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A
R

A.

8a 2 A, aRa

a, b 2 A

aRb

a, b, c 2 A

aRb

bRc

aRc

f :E!E

E
E

bRa

dimE = dimKerf + dimImf

Kerf = 0E
dimE = dimImf
Imf = E

f
Imf E

Imf = E
dimE = dimkerf + dimE
Kerf = 0E
f

dimkerf = 0

a)
b)

a)

|A

b)
B = P
|B

1 AP

xI|

|B xI| = |P
|P
|(A

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xI|

AP

||(A

xI)|

xI| = |P

xI)||P | = |P |

AP
1

xP

|P ||(A

IP | = |P
xI)| = |(A
A

(A xI)P | =
xI)|

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R3
U = {(x, y, z) 2 R3 : x + y + z = 0}, V = {(x, y, z) 2 R3 : 2y
R3

a)
b)

U
R3 = U

c)

V?

d)

a)

z = 0}

u, u0 2 U
u = (a, b, c) u0 = (a0 , b0 , c0 )

8 , 2 R

u + u0 2 U
U

a + b + c = a0 + b0 + c0 = 0()
u + u0 = ( a + a0 , b + b0 , c + c0 )
U
a + a0 + b + b0 + c + c0 = 0

a + a0 + b + b0 + c + c0 = (a + b + c) + (a0 + b0 + c0 ) = 0
v, v 0 2 V, v = (x, y, z), v 0 = (x0 , y 0 , z 0 )

z = 2y 0

2y

z 0 = 0()

v + v 0 = ( x + x0 , y + y 0 , z + z 0 ) 2 V
2( y + y 0 )

U = {(x, y, x y)} V = {(x, y, 2y)}

U
B = {(1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1)}
B 0 = {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 2)}

b)
V
c)
U +V

dim(U + V ) = dimU + dimV

R3
3
dimU \ V
R3 = U

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( z + z 0 ) = 0

2+2
1

dimU \ V

dimU \ V
U \ V 6= 0

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d)

U
B = {(1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1)}
U
Supl(U ) =< (0, 0, 1) >

f : R 3 ! R2
f (x, y, z) = (x + z, y
a)

z)

b)

f
B = {(2, 3, 1), (0, 2, 2), (0, 0, 3)}

c)
B 0 = {(1, 1), (2, 1)}

R3

R2

u = (x, y, z), v = (x0 , y 0 , z 0 )

a)

8 , 2 R

f ( (x, y, z) + (x0 , y 0 , z 0 )) = f (x, y, z) + f (x0 , y 0 , z 0 )

f
f ( (x, y, z) + (x0 , y 0 , z 0 )) = f ( x + x0 , y + y 0 , z + z 0 ) =
= ( x + x0 + z + z 0 , y + y 0
= (x + z, y
b)

z) + (x0 + z 0 , y 0

(x, y, z) 2 Kerf
y z=0

( z + z 0 )) =

z 0 ) = f (x, y, z) + f (x0 , y 0 , z 0 )

f (x, y, z) = (0, 0)
x+z = 0
x=y=z
Kerf = h(1, 1, 1)i
Imf
dimR3 = dimKerf + dimImf

Imf
Imf = R2

f
c)

B
f (2, 3, 1) = (3, 2) = 1(1, 1) + 1(2, 1)
f (0, 2, 2) = (2, 0) = 2(1, 1) + 2(2, 1)
f (0, 0, 3) = (3, 3) = 9(1, 1) + 6(2, 1)

A=

1
1

2
2

9
6

12012
3 2 4
@ 1 2 6 A
0 0 5

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3
|A

= (5

x
1
0

xI| =

2
0
x)((3

4
6

x
5
x)(2

= (3

x)(2

x)(5

x)

2(5

x)

2) = (5

x)(4

10 1 0 1
2 2 4
x
0
@ 1 1 6 A@ y A = @ 0 A;x =
0 0 4
z
0

x)(1

x)

y, z = 0, (1, 1, 0)

10 1 0 1
2 4
x
0
2 6 A @ y A = @ 0 A ; x = 2y, z = 0, (2, 1, 0)
0 1
z
0

10 1 0 1
2 4
x
0
3 6 A @ y A = @ 0 A ; x = 6z, y = 4z, (6, 4, 1)
0 0
z
0

1
@ 1
0
2
@ 1
0

x) =

1
1 2 6
P =@ 1 1 4 A
0 0 1
0

1
1 0 0
D=@ 0 4 0 A
0 0 5
A = P DP

A2012 = P D2012 P

12012 0
10
1 0 2012
3 2 4
1/3
1 2 6
1
0
0
@ 1 2 6 A
0 A @ 1/3
42012
= @ 1 1 4 A@ 0
0 0 5
0
0 0 1
0
0
52012
0

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2/3
1/3
0

1
2/3
10/3 A
1