The Reform Era

How regular folks tried to make society better for everyone

This assignment will be graded for satisfactory completion of the assignment and for following directions

Why do we have to learn this?

8th grade American History laws says I must teach you the following concepts: 8.25 Culture. The student understands the major reform movements of the 19th century.
The student is expected to:
(A) describe the historical development of the abolitionist movement; and (B) evaluate the impact of reform movements including public education, temperance, women's rights, prison reform, and care of the disabled.

Why reform America now?

A renewal of religious faith called the __________________________ Second Great Awakening encouraged folks to choose ________________. The road to God salvation and heaven was paved by Good deeds ______________. If you created heaven on Earth, you will be ready to meet God after death. All sin Preachers told people that ____________ consists of selfishness _____________________________.

What does Jackson have to do with it?

Also, the election of a common man to the presidency (_____________________), Andrew Jackson lead people to believe that anyone could _______________. affect change (if he can do it, so can I) Americans across the country began to believe that they could act to make things better _________________________.

 How did the Second Great Awakening encourage reform?

People were encouraged to save their souls through good works

How did the election of Andrew Jackson encourage reform?

He showed that a single individual could change society

Temperance
Temperance is the moderation of your ____________, thoughts, and feelings; it is Actions _____________ Self control In the reform movements, it refers to people moderating their ________________ consumption (or total abstinence) of alcohol ____________.

Temperance Movement
In the early 1800s, Americans were drinking more alcohol than ever.
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 Gallons per capita (per person)

Temperance Movement
wages Some workers spent most of their ___________ on alcohol leaving their families without money enough ___________ to live on. As a result, women joined in the temperance many _________ movement. Temperance also was supported by _________. business Industry needed workers who could keep schedules and run ___________ machines kinda ____________ hard to do when ____________. drunk

Temperance Movement
Reformers believed that only temperate (sober) people could ______________ to society. contribute Drunks were not living up to societys Expectations _______________.

the victory shall be complete when there shall neither be a slave nor a drunkard on Earth A. Lincoln

Effects of the Temperance Movement on Alcohol consumption

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 Gallons per capita (per person)

Temperance Movement

Transcendentalists
Truths in life go beyond what humans can understand:

Self-reliance They focused on _____________________ (doing things on their own); and (more importantly.) authority Encouraged questioning _________________ (asking why the government does certain things)

Transcendentalists Views
Didnt like the war against Mexico

slavery Saw the war as a government plot to extend _________

Many felt their tax dollars would go to support a war Believe in they did not ______________________ Writer Henry David ___________ Thoreau turned his opposition to the war into a theory and essay called civil disobedience and encouraged folks _____________________ _______ NOT to pay their taxes in _____________ defiance of the governments war policy.
What is a school-related activity some do every day that constitutes civil disobedience?

Civil Disobedience
Unjust laws exist: shall we be content to obey them, or shall we endeavor to amend them, and obey them until we have succeeded, or shall we transgress them at once? Men, generally, under such a government as this, think that they ought to wait until they have persuaded the majority to alter them. They think that, if they should resist, the remedy would be worse than the evil. But it is the fault of the government itself that the remedy is worse than the evil. It makes it worse. Why is it not more apt to anticipate and provide for reform? Why does it not cherish its wise minority? Why does it cry and resist before it is hurt? Why does it not encourage its citizens to put out its faults, and do better than it would have them? Why does it always crucify Christ and excommunicate Copernicus and Luther, and pronounce Washington and Franklin rebels?

Civil Disobedience
The authority of government, even such as I am willing to submit to--for I will cheerfully obey those who know and can do better than I, and in many things even those who neither know nor can do so well--is still an impure one: to be strictly just, it must have the sanction and consent of the governed. It can have no pure right over my person and property but what I concede to it. The progress from an absolute to a limited monarchy, from a limited monarchy to a democracy, is a progress toward a true respect for the individual. Even the Chinese philosopher was wise enough to regard the individual as the basis of the empire. Is a democracy, such as we know it, the last improvement possible in government? Is it not possible to take a step further towards recognizing and organizing the rights of man? There will never be a really free and enlightened State until the State comes to recognize the individual as a higher and independent power, from which all its own power and authority are derived, and treats him accordingly.

Prison Reform
___________________ volunteered to teach Dorothea Dix Sunday School at a local jail. She was appalled at the conditions of the prisoners:
Inmates were __________________ bound in chains and locked in cages. minor thefts were jailed Children accused of _______________ with ___________ adult criminals. Debtors many owing less than $20 were __________, jailed until they __________________, paid their bills sometimes they stayed there for __________! years

Prison Reform
Her biggest shock was how the ____________ mentally ill were treated. Those judged ________ insane were locked away in dirty, crowded prison cells and were _____________ whipped if they misbehaved. insanity should be treated as Dix thought __________ a _____________, not a ___________, but the disease crime state mental hospital was only open to those who could afford it

Prison Reform
After spending two quiet years gathering information, Dix presented her findings to the _______________ government Shocked by her report, lawmakers made many changes over the next few years: Created _______ public asylums for the mentally ill debtors in prisons Stopped putting ________ children Created special justice systems for ____________
in trouble Outlawed ___________________, cruel punishments such as branding people with irons.

Education Reform
Or why the state makes you go to school until you are an adult.

Education Reform
Before Industrialization, most children lived on ______ farms and received no ______________ education at all. Those who did go to school were only there maybe 10 weeks of the year and were taught by teachers with __________________ limited education getting VERY little pay. As more and more families moved to _________, to cities children were left __________ alone roam the streets while the parents worked in ____________. factories

Education Reform
As a result, some poor children _______, stole destroyed __________, property _________ and set fires. Reformers believed that _____________ education would help these children escape poverty ______________ and become good citizens

Education Reform
______________ Horace Mann spoke out on the need for public schools...

Educationis a great conditions equalizer of the _________ of mento disarm the _____ poor of their ___________ hostility toward the rich: it prevents being poor

Education Reform
In response to the call for better education, citizens began to pay _______ taxes to build ________________, pay higher teacher better schools ___________, and create ____________ teacher salaries education schools. Soon most states in the North and West white children, established schools and _______ especially _______ free public boys attended _______ schools.

Still a long way to go

Most high schools and colleges still did not accept _____________ girls States passed laws forbidding ______________ Black students in the schools (Galveston ISD was not integrated until 1970) South In the _________, few girls and NO blacks attended school. (Public school, open to everyone did not appear in the South until AFTER the Civil War.)

The Abolitionist Movement

How is it that in the land of the free so many people were ______________ (crushed by oppressed the abuse of power)?

The Abolitionist Movement

Those who sought to answer this question were called ___________________. Abolitionists To abolish something is to do away with it, in this case, it means to do away with slavery.

Legal rights of slaveholders

Abolitionists
First abolitionists were the __________ Quakers of Pennsylvania, who ________________ stopped owning slaves in anti1776. By 1792, every state in the North had _____ _______ slavery societies factory owners However, northern _________________liked the plantations cotton provided from Southern __________. cheap ______ Although slavery ended in the North by the early 1800s, many northerners still __________ accepted economic benefits. southern slavery and its ___________ Abolitionists sought to change this acceptance.

The Liberator
A deeply religious white man, _____________________, William Lloyd Garrison started an abolitionist newspaper called the ___________ Liberator in which he demanded the immediate freeing __________________ of all slaves

I will be as harsh as truth, I will not retreat a single inch and I will be heard.
Angry pro-slavery groups ________ destroyed his printing press and __________ burned his home.

Frederick Douglass
Many ______________ escaped slaves began to tell their stories to encourage Northerners to _______ oppose slavery. ____________ Frederick _________ Douglass quickly became a leader in the abolitionist movement as he spoke out against slavery.
Douglass, Frederick: FDOUGLAS.JPG. AIMS Multimedia (2003). Retrieved February 6, 2004, from DigitalCurriculum: http://www.digitalcurriculum.com/title_mediaclip.php4?ID=1099

The North Star

Douglass also began a newspaper called the _____________. North Star Its motto was, Right is of no sex ________ Truth is of no ______ color God is the father of us all, and we are all ___________. Brethren What is the significance of Douglass naming his paper the North Star?

Women and Abolition

women were inspired Many _________ by the _________ religious movement to become involved in the Abolitionist movement. Sisters Angelina and Sarah ________ Grimke were raised in a slave-owning family, but after becoming Quakers, began speaking out about the ________ of poverty and ________ pain slavery.

Women and Abolition

At first they spoke out only to other women, but soon were speaking to large groups of both men and women throughout the North, leading the way for other women to speak in public.

Former Slaves and Abolition

Many former slaves joined the Abolitionist movement in the North. When former slave ___________________ Sojourner Truth met Douglass and Garrison, she was encouraged to speak publicly against out ____________ slavery.

Isabella Baumfree
Isabella was a slave from New York. Deeply religious, when she escaped slavery at the age of about 31, she took the name Sojourner Truth. In the Bible, a sojourner signified one who suffered themselves to be instructed. In other searches for answers words, someone who_____________________. In this case, the former Isabella was searching for the _________. Truth She was a very strong women who would be heard throughout the North on slavery and other issues.

Underground Railroad
Slaves would hear passed information about word-of-mouth in methods of escape by _______________, songs sung in stories, and through spiritual __________ the fields. They were hearing of Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad and her ________________________.

Whites A secretive group of sympathetic __________ and free ___________ throughout the South who Blacks lives were willing to place their own __________ on the line to help escaping slaves reach ____________ freedom in the North.

Underground Railroad Map

Harriet Tubman
Tubman became known as Moses of her the "___________________ ____________, because people over the course of 10 years, she led ______________ of hundreds slaves to freedom along the Underground Railroad, at personal risk. great _____________ Why did they call Harriet Moses?

How did the Underground RR work?

Listen to the film clip and answer the following questions 1. What were those that helped the slaves escape called? 2. What were the houses along the route called? 3. What were the home owners called? 4. Who were the people who contributed money? 5. Why do you believe all these codes were important?

Underground Railroad
Tubman made 19 trips to Maryland and helped _______ 300 people to freedom. During these dangerous journeys she helped rescue members of her own family, including her 70-year-old parents. rewards for Tubman's capture At one point, ___________ 40,000 Yet, she was never captured totaled $________. passengers and never failed to deliver her ______________" to safety. As Tubman herself said, "On my Underground Railroad I [never] run my train off [the] track [and] I never [lost] a passenger."

Womens Movement
Women abolitionists were in a strange lawmakers position trying to convince ____________ to make slavery illegal, yet women themselves could ___________________. not vote or hold office They worked to ____________ raise money for the movement, yet their own money and property were _________ controlled by their husbands fathers and ___________. They spoke out against the ____________ mistreatment of slaves, yet their husbands could discipline them whenever they wanted. _________

Womens Movement
The Grimke sisters began to question, What women slave can a __________ do for the ________, when she herself is _____________________and under the feet of man shamed into silence? The organized movement for womens rights began as a call for an answer.

Womens Movement
Lucretia ______ Mott and Elizabeth Cady ________ Stanton led the early call for womens rights. Mott was a Quaker and outspoken Abolitionist. Stanton used to beg her father, a judge, to protect women from __________________, abusive husbands no law her father would only say, there was _______ against it. Both women agreed something had to be done about the __________ injustices suffered by women.

And Aint I a Woman?

Meanwhile, at a Womens Rights convention in Ohio, several ministers (men) were voicing their opinion that men were superior over women. Sojourner Truth had had enough and stood to speak

Seneca Falls Convention

In July 1848, almost 300 men and women answered an advertisement announcing a ____________________in_______________, womens convention Seneca Falls New York. At this convention, the organizers modeled womens rights their proposal for ______________on the Declaration of _____________we hold Independence these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal

Declaration of Sentiments
The women however, changed this very important line We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all and women are created equal... men _______________ Just as the Declaration of Independence listed the Kings acts of tyranny over the colonists, the NEW Declaration of ___________ Sentiments listed acts of _________ tyranny by men over women. (A sentiment is an attitude or judgment prompted by feeling.)

Declaration of Sentiments
Man did not let women ____. vote
He did not give her _______________, property rights even to her own ________. wages He did not allow her to practice ____________ professions like medicine and law.

Declaration of Sentiments
At the Seneca Falls Convention, Elizabeth right to vote Cady Stanton demanded the ______________. Many women, even good friend Lucretia Mott said this step was too big. Thou will make us ridiculous! We must go slowly!

Womens right to vote?

But Stanton received powerful support from another Frederick Douglass member of the convention, __________________. Everyone who believed that ____________ black men should have the right to vote, Douglass argued, must also black women favor giving _______________ the right. That meant that all women should have the precious right. Inspired by Douglasss speech, the convention voted narrowly to approve this last cause.

The Legacy of the Abolitionists and Seneca Falls

Slowly, womens rights made progress. NY gave control of their women __________ finances MA passed ___________, better ______ divorce laws, colleges began to accept women ________, students but the right to vote waited until 1921, ____ 73 years after Seneca Falls.

The Legacy of the Abolitionists and Seneca Falls

Slavery wasnt outlawed until 1865 with the _______________, 13th Amendment but black equality did not have serious backing until the 1960s, with Martin Luther Kings powerful march on _______ Washington (I have a dream) and Johnsons _______________ Civil Rights Act of 1964, 99 years after the end of slavery. _____ Still, much __________ progress needs to be made by both blacks and women in the struggle for __________. equality