Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Ch 10 HW Due: --
Note: You will receive no credit for late submissions. To learn more, read your instructor's Grading Policy
Hint 1. Energy conversion from one form to another in the light reactions
The light reactions convert one form of energy into the chemical energy of ATP molecules. Think about the source of this energy and about what is needed to make ATP molecules.
Hint 2. Which energy sources produced in the light reactions will be used by the Calvin cycle?
Which of the following transfer energy from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle? Select all that apply. ANSWER:
The Calvin cycle requires two forms of energy as inputs: chemical energy (stored in ATP)--to drive energy-requiring reactions a source of reducing power (in the form of NADPH)--to provide the electrons needed to reduce CO2 to sugar Both ATP and NADPH are produced in the light reactions and transfer the energy originally in sunlight to power the reactions of the Calvin cycle.
session.masteringbiology.com/myct/assignmentCreateOrCopy
1/19
5/17/13
Light is a form of energy (electromagnetic radiation) that can be absorbed by chlorophyll molecules in the photosynthetic machinery of plants and transformed into other forms of energy. In the light reactions, light is transformed into redox energy in the form of NADPH and chemical bond energy in the form of ATP.
ANSWER:
In the light reactions, the energy of sunlight is used to oxidize water (the electron donor) to O2 and pass these electrons to NADP+, producing NADPH. Some light energy is used to convert ADP to ATP. The NADPH and ATP produced are subsequently used to power the sugarproducing Calvin cycle.
Hint 2. What is the product of the Calvin cycle that contains fixed carbon?
The Calvin cycle uses energy from the light reactions to fix inorganic carbon into sugar. What is the product of the Calvin cycle that contains this fixed carbon? ANSWER:
session.masteringbiology.com/myct/assignmentCreateOrCopy
2/19
5/17/13
G3P CO2 glucose RuBP
Carbon enters the Calvin cycle as inorganic CO2 and is fixed during the first phase of the Calvin cycle into organic carbon in the form of PGA (phosphoglyceric acid). However, PGA is not the ultimate product of the Calvin cycle. Using the energy of ATP and NADPH, PGA is eventually converted into the three-carbon sugar G3P. It is G3P that exits the Calvin cycle to be used in the production of other organic molecules in the plant.
Hint 3. Which product or products of the Calvin cycle is/are returned as input(s) to the light reactions?
Which of the following outputs from the Calvin cycle are also inputs to the light reactions? Select all that apply. ANSWER: G3P NADP+ NADPH ADP ATP
ATP and NADPH are used in the Calvin cycle in the production of G3P. As these compounds are used, ADP and NADP+ are produced. Recall that ADP and NADP+ are required as inputs to the light reactions for the production of ATP and NADPH. Thus ATP/ADP and NADPH/NADP+ shuttle energy and reducing power (electrons) between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle.
ANSWER:
In the Calvin cycle, the energy outputs from the light reactions (ATP and NADPH) are used to power the conversion of CO2 into the sugar G3P. As ATP and NADPH are used, they produce ADP and NADP+, respectively, which are returned to the light reactions so that more ATP and NADPH can be formed.
5/17/13
Drag the terms to the appropriate blanks to complete the following sentences summarizing the redox reactions of photosynthesis. Terms may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Note that compounds A and B each exist in two forms: One form is reduced (it carries the extra electrons); the other form is oxidized (it does not carry the extra electrons). In the reactions shown here, the electron donor is the reduced form of compound A, and the electron acceptor is the oxidized form of compound B.
Hint 2. How is redox energy transferred from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle?
In the light reactions, the energy of sunlight is converted to redox energy. This redox energy is transferred to the Calvin cycle in the form of a reductant that provides electrons for reducing other compounds. Which of the following molecules shuttles electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle? ANSWER: NADPH ADP NADP+ ATP
In the light reactions, the energy of light is used to oxidize (remove electrons from) water and pass those electrons to NADP+, forming NADPH. NADPH then transfers electrons to the Calvin cycle, where they are used to reduce CO2 to sugar.
session.masteringbiology.com/myct/assignmentCreateOrCopy
4/19
5/17/13
The original electron donor in photosynthesis is H2O, which is oxidized in the light reactions, producing O2. The electron transport chain transfers the electrons to NADP+, forming NADPH, which carries the electrons to the Calvin cycle.
ANSWER:
In the light reactions, light energy is used to remove electrons from (oxidize) water, producing O2 gas. These electrons are ultimately used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. In the Calvin cycle, NADPH is oxidized back to NADP+ (which returns to the light reactions). The electrons released by the oxidation of NADPH are used to reduce three molecules of CO2 to sugar (G3P), which then exits the Calvin cycle.
session.masteringbiology.com/myct/assignmentCreateOrCopy
5/19
5/17/13
Hint 2. What does the location of the enzyme Rubisco reveal about where processes occur in the chloroplast?
The enzyme Rubisco is found in the stroma of the chloroplast. What is Rubiscos role in photosynthesis? ANSWER:
It catalyzes a reaction in the Calvin cycle. It is one of the products of the Calvin cycle. It catalyzes a reaction in ATP synthesis in the light reactions. It catalyzes a reaction in electron transport in the light reactions.
Rubisco is an enzyme that functions in the first step of the Calvin cycle, catalyzing the attachment of CO2 to RuBP. The fact that Rubisco is located in the stroma of the chloroplast indicates that the Calvin cycle reactions take place in the stroma.
ATP and NADPH are produced as the photosystems and the electron transport chains of the light reactions harness light energy and oxidize water. The photosystems and electron transport chains are located in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.
ANSWER:
session.masteringbiology.com/myct/assignmentCreateOrCopy
6/19
5/17/13
The chloroplast is enclosed by a pair of envelope membranes (inner and outer) that separate the interior of the chloroplast from the surrounding cytosol of the cell. Inside the chloroplast, the chlorophyll-containing thylakoid membranes are the site of the light reactions. Between the inner envelope membrane and the thylakoid membranes is the aqueous stroma, which is the location of the reactions of the Calvin cycle. Inside the thylakoid membranes is the thylakoid space, where protons accumulate during ATP synthesis in the light reactions.
session.masteringbiology.com/myct/assignmentCreateOrCopy
7/19
5/17/13
In the overall scheme of photosynthetic electron transport, water is oxidized and its electrons are passed eventually to NADP+. Water does not give up its electrons easily (it is difficult to oxidize). Thus a very strong oxidant is required to take electrons from water: This oxidant is the P680+ produced in Photosystem II.
In the overall scheme of photosynthetic electron transport, water is oxidized, and its electrons are passed eventually to NADP+. NADP+ does not readily accept electrons (it is difficult to reduce NADP+). Thus a very strong reductant is required to donate electrons to NADP+: This reductant is the reduced PS I primary electron acceptor.
session.masteringbiology.com/myct/assignmentCreateOrCopy
8/19
5/17/13
The key function of each of the two photosystems is to absorb light and convert the energy of the absorbed light into redox energy, which drives electron transport. In PS II (the first photosystem in the sequence), P680 is oxidized (which in turn oxidizes water), and the PS II primary electron acceptor is reduced (which in turn reduces the electron transport chain between the photosystems). In PS I, the PS I primary electron acceptor is reduced (which in turn reduces other compounds that ultimately reduce NADP+ to NADPH), and P700 is oxidized (which in turn oxidizes the electron transport chain between the photosystems).
session.masteringbiology.com/myct/assignmentCreateOrCopy
9/19
5/17/13
Hint 1. Comparing the energy requirements of chloroplast and mitochondrial electron transport chains
In a chloroplast, photosynthetic electron transport between Pq (plastoquinone) and Pc (plastocyanin) via the cytochrome complex is nearly identical to the central portion of the electron transport chain in a mitochondrion. Recall that in a mitochondrion, once electrons enter the electron transport chain from NADH, no additional input of energy is needed to power electron flow to O2. Think about how this similarity applies to the energy requirements of the photosynthetic electron transport chain.
In Photosystem II (PS II), the excited state of P680 chlorophyll (the result of light absorption in PS II) is a better electron donor than the non-excited (ground) state. The excited state of P680 donates an electron to the PS II primary electron acceptor. The loss of an electron from P680 produces P680+ (the oxidized form of P680).
Hint 3. What is the effect of artificially (without light) reducing NADP+ to NADPH?
Suppose that a particular compound X, when added to a solution of functioning chloroplasts, causes the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH in the dark. However, when X is mixed with NADP+ in the absence of chloroplasts, no reduction of NADP+ to NADPH occurs. In other words, compound X cannot directly reduce NADP+ to NADPH. Which of the following must also occur when compound X is added to chloroplasts in order to account for the observed reduction of NADP+ to NADPH in the dark? ANSWER: In PS I, P700 must be oxidized to P700+. The primary electron acceptor of PS I must be reduced. Electron carriers between PS II and PS I (such as plastoquinone) must be reduced. Water must be oxidized and O2 must be formed.
A compound that causes NADP+ to be reduced to NADPH in the dark, but cannot donate its electrons directly to NADP+, must reduce some other component of photosynthetic electron transport that can pass its electrons on to NADP+. Of all the electron carriers in photosynthetic electron transport, the only components that can reduce NADP+ without light are those between the primary electron acceptor of PS I and NADP+. Thus the only possible answer is that the mystery compound reduces the PS I primary electron acceptor.
ANSWER:
session.masteringbiology.com/myct/assignmentCreateOrCopy
10/19
5/17/13
In both PS II and PS I, light energy is used to drive a redox reaction that would not otherwise occur. In each photosystem, this redox reaction moves an electron from the special chlorophyll pair (P680 in PS II and P700 in PS I) to that photosystems primary electron acceptor. The result in each case is a reductant (the reduced primary electron acceptor) and an oxidant (P680+ in PS II and P700+ in PS I) that are able to power the rest of the electron transfer reactions without further energy input.
Hint 1. How does the oxidation of water by PS II contribute to the proton gradient?
In Photosystem II (PS II), light energy is used to produce an electron acceptor that is strong enough to oxidize water. How does the oxidation of water contribute to the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane? ANSWER:
Water molecules pick up protons from the stroma and transport them to the thylakoid space, where the water is oxidized. Oxygen molecules produced by PS II react with water, releasing protons in the thylakoid space. The oxidation of water by PS II releases protons in the thylakoid space. Electron transport through the PS II complex pumps protons across the thylakoid membrane.
In PS II, the oxidation of water to O2 produces protons as a byproduct. Because this reaction occurs on the thylakoid space side of PS II, these protons are released into the thylakoid space.
Hint 2. Where does proton pumping across the thylakoid membrane occur?
The transport of protons across the thylakoid membrane contributes to the proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis. This proton transport is accomplished by one of the small electron carrier molecules that shuttles electrons between the major electron transport complexes. As the carrier transports protons across the thylakoid membrane, it also shuttles electrons across the membrane.
session.masteringbiology.com/myct/assignmentCreateOrCopy
11/19
5/17/13
Plastoquinone (Pq) is found in the interior of the thylakoid membrane. When it is reduced by PS II, Pq picks up two protons from the stroma. When Pq is oxidized by the cytochrome complex, it releases the two protons in the thylakoid space. The net result is pumping of protons from the stroma to the thylakoid space as electrons flow from PS II to the cytochrome complex.
session.masteringbiology.com/myct/assignmentCreateOrCopy
12/19
5/17/13
session.masteringbiology.com/myct/assignmentCreateOrCopy
13/19
5/17/13
In Phase 1 of the Calvin cycle, the enzyme Rubisco catalyzes the addition of CO2 (1 carbon atom) to RuBP (5 carbon atoms). The result is a short-lived 6-carbon compound that immediately breaks down into 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (PGA), each containing 3 carbon atoms.
Hint 3. What happens to all of the G3P produced in Phase 2 of the Calvin cycle?
Only 1 of the G3P molecules produced in Phase 2 of the Calvin cycle is exported from the cycle. The remaining G3P molecules are used in Phase 3. What happens to the remainder of the G3P produced in Phase 2 of the Calvin cycle? ANSWER: The G3Ps are used in Phase 3 to regenerate the RuBP molecules used in Phase 1. The G3Ps are needed for reactions that use up the extra ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions, keeping these molecules from accumulating in the cell. The G3Ps are needed to absorb the CO2 that was taken up in Phase 1.
Over the course of 3 turns of the cycle, Phase 3 of the Calvin cycle converts 5 molecules of G3P into 3 molecules of RuBP. These 3 RuBP molecules are needed to replace the 3 molecules of RuBP that were consumed during the carbon fixation reactions of Phase 1, thus enabling the Calvin cycle to continue.
ANSWER:
session.masteringbiology.com/myct/assignmentCreateOrCopy
14/19
5/17/13
Counting carbonskeeping track of where the carbon atoms go in each reactionis a simple way to help understand what is happening in the Calvin cycle. To produce 1 molecule of G3P (which contains 3 carbons), the Calvin cycle must take up 3 molecules of CO2 (1 carbon atom each). The 3 CO2 molecules are added to 3 RuBP molecules (which contain 15 total carbon atoms), next producing 6 molecules of 3PGA (18 total carbon atoms). In reducing 3-PGA to G3P (Phase 2), there is no addition or removal of carbon atoms. At the end of Phase 2, 1 of the 6 G3P molecules is output from the cycle, removing 3 of the 18 carbons. The remaining 5 G3P molecules (15 total carbon atoms) enter Phase 3, where they are converted to 3 molecules of R5P. Finally, the R5P is converted to RuBP without the addition or loss of carbon atoms.
5 P (in G3P) 3 P (in R5P) + 2 Pi 6 P (in G3P) 3 P (in R5P) + 3 Pi 15 P (in G3P) 12 P (in R5P) + 3 Pi 3 P (in G3P) 2 P (in R5P) + 1 Pi
session.masteringbiology.com/myct/assignmentCreateOrCopy
15/19
5/17/13
Hint 3. Can you trace the net movement of phosphate groups in the Calvin cycle?
Phosphates are conserved in the Calvin cycle: For each turn of the Calvin cycle, the number of phosphate groups that enter the cycle from ATP is equal to the number of phosphate groups that are output from the cycle. Phosphate is output from the Calvin cycle in all of the following ways except ANSWER: the output of Pi in Phase 2. the output of Pi in Phase 3. the output of 1 G3P per turn of the Calvin cycle. the output of 5 G3P from Phase 2 to Phase 3 of the Calvin cycle.
Phosphates are conserved in the Calvin cycle. A total of 9 ATP are hydrolyzed to ADP in the Calvin cycle: an input of 9 total phosphate groups. In Phase 2, the 6 phosphate groups that were attached to 3-PGA are output as Pi as NADPH reduces the 3-PGA to G3P. In Phase 3, 2 phosphate groups are output as Pi when 5 molecules of G3P (containing a total of 5 phosphate groups) are converted to 3 molecules of R5P (containing a total of 3 phosphate groups). The ninth phosphate group is output in the G3P produced by the Calvin cycle. The transfer of 5 molecules of G3P from Phase 2 to Phase 3 does not represent an output of phosphate from the Calvin cycle.
ANSWER:
The Calvin cycle requires a total of 9 ATP and 6 NADPH molecules per G3P output from the cycle (per 3 CO2 fixed). In Phase 2, six of the ATP and all of the NADPH are used in Phase 2 to convert 6 molecules of PGA to 6 molecules of G3P. Six phosphate groups are also released in Phase 2 (derived from the 6 ATP used). In the first part of Phase 3, 5 molecules of G3P (1 phosphate group each) are converted to 3 molecules of R5P (also 1 phosphate group each). Thus there is a net release of 2 Pi. In the second part of Phase 3, 3 ATP molecules are used to convert the 3 R5P into 3 RuBP. Note that in the entire cycle, 9 ATP are hydrolyzed to ADP; 8 of the 9 phosphate groups are released as Pi, and the ninth phosphate appears in the G3P output from the cycle.
5/17/13
Hint 1. How the supply of inputs to a reaction is related to the rate of the reaction
For most chemical reactions, including reactions catalyzed by enzymes, the reaction rate (amount of product produced per unit of time) depends on the supply of substrates (inputs) for the reaction. If the supply of an input decreases, the rate of the reaction also tends to decrease. Think about all the inputs to the light reactions that could affect its rate.
Hint 2. Are any outputs of the Calvin cycle also inputs for the light reactions?
The Calvin cycle is dependent on the light reactions for ATP and NADPH that are required to power the conversion of CO2 to G3P. What compounds, if any, do the light reactions require from the Calvin cycle? Select all that apply. ANSWER: RuBP ADP CO2 G3P NADP+ None
The outputs from the Calvin cycle are G3P, ADP (and Pi), and NADP+. Of these outputs, only ADP (and Pi) and NADP+ are inputs to the light reactions. This diagram shows the role that ATP, ADP, NADPH, and NADP+ play in connecting the light reactions and the Calvin cycle (in both directions).
Hint 3. The Calvin cycle and the products of the light reactions
Although many other processes in the chloroplast require ATP and/or NADPH from the light reactions, the vast majority of the ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions is used in the Calvin cycle for CO2 fixation. Consider what this may mean in terms of whether any outputs from the Calvin cycle are used as inputs to the light reactions. ANSWER:
session.masteringbiology.com/myct/assignmentCreateOrCopy
17/19
5/17/13
A reaction or process is dependent on another if the output of the second is an input to the first. For example, the light reactions are dependent on the Calvin cycle because the NADP+ and ADP produced by the Calvin cycle are inputs to the light reactions. Thus, if the Calvin cycle slows (because of a decrease in the amount of available CO2), the light reactions will also slow because the supply of NADP+ and ADP from the Calvin cycle would be reduced.
Part A
In C3 plants the conservation of water promotes _____. ANSWER: photosynthesis photorespiration the opening of stomata the light reactions a shift to C4 photosynthesis
Conserving water simultaneously reduces the amount of carbon dioxide available to the plant.
session.masteringbiology.com/myct/assignmentCreateOrCopy
18/19
5/17/13
Part B
In C4 and CAM plants carbon dioxide is fixed in the _____ of mesophyll cells. ANSWER: cytoplasm stoma stroma thylakoids grana
Part C
C4 plants differ from C3 and CAM plants in that C4 plants _____. ANSWER: open their stomata only at night use malic acid to transfer carbon dioxide to the Calvin cycle use PEP carboxylase to fix carbon dioxide are better adapted to wet conditions transfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which the Calvin cycle occurs
In C3 and CAM plants carbon dioxide fixation and the Calvin cycle occur in the same cells.
session.masteringbiology.com/myct/assignmentCreateOrCopy
19/19