#,;&
/ oeso oe |os ooos oo||t|cos ee|oos oo e| Cob|eoo Co|ob|ooo eo so |ooe o| Co|t, eo e| |t|o
oe|ooo oo se |oo oeseotooo ovooces s|qo| |cot|vos eo |o oo t|c|ooc|o oo||t|co oe |os o,ees eo e| oo|s. |o
cootoste, se |o ev|oeoc|ooo ooo o|to oe cooo|so oo||t|co oe| |,ecot|vo oe |os oo t|oos oo||t|cos esoec-
to oe |o oo t|c|ooc|o oo|to|o oe |os o,ees coo e| coo|||eoto eect|vo oe |os ooos ooe oeteooeo
ooove|o, coo se oesc|be o coot|oooc|o.
|| e,o e,eo|o oe |o o|to oe ovooces coocetos eo |o oo t|c|ooc|o oo||t|co oe |os o,ees es so escoso
oeseoc|o eo e| Cooqeso oe |o |eob||co. |o o|c|o |ost|toc|o, coooooo oo O2 Seooooes/os 68 |e-
oeseotootes o |o Cooo, |os ooceoto,es oe oo t|c|ooc|o oe |os o,ees oo |oo sooeooo oooco e| 6. S|
b|eo eote |os e|ecc|ooes oe| oe|ooo 2OO2 2OO6 2OO6 2OO, |o oo t|c|ooc|o oe |os o,ees bo, oe oo 2,
6 coo 3+ cooqes|stos o,ees, o oo O,+5 coo 28, eo |os e|ecc|ooes oe| oe|ooo 2OO 2O+ e| ooceoto,e
ooeot o oo +,8 coo 38 o,ees cooqes|stos
88
.
/ estos bo,os ooceoto,es se soo e| |ec|o oe ooe |ees ooe |oo s|oo ooootooos ooo ooove |o oo t|c|-
ooc|o oe |os o,ees eo |o v|oo oo||t|co oe| oo|s oo |oo s|oo ooecooooeote |o|eeotooos e |oteqo|eote
coo||oos. |o o|e |oqo, ooo oe |os eo|oos ooe oeseoto e| |stooo coo coo|||eoto oe sos ob||qoc|o-
oes |oteooc|ooo|es eo ote|o oe oo t|c|ooc|o oo||t|co oe |os o,ees es |o |e 58 oe 2OOO, ooe estob|ece
ooo se|e oe eo|oos o |ot|vos oest|oooos o ooove o|c|o oo t|c|ooc|o eo |os coqos oe oec|s|o oe|
|stooo
8
. S|o eboqo, coo |o s|oo ecoooc|oo oev|oeote oo e| Co|t oe |o C||/\
O
, esto qooot|o
oo| o|sto oe |o eo||ooo ote|o|.
|esoe so oooboc|o, |o eoc|ooooo |e |o s|oo s|steot|coeote |ocoo||oo eo tooos |os oos oe| oooe
ob||co eo tooos |os o|ve|es te|to|o|es, oeo sobe tooo oo oo te oe| Cob|eoo |oc|ooo|

. /| oo 2O2,
oe |os + |o|ste|os e|steotes, so|o 2 estoboo o coqo oe o,ees, |os Sooe|oteooeoc|os, |os |oesos
Soc|o|es oe| |stooo |os |ost|totos c|eot| |cos tecoo|q|cos oo cootoboo coo o|oqooo o,e coo o|o
ooto|ooo. /ote este oooooo, oesoe |os o|eos eses oe| oo 2O2, |e ,ost|c|o, S|so |o,e |o |eo
|oc|ooo| oe |o,ees |oo|sooo vo|os occ|ooes ,oo|c|o|es oote e| Coose,o oe |stooo, oeooooooo |o |o-
obsevooc|o oe |o cooto oo oo te oe| |es|oeote. |sto oe|te ev|oeoc|o ooe |osto e| oeoto, |o o|co
oo oe qooot|zo e| coo|||eoto oe| ooooto oe| 3O oe |o |e oe cootos oo oo te oe| Cob|eoo |o-
c|ooo| |o s|oo o tovs oe occ|ooes ,oo|c|o|es
2
.
|o seqoooo |oqo, eo e|oc|o coo |o oo t|c|ooc|o oe |os o,ees eo |os coqos oe e|ecc|o oooo|o, e| |stooo
Co|ob|ooo eoo to |o ooooc|o oe |e +5 oe 2O
3
, eoo oo||t|co qeoeo| ooe |ocoooo oo s|steo oe
cootos ooe ob||qo o |os oo t|oos ov||eotos oo||t|cos o |oc|o| o| eoos oo 3O oe o,ees eo sos ||stos
ooo coqos o|o|oo|oo|es. |o |o|eeotoc|o oe| s|steo oe cootos o|sooesto eo |o |e +5 oe 2O tovo
88 |eq|stooo|o |oc|ooo| oe| |stooo C|v||. |tto.//....eq|stooo|o.qov.co/-|sto|co-oe-|eso|tooos-.|t|
8 |o eo|oo os ecoooc|oo es oooe||o ooe e|qe |o oeseoc|o oe |o|o oo 3O oe o,ees eo |os o|os o|ve|es oec|so|os oe| |stooo, o| |qoo|
ooe eo otos o|ve|es oec|so|os oe tooos |os oos oe| oooe ob||co oe| |stooo eo tooos |os o|ve|es te|to|o|es.
O Ve. |tto.//....soo.qov.co/oo to|/ooqe/oo to|/|o to|S||/Seqo||eoto|o||t|cos/|o|||t|co|ob||co|e|o,ees|oo|ooo|eC|oeo/|oco|o-
ot|vo/||CC||||/C|C||S_C||/\_|/|/_CC|C|3|/.oo
/ esto cooc|os|o ||eqoo vo|os estoo|os cooooo se oesoqeqoo tooos |os o|ve|es oe coqos se ooo||zoo esoec| |coeote |os o|os o|ve|es
oec|so|os oe| |stooo. Vose, oo e,eo|o, Cozoo, ||ooo |st|e 8 |o|ooo, |oo|o. (2O2). |e oe Cootos eo Co|ob|o. ovooces etos. ||ez
oos oe |o |e 58 oe 2OOO. 3oqoto. Ceoto oe |stoo|os oe |eec|o, ost|c|o Soc|eooo (|e ,ost|c|o), o|sooo|b|e eo. |tto.//oe,ost|c|o.oq/|ooe.
o|o:ooo=|oteoo8teo=oot|o|sc||ooc|oo8oob||coc|oo=238
2 |o |o|eeotoc|o oe esto |e |o eoeotooo boeos ooot|vos, co|too|es e |ost|toc|ooo|es.
3 '|o |o coo| se ooootoo eq|os oe oqoo|zoc|o ooc|ooo|eoto oe |os oo t|oos ov||eotos oo||t|cos, oe |os oocesos e|ectoo|es se o|ctoo
otos o|soos|c|ooes'
::
|oqo eo |os e|ecc|ooes |oco|es oe| 3O oe octobe oe 2O
+
. |o estos co|c|os, oooooe eect|voeote se ve|-
|c oo |oocto oos|t|vo esoecto o |o oo|ooc|o eeo|oo, |o oo||oc|o oe |o oe to oo se ote|o||z eo
oo ooeoto estoo|st|coeote s|qo| |cot|vo oe o,ees e|ectos.
/s|, coo |o |o|eeotoc|o oe |o ooevo |e, ooo |os cooce,os oo|c|oo|es o|st|to|es, e| oeo oe o,ees
cooo|ootos se ooo||c o 28.556 cooo|ootoos eeo|oos, coesoooo|eotes o| 36.O oe| toto| oe |o oe to
e|ectoo|. |o obstoote, este ooeoto oo se ote|o||z eo oo |oceeoto sostooc|o| oe| oeo oe o,ees
e|ectos o ooe s|o .+O o,ees, eoo|vo|eotes o| 6.O8 oe |os coo|es eo o|sooto, o|coozooo ooo coo|. |es-
oecto oe |os /sob|eos |eoo toeoto|es, oe oo toto| oe .5 o,ees cooo|ootos (eoo|vo|eotes o| 36 oe|
toto| oe |os cooo|ootoos) s|o oeoo e|eq|oos 5 o|ootooos, eo otos oo|obos, octoo|eote s|o e| .+
oe |os os|eotos eo |os /sob|eos estoo s|eooo ocooooos oo o,ees.
|oo eoteooe estos oobes eso|tooos eo |os e|ecc|ooes, es oec|so oooto ooe e| |stooo oo |o |o|c|ooo oc-
c|ooes coocetos o||q|oos o sooeo |os obstoco|os ooo |o |o|eeotoc|o oe |o cooto e|ectoo|. ||steo |os
s|qo|eotes tes o|ve|es oe obstoco|os. ) |os voc|os ,o|o|cos oe |o |e +5, 2) |os coocte|st|cos oe| s|steo
e|ectoo| co|ob|ooo, ooe oceoto ||stos coo voto oeeeote, , 3) |o bo,o o|qob|||ooo oe |os oot|oos
ov||eotos oo||t|cos eote o |o |oc|os|o oe |os o,ees. |o qeoeo|, estos oestoo bostoote es|steoc|o oo
oote oe |os oot|oos oo||t|cos ooo |o|eeoto e| s|steo oe cootos, eo qoo eo|oo oeb|oo o |o oes|steo-
c|o oe ootooes esteeot|oos o|sc||ooto|os |oc|o |o oot|c|ooc|o oo||t|co oe |os o,ees
5
.
|oo ev|oeoc|o oe este obstoco|o es ooo oe |os eso|tooos oo,ooos oo e| Seqoooo |oo'|oq oe |qoo|ooo oe
|o,ees obes eo |os oo t|oos ov||eotos oo||t|cos. |o coooto o |o o|eos|o ooqoot|co oe oo-
t|oos ov||eotos oo||t|cos, e| estoo|o cooc|oe ooe s| b|eo |o |too oe |os oqoo|zoc|ooes oo||t|cos t|eoeo
oeoeooeoc|os eocoqooos oe oesoo||o occ|ooes esoec| |cos ooo |os o,ees, eo ooeo|o s|o e| 2 oe
|os oesoooestos oe |os oo t|oos ov||eotos oo||t|cos es oest|oooo o oooo o|c|os oeoeooeoc|os |os oc-
t|v|oooes ooe estos eo||zoo. /o|c|ooo|eote, eo 5 oe |os 2 oo t|oos ov||eotos oo||t|cos coo oesooe|o
,o|o|co oo |o o|oqooo o,e eo |ostooc|os oe oec|s|o tooto oo||t|co coo oo|o|stot|vo
6
.
SBPB W%$;3'$' .3 ;$6'#%";;,56 .3 +&A
|| 26 oe oqosto oe 2O2, e| Cob|eoo |os |/|C |ooo oo '/coeoo qeoeo| ooo |o te|ooc|o oe| coo-
||cto |o coostocc|o oe ooo ooz estob|e ooooeo'

, eo e| ooe ecoooceo ooe. |o coostocc|o oe |o ooz

es oo osooto oe |o soc|eooo eo so coo,ooto, |oc|o|oos otos oqoo|zoc|ooes qoe|||eos (o oo|eoes |ov|too o
oo|se o este ooos|to)
8
, |os || soo oo |o oe| |stooo, e| oesoo||o ecoo|co oebe oose coo ,ost|c|o
soc|o| eo ooo|o coo e| eo|o ob|eote, |o oo||oc|o oe |o oeococ|o ooo |oqo boses s||oos ooo
|o ooz.
|os oo tes ocooooo |o|c|o coovesoc|ooes sobe |os s|qo|eotes oootos. . |o||t|co oe oesoo||o oqo|o |o-
teqo|, 2. |o t|c|ooc|o oo||t|co, 3. ||o oe| coo ||cto, +. So|oc|o o| oob|eo oe ooqos |||c|tos, 5. V|ct|os, 6.
|o|eeotoc|o, ve| |coc|o eeoooc|o oe |os ocoeoos. osto e| oeoto se |o ooe|ootooo |o o|sco-
+ |os e|ecc|ooes |oco|es soo oooe||os eo |os coo|es se e||qeo qobeooooos/es, o|co|oesos/es, o|ootooos/os, cooce,o|os/es eo||es/os oe tooos |os
eq|ooes oe Co|ob|o.
5 Vose. Cooozo, ||oeot|oo 8 o|oteo, /|eoooo (2O2). |o |o|eeotoc|o oe| s|steo oe cootos e|ectoo|es so |oocto eo |o oo t|c|ooc|o
oe |os o,ees eo Co|ob|o. Cooooc|o S|so |o,e.
6 |ste estoo|o es eo||zooo oo e| |oqoo oe |oc|ooes |o|oos ooo e| |esoo||o (||||), eo o||oozo coo |||/ |oteooc|ooo| e |ost|toto o|oo-
os ooo |o |eococ|o |o|t|oo t|oo|o (||||), coo e| oooo oe |o |bo,ooo oe Soec|o. Vose. |tto.//....oooo.oq.co/s|t|o.s|t|:=6+8=.
|q||6\|o,|+
|| ocoeoo es eso|tooo oe| '|ocoeoto |o|ooto|o ooe tovo coo seoe |o obooo, Cobo, eote ebeo 23 oqosto 26 oe 2O2, ooe coot coo
|o oo t|c|ooc|o oe| Cob|eoo oe |o |eob||co oe Cobo oe| Cob|eoo oe |ooeqo coo qoootes, coo e| oooo oe| Cob|eoo oe |o |eob||co
3o||vo|ooo oe Veoezoe|o coo oc|||tooo oe |oq|st|co ocooooote'. Ve ooeo o. 2.
8 || 3 oe seot|ebe oe 2O2, e| qooo qoe|||eo ||| eo|o| oo cooo|cooo eo e| ooe oo| |esto ooe es oos|t|vo e| ooooc|o oe ooz, eoooe so
oooto oe v|sto sobe e| cooteo|oo ooe se oebe oo o este cooceoto e |oo|co ooe, eo esos t|oos, 'ooeoeo cooto coo e| ||| ooo too |oo too-
te eto oso|oc|o'. Ve eo. |tto.//....e|o-voces.co/|ooe.o|o:oot|oo=co_cooteot8v|e.=o t|c|e8|o=3++.|o-ooz-ooe-tooos-ooeeos-oe-
o-ooe-es-too-esoo|vo8cot|o=26.o tco|os8|te|o=6.
:;
s|o sobe |os oos o|eos teos oe |o oqeooo, s|o ooe eo o|oqooo oe e||os se |oo ootooo oo eooooe oe
qoeo oo oo te oe |os oeqoc|oooes.
|o |eso|oc|o 325 oe 2OOO oe |oc|ooes |o|oos |oce oos|s eo |o oo t|c|ooc|o oe |os o,ees eo oocesos
oe ooz oostcoo ||cto. ||oo |o oteoc|o ooe e| Cob|eoo co|ob|ooo oo |oo oev|sto |o oo t|c|ooc|o oe
|os o,ees eo este ooceso. |o |oc|o o,ees eo |o o|eo ||o oe |o |eso oe oeqoc|oc|o coo |os |/|C,
s|o |o oos o,ees eo e| seqoooo o|ve| coo osesoos. |sto oe|te oeve ooe eo |os ocoeoos oo ooe-
ooo |ocoooooo oo eooooe oe qoeo ooe oobob|eeote oo seoo v|s|b|||zooos |os c|eoes coet|oos
cooto |os o,ees eo e| oco oe| coo ||cto oooo.
|o obstoote, cobe eso|to e| estob|ec||eoto oe o|qooos ecoo|sos ooo |o oo t|c|ooc|o oe |o soc|eooo
c|v|| ooo |oce ooooestos o |o eso oe oeqoc|oc|o, |oo|sooos oo |o Co|s|o oe |oz oe| Cooqeso, |os
coo|es |oo oooo |oqo o ooo s|qo| |cot|vo |o oo t|c|ooc|o oe o,ees eo |os o|eeotes eq|ooes.
|o coooto o |os ecoo|sos oe eeoooc|o ve| |coc|o oe |os ocoeoos, es oeceso|o ooe se qooot|ce |o
oo t|c|ooc|o eo eoo|ooo ooo |os o,ees eo |os esceoo|os ooc|ooo|es |oco|es.
UB 83%3;N$' 1;$65*,;$'V =$;,&-3' T )"-#"%&-3'
|os o,ees eo Co|ob|o s|qoeo s|eooo oo t|co|oeote oectooos oo |os coeoc|os estoto|es ooo |o qooo-
t|o oe |os oeec|os ecoo|cos, soc|o|es co|too|es. |o |os zooos ooo tooos, oo|es, o eo oooe||os te|to|os
ooooe |ob|too |os o,ees |oo|qeoos o oo co|ob|ooos, esto s|tooc|o se oqovo.
UBMB 83%3;N$ & -& '&-".
Co|ob|o eoeoto ooo qove c|s|s oe| s|steo oe so|oo ooe |o Co te Coost|toc|ooo| oec|o eo|oote
seoteoc|o T6O/O8. oo e|ste ooo oo||t|co |oteqo| oe oeveoc|o, |o eo ob||co |oso|to|o|o es cooo vez
os oeco|o, |o |oteeo|oc|o o|vooo (||S) s|qoe s|eooo |o o|oc|oo| beoe |c|ooo, |o oteoc|o se |||to
eo tooto so|o |os oesooos coo coooc|ooo oe ooqo ooeoeo occeoe o |os o|ooes coo|eeoto|os. /oeos
oe |o oote|o, e|steo oos osoectos esoec| |cos oe| oeec|o o |o so|oo oe |os o,ees ooooe se ev|oeoc|o oo
|oocto o|eeoc|ooo.
&B 83%3;N$' '37"&-3' T %3+%$.";#,4$'a&;;3'$ & -& ,6#3%%"+;,56 4$-"6#&%,& .3- 3*O&%&A$
|ese o |o e|steoc|o oe oo oco ,o|o|co-ooot|vo ovoob|e o |o so|oo |os oeec|os seoo|es eoo-
ooct|vos (|S|), oo oes|ste oo s|qo| |cot|vo bec|o eote |o oo| |o oct|co, eoesooo eo |o o|to oe ooo
oo||t|co ob||co coos|steote, co|eeote e |oteqo| eo eoococ|o seoo| eooooct|vo ooe coot|boo o |o oe-
veoc|o oe eboozos ooo|esceotes, eoeeoooes oe toos|s|o seoo|, eboozos oo oeseooos, obo tos
|oseqoos oost|toc|o ozooo, eote otos.
|o este seot|oo, eo Co|ob|o oo e|ste ooo oooooo o|soes|o eote o |os cooo|sos oe| |stooo eo
ote|o oe |S|, ooooe |os oo||t|cos qobeooeoto|es oo soo co|eeotes, o| co|es|ooooos coo esoecto o
|os esooosob|||oooes oe cooo ooo oe |os |ost|toc|ooes eocoqooos oe ooteqe estos oeec|os. |o |o |oeo-
c|o oe octoes v|s|ooes e||q|osos |o|oeo ovoozo eo oo||t|cos |oteqo|es eo so|oo oeec|os seoo|es
eooooct|vos, ocooes coo |os cooo|sos oso|oos oo Co|ob|o eo ooctos, cooeeoc|os, cooveoc|ooes
|oteooc|ooo|es, ooeos eo ooos, |ees ,o|soooeoc|o ooc|ooo| ooobooos eo esto ote|o

.
Seoteoc|o T-388 oe 2OO oe |o Co te Coost|toc|ooo| ooe ooeoo |o |o|eeotoc|o oe coooos os|vos sobe oeec|os seoo|es, oeec|os
eooooct|vos, so|oo seoo| so|oo eooooct|vo.
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S| b|eo |o Co te Coost|toc|ooo| se |o oooooc|ooo ovoob|eeote eo tooo o |o so|oo seoo| eooooc-
t|vo oe |os o,ees eo vo|os ooo too|oooes, ||eqoooo coos|oeo ooe |o oeoo||zoc|o oe| obo to |o||co |o
|oos|c|o oe ooo coqo oesooooc|ooooo ooe oescoooce sos oeec|os ooooeoto|es, |os oec|s|ooes oe
|o Co te se obstoco||zoo oo |os boeos ooe qeoeoo |os eot|oooes ob||cos, eo esoec|o|, |os eocoqooos
oe oesto e| sev|c|o oe oteoc|o eo so|oo.
|| |so t|booo| |o seo|ooo |os boeos. e|q| eoo|s|tos oo|c|ooo|es coo ooto|zoc|ooes ,oo|c|o|es ooo
|o ooct|co oe |o |oteooc|o vo|ooto|o oe| eboozo (|V|)
OO
, oo too eo coeoto |o ootooo|o oe |o o-
,e o| oeoto oe oec|o| |o cooveo|eoc|o oe ooct|cose oo obo to oeceso|o ooo oooe eo||zose otos
ooceo||eotos o|cos ooe eoo|ee ooo ooteqe so so|oo so v|oo
O
, oo eo||zo |os eoeoes o|cos
eooe|oos ooo o|oqoost|co s| ooo o,e se eocoeoto eo ooo oe |os ||otes|s eo |os ooe e| obo to es |eqo|
O2
,
|oteoooe tobos oo|o|stot|vos ooe o||otoo oe ooeo |o,ost| |cooo e| occeso o |os sev|c|os oe |oteooc|o
vo|ooto|o oe| eboozo
O3
, |ovoco ob,ec|o oe cooc|eoc|o, tooto oo eot|oooes oe so|oo, coo oo oesooo|
o|co ,oeces, ooo oeqose o ooct|co o o ooeoo oo obo to
O+
.
Soooo o |o oote|o, se est|o ooe se|s oe cooo o|ez |ost|toc|ooes oe so|oo eo Co|ob|o, ooe t|eoeo cooo-
c|ooo oe oesto sev|c|os oost obo to, oo |o |oceo, ceco oe ooeve oe cooo o|ez oe esos |ost|toc|ooes oo
oeceo sev|c|os oe obo to |eqo|
O5
. |ote oo oe 2OO ,oo|o oe 2O2, se |oo oo|toeooo ceco oe 38
cosos eo |os ooe se |oo oeseotooo obstoco|os o oeqoc|ooes |o,ost| |cooos eo |o oestoc|o oe sev|c|os.
|o |ocoooo|o Ceoeo| oe |o |oc|o se |o obsteo|oo oe coo|| coo vo|os oe |os oeoes |oo t|oos oo |o
Co te Coost|toc|ooo|. o ceosoooo coooos os|vos oe oooc|o oe |os oeec|os seoo|es eooooct|-
vos, |o ceosoooo, oco|tooo o oesv| toooo |oteoc|ooo|eote |o |oooc|o e|oc|ooooo coo |o so|oo, |oc|o|oo
|o eoococ|o seoo| |o |oooc|o o| esoecto, |o teq|vesooo e| cooteo|oo oe |os seoteoc|os ooe|oos oo
|o ooo|o Co te Coost|toc|ooo| e|oc|ooooos coo oeec|os seoo|es eooooct|vos, eo esoec|o| eo e|oc|o
coo e| obo to. |o |ocooooo |e|eqooo ooo |o |eeoso oe |os |eec|os oe |o |oooc|o, |o /oo|esceoc|o |o
|o|||o |o so||c|tooo eoesoeote o |o Sooe|oteooeoc|o |oc|ooo| oe So|oo |o evocoto|o oe c|co|oes sobe
|oteooc|o vo|ooto|o oe| eboozo
O6
, o||q|oos o oestoooes oe sev|c|os oe so|oo, eot|oooes oo|o|stoooos
oe o|ooes oe beoe |c|os eot|oooes te|to|o|es, ooe eoc|oooo |os o|soos|c|ooes oe |o Co te Coost|toc|ooo|
eo ote|o oe |oteooc|o Vo|ooto|o oe| |boozo.
OB =,#"&;,56 .3 -& *"Q3% T 3- X<Ia=<8! 36 )$-$*O,&B
|o Co|ob|o, |os ootos oe| Cbsevoto|o |oc|ooo| oe |o Cest|o eo V|/S|oo, oestoo ooe -eote 88
2OO- |o ooooc|o oe o,ees |oectooos eote o |o oe |obes |o ooeotooo eo cos| 5 veces. ||eotos
ooe eo 88 oe oe 3 |obes oo ooo o,e, eo 8 oe oe + |obes oo ooo o,e , eo 2O2, se est|
ooe oo 2 |obes e|st|o ooo o,e |oectooo, oooooe e|steo o eq|ooes oe| oo|s eo |os ooe oo cooo
|obe |o ooo o,e |oectooo. /s|, eo |o octoo||ooo, cos| e| 5O oe |os oesooos ooe v|veo coo V|/S|oo
eo ooesto oo|s soo o,ees.
|o eo|oe|o oe V|/S|oo eo Co|ob|o se oot|eoe cooceotooo eo oob|oc|ooes oe oo vo|oeob|||ooo, eo
oo t|co|o eo |obes ooe se e|oc|oooo seoo|eote coo |obes (S), eo o,ees oe 25 o + oos oe
OO Co te Coost|toc|ooo| oe Co|ob|o, seoteoc|o T-388 oe 2OO.
O Co te Coost|toc|ooo| oe Co|ob|o, seoteoc|o T-OO oe 2OO.
O2 Co te Coost|toc|ooo| oe Co|ob|o, seoteoc|o T- 585 oe 2OO.
O3 Co te Coost|toc|ooo| oe Co|ob|o, seoteoc|o T-8+ oe 2O.
O+ Co te Coost|toc|ooo| oe Co|ob|o, seoteoc|o T-2O oe 2OO8.
O5 Cottoc|e |ost|tote |ooooc|o C|otoe. |boozo oo o|ooeooo obo to |oooc|oo eo Co|ob|o. coosos coosecoeoc|os, 3oqoto, 2O, ooq.
6 8.
O6 || |S||CT/|C|.CC|, .25O oet|c|ooes cooto e| obo to |eqo|, 2 oe ,oo|o oe 2O3, O.3 o j|tto.//....e|esoectooo.co/oot|c|os/octoo||ooo/
v|v|/o t|co|o-+3O5+2-25O-oet|c|ooes-cooto-e|-obo to-|eqo|], C/|/CC| |/||C, ....cooco|.co.co Sooeso|oo oo evocoo c|co|o oe| obo to
oese o os oe .2OO oeec|os oe oet|c|o, 28 oe ,oo|o oe 2O3. |tto.//....cooco|.co.co/oot|c|os/octoo||ooo/sooeso|oo-oo-evocoo-c|co-
|o-oe|-obo to-oese-o-os-oe-2OO-oeec|os-oe-oet|c|oo/2O3O628/ooto/2++35.oso
:3
eooo. / oeso oe| sob eq|sto e| etooo eo |o oot| |coc|o, oeoto oe |os cosos eoo tooos e|ste ooo oo-
ooc|o cec|eote oe o,ees cooo vez os ,veoes |oectooos. |o obstoote, oe ocoeoo coo |os eso|tooos
oe| estoo|o ceot|oe|o, eo||zooo eo o,ees qestootes, se co|co|o ooo |o oob|oc|o qeoeo| ooo oevo|eoc|o
oe O,22 (2OO).
Seqo e| Cb,et|vo oe| |||eo|o 6 (Cobot| e| V|/S||/, e| oo|oo|so otos eoeeoooes), |o eto ooo
oob|oc|o qeoeo| es |obe ooteo|oo |o oevo|eoc|o oe |o eo|oe|o oo oebo,o oe eo oob|oc|o eote
5 + oos.
|o oe |o|t|vo, |o eo|oe|o oe V|/s|oo eo Co|ob|o oecto o |o oob|oc|o seoo|eote oct|vo ooooct|vo-
eote oct|vo. || 6.+ oe |os cosos oot| |cooos eo e| oo 2O j6.2 cosos], se eocoeoto eo e| qooo oe 5
o ++ oos oe eooo.
S| b|eo |os ooes oevo|eoc|os oe |oecc|o se eocoeotoo eote |os |obes, |os c|os ev|oeoc|oo ooe cooo
vez es oo |o ooooc|o oe o,ees ooe estoo s|eooo oectooos oo e| V| ooe |o toso oe |oc|oeoc|o oe
|oecc|o eote o,ees ooeoto o oo ve|oc|ooo ooe |o oe |os |obes, este |ec|o se |o oeoo|oooo
'e|o|zoc|o oe |o eo|oe|o', ooe oooe oe oo| |esto |o oo vo|oeob|||ooo oe stos , oo eooe, |o oece-
s|ooo oe ooo||zo |os octoes ooe |oceeotoo |o sosceot|b|||ooo oe |os o,ees o |o |oecc|o oo V|, ooooe
|o oes|qoo|ooo eote qoeos coost|toe oo octo ooooeoto|.
/oeos, cobe seo|o ooe -oooooe tooos |os o,ees oe o|qooo o oto ooeo soeo o|sc||ooc|o oe
qoeo-, e|steo otos octoes coo |o ozo e| co|o oe |o o|e|, |o c|ose, |o eooo, |o eto|c|ooo, e| |o|oo, |o
osceooeoc|o, |o o|eotoc|o seoo|, |o e||q|o, |o c|ose soc|o ecoo|co, |o coooc|ooo, |o co|too, |o |oco||zoc|o
qeoqo |co e| estotos coo |qoote, |oo|qeoo, eoq|ooo, oeso|ozooo, o|o o oesooo ooe v|ve coo V|/
S|oo, ooe se cob|ooo ooo oete|oo |o oos|c|o soc|o| oe |os o,ees eo este coso
O
.
|o'e Co|vo (2OO) o |oo ooe e| |oocto oe |o eo|oe|o eo |o v|oo oe |os o,ees es oot|co|oeote
seveo oo coooto e||os t|eoeo oesveoto,os ecoo|cos, co|too|es soc|o|es ooe se toooceo eo |o e|o|zo-
c|o oe |o oobezo, eo e| o||c|| occeso o |os sev|c|os oe so|oo eo |o ec|os|o oe |os estoctoos oe oooe
oe |os oocesos oe oec|s|o. /oeos, coo ecoeoc|o estoo so,etos o |ees, ooos ooct|cos ooe e,eceo
cooto| sobe sos coeoos, sos e|oc|ooes seoo|es so ooteoc|o| eooooct|vo
O8
.
Vo|e seo|o ooe |o v|o|eoc|o cooto |os o,ees es oo osooto oe so|oo ob||co es tob|o cooso coosecoeo-
c|o oe |o |oecc|o oo V|. |o v|o|eoc|o |o oeoozo oe v|o|eoc|o e|evoo oe oo oost|co |o vo|oeob|||ooo
oe |os o,ees |os o|os o| V|/S|oo. /ote |o v|o|eoc|o, eso|to |oos|b|e obsteoese oe teoe e|oc|ooes se-
oo|es, e|q| |oe||ooo eo |o ooe,o o ot|||zo oesevot|vos. |o v|o|eoc|o sooooe, os||so, oo obstoco|o ooo
|os o,ees o |o |oo oe occeoe o |os sev|c|os oe oeveoc|o, oteoc|o toto|eoto oe| V|/S|oo.
|o oo t|c|ooc|o oe |os o,ees es tooov|o oo eto oo oso|oo oeceso|o ooo |o soc|eooo eo so coo,ooto,
ooo estoteq|o c|ove eo |os oocesos oe oeveoc|o oe |o |oecc|o esooesto o |o eo|oe|o V|/S|oo. |os
o,ees ooe v|veo coo V|/S|oo, cooeooeo -oesoe so eoe|eoc|o oesooo|-, |o eo||ooo oe |os sev|c|os
ooo V|/S|oo, tooto sos o to|ezos coo sos o|eoc|os.
|| o to|ec||eoto oe |o oo t|c|ooc|o oe |os o,ees oebe se oo o|oc|o|o ooooeoto| eo |os oocesos oe
oeveoc|o oesoo||ooos ooo esooooe o |o eo|oe|o ooo |eo|eoto bos|co ooo toosoo |os coo-
o|c|ooes ooe soboceo o so vo|oeob|||ooo o| V|/ S|oo est|oqeo so occeso o |os sev|c|os soc|o|es.
O Co|o oe |eveoc|o V|/S|oo, |o,ees eo cootetos oe vo|oeob|||ooo, ||||/ 2O.
O8 (V|veos, 2OO3).
:4
UBPB 83%3;N$ & -& 1.";&;,56
&B )$O3%#"%&
Seqo e| |ooe |oc|ooo| oe |esoo||o oooo oe| |||| (2O), 'eo e|oc|o coo |os bec|os obooo
oo|es eo |os Cb,et|vos oe| |||eo|o, |os tosos oe cobe too boto eo eoococ|o eo|o eo |os oo|c|o|os oe
o|to oo||ooo soo 2. veces eooes ooe eo |os ceotos obooos. |os |oqos o|stooc|os ooe ooo ecoeo
o|os, o|os ooo|esceotes ooo ||eqo o |os escoe|os e| costo oe ooo too|ooo oe |oqeso o oeooece eo
e| s|steo eoocot|vo coooooo coo e| oe tobo,o, qov|too sobe |o oesec|o eo secoooo|o, ooe, seqo |o
teo|o oe| coo|to| |oooo, oeoeto |os c|co|os oe oobezo.'
Seqo e| |ooe sobe coo|||eoto oe| ||oo |oc|ooo| oe |esoo||o 2OO-2O+ '|osoe|ooo ooo tooos',
e| |stooo b|oo eoococ|o o +O2.83 o|os o|os, ooooo o|o|ooo o |os qooos oe oob|oc|o vo|oeob|e,
|oo|qeoo oo oesceoo|eote
O
. |stos ootos oo estoo oesoqeqooos oo seo otos vo|ob|es ooe ooeooo
oo coeoto sobe e| oeo oe o|os beoe |c|o|os oteoo|oos eo e| ooqoo, os| coo toooco se ev|oeoc|o
oo eooooe to|co o|eeoc|o|.
|oo qooot|zo e| occeso oeooeoc|o oe |os o|os, |os o|os ,veoes oeoto oe| s|steo eoocot|vo, se
|oceeot |o cobe too oe |os o|eeotes o|ve|es eoocot|vos. |o 2O2 se eq|stooo |os s|qo|eotes c|os oe
estoo|ootes. 5.22.3 o,ees 5.382.2O |obes, oo qooo to|co qoeo. 8.8 (|oo|qeoos o,ees),
6.5O |oo|qeoos |obes. |eq|tooes. 232.23 o,ees 23.283 |obes
O
.
OB !6&-`&O3#,'*$
Seqo |o |ocoesto |oc|ooo| oe Co||ooo oe V|oo oe 2O (|eoo toeoto |oc|ooo| oe |stoo|st|co |/||),
|o toso oe ooo|obet|so ooo e| toto| ooc|ooo| oe |o oob|oc|o oe 5 oos os oe oe 6.+. |o 3 oeos
obooos oe oe 2.3 ooo |os |obes 2. ooo |os o,ees, eo |os cobeceos oo|c|oo|es +.2, |eotos
ooe ooo e| esto oe| oo|s (sectoes oo|es) |o toso oe oe +.2. |o eq|o ooe oeseot |o toso os o|to oe
ooo|obet|so oe |o |oc| |co, coo ,, seqo|oo oe |o /t|oot|co, coo ,5. |o estos zooos se cooceoto oo-
|to|oeote oob|oc|o oo co|ob|ooo oob|oc|o |oo|qeoo, eo esoec|o| eo |o zooo ooc| |co.
;B 83'3%;,56a&O&6.$6$ 3';$-&%
Seqo e| ||o|ste|o oe |oococ|o |oc|ooo|, eo e| 2O2, 55.28O o,ees 6.25 |obes oboooooooo sos
estoo|os. |o oesec|o esco|o se osoc|o coo |os o|es oe ooeo o|eeoc|ooo oo |o cooo|c|o oe qoeo.
|os o|os se veo ob||qooos o oboooooo sos estoo|os ooo oeo|cose o |os |oboes oost|cos, o| co|oooo oe
otos oesooos, o ooooe eoeotoo eboozos, |os o|os obooooooo e| s|steo esco|o eo oc|os ocos|ooes
oto|oos oo |o oos|b|||ooo oe qooo o|oeo eo tobo,os eo e| cooo. Se seo|o tob|o ooe |os o,ees ooe
|oo s|oo v|ct|os oe v|o|eoc|o estoo eo cooo|c|ooes oe oo vo|oeob|||ooo oo |o tooto soo 'sosceot|b|es
o |o oesesco|o|zoc|o'. |o qeoeo| eo |os coso oe |os o|os, |os coosos t|eoeo ooe ve coo otos ozooes oe |os
cootetos eq|ooo|es. e| coo ||cto oooo |oteoo, ec|oto|eoto ozooo, oo t|c|ooc|o eo qooos o| oqeo
oe |o |e, oo ozooes |oboo|es o oe sobev|veoc|o.
Seqo c|os oe| ||o|ste|o oe |oococ|o |oc|ooo|, e| 5O oe |os cosos oe oesec|o esco|o oe ooo|esceotes
o,ees tov|eoo coo cooso o|oc|oo| e| eboozo.
.B 1.";&;,56 '37"&-
|| |oqoo oe |oococ|o ooo |o Seoo||ooo Coostocc|o oe C|oooooo|o -||SCC

- es ooo |o|c|ot|vo oe|

O |ooe oe |eoo|c|o oe coeotos ||c|ebe 2O seot|ebe 2O2. ||o|ste|o oe |oococ|o |oc|ooo| Co|ob|o. |oq. 32.
O |b|o.
|tto.//....co|ob|oooeooe.eoo.co/|t|/ooooctos/685/.3-o t|c|e-28632.|t|
:5
||o|ste|o oe |oococ|o |oc|ooo| e| |oooo oe |ob|oc|o oe |os |oc|ooes |o|oos (||||/). 3osco 'coot|bo|
o| o to|ec||eoto oe| secto eoocot|vo eo eoococ|o ooo |o seoo||ooo, coo oo eooooe oe coostocc|o oe
c|oooooo|o e,ec|c|o oe |os oeec|os |oooos, seoo|es eooooct|vos'. || |oqoo oooo o o|os,
o|os, ooo|esceotes ,veoes, os| coo tob|o o ooceotes, oooes ooes.
S|o eboqo, o oeso oe |os esoezos, |o vo|ootoo e| cooo|so t|co oo||t|co oe o|qooos ooc|ooo|os
ooc|ooo|os, oes|steo |oq|oo|os co|too|es, o|es oe qoeo coov|cc|ooes e||q|osos, eote otos, ooe
o| |co|too obstoco||zoo |o ooecoooo o|eoo |o|eeotoc|o oe o|ooes, ooqoos |ees e|steotes eo
ote|o oe seoo||ooo eoooocc|o o| |ote|o oe| s|steo eoocot|vo.
UBSB 83%3;N$ &- #%&O&Q$
&B ),`%&'
|os o,ees co|ob|ooos eoeotoo |t|o|es boeos ooo qozo eect|voeote oe| oeec|o o| tobo,o eo
cooo|c|ooes oe |qoo|ooo, ooo occeoe o ecosos ooooct|vos. |o e| coso oe| ecooo |oboo| oo|, o
oeso oe ooe oe| toto| oe |o oob|oc|o eo eooo oe tobo,o, |os o,ees eoeseotoo e| 5.2, sooeoo o |os
|obes eo o|ve| eoocot|vo, so oos|c|o s|qoe s|eooo os oeco|o. /s|, |o toso qeoeo| oe oo t|c|ooc|o oe
|os o,ees se eocoeoto os oe 2O oootos oo oebo,o oe |o oe |os |obes
2
, e| oeseo|eo eeo|oo es
cos| e| oob|e ooe e| osco||oo
3
. |o |os sectoes |ooo|es oe| ecooo |oboo| |os o,ees estoo sobe e-
oeseotooos
+
. |sto ocoe tob|o eo o|qooos sectoes too|c|ooo|eote o| o oo eooeooos, to|es coo
e| eo|eo oost|co (6,), |os sev|c|os coooo|es, soc|o|es oesooo|es (6,2) |os tobo,os o|||oes
oo eooeooos (6O,)
5
.
|oc|oso |os o,ees ooe occeoeo o| ecooo |oboo| oo|, ooe oo tooto t|eoeo os qooot|os |oboo|es,
eoeotoo totos o|eeoc|ooos e |oc|oso o|sc||ooto|os. /s|, eo Co|ob|o oes|steo bec|os so|o|o|es eote
|obes o,ees
6
ooe osc||oo eote 5 2O oo |qoo| tobo,o. |sto bec|o se oqovo oo|c|ooo|eote
ooo |os o,ees ooe soo ooes, oo|eoes qoooo eo ooeo|o ,6 eoos ooe |os o,ees oo ooes

.
|o |o oesto oe 35 oo|ses, Co|ob|o esto eo e| |oqo + eo e| |oo|ce oe |qoo|ooo so|o|o| ooo tobo,os
s|||oes.
|sto s|tooc|o es os ooot|co ooo |os o,ees |oo|qeoos, ooco|ob|ooos cooes|oos. |stos |t|os
t|eooeo o eoeoto oeoes cooo|c|ooes ecoo|cos ooe |os o,ees oe |os c|ooooes
8
, sos o|ve|es oe oes-
eo|eo soo qeoeo|eote ooes ooe |os oe |os |obes. |e |ec|o, e| |oqeso so|o|o| ooeo|o oe |os
o,ees cooes|oos es oe| + eo e|oc|o o| oe |os voooes

.
/oeos oe |o oote|o, |os o,ees soo oectooos oe ooeo oesooooc|ooooo oo |o oobezo. Seqo |os
ootos oe| ceoso oe 2OO5, |o oobezo eo e||os es oe 5.6 (.85.86). |ste oooooo oe|te eotooces o |-
o ooe oes|steo |os oes|qoo|oooes eote voooes o,ees eo |os cooo|c|ooes oe tobo,o, ooo too|oooes
|oboo|es e |oqesos, e |e,ooos eo |os cooo|c|ooes oe oobezo ec|os|o soc|o| obstoco|os ooo occeoe o
|os oeec|os ecoo|cos soc|o|es.
2 obes +,2 o,ees 52, (|/||, |ecooo |oboo| oo seo, ebeo 2O3 - ob|| 2O3).
3 obes 8,3 o,ees 3, (|/||, |ecooo |oboo| oo seo, ebeo 2O3 - ob|| 2O3).
+ |e |os o,ees ocooooos, e| 53,O se eocoeotoo eo e| secto |ooo|, |eotos ooe |o c|o ooo |os |obes es +6, (|/||, Seqo|ooo soc|o|
eo|eo oo|, ebeo 2O3 - ob|| 2O3)
5 ||o|ste|o oe Tobo,o, C|os oe |oo|ooo eo e| |ecooo |oboo|, 2O2
6 |eoo te C|obo| oe ||eeoc|os oe Ceoeo oe 2O.
Ve oo e,eo|o (3ooe| 8 |eo, 2OO, 3eoot ||oz, 2OO5, Co|v|s, 2OO, C|o te 8 |eo, 2OO, Teo,o C., ||beo |., 8 3eoot |., 2OO5)
8 Toso oe oo t|c|ooc|o |oboo| oe |os o,ees oo|es. 3, , |obes +,6 (|/||, |ecooo |oboo| oo seo, ebeo 2O3 - ob|| 2O3)
|o 2OO, |o toso oe oeseo|eo ooo |os o,ees eo |o zooo oo| eo oe| 8, |eotos ooe ooo |os |obes eo oe| 3,.
:6
OB W$-R#,;&' +[O-,;&'
|o |os |t|os ocooos se |oo oooo ovooces |oo tootes eo Co|ob|o, oo t|co|oeote eo ote|o oe qo-
oot|os |oboo|es ooo |os o,ees
2O
. S|o eboqo, oooooe e| oo|s coeoto coo |ees ooe ecoooceo qooot|os
oo|es o |os o,ees, stos s|qoeo s|o oooe qozo eect|voeote oe| oeec|o o| tobo,o eo cooo|c|ooes oe
|qoo|ooo s|qoeo s|eooo v|ct|os oe |t|o|es oos oe o|sc||ooc|o. |o |o|eeotoc|o oe |o |eq|s|oc|o
|o s|oo |oso |c|eote eo so oo|o oo oooeve |o |qoo|ooo eect|vo oe |os o,ees. |o e,eo|o, oesoos
oe o|ez oos oe eoeo|oo |o |e oe o,e oo| (|e 3 oe 2OO2) oo |o s|oo eq|oeotooo oo se |e |o
os|qoooo oesoooesto o |o ec|o, oo |o ooe oo coeotoo coo ecoo|sos eect|vos ooe oooevoo e| e-
,oo|eoto oe so co||ooo oe v|oo.
/oeos, |os oo||t|cos eo |o ote|o |oo s|oo ooco coos|steotes oo se |es |o oooo o|o|ooo ooo so eect|vo
|o|eeotoc|o. |o o|co occ|o oo||t|co cooceto o||q|oo o e,oo |os cooo|c|ooes ooo |os o,ees e-
o|eooos es |o /qeooo oo |o |qoo|ooo |oboo| (2OO), ooooe oo t|c|ooo qe|os eoesos o|vooos
(C|||, 2OO). ||c|o oqeooo oeteooe se oo cooo|so ooo ooteoc|o e| oooe| oe |os o,ees cooceto
occ|ooes ooo so |oc|os|o eect|vo eo e| secto |oboo| ev|to so o|sc||ooc|o. |o obstoote, |os oct|v|oooes
oe seqo||eoto o| ocoeoo ooste|o o |o |o |oo s|oo |o|os, |o coo| |oo|co ooe oooco |o s|oo veoooe-
oeote |o|eeotooo.
|o 2O2 se |oozooo oos oo||t|cos ob||cos coo eooooe oe qoeo. |o oo |ooo, |o |o||t|co |b||co |oc|ooo|
oe |oo|ooo oe Coeo ooo |os |o,ees, o coqo oe |o /|to Coose,e|o |es|oeoc|o ooo |o |oo|ooo oe |o
|o,e (/C|||), oo e| oto e| |oqoo |oc|ooo| oe |oo|ooo |oboo| coo |ooooe ||eeoc|o| oe Coeo
2O2-2O8. S|o eboqo, sos o|seos |oo s|oo too|os, |osto o|oo oo |oo teo|oo eo|eote |o|eeotoc|o
o|too |os ecosos c|ooeote oest|oooos ooo oooe|os eo oc|o.
|stos oo||t|cos t|eoeo |t|o|es coeoc|os. |o e,eo|o, |oo s|oo eo qeoeo| |oe |coces
2
, coeceo oe toosve-
so||zoc|o eo|, ooes se coos|oeoo so|oeote secto|o|es, oo tooto oo ||eqoo o sectoes c|oves oe |o ecooo-
|o, |oo coos|st|oo eo occ|ooes oootoo|es, ooe beoe |c|oo o qooos esoec| |cos, oo tooto |oo teo|oo bo,o
|oocto. /oeos, t|eoeo oob|eos ooooeoto|es oe oo|oc|o, ooes oo |oc|oeo eooooes o|eeoc|o|es
|oo teo|oo eooooes eoeote os|steoc|o||stos. |o eecto, estos oo||t|cos se |oo o|eotooo o ooqoos
ooo |o sot|socc|o oe oeces|oooes bos|cos qeoeoc|o oe |oqesos, os oo o coeq| |os octoes estoc-
too|es ooe oete|ooo |o s|tooc|o oe soboo|ooc|o o|sc||ooc|o o so vez |os |ostoeotos |eqo|es
oe oo||t|cos ob||cos e|steotes, s|qoeo ooteo|eooo |os esteeot|oos oe qoeo cooceoto o|||sto eote
o| occeso cooto| oe |o t|eo otos b|eoes
22
, |o ooe coost|toe ooo oe |os ooes obstoco|os ooo so
oesoo||o.
;B H$' CH) T '" ,*+&;#$ '$O%3 -&' *"Q3%3'

/| oeoto, se eocoeotoo v|qeotes |os T|C ot| |cooos coo |stooos |o|oos (oo oe 2O2) Cooooo
(oqosto oe 2O)
23
. |os ecoo|sos oo v|oco|ootes oev|stos ooo |o ootecc|o oe |os oeec|os |oooos eo
|os totooos coo |stooos |o|oos Cooooo oo |oc|oeoo |os oeec|os oe |os o,ees. || |stooo co|ob|ooo
oo |o |oeot| |cooo |os eectos ooe tooto |os totooos coo |os cob|os eo |o |eq|s|oc|o |oteoo oe|vooos
oe so |o|eeotoc|o t|eoeo ooo |os o,ees co|ob|ooos, o oeso oe| ||oooo ooe ||zo e| Co|t ooo |o
2O Se oestocoo. . |) |o |e 25 oe 2OO8 oo |o coo| se o|ctoo ooos oe seos|b|||zoc|o, oeveoc|o sooc|o oe oos oe v|o|eoc|o o|sc||ooc|o
cooto |os o,ees, ooe |oc|oe eo|oos oe oeveoc|o sooc|o eote o |o v|o|eoc|o cooto |o o,e, eote otos eo e| ob|to |oboo| ||) |o |e +6
oe 2O ooe eoz |o |qoo|ooo so|o|o| oe et|boc|o |oboo| eote o,ees |obes, |||) |o |e +68 ooe eteoo| |o ||ceoc|o oe oteo|ooo o +
seooos, o,ostoooo oe este ooo |o |eq|s|oc|o co|ob|ooo o| |o|o estob|ec|oo eo |os ecoeoooc|ooes |oteooc|ooo|es (C|T, C83 - Cooveo|o
sobe |o ootecc|o oe |o oteo|ooo, 2OOO. |o ot| |cooo oo Co|ob|o), |v) |o |e +3 oe 2OO, ||oooo |o |e oe ecooo|o oe| co|oooo, ooe
oeteooe eo| |o coot|boc|o oe |o o,e o| oesoo||o ecoo|co soc|o| oe| oo|s.
2 |o e,eo|o, |os sobs|o|os oe t|eo ceooos o oo t| oe |o |e 6O oe + eoooos oo |o |e 82 oe 2OO3, |e oe |o,e |oo| 3 oe 2OO2.
22 /oo tes Co|ect|vo |o,ees o| |eec|o. |eoo|o |eso oe Tobo,o |/|| C|/ Soc|eooo C|v|| coo |o Co|s|o oe ost|c|o oe |o |eso oe Coeo
oe |o Coooeoc|o |oteooc|ooo|. 3oqoto, oo|o 2 oe 2O2.
23 |o ooceso oe ot| |coc|o. |o|o |oooeo, Coeo Costo ||co. /s| |so, se esto oeqoc|oooo coo ooo, Tooo|o, |oooo, ooo coo |o /||oozo
oe| |oc| |co.
:7
||||ooc|o oe |o ||sc||ooc|o cooto |o |o,e eo so 3 oe|ooo oe ses|ooes ce|ebooo oe| 5 oe eoeo o
2 oe ebeo oe 2OO eo \os||oqtoo.
/oeos, se |oo oeseotooo coo ||ctos soc|o|es oe|vooos oe |o oo||coc|o oe estos totooos eo sectoes
estotq|cos ooo |o ecooo|o co|ob|ooo coo |o oooocc|o oe |ec|e, oooo, ooto oo tes, ooz, tet||es,
co|zooo co. |stos sectoes oectoo o|ectoeote |os ooos oe v|oo oe |os o,ees cooes|oos |os v|o-
co|ooos o |o |ooost|o, ooes oo ooeoeo eoeoto |o cooeteoc|o coo ooooctos |oo tooos o bo,os oec|os
oo |o tooto, ooeooo s|o oos|b|||ooo oe qeoeo |os |oqesos ooe oeces|too ooo v|v|. |os oo||t|cos ooe |o
teo|oo ooe oesoo||o e| qob|eoo co|ob|ooo coo coosecoeoc|o oe |o oes|o soc|o|, oo |oc|oeo eo|oos
cooeosoto|os esoec| |cos oe oooo o |os o,ees ooooctoos ooe qooot|ceo ooe |os totooos oe ||be
coec|o oo vo|oeeo sos oeec|os, oesoteoo|eooo os| |o ecoeoooc|o o c|tooo.
.B =,#"&;,56 .3 -&' *&.%3' ;$*"6,#&%,&'
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osto |oce ooos eses, e| o|oeo ooe ec|b|oo |os ooes cooo|to|os o cob|o oe sos |oboes se coos|oe-
obo ooo boo| |coc|o, ooo 'coot|boc|o vo|ooto|o' ooe oo coost|to|o so|o|o. |o v|oco|oc|o oeooeoc|o
eo e| s|steo oe seqo|ooo soc|o| se eocoeoto o coqo oe cooo ooo oe e||os, oo |o ooe eo |o octoo||ooo |o
oo oeo coos|oeob|e oe o,ees ooes ooe tobo,ooo oooote os oe 2O oos oeo oo cot|zooo ooo
oeos|o, eocootoooose oesooteq|oos.
|o |stoteq|o |oc|ooo| oe /teoc|o |oteqo| o |o ||eo |oooc|o ('|e Ceo o S|eoe'), ceooo oo e|
qob|eoo oe| |es|oeote Sootos eo e| oo 2O, |o to|oo coosecoeoc|os ooco ovoob|es o |os ooes coo-
o|to|os, eo |oqo oe o to|ece so |obo o ecoooce sos oeec|os coo tobo,oooos.
|o Co te Coost|toc|ooo| oe Co|ob|o, o tovs oe |o seoteoc|o T-628 oe 2O2, seo| oo o|eo vez ooe |o
boo| |coc|o ooe ec|beo |os ooes cooo|to|os coost|toe oo toto o|sc||ooto|o
25
, eo coosecoeoc|o,
ecoooc| so oeec|o o| so|o|o |o|o ooeo o|seo ooooto, coo oo t|c|ooc|o oe e||os, |os eo|oos
oeceso|os ooo |oce eect|vo so ooqo. |o ob|| oe 2O3 e| Cob|eoo ce oo sobs|o|o ooo |os oesooos ooe
oe,oo oe se ooes cooo|to|os ooe oo eoeo |os eoo|s|tos ooo occeoe o ooo oeos|o. || vo|o oe|
sobs|o|o, ooe oo es ooo oeos|o, es |oso |c|eote, ooes eoo|vo|eote o |o |too oe oo so|o|o |o|o.
|o este oeoto |o seoteoc|o oe |o Co te se |o coo||oo eo |o eo|oo eo ooe se |o |o|eeotooo e| so|o|o
|o|o ooo |os ooes ooe estoo octoo|eote v|oco|ooos o| |oqoo , eo coosecoeoc|o, so occeso o |o
seqo|ooo soc|o| o oeos|o. S|o eboqo, |o oec|s|o beoe |c|o so|oeote o |os ooes ,veoes ooe estoo
cot|zoooo eo e| oeoto, ooteo|eooo |o oesootecc|o ooo oooe||os coo oc|os oos oe tobo,o, oo|eoes
oo ooooo occeoe o oeos|o, o| s|oo|eo coo e| ecoooc||eoto oe| so|o|o |o|o ooe ||zo |o Co te, o
oo|eoes so|oeote |es oeceo oo sobs|o|o.
2+ |os oqoes Cooo|to|os oe 3|eoesto soo oo ooqoo oe eoococ|o oo oo| ooo oooo |o ooc|o oe o|os o|os eote |os O oos
oe eooo oe |os |oqoes soc|oecoo|cos os bo,os eo Co|ob|o o coqo oe o,ees oe| bo|o, coooc|oos coo ooes cooo|to|os, oo|eoes
oesoo||oo e| tobo,o eo so coso.
25 |o Co te seo| ooe esto oct|v|ooo es ooo oo oe tobo,o ooe oe|te o |os oesooos ooe |o e,eceo o|qo| |cose o tovs oe| oesoo||o oe
oo o |c|o oose o s| |sos o sos o|||os occeso o cooo|c|ooes ote|o|es oe v|oo o|qoo o| oec|b| ooo et|boc|o ecoo|co occeso o |o
seqo|ooo soc|o| o cob|o oe |o oestoc|o oe sos sev|c|os oesooo|es.
;9
<<<B JEK121= 1? )D?8<)<D?1= 81 1=W1)<!H XEH?12!><H<8!8
MB J"Q3%3' &`%$ ;$-$*O,&6&'
- V|s|to o Co|ob|o oe |o |oe to sobe coest|ooes oe |os |oo|os
|o |oe to |ooeoeoo|eote sobe coest|ooes oe |os |oo|os, So. Co |c|ooqo||, v|s|t Co|ob|o eo ebeo
oe 2OO. |o so |ooe (|ocoeoto //|C/6/+5//oo.), oeseot sos o|oc|oo|es oeocoooc|ooes esoecto
oe |o oob|oc|o oo co|ob|ooo, oeqo, o|zo| oo|eoooeo. |o eoe to seo| ooe |o esc|ov|too s|qoe s|eooo
|oteote eo |o oq|ooc|o soc|o| oe |os oesooos oo te oe estos cooo|oooes ooe s|qoeo s|eooo otocooos
oo e| coo ||cto oooo, coo ||cto ooe oeteooe oesoosee|os oe sos t|eos e |ovo|oco|os eo e| to |co oe
ooqos. Sobe |os o,ees oe estos cooo|oooes, eoes so oeocoooc|o ooooe oooooe e|ste |eq|s|oc|o
ooe |os ooteqe, esto oo se ev|oeoc|o eo |o o|s|ooc|o oe |o v|o|eoc|o oeso|ozo|eoto ozooo ooe se e,ece
eo so cooto
26
. S| b|eo este |ooe oo coeoto oe |o s|tooc|o eo e| oo 2OO, o|qooos oe |os oob|eos ev|-
oeoc|ooos oo |o |oe to oo |oo s|oo oteoo|oos eo so toto||ooo, |os o,ees oo oesceoo|eotes coot|ooo
eoeotoooose o o|sc||ooc|o, v|o|eoc|o oobezo.
|os oe |os v|o|eoc|os os qoves ooe soeo |os o,ees oo co|ob|ooos soo |o o|sc||ooc|o oc|o| e|
oc|so, |os coo|es |o||zoo |os oos|b|||oooes oe eoo|ooo qoce eect|vo oe oeec|os eo |qoo|ooo eote o
|os oeos o,ees eo Co|ob|o.
H3T .3 XR;#,*&' T 23'#,#";,56 .3 #,3%%&'
Coo se |o eoc|ooooo eo otos ooo tes oe este |ooe, eo ,oo|o oe 2O se eo|o| |o |e ++8 oe 2O,
oo |o coo| se o|ctoo eo|oos oe oteoc|o, os|steoc|o eoooc|o |oteqo| o |os v|ct|os oe| coo ||cto oooo
|oteoo. |sto |e estob|ece ooos esoec| |cos ooo |os o,ees eo |os o t|co|os + o| 8 coeoto coo oo
|eceto eq|oeoto|o (|eceto +635 oe 2O) sobe eo|oos oe oteoc|o eoooc|o ooo cooo|oooes
oeqos, ooco|ob|ooos, o|zo|es oo|ooooeos, ooe oe eoeo|oo tos oo ooceso oe cooso|to coo estos qo-
oos. S|o eboqo, |o |o|eeotoc|o oe esto |eq|s|oc|o |o s|oo |oso |c|eote ooo |os o,ees eo oo t|co|o
ooo |os o,ees oo oesceoo|eotes.
/o|c|ooo|eote, estos ooos s|o cooteo|oo o |os o,ees ooe soo v|ct|os oe| coo ||cto oooo, oe,oooo
oo oeo o oo|eoes |oo s|oo v|ct|os oe otos v|o|eoc|os. |oo oo|eoes |oo so|oo o|sc||ooc|o oo oeo
oe| coo ||cto, oo |o qooot|os. |o este seot|oo coo esoecto o| coo|||eoto oe |o Cooveoc|o oc|o| oe
65, e| |stooo co|ob|ooo |o |ocoo||oo toto|eote sos ob||qoc|ooes.
W$-R#,;& +[O-,;& .3 1e",.&. .3 @/63%$
|o coooto o |o Cooeeoc|o cooto e| oc|so, |o o|sc||ooc|o oc|o|, |o eooob|o |os oos cooeos oe
|oto|eooc|o (|oboo, 2OO), e| ovooce os s|qo| |cot|vo |o s|oo |o |e +82 oe 2O, |e /ot|o|sc||ooc|o,
ooe eo t|oos qeoeo|es, se e |ee o tooos |os 'ec|o|oos soc|o|es' (|qtb|, o|scoooc|tooos, oeqos, |oo|-
qeoos, etc.), oeo oo t|eoe oo eooooe esoec| |co ooo |os o,ees. |sto ooo oo |o s|oo |o so |c|eote-
eote o|ooo|oo o| oo||cooo, |o coo| se oqovo oo |o oos|c|o oe| |ocoooo Ceoeo| oe |o |oc|o, oo|eo
oeseot ,ost| |coc|ooes ooot|vos ooo so oeoqoc|o.
|o seot|ebe oe 2O2, e| Cob|eoo eo|o| |os '||oeo|eotos oe |o |o||t|co |b||co oe |oo|ooo oe Coeo
26 '|| |eqooo oe |o esc|ov|too s|qoe s|eooo ooteote eo |o oq|ooc|o soc|o| ecoo|co oe |os |ebos oe |os cooo|oooes ooco|ob|ooos,
oeqos, o|zo|es oo|eoooeos. S| b|eo |os |ost|||oooes e| coo ||cto oooo ooeoeo |obe o|s|oo|oo eo tooo e| oo|s, oc|os cooo|oooes oo-
co|ob|ooos sos o||qeotes s|qoeo s|eooo ob,eto oe otoooes v|o|eotos (.). |os v|ct|os coos|oeoo ooe oo|eoes coeteo oe||tos cooto e||os
qozoo oe |ooo|ooo. (.) |os octos oe v|o|eoc|o e |ot||ooc|o oeteooeo o|oo oesoosee o |os cooo|oooes oeqos oe sos t|eos ooo, eote
otos |oes, oest|oo|os o| co|t|vo to |co ||eqo|es oe coco. |os ooevos o|ooes oe oesoo||o ocoecoo|co |os |oteeses coec|o|es ooe totoo
oe oooo|| t|eos eo|oto |os ecosos ootoo|es tob|o |oo |oceot|vooo |os eoo,eooc|ooes. |os oesooos oeso|ozooos ooe eqesoo o sos t|e-
os oescobeo ooe otos |oo ec|oooo |o ooo|eooo o e| oeec|o oe osoocto eo so ooseoc|o. (.) |ese o |o o|t|too oe |o|c|ot|vos |eq|s|ot|vos,
oo||t|cos ooqoos ooootooos oo e| Cob|eoo, so o|o oo||coc|o |os escosos ecosos oest|oooos |oceo ooe |os eso|tooos seoo |oso |c|eotes
ooo esooooe o |os oeces|oooes oe |os ooco|ob|ooos'. |ocoeoto //|C/6/+5//oo., |esoeo.
;8
ooo |os |o,ees eo Co|ob|o', ooe oeteooeo oseqoo e| o|eoo qoce oe |os oeec|os oe |os o,ees eo
Co|ob|o, qooot|zoooo e| o|oc|o|o oe |qoo|ooo oo o|sc||ooc|o.
|stos ||oeo|eotos seo|oo |o o|sc||ooc|o oc|o| e| oc|so o |os coo|es se eoeotoo |os o,ees oc|o||zooos.
|s oo eoeoo oe v|o|eoc|o cooto |os o,ees ooe oecto eo e| cooo |oboo|, ocoo|co, |s|co, os|co|q|co,
eote otos, oo |os esteeot|oos oe|vooos oe se to|co- oc|o|eoteeote sobo|te|zooos ooe |||too e| oo-
oe e,ece qozo |os oeec|os |oooos oe o,ees.
|| |ec|o ooe e| oocoeoto oe ||oeo|eotos ecooozco ooe eo Co|ob|o e|ste ooco |oooc|o estoo|st|co so-
be |o s|tooc|o oe |os o,ees to|coeote o|eeoc|ooos, o es oo |oo|cooo oe| oob|eo. o ooe e,oo |os
s|steos oe eo|c|o oe |o oob|oc|o eo Co|ob|o, coo sos vo|ob|es oob|oc|ooo|es otos coocte|st|cos ooe soo
|ootootes ooo v|s|b|||zo |os o|ve|es oe |oeoo|ooo e |oos|steoc|o oe| |stooo eote o so ooooto oe coo|| coo
e| oeec|o o |o |qoo|ooo oe tooos |os sees |oooos eo este coso e| oe |os o,ees.
|s ooco |o |oooc|o estoo|st|co o |c|o| oe ootos oesoqeqooos oo qooos oob|oc|ooo|es coo |o coo|
se ooeoo obsevo coo c|o|ooo e| cooo to|eoto oe |o vo|ob|e to|co, soo eoos |os ootos ooe
cozoo esto vo|ob|e coo |o oe seo, oo |o coo| oo se t|eoe |oooc|o estoo|st|co o|eeoc|ooo sobe
|os o,ees |oo|qeoos, ooco|ob|ooos, oeqos, o|zo|es, oo|eoooeos |o, s|o eboqo, otos es-
too|os oeotes oe|teo estob|ece |o esoec|o| oectoc|o ooe oeseotoo |os o,ees oe teoec|eotes
o o|vesos qooos to|cos ooo e,ece sos oeec|os oo |o |otesecc|o oe |t|o|es o|sc||ooc|ooes
2
.
83%3;N$ &- #%&O&Q$
|o |o eseo |oboo|, |os estoo|st|cos seo|oo ootos oe |os o,ees eo qeoeo|, oeo |os o,ees oeqos eo
eoo ooooc|o |os |oo|qeoos cooes|oos |oo estooo eooestos o esooc|os |oboo|es oo b|eo eooe-
ooos (tob|o estot| |cooos seqo o|qeo, ozo, eoococ|o) oo oo ecoooc|oos |eq|s|ot|voeote eo e|
oo|s, coo e| sev|c|o oost|co |os |oboes oe co|oooo. |o |o estoteq|os ooo sooeo esto s|tooc|o.
83%3;N$ & -& +&%#,;,+&;,56
|o |o oo t|c|ooc|o eo |os oocesos oe too oe oec|s|ooes eo |os eseos oe oooe, |os o,ees oc|o||zooos t|e-
oeo eoos esooc|os ooo oooe oo t|c|oo, too oec|s|ooes eoeseoto o ooestos cooo|oooes, oo tooto
|os estoteq|os t|eoe ooe se o|eeoc|ooos. |ste oob|eo esto ecoooc|oo eo e| oocoeoto oe ||oeo|eotos.
)$6'#%";;,56 .3 +&Aa*"Q3%3' 4R;#,*&'
|o e| e,e oe coostocc|o oe ooz, e| |ec|o ooe |os o,ees oo se |oeot| |ooeo o e|oc|ooeo so oe teoeoc|o o oo
qooo to|coeote o|eeoc|ooo, es oe||cooo ev|oeoc|o |o oeb|||ooo eo |os s|steos oe eo|c|o oob|oc|ooo|
oe| oo|s. |o e| oo|veso oe v|ct|os oe| coo ||cto oooo, |o oo qoo ooceoto,e oe o,ees to|coeote
o|eeoc|ooos, ooes |o oo oectoc|o oeoto oe| coo ||cto oooo |o s|oo eo te|to|os ooooe se ob|coo
|os o,ees oeqos, |oo|qeoos cooes|oos.
83%3;N$ & -& '&-".
|o coooto o |o so|oo |oteqo| |os oeec|os seoo|es eooooct|vos, |o s|tooc|o oo es eoos qove. |o
oo|o oe o,ees oc|o||zooos se ob|co eo te|to|os ooe oo coeotoo coo |o |ooestoctoo, e| coo|to| |o-
ooo |ooeo oe t|oeote ooo toto o |os o,ees. |o toso oe o to||ooo oe |os o,ees ooeoe se o|to,
oeo oo|zos oo esto eoo tooo oo |os cooo|c|ooes |oooecoooos oe| s|t|o. esto |oceeoto |o esooosob|||ooo
oe| |stooo so coot|boc|o o |o oe te oe |os o,ees, |o ooe |o coo |qoo e|o|c|o|os, ooe esto|oo toos-
veso||zooos oo cooo|c|o oe ozo c|ose.
2 |oqs. + 5 oe| oocoeoto oe ||oeo|eotos, eo |tto.//....eoo|oooo,e.qov.co/|ocoeots/||oeo|eotos-oo||t|co-oob||co-eoo|ooo-oe-qeoeo.
oo
;:
|o |os e,es oe eoococ|o oe co||ooo coo eooooe o|eeoc|o|, occeso oe |os o,ees o |os ooevos tecoo|oq|os,
oeec|o o| te|to|o, |ob|tot eo|o ob|eote, qest|o ob||co oesoo||o |ost|toc|ooo| oe toosoo-
c|o co|too| cooo|coc|o, |o s|tooc|o oe |os o,ees oo oesceoo|eotes oo es o|st|oto. |o estos oeos
oeseotoo os vo|oeob|||oooes ooe e| esto oe |os o,ees eo Co|ob|o.
X,$-36;,& ,6#%&`&*,-,&% \H3T MPGf .3 PYYg^
|eoto oe |os o|oc|o|os oe |o |e 25 oe 2OO8, se eocoeotoo ) |qoo|ooo eo| eect|vo, ) |o o|sc||oo-
c|o 8) /teoc|o o|eeoc|ooo. |stos oo se ote|o||zoo eo |os eo|oos oe |o |e o| eo so ooesto eo oc|o
o sos |ecetos eq|oeoto|os. |o o|co eoc|o ooe se eo||zo oe |o oot|co|o|ooo to|co oooece eo e|
oooqoo oe| ot|co|o +, eo e| coo|to|o V oe |eo|oos oe |otecc|o. '|o |os cosos oe v|o|eoc|o |otoo|||o eo
|os cooo|oooes |oo|qeoos, e| cooeteote ooo coooce oe estos cosos es |o esoect|vo ooto|ooo |oo|qeoo,
eo oesoo||o oe |o ,o|so|cc|o esoec|o| oev|sto oo |o Coost|toc|o |oc|ooo| eo e| o t|co|o 2+6'. |sto |e es
oo oescoooc|oo oo oo qoo oeo oe o,ees oc|o||zooos.
|| |stooo, o tovs oe sos o|eeotes o |c|oos, oo esto |oc|eooo so |c|eoteeote b|eo so tobo,o ooo toos-
oo |os o|sc||ooc|ooes soc|o|es cooto |os o,ees. |o oc|os ocos|ooes oo t|eoe eo coeoto ooe ooo
so|o o,e ooeoe se ob,eto oe |t|o|es o|sc||ooc|ooes, es oec|, oo t|eoe oo eooooe |otesecc|ooo| eo |o
oo|oc|o, oo||coc|o estoteq|os oe oo||t|co ob||co.
PB J"Q3%3' ,6.R:36&'
S| b|eo Co|ob|o se ecoooce coo oo oo|s o|t| to|co o|o|co|too|, o oeso oe |os esoezos estoto|es, |os
|t|o|es esooc|os oe 'o|o|oqo cooce toc|o' |os o|soos|c|ooes |eqo|es ooe boscoo ooteqe o |os ooeb|os
|oo|qeoos, so s|tooc|o es qove ooes e| |stooo oo qooot|zo |o ootecc|o eo||zoc|o oe |os oeec|os co-
|ect|vos e |oo|v|ooo|es.
|o se |o e|oboooo ooo oo||t|co ob||co oe ootecc|o |oteqo| o |os ooeb|os |oo|qeoos, ooe teoqo eo coeoto
e| |oocto oe| coo||cto oooo |oteoo ooe v|veo o,ees |obes |oo|qeoos eo sos ooo|os te|to|os.
/oeos, e| ooe|o oe oesoo||o se oooo eo oo||t|cos |oeos ooe oo qooot|zoo oo boeo oesoo||o oe
|os oocesos oe cooso|to, cooseot||eoto oev|o, ||be b|eo |ooooo. |os |o|c|ot|vos |oeos |ovooeo, e-
ooo|oo soooeoo e| |ob|tot ooo|o |oo|qeoo. |o oto oote, oes|ste oo ooe|o oe soc|eooo oooooo eo
|oq|oo|os ooct|cos co|too|es ooe eoosoec|oo o|sc||ooo oo s|o o |os o,ees oo so cooo|c|o oe
qoeo, s|oo tob|o o |oo|qeoos oo oesceoo|eotes oo so cooo|c|o to|co oc|o|. |o tooto, |o o|sc||-
ooc|o ooe v|veo |os o,ees |oo|qeoos se oceoto ooooo|zo ,ostoeote oo so |oeot|ooo to|co.
/ o|ve| qeoeo|, eo Co|ob|o oo se coeoto coo ootos oeoqo |cos |ob|es ooe oeo ozo oe coooto es |o
oob|oc|o |oo|qeoo. |os c|os ooe osoe |o C||C
28
es ooe |o oob|oc|o toto| |oo|qeoo es oe ,+ |||ooes
oe oesooos, |o ooe coesooooe o| 3.+3 oe toto| oe |o oob|oc|o oe |os coo|es se co|co|o ooe e| + soo
o,ees. Se |o oove t|oo ooe oe |os O2 ooeb|os cootoctooos eo Co|ob|o
2
, 66 estoo eo e| |esqo oe
ete|o|o |s|co co|too| (es oec| e| 62, oe| toto| oe |os ooeb|os e|steotes). oe estos 62 ooeb|os, 3 oe
e||os coeotoo coo eoos oe 5OO oesooos, 8 t|eoeo eoos oe 2OO O eoos oe OO, tooos e||os soeo oe
ooeo oesooooc|ooooo |os |ooctos oe| coo ||cto oooo, |o o|sc||ooc|o, |o |o|ootoc|o oe oo||t|cos
ecoo|cos e| oboooooo |ost|toc|ooo|, octoes ooe oceotoo |o s|tooc|o oe |o|oeote et|oc|o |s|co
co|too|
3O
.
|os ootos ooe ooo coeoto oe |o s|tooc|o oe oesoo||o |oooo || oo estoo oesoqeqooos oo ozooes
oe eto|o seo, |o ooe oo oe|te cooto coo |oooc|ooes o |c|o|es ooe oesteo |o eo||ooo oe |os o,ees
|oo|qeoos eo coooto o| qoce oe sos oeec|os.
28 Cqoo|zoc|o |oc|ooo| |oo|qeoo oe Co|ob|o. |oc|o| oocoeoto eo ooooe se o|ce eso c|o
2 || Cob|eoo |oc|ooo| s|o ecoooce |o e|steoc|o oe 8+ ooeb|os |oo|qeoos.
3O Ve Cqoo|zoc|o |oc|ooo| |oo|qeoo oe Co|ob|o C||C, |o|obo oo|ce o|e oe v|oo'. |o,oooo co|oos ooo |o oev|veoc|o oe |os ooeb|os |oo|-
qeoos eo |esqo oe et|oc|o eo Co|ob|o. |oq. |o|c|ooes C||C 2OO.
;;
S|o eboqo, qoc|os o| tobo,o oe |os oqoo|zoc|ooes |oo|qeoos oe o,ees, se coooceo s|tooc|ooes ooe
oe|teo |oeot| |co c|ooeote ooe e||os soeo oe ooeo oesooooc|ooooo |os |ooctos oe| eoobec|-
|eoto, coo ||cto oooo, soc|o| oo||t|co |os eectos oe |o |o|ootoc|o oe| ooe|o oe oesoo||o v|qeote.
|stos s|tooc|ooes se oqovoo oo |o o|soes|o qeoqo |co |os bo,os o|ve|es eoocot|vos oqoo|zoo |os oes-
|qoo|oooes oo ozooes qeoqo |cos, to|cos oc|o|es.
Seqo e| |ooe |oc|ooo| oe |esoo||o oooo 2O, oe |os ooeb|os |oo|qeoos e| 63 v|ve bo,o |o ||oeo
oe oobezo (eote o| 3+, |oo|ce ooc|ooo|) +,6 bo,o |o ||oeo oe |se|o
3
.
|o ote|o eoocot|vo, e| 28,6, oe o,ees |oo|qeoos ooes oe 5 oos soo ooo|obetos, eote o| 5,8 oe
|o eo|o ooc|ooo|. |o obstoote ooe se |o sooeooo oo||oeote e| oe,o|c|o oe ooe |os o,ees oo oeces|-
too oe| estoo|o oo oeo |oo toote oe o|os |oo|qeoos os|steo o |o escoe|o, es ooto|o |o oo co||ooc|o
oe| c|c|o bos|co oe ooc|o oe |os ooo|esceotes oc|o eoos e| occeso co||ooc|o o |o eoococ|o
sooe|o. |o oobezo, |o oteo|ooo teoooo, e| coo ||cto oooo (|||to|zoc|o, |oos oot|oesooos, co-
botes, bobooeos,.) e| oeso|ozo|eoto, eote otos, soo obstoco|os ooo occeoe o oeooece eo |o
escoe|o, soooo o ooe eo oc|os cosos |os s|steos, co|co|os o|oo|cos oe |o escoe|o soo |oooecoooos
co|too|eote.
|o o to||ooo oteoo eo Co|ob|o s|qoe s|eooo, seqo ootos o |c|o|es
32
, ooo oe |os coosos oe oo |oeoo|-
ooo eo e| oo|s. |os oeoo toeotos oe oo |oeoo|ooo soo oooe||os eo ooooe |ob|to oo|to|oeote oob|o-
c|o |oo|qeoo. |o estos |eoo toeotos, |o toso es oe 5,2+ o,ees oo cooo || ooc|oos v|vos, o oo eoc|o
oe| ,5 oe |o eo|o eo |eoo toeotos eoos oobes. Seqo e| |ooe oe| |||| sobe |os Cb,et|vos oe|
|||eo|o, |os tosos oo oeoo toeotos os oobes eo e| 2OO
33
soo. eo e| /ozooos oe 3,8, V|c|ooo 235,5,
Coo,|o -22O,+, Coo|o|o 62,8, Vooos 6,8 seqo|oos oo |o|o Cooco ooe estoo oo eoc|o oe OO. |stos
c|os soo o|oootes ooooe |o toso ooeoe ||eqo o se |osto cos| 5 veces oo ooe e| ooeo|o ooc|ooo|.
|o obstoote |o octoo||zooo oe esto |oooc|o, es oeocoooote oo cooto coo ootos estoo|st|cos oo eto|o
seo, ooes tooos estos |oooc|ooes se |o |eeo o oo t| oe |os eso|tooos eq|ooo|es, s|tooc|o ooe oo
oe|te estob|ece c|ooeote e| estooo oe so|oo seoo| eooooct|vo oe |os o,ees |oo|qeoos, oeo s| oo
|oo|coooes o|oootes.

o boeos ooo e| occeso oe |os o,ees |oo|qeoos o oo s|steo oe so|oo ooe se cooo|oe octo oco-
oe coo |os ooct|cos s|steos too|c|ooo|es oe co|oooo oe |o so|oo. o| |co|tooes ooo se oteoo|oos eo sos
cooo|oooes, oo e|ste oesooo|, eo|coeotos, |ostoeotos e |ooestoctoos ooecoooos ooo oteooe
s|tooc|ooes oe eo|ooo o|to qoveooo eo |os oob|ooos |oo|qeoos. |o e|steo cooo|c|ooes o| eo|os oe
toosoo te ooe qooot|ceo |o ov|||zoc|o oe oesooos eoeos o |os ceotos oe oteoc|o. |o oteoc|o eo
ceotos o|cos |oso|to|o|os oo coeoto coo ootoco|os oe oteoc|o ooecoooos co|too|eote. oo |o
tooocc|o o |os |eoqoos |oo|qeoos, oo |o cooo|c|ooes ooo ooe ooeooo se ocoooooos oo sos o|||oes,
oo |o s|steos oe |oooc|o oob|es ooe coot|booo o |o cooeos|o oe |os ooceo||eotos o ooe voo
o se soet|oos.
|| coo ||cto oooo |oteoo |o |ec|o oe |os ooeb|os |oo|qeoos sos v|ct|os. S| b|eo eo oc|os cosos |os c|os
oo soo |os os o|tos coos|oeoooo |o eo|o ooc|ooo|, s| eso|too o|toeote oeocooootes, ,ostoeote oo |o
oq|||ooo oeoqo |co. |s |oo toote eoc|ooo ooe e|ste oo sob-eq|sto oe c|os ooe se oceoto eo |os
cosos o v|o|oc|ooes o || oe |os o,ees |oo|qeoos.
|esoe 85 o |o ec|o, se eq|stoo 2.628 oses|ootos oe oesooos |oo|qeoos, |ec|os ooe oes|steo. |o |o co-
|oo oe| 2O3, seqo eoo tes oe |o C||C (Cqoo|zoc|o |oc|ooo| |oo|qeoo oe Co|ob|o), oe 22 oesooos
oses|oooos eo e| oco oe| coo ||cto oooo, + eoo o,ees.
3 |tto.//escoe|ooooo.oq/b|b||oteco/oocoeotos/ob|e tos/O5_|oo|2Oco.oo
32 /oo||s|s oe S|tooc|o oe So|oo seqo eq|ooes Co|ob|o. ||o|ste|o oe So|oo |otecc|o Soc|o| 2O3.
33 |otos toooos oe| |ocoeoto. '|oeb|os |oo|qeoos |os C||. Cb,et|vos oe| |esoo||o oe |||eo|o', |||| 2O2.
;<
|o ote|o oe oeso|ozo|eoto ozooo oo |o v|o|eoc|o, oo obstoote |os oeoes oe |o Co te Coost|toc|ooo|
(/otos O2 OO+), |o oob|oc|o v|ct|o oe este |oqe|o se oot|eoe oe ooeo o|ooote.
'|ote 2OO 2OO oeoo oeso|ozooos os oe || |oo|qeoos oe sos te|to|os, seqo |o C||C
oooote e| 2O, se eq|stooo 33 eveotos oe oeso|ozo|eoto oe |ebos oe ooeb|os |oo|qeoos, ooe
osc|eooeo o 5.32 oesooos. ||oc|oo|eote soo o|os, o|os o,ees oo|eoes soo oesteooos, o,e-
es v|ooos o,ees cobezo oe |oqo. |o coostoote, oo oo te oe| estooo co|ob|ooo, es o|s|o eo
ote|o oe oteoc|o eo estos s|tooc|ooes'.
|s oos|b|e est|o ooe oooote 2O2 oo |o eoos 8.5+ |oo|qeoos tov|eoo ooe oeso|ozose oe sos
|oqoes oe es|oeoc|o , ooo cooooo ooo boeoo oo te oe |os oeso|ozo|eotos |oo|qeoos se oot|eoe
oeoto oe| te|to|o o eo |oqoes cecooos ooo ev|to e| oesoo,o oe sos t|eos, oc|os |ebos oe
estos cooo|oooes ||eqooo o eotooos obooos ooe |os oesoeooeo oeceso|oeote oe sos ooct|cos
co|too|es qeoeoo e| esooebo,o|eoto oe sos eo|os oe v|oo oe| seot|oo oe |o |so
3+
.
|sto s|qo| |co ooe estos |oo|qeoos eoeseotoo e| ,O8 oe| toto| oe |o oob|oc|o oeso|ozooo.
|os v|o|oc|ooes oe||tos seoo|es cooto o,ees o|os |oo|qeoos oo se eq|stoo, oo se |ovest|qoo. '|eo||ooo
ooco oocoeotooo, oo cooot| |cooo, oo e|steo ootos ooe |ob|eo |e|eote oe esto eo||ooo, se oe coo
c|e to ecoeoc|o oe oeoooc|os ooe |oeqo oesoooeceo ooooe oo 'eo c|e to', 'eo ooo o|o |oteoetoc|o
oe |os |ec|os', 'se |o |oq|oooo.'
35
. Seqo |o C||C, eote e| 2O e| 2O2 se eoo tooo cosos oe v|o-
|eoc|os seoo|es cooto o|os o,ees |oo|qeoos. Tooos oeooeceo eo |o |ooo|ooo, |o oo|o o| s|oo|eo
se |oo ,oo|c|o||zooo.
|| occeso o |o ,ost|c|o es oto oe |os oeec|os vo|oeooos o |os o,ees |oo|qeoos. Ceoeo|eote oo esooo-
oeo o sos oeoooos o| |o ,ost|c|o ooo|o |oo|qeoo, o| |o ,ost|c|o oo|oo|o. |sto se oebe o |o oq|||ooo oe |o
,ost|c|o |oo|qeoo |o |oooeooc|o oe |o ,ost|c|o oo|oo|o. Cooooo |oo|eote |os o,ees |oqoo |ostooo ooo
oeoooo, eo |o oteoc|o oo se coeoto coo toooctoes eo |os oocesos ,oo|c|o|es oo e|steo ootoco|os
oe oteoc|o esoec| |cos ooo |os o,ees |oo|qeoos. |oc|os veces |os cosos se veot||oo oe ooeo co|ect|vo,
o|v|ooooo ooos bos|cos ooe ooteqeo e| oeec|o o |o |ot||ooo oe |os v|ct|os oe v|o|eoc|o seoo|.
|o e| /oto O2 oe| 2OO8, |o Co te Coost|toc|ooo| ooeoo o| |stooo Co|ob|ooo |o |ovest|qoc|o oe oo |o
eoos cosos oe o,ees |oo|qeoos v|ct|os oe v|o|eoc|os seoo|es. Seqo esooesto oe |o ||sco||o Ceoeo|
oe |o |oc|o o |o C||C, o|oqooo oe estos cosos esto s|eooo |ovest|qooo. |o se t|eoe coooc||eoto oe |o
e|steoc|o oe coooeoos oo v|o|oc|ooes seoo|es o oto t|oo oe v|o|eoc|os cooto o,ees |oo|qeoos.
/ oeso oe |os |t|o|es ocoeoos esooc|os oe cooce toc|o eote e| |stooo Co|ob|ooo |os ooeb|os
|oo|qeoos, |o eo||ooo es ooe.
|| |stooo co|ob|ooo oo coeoto coo s|steos oe |oooc|o ooe e |e,eo |o eo||ooo o|eeoc|ooo oe
|| ooe v|veo |os o,ees |oo|qeoos. |oo|o o |ose ooe '|o ooc|o o|t| to|co o|o| co|too|' coo
ooo |ost|toc|ooo||ooo, s|steos oe |oooc|o, oo||t|cos ooqoos ooe ecooozcoo eso o|ves|ooo oo
e|ste.
|o obstoote |os ocoeoos ooo |o oo|oc|o oe oo||t|cos ob||cos o ovo oe |os o,ees co|ob|ooos
|os ooeb|os |oo|qeoos, e| teo oe |os o,ees |oo|qeoos se |o toosveso||zooo o| oooto oe oo oco||zo |o
oteoc|o o |os o,ees |oo|qeoos eo oo t|co|o, |o coo| te|oo oo |ov|s|b|||zo|os.
|os |ost|toc|ooes oe| |stooo sos ooc|ooo|os oo coeotoo coo |eo|eotos ooc|o ooecoooo ooe
esoooooo o ooo |oteveoc|o coo eooooe o|eeoc|o| to|co oe qoeo.
3+ |o c|s|s |ooo|to|o eo Co|ob|o oes|ste. |ooe oeso|ozo|eoto ozooo eo 2O2, CC||S.
35 |ooe |o,ees |oo|qeoos, v|ct|os |ov|s|b|es oe| coo ||cto oooo eo Co|ob|o, |o v|o|eoc|o seoo|, ooo estoteq|o oe qoeo, 2O2. |eseotooo
o |o |e|otoo oe V|o|eoc|os Seoo|es eo e| oco oe coo ||ctos oe |o C||, oo |o Coose,e|o |o,e |o|||o Ceoeoc|o oe |o C||C.
;3
|o coooto o |o |e 25, |os o,ees |oo|qeoos oo eocoeotoo oo oco ovoob|e o |o oeeoso oe sos
oeec|os. |o cooo|ooc|o eote ,ost|c|o oo|oo|o ooc|ooo| ,ost|c|o |oo|qeoo oo se oo |os o,ees te-
|ooo oesooteq|oos s|o |ostooc|os coocetos o oooe ocoo|. /s| |so |o |o|eeotoc|o oe esto |e
oo coeoto coo |os oot|co|o|oooes ooe t|eoeo |os o,ees |oo|qeoos |os eo|oos ooootooos ooo|eceo oe
eooooes oooo|ooos ooo e||os.
|| |eceto +633 oe 2O, ooe eq|oeoto |o |e oe V|ct|os eo |o eeeote o ooeb|os |oo|qeoos, oo |o
oosooo oe |o oo|oc|o so |o|eeotoc|o se o||oto eo eo|o oe eoo|ooes oeqoc|oc|ooes ooe oo
cooooceo o occ|ooes coocetos.
|o c|s|s oe| s|steo oe so|oo eo e| oo|s oecto oe ooeo ooot|co o |os o,ees |oo|qeoos, oo|eoes se
eoeotoo coo oo s|ooeo oe boeos o |o |oo oe occeoe o| oeec|o o |o so|oo.
|o oo t|c|ooc|o oo||t|co ooo |os o,ees |oo|qeoos eo esooc|os oe |o oo||t|co ooc|ooo| es ooco. |o |os es-
ooc|os oe qob|eoo |oo|qeoo |o os oo t|c|ooc|o, s|o eboqo soo esooc|os oeco|os, escosos coo |os
o| |co|tooes s|||oes o |os ooe v|veo |os o,ees co|ob|ooos eo qeoeo|. |o ocoeoo coost|toc|ooo|, |os
ooeb|os |oo|qeoos t|eoeo oo esooc|o ooo|o eo e| Cooqeso co|ob|ooo, s|o eboqo esto escoso eoeseo-
toc|o |o estooo eo cobezo oe |obes. |e ocoeoo coo |o |e, eo ||stos o qooos |eq|s|ot|vos oebeo esto
oo |o eoos eoeseotooos |os o,ees eo ooo teceo oo te. |sto ||ev o ooe eo o|qooos oo|c|o|os |os
o,ees oeoo |ov|tooos o se oo te oe |os ||stos ooo Cooce,os |oo|c|oo|es, /sob|eos |eoo toeoto|es,
Cooo Seoooo, este ||oooo eo oc|os cosos oe s|o ooo coo|| coo e| eoo|s|to |eqo| coo o
oocos ooc|ooes ooo se e|eq|oos. |o |o |oooc|o oe coootos o,ees |oo|qeoos oeoo e|eq|oos eo |os
Cooce,os |oo|c|oo|es o eo otos esooc|os eq|ooo|es, eo |os esceoo|os ooc|ooo|es estoo ooseotes.
|o |os esooc|os oe qob|eoo |oco| |oo|qeoo, es cec|eote e| oeo oe o,ees ooe osoeo o soo e|eq|oos
coo 'qobeooooos' o ooto|ooo |oo|qeoo. S|o eboqo, es ooo |oooc|o oo cooot| |cooo.
SB J"Q3%3' H>C
|o Co|ob|o oo e|steo s|steos oe |oooc|o sobe |o s|tooc|o oe |os oeec|os |oooos oe |os oeso-
oos |C3T. |o coosecoeoc|o, e| |stooo oo coeoto coo ootos, ooeos, ootooes, coocte|zoc|ooes, etc. ooe |e
oe|too coooce |os oob|eot|cos ooe eoeoto esto oob|oc|o eo coosecoeoc|o, o|seo e |o|eeoto
occ|ooes oe oeveoc|o ootecc|o oe sos oeec|os |oooos.
|o oto oo te, oo e|ste ooo oo||t|co ob||co ooc|ooo| |C3T. |eo|oote e| |eceto +53O oe 2OO8, se o|sooso
ooe e| ||o|ste|o oe| |ote|o, o tovs oe |o ||ecc|o oe /sootos |oo|qeoos, ||oo|os |o, o|seoo oo-
qoos oe os|steoc|o tco|co, soc|o| oe oooo o |o oo||t|co ooo |o oob|oc|o |C3T
36
. S|o eboqo, oo se
t|eoeo eso|tooos coocetos oeb|oo o ooe.
. |o e|ste ooo oqeooo cooce tooo ooo |o oo|oc|o oe |o oo||t|co ob||co.
2. |o se |o tobo,ooo sobe oo boooo oe oo||t|co ob||co.
3. || eoo|oo oes|qoooo oo e| ||o|ste|o oe| |ote|o oo es ooeo ooes oo t|eoe coooc|ooo oe oec|s|o,
oo coooce oe |o oo|oc|o oe oo||t|cos ob||cos oo coooce sobe |os oo t|co|o|oooes oe |o oo-
b|oc|o |C3T.
+. |o |o oesoooesto.
|o oto oo te, oote |o |oe|steoc|o oe |o |o||t|co |b||co |oc|ooo|, se ce ooo '|eso oe Cosos |qeotes'
ooe oesoe e| oe oov|ebe oe 2O2 es oes|o|oo oo |o V|ceoes|oeoc|o oe |o |eob||co coeoto coo |o
oo t|c|ooc|o oe o|vesos eot|oooes coo |o ||sco||o Ceoeo| oe |o |oc|o, |o |o||c|o e| ||o|ste|o |b||co.
S|o eboqo, sto es |oe |c|eote, ooes oo se coeoto coo c|te|os c|oos sobe coo|es soo |os cosos ooe oebeo
se evo|oooos oo |o |so. /oeos, qeoeo ooco ceo|b|||ooo oo |o o|to oe ovooces |o oeseoc|o oe |o
|ocoooo|o Ceoeo| oe |o |oc|o, oes|o|oo oo /|e,oooo Coez, oo|eo se |o oooesto ob|e toeote o|
ecoooc||eoto oe oeec|os o oesooos |C3T.
36 / t|co|o 3 oe| |eceto +53O oe 2OO8.
;4
/ooooe |o |o||c|o |oc|ooo| eo|o| |o c|co|o OO6 oe 2OO ooe oooeve |o 'qooot|o esoeto o |os oee-
c|os oe |o cooo|ooo |C3T', sto oo coeoto coo |eo|eotos eect|vos ooe se tooozcoo eo |o e|||ooc|o
o eoocc|o oe ooct|cos o|sc||ooto|os oo oo te oe |o |ost|toc|o.
|e |os oocesos oeoo|es oo |o|c|o|o oe oesooos |C3T eq|stooos oo Co|ob|o ||veso eote |os oos 2OO8-
2O2 (58O eo toto|), eo s|o 2O oe e||os se |oo o|ctooo seoteoc|os oe |o|t|vos (8 seoteoc|os coooeooto|os 2 obso-
|oto|os). |o |o oo|o oe cosos, |os |ovest|qoc|ooes oeoo|es soo oc||vooos o to|tooos coo oe||tos oos|ooo|es,
oo |o tooto se o|te |ovest|qo |os oos|b|es ot|voc|ooes e|oc|ooooos coo |o o|eotoc|o seoo| o |oeot|ooo oe
qoeo oe |os v|ct|os.
/ooooe es oo||oeote coooc|oo ooe |os qooos oooos o| oqeo oe |o |e oo||coo oo||t|cos oe |o o|
||oooo '||o|ezo soc|o|', oo se coooce |o eo| oectoc|o oe |o oob|oc|o |C3T eo e| oco oe| coo ||cto o-
ooo. |esoe e| oo 2OO8 Co|ob|o ||veso |o oove t|oo sobe |o c|co|oc|o os|vo oe ooo |etos eo vo|os
|eoo toeotos oe| oo|s. |ote 2OO 2O2 se |o eq|stooo |o c|co|oc|o oe o| eoos 32 ooo |etos, eo |os
ooe se oeoozo oe oe te o oesooos |C3T.
|| |ost|toto |oc|ooo| oe |eo|c|oo |eqo| C|eoc|os |oeoses, eoo t ooe eote 2OO 2O o| eoos 6O oeso-
oos |C3T| oeoo v|ct|os oe v|o|eoc|o seoo|. |esoecto o |esb|ooos, qos b|seoo|es oo e|steo ooqoos
o| oseso|os esoec|o||zooos eo so|oo seoo| eooooct|vo.
] =,#"&;,56 .3 .3`36'$%&' .3 .3%3;N$' N"*&6$' .3 -& +$O-&;,56 H@>C
|o oto |ooo, eote |os oos 2OO 2O2, Co|ob|o ||veso tovo coooc||eoto oe| oses|ooto oe o| eoos
oeeosoes oeeosoos oe oeec|os |oooos oe |o oob|oc|o |C3T. |ote |os oeeosoos oe oeec|os
|oooos oses|oooos se eocoeotoo + o,ees |esb|ooos 2 o,ees tooseoo|es. |o coocooooc|o coo |o
ecoeoooc|o |ec|o oo |o Co|s|o |oteoe|cooo oe |eec|os oooos
3
, oebe|o ceose ooo |o|ooo
|soec|o||zooo ooo e| ooo||s|s |o |ovest|qoc|o oe oe||tos coet|oos eo cooto oe oesooos |C3T.
] =,#"&;,56 +&%#,;"-&% .3 -&' *"Q3%3' -3'O,&6&'
o) C|os sobe v|o|oc|ooes o oeec|os |oooos oe o,ee
|esb|ooos
/ oeso oe |o |oe|steoc|o oe s|steos oe |oooc|o o |c|o|es, Co|ob|o ||veso
38
|o ooo|oo eq|sto
oooote e| oe|ooo 2OO-2O2, 58O |o|c|o|os eo cooto oe oesooos |C3T. |e e||os 22 |oo s|oo oe o,ees
|esb|ooos.
|ote 2OO 2O2 se tovo oot|c|o oe o| eoos 58 cosos oe oboso oo||c|o| (e| coo| cooeooe cooooctos coo
oeteoc|ooes ob|to|os, totos coe|es |o|oooos oeqooootes, to toos v|o|oc|ooes o| oeb|oo ooceso),
oeo oo es oos|b|e ooooc|ooo oo oeo eocto oe o,ees |esb|ooos v|ct|os oe oboso. / oeso oe e||o,
s| ooeoe oec|se ooe |os cosos oe oboso oo||c|o| eo cooto oe o,ees |esb|ooos soe|eo oeseotose cooooo
se eocoeotoo eo ooe,o.
b) |os o,ees |esb|ooos o|vooos oe |o ||be too
|o,ees |esb|ooos o|vooos oe |o ||be too |oo oeoooc|ooo. . oo||b|c|ooes obstoco|os o| o|sote oe| oee-
3 Co|s|o |oteoe|cooo oe |eec|os oooos, Seqoooo |ooe sobe |o S|tooc|o oe |os |eeosoos |os |eeosoes oe |eec|os oooos
eo |os /|cos, C|//Se.|/V/||.|oc. 66, 3 o|c|ebe 2O, oooo 33
38 Co|ob|o ||veso coeoto coo ooo bose oe ootos eo |o ooe se eq|stoo v|o|oc|ooes eo cooto oe oesooos |C3T, eote e||os v|o|oc|ooes o| oeec|o
o |o v|oo |o |oteq|ooo oesooo|. |o bose oe ootos es o||eotooo oe|o|coeote o oo t| oe. ) |oooc|o oe oo|o, oeoso te|ev|s|o, 2)
oeoooc|os |ec|os oo |os oqoo|zoc|ooes oo qobeooeoto|es oo |os oct|v|stos 3) oeoooc|os |oo|v|ooo|es oe |os ooe Co|ob|o ||veso t|eoe
coooc||eoto o|ecto, e +) |oooc|o o |c|o| ooo tooo oo e| |stooo (||sco||o, |o||c|o |oc|ooo|, |eeoso|os, |esooe|os, |ost|toto |oc|ooo| oe
|eo|c|oo |eqo| C|eoc|os |oeoses, eote otos) o tovs oe esooestos o oeec|os oe oet|c|o |oteooestos oo Co|ob|o ||veso.
;5
c|o o |o v|s|to |ot|o eote ooe,os oe| |so seo 2. cost|qos o|sc|o||oo|os oo eo||zo oo|estoc|ooes oe
oecto eote ooe,os oe| |so seo o| |ote|o oe |os coce|es. || |stooo |o o|t|oo coo|| coo |os oeoes
qeoeo|es ooe|oos oo |o Co te Coost|toc|ooo| eo |o seoteoc|o T-O62 oe 2O, eo oo t|co|o, |o oe eoo
e| |eceto oe 5 'eq|oeoto Ceoeo| o| coo| se so,etooo |os eq|oeotos |oteoos oe |os |stob|ec||eo-
tos |eo|teoc|o|os coce|o|os', ooo |oce|o seos|b|e ocooe coo |os oeces|oooes oe |os oesooos |C3T|
o|vooos oe |o ||be too
3
.
c) || oeec|o o |o o|||o oe o,ees |esb|ooos
|os o,ees |esb|ooos |oo v|sto o|oc|oo|eote vo|oeooo so oeec|o o |o o|||o. /ooooe oesoe e| 2OO |o
Co te Coost|toc|ooo| |o coosto|oo ooo ||oeo ,o|soooeoc|o| sobe |os oeec|os oe |os ooe,os oe| |so
seo, s|qoeo oeseotoooose oob|eos eo so |o|eeotoc|o, ooes oc|os ooc|ooo|os ob||cos se o|eqoo o
oo||co|os o oo sobeo co |oce|o. /oeos, e| |ocoooo Ceoeo| oe |o |oc|o |o s|oo oo oe te ooos|to
o| ecoooc||eoto oe estos oeec|os, |oc|eooo oso oe |o |qoo oe |o ob,ec|o oe cooc|eoc|o
+O
ooo ooe |os
ooto|os se o|eqoeo o oec|oo oo|ooes o|to|es oe |ec|o eote ooe,os oe| |so seo.
/s| |so, eo |o eeeote o |o ooooc|o
+
, e| |ocoooo Ceoeo| oe |o |oc|o |o oobooo co|s|ooes
esoec|o|es ooo v|q||o oe ooeo |oosoo| |os oocesos oe ooooc|o |o|c|ooos oo oesooos |C3T, eo oo t|co|o
eote o ooo so||c|too oe ooooc|o e|evooo oo ooo ooe,o oe |esb|ooos. /oeos, |o |ocooooo |e|eqooo
ooo |o |eeoso oe |os |eec|os oe |o |oooc|o |o /oo|esceoc|o |o |o|||o |o eoeo|oo o |c|os, so||c|toooo|e
o |o ||sco||o Ceoeo| oe |o |oc|o ooe |ovest|qoe tooos |os ooooc|ooes |oo|v|ooo|es |ec|os oo oesooos
|C3T, oo coos|oeo ooe ooo|oo |obe |oco|oo eo e| oe||to oe ooooc|o |eqo|o
+2
. /s| |so, |o sosc|to
o |c|os o||q|oos o| |C3| coo e| ooos|to oe |ovest|qo s| se |oo oeseotooo ooooc|ooes |oo|v|ooo|es oo oo te
oe oesooos |C3T.
|o oto oo te, o tovs oe |o seoteoc|o C-5 oe 2O, |o Co te Coost|toc|ooo| e|o t o| Cooqeso o ooe
|eq|s|oo sobe e| ot|oo|o eote ooe,os oe| |so seo. |os oebotes eo e| Cooqeso oe |o |eob||co
se coov| t|eoo eo o|otooo ooo ooe Seooooes/os eoos|eoo sos oostoos o|sc||ooto|os s|o ooe e-
c|b|eoo o|oqooo sooc|o o| |oo|, e| Cooqeso oe |o |eob||co oo |eq|s| o| esoecto. |o |o octoo||ooo, coo
ooooeoto eo |o seoteoc|o oe |o Co te Coost|toc|ooo| se esto boscoooo e| ecoooc||eoto oe| ot|oo|o
oe vo|os ooe,os oe o,ees |esb|ooos o tovs oe |o oeoooo oote |os ,oeces oe |o |eob||co, o oeso oe
|o ooos|c|o oe| |ocoooo Ceoeo| oe |o |oc|o e| oescoooc||eoto oe| C|co|o oe |oto|os oe |os coo-
s|oeoc|ooes oe |o seoteoc|o oe |o Co te Coost|toc|ooo| sobe ot|oo|os eote oesooos oe| |so seo.
- S|tooc|o oo t|co|o oe |os o,ees toosqeoe|stos
o) C|os sobe v|o|oc|ooes o oeec|os |oooos oe |os o,ees tooseoo|es
|e| toto| oe |o|c|o|os oe oesooos |C3T eq|stooos eote 2OO 2O2 (58O), O |oo s|oo o,ees too-
seoo|es. |os o,ees tooseoo|es soo ooo oe |os o|oc|oo|es v|ct|os oe |o|c|o|os oeoto oe |o oob|oc|o
|C3T. |os ootooes ooe se |oo ev|oeoc|ooo eote o estos |o|c|o|os soo. . |o qoo oo|o ocoeo eo |os
|oqoes oe tobo,o (zooos oe e,ec|c|o oe |o oost|toc|o o eo |os oe|oooe|os) o eo e| esooc|o ob||co, 2. |o
3 S| b|eo eo |o octoo||ooo e|steo o|ect|ces o eso|oc|ooes oe| |ost|toto |oc|ooo| |eo|teoc|o|o (||||C) ooe ooeooo o |os ooc|ooo|os oe |os co-
ce|es esoeto |os oeec|os oe |os oesooos |C3T| (eo esoec|o| |o C|co|o O oe ebeo 8 oe 2OO3 |o ||ect|vo |eooeote OOO oe| 5 oe ,o||o
oe 2O), |os oeoooc|os oes|steo.
+O Ve. |tto.//....cooco|.co.co/oot|c|os/octoo||ooo/co|ob|o-oo-esto-oeooooo-ooo-oo|ooes-o| to|es-eote-|ooseoo|es-oocoo-
oo/2O2O2/ooto/58.oso |tto.//.e|t|eoo.co/oo||t|co/ooecto-oe-|e-ooo-eqo|o-|o-ob,ec|o-oe-cooc|eoc|o/OO3O6
+ |o |e co|ob|ooo oo oo||be |o ooooc|o oe o|os o|os oo oo te oe oesooos coo o|eotoc|o seoo| o |oeot|ooo oe qoeo o|vesos (/ t|co|o
68 oe |o |e O8 oe 2OO6) o| estob|ece ooe oebo |oooqose oo |o o|eotoc|o seoo| oe |os ooootootes coo eoo|s|to oe |oooe|ooo. S|o ebo-
qo, e| |ocoooo bosco ev|to ooe |o oob|oc|o |C3T, o seo coo ooe,o o |oo|v|ooo|eote, ooeoo ooooto eooes oe eooo
+2 |ocoooo|o Ceoeo| oe |o |oc|o, |ocoooo|o Ceoeo| oe |o |oc|o so||c|to o |o ||sco||o Ceoeo| o| |C3| |ovest|qo ooooc|ooes |eqo|oes
||evooos o cobo oo oo te oe oesooos |ooseoo|es, 3o|et|o 6, 2+ oe ebeo oe 2O |tto.//....oocoooo|o.qov.co/oo to|/|ocoooo-
|o-Ceoeo|-oe-|o-|oc|oo-so||c|to-o-|o-||sco||o-Ceoeo|--o|-|C3|-|ovest|qo-ooooc|ooes-|eqo|oes-||evooos-o-cobo-oo-oo te-oe-oesooos-|o-
oseoo|es.oe.s
;6
oo|o oeoo coet|oos coo oo b|ooco, 3. |o oo|o soo oeoetooos coo ooo oo t|co|o v|o|eoc|o o
sev|c|o.
|os cosos oe oboso oo||c|o| ooe se oeseotoo eo cooto oe o,ees tooseoo|es t|eoeo |os s|qo|eotes coocte-
|st|cos. . se oeseotoo eo |oqoes ooooe e,eceo |o oost|toc|o t|eoeo coo ob,et|vo |oeo||es e| e,ec|c|o
oe |o |so, 2. |ovo|ocoo o os oe oos v|ct|os, 3. se cooceto eo oqes|ooes |s|cos vebo|es eo o|qooos
cosos eo oeteoc|ooes ob|to|os.
b) |os o,ees tooseoo|es o|vooos oe |o ||be too
|esoecto o |os o,ees tooseoo|es o|vooos oe |o ||be too, coot|ooo |os oeoooc|os sobe |||toc|ooes ||e-
qo|es o| oeec|o oe eoeso so |oeot|ooo oe qoeo (co toooo|es e| oe|o, |o|o|ooo|es ooe se ooo|||eo,
etc..). /oeos, |os o,ees tooseoo|es |oo s|oo v|ct|os oe oboso seoo| o| |ote|o oe |os coce|es.
c) |os oeec|os ecoo|cos soc|o|es co|too|es oe |os o,ees tooseoo|es
|o Co|ob|o oo e|ste ooo |e oe |oeot|ooo oe Coeo o| o|soos|c|ooes |eqo|es ooe ecooozcoo |os oot|co-
|o|oooes oe |o oob|oc|o toosqoeo ooe qooot|ceo sos oeec|os, oot|co|oeote e| oeec|o o |o so|oo.
/oeos oe |os |o|ootes ooct|cooos oo oesooos oo ooes|ooo|es, |os o,ees tooseoo|es ecoeo o|
oso oe eo|coeotos ooo o|teo |os coocte|st|cos |s|cos oe so coeoo. |os |||toc|ooes ooe |oooeo |os
eot|oooes oestoooos oe so|oo |os ob||qoo o eco| o ooct|cos ooe oooeo eo |esqo so so|oo so v|oo. /s|,
s|tooc|ooes ooo|os oe |o oob|oc|o tooseoo| coo ||oose coo oo oobe o|eeote o| ooe oeoo eq|s-
tooos, oo teoe oocoeoto oe |oeot|ooo, ovese eote o|eeotes c|ooooes eo e| coso oe |os ooe e,eceo
|o oost|toc|o |os ec|oeo oe o|ooo oe| s|steo oe so|oo ooooe s|o|eeote oo soo eq|stooos.
|o s|tooc|o |oboo| oe |os o,ees tooseoo|es es oeocoooote. ooo cooooo |ooo teo|oo ooe so teo eo e|
ob|to o|||o eoocot|vo tooo c|ose oe obstoco|os o cooso oe| oe,o|c|o, |ooo obteo|oo o|ve|es eoocot|-
vos ooe |os co|| |ooeo |o so |c|eoteeote b|eo coo ooo occeoe o oo eo|eo o|qoo, ooo eo estos cosos |es
|o s|oo |oos|b|e cooseqo| oo tobo,o ooe oo |es e|,o eoooc|o o so |oeot|ooo oe qoeo. |o |os cosos os
oesoo tooooos, ooe soo |os os, |o o|co ooc|o ooe |es esto es e,ece |o oost|toc|o. |o e|oc|o eote
o|sc||ooc|o, v|o|eoc|o o|to oe oeotes oe tobo,o ooo |os o,ees tooseoo|es es o estec|o. |os
esteeot|oos ooe |os osoc|oo coo |o oe||ocoeoc|o ||evoo o ooe o oc|os oe e||os se |es c|eeo ooe tos eo |o
bsooeoo oe eo|eo.
UB ?,9&'V &.$-3';36#3' T Q54363'
|o e| cooteto |oeoo|tot|vo oes|qoo| e|ooote eo Co|ob|o, |os o,ees ,veoes ooo|esceotes o|os oe |os
o|eeotes qooos oob|oc|ooo|es coo cooes|oos, oo oesceoo|eotes e |oo|qeoos, coost|toeo ooo oe |os
sectoes ooeote o|sc||oooos coo eoos oos|b|||oooes oe occeso o sos oeec|os ecoo|cos, soc|o-
|es co|too|es. |os o|sc||ooc|ooes oo |o cooo|c|o eto|o soooo o ozooes oe ozo, eto|o, |||oc|o oo||t|co,
oeeeoc|o seoo| e||q|oso, soo s|steot|cos eoceboooose coo e||os |os cooo|c|ooes oe vo|oeob|||ooo
eote o| cooteto oo||t|co soc|o|, s|o ooo vo|ootoo c|oo oe| |stooo ooo cootoesto|os
+3
.
Seqo e| Seceto|o Ceoeo| oe |os |oc|ooes |o|oos, ooo ||q|ts \otc| |||C||, Co|ob|o ocooo e|
coo to |oqo oe| oooo coo oo oeo oe oob|oc|o |ooot|| ooo|esceotes v|oco|ooos o ooo qoeo
|oteoo. |os ocos |eqo|es cooceb|oos oo e| |stooo co|ob|ooo ooo |o oteoc|o eoooc|o oe v|ct|os,
oo qooot|zoo |o |o|eeotoc|o oe o|oc|o|os oe eoooc|o eect|vo qooot|os oe oo eoet|c|o oe |os
oeec|os vo|oeooos ooo |os o|os o,ees ,veoes. |o oo||t|co oe est|toc|o oe t|eos ooo o|os, o|os
ooo|esceotes, |o coo| oebe|o esto cooteo|oo eo oo ooqoo o||q|oo oesoe |o ||ecc|o Soc|o| oe |o|ooo
oe |est|toc|o oe T|eos, oo oo |o s|oo oo|ooo o| |o|eeotooo oo e| |stooo.
+3 |ocoeoto e|oboooo oeseotooo oo e| Se|||eo oe ||os veoes oe| Co|ect|vo |o,ees o| |eec|o, eo e| oco oe |o o|eo eoo|o oe
|o Cooeeoc|o |eq|ooo| sobe |ob|oc|o |esoo||o oe /|co |ot|oo e| Co|be, |ootev|oeo, |oqoo - /qosto 2O3.
;7
|o teos oe v|o|eoc|o, |o s|tooc|o es bostoote c|t|co coot|oo s|eooo |o v|o|eoc|o seoo| e| oob|eo os
ooot|co, eo ooooe, seqo c|os o |c|o|es, e| +O oe |os cosos eoo tooos oe oboso seoo| coesooooeo o
o|os eooes oe + oos, |o oteoc|o oe este t|oo oe cosos es oeco|o ooco ooes|ooo| oo oo te oe |os
ooc|ooo|os ooc|ooo|os esooosob|es, v|ooose |os ooo|esceotes eoeotooos o ooevos s|tooc|ooes oe |es-
qo ev|ct||zoc|o. |o coooto o otos t|oos oe v|o|eoc|o cooto |os o|os, ooo|esceotes ,veoes, e| |ost|toto
oe |eo|c|oo |eqo| eo |os |t|os cooto |ooes |o coocte|zooo |o v|o|eoc|o cooto o|os ooo|esceotes,
cooc|oeooo ooe |os os oectooos oo |o v|o|eoc|o soo |os ooe estoo eo |os eoooes eote |os O |os + oos,
coo 3+,5, seqo|oo oo e| ooqo eote |os 5 |os oos coo 25. |o eoococ|o sev|c|os oe so|oo seoo|
so|oo eooooct|vo soo o oe |c|eotes eo |os zooos oo|es soo obso|otoeote oo|os. |o e|steo qooot|os
ooo |o oo t|c|ooc|o oe |os o,ees ,veoes eo |os esooc|os oe too oe oec|s|ooes o|oc|oo|eote ooo |os
,veoes oe |os zooos oo|es, |os o,ees ,veoes s|qoeo s|eooo oec|b|oos coo eos beoe |c|o|os oeoto
oe |os oo||t|cos ooqoos estoto|es, oo coo so,etos octoos oe so ooo|o oesoo||o.
GB J"Q3%3' %"%&-3' 36 A$6&' .3 *,63%R&
|o |os |t|os ocooos, e| qob|eoo ooc|ooo| o to|ec| so cooo|so oe v|oco|o so estoteq|o oe oesoo||o
ecoo|co coo e| cec||eoto oe |o |ooost|o etoct|vo |oeo. Coo |o o|ooteo eo e| ||oo oe |esoo||o
|oc|ooo| 2OO-2O+, e| secto |oeo eoeqt|co se coos|oeo ooo oe |os c|oco |ocootoos oe| oesoo||o oe|
oo|s
++
. /s| |os cosos, |o e| secto |oeo-eoeqt|co ocooo cos| e| oe| ||3 os oe| 5O oe |os eoo-
toc|ooes co|ob|ooos
+5
.
|e |o |so oo eo |o coo| se |o |oceeotooo o to|ec|oo |o oooesto |ost|toc|ooo| oo |o |oe|o, se |o
|oceeotooo o to|ec|oo |o oct|too c|t|co oe |o soc|eooo c|v|| oe |o oo|o|o ob||co oo |o ooooo|zoc|o
oe oo ooe|o |oeo |oeoo|tot|vo, ec|oeote oeoeoooo oe |os ecosos ootoo|es. |ste ooe|o, |o qeoe-
ooo oo s|o oectoc|ooes o| eo|o ob|eote, tob|o |o oete|oooo |o co||ooo oe v|oo oe |os cooo|oooes
eo oo t|co|o oe |os o,ees.
|o Co|ob|o, |os o,ees oo|es eoeseotoo e| +6 oe |os o,ees, s|o eboqo, eo so oo|o soeo
o|sc||ooc|ooes eso|tootes oe |o oeooo oo| |o oeooo oe qoeo
+6
, oese o |os ecoeoooc|ooes obse-
voc|ooes oe| Co|t oe |o C||/\ sobe |os o,ees oo|es
+
. |stos o|sc||ooc|ooes, eoes|o oe| e,ec|c|o
oe |os e|oc|ooes oe oooe ooto|to|os eo |o o|sooto oo |o t|eo e| te|to|o, eo e| octoo| ooe|o oe
oesoo||o oo| eo e| coo ||cto oooo, se ooooo|zoo |oc|o |os o,ees oo|es eo cootetos oe |oe|o,
tooto oo e| |ec|o oe se o,ees coo oo se cooes|oos, |oo|qeoos oo oesceoo|eotes, o to| oooto ooe
|o vo|oeoc|o oe sos oeec|os, eo esoec|o| oe| oeec|o o |o t|eo o| te|to|o, |es |o|oe sooeo |os bo-
eos qeoeooos oo |o o|sc||ooc|o v|v| eo cooo|c|ooes o|qoos. |ese o ooe oo e|steo estoo|os o| c|os
sobe |o s|tooc|o oe |os o,ees oo|es eo zooos |oeos o o|ve| ooc|ooo|, |o o|sc||ooc|o e,ec|oo |oc|o
e||os eo cootetos oe eo|otoc|o |oeo se eoeso eo oo |o eoos c|oco |ec|os oo t|co|oes oe v|o|eoc|o.
!`3;#&;,$63' & -&' *"Q3%3' %"%&-3' 36 A$6&' *,63%&s
o. V|o|eoc|o oot|oo|o|. vo|oeoc|o o |o t|eo e| te|to|o

|sto v|o|eoc|o se oe|vo, oo oo |ooo, oe oeoozos, oo|obos oooo|eotos oe| oeso|ozo|eoto ozooo oo
oo te oe octoes oooos eoesos o|vooos estoto|es, eo vo|os ocos|ooes |oeqo oe| oses|ooto oe sos
coooeos, ooe coo||evoo o| oesoo,o oe t|eos b|eoes coo oest|ooc|o ooste|o esto e|oc|ooooo coo |o
++ |os ||oooos |ocootoos soo oooe||os estoteq|os oe| Cob|eoo ooo e| oesoo||o oe| oo|s, coo |o qoo |oe|o, |o oqo|ooost|o o |o coos-
tocc|o e |ooestoctoo.
+5 |ecooeooo oe. |tto.//....ozoooob||co.co/|ooe.o|o/coo ||cto-ooqos--ooz-teos-3O/35-ooceso-oe-ooz--secto-|oeo-eoeqet|co.|t|.
|ec|o. 8 oe oqosto oe 2O3.
+6 |o oeooo oo| coocte|zooo oo |os o|sc||ooc|ooes ooe soeo |obes o,ees, |ob|tootes oo|es, eo e|oc|o coo |os oesooos ooe |ob|too
eo |o obooo. |o oeooo oe qoeo se e |ee o |os o|sc||ooc|ooes oo e| |ec|o oe se o,ees eote o |os |obes eo e| oooo oo|. /oeos oe
|os |ooctos e|oc|ooooos coo |o v|o|eoc|o cooto |os o,ees eo e| coo ||cto oooo'. |oqoo oe |oc|ooes |o|oos ooo e| |esoo||o ||||.
|ooe |oc|ooo| oe |esoo||o oooo. 3oqoto, 2O.
+ / t|co|o +, |ecoeoooc|o Ceoeo| oe 2 Cbsevoc|ooes 2, 22, 23, 3O 3 (C||/\/C/CC|/CC/6).
<9
eo|otoc|o |oeo. |o oto |ooo, oe|vooo oe| oeso|ozo|eoto o eoseoto|eoto oe cooo|oooes oeb|oo o
|os coosecoeoc|os ob|eoto|es qeoeooos oo |o |oe|o.
/| coocte oq|oo| oe |o ooo|eooo eeo|oo oe |o t|eo
+8
, se soo |o oo|oo oe| te|to|o, eo esoec|o|
oe |o |oeot|ooo co|too| eo oo t|co|o oe ooct|cos co|too|es ooo|os oe |os cooo|oooes |oo|qeoos, oo
oesceoo|eotes cooes|oos, ooe eo oc|os ocos|ooes |oo s|oo oesevooos ||st|coeote oo |os o,ees.
ooto coo e||o, se vo|oeoo tob|o |os oeec|os o |o ooo|eooo co|ect|vo, o |o cooso|to oev|o o |o ooto-
oete|ooc|o oe |os ooeb|os, eo esoec|o| eo e| coso oe |os |oo|qeoos oo oesceoo|eotes, ooo oo|eoes |o
t|eo es |o oeote oe tooo oo oe v|oo.
b. V|o|eoc|o ecoo|co. bo,o v|oco|oc|o |oboo| tobo,o oe| co|oooo
|o Co|ob|o, '|os o,ees eoeseotoboo e| 8.6 oe |o oezo oe tobo,o ocooooo eo e| secto |oeo,
|eotos ooe eo e| oo 2OO6, eoeseotoo e| .8, oosoooo oe || o +3 || o,ees tobo,oooo eo esto
oo oe |ooost|o. |o cootoste, |os |obes, oosooo oe + || o + || ocooooos eo este secto oooote e|
|so oe|ooo, es oec| oosooo oe eoeseoto e| 8.+ o| 8O oe| eo|eo toto| |oeo eo este oe|ooo'
+
.
/ esto bo,o v|oco|oc|o |oboo|, se sooo |os oeco|os cooo|c|ooes |oboo|es, |o v|oco|oc|o eo |oboes 't|-
o|coeote' eeo|oos e| bo,o o|ve| oe |oqesos ecoo|cos oe |os o,ees ooe tobo,oo eo |os eoesos
|oeos. ooto coo e||o, |os o,ees oo|es osoeo o|oc|oo|eote e| tobo,o oe| co|oooo (ooo oo|to|o
ooooc|o oe o,ees oo|es ooe eo Co|ob|o osoeo |o ,eotoo oe |oqo, oc|os oe e||os s|o oooo
5O
),
tobo,oo os |oos ooe |os |obes soo |o oo|o oe |os oesooos oobes oe| oo|s.
c. V|o|eoc|o seoo|. toto oe oesooos, eo|otoc|o seoo| oost|toc|o ozooos
Cto oe |os t|oos oe v|o|eoc|os oe qoeo soo |o v|o|eoc|o seoo| |o v|o|eoc|o |s|co, eoesooos eo e| |o-
ceeoto oe cosos eoes oe toto oe oesooos, eo|otoc|o seoo| oost|toc|o ozooos eo zooos oe
eo|otoc|o |oeo. |o e,eo|o, eo 3oscoo|o, oeoo toeoto oe| Ceso, se |oo |oeot| |cooo oe 3O o +O
cosos oe oost|toc|o |ooot|| e|oc|ooooos coo |o |oe|o
5
eo otos oeoo toeotos coo Sootoooe, se
|oo o|sooooo |os cosos
52
. Coo |o seo| ec|eoteeote ooo |ovest|qoc|o oe|oo|st|co, 'oesoe Co toqeoo,
|ee|o, |eoe|||o, /eo|o Co|| se oeveo o |c|oos oe eoqooc|e oe eooes oost|totos oe |osto 26
oos (.) estos eoes c||oo|es |oo ootooo coooeotos, ceco oe |os |oos, ooo 'oesto sev|c|os oe
eoteteo||eoto o |os tobo,oooes'
53
.
o. /ectoc|ooes o |o so|oo. vo|oeoc|ooes o |o so|oo seoo| eooooct|vo o |o o||eotoc|o
|ese o ooe oo e|steo estoo|os oeto||ooos o o|ve| ooc|ooo|, |os o,ees oo| |estoo
5+
ooe soeo oectoc|ooes
o |o so|oo ooo|os oe cootetos oe eo|otoc|o |oeo, eote |os ooe se eoc|oooo |os eoeeoooes coto-
oeos, oco|oes e| cooce, oe|vooos oe |o cooto|ooc|o e| oete|oo oe |os ecosos ootoo|es, eo esoec|o|
+8 '|eee |eo (2OO5. +O+) ooootoo ooe |o bec|o oe qoeo eo |o ooo|eooo oe |os ecosos, eo oo t|co|o eo |o teoeoc|o oe |o t|eo, es s|qo| |-
cot|vo eo |o eq|o'. ||||. |||. Coooeoo |o,ees |oo|es. Cestoos oe esoeoozo. 3oqoto. 2O. |oq. +6 +.
+ |stos c|os, |os os octoo||zooos coo |os ooe se coeoto, estoo eo 3eoez, |oso ||||o (Cooo.). |o,e ||oe|o. /b|tos oe ooo||s|s e |ooctos
oe |o |oe|o eo |o v|oo oe |os o,ees. |ooooe oe oeec|os oesoect|vo oe qoeo. Seosot /qoo V|vo. 2O.
5O |oqoo oe ooc|ooes |o|oos ooo e| |esoo||o ||||. |ooes |oc|ooo| oe |esoo||o oooos. Coooeoo |o,ees |oo|es. Cestoos oe
esoeoozo. 3oqoto, 2O.
5 |ecooeooo oe. |tto.//....cooo|o.co/oot|c|os/|oe|o--oeseo|eo-coosoo-oost|toc|oo-|ooot||-eo-boscoo|o-ceso-O23. |ec|o. 8 oe oqosto
oe 2O3
52 |ecooeooo oe. |tto.//....vooqooo|o.co/sootoooe/booocobee,o/+2663-oost|toc|oo-|ooot||-se-o|sooo-eo-zooos-|oeos-oe-soo-oo-
b|o--s|. |ec|o. 8 oe oqosto oe 2O3.
53 |ecooeooo oe. |tto.//....e|t|eoo.co/,ost|c|o//|T|C||C-\|3-||\_|CT/_||T|||C|-282++63.|t|. |ec|o. 8 oe oqosto oe 2O3.
5+ C||||/||| |oezo oe |o,ees \oo. |ovest|qoc|o '|oocto oe |os oo||t|cos |oeos o |os o,ees sos oeec|os o |o t|eo e| te|to|o eo
|o Coo,|o', eo||zooo eo e| oco oe |o ||| Co|ob|o. |otev|stos o,ees |esqoooo |ov|oc|o|, |oeb|o \oo, |oo|c|o|o oe 3ooocos, |eoo-
toeoto oe |o Coo,|o. V|s|to oe cooo, 28 oe ,o||o oe 2O3.
<8
oe |os oeotes oe o||eotos oe oooocc|o oqooecoo|o. |o coooto o |o so|oo seoo| eooooct|vo, soo
ecoeotes |os eoeeoooes oe toos|s|o seoo|, |os eboozos oeotoos o |oteoo|oos |ovo|ooto|o-
eote
55
, os| coo otos eoeeoooes eo sos qooos eooooct|vos coo |oecc|ooes ooe se |oceeotoo
eo zooos oe eo|otoc|o |oeo, oeb|oo, oo e,eo|o, o |o cooto|ooc|o oe |os oeotes ||o|cos |o bo,o
eoococ|o, oteoc|o oeveoc|o eo so|oo seoo| eooooct|vo.
Se ve oectooo tob|o e| oeec|o o |o o||eotoc|o oooo ooe |o eo|otoc|o |oeo oo s|o eooce e| occe-
so o oeotes o||eoto|os ooooct|vos, tob|o toosoo |os ooe|os oe oooocc|o oe |os cooo|oooes
|os ooct|cos ooo|os oocesto|es oe |os o,ees
56
. Coo e||o, |oceeoto |os o|ve|es oe o|oot|c|o oteoo
|ooot|| eooce |o coooc|ooo oe oec|s|o oe |os o,ees eo |o o|||o so oo t|c|ooc|o eo |o oooocc|o oe
o||eotos, o| |qoo| ooe so occeso o |o t|eo.
e. V|o|eoc|o oo||t|co. ec|os|o oe esooc|os oe too oe oec|s|ooes oeb|||to|eoto oe oqoo|zoc|o soc|o|
|o v|o|eoc|o oo||t|co se e,ece eo zooos |oeos |oc|o |os o,ees eo oos oe oeb|||to |os oocesos oqoo|zo-
t|vos oe |o soc|eooo c|v|| eo es|steoc|o o tovs oe oeoozos, est|qot|zoc|o, c||oo||zoc|o, oesooo|c|o
ozooo oses|ooto oe |os oeeosoos oe| oeec|o o |o t|eo o| te|to|o oe |os oeec|os oe |os o,ees.
|e |qoo| oo, e| e,ec|c|o oe so oeec|o o |o oo t|c|ooc|o eoeseotoc|o oo||t|co se |o v|sto oectooo
b|eo seo o tovs oe |o ec|os|o eo |o too oe oec|s|ooes, eo e| bo,o oooo o oeb|||to|eoto oe sos oocesos
oqoo|zot|vos o eo |o bo,o coooc|ooo ooo too|oooes oe |oc|oeoc|o eo oo||t|cos ob||cos.
/ote |o oeco|eooo oe |oooc|o sobe estos oob|eot|cos, se |oce oeceso|o |oeot| |co o o|ve| ooc|ooo|
e| |oocto oe |o eo|otoc|o |oeo eo |o v|oo |os coeoos oe |os o,ees, oo t|co|oeote |os coo ||ctos
soc|o|es, ecoo|cos, ob|eoto|es co|too|es, os| coo |os oectoc|ooes o |os o,ees o |os oocesos oe
oo t|c|ooc|o e |oc|oeoc|o ooe eo e|oc|o o |o |oe|o v|eoeo ||evoooo o cobo. |e |qoo| ooeo, es esooo-
sob|||ooo oe| |stooo qooot|zo |os cooo|c|ooes oe v|oo ooecoooo e|||oo |os |esqos oectoc|ooes o |os
o,ees oo|es qeoeooos oo |o |oe|o, oe ocoeoo o| / t|co|o + |ecoeoooc|o Ceoeo| oe 2
oe |o C||/\.
LB J"Q3%3' 36 ',#"&;,56 .3 .,';&+&;,.&.
/ oeso oe cob|os oos|t|vos eo |o ootecc|o oe oesooos coo o|scoooc|ooo eo Co|ob|o, |os o,ees coo
o|scoooc|ooo s|qoeo s|eooo v|ct|os oe v|o|oc|ooes oe oeec|os |oooos oo ot|vo oe qoeo o|scoooc|-
ooo. /ctoo|eote, oo oeo o|ooote oe o,ees o|os coo o|scoooc|ooo soo este|||zooos ozosoeote
s|o so cooseot||eoto |ooooo
5
. |o o|sc||ooc|o qeoeo||zooo oes|steote eo cooto oe o,ees o|os
coo o|scoooc|ooo eso|to eo |o oeqoc|o s|steot|co oe sos oeec|os o |o eoococ|o seoo|, o v|v| so seoo-
||ooo, o teoe e|oc|ooes seoo|es o eoezo ooteoe ooo o|||o. |oo o,ees o|os, |o este|||zoc|o
es |eves|b|e , oo |o tooto, cooooo es ozooo, se coost|toe oo octo oe v|o|eoc|o oe qoeo
58
, ooo oo
oe cooto| soc|o| ooo v|o|oc|o o| oeec|o o oo se soet|oo o to too o oto toto|eoto coe|, |o|oooo
o oeqoooote
5
.
55 C||||/||| |oezo oe |o,ees \oo. |ovest|qoc|o '|oocto oe |os oo||t|cos |oeos o |os o,ees sos oeec|os o |o t|eo e| te|to|o eo
|o Coo,|o', eo||zooo eo e| oco oe |o ||| Co|ob|o. Seot|ebe oe 2O3.
56 '|so es |o eo||ooo. o| oo |obe ||ov|o oo |o o||eotoc|o, o| oo |obe o||eotoc|o oo |o oot|c|o, o| oo |obe oot|c|o |o eoeeooo.
Y eso v|eoe oe oo, oe |o |oe|o'. C||||/||| ||C. |ovest|qoc|o |oocto oe |os oo||t|cos |oeos o |os o,ees sos oeec|os o |o t|eo e|
te|to|o eo |o Coo,|o' eo||zooo eo e| oco oe |o ||| Co|ob|o.
5 Ve Coeo Soc|et |ooooot|oo, Ste|||zot|oo o \oeo ooo C||s .|t| ||sob|||t|es (2O), ||sooo|b|e eo |tto.//....ooeosoc|etooooot|oos.oq/
s|tes/oeoo|t/ ||es/ste|||zot|oo-.oeo-o|sob|||t|es-2OO.oo.
C||/\ Co., Ceoeo| |ecoeooot|oo |o. . V|o|eoce /qo|ost \oeo, 22, |.|. |oc. //+/38 (t| Sess. 2).
58 C||/\ Co., Ceoeo| |ecoeooot|oo |o. . V|o|eoce /qo|ost \oeo, 22, |.|. |oc. //+/38 (t| Sess. 2).
5 Soec|o| |oooo teo oo to toe ooo ot|e coe|, |o|ooo o oeqoo|oq teoteot o ooo|s|eot, |eoo t o t|e Soec|o| |oooo teo oo to toe ooo
ot|e coe|, |o|ooo o oeqoo|oq teoteot o ooo|s|eot, 38-3, |.|. |oc. //|C//3 (oo. 5, 2OO8) (b |ooeo |o.o'), Cooveot|oo
/qo|ost To toe Co., Ceoeo| Coeot |o. 2. |o|eeotot|oo o / t|c|e 2 b Stote |o t|es, 22, |.|. |oc. C/T/C/CC/2/C||./|ev.+ (3t|
Sess. 2OO).
<:
1'#3%,-,A&;,56 `$%A&.&
|o |o |ecoeoooc|o Ceoeo| oeo 8, e| Co|t, tooooo eo coos|oeoc|o e| / t|co|o 3, eoes so
oeocoooc|o oo |os o,ees coo o|scoooc|ooo ooe 'soeo oe ooo oob|e o|sc||ooc|o oo |o s|tooc|o oo-
t|co|o eo ooe v|veo' ecoeoo ooe |os |stooos |o tes '|oc|ooo eo sos |ooes oe|o|cos |oooc|o
sobe |os o,ees o|scoooc|tooos sobe |os eo|oos ooootooos ooo |oce eote o so s|tooc|o oo t|co|o,
j.] oseqoo ooe ooeooo oo t|c|oo eo tooos |os osoectos oe |o v|oo soc|o| co|too|.'
|o cootoveoc|o coo |os ecoeoooc|ooes oe| Co|t, Co|ob|o |o oe|t|oo |o tote|o o|eoo sobe ooo
oesooo coo o|scoooc|ooo o tovs oe oo ooceso ,oo|c|o| ||oooo |oteo|cc|o. |o |e 3O oe 2OO oe|te
|o tote|o o|eoo sobe oesooos coo 'o|scoooc|ooo eoto| obso|oto' |o tote|o ooc|o| sobe oesooos coo
'o|scoooc|ooo eoto| e|ot|vo'
6O
. /ooooe esto |e oesc|be |o |oteo|cc|o coo ooo eo|oo oe ootecc|o,
es ot|||zooo oe ooeo ot|oo|o ooo ||evo o cobo |os este|||zoc|ooes oo|q|cos o o,ees coo o|scoooc|ooo
s|o so cooseot||eoto |ooooo. |oo vez e| toto obt|eoe |o ooeo oe |oteo|cc|o, |/e||o t|eoe e| oooe oe
oeo||e o| ,oez ooo ooeo oe|t|eooo |o este|||zoc|o oe |o oesooo coo o|scoooc|ooo.
|sto ooct|co eo Co|ob|o es qeoeo|eote ooct|cooo s|o eo oesooos coo o|scoooc|ooo es ,ost| |cooo
oo cooceoc|ooes eoeos ooe boscoo |o ootecc|o oe este qooo oob|oc|ooo|. |o ooct|co eoezo e|
esteeot|oo oe ooe |os oesooos coo o|scoooc|ooo oo estoo coooc|tooos ooo se oooes ooe se |es esto
ooteq|eooo oe |o v|o|eoc|o seoo|
6
. |s ooo oo oo t|co|o oe v|o|eoc|o ooov|oo oo |os o|||oes oe |os
o,ees coo o|scoooc|ooo, oe|t|oo oo e| |stooo e| s|steo ,oo|c|o| o tovs oe oo||t|cos |eq|s|oc|o ooe
|eqo||zoo oooeveo esto ooct|co.
|o |o |ecoeoooc|o Ceoeo| oeo 2, e| Co|t ecoooc| ooe |o eooo e| seo |oceo ooe |os o,ees
ooes seoo os vo|oeob|es o |o v|o|eoc|o ooe |o eooo, e| seo |o o|scoooc|ooo |oceo ooe |os o,ees
ooes coo o|scoooc|ooo seoo oo t|co|oeote vo|oeob|es.
|| Cob|eoo oe Co|ob|o |ooo sobe |o v|o|eoc|o oe qoeo eo so eoo te oe|o|co, oeo oo |oce eo-
c|o o |o v|o|eoc|o oe qoeo eo cooto oe o,ees coo o|scoooc|ooo os esoec| |coeote coo esoecto o
|o ooct|co oe este|||zoc|o ozooo
62
.
|o o|sc||ooc|o eo cooto oe o,ees coo o|scoooc|ooo es tob|o oeoetooo eo sos estoctoos o|||oes,
oooes qooooooes oc|os veces oqoeotoo ooe |o este|||zoc|o es oeceso|o ooooe |os oesooos coo
o|scoooc|ooo soo os vo|oeob|es o |o v|o|eoc|o seoo|. S|o eboqo, es c|oo ooe |o este|||zoc|o ozooo oo
oev|eoe |o v|o|eoc|o seoo|, oo e| cooto|o, ooeoe ||eqo o ooove|o oo |o |oos|b|||ooo oe ooeoo eo
eboozo oe |os v|ct|os.
Cto esteeot|oo oeoetooo eo |o soc|eooo es ooe |os o,ees coo o|scoooc|ooo oo t|eoeo |o coooc|ooo
ooo se ooes. |o oo coso ooe ||eq o |o Co te Coost|toc|ooo|
63
, se oqoeot ooe s| ooo oesooo oo eo-
t|eooe o oo ooeoe cooseot| o ooo este|||zoc|o ozooo oo so o|scoooc|ooo coqo|t|vo, eotooces |o oesooo
oo ooeoe cooseot| o eoteooe |os eoecos|ooes ooe |ovo|oco teoe oo ||,o/o.
/| oceoto sosc|to este t|oo oe ooct|cos, e| |stooo oo s|o esto |ocoo||eooo e| oebe oe oo| |co |os
ootooes co|too|es ooe coo||evoo o |o o|sc||ooc|o, s|oo ooe |os esto ooov|eooo oo |o tooto v|o|oooo
e| o t|co|o 5.
6O |. 3O6, ooe 5, 2OO, ||/||C C||C|/| j|.C.].
6 Test|oo|o oe ooveeooes oe sev|c|o obteo|oo o tovs oe |/||S, /soo.o, |ooooeoto| Co|ob|o, 3oqoto (2O2).
62 C||/\ Co., Co|ob|o |e|oo|c Stote |eoo t, 3-55 (2O3) |.|. |oc. C||/\/C/CC|/-8.
63 Co te Coost|toc|ooo|, oo, 23, 2OO3, Seoteoc|o T-O2+/O3
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83%3;N$ & ;&+&;,.&. Q"%R.,;&
|o |e +2 oe 2OO v|o|o e| oeec|o oe |os o,ees coo o|scoooc|ooo oe e,ece so coooc|ooo |eqo|. |s coo-
eote ecoooc|oo ooe |o |e oesoe ooe |os o,ees coo o|scoooc|ooo ooe estoo bo,o |oteo|cc|o oo t|eoeo
|o coooc|ooo ooo cooseot| o oo ooceo||eoto oe este|||zoc|o. Soo so,etos o oo ooceso oe 'cooseot||eo-
to sost|to|oo', eo ooooe e| qoooooo es e| ooe too |o oec|s|o |o e| oocoeoto oe cooseot||eoto
|ooooo
6+
. || ooceso |eqo| oe |oteo|cc|o so coosecoeoc|o eo |os este|||zoc|ooes v|o|oo e| oeec|o o
teoe coooc|ooo |eqo| oe |os o,ees coo o|scoooc|ooo.
|| ooceso oe oo cooseot||eoto os|st|oo, eo vez oe cooseot||eoto sost|to|oo, ooteqe|o e| oeec|o oe
coooc|ooo |eqo| oe |os o,ees coo o|scoooc|ooo ecoooce|o ooe |os o,ees coo o|scoooc|ooo eoo|eeo
oe oooo ooo oooe cooeooe e| ooceo||eoto oe este|||zoc|o sos eectos. |o Co te Coost|toc|ooo|
|o estob|ec|oo oo||cooo esto etooo|oq|o eo e| coso oe c|oq|o oe eos|qooc|o oe seo oe o|os/os |ote-
seoo|es
65
, oo||b|eooo o |os oooes ooes too |o oec|s|o oe ||evo o cobo |o c|oq|o eo sost|toc|o
oe so ||,o/o. |o eoo|oo o|co |oteo|sc|o||oo|o, ooe |oc|oe tobo,oooes/os soc|o|es os|c|oqos/os, oebe
tobo,o coo e| o|o/o ooo eo||co|e e| ooceo||eoto ve| |co s| |o o|o/o oeoesto cooseot||eoto |eqo|
vo||oo. || ooceso oe obteoe cooseot||eoto ooo e| ooceo||eoto oe este|||zoc|o ooo|o bosose eo este
s|steo oe oooos, eo ooooe |o o,e coo o|scoooc|ooo so o|||o ec|beo ooo eo||coc|o cooeos|vo e
|oteo|sc|o||oo|o oe| ooceo||eoto ooo oooo o ooe |o o,e oec|oo s| oo|ee o oo soetese o to| ooce-
o||eoto. |o o,e coo o|scoooc|ooo oebe teoe |o |t|o oo|obo eo |o oec|s|o oebe |o e| oocoeoto
oe cooseot||eoto e||o |so.
1.";&;,56 36 '&-". '37"&- T %3+%$.";#,4&
Co|ob|o |o |ec|o esoezos eo oooe| ooo ecoooce ooe |os o,ees coo o|scoooc|ooo t|eoeo oeec|o o
ooo eoococ|o seoo|. |o |e 68 oe 2O3 |oce oo ||oooo o| ||o|ste|o oe So|oo |otecc|o soc|o| ooo
'oseqoo ooe |os ooqoos oe so|oo seoo| eooooct|vo seoo occes|b|es o |os oesooos coo o|scoooc|oo-
o'
66
. /ooooe |o |ob|oo esoezos |eq|s|ot|vos ooo b|ooo eoococ|o seoo| e |oooc|o sobe o|ooeoc|o
o|||o ooo o,ees coo o|scoooc|ooo, eo |o ooct|co oo se |oo oo||cooo.
/ctoo|eote, |os oo||t|cos v|qeotes oo |oo oo||cooo oo eooooe o|eeoc|o| eo |os estoteq|os oe eoococ|o
seoo| ooo o,ees coo s|o o|scoooc|oooes, e |e,ooo eo |o ooseoc|o oe ooos o qo|os eeeotes o |o
eoococ|o seoo| ooo o|os o o,ees coo o|scoooc|ooo.
Cooooo e| Cob|eoo oe Co|ob|o |o eoocooo sos ooqoos oe o|ooeoc|o o|||o eoococ|o seoo| eo
oesooos coo o|scoooc|ooo, so esoezo |o s|oo oeso t|co|ooo o|soeso. |o e,eo|o, e| ||o|ste|o oe So|oo
eoo t eo ooo esooesto o oo oeec|o oe oet|c|o ooe |ob|o cooooc|oo ooo se|e oe to||ees oe eoococ|o
seoo| coo e| |ost|toto |oc|ooo| ooo C|eqos, e| |ost|toto |oc|ooo| ooo Sooos otos qooos ooe oooe-
veo |os oeec|os oe oesooos coo o|scoooc|ooo. S|o eboqo, estos esoezos oo coeotoo coo ooo oo||t|co
estoteq|o cooo|oooo oe |o|eeotoc|o o ooe oo oooeveo oeec|os oe eoococ|o seoo| esoec| |cos
coos|steotes o| oo||t|cos oe so|oo eooooct|vo.
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|o Co|ob|o, coo eo otos oo|ses oe /|co
6
, |os oo||t|cos oe ooqos |oo ostooo teoe eectos oes-
ooooc|ooooos eo |o v|oo oe |os o,ees. |oebo oe e||o es ooe eo |os |t|os oos se |o oeseotooo ooo
esoec|e oe e|o|zoc|o oe |os oe||tos oe ooqos. |sto se ve| |co eo ooe o| ooo||zo |os c|os oe |o oob|oc|o
coce|o|o oe| oo|s, se ev|oeoc|o ooe oooooe |o oo|o oe |os oesooos o|vooos oe |o ||be too oo |os oe||tos
6+ |. +2, Cct. , 2OO, ||/||C C||C|/| j|.C.].
65 Co te Coost|toc|ooo|, |oo 2, , Seoteoc|o S|-33
66 |. 268, |eb. 2, 2O3, ||/||C C||C|/| j|.C.].
6 |o /qeot|oo, oo e,eo|o. |tto.//....c|o|o.co/oo||c|o|es//qeot|oo-coo|eo-coooeoos-to |co-ooqos_O_2O3O83+8.|t|
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cooto |o so|oo ob||co (ooe es e| b|eo ,o|o|co bo,o e| ooe se eoq|oboo |os oe||tos oe ooqos) soo |obes, |o
oo|o oe |os o,ees ec|osos |oo oeo|oo so ||be too oo o|c|o t|oo oe c|eoes. |e |ec|o, eote e| 2OO3
e| 2OO eoeseotooo eote e| +5 e| +8 oe |os o,ees o|vooos oe |o ||be too. |s oec|, es e| coo,ooto
oe oe||tos oo e| ooe soo eococe|ooos eo oo ooooc|o |os o,ees
68
.
|sto es esoec|o|eote oob|eot|co s| se t|eoe eo coeoto, oo ooo oo te, ooe eo so oo|o soo o,ees
ooe t|eoeo ooo oo t|c|ooc|o oq|oo| oo v|o|eoto eo e| oeqoc|o oe |os ooqos
6
, oo |o oto, ooe |os
eectos oe |o o|voc|o oe |o ||be too t|eooeo o se oesooooc|ooooos ooo |os o,ees eo e|oc|o coo |os
|obes
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. |sto se oebe, eote otos octoes, o ooe oeb|oo o |os o|es too|c|ooo|es oeseoeooos oo |os
o,ees eo |o soc|eooo, o| oeoe |o ||be too estoo os eooestos o |o seoooc|o oe sos o|||os o oeoe
e| cootocto coo sos ||,os e ||,os.
/oeos oe |o oote|o, |os oo||t|cos oot| ooqos oe| oo|s, eo qeoeo| oo se |oo estoctoooo tooooo eo
coeoto oo eooooe seos|b|e o |os oeec|os oe |os o,ees. |o e,eo|o, eo ote|o oe oteoc|o toto|eoto
oe| coosoo, oo e|steo ooct|coeote eo e| oo|s ooqoos o|teoot|vos oeosooos ooo |os oo t|co|o|oo-
oes oe| coosoo oe |os o,ees, o| ooe toeo eo coeoto |os eectos oe| toto|eoto eo sos v|oos.
<XB )D?ZH<)CD !2J!8D
'(.) e| coo ||cto oooo eo Co|ob|o |o otooo eo |os |t|os oos, |o oeoo|ooc|o oe |os octoes, |os
ecoo|sos oe |oooc|oc|o oe estos estoctoos, |os ooo||oooes ob,et|vos oe v|ct||zoc|o. S|o eboqo
|o qoeo s|qoe oectoooo o boeoo oo te oe |o oob|oc|o s| b|eo |os vo|oeoc|ooes coot|ooo, sos oos soo
o|eeotes, os |ov|s|b|es oo tooto os coo|e,os oe |oeot| |co, eq|sto eoo to'

.
MB Z&-#& .3 ,*+-3*36#&;,56 .3 -& 23'$-";,56 MSPG
/ oeso oe| cooo|so |oteooc|ooo| oe| qob|eoo co|ob|ooo eo oooo |o |eso|oc|o 325 oe| Coose,o oe
Seqo|ooo oe |os |oc|ooes |o|oos sobe |o,e, |oz Seqo|ooo sos sobsecoeotes |eso|oc|ooes (82O, 888,
88, 6O 2O6), oo oo se |oo oe |o|oo estoteq|os c|oos ooo so |o|eeotoc|o, o| se |o o|seooo oo
||oo |oc|ooo| oe /cc|o ooo so seqo||eoto oo|toeo seqo |o so||c|tooo oo e| ov||eoto oe o,ees
eo Co|ob|o.
|o obstoote |o ooseoc|o oe oo ||oo |oc|ooo| oe /cc|o ooo |o |o|eeotoc|o oe |o |eso|oc|o 325, eo
Co|ob|o se v|eoe oesoo||oooo o|qooos estoteq|os e|oc|ooooos teot|coeote coo |o eso|oc|o 325 o|-
eoeoo oe |o |e ++8 oe 2O e| /oto O2 oe 2OO8. S|o eboqo, oo oebe o|v|oose ooe e| o|seo ooesto
eo oc|o oe| ||oo ooc|ooo| oe /cc|o ev|ste eo este cooteto oo t|co|o |oo tooc|o eo |o toos|c|o e|
oostcoo ||cto oo |o tooto oebe se oo|ooo.

|e |o |oooc|o coo||ooo ooo ev|so e| coo|||eoto oe |o |eso|oc|o 325 sobs|qo|eotes oo oo te oe|
|stooo co|ob|ooo, s|qoeo s|eooo ocooos e| |ocoo|||eoto |os oocos ovooces eo |o e|ot|vo o b|ooo |o
|oooc|o oeceso|o oe t|oeote sobe |os |oo|coooes oe| Coose,o oe Seqo|ooo. |s oe eso|to |o ooseoc|o
oe ootos ooo e| seqo||eoto o |o v|o|eoc|o cooto |os o,ees (|oo|cooo o), |o seqo|ooo |o so|oo |s|co
eoto| oe |os o,ees o|os, so seqo|ooo ecoo|co sos oeec|os |oooos (|oo|cooo +). Tob|o se
obsevo |oooc|o |ocoo|eto o ooco oesoqeqooo ooe oos|b|||te oete|oo s| e|steo ecoo|sos es-
toctoos ooeoc|ooo|es ooo eozo |o |oteq|ooo |s|co |o seqo|ooo oe |os o,ees |os o|os (|oo|cooo
6). Toooco |o eq|stos sobe |o e|steoc|o tooseeoc|o oe oos oeooeos oos ||qeos (|oo|cooo
68 Cozoo, ||ooo |st|e 8 |o|o, |oo|qo. (2OO). |o||t|cos oe ooqos s|tooc|o coce|o|o eo Co|ob|o. |o. S|steos Sobecoqooos. |eoos
o |os |ees oe ooqos eo /|co |ot|oo. \o|o. ||sooo|b|e eo. |tto.//....ooqosoeec|o.oq/ossets/|o-co|ob|o.oo . |oqs. 26-28.
6 |b|o. |oqs. 3-32
O Vose, oo e,eo|o. eeo Coeo |. 8 |os|to |ooc|sco. (2OO). |oo V|oo eote |e,os. /soectos |s|cosoc|o|es oe |o |ococe|oc|o ||eeo-
c|os oe Coeo. |oteveoc|o |s|cosoc|o| Vo|. |o. 3. |oqs. 235-2+.
Coo||c|o cooto |o v|oco|oc|o oe o|os, o|os ,veoes o| coo ||cto oooo eo Co|ob|o (CC/||CC), 3o|et|o oe |oo|toeo | O, ,oo|o oe 2O3,
eo. |tto.//....coo||co.oq.
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). || |stooo oo coeoto coo oo eq|sto ooe oe|to evo|oo e| occeso o |o ,ost|c|o oo oo te oe |os o,ees
(|oo|cooo )
2
.
|o |oooc|o ooo oete|oo s| se esto coooc|toooo o oesooo| eocoqooo oe |o oteoc|o oe o,ees v|c-
t|os oe v|o|eoc|o oe v|o|eoc|o bosooo eo qoeo es oe |c|eote (|oo|cooo 2O). |stos ootos soqe|oos oo e|
s|steo oe |oo|coooes ooo vo|oo s| |o oo oo occeso oe |os o,ees o |o ,ost|c|o soo |ocoo|etos, eo
oo t|co|o oo se coooce e| coqo oe |os beoe |c|o|os |os beoe |c|o|os oe estos eo|oos oe coooc|toc|o
oo se esoec| |coo |os cooteo|oos o|ctooos
3
.
PB @%"+$' ;%,*,6&-3'
|| ooceso oe oesov|||zoc|o oe |os ooo|||toes eote 2OO+ 2OO8 oo s|qo| |c, coo oebe|o |obe oco-
|oo, |o sostocc|o oe ooo oe |os octoes oe |o qoeo. /| cooto|o, se oooo,o ooo oo||eoc|o oe qooos.
/oo cooooo |os ooto|oooes qobeooeoto|es oo||c|o|es |oceo qoooes esoezos oo oco|to e| ocoso
oe| ooceso, |o oct|v|ooo oe||ct|vo oe estos oqoooc|ooes |os |o ob||qooo o oobo|os coo 3oooos C||-
oo|es (3oc|) o |ob|o oe |o oo|o|oc|o oe estoctoos cooos. |oo |oqo|o, eotoo eo cootocto coo |os
oqoo|zoc|ooes oe oe||ocoeoc|o coo |os oooo|||os eo |o eo|oo eo ooe soo e||os |os ooe e,eceo e| oooe
coooceo e| eotooo oe sos c|ooooes. |oc|os |ec|os oe v|o|eoc|o cooto |os o,ees soo coet|oos oo estos
qooos oost-oesov|||zoc|o.
SB @&%&6#R&' .3 6$ %3+3#,;,56 .3 -&' 4,$-&;,$63'
|| |stooo oo esto coo||eooo coo |o qooot|o oe oo eoet|c|o oe |os v|o|oc|ooes. / oeso oe |os eo|oos
ooootooos ooo ooteqe o |os o,ees oe |os cooot|osos ecosos coo ooe coeotoo |os ooqoos oe
ootecc|o, |os sev|ooes ob||cos ecoooceo |o qove s|tooc|o oe v|o|eoc|o ooe s|qoeo oooec|eooo |os o-
,ees, |o coo| |oc|oe e|o|c|o|os, v|o|eoc|o seoo|, oeoozos oeso|ozo|eoto ozooo, os| coo |os seveos
|||toc|ooes ooe t|eoeo ooo eoeoto|o.
|os eo|oos oe ootecc|o oo soo ooecoooos ooo |os oeces|oooes oe |os o,ees. / oeso oe ooe |o Co te
Coost|toc|ooo| |o seo|ooo eo vo|os ocos|ooes |o |oo tooc|o oe |ocoooo oo eooooe oe qoeo o |os oo-
qoos oe ootecc|o, esto se |o |ocoo||oo esoec|o|eote eo |os te|to|os |oo|qeoos oo co|ob|ooos.
|o oeseoc|o oe qooos oooos eo tooo e| te|to|o, eo oo t|co|o |o oes|steoc|o oe |os qooos ooo|-
||toes, oo|eoes eo oc|os zooos coot|ooo octooooo eo cooo|veoc|o coo |o |oezo |b||co, soo oto oe |os
o|oc|oo|es obstoco|os ooo |o |o|eeotoc|o oe |o |e oe v|ct|os oe| ooqoo oe est|toc|o oe t|eos.
Seqo e| /C|||, eo 2O2 se oeseotooo os oeso|ozo|eotos ozooos ooe eo 2OO 2O. || ||ecto oe |o
|o|ooo oe |est|toc|o oe T|eos eoes ooe es ooo qoo o| |co|too est|to| eo eo|o oe| coo ||cto oooo.
/oeos oe |o oote|o, e| '||oo |oc|ooo| oe Cooso||ooc|o' (|o oo||t|co oe seqo|ooo oe| Cob|eoo Sootos)
oe ceooo ooo ooteqe |os '|ocootoos oe| oesoo||o' oo o |os c|ooooooos c|ooooooos. So |o|e-
eotoc|o |o s|qo| |cooo oo |oo toote ooeoto oe |o |||to|zoc|o eo |os eq|ooes ooooe se oo||co e|
coos|qo|eote ooeoto oe |os |esqos ooo |os o,ees eo esos zooos.
UB 83'+-&A&*,36#$ `$%A&.$
|o 2OO8 |o Co te Coost|toc|ooo| oe Co|ob|o eo|o| e| /oto O2, ooe ecoooc| e| |oocto oesooooc|o-
oooo oe| oeso|ozo|eoto ozooo eo |os o,ees ooo esto oete|o o|ez |esqos, coos|oeooos coo |os
octoes oe vo|oeob|||ooo esoec| |cos o |os ooe estoo eooestos, oo cooso oe so cooo|c|o eeo|oo, ooe oo
soo cooo t|oos coo |os voooes eo s|tooc|o oe oeso|ozo|eoto ozooo. Coeo o| Cob|eoo |oc|ooo| |o
oo|oc|o oe 3 ooqoos ooe oteoo|eoo estos s|tooc|ooes oe |esqo ceooo |os cooo|c|ooes ooo e|
qoce eect|vo oe |os oeec|os oe |os o,ees eo s|tooc|o oe oeso|ozo|eoto ozooo. || qob|eoo oe ooo
2 Cooooc|o oooos, Coo|||eoto oe| |stooo Co|ob|ooo coo |o eso|oc|o 325, |ebeo oe 2O3, ooq .
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||oo |oteqo| ooo |o |eveoc|o /teoc|o o| |oocto ||eeoc|o| |esooooc|ooooo oe| |eso|ozo|eoto
sobe |os |o,ees eo Co|ob|o -o|oo ooe se|o e| ooecto ooe os|ooo|o |os 3 ooqoos eo oos oe |oce
os e |c|eote |o occ|o oe| |stooo-.
|o este ooceso se |oo eo||zooo eoos oo|o|stot|vos oe |os eot|oooes e |ost|toc|ooes ooe |oteqoo e|
S|steo |oc|ooo| oe /teoc|o |oteqo| o |o |ob|oc|o eo s|tooc|o oe |eso|ozo|eoto |ozooo -S|/|||-. S|o
eboqo, este cob|o ooe coeoz eo eoeo oe 2O2, oo oeseoto o||os eo so ooc|ooo|eoto e|oc|ooooos
coo |o cooo|ooc|o |ost|toc|ooo|, |o o|sooo|b|||ooo oe ecosos, voc|os eo |o |o|eeotoc|o oe |os o|ooes
ooqoos ooo qooot|zo |o ootecc|o oteoc|o |oteqo|, |os oeec|os ecoo|cos soc|o|es o |o so|oo,
|o v|v|eooo, eoococ|o, |os t|eos, ooo too|oooes |oboo|es ooooct|vos o ooo oo t|c|ooc|o eect|vo oe
|os o,ees eo s|tooc|o oe oeso|ozo|eoto ozooo
+
.
GB 83%3;N$' .3 -&' *"Q3%3' 4R;#,*&'( H3T .3 XR;#,*&' T .3 23'#,#";,56 .3 C,3%%&'
|o |e ++8 oe 2O 'oo |o coo| se o|ctoo eo|oos oe oteoc|o, os|steoc|o eoooc|o |oteqo| o |os v|ct|os
oe| coo ||cto oooo |oteoo'- tob|o coooc|oo coo |e oe V|ct|os |est|toc|o oe T|eos-, es oo ooso
|oc|o e| ecoooc||eoto oe| coo ||cto oooo |oteoo eo e| oo|s oe sos v|ct|os. /ooooe coo o|qooos voc|os,
|o |e estob|ece eo|oos oe oteoc|o eoooc|o o|eeoc|o|es o ovo oe |os o,ees v|ct|os oe |oocc|o-
oes o| oeec|o |oteooc|ooo| |ooo|to|o qoves v|o|oc|ooes o |os oeec|os |oooos, esoec|o|eote ooo
oo|eoes |oo s|oo v|ct|os oe v|o|eoc|o seoo|, oboooooo o oesoo,o ozooo oe t|eos.
/oo cooooo |o |e coost|toe ooo o|ezo ooooeoto| eo e| ecoooc||eoto oe |os oeec|os oe |os v|ct|os
oe| coo ||cto oooo |oteoo, so ooesto eo oc|o t|eoe eooes etos. |ebeoo ooootose eo|oos ooo
qooot|zo so oo||coc|o eect|vo os| coo |o o|eoo oo t|c|ooc|o oe |os v|ct|os oe |os oqoo|zoc|ooes ooe
|os eoeseotoo eo e| oesoo||o oe |os ecoo|sos ooo so oo||coc|o. /oeos, ooecoo e| oooo|o,e |ost|-
toc|ooo| coooc|to o |os/|os sev|ooes ooc|ooo|os/os cooeteotes sobe |os oeec|os oe |os v|ct|os, |os
|ostoeotos, ecoo|sos ooceo||eotos ooo so ootecc|o, |os |ooctos o|eeoc|ooos oe |o v|o|eoc|o
oooo eo |os oesooos seqo |o eto|o, e| seo |o eooo.
|| eooooe o|eeoc|o| es oo teo e|teot|vo eo |os o|eeotes osoectos oe |o |e ++8. S|o eboqo, oo se
estob|ece coo c|o|ooo ooe se eoteooe|o oo eooooe o|eeoc|o| ooo |os o,ees, o| oeoto oe oo||co|o
|o eo|oo os ecoeote es |o oe|oc|o eo |o oteoc|o. /|qooos eo|oos ooo|oo se |oo|cot|vos oe ooevos
o|sc||ooc|ooes oq|ooc|o, coo oo e,eo|o |o est|toc|o oe |os b|eoes |ooeb|es o oobe oe |o oo-
e,o, cooooo |o |os ooes ec|oootes oe t|eo eo e| oo|s soo |os o,ees soo |os ooe estoo oso|eooo
|os costos |os |esqos ooe |o toe ooo e||os eso e|q|b|||ooo oe sos oeec|os. Cooooo |o o,e t|eoe ooe,o,
e| b|eo oebe|o ooeoo o oobe oe |os oos.
|o |o oote|o, e| eooooe o|eeoc|o| se ooeo eo |o oo|oc|o |eqo| oo coeoto coo eo|oos ooe oe|-
too ote|o||zo este cooceoto qooot|zo ooo est|toc|o oe t|eos coo oo eooooe o|eeoc|o| ooe ot|eooo
|os oeces|oooes esooooo o |os eo||oooes oe |os o,ees oesoo,ooos o oeso|ozooos
5
.
|o eq|oeotoc|o oe |o |e ++8 oeseotooo oo e| Cob|eoo ooc|ooo| oo |oteqo oo eooooe o|eeoc|o| ooe
ot|eooo |os oeces|oooes esoec| |cos oe |os v|ct|os, o|qooos oe sos o|soos|c|ooes coo||evo|oo oeoetoo |os
ootooes oe o|sc||ooc|o oq|oo||zoc|o. To| es e| coso oe |o o|to oe eq|oeotoc|o sobe cooooooc|o
oe oeooos oooo||oos ooo cooo oe t|eos
6
.
+ |eso |oc|ooo| oe seqo||eoto o| /oto O2. |ooe o |o Co te Coost|toc|ooo|. |ebeo 2O3
5 Cooooc|o oooos. T|eo Te|to|o. /ectoc|ooes |etos ooo |os o,ees. ||c|ebe oe 2O. |oq. O.
6 |eso /oto O2. |ooe oeseotooo o |o Co te Coost|toc|ooo|, oov|ebe oe 2O.
<5
23'#,#";,56 .3 #,3%%&' & *"Q3%3'
|o |e ++8 oot|eoe oo cooceoto oe |oqo o o|||o coo oc|eo ooe ec|oo e| oeec|o o |o est|toc|o,
oescoooce |os oes|qoo|oooes ooe eo e| oco oe ooo e|oc|o o|||o eoeotoo |os o,ees |os cootetos
oev|os ooste|oes ooe eo oo oesoo,o o oeso|ozo|eoto |oc|oeo eo e| cob|o oe o|es oe |o ooe,o. |o
o|vesos cosos, e| cooteto ooste|o o| oeso|ozo|eoto |oc|o| ooo ooe |os o,ees se v|eoo oboooooooos
oo sos ooe,os o v|ooos eoeotooos o se e||os |os ooe ec|oooo e|q|eoo sos oeec|os.
|oo |os o,ees cooes|oos eo Co|ob|o, |o t|eo es oo e|eeoto oe co|es|o soc|o| ooe |es oe|te soste-
oe o so o|||o. So cooceoto oe oesoo||o oqo|o esto |ot|oeote ||qooo o |o ooc|o soc|o| oe |o t|eo. ||
te|to|o esto ||qooo o |o co|too oe |os o,ees |oo|qeoos ooco|ob|ooos o so oo oe ve e| oooo,
oo eso |ob|oo oe te|to|os co|ect|vos.
|os o,ees cooes|oos, ooco|ob|ooos e |oo|qeoos veo coo oeocoooc|o |o oo coo se |oo oectooo
sos t|eos te|to|os coo qoooes ooectos ecoo|cos, oo e,eo|o, oe |oe|o o s|ebo oe oo|o
oce|teo, ooe se |oo ooe|ootooo s|o teoe eo coeoto sos oeec|os. |oo oc|os oe e||os e| otoo oo esto eo
|o |oe|o, s|oo eo |o sobeoo|o o||eoto|o.
|o |oeoo|ooo eo |o o|st|boc|o oe |o t|eo eo Co|ob|o es oeocoooote es oo os oooooo eo e|oc|o
coo |os o,ees. || |oo|ce C|o| oe cooceotoc|o oe |o t|eo es oe| O,8

. S|o eboqo, |osto e| oeoto o|o-

qooo oe |os Cob|eoos |o toooo eo coos|oeoc|o e| tobo,o oe |o o,e oo| eo e| o|seo oe |os oo||t|cos
oe oesoo||o oqo|o. Coo |o seo|o e| |t|o |ooe oe |esoo||o oooo oe| ||||, e| octoo| ooe|o
oe oesoo||o oo| |ov|s|b|||zo |os o|eeoc|os oe qoeo o|sc||oo o |os o,ees.
1- &;;3'$ & -& %3'#,#";,56
|o est|toc|o o|ooteooo eo |o |e ++8 oo t|eoe eo coeoto |os oeces|oooes esoec| |cos oe |os o,ees eo e|o-
c|o coo e| oeec|o o |o t|eo ooe e|qe ev|oeoc|o oectoc|ooes oo t|co|oes oe stos |os oos ec|os|vos
oe eooo|oc|o ooe|ootooos cooto e||os coo |o v|o|eoc|o seoo| coet|oo eo e| oco oe| coo ||cto oo-
oo. 'Seqo |oooc|o ecoq|oo oooote e| tobo,o oe cooo ||evooo o cobo oo |o Cooooc|o oooos,
o||os T|,eos ot|||zobo |o v|o|eoc|o seoo| ooo oeso|ozo o |os o|||os. Coq|o ooo o oos c||cos oe |o o|||o, |os
obosobo seoo|eote |oeqo |o o|||o se |bo oe |o zooo'
8
.
|| oescoooc||eoto oe |o e|oc|o eote |o v|o|eoc|o seoo| eo e| oco oe| coo ||cto |o eooo|oc|o oe |o
t|eo o |os o,ees, esto ooo|eooo eo |esqo |o est|toc|o eo| oe sos b|eoes. |os |os ooc|ooo|os ,oo|c|o|es
oescoooceo |os |ooctos esoec| |cos oe| coo ||cto eo |o v|oo oe |os o,ees e| oooe| ooe esto v|o|eoc|o ,oq eo
e| oesoo,o oboooooo ozooo oe t|eos oo oo te oe estos.
|o oto oo te, qeoeo|eote |os o,ees oo coeotoo coo oo t|to|o ooe esoo|oe so e|oc|o coo |o t|eo,
cooooo ste e|ste, soe|e esto o oobe oe sos o|||oes |obes o oe so cooqe, |o ooe o| |co|to eoo-
eeote |o toeo oe |os o,ees oe so||c|to |o est|toc|o oe oeo|os.
/o oo |o ooo eect|vo cooo|ooc|o |ote|ost|toc|ooo|, |os oo||sos oo se |oo sooeooo ooo o|o|zo
|o ,ost|c|o ote|o|. oce o|to oo||co coo os oec|s|o e| o|oc|o|o oo v|ct|o, e| o|oc|o|o oe |o boeoo e
|o |oves|o oe |o coqo oe |o ooebo eo ovo oe |os v|ct|os o|o|zo |o oteoc|o o |os so||c|tooes oe |os
o,ees.
|o eooe o|stooc|o eote |o |e oe v|ct|os eo oooe| so eect|v|ooo eo |o ooct|co es oo e |e,o oe |o oo-
seoc|o oe ooo oo||t|co ob||co ooe eo|eote teoqo eo coeoto |os oeec|os oe |os o,ees oo|es |os |oqo
e |coces. |o se coeoto coo oooo oe| |stooo ooo |os ooectos ||oeooos oo o,ees ooo |o sooeoc|o
||||, eo. |tto.//ooooco|ob|o.oq/|oo|2O/oo/|ooe_coo|eto_|oo|2O.oo
8 Cooooc|o oooos (2oo). Co|o ooo ||evo cosos oe v|o|eoc|o seoo|. |oooesto oe oqoeotoc|o ooo eo,o|c|o c|eoes oe v|o|eoc|o
seoo| coet|oos eo e| oco oe| coo ||cto oooo co|ob|ooo. 3oqoto, ooq. 3.
<6
oe |o oobezo e||o ||evo o coest|ooose sobe |o sosteo|b|||ooo oe oo|eoes etooeo o |os oeo|os ooe |es
seoo est|to|oos. |s oeocoooote |o |oso |c|eote cobe too oe |os eot|oooes eocoqooos oe |o |o|eeotoc|o
oe |o |e oe| ooqoo oe est|toc|o oe t|eos eote o |os o,ees ooe oo estoo eo |os ceotos obooos.
|e |os 25 oocesos oe est|toc|o oe t|eos ooo||zooos oo e| C||||

, se eocoot ooe oeoo beoe |c|ooos

58 oesooos oe |os coo|es 25 soo o,ees, ec|oootes oe O oeo|os coo tooos vo|ooos eote |os O,O8
|os OOO |ectoeos. |stos ec|ooc|ooes oeoo oooocto oe O5 eo|soo|os oe oesoo,o. |ese o e||o, too s|o
eo ooo seoteoc|o sobe oesoo,o eo e| oeoo toeoto oe |osto, |o|o, e| ,oez ooeoo o|o|zo o |os o,ees
oo|es oe| coeq||eoto, ooo e| ecoooc||eoto oe |os beoe |c|os cooteo|oos eo |o |e 3 oe 2OO2, |o coo|
ev|oeoc|o |o ooseoc|o oe eooooe oe qoeo |o oeco|eooo oe |os eo|oos estob|ec|oos oo |os ,oeces oe
est|toc|o oe t|eos eo e|oc|o coo |os o,ees.
|os o,ees ec|oootes oe so oeec|o o |o t|eo soo oeseqo|oos, oeoozooos oses|oooos eo Co|ob|o.
|o so oo te, |os o,ees eoq|ooos |oo s|oo ooct|coeote ec|o|oos oe |os beoe |c|os oe |o |e |osto e|
oeoto, so |oc|os|o esto cooo|c|ooooo o so etooo.
LB W%$#3;;,56 & *"Q3%3' T *"Q3%3' -,.3%3'&' 36 3- *&%;$ .3- ;$6` -,;#$ &%*&.$
/ oeso oe |os esoezos eo||zooos oo e| |stooo co|ob|ooo ooo qooot|zo e| occeso o |o ootecc|o eec-
t|vo oe oooe||os o,ees o,ees ||oeesos ooe |oo s|oo v|ct|os oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| eo e| oco oe| coo-
||cto oooo, eo |o ooct|co |o cec|eote ooot|v|ooo oo |o qooot|zooo oo |o b|ooooo ooo ootecc|o
ooecoooo ooe oe|to |o||zo e| |esqo oe |os v|ct|os os| coo qooot|zo |os oeec|os oe |os |sos
eoo|co |o |ooo|ooo.
|o |os |t|os oos, e| Cob|eoo Co|ob|ooo |o |oteotooo, o tovs oe |o |eq|s|oc|o, ovoozo eo ote|o oe
ootecc|o coo eooooe oe qoeo ooo |os o,ees ||oeesos v|ct|os oe| coo ||cto oooo co|ob|ooo, eo
oe||tos to|es coo |o v|o|eoc|o seoo|.
|sto se ve e |e,ooo eo |o ceoc|o oe |os ooqoos oe ootecc|o o coqo oe |o ||sco||o Ceoeo| oe |o |o-
c|o oe |o |o|ooo oe |otecc|o eqo|ooos esoect|voeote eo |o |eso|oc|o | O-5O oe| 5 oe oqosto
oe 2OO8 e| |eceto +2 oe 2O, coo|eeotooos oo |o ooeoooo oo |o Co te Coost|toc|ooo| eo e|
/oto O2 oe| + oe ob|| oe 2OO8, oe seqo||eoto o |o seoteoc|o T- O25 oe 2OO+ ooe eoot|zo |os o|ez |esqos
esoec| |cos o |os ooe ooo|oo esto eooestos |os o,ees eo s|tooc|o oe oeso|ozo|eoto oo|oo |oqo
o |o oct|voc|o |oeo|oto oe |o oesooc|o coost|toc|ooo| oe |esqo oo |o tooto, o |o |o|eeotoc|o oe
eo|oos oe eeqeoc|o o so ovo.
Cto ovooce es |o seoteoc|o T-+6 oe 2OO8, eo |o coo| se oestocooo ecooooo |os e|eeotos |o|os
ooe oebeo ooooeoto |os ooqoos oe ootecc|o. oebeo oe|t| ooo esooesto o|eeoc|ooo ooe ot|eo-
oo oo so|oeote |o oot|co|o vo|oeob|||ooo oe |os o,ees oest|ooto|os ooe se oe|vo oe| cooteto eo coo-
||cto eo e| ooe oebeo e,ece sos oeec|os, s|oo |os o|vesos o|ve|es oe |oocto ooe t|eoe e| coo||cto oooo
eo oteoc|o o cooo|c|ooes coo e| qoeo, |o eooo, |o so|oo, etc. |os|ste eo ooe e| octo oe| qoeo oebe
se totooo ecoooc|oo oe ooeo esoec|o| eo |os ooqoos oe ootecc|o.
|| os ec|eote ovooce esto cooteo|oo eo |o |eso|oc|o O8O5 oe| + oe oo oe 2O2 '|o |o coo| se eo|oe
e| |otoco|o esoec| |co coo eooooe oe qoeo oe |os oeec|os oe |os o,ees o ooe se e |ee e| o t|co|o
5O oe| |eceto +2 oe 2O'. |sto eso|oc|o |oteoto ecoooce |os oeces|oooes esoec|o|es oe oeveoc|o
ootecc|o o oob|oc|ooes oo t|co|oes, eo este coso |os o,ees.
|o |o ooct|co, oc|os oe |os ooe|os oe ootecc|o coot|ooo s|o ecoooce |os eo||oooes esoec| |cos oe |os
o,ees oo cobeo o ot|eooeo osoectos to|es coo |os |ooctos ooe oo soo v|s|b|es 'o s|o|e v|sto', coo
Seoteoc|os se|ecc|ooooos o 25 oe ,o||o oe 2O3 oo e| S|steo oe |oooc|o Seqo||eoto oe |os seoteoc|os oe |os oocesos oe |est|toc|o
|oo||zoc|o oe T|eos o coqo oe| C||||/|||.
<7
soo |os ooos os|co|q|cos. |o ootecc|o se |||to o eo|oos |s|cos coo te|ooos, c|o|ecos, o ve||co|os
b||ooooos, o coos|ste eo e| ocoooo|eoto oeooeote oo oqeotes oe |o||c|o. |o e|steo eo|oos ooe
cob|,eo o |os o|||os oe |os ||oeesos, os| coo toooco eo|oos ooo ooteqe eect|voeote o o,ees
|oo|qeoos o ooco|ob|ooos.
fB K"'#,;,& +36&- *,-,#&% T 4,$-36;,& '37"&- ;$6#%& -&' *"Q3%3'
X,$-36;,& '37"&- ;$6#%& *"Q3%3'V &.$-3';36#3' T 6,9&' +$% +&%#3 .3 *,3*O%$' .3 -& Z"3%A& W[O-,;&
|os c|os e|steotes (ve coo|to|o sobe v|o|eoc|o cooto |o o,e) ev|oeoc|oo e| qoo oeo oe eq|stos
oo v|o|eoc|o seoo| ooe se ot|boeo o|ectoeote o |o |oezo |b||co, |o ooe |o |oeot| |co coo e| qooo
oooo o|oc|oo|eote esooosob|e oo o|c|o v|o|oc|o.
|os o|os ooo|esceotes soo |o oob|oc|o os oectooo oo |o v|o|eoc|o seoo|. oe |o |oezo |b||co es-
ooooo oo e| oo oeo oe eq|stos oo esto coooocto ||oo |o oteoc|o sobe e| oe||qo ooe coeo |os
eooes oe eooo eo |os te|to|os ooooe t|eoe oo oeseoc|o. |so estec|o e|oc|o ooe e|ste eote |o
|||to|zoc|o oe te|to|os |o ecoeoc|o oe |ec|os oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| cooto |os o,ees o|os eo Co-
|ob|o se ev|oeoc|o eo e| |ec|o oe ooe |os cosos oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| oo |ebos oe |o |oezo |b||co cos|
se t|o||cooo, eo t|oos ooceotoo|es, oesoe |o |o|eeotoc|o oe |o |o||t|co oe Seqo|ooo |eocot|co
8O

. o |o |oezo |b||co oosooo oe |ootose|e cooto cosos eo e| oe|ooo oe o 2OO2, o |ootose|e +5
cosos eo e| oe|ooo oe 2OO2 o 2OO
8
.
|o se ooeoe |qooo |o estec|o e|oc|o ooe |o v|o|eoc|o seoo| t|eoe coo otos v|o|oc|ooes o |os oeec|os
|oooos o| ||, coo e| oeso|ozo|eoto ozooo, |os e,ecoc|ooes eto,oo|c|o|es, |os osoces o |os oeteo-
c|ooes ob|to|os. |se v|oco|o es esoec|o|eote |oo toote ooes eo oc|os oe |os cosos |o v|o|eoc|o seoo|
ooeoo oco|to (o es oco|tooo) bo,o esos otos c|eoes o| oeoto oe |o |ovest|qoc|o, |o ooe ovoece |o
|ooo|ooo.
23`$%*& & -& K"'#,;,& W36&- *,-,#&% T hW%$#$;$-$ +&%& -& Z"3%A& W[O-,;& 36 3- J&63Q$ .3 -& X,$-36;,&
=37"&- ;$6 i6`&',' 36 -& X,$-36;,& =37"&- ;$6 D;&',56 .3- )$6` -,;#$ !%*&.$j
|o o|c|ebe oe| oo 2O2 e| Cooqeso oe |o |eob||co ooob ooo eoo o |o ,ost|c|o oeoo| |||to, |o coo|
coost|toe, ooo |os qooos |oteooc|ooo|es oe sooev|s|o |o soc|eooo c|v||, '(.) oo etoceso ||st|co eo
|os ovooces oe| |stooo Co|ob|ooo eo |o |oc|o cooto |o |ooo|ooo e| esoeto qooot|o oe |os oeec|os
|oooos'
82
.
|oo oe |os oeocoooc|ooes o|oc|oo|es oo |os cob|os |otoooc|oos eo |o Coost|toc|o |o||t|co t|eoe ooe ve
coo ooe tooos |os |oocc|ooes o| oeec|o |oteooc|ooo| |ooo|to|o (||) coet|oos oo |o |oezo |b||co,
seoo coooc|oos ec|os|voeote oo |os t|booo|es oc|o|es o t|booo|es |||toes, o eceoc|o oe c|eoes
oe |eso |ooo|ooo, oe||tos oe qeooc|o|o, oesooo|c|o ozooo, to too, e,ecoc|o eto,oo|c|o|, oeso|ozo|eo-
to ozooo v|o|eoc|o seoo|
83
.
|o ||sto oe eceoc|ooes |oc|o|oos eo |o eoo es |oso |c|eote, ooes oe,o oo oeo o|vesos v|o|oc|ooes o |os
oeec|os |oooos ooe oebeo se cooeteoc|o oe |o ,o|so|cc|o oo|oo|o, coo |os oeteoc|ooes ob|to|os,
8O |o oo||t|co oe Seqo|ooo oeocot|co oe |o oo||t|co oe seqo|ooo oe| |es|oeote /|voo ||be V|ez (2OO2-2OO) ooe coos|st|, eote otos cosos,
eo ooo oe te |||to|zoc|o oe| te|to|o ooc|ooo|.
8 |eso oe Tobo,o |o,e Coo ||cto /ooo, V||| |ooe, o.3. ooo tooo oo. Co|s|o Co|ob|ooo oe o|stos, |o v|o|eoc|o cooto |os o,ees
|os o|os eo Co|ob|o oqovooo oo |o |o||t|co oe 'Seqo|ooo' oe| |stooo'.
82 C |c|oo oe| /|to co|s|ooooo ooo |os |eec|os oooos, Co|ob|o. |oe tos oe |oc|ooes |o|oos |oceo oo ||oo|eoto o |os ooto|oooes ooo
ooe ecoos|oeeo |o eoo coost|toc|ooo| oe| oeo oeoo| |||to' Cooo|cooo oe |eoso, C|oebo, 22 oe Cctobe oe 2O2. |ste cooo|cooo esto
|ooo oo ooce t|to|oes oe ooootos oe ooceo||eotos esoec|o|es, oeoto oe |os coo|es se eocoeoto |o |e|otoo esoec|o| sobe |o v|o|eoc|o
cooto |o o,e, coo |oc|os|o oe sos coosos coosecoeoc|os, |os||oo |oo,oo
83 /cto |eq|s|ot|vo |o. O2/2O2 (||c|ebe 2) '|o e| coo| se eooo |os o t|co|os 6, 52 22 oe |o Coost|toc|o |o||t|co oe Co|ob|o'.
39
|os totos coe|es oeqooootes, |o too oe e|eoes, |o o|sc||ooc|o |o v|o|eoc|o cooto |os o,ees (o|e-
eote o |o seoo|), |os c|eoes oe qoeo |os oe||tos cooto |os oeec|os c|v||es, oo||t|cos, soc|o|es, co|too|es,
ecoo|cos, o oe| ob|eote, oo e,eo|o.
Se eoteqo o |o ,ost|c|o oeoo| |||to co|ob|ooo ,o|so|cc|o ec|os|vo sobe tooos |os obosos e|oc|ooooos
coo e| coo||cto coet|oos oo |os |||toes, o oeso oe |o ||st|co |ocoooc|ooo oe oooe||o ooo oe|o| s| se toto oe
cooooctos v|o|oto|os oe |os oeec|os |oooos. |o coeoc|o oe |ooeoeooeoc|o ootooo|o ooe coocte|zo o esto
|ost|toc|o se oebe, eote otos, o so cooos|c|o. es ooo oeoeooeoc|o oe| ||o|ste|o oe |eeoso, |os ,oeces ooe |o
cooooeo t|eoeo ooe ,ozqo ooo |ost|toc|o oe |o ooe soo oote o |o ooe |oo ,oooo oeeooe.
/otes oe |o eoo, eo coso oe oooo sobe |o cooeteoc|o, |os cosos oeb|oo eov|ose o |o ,ost|c|o oo|oo|o.
/|oo, ooo co|s|o tco|co oo t|booo|, obos coooestos oo c|v||es |||toes, soo |os |ostooc|os ooe
to|too |os coo ||ctos oe cooeteoc|o. ||c|o co|s|o cootoo coo so ooo|o oqoo|so oe oo||c|o ,oo|c|o|
ooo |o eco|ecc|o e| ooo||s|s oe ooebos. |o otos oo|obos, |o ,ost|c|o oeoo| |||to oec|o|o s| se |oo co-
et|oo oe||tos oe so cooeteoc|o o oo, coo ooooeoto eo |o ev|oeoc|o ooe e||o |so ecobe. |o eoo
eocoqo |o |ovest|qoc|o cos| ec|os|voeote o |o ,ost|c|o oeoo| |||o, |oc|eooo ooct|coeote |oos|b|e ooe
oo coso ooeoo se tos|ooooo o |o ,ost|c|o oo|oo|o.
|oo oeocoooc|o oo|c|ooo| esoecto oe |o eoo o |o ,ost|c|o oeoo| |||to es |o eoeo|c|o oo oo te oe|
||o|ste|o oe |eeoso, eo oov|ebe oe 2O2, oe| |otoco|o ooo |o |oezo |b||co eo e| |ooe,o oe |o V|o|eo-
c|o Seoo| coo |oos|s eo |o V|o|eoc|o Seoo| coo Ccos|o oe| Coo ||cto /ooo
8+
eo e| coo| |e otoqo o |os
oezos |||toes esooosob|||oooes eo oteoc|o o |os o,ees v|ct|os oe v|o|eoc|o seoo|, ot|boc|ooes ooe
soo cooto|os o |o |e o |os estooooes oe ootecc|o o |os oeec|os |oooos oe |os o,ees. |ote otos
osootos, e| ootoco|o cooteo|o coo esooosob|||ooo oe |os |||toes e| o|||qeoc|o|eoto oe oo oooo| oe
oteoc|o o o,ees v|ct|os oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| cooooo cooozcoo oe sos cosos. Soq|ee ooe |os |||toes
eo||ceo vo|ooc|ooes oceco oe |o ceo|b|||ooo oe |o v|ct|o, |o cetezo oe| |ec|o |o esooosob|||ooo oe|
oqeso, osootos ooe oo oebe|oo se oe so cooeteoc|o.

|| ootoco|o |osto o |os |||toes o ecoqe |os |ec|os, os| e| |||to oebe oeo| o |o v|ct|o e| e|oto ooe-
oo|zooo oe |os |ec|os oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| (|o coooocto coet|oo, e| |oqo, s| |o oco|oo os oe ooo vez),
||evoooo o oo eoos|c|o |ooeceso|o oe |o v|ct|o, oooo ooe ste eq|sto oo es eo s| |so |o oeoooc|o
o| |o oec|ooc|o ooe oebeo eoo| |o o,e cooooo |o |sco||o toe coooc||eoto oe| coso. /o|c|ooo|eote
se o|oe o| |||to ooe eo||zo e| eq|sto ooe estob|ezco 's| |os |ec|os oco|eoo coo ocos|o oe| coo ||cto
oooo', 's| oco| eo |o s|o|e oestoc|o oe| sev|c|o o oo oeo oe| sev|c|o' 's| je| oqeso] se vo||
oe so oos|c|o coo |oteqoote oe |o |oezo ooo coete e| oos|b|e oe||to', |o coo| c|ooeote se sooeo |o
|oeo oe oo eq|sto qeoeo| oe |os oe||tos ooe ooeoeo |obe s|oo coet|oos oo |||toes, se coov|e te eo
oo |ostoeoto ooe e|qe ooo oec|ooc|o oe |o v|ct|o ooeos ooe oco|to o| ooe eq|sto o eo||zo vo-
|ooc|ooes tosceooeoto|es oe cooeteoc|o oe |o ooc|o ,oo|c|o| ooo estob|ece |o ocoeoc|o oe oo oe||to
|o esooosob|||ooo oeoo| |oo|v|ooo| oe ooo oesooo
85
.
/ oeso oe ooe |o v|o|eoc|o seoo| esto |oc|o|oo eo |o ||sto oe eceoc|ooes ooe oo|eote |oeo||o ooe
||eqoe o se cooeteoc|o oe |o ,ost|c|o oeoo| |||to, o coot|oooc|o se o|ooteooo oeocoooc|ooes oo |os oo-
s|b|es eectos ooe |o oo||coc|o oe esto ooeoo teoe eo e| ooceso|eoto oe |os esooosob|es oe oooe| oe||to.
W$#36;,&-3' 3`3;#$' .3 -& %3`$%*& & -& Q"'#,;,& +36&- *,-,#&% '$O%3 -$' .3%3;N$' .3 -&' *"Q3%3' 4R;#,]
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o. |os o| |co|tooes o e|steotes eo e| occeso o |o ,ost|c|o oe o,ees v|ct|os oe v|o|eoc|o seoo|
Coo se eoc|oo eo ooo tooos oote|oes, |os o,ees eo Co|ob|o eoe|eotoo o| |co|tooes eo e| occe-
so o |o ,ost|c|o. /oeos, |os |ost|toc|ooes oo|o|stoooos oe ,ost|c|o oo coeotoo coo ecoo|sos oe s|steo-
8+ |oeo|oo oo e| ||o|ste|o oe |eeoso eo |ov|ebe oe 2O2.
85 |b|o.
38
t|zoc|o oe cosos oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| so |c|eoteeote e|oboooos ooe o|sc||oeo oo o|vesos vo|ob|es ooe
se tooozcoo eo eooooes ooe toteo |os cooo|c|ooes oe vo|oeob|||ooo, eto|o, eooo, o|scoooc|ooo, s|tooc|o
oe oeso|ozo|eoto, eote otos
86
.
Tob|o se oeseotoo o| |co|tooes e|oc|ooooos coo |o ooseoc|o oe |ost|toc|ooes oe oo|o|stoc|o oe ,ost|c|o
eo zooos oo|es, oobes oq|oo|es, coo |o o|to oe oboqooos oe o |c|o, coo |o ooseoc|o oe qooot|os ooo
|os oesooos ooe |ovest|qoo ,ozqoo |os oe||tos cooto |os o,ees, coo |o |oo tooc|o oesesoooo oooo
o |o ooebo |s|co, ooe |e esto e|evooc|o o oto t|oo oe ooebos c|oves o| |co|to |os |ovest|qoc|ooes t|eoo
oesoos oe oco|oos |os oe||tos
8
.
/s| |so, e|steo o| |co|tooes ooo |o oeoooc|o oe |os |ec|os oo oo te oe |os o,ees v|ct|os oe v|o|eoc|o
seoo|. ||ste oo seot||eoto oe co|oo oe oo te oe |os o,ees v|ct|os oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| seqo e| coo| se
cee ooe oo ||c|eoo |o so |c|eote ooo ev|to |os |ec|os, oovocooo o| oqeso o oo ooos|eoo |o so |c|eote
es|steoc|o. o oescoo |oozo qeoeo||zooo eo |os |ostooc|os oo|o|stoooos oe ,ost|c|o, bosooo eo |os o|tos
c|os oe |ooo|ooo, eo |o eoe|eoc|o |ooct|eo oe otos o,ees ooe |oo oeoooc|ooo, eo e| teo o |o es-
t|qot|zoc|o, eo |o |oos|b|||ooo oe oso| |os costos oe |os oocesos o eo e| coooc||eoto oe |o |o ||toc|o
oe qooos oooos eo o|c|os |ostooc|os
88
, ooe se sooo o oes|steotes oe |c|eoc|os eo |os ecoo|sos oe
ootecc|o o |os ooe e||os ooeoeo ocoo|
8
.
|stos o| |co|tooes estoctoo|es eo |os |ost|toc|ooes oo|o|stoooos oe ,ost|c|o ooo toto e| teo oe v|o|eo-
c|o seoo| ooo|oo ooooo|zose coo |o ooesto eo ooct|co oe |o eoo o |o ,ost|c|o oeoo| |||to.
b. || |co|tooes o |os ooe |os o,ees se eoeotooo eo e| oco oe |o eoo o |o ost|c|o oeoo| |||to
Coo se |o eooesto oote|oeote, ooo oe |os o| |co|tooes oeseotes eo e| occeso o |o ,ost|c|o oe v|ct|-
os oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| es |o oes|steoc|o oe estoctoos oot|oco|es, oooocot|cos o|sc||ooto|os ooe
coost|toeo coocte|st|cos ooo|os oe |o |ost|toc|o |||to, |o ooe ooooo|zo|o |os o| |co|tooes oe occeso o
|o ,ost|c|o ooo |os o,ees.
|sto esto eoesoeote e|oc|ooooo coo o|qooos cooteo|oos oe |o eoo coo, oo e,eo|o, |o ceoc|o
oe oo oqoo|so oe oo||c|o ,oo|c|o| ooo|o oe |o ,ost|c|o oeoo| |||to, ooe seo e| o|eo eo coostoto |os
|ec|os e |oeot| |co |o e|steoc|o oe oo oe||to. |oo|o oeseotose e| eocob||eoto oe |o v|o|eoc|o seoo|, o
so |ov|s|b|||zoc|o bo,o oto t|oo oe v|o|oc|ooes coo |o to too |os oeteoc|ooes ob|to|os, eote otos
O
.
|o seqoooo |oqo, |o ceoc|o oe| t|booo| oe qooot|os tob|o ooeoe oeoto oocesos oe eocob||eoto,
eo |o eo|oo eo ooe este qooo oece c|e to o|v||eq|o toto ,oo|c|o| oeeeoc|o| ooo e| ooceso|eoto
oe |ebos oe |os oezos |||toes, |oc|oso oo cooooctos ooe oo seoo oe cooeteoc|o oe |o ,ost|c|o oeoo|
|||to, coo |o v|o|eoc|o seoo|

. |o tece |oqo, |o ceoc|o oe ooo co|s|o tco|co, oe |o ooe |oqoo oo te

|||toes, ooo o||| |os coo ||ctos oe cooeteoc|o, ooeoe ovoece e| eocob||eoto oe |o v|o|eoc|o seoo|
o ooeoe oescoooce |os e|oc|ooes oe oooe oe coec|o eo este t|oo oe |ec|os.
|o oto |ooo, teo|eooo eo coeoto ooe |os t|booo|es |||toes estoo coooestos oo |||toes so,etos o ooo
||oeo oe oooo o ooo ,eooo|o c|oo, |o o|to oe |ooeoeooeoc|o ootooo|o ooeoe oecto e| coecto
oeseovo|v||eoto oe |os oses oe |ovest|qoc|o oe|||oo , eo qeoeo|, oe |os oocesos ,oo|c|o|es.
Tob|o oebe teoese eo coeoto ooe eo oc|os oe |os cosos oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| se oeseotoo oeoozos
86 |eso oe Tobo,o |o,e Coo ||cto /ooo, | |ooe, 2OO, ooq. 36. ooo tooo oo. Coso oe |o |o,e |oto |oc| |co oe |os |o,ees, |os v|o-
|eoc|os seoo|es cooto |os o,ees eo Co|ob|o. ooo eo||ooo ooe oo se toosoo.
8 |b|o, o. +.
88 |b|o o. +O-+2.
8 |b|o o.2.
O Ve. |eso oe Tobo,o |o,e Coo ||cto /ooo, | |ooe, 2OO, ooqs. +5-6.
C |c|oo oe| /|to co|s|ooooo ooo |os |eec|os oooos, Co to ob|e to oe t|to|oes oe ooootos oe |os |oceo||eotos |soec|o|es oe| Coose,o
oe |eec|os oooos o| Cob|eoo o |os eoeseotootes oe| Cooqeso oe |o |eob||co oe Co|ob|o.
3:
cooto |o v|oo |o |oteq|ooo oe |os v|ct|os oe sos o|||oes coo e| ob,et|vo oe ooe oo oeoooc|eo |os |e-
c|os o oo ||eveo o t|oo |os oocesos ,oo|c|o|es. |o eoo oc|||to|o ooe eo |os cosos oe v|o|eoc|o seoo|
oeoetooos oo |ebos oe |o oezo ob||co e|stoo s|tooc|ooes oe oeoozo oes|o, |o ooe oqovoo |o
o qeoeo||zooo oescoo |oozo oe |os o,ees eo |os oocesos ,oo|c|o|es eo |os eso|tooos ooe estos ooeoeo
ooooc|
2
. /oeos oe |o oote|o, eo oo ob|eote oe coec|o, coo |o oes|steoc|o oe estoctoos oot|o-
co|es ooo|os oe |os |ost|toc|ooes |||toes, tob|o se coe e| |esqo oe ooe se est|qot|ce o ev|ct||ce o |o
v|ct|o, oo e,eo|o |oooqose oo so oosooo seoo|.
/ ooeo oe cooc|os|o ooeoe oec|se ooe |o eoo o |o ,ost|c|o oeoo| |||to oectoo oo os |os oos|b|||-
oooes oe occeso o |o ,ost|c|o ooo |os o,ees v|ct|os oe v|o|eoc|o seoo|, ooeoe s|qo| |co |o cooso||ooc|o
oe |o o qeoeo||zooo |ooo|ooo ooe ooeo estos |ec|os eo e| cooteto oe| coo ||cto oooo eo Co|ob|o.
gB ?,9&' T ;$6` -,;#$ &%*&.$
|es|steo |os v|o|oc|ooes o |o v|oo e |oteq|ooo oe |os o|os oooote |os |ost|||oooes o oo cooso oe |oos
oot|oesooo| o oo|c|ooes s|o eo|oto, e| coo |oo|eoto, oeoeqoc|o oe oteoc|o |ooo|to|o, ocoooc|o oe
escoe|os, otos oectoc|ooes o sos oeec|os ecoo|cos, soc|o|es co|too|es. |o oeo cec|eote oe o|os,
eo esoec|o| oe o|os, soo v|ct|os oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| o ooos oe qooos oooos ||eqo|es oe |os oezos
oooos
3
. /oeos, se e|evoo |os |esqos eo|otoc|o seoo| o tovs oe |o oost|toc|o ozooo, |o toto oe
oesooos |os oqes|ooes |s|cos seoo|es cooto o,ees o|os.
|| ec|oto|eoto ozooo oe o|os o|os oo oo te oe |os qooos oooos eo Co|ob|o es ooo ooct|co
qeoeo||zooo s|steot|co ooe se |o |oceeotooo eo |os |t|os t|eoos
+
. |o |ooc|o eo |os escoe|os,
|os oeoozos oeooeotes |osto |os ooesos oe cooo|c|ooes |o|os oe sobs|steoc|o ootoqoo|zoo,
eote otos, e| esceoo|o eo e| ooe o o|o|o |os o|os soo ozooos o |oce oo te oe |os ||os oe |os qooos
cobot|eotes. /ooooe e| ec|oto|eoto oe |os o|os coot|oo oeseotoooose eo|oote |o sostocc|o oo |o
oezo oe sos |oqoes, tob|o se |o toosoooo , o tovs oe |o oeseoc|o eo |os escoe|os eo |os es-
ooc|os oe esooc||eoto, se |es otoe e |ov|to o oo|se o sos qooos
5
. |e esto ooeo, |os octoes oooos
e,eceo cooto| soc|o| oeooeote oot|eoeo oo ceoso oe |os oesooos eooes oe 8 oos oe sos zooos
oe |o |oeoc|o. |ese o |o qoveooo oe |o s|tooc|o oesc|to, oo oo e|steo c|os o |c|o|es ooe oeo coeoto oe|
eoeoo oe| ec|oto|eoto ozooo eo Co|ob|o
6
. |o |ovest|qoc|o sooc|o oe| oe||to oe ec|oto|eoto
es oto oeooo oeoo|eote coo |os v|ct|os. So|oeote se coeoto coo oos seoteoc|os oe |o ,o|so|cc|o esoec|o|
oe ost|c|o |oz ooe |oc|oeo coqos oo oe||tos oe ec|oto|eoto |||c|to, o|eoeoo oe +8 cosos eo |o ,ost|c|o
oo|oo|o.
2 |eso oe Tobo,o, |o,e Coo ||cto /ooo, | |ooe, o. 3+. /oo tooo oo. Coso oe |o |o,e |oto |oc| |co oe |os |o,ees, '|os v|o|eoc|os
seoo|es cooto |os o,ees eo Co|ob|o. ooo eo||ooo ooe oo se toosoo'.
3 Co|t oe |os |eec|os oe| ||o, Cbsevoc|ooes |oo|es. Co|ob|o, 2 oe ,oo|o oe 2OO, oocoeoto C|C/C/C|/C/CC|/CC/, ooeo| 3+.
+ |oc|ooes |o|oos, |ooe oe| Seceto|o Ceoeo| sobe |os o|os eo e| coo ||cto oooo eo Co|ob|o, 2 oe ozo oe 2O2, oo +.
5 Coo||c|o cooto |o v|oco|oc|o oe o|os, o|os ,veoes o| coo ||cto oooo eo Co|ob|o (CC/||CC), 3o|et|o oe |oo|toeo | O, ,oo|o oe 2O3,
eo. |tto.//....coo||co.oq.
6 Co|t oe |os |eec|os oe| ||o, Cbsevoc|ooes |oo|es. Co|ob|o, 2 oe ,oo|o oe 2OO, oocoeoto C|C/C/C|/C/CC|/CC/, ooeo|es 6 ,
Co|t ooo |o ||||ooc|o oe |o ||sc||ooc|o cooto |o |o,e, |esooestos o |o ||sto oe coest|ooes oeqootos e|ot|vos o |os |ooes oe|o|cos
sot|o octovo cob|oooos, Co|ob|o, oocoeoto C||/\/C/CC|//-8//oo., ooq|oo 33.
3;
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/ oeso oe |o coo|oso eoeo|c|o oe ooos, Co|ob|o coot|oo s|o ooooto |os eo|oos oeceso|os ooo
qooot|zo |o e,o|o eect|vo oe |o s|tooc|o oe |os o,ees eo |o ooct|co. || qove esceoo|o eote o cos|
tooos |os oeec|os, |oce ev|oeote ooe |o oo|o oe |os ecoeoooc|ooes oo|ooos oo e| Co|t |oo
s|oo |ocoo||oos, o coo||oos oe ooeo |oso |c|eote ooo toosoo oos|t|voeote |o eo||ooo oe |os o-
,ees co|ob|ooos.
|| |oo|so ooe oesoe |o Co te Coost|toc|ooo| se |o ooe|oo oo o |os estooooes |oteooc|ooo|es es |oob|e.
S|o eboqo, esto oo se e |e,o sot|socto|oeote eo o,ostes o |os oo||t|cos v|qeotes, o| eo e| cooo|so oe
|os oeos |ost|toc|ooes oe| |stooo ooo |o|eeoto |os oeec|os oe |os o,ees.
|| |ooe |oce ev|oeote ooe |os o|oc|oo|es |o|c|ot|vos ooe |oo oooo |oqo o |os cob|os eo |o |oc|o cooto
|o v|o|eoc|o |o o|sc||ooc|o |oc|o |os o,ees oov|eoeo oe |o soc|eooo c|v||, esto oeoesto oos cosos.
|. |o ooco vo|ootoo oo||t|co oe| |stooo eo |o ote|o. |o |oo tooc|o oe |os ooo tes oe |os o,ees eo |os
coovesoc|ooes eote e| qob|eoo ooc|ooo| |os |/|C ooo o|coozo oo ocoeoo oe ooz sosteo|b|e.
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|e ocoeoo coo |o s|tooc|o oote|oeote oesc|to, coo e| ob,et|vo oe ooe ooeoo coo|| coo |os ob||-
qoc|ooes cooteo|oos eo |o Cooveoc|o, soqe|os o| Co|t C||/\ oo|o|e o| |stooo co|ob|ooo |os
s|qo|eotes ecoeoooc|ooes.
MB W&%& -& 3%%&.,;&;,56 .3 -&' 4,$-36;,&' ;$6#%& -&' *"Q3%3'
- ||seo oo S|steo |o| |cooo oe |oooc|o sobe |os v|o|eoc|os cooto |os o,ees, ooooe se o t|co|e |o
|oooc|o oe tooos |os eot|oooes estoto|es, |oc|oeooo |os o|ve|es eq|ooo| |oco|. |ste s|steo oebe|o
o t|co|o |os c|os sobe |ec|os oos oe v|o|eoc|o, |os coocte|st|cos to|cos, eto|os /o oe o|eotoc|o
seoo| oe |os v|ct|os, coo |o |oooc|o e|oc|ooooo coo |os |ovest|qoc|ooes ,oo|c|o|es o|sc|o||oo|os.
- /s|qoo o tooos |os eot|oooes estoto|es ooe t|eoeo ooc|ooes oe oeveoc|o, oteoc|o, ootecc|o, |ovest|qo-
c|o eoooc|o oe |os v|o|eoc|os cooto |os o,ees, oesoooesto esoec| |co ooo |o |o|eeotoc|o oe |os
oo||t|cos ooo eoo|co |o o|sc||ooc|o v|o|eoc|o cooto |os o,ees, o|o|zoooo eo eso os|qooc|o o |o
|eeoso|o oe| |oeb|o ooo |o qooot|zo |o os|steoc|o tco|co |eqo| oe |os o,ees v|ct|os.
- |oove ooo oo||t|co c||oo| bosooo eo e| /oto O2 oe 2OO8, |o |e 25 oe 2OO8 |os estooooes |o-
teooc|ooo|es, ooooe se |oc|ooo |o oeveoc|o oe |os v|o|eoc|os, |o ,oo|c|o||zoc|o oe |os |ec|os, e| cost|qo o
|os esooosob|es, |o oteoc|o eo so|oo |s|co os|cosoc|o| coo eooooe o|eeoc|o|, |o eoooc|o |oteqo| |o
ootecc|o eect|vo ooo |os o,ees v|ct|os oeeosoos oe oeec|os |oooos.
- |ooteoe |os esooc|os oe o|o|oqo sobe oo||t|cos e |o|c|ot|vos e|oc|ooooos coo oeec|os oe |os o,ees coo
|os oqoo|zoc|ooes oe o,ees oe |o soc|eooo c|v||.
- |stob|ece ecoo|sos toosooeotes oe oo|toeo seqo||eoto o |o |o|eeotoc|o oe |os o|eeotes
oo||t|cos e|oc|ooooos coo oeec|os oe |os o,ees, eo coo o|seo ooc|ooo|eoto oo t|c|oeo |os oqoo|-
zoc|ooes oe |o soc|eooo c|v||.
PB W&%& :&%&6#,A&% 3- &;;3'$ & -& Q"'#,;,& +&%& -&' *"Q3%3' 4R;#,*&'
- |esoo||o ooo estoteq|o |oteqo| e |ote|ost|toc|ooo| ooo sooeo e| o|to |oo|ce oe |ooo|ooo eo |os co-
sos oe v|o|eoc|os cooto |os o,ees, eo oo t|co|o |os cosos oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| eo e| oco oe| coo ||cto
oooo, ooe |oc|oo eo|oos coo. |o esoec|o||zoc|o oe ooc|ooo|os/os eo |ovest|qoc|o oe esos cosos, e|
ooo||s|s |oteo|sc|o||oo oe |os v|o|eoc|os cooto |os o,ees, |o oo||coc|o oe |os estooooes |oteooc|ooo|es
oe |ovest|qoc|o oe |o v|o|eoc|o seoo| oeoto oeo oe| coo ||cto oooo, o |o ooo|zoc|o |eq|s|ot|vo
|oteoo oe |os oe||tos seoo|es ecoooc|oos oo e| |stototo oe |oo.
- |o|eeoto ooo estoteq|o ooo |o e|||ooc|o oe oe,o|c|os esteeot|oos oe qoeo eo e| s|steo oe
oteoc|o oo|o|stoc|o oe ,ost|c|o, ooe oe|to |oeot| |co e| |oocto oe |os oct|tooes o|sc||ooto|os eo
|os oec|s|ooes ,oo|c|o|es so ev|s|o ,o|o|co, os| coo ooooto eo|oos sooc|oooto|os cooto |os ooc|ooo-
|os/os ,oo|c|o|es ooe |os coot|ooo eooooc|eooo eo sos oec|s|ooes octooc|ooes.
- /,osto o to|ece |os ooqoos oe ootecc|o e|steotes ooo ooe |ocoooeo eo|oos eect|vos oe
ootecc|o coo oo eooooe o|eeoc|o| e |oteqo| ooo |os o,ees v|ct|os, |os ||oeesos |os oeeosoos oe
oeec|os |oooos, ooo ooe se qooot|ce e| occeso o sev|c|os qoto|tos oe eoeseotoc|o ,oo|c|o|, |o oo-
t|c|ooc|o oe |os v|ct|os eo tooo ooceo||eoto ,oo|c|o|, |o eoooc|o eect|vo oe |os o,ees. |os eo|oos
oebeo |oc|o| |o ootecc|o o |o o|||o, |o oteoc|o eo so|oo |s|co os|cosoc|o|, e| occeso o |o eoococ|o o
ooo too|oooes oe tobo,o o ooectos ooooct|vos, oebeo coos|oeo |os esoec| |c|oooes oe |os o,ees,
to|cos oe o|eotoc|o seoo| oe |os beoe |c|o|os.
33
- |stob|ece ooo estoteq|o ooo e| oesoote|o|eoto oe |os qooos ooo|||toes eeqeotes, o|o|zoooo
|o ,oo|c|o||zoc|o oe |os esooosob|es oe oeoozos o oeeosoos oe oeec|os |oooos, ||oeesos oqoo|-
zoc|ooes oe o,ees.
- |o to|ece |o |ote|ococ|o coo |os oeeosoos oe oeec|os |oooos ooo e| seqo||eoto oe |os octoo|es
oo||t|cos ooos ooo so ootecc|o, os| coo oe |os ovooces eo |os |ovest|qoc|ooes oo |os otoooes eo
so cooto.
- |et|o oe| s|steo ,o|o|co co|ob|ooo tooos |os o|soos|c|ooes ooe |ovo|oceo o |os oezos |||toes eo
e| to|te oe cosos oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| eo e| coo ||cto oooo eo |o oteoc|o o |os o,ees v|ct|os oe
v|o|eoc|os.
- |stob|ece ecoo|sos oe oo|toeo ooo oseqoo ooe coo|oo|e octo oe v|o|eoc|o cooto |os o,ees
coet|oo oo oqeotes oe |o||c|o o |||toes oeoto o oeo oe| cooteto oe| coo ||cto oooo seo e|t|oo
oe ooeo |oeo|oto o |o ||sco||o Ceoeo| oe |o |oc|o o o ooo ooto|ooo c|v||. |o eso eo|oo, qooot|zo
ooe eo oo||coc|o oe |o eoo o |o ,ost|c|o oeoo| |||to sos oesoo||os ooot|vos |os ,oeces |||toes
oo coooceoo eo o|oqo coso |ec|os oe v|o|eoc|o seoo| coet|oos oo oqeotes estoto|es, bo,o o|oqooo
co|| |coc|o, ooe eo coosecoeoc|o s|o |o ,ost|c|o oo|oo|o coooceo oe estos c|eoes oo se oeseotooo
coo ||ctos oe cooeteoc|o, so|vo ooo coeq| oooe||os os|qooc|ooes ooe se |oqoo o ,oeces |||toes.
SB W&%& :&%&6#,A&% -& +&%#,;,+&;,56 +$-R#,;& .3 -&' *"Q3%3'
- /o||co eo tooos |os o|ve|es, oesoe |os oobo|eotos oe o|tos coqos oe| |stooo eo||zooos oo e| |es|-
oeote oe |o |eob||co |osto |os coesoooo|eotes o |os estoctoos oe qob|eoo eq|ooo| |oco|, |os |ees
ooe |oo|soo |o oo t|c|ooc|o oo||t|co oe |os o,ees, e |oo|so so coo|||eoto eo o tovs oe occ|ooes
oo||t|cos ooo |o toosooc|o co|too| oe eo|oos sooc|oooto|os ooo oo|eoes |os |ocoo|oo.
- ||seo e |oo|so |o oooboc|o oe ooo eoo oo||t|co ooe qooot|ce oo ooeoto oe |o oot|c|ooc|o eeo|oo
eo |os coqos oe e|ecc|o oooo|o, eo |os o|eeotes o|ve|es ooc|ooo|, eq|ooo| |oco|.
UB W&%& :&%&6#,A&% 3- 3Q3%;,;,$ .3 -$' 81=) +$% -&' *"Q3%3'
|oococ|o
- |o|eeoto eo|oos ooo qooot|zo ooo eoococ|o ooo |os o,ees ||bes oe oe,o|c|os esteeot|oos oe
qoeo, eote e||os |os ooobooos eo oesoo||o oe |o |e 25 oe 2OO8 (|eceto +8 oe 2O), ooe |o||ooe
etos ooo |o veoooeo |qoo|ooo eote |obes o,ees, occeso o |o eoococ|o eo ote|os too|c|o-
oo|eote osoc|o oos o |os |obes, |o os|qooc|o oe ecosos esoec| |cos ooo |o eoococ|o oe |os o,ees,
oo t|co|oeote ooo |o ooecooc|o oe ooqoos oeooqq|cos o |os cootetos qeoqo |cos, |s|cos, so-
c|o|es, oo||t|cos co|too|es eo |os ooe estoo |oesos |os o,ees, os| coo o |os cooo|c|ooes oe oobezo.
- |stob|ece oo ecoo|so ooo |o evo|ooc|o oe| |oocto oe |os eo|oos eoocot|vos coo eooooe oe qoeo,
ooe coeote coo |oooc|o coo|eto octoo||zooo, ooe oc|||te ooo||s|s oe |os ovooces eo oob|oc|ooes
vo|oeob|es coo |os o,ees |oo|qeoos, oo oesceoo|eotes, cooes|oos, o|scoooc|tooos, |C3T|.
So|oo. oeec|os seoo|es eooooct|vos
- /bsteoese oe sosteoto eooooc| oecooceotos, oe,o|c|os, esteeot|oos oe qoeo, os| coo |oeo|oq|os
o ceeoc|os oo t|co|oes, coo oqoeotos ooo |oeo| |o qooot|o oe |os oeec|os seoo|es eooooc-
t|vos oe |os o,ees, oo t|co|oeote e| sev|c|o oe |oteooc|o vo|ooto|o oe| eboozo (|V|) eo |os tes
cooso|es oesoeoo||zooos oo |o Co te Coost|toc|ooo|, ve|o oo ooe tooos |os/os ooc|ooo|os/os sev|oo-
es/os ob||cos/os, esoec|o|eote eo so|oo ,ost|c|o, esooosob|es oe oesto ese sev|c|o, octeo oe ocoeoo
coo sos ob||qoc|ooes |eqo|es eo oo |stooo Soc|o| |eocot|co oe |eec|o, o|o|to|co, o|t|co|too| |o|co
34
coo o|oc|oo| qooote oe |os oeec|os oe |os o,ees. |o|eeoto occ|ooes ooo |oeot| |co sooeo |os
obstoco|os ooe |os o,ees oootoo ooo occeoe o |o oteoc|o eo so|oo, oo t|co|oeote o| sev|c|o oe |V|.
- ||seo e,ecoto oo||t|cos ob||cos eo oeec|os seoo|es eooooct|vos oe |os o,ees ooe vooo os o||o
oe |o oeveoc|o oe| eboozo |os eoeeoooes oe tos|s|o seoo|, coo bose eo |os o|oc|o|os oe oo
|stooo |o|co, qooote oe |o ootooo|o oe |o vo|ootoo, |o ||be too seoo| e| ||be oesoo||o oe |o oesooo||-
ooo. |oc|o| eo|oos oe oteoc|o o|eeoc|o| ooo o,ees |oo|qeoos oo oesceoo|eotes, oestoooo esoec|o|
oteoc|o o |o s|tooc|o oe o to||ooo oteoo oe so|oo seoo| eooooct|vo oe estos oob|oc|ooes, os|
coo ooo |os o,ees toos.
GB W&%& :&%&6#,A&% -$' .3%3;N$' .3 -&' *"Q3%3' 36 ;$6.,;,$63' .3 3'+3;,&- 4"-63%&O,-,.&.
|oo|qeoos oo oesceoo|eotes
- /oe|ooto occ|ooes eo tooos |os eot|oooes estoto|es ooo qooot|zo e| oeec|o o |o cooso|to oev|o coo
oo oeec|o ooooeoto| ooo |o v|oo oe |os o,ees |oo|qeoos oo co|ob|ooos, oe ocoeoo coo |os
estooooes |oteooc|ooo|es, oeoto eo tooos |os esceoo|os e| ooeoto oe oo t|c|ooc|o oo||t|co oe
|os o,ees oe qooos to|cos o o|ve| ooc|ooo|, eq|ooo|, |oco| o| |ote|o oe |os qob|eoos ooo|os oe sos
cooo|oooes ooeb|os, ooo |o coo| oebeo oest|oo ecosos esoec| |cos.
- /oooto oesoo||o ooo oo||t|co |oteqo| ooo ooeb|os |oo|qeoos ooo oo||t|co |oteqo| ooo |os ooeb|os
oo oesceoo|eotes, ooe o t|co|eo |o oesoect|vo oe |os o,ees |oo|qeoos oo oesceoo|eotes ooo |o so-
oeoc|o oe |o o|sc||ooc|o |o qooot|o oe |os oeec|os to|cos, oo t|co|oeote o |o ootooo|o oo||t|co
(qob|eoo ooo|o), te|to|o| (te|to|os seqoos ooo |o ||be ov|||zoc|o oe |os o,ees sos o|||os)
co|too|, os| coo ooo eoeoto e| |esqo oe et|oc|o |s|co co|too| oe |os ooeb|os |oo|qeoos coo
|oocto oe| coo ||cto oooo, e| |esqo oe eoobec||eoto oesoo,o oe |os cooo|oooes oo oesceo-
o|eotes, estob|ec|oos oo |o Co te Coost|toc|ooo|.
|ob|oc|o |C3T|
- |o|eeoto |os oeoes oe |o Co te Coost|toc|ooo| oe oo| |co o,osto |os eq|oeotos |oteoos oe |os
estob|ec||eotos oeo|teoc|o|os coce|o|os, ooo ooecoo|os o |os oeces|oooes oe |os o,ees |esb|ooos,
o,ees b|seoo|es o,ees tooseoo|es o|vooos oe |o ||be too.
- ||seo e |o|eeoto ooo oo||t|co ob||co |C3T, cooso|tooo coo eoeseotootes oe esto oob|oc|o, ooe
o|ootee occ|ooes esoec| |cos ooo oteooe sos oo t|co|o|oooes oeces|oooes., oooevo e| occeso o|e-
eoc|o| o |os oeec|os ecoo|cos, soc|o|es co|too|es.
- /bsteoese oe oooo eo oe,o|c|os oec|s|ooes oo|o|stot|vos ,oo|c|o|es, qooot|zo |o |ooeoeooeoc|o oe
|os ooto|oooes ooe coooceo oe occ|ooes |oteooestos oo oob|oc|o |C3T|, oo t|co|oeote eo |os oec|s|o-
oes ooe ooooteo ,oeces ooto|os eo |os oeoooos so||c|tooes oe ot|oo|o eote ooe,os oe| |so
seo, oe o,ees |esb|ooos, o eo e| esc|oec||eoto oe |os cosos oe v|o|eoc|o cooto o,ees toos.
|o,ees o|os coo o|scoooc|ooo
- Cooot|zo ooe |os o,ees o|os coo o|scoooc|ooo e,ezoo so oeec|o o |o so|oo seoo| eooooct|vo,
ecoooc|eooo so o|eoo coooc|ooo ,o|o|co ooo too oec|s|ooes ootoooeote, b|oooooo |oooc|o
coo|eto ooo tooo sobe sos oeec|os occ|ooes ,o|o|cos ooo so ootecc|o, e|q|eooo o tooos |os se-
v|ooes ob||cos oo t|co|oes e| esoeto oo |o |oteq|ooo |s|co eoto| oe esto oob|oc|o, sooc|oooooo
o oo|eoes oescooozcoo sos oeec|os.
35
LB =$O%3 3- *&%;$ Q"%R.,;$ .3 Q"'#,;,& #%&6',;,$6&-
- Cooot|zo ooe eo tooos |os ooos e|oc|ooooos coo |o ,oo|c|o||zoc|o oe |os v|o|oc|ooes oe oeec|os |o-
ooos eo e| coo ||cto oooo se cooteo|e |o oo t|c|ooc|o oe |os o,ees v|ct|os ooo e| e,ec|c|o oe
sos oeec|os o |o veooo, ,ost|c|o eoooc|o, ooo ooe |os eo|oos oe |o ||oooo ,ost|c|o toos|c|ooo| oo
oescooozcoo |os oeec|os oe |os o,ees, oo eoeceo |o o|sc||ooc|o oe qoeo, o| |ov|s|b|||ceo e| |oocto
oesooooc|ooooo oe| coo ||cto eo |o v|oo oe |os o,ees.
- ||seo e |o|eeoto ecoo|sos oe oo|toeo seqo||eoto o |o oo||coc|o oe ooos oe ,ost|c|o too-
s|c|ooo|, ooe qooot|ceo e| occeso o |o |oooc|o e|oc|ooooo coo |os |ovest|qoc|ooes sobe v|o|eoc|o seoo|
eo tooos |os ,o|so|cc|ooes, ooe oe|to ooo||zo e| |oocto oe estos ooos eo |o qooot|o oe |os oee-
c|os oe |os o,ees o |o veooo, |o ,ost|c|o |o eoooc|o, os| coo |os o|ve|es oe |ooo|ooo qeoeooos.
fB W&%& &O$%.&% 3- .3'+-&A&*,36#$ `$%A&.$
- Coo|| |os oeoes e|t|oos oo |o Co te Coost|toc|ooo| ooo |o oteoc|o ooecoooo oe |os o,ees oes-
o|ozooos v|ct|os oe| coo ||cto oooo , eote e||os, |o|eeoto |os 3 ooqoos oe oo||t|co ob||co e
|oeot| |co obstoco|os ooe oootoo |os o,ees ooo occeoe o |o oteoc|o estoto| ooo e| estob|ec||eoto
oe sos oeec|os.
- |o|eeoto e| ooe|o oe s|steot|zoc|o, oo|toeo evo|ooc|o oe |os occ|ooes te|to|o|es ooo |o
oteoc|o eo so|oo oe |o oob|oc|o oeso|ozooo, oo t|co|oeote oe |os o,ees, ooeoooo o| ||o|ste|o oe
So|oo |otecc|o Soc|o|. /seqoo ooe coo oo te oe |o oteoc|o |o|c|o| o |os o,ees v|ct|os, se b|ooe
oteoc|o os|cosoc|o| eo so|oo, coo vococ|o oe coot|oo|ooo |osto e| estob|ec||eoto.
- /q|||zo |os oocesos oe ecoooc||eoto t|to|oc|o oe t|eos ooo o,ees, s|o ooe esto oecte |os oocesos
oe est|toc|o ooe ooe|ootoo o,ees oeso|ozooos, s|o ooe esto |o||ooe ooo |os v|ct|os |o ooo||coc|o
oe ooceo||eotos o e| oescoooc||eoto oe sos oeec|os.
- |eooe| o tooos |os ooto|oooes ,oo|c|o|es oo|o|stot|vos ooo ooe oo||ooeo |os oesooc|ooes oe oeec|o
o ovo oe |os o,ees eo s|tooc|o oe oeso|ozo|eoto ozooo estob|ec|oos oo |o Co te Coost|toc|ooo|,
|o |e 25 oe 2OO8 |os estooooes |oteooc|ooo|es, coo |eo|eotos ooo eso|ve |os oooos ooe se
oeseoteo eo |o oo||coc|o o |oteoetoc|o oe |o |e oe V|ct|os o coo|oo|e oto ecoo|so oe ,ost|c|o
toos|c|ooo|.
gB W&%& -& ,*+-3*36#&;,56 .3 -& 23'$-";,56 MSPG .3- )$6'3Q$ .3 =3:"%,.&. .3 -& D?E
- |oo|o e| ||oo |oc|ooo| oe /cc|o ||/- oe |o |eso|oc|o 325 oe |oc|ooes |o|oos eo e| oco oe|
ooceso oe o|o|oqos oe ooz, oe ooeo ooe se ooeooo eo| |os ovooces eo |o qooot|o oe |os oeec|os o
|o veooo, |o ,ost|c|o |o eoooc|o ooo |os o,ees v|ct|os oe| coo ||cto oooo.
- |oeoto o o|ve| oe |os |ost|toc|ooes qobeooeoto|es oo|c|oo|es oeoo toeoto|es e| coooc||eoto oe|
cooteo|oo oe |o |eso|oc|o 325 e| /oto O2, so oo||coc|o |o |o|eeotoc|o oe ecoo|sos oe seqo|-
|eoto.
- ||seo ecoo|sos esoec| |cos ooo |o oo t|c|ooc|o oe |os o,ees eo |os esceoo|os oe oeqoc|oc|o oe
ooz, tooto ooc|ooo|es coo eq|ooo|es, ooe v|s|b|||ceo sos coooc|oooes eo |os esceoo|os oe oeqoc|oc|o
too oe oec|s|ooes, qooot|ceo |o |oc|os|o oe ooo oesoect|vo oe qoeo oo o| oestocooo tooto eo |o
|o|eeotoc|o oe |os ocoeoos, coo eo e| o|seo oe| oostcoo ||cto.
36
cB W&%& :&%&6#,A&% -& %3'#,#";,56 .3 #,3%%&' T -$' .3%3;N$' .3 -&' *"Q3%3' ;&*+3',6&'
- /oooto oo ooe|o oe oesoo||o oo| ooe ecooozco |os oo t|co|o|oooes oe |os o,ees sos e|oc|ooes
coo |o t|eo e| te|to|o, coos|oeoooo ooe oc|os oe e||os oo coeotoo coo ootecc|o ,o|o|co. || ooe|o
oebe oc|||to so occeso o t|eos bo|o|os, oo co|t|vooos o bo,o |o et|oc|o oe| oo|o|o, ooe esto eo ootes-
too oe| |stooo o ooe oebo ecooeo, ooteqe |o oq|co|too oe sobs|steoc|o, e |oc|o||os coo so,etos
oct|vos oe| oesoo||o oe| cooo eo Co|ob|o.
- |stob|ece ecoo|sos ooo oc|||to |o cooooooc|o oe |os oeooos oqo|os o to|ece oe o|teoot|vos ooo
eso oob|oc|o, eote e||os. qeoeoc|o oe ecosos se|||os co|tos s|o |oteeses ocooes o |os coooc|oooes
oos|b|||oooes ecoo|cos oe |os |os tobo,oooes oqo|os, occeso o ooo|oo|o tecoo|oq|o, qeoeoc|o
oe sos ooo|os se|||os eo|oos esoec| |cos oe ootecc|o eote o |os totooos oe ||be Coec|o.
- |o|eeotoc|o oe |o |e oe o,e oo| (3 oe 2OO2), |oc|oeooo |o eo||zoc|o oe oo ceoso oo| coo
|oo|coooes coo||tot|vos cooot|tot|vos eo ote|o oe occeso, oso qoce oe t|eos ooo o,ees oo|es,
|oocto oe |os oo||t|cos oe eoteqo, est|toc|o eo|st|boc|o oe t|eos, ooe oe|to estob|ece |o o|eo-
s|o oe| oesoo,o o |os cooes|oos eo eo|o oe| coo ||cto oooo o|seo ooevos oo||t|cos eo |o ote|o.
- |e |o| oo oco oe eo|oos |oteqo|es oe occeso o |os sev|c|os oe eoococ|o, so|oo, v|v|eooo, seqo|ooo so-
c|o|, eceoc|o, ecosos ooo |o oooocc|o, cooo|coc|ooes, coec|o||zoc|o oe |os ooooctos, os|steoc|o
tco|co eoeso|o|, ooe e,oeo e| |oqeso, |o co||ooo oe v|oo |o estob|||zoc|o ecoo|co oe |os o,ees
oesoos oe |os oeso|ozo|eotos ozooos.
- ||seo e |o|eeoto veoooeos qooot|os oe oo eoet|c|o, ooe vooo os o||o oe |os oct|v|oooes oe
coooc|toc|o e |oc|ooo eo|oos estoctoo|es, coo. eo|oos oe ootecc|o coo oesoect|vo oe qoeo,
oesoote|o|eoto oe |os qooos ooo|||toes, qooot|o oe |o seqo|ooo o||eoto|o o ev|s|o oe| cooceoto
oe seqo|ooo ooo estob|ece eo|oos o|eeotes o |o |||to|zoc|o oe |os te|to|os, oe |o|oos eo o|o|oqo
coo |os o,ees oo|es.
Con el apoyo financiero de:
Alianza Iniciativa de Mujeres Colombianas por la Paz IMP
Asociacin Colectivo Mujeres al Derecho
Casa de la Mujer
Catlicas por el Derecho a Decidir - Colombia
Centro de Estudios de Derecho, Justicia y Sociedad - Dejusticia -
Centro de Investigacin y Educacin Popular / Programa por la Paz
Colombia Diversa
Comisin Colombiana de Juristas - CCJ
Comit de Amrica Latina y del Caribe para la Defensa de los Derechos de la Mujer CLADEM Colombia
Conferencia Nacional de Organizaciones Afrocolombianas CNOA
Corporacin Humanas Colombia Centro Regional de Derechos Humanos y Justicia de Gnero
Corporacin Sisma Mujer
Consejera Mujer Familia y Generacin Organizacin Nacional Indgena de Colombia ONIC
Coordinacin Mujer, Familia y Niez Organizacin de los Pueblos Indgenas de la Amazona Colombiana OPIAC
ENI Colombia
Iglesia Evangelica Luterana de Colombia IELCO
Instituto Latinoamericano para una Sociedad y un Derecho Alternativo ILSA
La Coalicin 1325
La Mesa por la Vida y la Salud de las Mujeres
Liga Internacional de Mujeres por la Paz y la Libertad LIMPAL Colombia
Mesa de Trabajo Mujer y Conflicto Armado
Mesa por el Derecho de las Mujeres a una Vida Libre de Violencias: Ley 1257
Programa Accin por la Igualdad y la Inclusin Social (PAIIS) - Universidad de los Andes
Red de Educacin Popular entre Mujeres REPEM / Colombia
Red Nacional de Mujeres
Sutsuin Jiyeyu Wayuu - Fuerza de Mujeres Wayuu
Tribunal de Mujeres y DESC