Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
"
..~
..
, CURSO DE INGLES
RECOMENDACIONES
Pronunciacin. Las explicaciones que ms adelante damos sobre la pronunciacin son de suma importancia. Es indispensable que el estudiante memorice los smbolos fonticos. Para evitar cualquier confusin entre sonidos y la asimilacin por la memoria de formas errneas, es til confeccionar una lista de estos smbolos, copiados del libro, y tenerla siempre a la vista, por lo menos durante las primeras lecciones del curso. Ejercicios. No recomendamos hacer ningn ejercicio si no se dominan perfectamente el vocabulario y las reglas gramaticales correspondientes a cada leccin. (Advirtase que la correccin de los ejercicios constituye la ltima parte de este curso.) Al hacer los ejercicios debemos abstenemos de consultar el libro. Si no recordramos algunas palabras, es mejor dejar el lugar en blanco. Terminado el ejercicio, podemos buscar las palabras omitidas en los vocabularios de las lecciones precedentes o en un buen diccionario, apuntarlas y memorizarlas. Las traducciones del espaol al ingls requieren empeo y mtodo especiales. Al concluir el ejercicio -sin la ayuda del libro- debemos compararlo con el texto de las correcciones y fijamos en los errores cometidos. Pasados dos o tres das volveremos a la tarea, traduciendo del espaol al ingls con el nico recurso de la memoria. Esto debe repetirse tantas veces cuanto sea necesario para que el ejercicio quede sin error.
PRELIMINARES
Vocabulario. Los vocabularios incluidos en las lecciones de este curso sealan el sentido y la pronunciacin de las voces. Es til consultar a menudo los vocabularios de las lecciones precedentes. Es recomendable ir formando un lxico espaolingls para poder, sin prdida de tiempo, encontrar la palabra que se necesite. Desde la primera leccin deberamos apuntar en fichas fciles de clasificar o en una libreta con ndice alfabtico todas las voces espaolas que aparecen en los vocabularios de las lecciones, con su traduccin inglesa y la trascripcin fontica. Ingls comercial. Sera vana empresa intentar un estudio del ingls comercial dentro del marco reducido de estas lecciones. Sin embargo, en el captulo llamado "Nociones de correspondencia comercial" se han incluido en forma sucinta algunas indicaciones con el fin de guiar al estudiante hacia la asimilacin de expresiones enteras y palabras nuevas de gran valor prctico. Consejos generales. Estudiar sin prisa. Repasar a menudo el material de las lecciones anteriores para estar seguro de no haber olvidado nada de los vocabularios precedentes. -Procuremos que el odo se familiarice con los sonidos del ingles y confrontemos las indicaciones del captulo sobre la pronunciacin figurada con discos y radio.
PRONUNCIACION
La mayor dificultad que el estudiante de lengua espaola encuentra en el aprendizaje del ingls estnba en la pronunciacin. Ello se debe-a que 'pocas son las letras que tienen el mismo valor fontico en ambos idiomas; la ortografa nglesa no es fontica; el ingls conserva por tradicin una ortografa que ya no corresponde a la :pronunciacin actual. La prctica ensea en casi todos los casos cmo pronunciar las palabras impresas, pero cuidado!: hay excepciones tambin, y por eso todos los buenos diccionarios indican la pronunciacin correcta. Para el principiante, es imprescindible aprender a pronunciar bien los sonidos propios del ingls, por lo cual se utilizan smbolos fonticos. Trascrlpcln fontica. En este captulo, y para todas las palabras que se emplean en este curso, hemos elegido el sistema fontico de mayor aceptacin. Recordemos que cada signo convencional corresponde a un solo sonido o articulacin. A ms de su pronunciacin correcta, es muy importante tambin marcar la diferencia entre sonidos largos y sonidos breves; los sonidos largos se sealan con [:], colocados a continuacin del smbolo. _. pit (pit)
t (it)
[i] Semejante a la i espaola en tctico, es muy breve: bit (bit) pink (pink) trozo rosa fit (fit) ajuste
.-
hi~
----
"
100 - Curso de ingls [i:] Semejante a la i espaola en nido, pero ms larga: deem (di:m) estimar meat (mi:t) carne Dlptongos. Son muy frecuentes en las slabas acentuadas. Deben pronunciarse en una sola emisin de voz, y con la excercin de [ju:], que se pronuncia como iu en espao , consisten en el estrechamiento progresivo de la articulacin de una vocal fuerte hacia la de una vocal ms dbil. Utilizando los smbolos anteriores, se escriben as: [ai] time (taimj tiempo cry (krai) llorar dye (dai) teir [au] bough (bau) rama doubt (daut) duda foil bor (boi) muchacho soi (soil) suelo [iCl]dear (dio) cheer (tja)
[E;}]
[e] Semejante a la e espaola, menos abierta que en verso, ms abierta que en tom: bet (bet) credit (kredit) apostar crdito jet (dget) chorro cake (keik) pastel
re] name (neim) nombre pain (pein) dolor [re] es una a muy aguda:
rhyme (raim) rima die (dai) morir eye (ai) ojo cow (kau) drought (draut) joy (dgoi) coin (koin) fear (fa) theatre
(Bctc)
cat (keet) gato hat (heet) sombrero man (rneen) hombre lamb (Ieem) cordero
[Cl:]
Semejante a la a espaola en mam: calm (ka: m) calma father (fa: O;}} padre large (le: dg) grande
[Cl]
es intermedia entre re y a:, y tambin de duracin mediana: pass (P.ClS) laugh (lClf) paso risa
can't (kant) no puedo
el primer sonido [E] es ms abierto que la e: parecido al espaol en verso. [u;:]poor (pua) tour (tuo) pobre gira sure (Su;:) seguro
botella
Un solo diptongo se pronuncia con el acento en la 2~mitad de la emisin de voz: [ju:] few (fju:) pocos dew (dju:) roco due (dju:) debido mute (rnju: t) mudo pure (pju;c) puro tuesday (tju:zdi) martes Consonantes. a) El primer grupo lo forman las oclusivas. Son aquellas que para pronunciarse requieren momentneamente el cierre completo de la cavidad bucal. Cuando luego se abre el paso para aspirar el aire, se produce una especie de explosin. Este efecto de explosin es mucho ms fuerte en ingls que en espaol. Las oclusivas sordas son: [p] la oclusin se produce por el cierre de los labios.
puesto atrapado
[u] Semejante a la u espaola en ttulo: butcher (butj'o) carnicero good (gud) bueno pull (pul) tirar could (kud) poda
[u:] Como la u espaola, pero larga: boot (bu: t) bota choose (tju.z) escoger chew (tju. ) masticar, Las dems vocales no tienen equivalente en espaol. Para pronunciarlas es necesario levantar la parte central de la lengua ms arriba de la posicin horizontal que guarda para la a espaola. [A] Sonido breve, que se asemeja un poco a la o cerrada de cmodo. Aparece en slabas acentuadas: but (bat) pero mother( mAoCl) madre
E;}: ]
[t] la oclusin se produce apoyando fuertemente la punta de la lengua sobre la enca superior. [k] la oclusin se produce apoyando el dorso de la lengua contra el velo del paladar, como en caqui en espaol. La letra p es muda en el grupo inicial ps de algunas palabras de origen griego: psalm (su. m) salmo psychology ('saibl;:d3i) psicologa La letra k es muda en el grupo inicial kn: knee (ni:) rodilla know (nou) saber
Sonido largo y gutural que aparece en slabas acentuadas. Los labios estn tensos, en posicin neutral, un poco como para la i. El sonido parece fluir desde la garganta, sin articulacin. bird (bo: d) pjaro girdle (ga:d) faja purse (pa: s) monedero word (wo.d) palabra
[;:]Similar al anterior, pero muy breve. Aparece en muchas slabas no acentuadas, cualquiera sea su ortografa. motion ('mouJ;:n)movimiento attempt (o'tempt) intento pavement ('peivm;:nt) pavimento
Las oclusivas sonoras [b] [d] [g] corresponden a los sonidos p, t, k en cuanto a la oclusin, pero las cuerdas vocales vibran durante la emisin del sonido. Advirtase que el grupo de letras gh es mudo en la palabra high (hai), y al final de palabras si va seguido de una t: night (nait) noche flight (flait) vuelo brought (bro.t) trado
t, y
entre
y k:
Decon
en
Ivo
de ite-
a a
[S] sorda y [o] sonora corresponden al grupo ortogrfico th. La primera se yronuncia como la z en la regin de Castilla. La punta de la lengua es visible entre los dientes, mientras el aire escapa entre lengua y dientes. La sonora se articula del mismo modo, pero con vibracin de las cuerdas vocales, como la d en las palabras espaolas cada, pared, espada: thick (Bik) grueso this (ois) s te thirty eS;}: ti) treinta then (oen) entonces
La 1 doble se pronuncia siempre como una simple: dollar (dolo) dlar collusion (ka'lju: 3<3n) colusion [r] Su pronunciacin correcta presenta bastante dificultades para los extranjeros. Es sonora, y la posicin inicial de la lengua, con la punta encorvada hacia atrs, es parecida a la de la r espaola; pero no hay contacto entre la punta de la lengua y los alvolos, ni movimiento vibratorio. La lengua, sin tocar ninguna parte de la cavidad bucal, se desliza hacia atrs desde la posicin para r a la posicin para la vocal siguiente: rain (rein ) lluvia train (trein) tren
.da
do ro
[s] sorda y [z] sonora. La s inglesa es parecida a la espaola. La z tiene la misma articulacin, pero vibran las cuerdas vocales, como ocurre en espaol en las voces asno, rasgo. [S] sorda y [3] sonora. La primera corresponde generalmente al grupo de letras sh y a los grupos finales tion, tian, ssion, pero no tiene ortografa fija. La punta de la lengua est recogida; la parte media alzada hacia el paladar; y los lados tocan los dientes superiores. La 3 se articula en la misma forma, pero con vibracin de las cuerdas vocales; tampoco tiene ortografa fija: shut (fAt) cerrado atention (a'tenjcn) atencin pleasure ('ple3;}) placer sure (j'ua) seguro pressure ('pref;}) presin treasure ('tre3;}) tesoro /
e:
NOTA: La r -slo se pronuncia si precede a una vocal, pero es muda en el grupo ortogrfico re al final de palabra, aunque la lengua toma la posicin para
pronunciarla:
tire (faia) fuego bare (bsa) desnudo
la
Es siempre muda antes de una consonante, pero si est situada en una slaba acentuada, entonces la vocal que la precede es siempre larga: part (pa: t) parte form (b:m) forma
on
Muy a menudo, el sonido [t] se asocia con f, y el sonido [d] con 3: cheese (tj'i: z) queso giant ('d3ai;}nt) gigante jaw (d3Q) mandbula capture ('kaptf;}) captura agent ('eid3;}nt) agente
t-
al. se de
es-
En aplicacin de esta regla: en la palabra part)' ('pa: ti) fiesta, donde el acento cae en la primera SIlaba, es larga la vocal; no as en la palabra particular (pa'tikula), particular, donde la segunda slaba lleva el acento tnico. Aunque es muda al final de una palabra, si la palabra siguiente se inicia con un sonido vocal, se produce-el fenmeno de enlace (se unen las dos palabras) y se la pronuncia. rather ('ra:o;}) ms bien rather interesting ('ra: oer 'ntrastn) ms bien interesante [w] Se parece al primer elemento de los diptongos crecientes espaoles: ua, ue, uo: well (wel) bien La letra w es muda en los grupos iniciales who y wr: . who (hu:) quin whom (hu:m) a quin whose (hu: z) de quin write (rait) escribir wrist (rist) mueca wrong (ron) errneo [j] Es muy semejante al primer elemento diptongos espaoles: ia, ie, io: yes (jes) s young (jAlJ) joven de los
is.
rte
e) Las consonantes nasales son aquellas en las que el velo del paladar permanece cado, dejando pasar el aire a la cavidad nasal. [m] y [n]. Se pronuncian como en espaol; de n-gulo, pero sin
la ui
:u-
[h] Es ms suave y menos gutural que la j espaola. Es un soplo fuerte que sale directamente de la garganta. hat (haet) Es muda en algunas voces: ,a as om fa exhibition ('eksibif;}n) exhibicin house (haus) casa
year (jia) ao
[1] Se pronuncia como en espaol antes de una vocal. Es muda en el grupo final -alm: calm (ka:m) psalm (sa:m)
Para concluir, slo falta observar: que la letra e no aparece entre los smbolos fonticos; que el grupo ortogrfico qu en posicin inicial corresponde a los sonidos (kw): quarter (kwo: ta) cuarto (de medida)
Si al final de una palabra el grupo le va precedido por una consonante, la e es muda: gentle (dgentl) gentil people (pi:pl) gente
(ks):
. -"
_ .. ,,"p_.,,--_
El acento tnico.
Aunque el ingls no usa acento ortogrfico, tiene, como el espaol, un acento tnico. La pronunciaciQjl de toda palabra inglesa formada por ms de una slaba se basa precisamente en el contraste que existe entre la slaba qu lleva el acento tnico, llamado stress, y aqullas que no lo tienen. Una slaba acentuada se pronuncia con nfasis y claridad. Las slabas que no llevan acento estn marcadamente atenuadas y vemos que en ellas predominan las vocales (i), (u) y (a), que son vocales
contract (k'ontrzekt) contrato (sustantivo) contract (kon'treekt) contratar (verbo) Por otra parte, existe una ley de alternancia que proporciona, mediante un acento secundario, ritmo a las palabras formadas de muchas slabas. Este acento se indica en la trascripcin fontica por el signo (') que precede la slaba en que se forma. Pero no debe olvidarse que el acento secundario es menos fuerte que el acento principal. Las formas dbiles.
dbiles:
'.
. .
. En particular (o), un sonido neutro, casi no articulado, es el que se pronuncia en la gran mayora de las slabas macentuadas, sea' cual sea su ortografa. .. Para cada palabra el acento est determinado por la costumbre, pero generalmente influye en una silaba que contiene el sentido fundamental de la palabra, es decir, que est formada por la raz. Pocas veces se acenta el prefijo; nunca el sufijo. As, en beauty, beautiful y beautifully el acento se forma siempre en la primera slaba, ya que todas las dems son la desinencia o terminacin. En trascripcin fontica, estas tres palabras son ('bju: ti), ('bju: tiful) , ('bju: tifuli). (El acento tonico en la trascripcin fontica se indica mediante el signo (') situado antes de la slaba en que se forma.) .En el caso de, las palabras derivadas, el uso ensear dnde poner el acento. . Tambin debemos sealar que en algunos casos habr que distinguir entre el uso de una sola palabra corno verbo, sustantivo o adjetivo, para colocar correctamente l acento tnico: Nombres
Se presentan en la mayora de las palabras cuyo significado no resulta fundamental para la comprensin de una frase. Afectan en especial los verbos auxiliares, los pronombres, los adjetivos posesivos, ciertas conjunciones y preposiciones. Este atenuamiento puede llevar hasta a la desaparicin completa de una vocal; as en la expresin "rock and roll", que por cierto se escribe "rock 'n rol\", la conjuncin and, pronunciada aisladamente [rend], se reduce a una simple [n]. Como ejemplo vemos la frase siguiente: he did not want me to look at his book (no quiso que yo mirara su libro). Si todas las palabras se pronunciaran aisladamente, fuera del contexto, tendramos: (hi: /dd/not/wont/rni: Itu/luk/ret/hiz/buk), pero en pronunciacin normal la frase suena (hi didnt wont mi t;} luk ot iz buk) . Ya a punto de iniciar el estudio de este importante idioma, debemos insistir en la necesidad de aprender sin vacilaciones el alfabeto fontico, y para lograr buena pronunciacin, repetir en voz alta cada palabra nueva, tomando en cuenta la trascripcin fontica. del alfabeto
de las letras
,
k 1
(el)
b
p (pi:)
e
(si:)
(ei) (bi:)
de (di:)
(i:)
i
(ai)
j (dgei)
m
(em)
(kei)
no (en)
(ou)
q (kju:)
(a: ) (es)
x
(eks)
y (wai)
z
(zi:)
1 spell in English
en ingls.
comma ('k;om;o) period ('pi: riod) colon ('koul;on) semicolon ('semi'koul;on) hyphen ('haif;on) dash (dref)
apostrophe (o'postrafi) question mark ('kwestfa . 'ma:k)
, . : ; -
coma punto dos puntos punto y coma guin raya o guin mayor r apstrofe ? sI~no de interrogacin (solo al final del rengln)
brackets
('brrekits)
parentheses
(po'rensi: s)
'nxmboz )
Ordinal 1st [irst (fo: st) 2nd second ('sek;:)nd) 3rd third (6;}:d) 4th fourth (fo: 6) 5th fifth (fife) 6th sixth (siks) 7th seventh ('sevne) 8th eighth (eite) 9th ninth (nain6)
numbers 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th
O nought (nort),
(ziorou) 1 one (wan) 2 two (tu:)
13 thirteen ('e;:): 'ti: n) 3 three (Bri: ) 14fourteen ('b:'ti:n) 4 [our (fo: ) 15 [ijteen. ('fif'ti: n) 5 iive (faiv) 16 sixteen ('siks'ti: n) 6 six (siks) 17 seventeen ('sevn'ti:n) 7 seven ('sevn) 18 eighteen ('ei'ti: n) 8 eight (eit) 19 nineteen ('nain'ti:n) 9 nine (nain) 20 twenty ('twenti) 21 twenty one ('twenti wan) 22 twenty-two ('twenti tu:)
tenth (ten) eleventh (i'levn) twelfth (twelf6) thirteenth ('e;:): 'ti: n) fourteenth ('b;'ti:n9) fifteenth ('fif'ti: n) sixteenth ('siks'ti: ne) seventeenth ('sevn'ti: ns) eighteenth ('ei'ti:ne) nineteent ('nain'ti: n) twentieth ('twenti;oe)
Curso de ingls - 103 Cardinal numbers (continued) e o 30 thirty ('S;l:ti) 40 [orty ('b:ti) 50 titty ('fifti) 60 sixty (' siksti) 70 seventy ('sevnti) 80 eighty ('eiti) 90 ninety ('nainti) 100 one hundred ('hAndr;ld) OrdiDal numbers (continued) 30th thirtieth ('S;l:ti;lS) 40th iortiet ('b: tiaS) 50th [iitiet ('fifti;l8 ) 60th sixtieth (' sikstio) 70th seventieth 80th eightieth 90th ninetieth 100th one hundredth ('hAndradS)
.e !l
l.
101 one hundred and one (wan'handrad an wxn) 102 one hundred and two (wan'handrad an tu:) 1000 one thousand ('8auz;lnd) 1000000 one million ('milj;ln) Por regla general, los numerales ordinales se forman aadiendo la terminacin th (pronunciar S) al numeral cardinal (p. ej. tour - the tourth). Excepciones: the [irst, the second, the third.
101st one hundred and iirst 102nd one hundred and second 1 OOOth one thousandth etc. Ortografa: Cuando el numeral cardinal termina en y, sta queda sustituida por le antes de la terminacin th. Ej.: twenty - the twentieth. Advirtamos tambin los cambios ortogrficos en: the eighth, the [ijth, the twelith, the ninth.
) 1;-
;-
:-
e
;-
Expresiones comunes Yes (jes) no (nou) good morning ('gud'm:J; nin) good. evening ('gud'i: vnin ) good night ('gud'nait) good-bye ('gud'bai) please (pli: z) thank you (Bzenk ju) How do you do? (hau dju du: ) s no buenos das buenas tardes buenas noches adis, hasta la vista por favor gracias Cmo le va? How are you? (hau u: ju) Very well, thank vou, .. and you? (veri wel, Srenk ju, and ju: ) Quite well (kwait wel) 1 am well (ai ~m wel) 1 am better . (ai em 'beto) 1 am not well (ai am not wel) Cmo est usted? Muy bien, gracias, usted? Bastante bien Estoy bien Estoy mejor No estoy bien y
1
)
Ortografa: Muchos nombres compuestos formados por dos sustantivos se han soldado con el uso y forman una sola palabra: schoolboy, schoolgirl. Observaciones sobre la gramtica.
1 have (ai heev) he has (hi: heez) she has (fi: heez) it has (it heez) we have (wi heev) you have (ju: heev)
. Yo he o tengo l ha o tiene Ella ha o tiene Nosotros, nosotras hemos o tenemos T has o tienes; usted ha o tiene; vosotros, vosotras habis o tenis; ustedes han o tienen Ellos, ellas han o tienen
Cuando to have se usa como verbo auxiliar para constituir los tiempos de otros verbos, estas formas, empleadas en estilo familiar, experimentan una contraccin (V. antes: Pronunciacin, formas dbiles). Se escriben: I've, he's, she's, it's, we've, you've, they've. y se pronuncian: (aiv), (hi: z), (Si:z), (its), (wi:v), (ju:v), (~eiv). Vocabulary the teacher the student
(~;l 'stju: dant)
(~;l
1. En ingls, la 2~persona del singular thou (au) slo se emplea en poesa o en el rezo. En el habla comn se sustituye por la 2~rersona del plural. II. La 2~ persona del plura se emplea con you en la conversacin y escritos, como antiguamente en el espaol, para dirigirse a una o ms personas. Corresponde, pues, a t, usted, vosotros, vosotras y ustedes. III. A diferencia del espaol, en los verbos ingleses no se puede omitir la mencin del sujeto, pues las desinencias no siempre indican la persona y el nmero. As: I have Tengo They have Tienen IV. El pronombre it corresponde a l o ella o a lo, la, le. Se emplea para cosas inanimadas y para animales cuyo sexo no se determina. Es neutro. V. El artculo determinado the (el, la) es invariable. VI. El plural de los nombres se forma generalmente por el agregado de una s que se pronuncia (z) despus de una vocal o consonante sonora. the boy
(~;l boi) -
pupil (~;l 'pju:pl) child (~;l 'tjaild) boy (~;l bol) girl (~;l go: 1) schoolboy
'sku: lboi)
the boys
(~;l boiz)
VII. El artculo indefinido a (un, una) se convierte en an antes de un sonido vocal, pero no as antes del sonido (j). a boy - a girl - an actor ('rekt;l) a universe ('juniva:s) VIII. Por eufona, the se pronuncia (~i) cuando sigue una vocal, pero nunca antes del sonido (j);
aS:
(~;l
the schoolgirl (~;l 'sku: 19a:1) the lesson (~;l 'lesn) the exercise
(~i 'eksosaiz)
tiene dos alumnos: un alumno y una alumna. La seorita White tiene tres alumnos: dos muchachos y una muchacha. El alumno tiene un maestro. El nio tiene una leccin. Los alumnos tienen dos ejercicios y tres lecciones. Los maestros tienen quince alumnos. Tengo un ejercicio. Tienes dos lecciones. Ustedes tienen tres ejercicios. Ella tiene una leccin.
a ball-point pen
('bo:l point 'pen) Adjectives ('red3iktivz) blu (blu:)
un bolgrafo, una cera de bolilla Colors ('kAl<lz) azul rojo negro blanco violeta verde amarillo castao gris rosa
lap-
1 am (ai eem) he is (hi: iz) she is (Ji: iz) it is (it iz) we are (wi: el: ) you are (ju el: )
Yo soy o estoy el es o est Ella es o est Nosotros, nosotras, somos o estamos T eres o ests; usted es o est; vosotros, vosotras sois o estis; ustedes son o estn. Ellos, ellas son o estn
(
they are (lei el: )
.
Cuando to be se usa como verbo auxiliar, estas formas empleadas en estilo familiar, experimentan una contraccin. Se escriben: I'rn, he's, she's, it's, we're, you're, they're, y se v.ronuncian: (aim), (hi: z), (Ii:z), (its ), (wio), (juo), (ea). Vocabulary
red (red) black (bleek) white (hwait, wait) violet ('vai;:lit) green (gri: n) yellow ('jelou) brown (braun) grey (grei) pink (pink)
Conjunctions
o
pero
a pencil box
(;: 'pensl'boks) a penknije (;:'pennaif)
1. La partcula to constituye el signo caracterstico del infinitivo ingls. n. Los adjetivos ingleses son invariables y, por regla general, se colocan delante del nombre que califican: one blue penciltwo blue pencils
a schoolbag
(;: 'sku: lbzeg)
un cortaplumas una mochila una regla un cuaderno un tintero una goma de borrar una pluma fuente de tareas
Ejercicio 2.-Traducir: Soy un alumno. Un alumno tiene un libro y un cuaderno de tareas. Soy una alumna. Una alumna tiene una mochila, una regla y una goma de borrar. :';'1 es un alumno, tiene un cortaplumas y un estuche para lpices. El maestro tiene un bolgrafo o un lpiz. Tengo un libro rojo. Tienes (tenis, usted tiene o ustedes tienen) un cuaderno de tareas azul. Tenemos dos lpices verdes. Ellos (o ellas) tienen dos reglas negras. Los maestros tienen plumas fuentes negras.
Contracciones: l'd (aiod, aid), he'd (hi:d), she'd (Ji:d), we'd (wi:d), you'd (ju:d), they'd ()eid). Remarks on grammar_ se-
pa-
de papel
PRETRITO
1. El pretrito ingls corresponde al imperfecto, al preterito simple y al pretrito anterior espaoles: he had a ruler: l tena, tuvo, ha tenido una regla. n. Slo el segundo elemento de un nombre como puesto toma el signo del plural. one exercise boa k - two exercise books one notebook - two notebooks
1 had (heed)
1 NOTA: De ahora en adelante, para el espaol slo pondremos la primera persona de cada tiempo.
(s) des-
105
excepciones:
bath (ba) - baths (baz) bao, baos path (pu) - paths (pa()z) sendero, s cloth (kb: e) - cloths (klo: oz) pao, s
VI. Las palabras ths (is), these )i:z), that (oret), those (oouz) pueden ser adjetivos demostrativos o pronombres demostrativos:
ese libro, esos libros, o aquel libro, aquellos libros . esto es un libro eso o aquello, es una regla
i-
este
libro,
estos
libros
Ejercicio 3.-Traducir: Tengo un libro y un cuaderno de tareas. Tienes una pluma y un lpiz. El alumno tiene un lpiz azul y una hoja de papel blanco. Tengo una hoja de papel secante rojo. Este libro es azul. Ese libro es rojo. Este lpiz es azul. Ese lpiz es negro. El papel es blanco. La tinta es negra. Ejercicio 4.-Poner el ejercicio anterior en plural.
yo era etc.
o estaba
o fui,
lampshade (feid) picture ('piktf o) map (rneep) chal k (t]o: k) door (do: ) window ('windou) corner ('b: no)
Adjectives
Las formas dbiles son: (WdZ) en el singular y (wa) en el plural. Las formas del pretrito del verbo to be no tienen contraccin. Los nombres terminados en o, s, x, z, sh (n, ch (tn forman el plural en es, excepto algunos terminados en o, de origen extranjero (piano, pianos).
potato, potatoes (pa'teitouz) glass, glasses ('glct: siz) box, boxes ('b:>ksiz) bench, benches ('bentfiz).
Ejercicio 5.-Poner en pretrito el ejercicio 3. Ejercicio 6.-Traducir: Este ejercicio es largo y difcil. Ese ejercicio es corto y fcil. El alumno es perezoso. La alumna es aplicada. Soy buen alumno. Tengo un buen libro, y mi maestro es bueno [el adj. pos. mi = my (mai)J. Mi goma de borrar es cuadrada, y mi tintero es redondo. Tengo un lpiz puntiagudo y una navaja afilada. El alumno era perezoso, tena un libro malo y un maestro malo. La maestra tena una regla recta y un lpiz puntiagudo. Ellos tenan dos libros azules y veinte cuadernos de tareas blancos. El muchacho era aplicado. La muchacha era perezosa. Ejercicio 7.-Poner en plural las oraciones del ejer-
studious ('stju: djos) easy ('i:zi) diificult (' dkolt) long (Ion) short (J:>: t)
Shapes (Jeips)
square (skwsa) round ('raund) straight (streit) sharp (Iu. p) pointed ('p:>intid)
cicio 6.-[nuestro,
(taus]; penkniie
our
in (in) on (on) before (bi'b:) in [ront of (frxnt) under (' anda ) with (wi)
behind (bi'hand) verbs
between. (bi'twi:n)
. Auxiliary
I've not (aiv not), al haven't (ai heevnt): he hasn't (hi hzeznt); . . . we've not (wiv not) o we haven't (wi heevnt): you haven't (ju heevnt) ... l'm not (aim not): he's not (hiz not) o he isn't (hi iznt) ... we're not (wis not) o we aren't (wi ru. nt) ...
1 have not he has not she has not it has not we have not you have not they have not
1 am not he is not she is not it is not we are not you are not they are not
afirmativa: Yes, 1 have; yes, 1 amo negativa: No, 1 have not; no, 1 am noto on grammar.
1. La forma negativa de los verbos auxiliares se obtiene aadiendo la palabra not a continuacin del verbo.
"-
1 am
Yo soy o estoy
1 am not
1 have no book
II. La negacin
puede expresarse
1 have no book
1 have no paper
que se traduce: no tengo ningn libro, no tengo ningn papel. III. El verbo to have est a menudo seguido por la palabra got. Es una locucin de estilo famihar; enfatiza, pero no cambia el sentido del verbo:
1 have a book
Ejercicio S.-Traducir: El pizarrn est detrs del maestro, delante de los alumnos. El mapa est sobre la pared. El cuadro est debajo del pizarrn. Tengo mi libro sobre la mesa. El tintero est sobre el escritorio, entre el estuche para lpices y la regla. Estamos en el aula (classroom). Tengo una hoja de papel secante en mi cuaderno de tareas. ~l tiene dos lpices y tres portaplumas en el estuche para lpices. Yo tena una goma de borrar en mi mochila. Ejercicio 9.-Dar forma negativa a las oraciones del ejercicio 8: El pizarron no est ... El mapa no est ... El cuadro no est ... etc.
nuevo viejo joven rectangular pequeo chico grande, amplio alto triangular corto, bajo form
little ('lit!) small (smo.I) larfe (la: d3) tal (to.I) triangular
('trairengjula)
short (jor
Auxillary Have I? Has he?
t)
verbs
Eres el alumno? - SQYel maestro? - ~Estamos de" lante de la ventana? - Est l detrs de la puerta? Est el maestro con sus alumnos? - Est ese hombre en el aula? - Esa mujer es alta? - Es perezoso el nio?
dentes. Ejercicio 12.-Contestar a cada una de las preftuntas siguientes, despus de traducirlas, con una oracion afirmativa y luego con una negativa. As tendremos grupos de tres frases: interrogacion - respuesta afirmativa respuesta negativa: Are you the pupil? Yes, 1 amo No 1 am noto
Monday ('mADdi) Tuesday ('tju:zdi) Wednesday ('wenzdi) Thursday ('ea: zdi) Friday ('fraidi) Saturday ('sretad) Sunday ('sAndi) a day (dei) a night (nait) a week (wi:k) a month (msn) ayear (ja) today (ta'dei)
lunes martes mircoles jueves viernes sbado domingo un da una noche una semana un mes un ao hoy
January ('d3renjuari) February ('februari) March (ma:tf) April ('eRril) May (rnei) June (dgut n) July (dgu'lai) August ('o:gast) September (sep'tembo) October (ok'toubo) November (nou'vemba) December (di'semba)
enero febrero marzo abril mayo [unio Julio agosto setiembre octubre noviembre diciembre
Los nombres de los meses y de los das de la semana en ingls se escriben siempre con maysculas. Remarks on grammar. espaola tiene como sus equi-
Nota: No hay en ingls expresin correspondiente a quincena, aunque en Gran Bretaa se usa la palabra aortnight ('fo:tnait), que signfica 2 semanas o 1 das.
,~_.,.. ..,t<
..-.......-....
.........
~
del
ibre
I
there is,seguido por el singular, y there are, seguido por el plural. La traduccin de hubo es: there was y there were; los otros tiempos se forman de modo similar. there is one book there are two books (hay)
(hubo)
mi .ito; en
mte
Questions; are there two books? - is there one book? Ejercicio 13.-Traducir: Hay un maestro en el aula. Hay veinte alumnos. En un mes hay treinta o treinta y un das y noches. En un ao hay cincuenta y dos semanas y trescientos sesenta y cinco das. Hay un alumno en el aula? Hay un maestro? Hay una leccin? No, no hay ningn maestro. No, no hay ninguna leccin (No, no hay lecciones).
xi-
n.
Some other regular verbs to to to to to to to to to play (plei) explain (iks'plein) ask (a:sk) answer ('a:ns;:) correct (ko'rekt) repeat (ri'pi: t) look at (luk) listen to (lisn) open ('oup<ln) jugar explicar preguntar, pedir contestar corregir repetir
mirar
sh -
ch -
x -
toman es en lugar de s en la tercera persona del singular del presente de indicativo. he dresses he teaches he boxes ('dresiz) ('ti: tjiz) ('b:Jksiz)
se
er
io le_
escuchar abrir
Remarks on grammar. I. El presente de indicativo de verbos ingleses regulares o irregulares siempre se forma de la misma manera. Basta colocar delante del infinitivo uno de los pronombres personales; 1, we, you, they. La tercera persona del singular se forma aadiendo una "s" al infinitivo. Esta s tiene el valor fontico (s) slo despus de una consonante sorda; despus de vocal o consonante sonora se pronuncia (z). V. lec-
'fS
ris
1 ee ~l
Ejercicio 14.-Traducir: El alumno trabaja. Escucha al maestro. En el aula mira el pizarrn. Repite la leccin. Corrige los ejercicios con el maestro. Abre el libro y el cuaderno de tareas. Hay un ejercicio sobre verbos regulares. Hay un verbo regular en mi leccin. Esta leccin no es larga. No tengo un ejercicio difcil, pero tengo una nueva leccin. Ejercicio 15.-Poner en plural las oraciones del ejercicio 14. Ejercicio 16.-Traducir: El aula es grande. Tiene cuatro esquinas. La puerta est en una esquina; hay dos ventanas. Sobre la pared, entre dos cuadros. hay un pizarrn. Delante del pizarrn est el escritorio del maestro. Delante del escritorio hay mesas. El maestro tiene una silla; los estudiantes no tienen sillas (ninguna silla).
colores,
formas,
Palabras interrogativas: what? (hwot) how? (hau) where? (hweo) how much? (matj') hoy many? ('meni) qu?, cul? cmo? dnde? cunto? cuntos?, cuntas?
What is the shape of the peneil? (hwot iz (l;: 'Iep ov (l~ 'pensl?) It is round, straight and pointed. (it iz raund, streit <lnd'pointid)
I
3~-
Questions 1 can ask ('kwestS<ln3ai kan a:sk) Las preguntas (que) puedo hacer 1~What can you do with a peneil? (hwot kan ju du: wiC!o'pensl P) .Qupuedes hacer con un lpiz? With a pencil, 1 can write. (wiC!<l'pensl, ai kon rait) What is this? (hwot iz (lis?) This is a lampshade. (lis iz a 'leempjeid) What is the color of the pencil? (hwot iz (l<l'kalar ov (l<l'pensl? It is blue (it iz blu:)
How are you? (hau a: ju?) 1 am well (aim wel) (refirindose a la salud) Where is the pencil? (hWE<lZ (l;: pensl?) The pencil is on the table (l;: 'penslz on (ld teibl) How much butter have you? (hau mxtj' 'bata hrev ju?) 1 have one pound (ai hrev WAnpaund) How many blue pencils have you? (hau 'meni blu: penslz heev yu?) 1 have two (ai heev tu)
4~ -
5~-
6~-
2~-
(Cuando to have se usa como verbo activo, significando poseer, debe pronunciarse en su forma fuerte.)
108- Curso de ingls to write (rait) to do (du:) to draw Jdn:) butter ('bAt;:) 1 can (keen, kon) a pound (paund) well (wel) escribir hacer dibujar mantequilla yo puedo una libra bien contestarlas en ingls: Cuntos maestros tienen uste-: des?' Cuntos alumnos hay en el aula? Dnde estn los alumnos? Dnde est el maestro? Dnde est la goma de borrar? De qu color son (cul es el color de) el papel, el libro, las mesas? Cul es la forma de la regla, los cuadernos, los tinteros? 'Nota: En adelante, el texto espaol usa libremente las formas: t, vosotros, usted, ustedes. Todas se traducen por: you.
BOOK
What is this? - This is my book. It is not square, it is rectangular. - The corners are not round, they are square and pointed. In my English book there are many pages; on those pages there are many sentences, words and letters. The book has a back and a cover. They are made of cardboard. At the begnning, there are a preface and a table of contents. My book is not difficult. The lessons are easy; "it is pleasant to work with. 1 like it very mucho
a review (ri 'vju: )
hoja, hoja de cuchillo espalda, dorso, reverso cubierta prefacio } ndice hecho de afilar, sacar punta plata marfil bolsillo mano mango borde, filo cortar madera hueso cartn
a sentence ('sent;:)ns) a word (wo: d) a letter ('let;:) pleasant (pleznt) many ('meni) much (mxtj')
un repaso una frase una palabra una letra o una carta agradable muchos, muchas (seguido de plural) mucho (seguido de singular o con un verbo) muy, mucho, muchsimo lo quiero mucho, me gusta mucho
MY PENKNIFE
index ('indeks) made of (meid) fa sharpen ('JCl: pon) silver ('silv;;) ivory (,aiv;;ri) pocket ('p::>kit)
hand (heend) handle (heendl)
edge (ed3) to cut (kat) wood (wud) bone (boun) cardboard ('kCl: dbo: d)
My penknife is very useful ('ju: sful). MI navaja es muy til. Ejercicio lS.-Traducir del ingls al espaol "My English book"; verificar que no haya errores comparando con la correccin del apndice. Volver a traducir al ingls (sin ayuda del libro, naturalmente). Ejercicio 19.-Proceder en la misma forma que en el ejercicio 18 con el texto "My penknife",
LESSON
My penknife is in my pocket, but now 1 have it in my hand. - This is the blade and this is the handle. The handle is made of wood, or of ivory, or of sil-
LESSON NUMBER
PRETERITE
ELEVEN-ELEVENTH
LESSON
1 produced
lo produce
III. La terminacin ed se pronuncia: [d] despus de las vocales y de los sonidos (b, g, 1, m, n, r, v, z, 3, 8); [t] despus de los sonidos (f, k, p, S, tI); [id] despus de los sonidos (d, t). to to to to play explain ask mend 1 played (pleid) 1 explained (ks'pleind) 1 asked (u: skt) 1 mended ('mendid)
stand up (steend xp) go (gou) come (kAm) write (rait) read (ri: d) take (teik) give (giv) draw (dro: ) do (du:) know (nou)
sentarse levantarse ir venir escribir leer tomar dar dibujar hacer saber
IV. Los verbos ingleses siempre tienen formas regulares en el presente de indicativo. (Las formas irregulares de los verbos se estudiarn ms adelante.) Nota: A lo largo de este curso sealamos todo verbo irregular con un asterisco. Revisin.-Ejercicio 20.-Traducir al espaol y volver a traducir al ingls. Proceder siguiendo las instrucciones para los ejercicios 18 y 19: This is my c1assroom.It is a large and square room with four walls, the ceiling and the f1oor.There is one door in a corner of the room and there are two Iarge windows. At the ceiling 1 see ten electric Iight bulbs with grey lampshades. On the walls there are severa! pictures and many maps. There
1. En ingls no hay diferencia entre las formas del imperfecto, pretrito simple y pretrito anterior. (V. leccin 3.) II. El pretrito de los verbos regulares se forma aadiendo ed al infinitivo y omitiendo el to que lo precede; cuando el infinitivo termina en e, se aade simplemente una d.
--....
rte- '
..
Curso de ingls is also one blackboard in front of the schoolboys. The eacher sits on a chair. The boys sit on benches. They have schoolbags with many school things: they have
109
books, exercise books, rulers, pencil boxes, sheets of white paper and sheets of blotting paper. Thev are silent and attentive. The teacher speaks only English.
en.he ny
one
lVO
hree five
Conviene, pues, aprender de una vez estas palabras con la preposicin que les corresponda: to look (at) - to lis ten (to). II. Partculas verbales son aquellas preposiciones o adverbios que se aaden al verbo (seguido o no de un complemento) para precisar o modificar su sentido.
twenty-first thirty-third
fifty-fifth
* fa come: to come in (in): lo come out (aut): to come up (xp): lo come down (daun): * lo stand: fa stand up (ap):
venir entrar salir subir bajar estar de pie, estar parado ponerse de pie, levantarse
Today (to'dei) is Monday, the 1st of March. Tomorrow (to'morou) is the 2nd of March. Yesterday ('jest~di) was Sunday, the 28th of February.
Remarks on grammar.
III. Fechas.-Para sealar el da del mes se usan en ingls los adjetivos numerales ordinales:
the .twenty-second of August: Aug 22ndl 22 de agosto the thirtieth of June: June 30'" 30 de junio the thirty-first of July: July 31s t 31 de julio
1
Pronunciacin:
ngtd
Ejercicio 21.-Escribir con letras los numerales y traducir el texto: 5: 5? - 8: 8~ - 12: 12~ - 40: 40? - 61: 61~ - 90: 90? (five: [iith; etc.). Hay 20 estudiantes en mi aula, pero _yo no soy el 20~ Haba 40 estudiantes, y l era el 40~. Hay 52 semanas y 365 das en un ao. Febrero tiene 28 das, pero enero tiene 31 das. Hay 4 semanas en un mes.
al el
Preterite (o count (kaunt):
LESSON
1 go to
1 count from 1 to 20:, 1,2,3,4, etc. (ai kaunt from WAn tu 'twenti ... it'setro)
Question: Answer: How oId are you? (hau ouId a: ju)
11. Las preposiciones of y from pueden traducirse por una sola preposicin espaola de; pero from indica un punto de partida, de separacin o de alejamiento, mientras que of indica posesin, de-
1 am twenty
Id)
(years old) (aim 'twenty jioz ould) 1 am twelve and a half (years old). (aim twelv on d haf ... ) una respuesta otro, distinto mitad, medio un cuarto viejo
retaS
dedo
an answer (' cmsa) another (d'nAO;}) half (haf) a quarter ('kw:J: to) old (ould)
Remarks
00
Las preposiciones
Ejercicio 22.-Contestar en ingls, primero por escriy luego oralmente, sin vacilaciones: What is your name? How old are you? How many boys are there in the classroom? How many English teachers have you? How many English lessons have you in a week? What is the date today? What day of the week is tomorrow? What day and date was it yesterday? Ejercicio 23.-Escribir en pasado: The good boy works, he is attentive and studious. The teacher explains the lesson, he corrects the exercises and counts the mistakes (mis'teiks = errores). Have you a lesson today? No, but 1 have a translation to write. There is one mistake in this exercise. There are many mistakes in that one. 1 open my book and listen to you.
to,
ver
iio-
It
ing
)m see
fue
ere
cumpleaos cundo?
yo nac
110 -
Curso de ingls
How oId are you? When is your birthday? When were you born?
I am twenty years old Aly birthday is on the fifth of June I was born in 1946. (Nineteen Hundred Forty-Six); o Nineteen Forty-Six)
REVIEW -
REPASO
Remarks
Ejercicio 24.-Conjugacin interro~ativa, traducir: Es usted el alumno o el maestro? Esta l en clase? Estamos con vosotros? Es chico (joven) el nio? Es bueno el maestro? Son perezosos los alumnos? Eran nuevos los libros? Estaba l en el.aula? Tiene usted un buen libro? Tena el maestro algunos alumnos buenos? Tuvieron los maestros algunos nuevos alumnos? Ejercicio 25.-Dar a cada una de las preguntas anterio-
res dos respuestas: una afirmativa, otra negativa. Ejercicio 26.-Poner en pasado: We play. You open. He
n. Entre las preposiciones in e Into existe la misma diferencia que entre at y to.
I am in the classroom I go Into the classroom III. Siempre I was born
=
repeats. She looks. 1 work. They count. He is. We are. you have. There is one book. There are two books. Ejercicio 27.-Traducir al ingls, escribiendo con letras todos los nmeros: Hoyes mircoles 2 de febrero. Maana es jueves, 3 de febrero de 1967.Nac el 13 de agosto de 1949. Tengo 17 aos y medio. Mi cumpleaos es el4 de octubre. Usted naci el 8 de enero de 1930.Tengo tres lecciones de ingls durante la semana: martes, jueves y viernes. Mi profesor de ingls viene el mircoles y el sbado. Tiene usted una leccin hoy? No, yo tuve una leccin ayer.
se dice:
Yo nac
Nota: Los nombres ingleses de los das de la semana, de los meses y de los aos, siempre se escriben con mayscula inicial.
LESSON
Es la una. Son las dos ... Es el medioda Es la medianoche Son las dos y media Son las dos y cuarto Son las dos y 10 minutos Son las cuatro nutos y 20 mi-
Cmo hoy?
est
It
It is two (o'clock) ... is twelve (o'clock)l is noon (nu:n) } is twelve (o'clock) is midnight
('midndit) (pa:st)
Hace buen
tiempo
it it it it it it
is is is is is is
warm (wo.rn) cold (kould) rainy ('reini) windy ('windi) foggy (Togi) snowy ('snoui)
Impersonal
hace calor hace fro el tiempo est lluvioso hace viento hay niebla hay nieve verbs: llueve nieva
two' lt is a quarter ('kw::l: ta) past two lt is ten (minutes) past two It is twenty (minutes)
past [our lt is a quarter to tour" to
lt is half past
con el verbo to be' tengo calor tengo fro tengo hambre tengo sed no tengo razn, me equivoco tengo razn
Falta un cuarto para las cuatro (Son las cuatro menos cuarto) Faltan diez para las cuatro (Son las cuatro menos diez) Son las cuatro en punto
I am warm 1 am cold 1 am hUI1Rry ('hi\l]gri) 1 am thirsty ('Od: sti) I am wrong (ron) I am right (rait)
1Aqu to be corresponde a: tener. o Las palabras: hour, honor, he ir (heredero) comienzan por h muda: an hour (an and, an and, an ed). 3 Se dice primero los minutos trascurridos (past) despus de la hora, o los que faltan (to) para la hora justa.
TIME (taim) EL TIEMPO (LA HORA) There are sixty minutes Question: ('minits) in an hour (aua)",
Qu hora es?
Ejercicio 28.-Traducir: Hoy hace fro. Los das son cortos. Est lloviendo o est nevando. Hace viento y hay niebla. Ayer hizo buen tiempo. El tiempo era caluroso. No hubo ni lluvia ni nieve ni viento. Me gusta cuando hace buen tiempo y calor. No me equivoco, tengo razn. Ejercicio 29.-Decir en ingls las fechas y las horas siguientes: Son las 4 y 25; 7 y media; 8 y 10; medioda [noon or midday ('middei)]; medianoche; 20 para las 6; 10 menos S; 3 y media; 11 y 25; 12 y cuarto; 9 en punto. Mircoles, 28 de enero; sbado, 25 de abril. Hay 60 minutos en una hora.
primavera verano
invierno There are four seasons in ayear; the names of the four seasons are: spring, summer, fall or au tumn and winter. Summer is a warm season. It begins on the
otoo
,,_.,
..
..~~
Curso de ingls twentieth of June and ends about the twenty-first of September. In summer the days are long, and the nights are short. It is fine and warm. It is pleasant to be out in the garden or in the country. Winter begins in December. It is a cold, dark season. It is windy or foggy. We like to be at home and sit in front of the fire. la maana ('a: fto'nu: n) la tarde evening ('i: vnin) el anochecer night (nait) la noche The day begins in the morning. In the day, 11 is light. In the night, it is dark. Segn la hora del da, se dice:
111
IEs lsta-
reno
!VOS
aiternon
morning ('m:J:niu)
iuen
tras
tire (Taia)
the clock (kbk) the watch (wotj') ~ood-bye (gud'bai) to get up (get ap) * to go to bed
comenzar terminar bello, bonito claro, luminoso, ligero oscuro fuego, lumbre reloj reloj de bolsillo adis, hasta luego levantarse acostarse
noches!
Ejercicio 3O.-Contestar a las preguntas: In what season is it warm? cold? When are the days long? When are the nights long? How is the weather in fall? Hcw many seasons are there in ayear? What is the first month of the year? What is the first day of the week? What month is very short? What is the colour of the snow?
ana, maVocabulario.
LESSON
EL CUERPO the the the the the the the the the the the the head (hed) neck (nek) arm (a.:m) leg (leg) shoulder (Touldo) elbow ('elbou) hand (hzend)
[inger ('fiuga) knee (ni:) ankle ('reukl) [oot (fut) toe (tou) la el el la el el la el la el el el cabeza cuello brazo pierna hombro codo mano dedo rodilla tobillo pie dedo del pie
emplea una locucin formada con el auxiliar to be y un participio presente para impartir al verbo el significado durativo o indicar que la accin del verbo se cumple en el mismo momento en que se est
Reading, writing. Son los participios presentes de los verbos: to read, to write. Por regla general, los participios presentes de todos los verbos ingleses se forman aadiendo ing (pronunciado (-iU) al nfinitivo, al que se suprime la partcula to',
rtos
mi-
to work to speak
.Ias
itro
cualtro mto
or h
~ de
The principal parts of the human body are: the head, the trunk and the four limbs. . We have four Iimbs (limz): two arms and two legs: The right arm (rait crrn), the lejt arm (left a:m), the right leg (rait leg), the lejt leg (left leg). The neck joins (dgoinz) the head to the trunk (trank). The principal parts of the arm are: the shoulder, the elbow, the hand, the fingers. The principal parts of the leg are: the thlgh (Bai) the knee, the calf (ka.:f), the ankle, the foot and the toes. Remarks on ln'ammar. Progressive formo En ingls, como en espaol, se
Conjugacin (spi: k)
*to speak
Yo hablo
1 speak he speaks we speak you speak they speak
Ejercicio 31.-Dar el infinitivo y el participio presente de los verbos estudiados hasta ahora.
son
:0
.aluLIsta ten-
LESSON
la oreja
oras
oda
IS
-,
LA CARA
lo Irregular
6;
nto. mi-
(Torid)
; of
au
the
the eyebrows ('aibrauz) the eyelashes ('ailrefiz) the nos e (nouz) the mouth (mau8) the lips (lips) the tooth (tu:8) the tongue (tAU) the chin (tj'in) the cheek (tj': k)
el pelo, el cabello la frente el ojo las cejas las nestaas la nariz la boca los labios el diente la lengua el mentn la mejilla
foot tooht
= teeth
form
= feet
n.
Progressive
(continued)
Interrogacin am 1 speaking? is he sneaking? is she speaking? is it speakngf are we speaking? are you speaking? are they speaking?
Negacin
1 am not speaking he is not speaking she is not speaking it is not speaking we are not speaking you are not speaking they are not speaking
~.
------
Ejercicio 32.-Traducir, y luego volver a traducir al ingls: My hair is long and dark, but it is not curly. I have dark eyebrows and eyelashes. I have green eyes, a straight nose and a small muth. My tongue and rny teeth are in my mouth. In the center of my face is my
LESSON
1 go (gou) * 1 come (kxm) 1 walk (wo: k) * 1 run (rxn) 1 jump (d3Amp) 1 dance (da:ns) 1 skate (skeit) Questions
1 am 1 am 1 am 1 am 1 am 1 am 1 am
going commg
walking running jumping dancing skating
1. Los verbos cuyo infinitivo termina esta letra ante la desinencia ing.
pero:to
and answers
1 am standing on the
II. Cuando el infinitivo de un verbo termina en una sola consonante, precedida por una sola vocal, la consonante final se duplica en el participio presente. Si es un verbo regular, se duplica tambin en el pretrito y en el participio pasado. to stop (detener, parar) stopping, stopped. * to run (correr) running (verbo irregular) to greet (saludar) greeting, greeted.
2? Is the teacher running? No, the teacher is not running, he is walking; but the schoolboys and the schoolgirls are playing, running and jumping in the playground (playground = pato de recreo). 3? In what season do you skate? 1 skate in winter
when it is cold and when the rivers and lakes are covered with ice [river (rivo) = ro; lake (leik) = lago].
pero:
4? What are you doing now? Now 1 am learning English. [*to learn (la: n) = aprender].
Ejercicio 34.-Poner en la forma progresiva: 1 go out in the morning. -He works at home in the afternoon. -He writes many exercises. -You repeat many lessons. -They listen to you, -He,looks at the picture. -We walk one hour every morning, Ejercicio 35.-Contestar a las preguntas: How many' arms, legs, limbs, necks have you? What are the principal parts of the body? What are the four limbs? What are the parts of the arm? How many fingers, how many feet and how many toes have you?
LES SON
* to
* to * to * to
to to
1 'see with my eyes (mai) He sees with bis eyes (hiz) She sees with her eyes (ha.) lt sees with its eyes (its) We see with our eyes (aua) You see with your eyes O:l:) They see with thier eyes ((lE;:) Las "formas dbiles" de bis y her se pronuncian (iz) y (ho) o (o). En ingls, el adjetivo posesivo es invariable en cuanto al 'gnero y nmero de la cosa poseda, fero en la 3~ persona del singular concuerda con e gnero de la persona o cosa que posee. (masc.) John has his pen, his pencil, his books (fem.) Mary has her pen, her pencil, her books (neut.) The book has its cover, its back, its pages. En plural se usa their para los tres gneros. Ejercicio 36.-Repasar las cuatro lec7iones precedentes y contestar a las preguntas que st~uen: Have you long hair or short hair? Is your hair fair or dark? Is it curly? What are the parts of the mouth? Can a deaf man hear? Can a blind man see? Are you blind? Is the teacher dumb? What is the color of the hair of this old man? What is the colour of your cheeks? Is your nose straight? Is your mouth large or small? With what do we see? hear? speak? smell? touch?
(hio)
1 smell with my nose (smel) 1 taste with my tongue (teist) 1 [eel with rny fingers (fi:l) 1 touch with my hand
(txtj')
A blind (blaind) man cannot see A deaf (def) man cannot hear A dumb (dxm) man cannot speak A deaf and dumb man can neither Can (keen, ka) Neither ... nor (ni.o ... no: ) =
Curso de ingls -
113
LESSON
1 must (IDAst, most) I must learn he must learn she must learn it must learn we must learn you must learn they must learn
1can se traduce: yo puedo, yo tengo la facultad y yo s (en el sentido de ser capaz). Slo se conjuga en el presente: 1 can y en el pretrito: 1 could (kud), 1 may significa ordinariamente: yo puedo, en el sentido de tener permiso y a veces en el sentido de existir la posibilidad de que se haga al&o. Slo tiene presente: 1may (mei) y pretrito: 1nught (rnait), 1 must (yo debo, yo tengo la obligacin,yo tengo que) slo se conjuga en el presente: 1 must. Los pretritos could y might tienen tambin valor de potencial o de subjuntivo espaoles, segn se estima la accin posible o dudosa.
What 1can do I can walk, run, dance. I can speak English a little. 1 can write, read, count. I can repeat many English words. I can see, I am not blindo I can hear, 1 am not deaf. I can speak, I am not dumb. What 1 must not do In cIass a good boy must not talk or chatter; he must not play; he must not laugh; he must not be noisy (ruidoso); he must not lean on his elbows; he must not turn round; he must not shout. Vocabulary.
He could go to
Spain:
'.
Yo s hablar ingls Yo puedo ir a Espaa { l pudo ir a Espan;i . l podra ir a Espafia l pudiera ir a Espaa l
to talk (to: k) to chatter ('tfret;:) to laugh (Iaf) to turn (ta.n) to turn round to shout (faut) * to lean (li: n)
Remarks on grammar.
conversar charlar reir volver, dar vuelta darse vuelta dar gritos apoyarse
Verbos defectivos Son aquellos que slo se conjugan en algunos de los tiempos. Estos verbos no toman una s en la 3~ persona del singular del presente. Como carecen de infinitivo, nunca los precede la partcula to.
puede (tiene permiso ara) ir a la esHe may go to school: cuera . { Es posible que vaya a la escuela . . . { l podra venir hoy He might come today. l pudiera venir hoy She must learn GerElla debe, o ella tiene, man que aprender alemn EjerciCio 37.-Traducir: Bob es un buen alumno; ~abe su leccin, hace los ejercicios y aprende las palabras inglesas. Dice buenos das al maestro cuando entra en el aula. Repite sus palabras y frases inglesas y no tiene errores en su trabajo. Va a la escuela en la maana, a las ocho y cuarto y regresa a la casa en la tarde. Ejercicio 38.-Poner el ejercicio 37 en femenino. Ejercicio 39.-Poner en forma negativa: This little girl is very nice, She has blue eyes and fair hair. She has rosy cheeks, a turned-up nose and a prettylittle mouth. Now she is learning her lesson. She is .reading and working. She is an attentive pupil, so she can sp~k English fluently. She pays attenton to the pronunciation,
Vocabulary. - Parts of the body. face. - The five senses. Grammar. expressions. Preguntas - Verbs lo have, lo be. - Verbs can, must. de repaso: -
Idiomatic
('p:>:trit)
Your portrait
Are you a girl or a boy? - Have you long hair or hort hair? - Have you blue eyes or black eyes?What are the organs of the five senses? - With what can you walk, read, write? - Can you write with your left hand? - Can you speak English fluently?
My portrait. - Completar
My hair is ... My mouth is . My nose is .
las frases
Preguntas de gramtica: 1? ~n qu se distingue la 3~ persona del singular de los verbos ingleses? 2? Como se forma el plural de los sustantivos? 3~ citar las excepciones a la regla precedente. 4? Cmo se traduce: hay? S? En que se diferencian: this - that - these - those? 6~ Cmo se emplean los adjetivos calificativos ingleses? 7~ Qu diferencia hay entre los artculos indefinidos a y an? 8? Cmo se forma en ingls el tiempo. pasado de un verbo regular? Citar unos ejemplos de verbos regulares, 9? Qu es la forma progresiva? Cundo y cmo se usa en ingls? lO? Las fechas se dicen en la misma forma en ingls que en espaol? 11? En qu se distingue la ortografa de ciertos numerales ordinales? 12? Citar unos ejemplos de frases negativas.
LES SON
el abuelo la abuela el hijo la hija
('grrendfa: a;;)
('frernili)
the grandmother
(graeendmxa )
el padre la madre
-------
la negacin
not, colocada
despus
del verbo
uncle (xnkl) aunt (ant) nephew ('nevju:) niece (ni: s) cousin (kazn)
Negative
n. Los dems verbos, para formar negaciones en el presente de indicativo, emplean al auxiliar do con la partcula not, ambas voces situadas entre el sujeto y el verbo, este ltimo puesto en el iniinitivo y sin la partcula to.
1 do not work
El verbo en la forma negativa es invariable; slo el auxiliar toma la desinencia de la 3~ persona del singular. he works he does not work she speaks she does not speak
1
conjugation
1 do not work (du: not) we do not work he does not work (dsz not ) you do not work they do not work she does not work it does not work Las contracciones son: don't (dount) y doesn't (dxznt). Remarks on grammar. Conjugacin negativa
, I. Ya hemos visto que la conjugacin negativa de los verbos auxiliares to be y to have y de los verbos defectivos como can y must se forma con
Ejercicio 4O.-Poner en forma negativa: He works, he learns, he speaks, he goes. She hears, she sees, she tastes, she feels. -We like, we begin, we know, we answer. -They end, they walk, they skate, they run.
1? inversin; al nombre del poseedor; 3? supresin de la preposicin of; 4? supresin del artculo antes del objeto posedo.
. the lesson oi this boy the father oi the little girl this boy's lesson; the little girl's father. 2? adicin de s apostroiada
Cuando el nombre del poseedor est en plural (y por tanto termina con s), basta aadir el apstrofe. the books of the boys - the boys' books; the children of the parents - the parents' children. pero: the books of these children - these children's books. Ejercicio 41.-Contestar a las preguntas: What is the feminine of father, son, husband? What is the masculine of aunt, niece, sister? What is the plural of child, man, woman? How many brothers and sisters have you? Have you many aunts and uncles? Is your grandfatber very old? Ejercicio 42.-Poner en forma posesiva: The father of my father is my grandfather. -The brother oi my father is my uncle. -The sister oi my father is rny aunt. The son oi my uncle is my cousin. -The daughter of my sister is my niece. -The son of my brother is my nephew. .
Possesive case. El caso posesivo ingls suprime la preposicin of cuando expresa pertenencia: el libro de mi profesor: the book ot my teacher se abrevia: My teacher's book. Existe, pues:
LESSON
Conjugacin
interrogativa
(Presente)
Are you an Englishman? Are yau an American? Have you an English book? Have you a German book? Are there many pages in this book?
I. Los verbos que no son auxiliares, como to be y ta have, ni defectivos, como can, may y must, forman la conjugacin interrogativa en el presente de indicativo mediante el auxiliar do (para la 3~ persona: does) 1 work - Do 1 work? He works - Does he work? Al contestar a una pregunta se acostumbra
n.
Curso de ingls repetir el auxiliar, en vez del verbo, en forma afirmativa cuando la respuesta es s y en forma negativa cuando es no:
10t
115
S, seorita,
Jane Brown.
Do you speak English? Can you speak English? Jiust you work to learn English?
Seor, seora, seorita.
, do
s en
'e el [tivo
is Mr. Brown.
isee-
do.
her.
My grandfather is now seventy-two years old. He was at school from 8 to 15 years of age and then he
LESSON
1 (y
ofe. reno
(klouz)
a
~ks. the ~ine nan, ou? ther
r of
pair
of) trousers
pantalones calzn, pantalones tos camisa cuello cinturn bolsillo corbata calcetines zapatos pantuflas abrigo saco pauelo impermeable armano, ropero ponerse quitarse
(~ p;;:ov 'trauzez) , a pair of) shorts (f::: ts) shirt (J~: t) collar ('k::>l~) belt ,(belt) .:. pocket ('p::kit) tie (tai)
cor-
~fa-
flllt. r of my
In the morning I get up at seven o'clock in winter and at half past SIX in summer. 1 dress: 1 put on my shirt and my trousers-which 1 hold up with a belt-my socks and my shoes. 1 put a tie round my collar and a handkerchief in my pocket. When 1 go out, 1 put on my overcoat, if it is cold, and my raincoat, if it is raining. When 1 come in, 1 take off my overcoat and 1 hang it in the closet. 1 take off my shoes and put on my slippers. Ejercicio 44.-Contestar en ingls: At what time do you get up? - At what time do you go to bed? - What do you put on first? - Do you put on slippers when you go out? - Do you put on an overcoat when you are at home? - What has aman round his collar? - Has a woman a pair of socks on her feet? - Do you put on shoes when you go out? Ejercicio 45.-Escribir el texto "1 dress" en la tercera persona masculina del singular. Ejercicio 46.-Traducir: En el invierno no me levanto a las 7 horas. No me visto a las 8 horas. El alumno se pone el abrigo. Cuando no salgo, no me pongo mi abrigo. Cuando no me levanto, no me pongo mis pantuflas.
overcoat handkerchiei
be ust,
lote l 3~
LES SON
sostn medias portaligas,
,
bra
liguero
slip (slip) skirt (sko: t) sweater ('swet;-) blouse (blauz) dress (dres) coat (kout) jacket ('d3rekit) gloves (glxvs) umbrella (xm'brelo)
[an (fzen) apron ('eipran)
pinafore .(pinab: )
* to wear
(WE;-)
enaguas, fondo falda suter blusa vestido abrigo saco guantes paraguas abanico delantal delantal de nma llevar puesto, usar
underclothes she wears a dress or a skirt with a blouse or with a sweater. When she goes out she puts on a jacket or a coat and a pair of gloves. When it is very cold she puts on a coat with a fur collar. At home she wears an apron over her dress. At school little girls wear pinafores. When it rains, a woman takes an umbrella. In warm countries ladies have fans to fan themselves with. Ejercicio 47.-Contestar en ingls: What are a woman's underclothes? - What does she put over them? - With what does she hold up her stockings? - What has she round her neck in winter? - Does she take an umbrella when the weather is fine? - What do little girls wear at school? - Does a gentleman wear an apron? - Do schoolboys wear pinafores? - Do little girls wear long or short skirts?
Clothes and underclothes.-Women's underclothes are the brassiere, the panties and the slip. A woman holds up her stockings with a garter belt. Over her
Remarks
on grammar_
('mira)
basin ('beisn) water ('w;,: to) soap (soup) towel ('taual) brush (bra]') comb (koum) part ('r.a:t) clean (kli m )
dirty ('da: ti) to clean (kli: n)
afirmativo. En la conjugacin afirmativa, el pretrito de un verbo regular se obtiene aadiendo la terminacin ed (o d) a la forma del infinitivo.
1. Pretrito
cepillo
peme raya (de peinado) limpio sucio limpiar lavar, lavarse cepillar peinar echar, tirar nouns cepillo para dientes cepillo para uas cepillo para cabello verb
to wash (wo]') to brush (bra] ) to comb (koum) "to throw (6rou) a toothbrush
('tu: Bbrx]')
Compound
to work: Yes, 1 worked - No, 1 did not work. to open: Yes, 1 opened - No, 1 did not open.
III. Participio pasado. El participio pasado de un verbo regular termina en ed (o d) como el pretrito.
of a regular
Negation
to wash: washed
(lavado)
to clean: cleaned
(limpiado)
I did not work he (she, it) did not work we, did not work you did not work they did not work
la con-
Ejercicio 48.-Traducir: In the morning when 1 get up, the first thing I do is to go to the bathroom. 1 wash my face and my hands with soap and water. I wipe them with a towel, but I am not yet ready. 1 must clean and brush my nails; then 1 must brush my teeth with a toothbrush, and comb my hair before the mirror. When I am quite ready, 1 finish dressing. 1 put everything back in its place before going out.
LESSON
* * * * * * * " *
to to to to to to to to to
sit, sat, sat stand, stood, stood take, took, taken give, gave, given speak, spoke, spoken see, saw, seen do, did, done know, knew, known understand,
saber conjugarlo basta con memorizar las tres formas: infinitivo, pretrito y participio pasado. As, el verbo to take es irregular, porque su prettito se conjuga: I took, you took, he took, etc. (y no: 1 taked), y porque su participio pasado es taken (y no: taked). Es preciso aprender a recitar sin vacilaciones: to take, I took, taken - to give, 1 gave, given, etc. Ejercicios de conjugacin Ejercicio 49.-Poner en negativo: 1 am aman, 1 work, 1 learn, 1 study - She is a schoolgirl. She does her homework and goes to school- We can speak and write a letter in English. - You must listen to me. - He is reading and writing. - They are dancing and playing. - Yesterday we were at home. We corrected our exercises and repeated our lessons. - They opened their books. - We spoke English. - They wrote a dictation (lo write, wrote, written). Ejercicio SO.-Poner en pretrito: A little girl is at the door. She comes* in and says, "Good rnorning". She
understood, understood * to begin, began, begun * to go, went, gane * to come, carne, come
Verbos irregulares
Su irregularidad slo se presenta en el pretrito afirmativo y en el participio pasado; por tanto, para
Curso de ingls with a nit she gloves. 1 a fur I dress. I. ralns, thernTHE HOUSE (haus)
'a wo-
117
* to her place, takes* her books and exercise books begins* to work. The teacher speaks* English. He questions and we answer. - 1 am reading and you
are listening. This lesson is difficult to learn, 1 have many lessons to learn. There are many lessons in this book.
LES SON
verbos defectivos como can,
el la la el el el el el la
techo chimenea planta, el alto piso piso bajo primer piso stano sain escalera
he looks,
he comes,
he can,
he must
b) Los verbos que terminan en sh, ch, s, x, Z, o en o toman la desinencia es en la 3~ persona del singular
la pizarra la teja la piedra of an irregular Neg. verb Interrog. Did Did Did Did Did Did Did 1 write? he write? she write? it write? we write? you write? they write?
racin
de un Aff.
Preterite
.rote
-- wrote wrote wrote wrote wrote y wrote
ierbos
ixiliar
1 did not write he did not write she did not write it did not write we did not write you did not write they did not write The Verb -
Nota: Las dos ltimas reglas se aplican igualmente al plural de los sustantivos:
a box, boxes a boy, boys a lady, ladies
Review
Presente.-a)
rma aadiendo
Ejercicio 51.-Contestar a las preguntas: Do you live in a house? - On what floor do you live? - How many stories are there in your house? - Do you live on the ground floor? - Have you a balcony? - On what floors are there balconies? - What are the walls of your house made of? - What are the doors and floors made of? - What is the roof covered with? - What is the color of a tile? - Where is the cellar? - Do you live in the cellar?
LESSON
New verbs sleep, slept, slept eat, ate, eaten cook receive dormir comer cocer, cocinar recibir
bedroom ('bedrum)
sh my them n and vith a When vthing :e dining room 'dainin rum) ;.e living room (Iivin rum) :e study ('stAdi) :e bathroom ('ba: 6rum) :e nursery ('na: sri) --el 'e attic ('retik)
-ie
- - ----..-:.._-
The Verb -
a) En los verbos regulares, ste se forma aadiendo ed al infinitivo (o simplemente una d si el verbo termina en e). to ask to receive
s foriretyno: en (y
1 asked 1 receved
vacire, gi-
Lunch (Ianj') or dinner ('dina) is at 2 o'clock. Breakiast ('brekfast) is at 8 o'clock. Supper ('sApa) is a cold meal.
ACTIONS ('rekf.mz)
b) Cuando el infinitivo termina con consonante sencilla, precedida por vocal acentuada, la consonante se duplica. 1 stop 1 fan 1 stopped ('st::>pt) 1 fanned ('frend) termina en y, la termina-
In the bedroom, 1 * sleep (sli:p). In the dining room, 1 * eat (i:t). In the bathroom, 1 * take baths (bcu z). In the study, 1 work (wa.k) In the kitchen, the servant cooks (kuks) the meals. In the living room, 1 receive (ri'si: v) visitors or iends (frendz).
e) Cuando el infinitivo cin del pretrito es ied. to copy, 1 copied ('bpid) pero: to play, 1 played (pleid)
118 -
Curso de ingls
LESSON
inde-
2? Advirtase la forma de usar el adverbio finido so me delante de los nombres genricos: give me some wine
poco de vino.
= dme
vino o dme un
fruit (fru: t) fruta bread (bred) pan butter ('bAtd) mantequilla wine (wain) vino tea (ti:) t coiiee ('bfi) caf sojt drink (soft drink) refresco beer (bid) cerveza cider ('said<'l) sidra oil (oil) acei te vinegar (vngo) vinagre salt (so: lt) sal pepper ('pep<'l) pimienta mustard ('mAstdd) mostaza Observaciones: 1? Se omite el artculo
delante de los nombres tido general. . de sustancias
Ejercicio 52.-Traducir (Ver tambin leccin 34): In the morning at 8 o'clock 1 have breakfast. 1 drink a cup of coffee with milk, or a cup of chocolate, and 1 eat bread and butter. - Dinner is at 2 o'clock. 1 sit down at table, I take my napkin and lay it on my lap, I eat my soup with a spoon. I cut my meat on my plate with my knife. 1 eat meat and vegetables with a fork. I prepare my salad with oil, vinegar, salt and pepper. Then I eat a little cheese and some jam with biscuits or some fruit. I drink a cup of coffee and my dinner is overo I do not drink wine, or beer, or cider; 1 only drink water. At five o'clock 1 have a soft drink or a cup of tea when 1 have time, and at 8 o'clock in the evening I take my supper. Ejercicio 53.-Contestar a las preguntas: At what time did you have dinner yesterday? - In what room do you eat your meals? - At what time do you have your breakfast? - What do you put in a salad? - What do you drink at breakfast? - What do you eat at dinner? - Do you like pepper? - With what do you take mustard? Ejercicio 54.-Traducir: Ayer tom mi almuerzo a las once y media. Com pan, carne y verduras. Tomaba un tenedor con la mano izquierda y un cuchillo con la mano derecha para cortar la carne. A las cinco tuve un t con amigos; estuvimos en la sala delante del fuego. Haca calor.
El futuro se forma en ingls con el infinitivo al que se suprime la partcula to y con dos auxiliares: shall (j'eel) en las primeras personas del singular y del plural, y will (wil) en las dems personas. taza
sugar bowl
('su:p
to eat:
(Tugo' boul)
soup tureen
ta'ri..n) saltce/lar ('s:>lt'sel<'l) tea pot ('ti: pot) coiiee pot ('bfi pot ) milk [ug ('milk 'd3Ag) salad bowl ('sreldd boul) sauce boat ('s:>: s bout)
eat with a fork? a spoon? - From what do you drink tea or coffe? - With what do you cut your meat? eat your soup? - What do you drink in a cup? - Do you put sugar or mlk in your tea? - What do you put on a saucer? in a bottle? in a decanter? in a dish? - At what time do you drink tea? - What do you prefer, tea or coffee? EjerciciO 56.-Contestar negativamente a las preguntas: Do you eat your soup with a fork? Do you drink wine out of a cup, or tea out of a glass? - Do you eat vegetables at breakfast? - Does your brother put sugar in his salad? Does vour father put pepper in his cup of coffee? Did you drink beer yesterday? Did you eat chocolate last week? Did your mother give you much meat at dinner?
(ail, jul. .. ) I'Il, you'll. .. Ejercicio 55.-Contestar a las preguntas: What do you
LESSON
Nota: Advirtase el uso de los verbos to stand y to lie en relacin con los objetos: 1 stand in front of the teacher. The table stands in a corner. The coffee pot stands on the table. The child lies in bed. The book lies on the table. The carpet lies on the floor.
119
Negative 1 shall not eat. He will not eat. She will not eat. It will not eat. We shall not eat. You will not eat. They will not eat.
verbo emplean el auxiliar do (does) en el presente, did en el pretrito y shall (will) en el futuro. to eat: does he eat? did he eat? will he eat?
un
Shall I eat? Will he eat? Will she eat? Will it eat? Shall we eat? Will you eat? Will they eat?
En la forma negativa, shall not se contrae en shan't (Ja:nt) y will not en won't (wount). Remarks on grammar. interrogativa y negativa del
my
Las conjugaciones
Ejercicio 57.-Traducir las siguientes preguntas y contestarlas en ingls: En qu cuarto est la cama de usted? En qu cuarto tiene usted un silln? Dnde recibe usted a sus amigos? Dnde prepara (cocina) los alimentos la sirvienta? Dnde trabaja el padre de usted? Se asea usted en el cuarto de bao? Estaba usted ayer en la sala? Tuvo usted algunos amigos? Hubo sillas en la sala? Tom usted sus alimentos en la cocina? Puso usted flores en el florero?
1 should eat
He would eat She would eat It would eat \Ve should eat You would eat Ihey would eat Remarks
Should He would not eat Would She would not eat Would It would not eat Would We should not eat Should You would not eatWould They would not eat Would
1 eat? he eat? she eat? it eat? we eat you eat they eat
on grammar.
.tivo
.iliangunas. .at at eat
Conditional Tense.-Este tiempo del indicativo de los verbos ingleses corresponde al potencial simple en espaol. Se forma con los auxiliares should y would. Should (fud) se emplea en la primera perona del singular y del plural; would (wud), en las dems personas. Las contracciones de 1a forma negativa son: shouldn't (fudnt) y wouldn't (wudnt) condi-
Ejercicio 58.-Traducir: En la maana me levanto, me aseo y me visto. Cuando estoy listo, voy al comedor. Me siento a la mesa delante de mi taza de caf. Pongo en ella un poco de leche y azcar y comienzo mi desayuno. Corto. el pan. lo unto con mantequilla y lo como; luego tomo el caf con leche y vuelvo a poner la taza sobre el platillo. El caf est delante de m en la cafetera, la leche en la jarra para leche, y el azcar en la azucarera. Mi madre no toma caf ni t, prefiere el chocolate. Me gusta mucho el t, pero no tomo t en la maana. Lo tomo en la tarde a las cinco los jueves y domingos, cuando estoy en la casa. Ejercicio 59.-Traduclr: Hoy estoy en la escuela. Trabajo, obedezco a mi maestro. No juego. Mi hermano es chico, l no va a la escuela, est en la casa con mi madre y mira las ilustraciones en el cuarto de los nios o juega en el jardn. Ayer estuve con mis amigos; no trabajamos porque no tuvimos ni ejercicios ni clases; tomamos t, comimos pan, mermelada y galletas; no fuimos al jardn: llovi. Maana ir a la escuela, recitar mis lecciones y corregir los ejercicios con mi maestro. No habr muchos errores y tendr una buena calificacin; mi maestro dir: est bien. S hiciera buen tiernpo saldra; si lloviera, ustedes estaran en la casa.
'zenirnlz )
the the the the the the the the the the the the
dog (dog) cal (keet) cow (kau) cal] (kof') ox (oks) goat (gout) horse (ho: s) sheep (fi: p) pig (pig) rabbit ('nebit) mouse (maus) dorikey ('d::JlJki)
el el la el el la el la el el el el
perro gato vaca becerro buey cabra caballo oveja puerco coneio ratn asno
lo to lo to to lo
give, gave, given hear, heard, heard smell, smelt, smelt [eel, felt, felt draw, drew, drawn speak, spoke, spoken
cortar hacer, fabricar quemar, arder dar oir oler sentir, tentar tirar, tirar de hablar
USEFUL ANlMALS
The dog is a faithful and vigilant guardian. The donkey carries sacks and burdens. The horse draws carts or carriages The sheep gives us wool. With wool we make warm clothes for winter. The goat, calf and cow give us leather. With leather we make schoolbags, handbags, shoes. Irregular sheep = sheep (Ii.p) calf = calves (kavz) goose = geese (gi:s) plurals mouse ox mice (mais) oxen (oksn) diver-
DOMESTIC BIRDS
cock (kok) hen (hen) chicken ('tSikin) goose (gu: s) duck (dxk) turkev ('td:ki) useiul ('ju: sfu!) iaithiul ('fei8fu!) the the the the the the el gallo la gallina los pollos el ganso el pato el pavo til fiel verbs beber, tomar
and
Id Y
Some irregular
;.:,, ..I:::"i":"I;LI:\~~J'~~iG-jWlL~iili''
120-
Curso de ingls diante la terminacin er (;:l) (vase ejemplo a). Los adjetivos largos (dos, tres o mayor nmero de slabas) forman el comparativo por medio del adverbio more (rno.) (vase ejemplo b). a) An armchair b) An armchair Ortografa: Los adjetivos CJ.ue en positivo terminan en e forman el comparativo aadiendo slo una r is larger ('la: d3g) than a chair. is more confortable than a chair.
Inferioridad.
Mi tarea es menos larga que la tuya. My lesson is less long than yours.
able -
capaz (eibl)
abler ('eiblg)
de una conso-
Superioridad.
a) Mi tarea es ms larga que la tuya. My les son is longer than yours. b) Mi tarea es ms difcil que la tuya. My lesson is more difficult than yours. Observacin 1. En casos de igualdad, as (eez, oz) Observacin 2. En casos de inferioridad y superioridad, la conjuncin espaola que se traduce: despus de
pretty gay -
Los que terminan en una consonante por una vocal, duplican esta consonante
sad gla -
sadder ('sred~)
gladder ('glred~)
Ejercclo 60.-Traducir las frases siguientes aplicando las reglas del comparativo: El perro es tan til como el gato y es ms fiel. Un becerro es ms grande que una oveja, pero no es tan grande como el buey. Las orejas de un asno son ms largas que las de un caballo, pero el conejo tiene orejas tan largas como las del asno. El gato es ms limpio que el perro, y el cerdo es ms sucio que otros ammales. QUIero al perro menos que al gato, pero ms que al caballo.
complemento he gives me me, a m le, a l le, a ella (neutro) nos, a nosotros te, a ti, vos, a vosotros, a usted, a ustedes. les, a ellos, a ellas.
fuerte - strong ms fuerte - stronger el ms fuerte de todos - strongest ('stroogist) Los adjetivos que forman el comparativo mediante la voz more, emplean' para el superlativo most (moust) difcil - diijicult ms difcil - more difficult el ms difcil de todos - most difficult. Remarks on spelling. grande, voluminoso ancho feliz listo dichoso grande gordo
he gives them
Estos pronombres, cuyas formas fuertes son: (mi:), (him), (hc: ), (it), (AS), (ju; ), (em), tienen las siguientes formas dbiles: (mi), (im), (o.), (it), (es), (ju), (ogm, om). DOMESTIC ANlMALS (continued) beef (bi:f) = carne de vaca. veal (vi:l) ternera chica. mutton (rnatn) . = carnero. pork (po.k) = carne de cerdo The hen gives us eggs (egz).
large, larger, largest wide, wider, widest happy, happier, happiest ready, readler, readiest lucky, luckier, luckiest big, bigger, biggest [at, fatter, fattest
Irregular good, better, best bad, worse, worst
The ox gives us beef. The calf gives us veal, The sheep gives us mutton. The pig gives us pork. The cow gives us milk (milk). Remarks on grammar.
comp. and superlative bueno, mejor, ptimo malo, peor, psimo chico, menor, mnimo
1. Pronombres personales complementos. Observemos el lugar, en relacin con el verbo, que ocupan los pronombres complementos en una oracin inglesa y espaola: . l me da una manzana; yo la como. He gives me an apple; 1 eat t. n. Adjetivos .....:crado superlativo.-Los que toman er en el grado comparativo (ist) en el superlativo.
Ejercicio 61.-Contestar en ingls: What does the hen give us? - What animal gives us milk? - What is made with milk? - What sorts of meat do you know? - What animals give us those sorts of meat? - Do we eat the dog and the cat? - Do you eat chicken every day? What do you prefer, a beefsteak or a leg of mutton? -What is a young cow? - What animals eat rats and mice? - What animal has very long ears? Ejercicio 62.-Traducir: Soy ms grande que mi hermano, 'pero l es ms alto que yo. En verano los das son mas largos que en invierno y las noches ms cortas. Enero es ms largo que febrero o abril, pero diciembre es tan largo como enero. En verano hace ms calor que en primavera. Ayer hizo ms fro que hoy. Maana har mejor tiempo que hoy. Saldra S1 hiciera menos fro. Iras a la escuela si hiciera calor. Ejercicio 63.-Contestar a las preguntas siguientes: What animal is the most faithful? - What are the most
Curso de ingls use fui animals? - Which is the biggest domes tic animal? - What animal do you like best? - What do we make with wool and leather? - In what season do you
put on woolen stockings? -
121
ro de
:1 ad-
Do you like the horse or the cat better? - Is a donkey less useful then a horse? -smaller than a dog?
air. iair,
LESSON
, for-
Regular Verb
Irregular
Verb
IllSO-
ia)
r have worked He has worked She has worked It has worked We have worked You have worked They have worked
Interrogative form
Have r worked? Has he worked? Has she worked? Has it worked? Have we worked? Have you worked? Have they worked?
r have given He has given She has given It has given We have given You have given They have given
Negative [orm
1. Las conjugaciones interrogativa y negativa se forman en ingls mediante el empleo de un verbo auxiliar. Estos auxiliares son, para el presente: do (does en la 3~ persona del singular) y para el pretrito: did.
Los auxiliares correspondientes futuro simple, condicional simple puesto son: shall (will); should (has, Y persona de singular). to bark (bcr: k) Does the dog bark? . Did the dog bark? Will the dog bark? Has the dog barked? Would the dog bark? El perro a los tiempos: y pretrito com(would) y have ladra
dida
zndo
Dmo que oreallo, sno. ms que
r have not worked He has not worked She has not worked It has not worked We have not worked You have not worked They have not worked
anost
n. Progressive form (v. leccin 18) Esta forma imparte al verbo un sentido duratiyo. Se construye con el gerundio o participio presente del verbo y la conjugacin del verbo to be.
1 am speaking 1 was speaking
1 shall be speaking Estoy hablando Estuve hablando Estar hablando
Ejercicio 64.-Traducir las siguientes preguntas: :Habla usted? Hablaba? (o habl usted?) Ha hab ado usted? ' Arde el fuego? Arda o ardi? Arder el fuego? Ha ar ido el fuego?
a strawberry
('str::>:bri) a plum (plxm) a peach (pi:tf) an apple ('repl) a pear (pco) grapes (greips) an orange ('::>rind3) a lemon (Teman) en de
lat
Secuencia:
Auxiliar
- Sujeto
- Verbo.
Do r give? Does he give? Does the boy give? Did r give? Did he give? Did the boy give? Shall 1 give? Will he give? Will the boy give? Should 1 give? Would he give? Would the boy give? Have 1 ;liven? Has he given? Has the boy given? Can r give? Can he give? Can the boy give? Must I give? Must he give? Must the boy give? Review of the negative Sujeto - Auxiliar formo Orden de locucin: Negacn Verbo
>
he
n? Id
the daisy ('deizi) the poppy ('p::>pi) the rose (rouz) the pink (pink ) the carnation
(ka: 'neijan) the lily ('lili)
la margarita la amapola la rosa el clavel la azucena la violeta la primavera el crisantemo formo Cualesquiera
-ras
ir-
us
s: st
y.
ra
of the interrogative
r do not come. He does not come. The boy does not come. I did not come. He did not come. The boy did not come. r shall-not come. He will not come. The boy will not come. r should not come. He would not come. The boy would not come. I have not come. He has not come. The boy has not come. I cannot come. He cannot come. The boy cannot come. I must not come. He must not come. The boy must not come.
122-
Curso de ingls rrow. They would work. Ejercicio 66.-Poner en forma negativa: Yesterday 1 ate some roast beef and 1 drank a cup of milk. 1 looked at my chickens. They were very fato Tomorrow 1 shall go to the market. 1 shall have butter and eggs. 1 shall order meat and vegetables. You will come with me. 1 am coming tomorrow. He was working. She will be playing.
1 am not coming. He is not coming. The boy is not coming. Ejercicio 65.-Poner en forma interrogativa: This is my house. It is a large house. The house has several stories. 1 can see the balcony on the 5th floor. 1 wrote my exercise yesterday. He carne to school and worked very mucho You spoke English. He will come tomo-
the baker ('beik~) the butcher ('hutJ~) the grocer ('grous~) the [ruiterer ('fru: toro) the pastrycook the greengrocer
('gri: ngrousa)
el panadero el carnicero el abarrotero, el almacenero el frutero el pastelero el verdulero el lechero el pescadero la cuenta pagar comprar vender
the milkman
('milkm~n) the dairyrnan ('d(~nm~n)
n.
the
( r
fU-' ITIAU go )
[ishmonger
the bill (bil) to pay (pei) * to buy (bai) , bought, bought * to sell (sel) , sold, so Id
(sto.z) El posesivo ingls se usa slo cuando el poseedor es un ser viviente, pero puede emplearse tambin para expresar una nocin de tiempo o distancia. a day's work a two hours' lesson a mile's walk
, Se sobreentiende:
quiero
At the grocer's shop, 1 can buy sugar, tea, coffee, salt and yepper. When 1 want fish, 1 go to the fishmonger's.' The [ishrnonger sells soles, salmon or riverfish: trout and carp. When 1 want bread, 1 go to the baker's? The baker makes bread with [lour. When 1 wan cakes, 1 go to the pastrycook's.' The pastrycook makes cakes, tarts, pies and many good thing. ' 1. Posessive pronouns, This book is mine. mine (main) his (hi:z) hers (ho.z) 'lts own (its oun) Este libro es mo. mo, ma, mos, mas; el mo, la ma, los mos, las mas. suyo, etc. (poseedor masculino) suyo, etc. (poseedor femenino) suyo, etc. (poseedor neutro) nuestro, etc, tuyo, etc., vuestro, de usted, etc. suyo, etc. (poseedores de cualquier gnero)
el trabajo de un da o un da de trabajo una leccin de dos horas un paseo de una milla { distancia de una milla
shop, baker's shop, etc.
[ishmonger's
ours (auoz),
yours ('j:J:z), theirs
(O(~z),
Ejercicio 67.-Contestar a las preguntas: What do you buy at the fruiterer's shop? What can you see in a butcher's shop? What does the milkman, the grocer, the fishmonger sell? Where do you buy bread? What is the .man who makes bread? What animals give the meat sold by the butcher? What animal gives milk? eggs? What fruits are sold by the fruiterer in winter? What vegetables does the greengrocer sell in surnmer? Did you pay my bill at the grocer's? Ejercicio 68.-Traducir: El lechero trae la leche a la casa (a la puerta). El lechero vende el queso y la mantequilla hechos con la leche. Vende tambin huevos. En el puesto de frutas y verduras compro naranjas y limones; en verano compraba melocotones y ciruelas. En primavera comprar cerezas y fresas. Las manzanas y las uvas son mas baratas en otoo. Cuando quiero carnero, ternera o carne de vaca, voy a la carnicera. Cuando quiero papas o zanahorias voy tambin al puesto de frutas y verduras. Pero en el mercado la carne es ms barata, y las verduras y flores, ms frescas (fresh, [resher ). Carniceros, pescaderos, lecheros y verduleros tienen sus puestos en el mercado. Me gusta comprar all.
peinadora de hombres
the silversmith
('silv;:smi8)
the bookseller
('buksel;:)
peluquero librero
the goldsmith
1 can get
123
little
[ew
'ivos
each every
se refiere a cada uno separadamente. tiene significado colectivo y se refiere a cada unidad de un total.
Each of these pupils has a book. Every boy is at school at 80'clock. II. Algunos pronombres ingleses: otro, otra, indefinidos espaoles e
40
pospaI
I. Words of number, quantity and amount. Las palabras inglesas que determinan el nmero, cantidad o cuanta pueden desempear diversas funciones en una frase: Ad].
mo,
Una nia pequea l trabaja poco l come poca carne Pido poco pocas observaWhat else?
mi
a unas
Somebodyelse
Some - Any (Antes de un nombre empleado en sentido general significan: algo de, un poco de. En otros casos se traducen por alguno, alguna, algunos, algunas).
some
any
se emplea en frases afirmativas. se emplea en las interrogaciones, .negaciones y en frases afirmativas despus de la particula condicional if.
Some boys are lazy. Have you any money? He does not want any bread. If any of the boys is lazy ... Much - Many (mucho, mucha, muchos, muchas) se emplean como en espaol:
somebody ('sAmb~di) en frases afirmativas. anybody ('enib:>di) en interrogaciones y despus de una negacin. nobody ('noub~di) (aff.) , anybody (interr. y neg.) something ('sAmSiO) (aff.) anything ('eniSlJ) (interr. y neg.) nothing ('llAShJ) (aff.) anything (interr. y neg.)
Ejercicio 69.-Traducir las preguntas y contestar con dos frases: una afirmativa y otra negativa: El maestro
dr algunos ms el martes prximo? Tiene usted hijos?
much many
de all:
de singular de plural work lessons cunto? how much? how many? cuntos,
cuntas?
Little - Few (poco, poca, pocos, pocas, unos cuantos, unas cuantas)
Esta seora tiene hijas? Estos alumnos tuvieron muchas lecciones? Tiene usted ms que esto? Tiene usted menos? Ejercicio 70.-Traducir: El repostero vende tartas? S las vende, y tambin vende pasteles y tortas. Hay algunos bonitos aretes en tu joyera? S, ve y consguelos. Ha comprado tu hermana papel, tinta y plumas? S, y ha conseguido tambin papel secante y reglas largas. La florista tiene muchas flores hoy? No, tiene pocas, no tiene rosas ni claveles. Su maestro tiene mucho trabajo, muchas lecciones? l tiene muchas lecciones y muchos alumnos y poco tiempo para s mismo. Ha ido alguien a la librera? S, alguien fue. Hubo algo interesante? No, no haba absolutamente nada .
to hand (hrend)
entregar STORE
dis'plei) keis)
THE DEPARTMENT
dirt (do.t) counter ('kounta) cashier ('krefia) cash (kref) change (tjeindg ) to fill (fil) to display (dis'plei) to rece iv e (ri'si: v)
1 lke to walk in the street and look at the window displays. Those of the department store are the most attracitve. Each displays a different sort of merchandise. Inside the store there are many shelves and glass cases filled withy every possible article. They are all protected from dust and dirt. There are long counters all along the wall and a few chairs for the customers. Behind each counter stands a salesgirl or a salesman. The cashier, generally a woman, receives the cash and hands back the change.
124-
May 1 help you? (mei ai 'help ju) Puedo ayudar a usted? What can 1 do for you?(hw:)t kan ai 'du: f;;ju) Qu se le ofrece? . It is a very good article, the best we have. Es muy buen artculo, el mejor que tenemos. You cannot get it cheaper elsewhere. No lo consigue ms barato en otra parte. Yes, we have other models. S, tenemos otros modelos. Do you want anything else? (dju wont 'eni6ilJ els?) Desea algo ms? Shall we get it for you? (Ieel wi get it fd ju.P) Se lo conseguiremos? Shall we send it to your address? Lo mandaremos a su direccin? Here is the bill. Aqu est la cuenta. THE CUSTOMER No, thank you. I'm just looking. No, gracias. Slo estaba viendo. 1 want a pair of gloves. Necesito un par de guantes. 1 think these are very dear. Encuentro stos muy caros. Can you show me something similar but les s expensive? Puede ensearme algo similar, pero menos costoso? That will do. How much is it? Est bien. Cunto cuesta? Please send it to my address. Envelo a mi direccin, por favor. Other Questions:
1. Reflexive verbs. En ingls slo los verbos transitivos pueden conjugarse de un modo reflexivo, siendo indispensable q.ue la accin que se expresa recaiga sobre el sujeto. To fan oneself abanicarse 1 fan myself (mai'self) You fan yourself (jor'self) He fans himself (him'self) She fans herself (ha.'self) It fans itself (it'self) We fan ourselves (auo'selvz) You fan yourselves (jor'selvz) They fan themselves (em'sevz) En las formas reflejas del pronombre complemento se acenta la parte que indica su carcter reflexivo: self y selves. La ],>arte inicial de la voz puede presentar la forma debil: (mi'self), (ja'self), (im'self'), (a'self ), (jo'selvz), (oClm'selvz). 11. Reflexive pronouns. Las formas reflejas del pronombre complemento; mvseli, yourseli, himseli etc. se traducen; me, te, se, etc. y se colocan siempre despus del verbo. Como se ha visto: Oneself se emplea con infinitivo y se traduce se. Yourself se emplea para referirse a una sola persona; you wash yourself se traduce: t te lavas
o usted se lava.
Yourselves corresponde a la 2~ persona del plural; you wash yourselves significa: vosotros os la-
How much, how many? How How How How oiten? manv times? long?
[ar?
Cunto, cuntos, cuantas? Con qu frecuencia? Cuntas veces? Cunto tiempo? A qu distancia?
the the the the the the the the the the
painter ('peint;;) sculptor ('skJ\lpt;;) doctor ('d:>kt;;) surgeon ('S;;l: d3;;n) dentist ('dentist) chemist ('kemist) nurse (na.s) typist ('taipist) architect (' ct: kitekt) carpenter
)
pintor o pintor de casas escultor mdico cirujano dentista farmacutico, boticario enfermera mecangrafa arquitecto carpintero tapicero yesero plomero cerrajero albail
* to draw
dibujar poner, echar, tender poner hacer, fabricar cubrir pintar clavar tapizar colgar vaciar, fundir cerradura cao llave clavo un cristal un mueble
('ka: pinto)
the upholsterer
(xp'houlstora
the plasterer
('plast;;lr;;l ) the plumber ('plJ\m;;)
the locksmith
('bksmi6)
the bricklayer
('briklei;;l ) the glazier ('gleiz;;l) BUILDING
The architect draws plans. The bricklayer lays the bricks and builds the walls. The plasterer covers the brick walls with a layer of plaster.
to hang (heen) * to cast (kast) a lock (bk) a pipe (paip) a key (ki:) a nail (neil) a windowpane (-pein) a piece oi furniture
(pi: s ov 'f;}: nitja)
carecen de formas dbiles. quin habla? a quin habla usted? de quin es este libro? cul estacin prefiere usted? qu dice usted?
D,
1. Relative pronouns. Los principales bres relativos ingleses son: who (hu:) which (hwitf) that (oret)
e-
se emplea para las personas se emplea para las cosas se emplea para las personas o cosas
The man who stands here. The table which stand s here. The man (the table) that stands here. Who tiene tres formas: sujeto who (hu:)' complemento whom (hu:m) caso posesivo whose (hu:z)
"-
who speaks? to whom do you speak? whose book is this? which season do vou preier? what do you say?
1 Es
r
z;
The man who speaks The man to whom 1 speak The man whose son is my pupil II. Interrogative pronouns. Los pronombres interrogativos en ingls son: who? (hu:) what? (hwot) whose? (hu:z) which? (hwitf) whom (hu:m)
Ejercicio 73.=Traducir: El escultor produce figuras y ornamentos tallados en yiedra o vaciados en bronce. El pintor pinta cuadros. E mdico es uno de los hombres ms tiles entre los que ejercen una profesin. El farmacutico y las enfermeras ayudan al mdico en su trabajo. Cuando tengo un diente picado VGY al dentista. La mecangrafa trabaja en una oficina. El obrero trabaja en una fbrica. Algunas fbricas emplean muchos obreros. Ejercicio 74.-Traducir las interrogaciones siguientes y contestarlas en ingls: Quin le da lecciones de ingls? Qu producen estos artistas? De quin es esta casa? Para quin es esa otra casa? Quin dibuj los planos de la casa? Cundo estar lista? Cul casa prefiere usted? Por qu?
Afirmativa (Indica1 work he works 1 worked he worked 1 shall work he will work
Negativa
Interrogativa
tivo) PRESENTE (presente) trabajo PAST(Pretrito imperfecto e indefinido) trabajaba o trabaj FUTURE (Futuro) trabajar
1 do not work' he does not work" 1 did not work" he did not work 1 shall not work' he will not work" 1 should not work" he would not work' 1 have not worked" he has not worked" 1 had not worked he had not worked" 1 shall not have worked he will not have worked
Do 1 work? Does he work? Did 1 work? Did he work? Shall 1 work? Will he work? Should 1 work? Would he work? Have 1 worked? Has he worked? Had 1 worked? Had he worked? Shall 1 have worked? Will he have worked?
CONDITONIAL (Potencial simple) 1 should work trabajara he would work PRESENT PERFECT (Pretrito !cer- 1 have worked" fecto) he trabaja o he has worked" PASTPERFECT (Pretrito pluscuamperfecto) haba trabajado FUTURE PERFECT (Futuro perfecto) habr trabajado CONDITIONAL PERFECT (Potencial compuesto) haba trabajado
IMPERATIVE
1 had worked he had worked 1 shall have worked he will have worked
1 should have worked 1 should not have worked Should 1 have worked? he would have worked he would not have worked Would he have worked?
(Imperativo) (t) Let me work Work Let him work Let her work Let it work Let us work" Work Let them work Let me not work Do not work" Let him not work Let her not work Let it not work Let us not work Do not work Let them not work to work not to work
trabaja
trabajad
(vosotros)
trabajar PRESENT PARTICIPLE or GERUND (Participio presente o gerundio) trabajando PAST PARTICIPLE (Participio pasado) trabajado
working worked
not working
126- Curso de ingls PRESENT PERFECT PARTICIPLE or PERFECT GERUND (Gerundio compuesto) habiendo trabajado Contracciones:
1 I don't work (dount) He doesn't work (dxznt) '1 didn'twork (didnt) I shan't work (Sant) He won't work (wount)
having worked
He hasn't worked (heeznt) ,. He hand't worked (heednt) l3 Let's work (lets) "Don't work (dount)
II
1 shouldn't work (judnt) 'He wouldn't work (wudnt) I've worked (aiv) He's worked (hiz) re I haven't worked (hmvnt)
Observacin l. En ingls no hay ms que una sola conjugacin regular, sea cual fuere la terminacin del verbo. En ingls, los modos del verbo son cuatro: iniinitivo, indicativo, imperativo y subjuntivo. En el ingls moderno, el l?resente de indicativo, el infinitivo o el futuro de indicativo reemplazan, generalmente, al subjuntivo. Vase ltima leccin. Al modo potencial espaol corresponden en ingls dos tiempos del indicativo: el condicional simple y el condicional compuesto. El imperativo ingls es el modo del mandato y de la solicitud. Las segundas personas del singular y plural corresponden al imperativo espaol. Las dems personas se forman con el auxiliar to let: dejar o permitir. Let me have: tenga yo (literalmente: dejadme tener). Observacin 11. En la voz activa, todo verbo ingls, regular o irregular, forma los tiempos compuestos, como en espaol, con el auxiliar haber: to have. He llegado He ido 1 have arrived 1 have gane
Observacin 111.Si se compara la tabla anterior con la conjugacin de los verbos ser (o estar) y haber, se observar que las formas interrogativas y negativas del presente y del pretrito se construyen para aquellos verbos sin emplear auxiliares. 1 am not - am I? - 1 was not - was I? IV. Posicin del pronombre complemento. No debe intercalarse el pronombre complemento entre el sujeto y el verbo o entre la negacin y el verbo. El pronombre complemento siempre sigue al verbo. 1 see him. Do you see him? I do not see him. 1 speak to him. Do you speak to him? 1 shall not speak to him. 1 give them a book. Do you give them a book? He did not give them a book. Yo lo veo Vosotros lo vis? Yo no lo veo Yo le hablo Le hablis? No le hablar Yo les doy un libro Les dais un libro? El no les dio un libro
PRESENT PERFECT (Pretrito perfecto) he estado leyendo he has been reading INFINITIVE (Infinitivo) estar leyendo to be reading
Observacin l. Los dems tiempos de la forma progresiva se emplean muy poco. Observacin 11. La forma progresiva imparte al verbo un significado durativo.
Observacin 111. El pretrito de la forma progresiva se puede emplear, en vez del pretrito de la conjugacin regular, para traducir el imperfecto espaol en oraciones donde se requiere sealar la duracin de la accin.
CONJUGACINDE LAVOZPASIVA to be punished (ser castigado) Mirmativa PRESENT (Presente) soy castigado, a 1 am punished he is punished I am not punished he is not punished Am 1 punished? Is he punished? Negativa Interrogativa
"1"'<:'-'
"<--i""
Curso de ingls -127 ?.!ST(Pretrito imperfecto y Pretrito indefinido) era castigado, a; fui castigado, a 1 was punished he was punished FUTURE (Futuro) ser castigado, a :ior )y
vas
TU-
1 shall be punished he will be punished CoNDITIONAL (Potencial simple) sera castigado, a I should be punished he would be punished PRESENT PERFECT (Pretrito perfecto) he sido castigado, a I have been punished he has been punished PAST PERFECT (Pretrito) pluscuamperfecto) haba sido castigado, a I had been punished he had been punished FUTURE PERFECT (Futuro perfecto) habr sido castigado, a
-es.
ro
1 shall have been punished he will have been punished punished he would have been punished IMPERATIVE (Imperativo) sea yo castigado, a s castigado, a, etc. Let me be punished Be punished Let him be punished INFINITlVE (Infinitivo)
1 should have been
I shall not have been punished he will not have been punished punished he would not have been punished
1 should not have been
Shall I have been punished? Will he have been punished? Should I have been punished? Would he have been punished?
o: Do not let me be punished Do not be punished Do not let him be punished PAST PARTICIPLE (Participio pasado) been punished sido castigado
,,?
g?
Nota: Conviene recordar las contracciones que experimentan estas formas en la conversacin normal.
g? g?
1can (yo puedo, soy capaz de)
VERBOS DEFECTIVOS
I may (yo puedo, tengo permiso) I must (yo puedo, tengo obligacin)
rela eslu-
PRESENTE 1 can he can we can you can they can Observacin tivos.
PRESENTE (tiempo nico) 1 must he must we must you must they must
Observacin 11. Igual que to be y to have, estos verbos no requieren auxiliar en las formas interrogativa y negativa. ' 1 can come. Can I? 1 cannot', 1 must speak. Must I? 1 must noto
1
J,'.i'~1r~Iliill;I!;_i~,(~bIiiiIii
__
j1liiO
LESSON
conseguir construir correr cortar dar decir dibujar, tirar dormir ensear entrar enviar escribir estar de pie estar sentado haber, tener hablar hacer hacer, fabricar guardar, coger
Ir
rub (rubbed) like play wash clean look need obey oblige observe obtain smell hear look skate ask weigh paint practice taste protect like receive
mend
abanicar abrir afilar, sacar punta amar bailar baar, baarse caminar castigar cepillar clavar cocer, cocinar contar contestar copiar corregir cubrir dar vuelta desear, necesitar detener ensuciar entregar, remitir escuchar estudiar exhibir explicar fijar frotar gustar, querer lugar lavar limpiar mirar, parecer necesitar obedecer obligar, complacer observar obtener oler oir parecer, mirar patinar pedir, preguntar pesar pintar practicar, ejercer probar proteger querer, gustar recibir remendar reparar repetir sacar filo o punta saltar terminar tocar vestir, vestirse vivir
to to to to to to to to to to lo to lo to to to to to to to to lo
gel, got , got build, built, built run, ran, run cut, cut, cut give, gave, given say, said, said draw, drew, drawn sleep, slept, slept teach, taught, taught go in (ver: ir) send, sent, sent write, wrote, written stand, stood, stood . sit, sat, sat have, had, had speak, spoke, spoken do, did, done make, made, made hold, held, held go, went, gone read, read, read stand up (ver: estar de pie) to gel up, got up, got
up.
leer levantarse, ponerse de pie levantarse mostrar pensar poner quitar, quitarse saber salir sentarse sentir tener tirar tomar vender venir ver yacer
lo show, showed, shown lo think, thought, thought to pul, put, put to take off (ver: tomar) lo know, knew, known lo go out (ver: ir) to sit down (ver: estar sentado) to [eel, felt, felt to have, had, had to draw, drew, drawn to take, took, taken to sell, sold, sold to come, carne, come to see, saw, seen to le, lay, lain (lying part, pres.) Ortografa - Repaso
1. Verbos. 3? persona del singular. a) Los que toman es to to to to to to dress (ss) brush (sh) buzz (z) teach (ch) box (x) do (o) he he he he he he dresses brushes buzzes teaches boxes does
VERBOS IRREGULARES to lay, laid, laid lo go lo bed (ver: ir) lo learn, learnt, Iearnt, o learned to burn, burnt, burnt to drink, drank. drunk to hang, hung, hung o hanged to buy, bought, bought to begin, began, begun to eat, ate, eaten to understand, understood, understood acostar, colocar, tender acostarse aprender arder, quemar beber colgar comprar comenzar comer comprender
to play
" 'R?1I
~-
----
Curso de ingls a) Los que toman es a glass (ss) a dish (sh) a church (ch) a box (x) a negro (o) b) Los que cambian a lady a baby a cherry
NOTA:
129
a knife a wife glasses dishes churches boxes negroes y en les ladies babies cherries boys d) Los que forman (meen) ('wum:m) child (tjaild) ox (oks) mouse (maus) foot (fut) tooth (tu) goose (gu.s) sheep (Ii.p) man
knives wives el plural de modo irregular men (men) women ('wimin) children ('tSildr;}n) oxen ('oksn) mice (rnais) feet (.t) teeth (ti.B) geese (,g}:s) sheep (ji.p)
woman
a boy
IV. Sustantivos.
c) Los que cambian f en ves Repasar
Caso posesivo.
- FORTHY-EIGHTH
LES SON
n. Irregular
Positive
comparisons Comparative longer shorter bigger easier worse (wo:s) lesser (Tesa better ('bet;;) more (mo.)
Superlatve
longest shortest biggest easiest worst (wo.st) least (Ii.st) best (best) most (moust)
My dress is less expensive tban yours. Superiority short adj. long adj. erthan more ... than
long short big easy bad (beed) Iittle good much or many
March is longer than February My les son is more difficult tban yours. PRONOMBRES Pronombres personales Adjetivos posesivos
This is good, this is better, this is best. This is difficult, this is more difficult, this is most difficult. NOTA: ver leccin 38. - REPASO Prono posesivos Forma refleja enftica y
Pronom. sujeto yo 1
&~u
mi
my y~>ur
hIS
mo) a,
Pronombres
interrogativos
Complemento
whom which that what'
Caso posesivo
whose of which
Sujeto
who? which?
Complemento
whom? what?"
Caso posesivo
whose?
what?"
1
precioso que la plata. El acero es un metal til, ms til que el oro o la plata; es el ms til de todos los metales. El invierno es la estacin fra, ms fra que la primavera o el otoo. La primavera es menos calurosa, pero ms lluviosa que el verano. En invierno los das son ms cortos que en verano. Cul es el da ms EJERCICIOS
Ejercicio 75.-Sobre los grados de comraracin de los adjetivos. Traducir: El oro es un meta precioso, ms
corto de todo el ao? Y el ms largo? Ejercco 76.-Sobre los pronombres. Traducir y contestar en ingls: Quin es usted? ~Con quin vino usted? Quin le ensea ingls? En que libro aprende usted sus lecciones? Con quin hace usted sus ejercicios? Este libro es suyo?'AI(?;uien le ha dado su libro? Por qu se lo ha dado? l libro de ejercicios que veo en la mesa es suyo? Quiere usted este libro?
DE REPASO GENERAL un cuarto para las siete. Cuando se ha lavado y vestido, y tiene sus libros y cuadernos listos, toma su desayuno en el comedor con mi madre y mi hermana. Mi padre ya no est en casa. Despus que ha tomado su caf, lee el peridico, luego toma su sombrero y su cartera y va
Ejercicio 77.-Traducir: Mi hermano Pedro tiene dieciocho aos de edad; naci en 1948,el 26 de enero. Ya no es un alumno perezoso; es ahora un joven aplicado, muy aficionado a las matemticas. En la maana, cuando tiene trabajo por hacer, se levanta a las 6 y media o
"
Remarks on grammar.
The deiinite article.-El te antes de los nombres una palabra: France, England, States) y delante de los nombres artculo definido se omide los pases formados de Scotland (pero:
the United
1 speak English
pero no prescinden
de l los nombres
the Russian
Ejercicio 81.-Contestar a las preguntas siguientes: Where is England situated? - By what is England bounded on the soutb? - east? - west? - north? What is London? - Where is it built? - What is the Thames? - What countries form the United Kingdom? Who rules rto rule (ru.l): reinar] in England now? Ejercicio 82.-Traducir al espaol y luego volver a traducir al ingls; 1 want to go to the United States, first of all, because 1 want to know English better. Now 1 can read or write a short English letter, 1 can speak a little, but when 1 am in the country itself, 1 shall have to speak English all day long and 1 shall hear nothing but English. So 1 shall write to my friend John BroWD and ask him for the address of a good boarding house to spend a few weeks in the tOWDwhere he lives.:
131
LESSON
zr del
cto
Mr. J.C. Brown cto Mr. P.W. Scott 735 Park Avenue Albany, N.Y., U.S.A.
on grammar.
1 WRITE A LETTER
1 take a sheet of notepaper and an envelope.
1~ Obsrvese el uso de la voz pasiva del verbo en el segundo tema de esta leccin. "The letter is collected, sent, etc," significa que el correo recoge, enva, etc. la carta. Estas formas, en que el objeto se convierte en el sujeto, se emplea con gran frecuencia en el idioma ingls, especialmente en frases que se refieren a una accin habitual o inherente a la cosa de que se est hablando. 2~ Continuacin de la leccin 49. El artculo definido se omite delante de: a) los sustantivos tomados en el sentido genrico. stamps, books, parcels, gold, silver. b) los nombres grammar, e) los nombres de ciencias English, y de idiomas mathematics.
de las comidas
dinner, supper.
d) los nombres de las estaciones spring, winter que los del ao
The The
omios de
1 am at the post office. 1 drop the letter into the mail box. It is collected, postmarked, and sent to the town where my correspondent lives. A postman delivers it. If my friend is punctual, 1 shall soon get his answer. At the P.O. (Post Office) 1 can buy stamps and post cards. 1 can send money with a money order or by registered letter; 1 can send parcels by parcel post or books as printed matter. 1can telephone, telegraph or wire. 1 can deposit money at the savings bank. .
I
e) los ttulos, si se nombra la persona tiene. Queen Elizabeth, Prince Charles f) los nombres labra. g) los nombres de pases formados
nited
Ejercicio 83.-Poner los verbos del tema "L write a letter" en la 3~ persona del singular.' a) del presente de Ejercicio 84.-s-Contestar en ingls: What does a postman do? - What can you buy at a post office? - Where do you stick a stamp? - Do you collect postage stamps? - Where doyou drop your letter? - How can you send parcels? -=- Hoy"can you send books? - What is the plural of postman? - How do you address a letter to a gentleman? - to a lady? - How do you end a business letter? - Do you like to write letters? - Do you like to receive long letter? - Do you answer your letters punctually? - Did you collect stamps or post cards when you were a child? Ejercclo 85.-Traducir: El oro es ms precioso que el acero, pero menos til. La primavera es la estacin que prefiero. Los perros y los gatos son animales tiles. Aprendo ingls, historia y geografa; no me gustan las matemticas. La reina Victoria rein en Inglaterra durante muy largo tiempo.
indicativo;
b)
pretrito;
e)
futuro.
iles os irentes:
igland
or simply: Dear Jane, Mary, Suzy, Dear John, Bob, Ned, ...
closing):
-L
132-
Curso de ingls now he has a small but prosperous firm of his own. He looks strong and healthy. He likes fishing, sailing and all outdoor activities. His voice is a little loud, but he has a very frank and pleasant manner. .Remarks on grammar.
Can you help me find a good boarding house, comfortable but not too expensive? 1 hope you are well and not too busy, so that 1 can plan to spend some time together. Please give my regards to Mrs. Brown, and tell her that 1 have some new songs for her. Y shall certainly appreciate your help and thank you in ad-
vance,
Sincerely, Marcelino My dear Marcelino, Your letter was a real surprise. Congratulations on your success! 1 am glad to say 1 have found what you want. You'Il find enclosed the address of a good boarding house, and the terms. 1 hope it will suit you. Drop me a line when you are quite decided, as 1 want to go and meet you at the station. My 'wife is looking forward to your visit also. Don't forget to bring your guitar. Yours very sincerely, John Garca R. 11th
1 wrote this letter two months ago. John lived in New York when he was a boy.
2 El pretrito perfecto se utiliza para una accin que se mici en el pasado, y cuando esa accin o sus efectos an continan o pueden reiterarse: 1 have written many letters in the last two months. J ohn has lived in Albany for two years. 3 The indefinite articIe. indefinido siempre se atributo y en exclamaJuan es mdico Qu bonito da! de tiempo y pre-
Monday, March
surprise (sa'praz) guitar (gi'ta:) holiday ('h;,ladei) healthy ('he16i) attractive ('atnektiv) prosperous ('pr;,spras) to look (luk) to look [orward
(To.wcd)
sorpresa guitarra vacaciones sano, saludable bien parecido prspero parecer, mirar anticipar con gusto convenir encontrar aprender decir encontrarse, reunirse as como hace algn tiempo durante, desde algn tiempo FRIENDS
to suit (sju: t) * to find (faind) * to learn (la: n) * to say (sei) * to meet (mi: t) as well as some time ago for some time
once ayear, month, etc. twice a ... three times a . four times a . 2 dollars a yard 50 cents a dozen 10 cents a piece
una vez por ao, mes, etc dos veces por . tres veces por . cuatro veces por ... 2 dlares la yarda 50 centavos la docena 10 centavos la pieza con-
e) Aunque se suprime en algunas expresiones cisas, como: to give battle dar batalla to give ear prestar odo
estos casos son poco frecuentes. As: hacer ruido = to make a sound; encender lumbre to make a [ire.
MY AMERICAN
1 met the Browns some time ago in Venezuela. John was investigating the market for his products and his wife, an attractive middle-aged woman, was enjoying a holiday away from home. John started in business twenty years ago and
Ejercicio 86.-Traducir: El vino hace 5 meses. No lo he visto desde hace una semana. Lo vi hace una semana. Comenc a estudiar ingls hace un ao. Mis padres casaron hace 20 aos. He estado aqu desde hace una hora. He estado trabajando durante 2 das. El estuvo hablando durante hora y media. Ejercicio 86 a.-Traducir al espaol y volver a poner en
bicycle ('baisikl carriage ('krerid3) motorcar ('moutaka:); automobile (';,: tomobi: 1) motorbus ('moutabAs) o sencillamente: car y bus
('ka:, 'bAS)
avin medio o medios ruta camino, va manera camino viaje viaje, excursin viaje prolongado vuelo equipaje bal maleta maletn maletn ancla puerto muelle chico
omnibus, camin camin, carretilla tren ferrocarril va de ferrocarril barco buque vapor velero transatlntico carguero
railroad track (treek) boat (bout) ship (Jip) steamer ('sti:ma); steamship ('sti: mj'ip) sailboat ('seilbout) liner ('laina) cargo boat ('ka: gou);
[reighier (freito)
route (ru: t) way (wei) road (roud) travel (trzevl) trip (trip) journe(j ('d3~: ni) flight flait) luggage ('IAgid3) a trunk (trxnk) a suitcase ('sjutkeis) a traveling bag ('tnevlilJ
beeg)
hthouse ('laithaus) rstrip ('e;)strip) quick (kwik) ilow (slou) . . lo walk (wo. k) ~ lo drive, drove, driven ,. fa ride, rode, .rdden fa sail (seil) LO ttv (flai) flew, flown
;0
.ada
>y.
" lo
cin in o two
:0 link (link) =0 land (Ieend) to call at (ko.I) m schedule (Tkedju: 1) ro [it (fit)
faro pista de aterrizaje o de despegue rpido lento caminar a pie conducir, ir en coche montar, viajar velar, navegar volar viajar elegir enlazar aterrizar pasar por programar ajustar, ajustarse
El participio ingls:
presente,
o gerundio,
se emplea 17):
en
1? En la forma
progresiva
(V. leccin
1 am walking
1 was walking
en
I ride in the train. The train rides the rails. A train runs on the track. Cars, trucks and bicycles ron on the road. TRANSPORTATION If I travel to the States I can choose various means of transportation. Many air routes link Venezuela with al! the countries of America. Every few minutes there are planes landing on the airstrip of the Caracas airport and there is a daily flight to New York via Maracaibo. Steamship companies provide scheduled passenger and cargo service from La Guaira. Ships of every kind and tonnage cal! at the harbor and go to many important seaports of the world. I have seen there cargo boats, tankers, and luxury liners. But the most beautiful boat of all was a white sailboat. She dropped anchor not far from the pier, just below the lighthouse, 1 would like to go by steamer, but 1 am not a good sailor and 1 may be seasick during the journey. ., I think 1 shall flv over to Miami and proceed to New York by an overland route either by bus or by train. Remarks on grammar.
sweet-smelling
boy; a
~ se una-
the dining
. l.
de embarcaciones
pre, etc
a
con-
0=
:0
I. Present participle.
Ejercicio 87.-Traducir en espaol y volver a traducir en ingls: LUGGAGE. If 1 travel by plane, 1 shal! put al! the heaviest things in a trunk and ship it in advance by steamer to New York. If it were not so expensive 1 should prefer taking it with me on the planeo 1 shall travel with as littIe luggage as possible. When 1 arn ready to leave, 1 shal! put rny clothes into my suitcase, the heavy articles first: books and shoes at the bottom, then the lighter things - shirts, pijamas, ties, handkerchiefs, and suits on topo My toothbrush, comb, razor, shaving soap and tooth paste, al! will fit in a case inside the handbag. Ejercicio 88.-Traducir al espaol: This is a drawing lesson. Yesterday 1 had a singing lesson. Do not speak without thinking. He goes out after having done his work. 1 am very fond of sailing and riding. 1 think of buying a caro This is a good-Iooking boy. This is a hard-working girl. Have you had a tiring day? My daughter learns dressmaking and my son does wood carving. 1 go to the dressmaker's for a fitting.
!r en
.ra
Remarks
on grammar.
1. El gnero de los nombres. 19 Hay unos 20 nombres que forman menino mediante el sufijo ess: el gnero fe-
The weather was fine and the service on board exactor, actress cellent. The plane lands. We thank the crew: the pilion, lioness count, countess prince, princess lot, the navigator, the steward and the pretty stew- . ardess. Before leaving the airport we must comply 2 En los nombres cuya terminacin es invariable, with inmigration formalities. se determina el gnero agregndoles una voz que lo There are several foreing-looking people among the passengers: an ltalian actress, two Englishrnen, indique: a Frenchman and a Brazilian businesswoman. an Englishwornan an Englishman a maidservant INMIGRATION OFFICER: "May 1 see your passport, a manservant a turkey hen. nlease." a turkey cock
134 -
Curso de ingls
3? Se designa el gnero mediante man boy uncle woman girl aunt bull cock horse
V. Verbo. Empleo del futuro en oraciones como puestas. Cuando el verbo de la oracin subordinante est en futuro, el de la oracin subordinada se pone en presente de indicativo, siempre que se trate de acciones que se efectan al mismo tiempo.
II. El adjetivo puede emplearse sustantivamente con el artculo definido. Tiene entonces un significado colectivo, y el verbo siempre va en plural, aunque se puede traducir en espaol empleando indistintamente el singular o el plural:
When 1 am in London, 1 shall speak English. 1 shall see my [riend Brown when 1 arrive. y ou wilI write while 1dictate. 1 shall wire as soon as 1 am in London.
Ejercicio 89.-Dar el femenino de los sustantivos siA gentleman - a master - a hunter -a Scotsman - a duke - a lord - a peasant - a son - a tiger - an emperor - a doctor - a nephew - an uncIe - an author - a boy cousin - a host - a husband - a brother - an old mano Ejercicio 9O.-Traducir: Los ingleses. Los escoceses. Los franceses. Un ingls, un escocs, una francesa. Los ricos, los pobres, un pobre, unapobre. Los viejos. Los jvenes. Un hombre canoso. Una mujer canosa. Un nio de ojos negros. Una pelirroja. Un miope. Una herramienta de dos filos. Una calle de un sentido, de doble sentido. Ejercicio 91.-Traducir: Mi amigo estar contento cuando me vea. Usted sabr mejor ingls cuando haya estado en los Estados Unidos. E.l hablar por telfono tan luego tenga la. contestacin. Usted cometer errores mientras no sea ms aplicado. Ella regresar tan luego reciba esta carta. Mientras viajo pensar en ti. Cuando llegue usted, estar cansado. Cuando l se entere de esto, se enojar mucho .
guientes:
.-':...
LESSON
NUMBER
FIFTY-FOUR - FIFTY-FOURTH
often (ofn) seldom ('seld~m) sometimes ('sAmtaimz) already (o: l'redi) now and then (nau an
oen)
LES SON
a menudo rara vez a veces ya de cuando
waiting room
(wetin ru: m) ticket oiiice ('tikit 'ofis) baggage room ('bregid3 'ru:m) platform ('plretf: m) station master (,steiSn 'masta) porter (po: ta) railway clerk ('reilwei klo: k) conductor (kon'dxkto) baggage (bzegidg ) * to miss (mis)
sala de espera despacho de billetes sala de equipajes andn jefe de estacin maletero empleado de F.C. conductor equipaje pesado hacer falta, perder llegar a tomar, llevar obtener conseguir
en cuando
from time to time late (leit) on time soon (su:n) early (':):li)
Useful sentences
At what time does the New York train leave? The New York train leaves at 8:45. Which is the right platjorm?
De qu andn? rrecto?) (literalmente: exactamente Cul es el andn coenfrente de usted. A qu horas sale el tren de Nueva York? El tren de Nueva York sale a las 8.45.
* to arrive at (o'raiv)
1, 1,
It's the second one, right in front of yOU. an engine (on 'endgin) railway cars (ka: s)
There are There are There are There is locomotora vagones coche coche coche coche saln de fumar cama comedor Es el segundo,
Please show me the waiting room (or the rest room) Where is the iniormation desk?
,:Dnde est la oficina de informacin? The train is duein ten minutes. El tren llega en diez minutos.
135
omian1
se rate ih.
at the news-
mpr libros, revistas y peridicos en el puesto. .~[reight train carries goods only. ::--;: tren de carga trasporta mercaderas solamente. --l. passenger train carries passengers. 'a tren de pasajeros lleva a los pasajeros. Remarks on grammar. se em-
1. El caso posesivo.-Repaso. Esta forma :;lea slo para los nombres de personas:
3. Las frases verbales espaolas de carcter causativo: mandar ... y hacer. .. (seguidos de innitivo) se pueden traducir en ingls de diversas maneras; las formas ms comunes usan los verbos: to have o to get con un participio pasado y to make con un infinitivo. 1 had the house painted. 1shall get my shoes repaired 1 made you come This makes me laugh 1shall have it sent Mand pintar la casa Mandar reparar mis zapatos Te hice venir Esto me hace reir Lo har enviar
de tiempo
y de distancia:
Ejercicio 92.-Traducir: Voy a tomar el tren de las 8.45. Tengo que estar en la estacin a las ocho para conseguir mi boleto y hacer registrar mi bal. Si hay tiempo ir a tomar algo caliente en el restaurante. Me sentar en una banca en la sala de espera, observando la llegada y salida de los pasajeros. Luego pasar al andn, donde parar mi tren. Los trenes rara vez llegan antes de tiempo, pero se retrasan a menudo.
ido
paisaje humo fbrica granja colina cielo nube estacionamiento habilidad experto, diestro autopista suburbio escaln conducir dejar entrar
Nota sobre la ortografa: Los nombres compuestos se escriben modernamente en una sola palabra o en dos palabras separadas, aunque en muchos libros se encuentren unidos mediante un guin.
Se escriben unidos por guin, cuando ambos elementos indican la misma persona o cosa y cuando se trata de unidad tcnica. .
MEETING
actor-manager city-state
light-year
co-
k?
? et?
st
The journey was lengthy but not unpleasant. 1 sat in the observation car looking through the large .indows at the changing landscape. As we drew earer New York 1 saw many factores and fewer farms, but the hi11y countryside looked fresh and green under a cloudless sky. My friend Brown did meet me at the station. "How do you do?", he says. "Have you any luggage? Let me help you with your suitcase. 1 left my car in the parking loto Keep to the left." - Brown is a skillful driver and we are soon out of the traffic on fue speedway leading to the suburb where he lives. "1 am taking you home. You have to meet my wife before going to your boarding house." Mrs. Brown greets us on the doorstep. "How are you? 1 am so happy to meet yOU. Do come in. You must be very tired. 1 have some coffee ready." She lets us in through the wide-open door. The coffee is hot, aromatic and good. Remarks on grammar.
y su signifi-
a un adjetivo,
nombres
kindness goodness
abs-
happiness sadness
kind good
el agente O ins-
nombres cucharada un de
indica
tn)
1. Nombres compuestos. Son muy frecuentes en ingls. Si estn formados por dos sustantivos, el pnmer elemento precisa o limita el sentido del segundo y permanece invariable, cuando el segundo agrega el signo de plural.
vaso
modifica
la vocal de
long wide
strong
deep
hairy healthy
El prefijo tivo: un agregado
Sufijos de adjetivos. He aqu los principales fijos y su significado ms comn: en aparece en derivados que algo est hecho: que indican el material
unrest
ungratejul
undo
golden wooden
fuI indica abundancia
de oro de madera de una cualidad: engaoso cuidadoso reconocido de una cualidad: intrpido, el sin miedo descuidado intil de tiempo como: cotidiano mensual de una cualidad: goloso (el que tiene gula)
III. Conjugacin enftica. Para referirse con insistencia a una accin, se agregan los auxiliares do (y did) al verbo (en el presente y pretrito de indicativo y en el imperativo):
1 work:
deceitjul
carejul
gratejul
he came come in
daily monthly
y indica posesin greedy
y los sustantivos relacionados con los siguientes adjetivos: pleasant, fortunate, unhealthy, lucky, sad, mis-
Ejercicio 93.-Formar nombres compuestos: El peridico de la tarde, los peridicos de la tarde. El tren de Nueva York. Una taza para caf, unas tazas para caf. Una cafetera, las cafeteras. Un cepillo para sombreros, unos cepillos para sombreros. Un billete de cinco dlares. Ejercicio 94.-Decir lo que hacen: a singer, a worker, a painter, a rider, a porter, a watchrnaker, a glazer, a farmer, a banker. Ejercicio 9S.-Formar adjetivos derivados de los siguientes sustantivos: rain, snow, fog (neblina), wind, mud (lodo), drt, fun (diversin), faith (fe), plenty (abundancia), beauty (belleza), truth (verdad), dust, cloud, ice (hielo), hill (colina), year, hour.
serable, unfaithful, delightful, ready, glad, sick; long, wide, deep, broad, high, hopeful, careful, orderly, beautiful, pretty.
lawn (b:n) convenience (kon'vi: njans) appliance (a'plaians) entertainment (enta'teinmont) sink (sink) dishwasher (dij'woja; ) gas range (gees'reindg) backyard (beek'yn: d) outdoors (aut'do: z) upstairs (xp'stsaz) downstairs (daun'stcoz) stairs (stEgZ) den (den)
[urnace
diversin
(fo: nis)
orchard (':>: tjod) lattice ('lretis) basket (baskit) to contairt (kon'tein) to retain (ri'tein) to resemble (ri'zembl) to afford (o'fo.d) to iron (aion) to stretch ('stret.f) to waddle ('w:>dl) to cluster ('klAstg) to gather ('greo;)
fregadero lavaplatos estufa de gas patio o corral trasero fuera de la casa, al aire libre arriba, en la planta alta . bajo, en el piso bajo escalera estudio horno de caldera paloma perrera ave rebao. bandada huerta enrejado, celosa canasta contener retener, conservar parecerse soportar el gasto planchar restirar anadear arracimarse recolectar
Curso de ingls sent, sent sent) * to bu~, bought, bought (bai, bo. t) * to get, got, gotten (get, gotn) *totind, found,found (faind, faund) * lo learn, learnt, learnt (send,
137
* to send,
enviar comprar conseguir hallar, aprender decir encontrarse, reunirse guardar, mantener conducir, ir en coche montar, ir en algn vehculo volar asir, coger, atrapar brillar dejar pensar golpear, pegar encontrar
perjield"
1 * put out the match. 1 * blow out the eandle. 1 tum off the gas. 1 switch off the elee-
irva-
trie light.
h in!s do -indi[bajo
10
* to meet,
si-
mislong, ieau-
Frases tiles: Enciendo prendo: nent the iatulage e siun fsforo una vela el as . { la fuz elctrica
1 strike a match. 1 light a eandle. 1 turn on the gas. 1 switch on the electrie light.
Ejercicio 96.-Tradueir: Our house, [rom "David Copby Charles Dickens (Observemos en la siguiente trascripcin la diferencia de ortografa con las palabras modernas que hemos ido aprendiendo. Algunas de estas diferencias an subsisten en la ortografa actual de Gran Bretaa). On the groundfloor is Peggotty's kitchen, opening into a backyard with a pigeonhouse in the centre, without any pigeons in it; a great dogkennel in a comer without any dog, and a quantity of fowls that look terribly taIl to me walking about in a menacing and ferocious manner. Tbere is one cock and a flock of geese who stretch out their necks when waddling after me. There is a long passage leading from Peggotty's kitchen to the front-door. A dark store-room opens out of it. Then there are the two parlours, the parlour in which we .sit in the evening, my mother, Peggotty and I. and the better parlour where we sit on Sunday grandly but not comfortably. And now 1 see the orchard along our garden waIl. 1 see also the outside of our house, with the latticed window of my mother's bedroom standing open to let in the sweet-smelling air. Now 1 am in the garden at the back where the fruit cluster on the trees, and where my mother gathers some in a basket. Ejercicio 97.-Preguntas sobre el texto precedente: Where was Peggoty's kitchen? Into what did the kitchen open? What is a back yard? What is a dog's kennel? What barnyard fowls do you know? What is the feminine of cock? What do you calI a young cock or hen? What is a baby chicken or a baby bird calIed? What is the singular of geese? How do geese walk? What did the passage lead to? What is a store room? Out of which room did it open? Who sat in the parlour in the evening? What do you see in an orchard? What fruit trees do you know? Into what did the mother put the fruits she had gathered? What is the difference between some and any?, between much and many? What is the difference between Hule and few? Who was the author of David Copperfield?
~ .-
LES SON
.less nce,
: Iivsersto for iing
local
droguera
the reireshment (ri'frej'mant) the ice cream (ais kri:m) the ilavour o flavor
('fleiv;:)
the sundae ('sAndi:) the sandwich Csrendwitf) the cajeteria (keefati: rja) reasonable ('ri: znobl) to license (Taisons) to present (pri'zent) to suggest (sxg'dgast) to cater ('keit;:) to tip (tip) to provide (pra'vaid) * to take down * to drive in
In a restaurant, people are seated at smaIl tabIes and are waited on by waiters or waitresses. In a restaurant, you can have the "day's special" or choose from the menu whatever dish you prefer or can afford. If it is a Iicensed establishment and you feel like having a drink, you may ask the waiter to show you the winelist. The waiter takes down your arder and he will later bring you the check. You pay for the meal, and you tip the waiter. Besides restaurants, there is a great variety of eating places which provide quick, informal service and food at reasonable prices. Many public buildings have a lunch counter where hot meals are served. Drug sto res usually have a soda fountain where you can get hot beverages. refreshments, ice cream of every flavor, sundaes and sandwiches. Drive-ins cater to the motorist. Most dairy bars, tea room s and cafeterias offer a greater variety of foods than what their names suggest. They are all cheaper than restaurants but they sell neither wine nor beer.
EXPRESIONES
UTILES A LA MESA
or medium (done)
Trmino medio?
I like it rare.
Me gusta poco cocida.
WHERE TO EAT
Eating out can be a daily necessity in a big city. if one works
138- Curso de ingls Shall 1 give you a second helping? otra porcin? May 1 trouble you [or the bread? Lo molesto por el pan. Will you kindly pass me the salt? Me pasa la sal, por favor? Help yourself to vegetables. Srvase usted verdura. Will you have a little gravy? Gusta usted un poco del jugo del asado? No, thank you. May 1 try this sauce? No, gracias. Puedo probar esta salsa? Do you take sugar and cream in your coiiee? Toma usted crema y azcar con caf? No cream, thank vou. A little sugar, please. Nada de crema i poca azcar, por favor. One spooniul (one lump ), please. Una cucharada (un terrn) por favor. to wait upon or: to wait on despachar, servir a la mesa to help oneself servirse to eat out comer fuera de la casa Remarks on grammar. 1. Oracin impersonal. La oracin impersonal, que en espaol se expresa generalmente mediante la partcula se delante de un verbo usado en forma impersonal, aparece bajo diversas formas en el ingls: 1) Se puede emplear el pronombre impersonal one, los pronombres prersonales you, we, they y la palabra people. l' How does one go to the station? = Cmo se va a la estacin? You never know what may happen = Nunca se sabe lo que pueda pasar. People say (or think) ... = Se dice (o se cree) ... 2) Finalmente, pueden formarse oraciones impersonales mediante el empleo de la forma pasiva. Ice cream is bought in a drug store = Se compra el helado en la farmacia. I have been told that ... = Me dijeron que ... II. Adverbios. 1~ Formacin. Son numerosos los adverbios ingleses derivados de adjetivos, participios presentes y participios pasados, a los que se aade el sufijo Iy: easy' wise timid
carejul
loving hurried
lovingly hurriedly
2~Para formar los grados comparativos y superlativo de estos adverbios se les antepone las palabras more y most para expresar la superioridad, y less y Ieast para indicar la inferioridad: wisely, more wisely, most wisely 3~Algunos adverbios poseen en todos los grados de comparacin la misma forma que el adjetivo correspondiente: hard fast far early easy late harder faster farther earlier easier later hardest fastest farthest earliest easiest latest duro velozmente lejos temrrano fci tarde
4~Muchos adverbios cortos construyen el comparativo agregando la terminacin er y el superlativo con la terminacin est, o lo forman de modo irreguIar. soon little much well
1
Ejercicio 98.-Formar los adverbios correspondientes de los adjetivos: useless, careless, truthful, narrow, broad, slow, quick, high, real, artificial, short. Ejercicio 99.-Tradueir: Esta maana me levant ms temprano que de costumbre. Tomo mi desayuno ms a menudo en la droguera que en casa, pero lo gozo menos. Mi maestro viene menos seguido que el suyo (de usted), pero se queda ms tiempo. Quiero a mi perro cada vez ms, pero es el gato al que quiero ms (de todos). Un buey tira la carreta [eart (ka:t)) ms despacio que un asno. Un caballo corre ms rpidamente que un asno. ste es el coche ms veloz (de todos) que he tenido. Hable usted ms alto, no lo oigo. l escribe ms legiblemente que yo. Cuanto ms trabajemos, tanto ms pronto acabaremos. El obrero que trabaja ms rpidamente (de todos) acaba ms pronto (de todos).
- FIFTY-EIGHTH
6d 1 sh Bank notes
LESSON
= =
=a =a
=
nickel ('nikI) dime (daim) a quarter ('kw;,:t;:,) a half dollar or half a dollar a dollar ('dolo): a dollar bill or a one-dollar bill 1, 2, S, 10,
The ten shilling note The one pound banknote (or: the pound note). There are also ,e S, ,e 10notes. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Las principales unidades de peso son: the ounce (auns) (1 oz = 28 g); the pound (1 lb. = 16oz = 453g) the ton (txn) 1 t = 1.016kg (Br.) = 2240pounds and is also called a long ton, y 907kg (U.S., Canad, South Africa) = 2000 pounds and lS also called a short ton. Measures of length one yard
Bank notes (bilIs): from $1 to $1,000 20, SO, 100,500, 1,000. ENGLISH CURRENCY
There are 20 shillings in 1 pound: ,e 1 = 20/-. 1 shilling is worth 12pence: 1/ = 12 d. Coins: 1/2d 1d 3 d
=
=
3 feet
36 inches (0.914m)
';':l~'~""~'
139
ijo Iy:
= =
Despus de 100 se pone la conjuncin and delante de cada nmero que se aade. Expresndose informalmente se supnme ando
1,760 yards
=
foot.
1,609.35 m.
hundred and one; tour hundred and two, etc. one hundred one; tour hundred two, etc.
Se usa un guin entre ms pequeo que 100. las partes de un nmero
and twenty-two
and entre la .
rados te CO-
the pint (paint) the quart (kwo.t) the gallon (' geelon)
2 pints
1 (U.S.)
4 quarts 1 (U.S.)
numerales
cardinales
son siem-
tte
5+6=11 27 64
mpaatlvo irre91
Addition five and six [or: five plus (plxs) six] are eleven. 1 have to add 27 and 64: 4 and 7 are 11; 1 put down 1 and carry 1. 1 and 6 are 7 and 2 are 9. 1 put down 9. The sum or total is 91. Substraction
of soldiers
III. Los nmeros ordinales se usan con el artculo the para indicar el orden de sucesin de soberanos o papas y hablando de los das del mes.
27 -
10
17
Zero from 7 leaves seven. 1 from 2 leaves one. The remainder is seventeen. Multiplication
entes rrow, : ms
ns a
7X 8=
56
7 times 8 are 56. The [actors are 7 and 8. The product is 56. Division
a half (haf) a quarter ('kw:>: to) a third (Ba.d) a fifth (fif) a sixth (siks) and so on ... three-iiiths (Bri: 'fif6s)
V. Los numerales
una mitad un cuarto un tercio un quinto un sexto etc. tres quintos y mltiples son:
77
11 = 7
77 divided by 11 equals 7. The dividend is 77. The divisor is 11. The quotient is 7. Locuciones numricas ambos dos a dos diario, todos los das cada dos das cada tres das los dos primeros los dos l timos los otros dos una docena media docena un par una veintena tiles
proporcionales
both (bou) two by two every day every other day every three days or every third day the [irst two the last two the other two a dozen
hali a dozen
single ('singl) double (dxbl) triple (tripl) quadruple ('kwadrupl) teniold ('tenfould)
hundrediold ('hAndrid'fould) once (wxns) twice (twais) thrice or three times (erais)
four times [ive times a hundred times two hundred times a thousand times
etc.
simple doble triple cudruplo dcuplo cntuplo una vez dos veces tres veces cuatro veces cinco veces cien veces doscientas veces mil veces
a pair a score
e) . Expresiones
s
ada, -d a
2 pounds of tea at one dallar ($ 1) a pound. 2 libras de t a un dlar la libra. 4 yards of cloth at fifteen shillings (15/-) a yard. 4 yardas de tela a 15 chelines la yarda. It is worth fifty-five cents a dozen. Vale cincuenta y cinco centavos por docena. You buy butter by the pound. La mantequilla se compra por libra. 1 sell it by the yard. Lo vendo por yarda. Remarks on 2I'ammar. cardinales
Ejercicio lOO.-Contestar a las preguntas: What is the moneta!}' unit of the United States? What currency do the English use? How many pence are there in a shilling? What are the measures of length? How many feet, how many inches are there in a yard? Is a mile longer or shorter than a kilometer? Is a yard Ionger or shorter than a meter? Is an American ton heavier or lighter than a British ton? How many pints are there in a gallon? How many ounces are there in a pound? (16). Is the Anglo-Saxon system as simple and as convenient as the metric one? Ejercicio lOl.-Traducir al espaol y volver a traducir al ingls: 1 received your letter two davs ago; 1 had not had one for three months. He went off a week ago; he had been here for one month (during one month). 1 began to learn English six months ago. 1 have learnt Enzlish for six months. During the first two months 1 had a lesson every day. Now 1 study every other day. How much does this silk cost? It is worth $3 (three
1. Adjetivos numerales
140 - Curso de ingls dollars) a yard and this one cost $ 4.25 (four dollars and twenty-five cents). Eggs are now 60 cents a dozen and butter costs $1.20 (one dollar and twenty cents) a pound. Before, a cup of coffee was sold for a nickel, but it is worth double or triple today. Five workmen made 800 (eight hundred) bricks in one eight-hour day; with the new machinery they are making thousands. Oueen Elisabeth II (the Second) succeeded her father, George VI (the Sixth) in 1952 (nineteen-hundred and fifty-two).
the hospital ('h::>spit~l) el hospital el mercado the market ('ma:kit el juzgado the court house
('b:t haus) la crcel la avenida la plaza la estatua el puente el tnel el subterrneo el gento punta, extremidad adyacente elegante, de moda el ms meridional
the prison ('prizn) the avenue ('revinju:) the square (SkWE~) the statue ('stretju:) the bridge (bridg) the tunnel ('tAnl) the subway ('sAbwei) the crowd ('kraud) (he tip (tip) adjacent (~'d3eis~nt)
[ashionable ('frefn~bl)
southernmost
('sAo~nmoust)
the [reedom ('fri: dam) libertad within (win) dentro de, en el espacio across (a'kro: s) to crowd ('kraud) to extend (eks'tend) to soar ('s::>:) to number (nambo) to rusn (rn]')
de a travs, al otro lado atestar extender, extenderse subir a gran altura numerar, ascender precipitarse BUILDINGS People go to church on Sunday to pray (prei). In a theatre actors and actresses give a performance (pa'fo: mons) for the publico In a museum, 1 see pictures, statues, and collections of al! sorts in showcases ('Soukeisiz). In a hospital, sick people are nursed by doctor s and nurses ('n~: siz). In a library, 1 find al! sorts of books kept in good order by the librarian (Iai'brcarian). Criminals are kept in prison after they have been tried ('traid) at the Court House.
II. Doble comparativo. Esta construccin, que se emplea tanto para los adverbios como para los adjetivos, corresponde a las expresiones espaolas: cada vez ms o cada vez menos: taller and taller bigger and bigger more and more difficult less and less grateiui
cada vez ms alto cada vez ms grande cada vez ms difcil cada vez menos agradecido en numerosas locu-
to to to to to to to to to to to
make a noise make a mistake make a promise make a purchase make a [ortune make sure make one happy make one angry make [un make up make out
hacer ruido cometer un error hacer una promesa hacer una compra hacer fortuna cerciorarse hacer a uno feliz enfadar a uno burlarse compensar comprender
Ejercicio tOl.-Contestar a las preguntas: On what day do you go to church or chapel? Do you like to go to a theatre? Do you often go to the theatre or to the cinema? What sort of people do you see in a hospital? a prisin? a luna tic asvlum? Are there many museums in your town? What do you find at a public library? Ejercicio t03.-Profesiones: repaso. Traducir: U maestro ensea a leer y a escribir a los nios. Un abogado defiende en una corte de justicia a la persona a la que procesan (who is being tried). Un doctor examina a sus pacientes y trata (tries) de curarlos. Un editor edita libros, peridicos y revistas. Un impresor imprime libros con una mquina de imprimir. Un autor escribe libros. Un encuadernador encuaderna libros. V; arquitecto dibuja los planos de una casa. Una enfermera cuida a la gente enferma. Un periodista, o reportero escribe artculos para el peridico. Un cirujano hace operaciones. Un dentista saca los dientes malos o los cura, si puede.
'l"';'-'"'~'''''''
LES SON
are
iking
busy
i
live
ry
to ,tunvehiooks
enfermo, malo enfermo, mareado dolorido herida fiebre febril, con fiebre contagioso doloroso mandar buscar doler surtir la receta curar, cicatrizarse cuidar al enfermo recuperarse sanar lastimar atrapar, contagiarse Me duele la cabeza Me duelen los dientes
I. Se emplea con el participio pasado para formar la voz pasiva. I am loved II. Se emplea con el participio presente para conjugar la forma progresiva: I am speaking III. No requiere auxiliar en la conjugacin interrogativa y negativa: Am 1? I am not IV. Se emplea para indicar dimensin o edad It is [ive yards high, wide, deep, tall ... He is 2S years old
V. Se emplea la locucin it is para indicar de modo absoluto la persona o cosa sujeto de una accin.
It is you who must do it. It was you who spoke [irst. Hablando de horas:
Tengo un dolor de cabeza Tengo un dolor de dientes Tengo un dolor de odo Tengo un dolor de espalda Me duele la garganta Me duelen los ojos Me duele el pie Me duele aqu Me lastim el pie Estoy resfriado Me resfri Estoy ronco Tengo tos
It is 10 minutes past three. It is a quarter to iive. Hablando del tiempo: It is cold. VI. Cuando se emplea precedida de la voz there, corresponde a la locucin espaola hay . There is a dog in the house. There are apples on the tree. VII. Forma parte de numerosos modismos: To be born To be right To be hungry thirsty To be warm To be airaid ashamed wrong . cold . Nacer Tener razn ... Equivocarse Tener hambre ... sed Tener calor Tener miedo vergenza fro .
le
I
radeocu-
I have sore eyes I have a sore toot I have a pain he re I have hurt my [oot I have a cold I have cought cold 1 am hoarse (ho: s) 1 cough (kof')
Repaso de verbos auxiliares. To have tiene la significacin de haber y tener. 1. En la primera acepcin, forma con el participio pasado los tiempos compuestos de todos los yerbas activos y reflexivos ingleses. 1 have arrived 1 have hurt myseli Yo he llegado Yo me he lastimado
To do, verbo activo y auxiliar. I. Empleado corno verbo activo significa hacer He do es it well It is done Lo hace bien Est hecho, terminado
II. En la segunda acepcin, aunque desempea funcin de verbo activo, no requiere auxiliar para ormar la conjugacin interrogativa y negativa. day roa Have I? I have noto III. Se emplea en las locuciones: I have to (work)
I had better (laugh)
B. Como auxiliar se emplea do (does y did) para formar el presente y el pretrito de indicativo en las conjugaciones interrogativa y negativa. 1 do not speak He do es not speak I did not speak He did not speak Do I speak? Does he speak? Did I speak? Did he speak?
He de ... , tengo que ... (trabajar) Hara bien de ... Debiera ... (reirme) Poseo, tengo, he adquirido (un coche)
en frases verbales causativas corno: I have the prepared medicine Mando preparar la medicina
Il l, Sustituye a cualquier otro verbo (excepto a los auxiliares) que lo precede, para no repetirlo. I run faster than you do. Do you study Yes.T do. English? Corro ms rpido que usted (corre). Estudia usted ingls? S (estudio).
142- Curso de ingls IV. Adems forma parte de numerosas locuciones y modismos: to do right obrar bien to do wrong obrar mal to do one's duty cumplir con su deber lo do one's best hacer lo posible to do without prescindir de that wiZZdo est bien, basta to do well prosperar How do you do? Cmo le va? To let se emplea como verbo activo y auxiliar. 1. En el primer caso significa: dejar, permitir, alquilar. He let me go Me dej ir A room to let Un cuarto para alquilar II. Es el auxiliar de la primera y tercera personas del imperativo. Conj. afinnativa Let me work (Work) Let him work Let her work Let it work Let us work (Work) Let them work Conj. negativa Let me not work (Do not work) Let him not work Let her not work Let it not work Let us not work (Do not work) Let them not work La forma negativa puede tambin conjugarse as: Do not let me work Do not let him work Do not let her work Do not let it work Do not let us work Do not let them work Ejercicio l04.-Traducir: Mi hijo se resfri ayer. Tiene tos, est ronco, le duele la cabeza, y su garganta est irritada. Tambin parece tener fiebre. Este tiempo hmedo es muy malsano; debiera acostarlo temprano y mandar llamar al doctor luego. El doctor viene,examina a mi hijo, escribe la receta y dice: "Que tome esta medicina dos veces al da y se recuperar pronto". Llevo la receta a la farmacia y la mando surnr por el boticario. Ejercicio l05.-Poner las frases siguientes en las conjugaciones interrogativa y negativa: You hurt yourself this morming. My head aches terribly. This boy coughs toa muchoHe caught a cold yesterday. The doctor examined the patients. The nurse nurses them. He studied and practiced medicine. Ejercicio l06.-Traducir al ingles: Vayamos al doctor. Que escriba yo esta carta antes de salir. Que aprenda l esta leccin. Que vengan con n sotros. Que saque ella este libro de la biblioteca. Dej mi sombrilla en el autobs. Dej su pas hace ocho aos. Mi padre dej (permiti) trabajar a mi hermana; la dej en su oficina.
NOTA: El verbo espaol dejar se traduce to let cuando significa permiso y to leave cuando significa separacin, abandono.
vocacin, profesin, carrera opcin, preferencia cientfico nuclear ingeniero culpa maravilla desarrollo poder rama escala, bscula menudeo asunto, negocio facultad organizacin patrn, el que emplea mano de obra ejrcito bandera gigantesco pequeo, mezquino adivinar tratar criar llegar a ser adulto
IN BUSINESS
small men. The higher facuIties of organization, broad views and executive capacity were not brought into play. . In our day business is conducted upon so gigantic a scale that sometimes the large employer of labour has more men in his industrial army than the petty kings of ancient days had under their banners." Verbos defectivos. Los principales verbos defectivos son can, may, must, ought, shall y will (Entre ellos: may, shall y will son tambin verbos auxiliares). Ver lecciones 21, 22, 46. Reglas comunes a todos los verbos defectivos. 1. Son invariables para todas las personas (no toman s en la 3. persona singular del presente).
1 can, he can, 1 must, he must, etc.
2. Las conjugaciones interrogativa y negativa se construye directamente (sin auxiliar do) Can I?, must I?, shall I?, etc. 1 cannot, 1 must not, 1 shall not, etc. 3. Carecen de infinitivo y slo tienen algunos tiempos. Para expresar los dems tiempos se recurre al uso de un sinnimo. Presente Pretrito Futuro Pretrito Perf.
" Inf.
"What shall I be when I grow up? - a farmer, a surgeon, an industrial engineer, a nuclear scientist or maybe a businessman?" "There are hundreds of different jobs open to able and ambitious people." Andrew Carnegie, the American rnillionnaire, once said: "If a young man does not find romance in business, it is not the fault of the business, but of the mano Consider the wonders connected with the development of electricity, with its unguessed power! Business is not all dollars and cents! In the old times, every branch of business was conducted on the smallest possible retail scale, with the result that small dealings in small affairs bred
4. Cuando introducen el infinitivo de otro verbo se suprime a ste la partcula to. Slo despus de ought se emplea el infinitivo completo. 1 can speak, 1 must speak, etc. pero 1 ought to speak.
~.'''~'.' ~"'I'~"""
Curso de ingls - 143 , as: tad fsica o moral de hacer algo (V. Leccin 21). I can sing Yo puedo o s cantar serva su forma completa (con la partcula to). 2? Posee slo la forma ought, generalmente usada con el valor del presente de indicativo; pero como la obligacin implicada es menos fuerte que la de must, y la accin slo se estima como posible, ought puede tener el valor de un potencial. We ought to have done it Deberamos haberlo hecho y sin dificultad puede sustituirse por should (ver ms adelante).
V. Shall y will. Aunque estos verbos comnmente se usan como auxiliares para conjugar el futuro de indicativo, pueden usarse tambin como verbos principales, y entonces conservan su significado etmolgico, a saber:
1? Sus nicos tiempos son: el presente: can y el pretrito: could. 2? Could tiene tambin el valor del potencial espaol. '. Tiel est o hmo y
unina a me-
3? En los dems tiempos se usan expresiones sinnimas como: to be able, to know how, etc. 4? El modismo cannot help, seguido de complemento o de un gerundio, se traduce en espaol de varias maneras:
1 cannot help it 1 cannot help laughing
udied
octor.
shall
will
desear, querer.
II. May significa tambin poder, pero en el sentido de tener autorizacin o licencia para hacer algo, y tambin para sealar la posibilidad de que algo ocurra. El pretrito might se usa para una probabilidad ms remota. He may leave now. He may come, it ... He
might
cin,
l puede irse ya. Es posible (o puede) que venga, si ... Es posible que venga, pero ...
2? Se puede usar will para las primeras personas gramaticales y shall para las segundas y terceras, pero en estos casos will y shall son verbos principales. Por tanto, en estas construcciones particulares, que algunos gramticos llaman futuro enftico, el significado cambia segn la persona: Se expresa firme voluntad de hacer algo:
I will work
Cuando sirve para expresar el deseo o el propsito es auxiliar del subjuntivo: May you be happy! Bring me the book that I may see it Trigame el libro para que lo vea
iSea usted feliz!
Se expresa una orden o amenaza: you shall work he, she, it shall work you shall work they shall work
we will work
1? Sus nicos tiempos son: el presente de indicativo: may, y el pretnto: might. 2? En los dems tiempos se emplean sinnimos: to be allowed, to have permission, etc.
3? Sin que la construccin se diferencie del futuro comun, el sentido antiguo de will se evidencia tambin en la frmula cortes: Will you pass me the salt Gusta usted pasarme la sal? VI. Should y would son pretritos de shall y will. Como auxiliares sirven para formar el potencial: 1 should work you would work etc. Yo trabajara t trabajaras etc.
III. Must se traduce: deber, haber de, tener que ... , y expresa necesidad o compulsin, sea fsica o moral.
(no
e) .
1? Esta nica forma tiene el valor del presente de indicativo: 1 must work baje, etc. Debo trabajar. Es preciso que tra-
va se'
2 Se puede emplear must para expresar una suposicin; en estos casos puede actuar como presente o pretrito: ~nos recuShe went to see the doctor, she must be ill He must have arrived on the night train Ella fue a ver al doctor, debe estar enferma Ha de haber llegado en el tren nocturno
1?La funcin potencial de should y would se aprecia claramente en ciertas frmulas corteses: Should I give you a little more? Would you lend me your book? ,
sobreentendindose: "if you wsh", 2? El significado etimolgico de should se evidencia cuando se emplea como sinnimo de ought. I ought to se the doctor She ought to help you I should see the doctor She should help you
3? Los sinnimos que se emplean para otros tiempos son: to have to ... , to be obliged, etc. verbo ts de IV. Ought significa tambin deber, pero sin la idea de compulsin; expresa, pues, una obligacin moral, la conveniencia o una consecuencia lgica o natural. We ought to help him She ought to see the doctor It ought to rain now faculDebemos avudarlo Ella debera ver al mdico Debe de llover
Ejercicio t07.-Traducir: Puede usted prestarme este libro? No, no puedo; no 10 tengo. Podr usted darme este libro ms tarde? Puede venir su hermano (de usted) a vemos? S, pero no podr venir muy tempiano. Poda usted hablar ingls el ao pasado? No, no poda. Podra usted darme este libro? S, podra, si supiera donde est. Pudo usted (fue usted capaz de) leer mi carta? No, lo siento, era completamente ilegible. Sabra usted escribir una carta en ingls? Todava no, pero en unos pocos meses podr hacerlo. Pudo usted ver esta pelcula? Si, es tan divertida que no pude dominar la risa todo el tiempo.
144 -
Curso de ingls obligados a aumentar nuestros precios. Ellos tendrn que aumentar los suyos. Usted tendra que cablegrafiar si no pudiera venir. El tendr que contestar inmediatamente. No debo cometer ningn error. Debera yo saber mi leccin mucho mejor. Ejercicio lIO.-Poner en forma negativa: 1 am a tourist. 1 can speak English. 1 understand English. He must come directly. He goes off and may come back again. 1 shall speak. 1 shall have spoken. 1 should play. 1 should have played. Let me come. He could write well. That might be right. 1 was wrong and you were right. He thinks of you. The man played and won. You 10s1. He was beaten. You threw the ball and he caught it. 1 put a stamp on and sealed the letter. He soId this boa k and bought another. He ought to gc.
Ejercicio I08.-Traducir: Dgale usted que l jJuede vemr maana. Puede ser que usted tenga razn. Es posible que yo acepte. Le escribir a usted para que l venga. Ojal tenga usted xito! [Ojal tenga l razn! ti no puede venir maana. Pudiera yo estar equivocado, pero lo dudo. Ejercicio 109.-Traducir: Debo trabajar. Usted tiene que venir conmigo. Es preciso que l est aqu maana. Es preciso que usted haga este trabajo hoy. Tenemos que ir a las cuatro. ti debera estar aqu. Usted debera saber dnde est eso. Este asunto debe ahora ser bien conocido. Usted no debera vender esto tan caro. Usted no debera comprar aquello. Debo pagar esta factura maana. Es preciso que yo conteste esta carta luego. Ser necesario que l vaya con usted. Estamos
I. El infinitivo.
1? El infinitivo ingls siempre va precedido por la partcula to, que constituye su signo caracterstico to take tomar to invite invitar to en los siguientes casos: de los verbos defectivos, se usen como auxiliares o como verbos principales. El verbo ought constituye una excepcin a esta regla:
a) Despus
2? Se omite la partcula
stalk (stork) silo ('sailou) flour (Tlaua) ripe (raip) harvest ('ha.: vist) straw (stro: ) to harvest ('ha.: vist) to [arm (fn: m) to improve (im'pru:v) to plow (o ploug (plau) to germina te ('d3;mineit) to thrash (Grre]') * to sow, sowed, sown
<,
(si.rialz)
grano, trigo (Gr. Br.), maz (E.U.) wheat (hwi: t) trigo rye (rai) centeno buckwheat ('bAkwi: t) sarraceno oats (outs) avena barley (bu: li) cebada maize (meiz) maz (Gr.Br.) rice (rais) arroz Wheat is the most valuable kind of cereal; it gives a very fine flour with which we make bread. Rye is used to make brown bread. Oats are given as food to many animals. Oats, bar ley and buckwheat are also used to make breakfast cereals. With barley, hops (hops) and malt (mo.It) we make beer. Corn and rice grow in warm countries. AGRICULTURE Farming is one of the oldest ways of making a living. The word may refer to the means by which a family keeps alive on a few acres of land. It refers also to a basic industry of modern society which depends entirely on the ability of the farmers to produce and sell food to other workers who live in cities. Wheat, corn, rve and rice are the principal food crops in the world.
corn (ko: n)
They chose to die rather than surrender. Eligieron morir mejor que rendirse.
e) Cuando
el verbo precedente
los casos anteriores son muy lirecordar que, por regla general, despus de una preposicin se emplea casi siempre
el gerundio en vez del iniinitivo: The habit of working The reason for doing it Bis luck in [inding this job.
La costumbre de trabajar La razn para hacerlo Su suerte en encontrar este empleo.
n. Para expresar un futuro cercano o referirse a una accin inminente se emplea en ingls la forma
145
._"ogresiva del verbo to go seguida del infinitivo: 1 am gong to leave He was going to speak
Voy a salir l iba a hablar al espaol y volver a traducir
rafiar
nediayo saarn a h. He back wnte
I play. I were
" You aught d this
life in the ntry, but he must work hard. He must first plow fields to prepare the soil for the seed. Then he sows grain and covers it with earth. When the seed has rerminated green blades appear above the ground. ;~wly the plants grow taller and after some time new ;::-ain is formed on the stalks. When the plants turn ellow the grain is ripe. It will be harvested and threshed -- separate it from the straw. Some of the grain will be ved for seed. The rest will be stored in a silo until the famer thinks it will bring a better price, or it will be saipped directly to market. From there it goes to the ::::lilland is ground into flour. Ejercicio 112.-Contestar a las preguntas: What must farmer do in fall? in summer? What is the color of
corn when it is ripe? Whatsorts of cereals do you know? With what do we make bread? What grows in warm countries? What animals eat grass? What animals eat oats? What do we make with barley? What is hay? What is straw? What is corn? What are the principal crops in your country? Why should the farmers produce more food? How can they incrcase their crops? Ejercicio 113.-Traducir: Ayer fui a la casa de tu amigo, no estaba en casa. Hoy voy al concierto y maana ir al teatro. Mi hijo est en la escuela esta maana. Estaba usted en Caracas la semana pasada? No, pero estaba all hace un mes. l viene de Montevideo, donde ha estado en viaje de negocios (has been on business) para comprar lana y algodn. Piense usted en escribir esta carta antes de salir. Tiene usted algo por hacer? S, tengo cartas para escribir y pedidos para eXfedir. Le escrib para darle la informacin necesaria. vendr para vedo a usted maana. Nunca conteste usted antes de pensar qu va a decir. Despus de haber terminado este trabajo voy a salir.
asos:
como iught g,
petroleuni (pa'trouljam) o petral ('petnl) zoal (koul) copper ('k::>pa) brass (bras) zinc (zinc)
iin. (tin)
petrleo carbn cobre latn cinc estao niquel plomo bronce mercurio platino aluminio mineral riqueza combustible alambre mina hoyo aceite, petrleo crudo presin fuente textil pulpa taladrar, perforar cavar, excavar tejer hilar
also have textile mills to weave cotton or wool into cloth and paper mills to make paper out of wood pulpo Remarks on grammar_
nickel ('nikI)
lead (led) bronze (bronz) mercury ('ma: kjuri) platinum ('plretinam)
aluminium.
1. Partculas verbales, El idioma ingls posee numerosos verbos que se asocian con partculas verbales para precisar modificar su significado. (V. leccin 12). Tenemos, pues, la forma simple del verbo seguida de la particula verbal (una preposicin o un adverbio), ambos tan ntimamente ligados que a menudo se traducen en espaol por una sola voz:
(ee'Ijuminam) rceptrece-
mineral ('minaral)
vealt (weI6) iuel (Tjual) \'re (waio) mine (main) pit (pit) oil (::>il) pressure ('preSa)
ir
ocuparse
en
cuando siguen un
mido
source
textile
(so: s)
('tekstil)
pulp (pxlp) lO drill (dril) ., to dig, dug (dig, dag) '" to weave, wove, woven
'bo y
complemento, pueden regir una preposicin adems de la partcula verbal: to to to to to put put on put up come come down
poner ponerse soportar venir bajar regresar
1 put on mv coat. 1 put up with it, He came down the staircase. H e carne back to his parents.
verbales: Sugiere la idea de: entrar salir subir bajar distanciarse quitar, separar pasar, franquear cruzar atravesar regresar, volver continuar seguir pasar cerca circular, ocuparse
'" to
to come back
MINING ('mainiu) AND INDUSTRY C'indastri) 11. Principales Preposicin o adverbio: in (in)
ricin
Ilidad iunde
ed
.sted
uy liieral,
mpre
bajar '10 ntrar ~se a arma
Petroleum, coal and most of the known metals constitute the mineral wealth of the earth. Iron is the most use ful but without the other metals and fuel all our factories would have to close down. The heaviest metals are lead and mercury. Lead, zinc and tin are usually melted down to make alloys. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Mercury is used in the manufacture of thermometers. Electric wires are made of copper. Airplanes and many articles of everyday use are made of aluminum, the lightest of the common metals. A mine is a place where mineral ore is extracted from the earth. Some mineral s are mined on the urface, others are dug out from underground pits of great depth. An oil field is a place where large deposits of petroleum have been located. Wells are drilled through the rock and oil moves to the surface by its own pressure. Coal, petroleum, natural gas and hydroelectric power are the chief sources of energy for industry and transportation. A factory is a place where workmen work under the direction of foremen and engineers. Works or plant are other words for factory. Mills are built to grind wheat into flour, but we
partculas Significa:
en fuera arriba abajo lejos de encima .al otro lado al otro lado a travs atrs sobre on (on) a lo largo along ( a'bu ) cerca de by (bai) about (a'baut ) acerca de
out (aut) up (xp) down (daun) away (a'wei) off (o.f ) over ('ouva) across (a'kros) through (6ru: ) back (bzek)
111. Preposicin.
1~ Los verbos transitivos ingleses no rigen como los espaoles una preposicin antes del complemento directo, aun cuando se trata de personas:
146 -
1 see my sister
2~ Cuando el rgimen indirecto es un pronombre y precede al rgimen directo, se suprime la preposicin to:
3~ La preposicin se coloca a veces al fin de la oracin: a) Cuando la clusula comienza con un pronombre interrogativo o relativo:
Whom are you thinking oi? What is it made oi? What is it cut with? b) Cuando tendido:
el pronombre
De quin est usted, pensando? De qu est hecho esto? Con qu se corta esto?
The example
puerta. Subir al segundo piso. Bajar la escalera. Alejarse del gento. Pasar al lado de la ventana. Cruzar la calle. Atravesar el parque. Regresar del trabajo. Seguir caminando hasta medioda. Ejercicio l1S.-Traducir al espaol y volver a traducir al ingls: Cotton is a vegetable product obtained from the cotton plant, and it is one of the most important industrial crops in the world. The plant is grown chiefly in Egypt, India, Latin America and in the southern states of theU.S. Raw cotton is a sott, white fiber that forms a coating for the seed of the planto The plant requires considerable heat and some moisture. The fiber is gathered from the pods by hand or by machine and is separated from the seed by the cotton gin, Then it is carded and spun into yarn in cotton mills. The yarn is woven into cloth used for clothing, sheets and underwear. Good cooking oil is obtained from the seeds. Since the plant cannot be grown in cold countries, there is always a great demand for cotton in the world market.
Ejercicio 114.-Traducir, empleando en todas las frases el verbo to walk (caminar) seguido de la partcula verbal correspondiente: Salir del cuarto. Entrar por la
in order that
(in 'o: do oret) whoever (hu'evo)
que ...
Every country, even the richest and the largest, must import the goods that it cannot produce. On the other hand, any nation ('neif,m) that has even a single article that other countries need can enter that great market known as international (intoneejnl) trade. Raw materials, foodstuffs ('fu: dstxfs) and manuIacsured goods are shipped from one country to another, and foreign commerce ('k;)md: s) extends to the most distant parts of the globe. Great Britain, Holland and Japan import great quantities of raw material s, and they export machinery and finished goods. Egypt and the United States are great exporters of cotton. Wool comes from Australia. Timber and wood pulp are sold by Canada and Finland. The best coffee is produced in Latin America which also exports sugar, tobacco, petroleum products and various minerals. Remarks on grammar.
cualquiera que, quienquiera que (tratndose de personas) cualquiera que (tratndose de cosas) desear Le escrib para que vimera, Lo ver, quienquiera que sea. Diga usted cualquier cosa que tenga a decir. Deseo a l que tenga xito.
to him in arder that he might come. 1 shall see him whoever he may be. Speak, whatever you may have to sayo
que may se usa cuando la oracin prinen el presente o en el futuro; cuando la oracin principal est en el pa-
..
gramaticales des-
1. El antiguo subjuntivo orgnico ingls sobrevive slo en: a) Algunas expresiones desiderativas o imprecativas con el sujeto en la 3~ persona:
Long live the King! Viva el rey! Manners be hanged! literalmente: A la horca los buenos les! moda-
para que no, por miedo de que ... en caso que ... dado caso que .. , a menos que... no sea que ... Ir ahora para no ser impuntual. Dado el caso que l llegara. Lo dejar a usted, a menos que l venga.
b) En algunas formas del verbo to be, cuando se implica que una suposicin es falsa, o la accin improbable, y en algunas locuciones especiales:
1f 1 were yOU... 1 wish it were possible Were it so ... Be it (cheap or dear) The powers that be
Si yo fuese usted ... Ojal fuera posible! Si as fuera .. , Sea (barato o caro) Las autoridades
En el ingls moderno los tiempos del subjuntivo quedaron sustituidos por frases verbales formadas con los auxiliares: may, might y should (V. leccin 61). El subjuntivo, que en espaol rige para ciertas oraciones subordinadas, en ingls se traduce por: 1~ may o might despus bras o expresiones: de las siguientes pala-
n.
4~El indicativo presente o futuro, aun cuando se trate de una interrogacin, negacin, mandato o duda. Do you think it is here? 1 do not think he will come. 1 doubt he is here. Cree usted que esto est aqu? No creo que l venga. Dudo que l est aqu.
srticula
por la ;a. Alehzar la Seguir raducir 1 from iortant chiefly uthern er that : plant e. The lachine i. Then s. The ts and m the counin the
Ejercicio 116.-Traducir: No conviene que usted hable canto, No es necesario que l venga hoy. No creo que usted conozca esto. Cualquier cosa que usted haga, hsala bien. Quienquiera que sea, lo recibir. No es tiemoo de que vayamos? QUIero que usted se quede. l nos ordena que vayamos. Vaya usted para que l no lo espere en vano. Escrbale usted a fin de que sepa dnde est usted. No creo que l lo oiga. EJercicio I17.-Repaso de vocabulario. Traducir al
espaol y volver a traducir al ingls: It is work that fills the world about us with real magic. It c\othes you and me; it feeds us, it builds our houses; it builds the roads and the cars that travel along them; it builds bridges that span the rivers, and stretches telegraph wires across the land and below the waters; it harvests the wheat and sets out the flowers in our gardens; it tames the mountain streams to give us electricity; it lights our rooms and prints our books; it draws our maps; constructs our telescopes and planes and space ships; it searches out the iron and the copper in the mines; it twists the silver into chains and turns the rough c\ay into beautiful china: it fastens the wires in the piano and teaches the chorus to sing in harrnony, And when you see the carpenter, the teacher, the nurse, the engine driver, the weaver, the typist, the singer, the sailor, the dressmaker and other workmen, you respect them, because they have given us our pleasure and our comfort.
quiera
persoose de
[ue viraque
er
19a
1
lO
sea ser
10
usted !l que
Exercise 33.-ls it raining? Yes, it is raining. No, it ~ not raining, Is it snowing? Yes, it is snowing, No, ~ is not snowing. Are you going to school? Yes, 1 am go~ to schoo!. No, 1 am not going to school. Are you readinr the lesson? Yes, 1 am reading it. No, 1 am not readinz jAre you taking the book? Yes, 1 am taking the book. K 1 am not taking the book. Is your teacher speaking EDglish? Yes, my teacher is speaking English. No, Ir:"' teacher is not speaking English. Is the pupil speakirx Spanish? Yes, he is speaking Spanish. No, he is speakng Spanish. Exercse 34.-1 am going out in the morning. He working at home in the afternoon. He is writing m= exercises. You are repeating many lessons. They are lis: ening to yOU.He is lookng at the pictures. We are v.~ king one hour every morning. Exercise 35.-1 have two arrns, two legs, four lir one neck.-The principal parts of the body are: the h the trunk and the four limbs.-The four limbs are: e rigth arm, the left arm, the right leg and the left legThe parts of the arm are: the shoulder, the elbow, hand and the fingers.-I have ten fingers, two feet ten toes. Exercise 36.-1 have long hair (or 1 have short Mv hair is fair (or MVhair is not fair-it is dark). hair is curly, rny hair is not curly. The parts of mouth are the two lips, the tongue, the teeth and
of Feboruary, .nth o ~a half sr. You illrty.1 iesday, [les on LY? No, iort. It ;terday neither ny nor iarrnv I our. It :. It is twenty If past .t is a iesday, ty-fifth st four. :old in er. The ,eather is in a ~onday rrt (or: white. ing-to -to exeringI look,
l know,
te. A deaf man cannot hear. A blind 'man cannot see. : aro not blindo The teacher is not dumb. The hair of s old man is grey (or white). The color of my cheeks rosy. Yes my nose is straight. No, my nose is not ight. My mouth is neither large nor small; it is dle-sized. We see with OUTeyes. We hear with our =.--,. We speak with OUTtongues, we smell with OUT , we touch with our fingers. Exercise37.-Bob is a good pupil. He knows bis lesson, does bis exercises and learns bis Englsh words. He good morning to his teacher when he comes into classroom. He repeats his words and his sentences ~ English (or his English words and sentences) and has -- mistakes in his work. He goes to school in the mornJ at a quarter past eight and comes black home in the ":ernoon. Exercise 38.-Mary is a good pupilo She knows her on, she does her exercises and learns her English ,rds. She says good morning to her teacher when she zomes into the classroom. She repeats her English words sentences and has no mistakes in her work. She to school in the morning at a quarter past eight and es back home in the afternoon. Exercises 39.-This little girl is not very nice. She has n blue eyes and fair hair. She has not rosy cheeks, a ::rrned-up nose and a pretty little mouth. Now she is It learning her lesson. She IS neither reading nor workg. She is not an attentive pupil, so she cannot speak Englsh fluently. She does not pay attention to the ;ronunciation. Exercises 4O.-He does not work, he does not learn, he ::res not speak, he does not go. She does not hear, she ::res not see, she does not taste, she does not feel. We -=n not like, we do not begin, we do not know, we do It answer. They do not end, they do not walk, they -- not skate, they do not run. Exercise 41.-Father, mother.-Son, daughter.-Hus-::and, wife.-Aunt, uncle.-Niece, nephew.-Sister, bro:.:rer.-Child, cbildren.-Man, men.-Woman, women.-I ::::avetwo brothers and one sister.- Yes, 1 have many zimts and uncles.-My grandfather is very old. He is ::ighty-six. Exercise 42.-My father's father is my grandfather.lty father's brother is my uncle.-My father's sister is =::IY aunt.-My uncle's son is rny cousin.-My sister's ::aughter is my niece.-My brother's son is my nephew. Mi primo Juan Juan es un muchacho grande y fuerte, de unos trece aos de edad; es alto y bien formado. No es el muchacao ms aplicado de su clase, ni el ms inteligente. En realidad, es muy perezoso; no estudia sus lecciones =i hace sus tareas; no le gusta estudiar, no le. interesan ~s libros y lecciones, pero es aficionado a todos los de:x>rtes. - Si bien es el ltimo de su clase en gramtica u orto9<a, o en matemticas, no es el ltimo en el campo ~portivo; sabe jugar cualquier deporte que le gusta, :;>eroespecialmente ftbol, beisbol y hockey. Empero, su padre no est satisfecho con l y dice que si no corrige su conducta en el prximo semestre, ser ::ecesario castigarlo severamente. La vida de mi abuelo Mi abuelo tiene ahora 72 aos. Estuvo en la escuela de s 8 hasta los 15 aos y luego comenz a trabajar como oficinista. Cas cuando tuvo 25 aos; su esposa era una mujer buena y cariosa, y juntos vivieron muy felices. Tuvieron varios hijos, dos varones y tres mujeres. Una de estas hijas fue mi madre. Ahora mi abuelo no trabaja, vive en el campo, no est ni sordo, ni ciego, ni siquiera miope. No es muy fuerte, naturalmente, pero sale para un paseo todos los das, cuando el tiempo est bueno. Exercise 43.-Yes, he is. No, he is not. Yes, he is. No, e does noto No, he does not. Yes, he is. Yes, he can. Yes, he is. Yes, he was. Yes, he hado No, he .oes noto Yes, he does. Me visto En la maana me levanto a las siete en el invierno y a las seis y media en el verano.
Me visto: me pongo la camisa y los pantalones -los que sostengo con un cinturn-e, los calcetines y los zapatos. Pongo una corbata alrededor del cuello y un pauelo en el bolsillo. Cuando salgo, me pongo el abrigo, si hace fro, y el impermeable, si est lloviendo. Cuando entro, me quito el abrigo y lo cuelgo en un ropero. Me quito los zapatos y calzo las pantuflas. Exercise 44.-1 get up at seven o'clock, at half past six. 1 go to bed at ten o'clock, at a quarter past ten, at a quarter to eleven. First 1 put on my shirt and my trousers. No, 1 do not put on slippers when 1 go out. No, 1 do not put on an overcoat when 1 am at home. A man has a tie round bis collar. No, a woman has a pair of stockings on her feet. Yes, 1 do. Exercise 45.-ln the morning he gets up at seven o'clock in winter and at half past six in summer. He dresses: he puts on bis shirt and bis trousers -wbich he holds up with a belt- bis socks and bis shoes, He puts a tie round bis collar and a handkerchief in his pocket. When he goes out, he puts on his overcoat, if it is cold, and bis raincoat, if it is raining. When he comes in, the takes off bis overcoat and he hangs it in the closet. He takes off bis shoes and puts on bis slippers. Exercise 46.-ln 1 do not dress at overcoat. When 1 overcoat. When 1 slippers. winter 1 do not get up at 7 o'clock. 8 o'clock, The schoolboy puts on bis do not go out, . do not put on my do not get up, 1 do not put on my
La ropa y la ropa interior La ropa interior de las mujeres son: el sostn, las pantaletas o bombachas y las enaguas. Una mujer sostiene sus medias con un portaligas. Encima de su ropa interior lleva un vestido o una falda con una blusa o con un suter. Cuando sale se pone un saco o un abrigo y un par de guantes. Cuando hace mucho fro se pone un abrigo con cuello de piel. En la casa lleva un delantal encima de su vestido. En la escuela, las nias llevan delantales. Cuando est lloviendo, una mujer toma su paraguas. En los pases calientes, las damas tienen abanicos para abanicarse con ellos.
panties,
Exercise 47.-A woman's underclothes are the slip, and brassiere. Over them she puts a blouse and a skirt, or a dress. She holds up her stockings with a garter belt. She has a fur collar. She takes an umbrella when the weather is rainy. She does not take it when the weather is fine. At schoollittle girls wear pinafores. No, he does not. No, they do not. Little girls wear short skirts now.
No, it n going reading ding it. ok. No, ing En~o, my ieaking is not He is ~ many are listtre walIimbs, .e head, lre: the ~ leg., the eet and
t
Ejercicio 48.-En la maana, cuando me levanto, la primera cosa que hago es ir al cuarto de bao. Me lavo la cara y las manos con agua y jabn. Las seco con una toalla, pero todava no estoy listo. Tengo que cepillarme y limpiarme las uas; luego tengo que cepillarme los dientes con el cepillo de dientes y peinarme delante del espejo. Cuando estoy completamente listo, termino de vestirme. Vuelvo a poner todo en su lugar antes de salir. Exercise 49.-1 am not aman. 1 do not work, do not learn, do not study. She is not a schoolgirl. She does not do her homework and does not go to school. We cannot speak and cannot write a letter in English. You must not listen to me. He is not reading and is not writing. They are not dancing and playng. Yesterday we were not at home. We did not correct OUT exercises and did not repeat oUT lessons. They did not open their books. We did not speak English.-They did not write a dictation. Exercise 50.-A little girl was at the door, she carne in and said, "Good morning." She went to her place, took her books and exercise books and began to work. The teacher spoke English. He asked questions and we answered. 1 was reading and you were listening. This lesson was difficult to learn. 1 had many lessons to learn. There were many lessons in ths book. Exercise 51.-1 live in a house. 1 live on the ground floor or first floor, second floor ... There are five, six, seven . . . stories in my house. 1 do not live on the groundfloor. Yes, 1 have a balcony. No, 1 have no balcony. There are balconies on the second and fifth floors, generally. The walls of my house are made of stone or brick. The doors and floors are made of wood. The roof is covered with slate or tile. A tile is red. The cellar
Yes, hewas.
rk). My
hair)
of the md the
The coffee is in front of me in the coffeepot, the milk in the milk jug and the sugar in the sugar bow!. lit": mother takes neither coffee nor tea, she prefers chocolate. 1 like tea very much, but I do not drink tea in the morning. I drink some in the afternoon at five o'cloc on Thursdays and Sundays, when I am at home. Exercise 59.-Today I am at schoo!. I work, I obey m teacher, I do not play. My brother is young. He does not go to school. He is at home with my mother anc he looks at pictures in the nursery or plays in the garden. Yesterday I was with my friends. We did not wor. because we had neither exercises nor lessons; we too' tea, we ate bread, jam and biscuits; We did not go ou; into the garden: it rained. Tomorrow I shall go school, 1 shall say my lessons and correct my exercises with my teacher. There will not be many mistakes and 1 shail have a good mark; my teacher wil! say: "That was well done". If it was fine, I should go out; if it rainec you would be at home. Exercise 60.-The dog is as useful as the cat and it is more faithful, A calf s bigger than a sheep but is no; so big as an OX. The ears of an ass are longer thaz, those of a horse, but the rabbit has ears as long as those of the ass (or donkey). The cat is cleaner than the dog and the pig is dirtier than the other animals. I like the dog less than the cat but more than the horse. Exercise 61.-The hen gives us eggs. The cow gives us milk. With milk we make butter and cheese. 1 know beef, veal, mutton and pork. The ox gives beef. The calf gives veal. The sheep gives mutton and the pig gives pork. We do not eat the dog and the cat. No, 1 do n eat chicken every day. 1 like both (ambos). A young cow is a calf. Cats eat rats and mice. The donkey anc, the rabbit have very longs ears. Exercse 62.-1 am older than my brother, but he is taller than 1. In summer the days are longer than i:: winter and the nights are shorter. January is longer than February or April, but December is as long as January. It is warmer in spring than in winter. It was colder yesterday than today. It will be finer tornorro than today. 1 should go out if it was less cold. Y would go to school if it was warmer. Exercse 63.-The dog is the most faithful animal. Tbe cow and the horse are the most useful animals. Tbe biggest domestic animal is the ox. I like the dog best With wool we make warm clothes. With leather Vi make shoes, boots, schoolbags. We put on woolen stockings in winter. I like the cat better than the horse. A donkey is not less useful than a horse. The one s as useful as the other. A donkey is much bigger than a dog Exercse 64.-00 you speak? Did you speak? Will voz. speak? Have you spoken? Does the fire burn? Did . burn? Wil! the fire burn? Has the fire burnt? Exercise 65.-ls this my house? Is it a large house" Has the house several floors (or stories)? Can 1 see fue balcony on the 5th floor? Did I write my exercise ye5terday? Did he come to school? Did he work very much? Did you speak English? Will he come tomorrow? Woul they work? Exercise 66.- Yesterday 1 dd not eat roast beef anc did not drink a cup of milk. 1 did not look at my chickens. They were not very fato Tomorrow I shall not go market. I shall not have butter and eggs. I shall not ord meat and vegetables. You will not come with me. I az; not coming tomorrow. He was not working. She wi~ not be playing. Exercise 67.-At the fruiterer's shop 1 buy fruits anz, vegetables. At a butchers shop I can see meat: beef, veal and mutton. The milkman sells milk, the grocer sells sugar, salt, oil, vinegar, etc. The fishmonger sells all sorts of fish. I buy bread at the baker's. The ma.:. who makes bread is the baker. The ox, the sheep and tbe calf give the meat sold at the butcher's. The cow gves milk. The hen gives eggs. In winter, the fruiterer sells only oranges, lemons, bananas and chestnuts. In SUJ mer the greengrocer sells all sorts of vegetables: beans peas, carrots, spinach, etc. No, 1 paid my mother's bi, but I did not pay yours. Exercise 68.-The milkman brings the milk to tbe door. The dairyman sells the cheese and the butter made with the milk. He also sells eggs. At the greeogrocer's 1 buy oranges and lemons. In summer I bouzlx
En el centro del cuarto se encuentra la mesa de madera con sillas alrededor. Contra la pared est el aparador, y junto al aparador est la chimenea con un espejo arriba de ella. En una esquina hay una mesa pequea con varios platos y platones. El piso est cubierto con una alfombra, hay cortinas en la ventana y unos cuantos cuadros sobre las paredes. Tomamos tres o cuatro alimentos en el comedor todos los das. Exercise 55.-1 eat meat and vegetables with a fork. I eat soup with a spoon. I drink tea or coffee from a cup. I cut my meat with a knife, I eat rny soup with a spoon. I drink tea, coffee, milk or chocolate in a cupo I put no sugar in my tea, but I do put milk in it. On a saucer I put rny cup. In a bottle there is wine or beer or cider. In a decanter there is wine. In a dish, there are vegetables, or meat. I drink tea at 5 o'clock. 1 prefer coffee to tea. Exercise 56.-No, I do not eat my soup with a fork. 1 donot drink wine out of a cup, nor tea out of a glass. I do not eat vegetables at breakfast. My brother does not put sugar in rus salad. My father does not put pepper in his cup of coffee. 1 did not drink beer yesterday. I did not eat chocolate last week. My mother did not give me much meat at dinner. Mi dormitorio En una esquina est mi cama junto al ropero. Al pie de la cama hay un silln donde me siento cuando estoy cansado. En el espejo me miro en la maana cuando me arreglo el pelo. En el verano hay flores en el florero sobre la mesa. Mi libro favorito se encuentra en el estante. Exercise 57.-ln what room is your bed? My bed is in my bedroom. In what room have you an armchair? 1 have an armchair in the bedroom and also in the living room. Where do you receive your friends? 1 receive rny friends in the living room. Where does the servant cook the meals? She cooks them in the kitchen. Where does your father work? My father works in his study. Do you wash in the bathroom? Yes, Ido. Were you in the living room yesterday? No, 1 was not in the living room yesterday. Had you any friendss? Yes, 1 had some. No, I had not any, Where there chairs in the living room? There were several chairs in the living room. Did you take your meals in the kitchen? Yes, I took my meals in the kitchen. No, I did noto Did you put flowers in the vase? Yes, I did. No, I did noto Exercise 58.-ln the morning 1 get up, 1 wash and 1 dress. When 1 am ready, I go to the dining room. 1 sit down at the table in front of my cup of coffee. 1 put some milk and sugar in it and 1 begin my breakfast. I cut my bread, 1 put butter on it and I eat it; then 1 drink my coffee and milk and 1 put the cup back on the saucer.
it is not mine, it is yours or theirs. Do you want this book? No, thank you, 1 have my own book. Exercise 77.-My brother Peter is eighteen years old; he was born on the twenty-sixth of January, Nineteen Hundred and Forty-eight. He is no longer a lazy schoolboy. He is now a studious young man who is verv fond of mathematics. In the morning when he has some work to do, he gets up at half past six or at a quarter to seven. When he has washed and dressed himself, with all his books, and notebooks ready, he takes his breakfast in the dining room with my mothr and sister. My father is already out. After he has drunk bis coffee, he reads the newspaper; then he takes his hat and his portfolio and goes to his class. He likes to study, bis teachers are pleased with him and his exercises are well done . Exercise 78.-When 1 am older, I shal! no longer be' at school and 1 must have a profession. 1 do not think that 1 shal! be a teacher, for 1 am not patient and I do not like long studies. My father would like me to be a doctor, like him; it is a very useful but very tiring profession, and one for which a young man must study a very long time before he can practise it. I am thinking about work in an office, a bank or a shop. 1 already speak a little English; 1 shall learn a little French and German, because languages are very useful in business. Exercise 79.-1 am fifteen ... or twenty ... or forty years old. 1 was born in Caracas on the twenty-first of April, Nineteen Forty-one ... Forty-six ... Twenty-six. My profession is that of a teacher, 1 am a teacher by profession. 1 should prefer the profession of a doctor or of a surgeon. I am not tall, 1 am short. I am not small, 1 am big. 1 am not fair, I am dark. 1 am not old, I am young. 1 am not aman, I am a woman. 1 am neither a boy nor a girl. I have two brothers and no sisters. They are younger than 1. My father is not a very old man, but he is no longer a young mano I am married. 1 am not single. 1 have children: sons and daughters. I live in an important city: I do not live in the country. I live on the third floor. My house has four stories. My apartment has five rooms. I sleep in the bedroom, eat in the dining room and play the piano and receive my friends in the living room. Yes, 1 can name the pieces of furniture in each of them. Yes, I can: plates, spoons, forks,knives, etc. ~ Exercise 80.-ta tts. he flies; ta cry, he cres; to study, he studies; ta capy, he copies; ta spy, he spies; ta dry, he dries; ta [etch, he fetches; ta teach, he teaches; ta dress, he dresses; ta do, he does] ta unda, he undoes; ta go, he goes; ta wash, he washes; ta try, he tries; ta brush, he brushes. Plural: Child, children; waman,. women; gentleman, gerrtle-: men; sportsman, sportsmen; ox, oxen; sheep, sheep: goose, geese; mause, mice; boy, boys; lady, ladies; cherry, cherries; day, days; study, studies; pencil box, pencil boxes; dish, dishes; patato, potatoes; tomato, tomatoes; hero, heroes. Feminine Gender:
Jey my e does er and he gart work 'e took go out go to .ercises s and 1 rat was rained
~retty earrings ('i;riuz) at your jeweler's? Yes, go and zet some. Has your sister bought any paper, ink and :iens? Yes, she has, and she has also got blotting ?aper and long rulers. Has the florist many flowers loday? No, she has few; she has neither roses nor pinks. 3as your teacher much work, many lessons? He has many lessons, rnany pupils and little time for himself. Has anybody been to the booksellers? Yes, somebody zas been. Was there anything interesting? ('intristiJ))? So, there was nothing at all. Exercise 71.-Today 1 want milk, cream and eggs, 1 50 to the dairyman's to buy some. After that 1 go to :he stationers to get my newspaper and some pencils. I ask the stationer if he has any English dictionaries, but .:3e can only show me a pocket edition with very few ":I'Ords.Tomorrow 1 shall go to the bookseller's to look .:or a good one, because 1 shall need it for my next :.sson. Exercise 72.-Where do you go? Where does this lady _.e? When do you get up? When does the boy go to school? How do you like this picture? How much is it? .3.ow much time have you? How many mistakes are taere in this exercise? How many times do you go to school in a week? What do you say? What does this ;entleman want? Why do you not speak English? Why -- you want to learn English? Exercise 73.-The sculptor produces figures and ornazaents cut in stone or cast in bronze. The painter paints :Rctures. The doctor is one of the most useful men ii:::nongthose who practise a profession. The chemist :::::d the nurses help .the doctor in his work. When 1 zave abad tooth 1 got to the dentist's. The typist works ':::.an roffice. The workman works in afactory. Some 3ctories ernploy many workmen. Exercise 74.-Who gives you English lessons? Nobody ;:'es me English lessons. 1 teach myself. What do these zrtists produce? The sculptor cuts a statue in marble' zad the painter paints a portrait", Whose house is this? :ills is my father's house. For whom is this other house? := s for my brother. Who drew the plans of the house? :::::.eplans were drawn by an architect. When will it be ready? It will be ready in three weeks' time. Which =e do you prefer? 1 prefer my father's house. Why? 3ecause it is bigger and because he built it himself.
~marble ('mo.:bl)
.it he is
than in
; longer
horse.
s as usen a dogo
Bov, girl: son, daughter: [ather, mother; man, woman; husband, wife; nephew, niece: uncle, aunt; brother, sister; schoolboy, schoolgirl; Mr., Mrs., Miss; Sir, Madam.
Possesive Case: My father's house is large and pretty. My grandfathers garden is smal!er than mine. This pupil's work is better than yours. Your frend's sister has come. 1 have spoken to your pupil's father. 1 have bought this man's books and I shall give them to YOU. This lady's son is here. Tema - Leccin 49 Los Estados Unidos de Amrica
retrato.
ruits and eat: beef, le grocer 1ger sells The man p and the :ow gives erer sells . In sumes: beans, her's bil!,
Exercse 75.-Gold is a precious metal, more precious .zan silver. Steel is a useful metal, more useful than ~d or silver; it is the most useful of al! metals. Winter a cold season, colder than spring or fallo Spring is s warm but more rainy than summer. In winter the zays are shorter than in fallo Which is the shortest day - the whole year? and which is the longest? Exercise 76.-Who are you? 1 am the student who is dying English every day at half past three. With nom did you come (have you come)? With nobody . lIo teaches you English? Mr. White teaches me English. ,;:;: what book do you learn your lessons? 1 learn my .essons in the Enciclopedia Autodidactica. With whom ) you do your exercises? Nobody, does mv exercises ~.h me. 1 do them myself. Is this book yours? Yes, it mine, ves it is ours. Has anybody given you his book? -IY has he given it? Because he wants me to study it. the exercise book which 1 see on the table yours? No
Ik to the he butter
Los Estados Unidos estn situados en el hemisferio septentrional y ocupan casi la mitad del territorio de Amrica del Norte. Es uno de los pases ms grandes del mundo, pero es ms pequeo que Canad o Rusia. Est limitado al norte por Canad, al oeste por el ocano Pacfico, al este por el Atlntico y al sur por Mxico y el golfo de Mxico. El pas es una repblica federal formada por la unin de cincuenta estados y el Distrito de Columbia. El presidente es el jefe del gobierno. La capital es Washington, D.C. (Distrito de Columbia). Nueva York, en la costa
--Ji
Si viajo a los Estados Unidos puedo elegir varios medios de trasporte. Muchas rutas areas enlazan Venezuela con todos los pases de Amrica. A cada rato hay aviones aterrizando en la pista del aeropuerto de earacas y hay un vuelo diario a Nueva York va Maracabo. Compaas de vapor proporcionan servicio programado de pasajeros y carga desde La Guaira. Buques de toda clase y tonelaje llegan al puerto y van a muchos importantes puertos martimos del mundo. He visto alh: cargueros, buques-tanques y trasatlnticos de lujo. Pero el barco ms bonito de todos era un velero blanco Ech anclas no lejos del muelle, exactamente debajo de! faro. Me gustara ir en un barco, pero no soy buen marino y quiz me maree durante el viaje, Creo que volar a Miami y seguir a Nueva York por una ruta terrestre: por mnibus o por tren. Ejercicio 87.-EQUIPAJE. Si viajo en avin pondr todos los artculos ms pesados en el bal y los embarcar con anticipacin a Nueva York por vapor. Si I fuera tan caro, preferira llevarlo conmigo en el avi Viajar con el menor equipaje posible. Cuando est listo para salir, pondr mi ropa en una maleta, primero los artculos pesados: libros y zapatos, en el fondo: luego las cosas ms ligeras: camisas, :p,ijamas, corbatas, pauelos y trajes, encima. Mi cepillo de dientes peine, navaja de afeitar, jabn de afeitar y pasta de dientes cabrn todos en un estuche dentro del maletn chico. Ejercicio 88.-Eso es una leccin de dibujo. Ayer ve una leccin de canto. No hablen sin pensar. l sae despus de haber hecho su trabajo. Soy muy aficionado a la navegacin y a la equitacin. PIenso comprar un coche. sta es una muchacha muy trabajadora. Ih tenido usted un da agotador? Mi hija aprende confeccin de vestidos, y mi hijo practica la talla de IDadera. Voy al taller de la costurera para una prueba. Tema Leccin 53. Aterrizaje
El tiempo estuvo bueno, y el servicio a bordo, excelente. El avn aterriza. Damos gracias a la tripulacin. el piloto, el ingeniero de vuelo, el sobrecargo y la bo ta sobrecargo. Antes de salir del aeropuerto tenem que llenar las formalidades de migracin, ~
spedes
dows. A farmer works on a farm. A banker owns or manages a bank. Exercise 95.-Rainy, snowy, foggy, windy, rnuddy, dirty, funny, faithful, plentiful, beautiful, truthful, dusty, cloudy, icy, hilly, yearlv, hourly. (Duplicando la consonante situada entre la vocal acentuada y el sufijo): fog, foggy - mud, muddy - fun, funny. Pleasure, fortune, health, luck, sadness, misery, faith, delight, readiness,. gladness, sickness, length, width, depth, breadth, height, hope, care, arder, beauty, prettiness. Tema Leccin 56
Ira po-
) unas ruda y
Un hogar americano Al Sr. Brown no le gustara vivir en un edificio de departamentos en el centro de la ciudad. Vive en su propia casa, en los suburbios. El suburbio residencial es realmente una ciudad en miniatura, pero conserva algo del tranquilo pueblo del cual creci. Los vecinos son amistosos, las calles tienen hileras de rboles y hay csped sin cerca frente a las casas. La casa del Sr. Brown tiene todas las comodidades modernas y fue planeada para la actual informal manera de vivir. Como slo la gente ms rica puede soportar el gasto de criados, la seora Brown cuenta con aparatos elctricos para aligerar sus quehaceres. La sala, en la planta baja, sirve para ver la televisin y para entretenimiento. El comedor slo se usa en ocasiones especiales, cuando la familia tiene visitas para comer. Los alimentos de todos los das se toman junto a la cocina, en un comedor chico. La cocina es muy grande. Contiene un fregadero, un lavaplatos, una cocina de gas y un refrigerador. La tabla de planchar y la mquina de lavar estn junto a la puerta que lleva al patio trasero, porque a la Sra. Brown le gusta tender la ropa al aire libre en el sol. Los dormitorios y los baos estn en la planta alta. Los dormitorios de los nios son bastante amplios para el estudio y el juego. El estudio y el taller de herramientas del Sr. Brown estn en el stano, junto al cuarto de la calefaccin. Ejercicio 96.-Nuestra casa (tomado de David Copper[ield, por Carlos Dickens).
i a los
Exercise 91.-My friend will be glad when he sees me. ~ou will know English better when you have been in ::::'eStates. He wil! telephone as soon as (when) he has :::te answer. You will make mistakes as long as you are zot more attentive. As soon as she gets this letter, she -ll come back. While 1 travel, 1 shall think of yOU. ilien you arrive, you will be tired. When he knows that, -~ will be very angry, Exercise 92.-1 am going to take the eight fortv-five zrain, 1 have to be at the station at eight o'clock to get =5' ticket and have my baggage checked (observemos .as formas de emplear el verbo to have). If there is :De 1 shall go and have something warm at the lunch counter. 1 shall sit on a bench in the waiting room, "!I'atchingthe arrival and departure of passengers. Then .: will go on to the platform where rny train will stop. Trains are seldom ahead of time but they are often te. Tema Encuentro Leccin 54
irogra-
El viaje era bastante largo, pero no desagradable. Me sent en el coche de observacin a mirar por las grandes ventanas el paisaje que cambiaba. Al acercarnos a -,ueva York vi muchas fbricas y menos granjas, pero :a. ondulante campia pareca fresca y verde bajo un cielo despejado. .Mi amigo Brown, en efecto, me encontr en la estain,
-Cmo te va? -dice-o Tienes equipaje? Djame ayudarte con la maleta. Dej mi coche en el estaciona=iento. Sigue hacia la izquierda. Brown es un automovilista experto, y pronto estaznos fuera del trfico sobre la va rpida que conduce :ti suburbio donde l vive. -Te estoy llevando a casa. Debes saludar a mi mu-er antes de ir a tu casa de huspedes. La seora Brown nos saluda en el portal. -Cmo est usted? Estoy encantada de saludarlo. Entre usted! Ha de estar muy cansado. Tengo el caf isto. Nos deja entrar por la puerta, abierta de par en :;ar. El caf est caliente, aromtico y sabroso. Exercise 93.-The evening paper, the evening papers. The New York train. A coffee cup, some coffee cups, .A coffeepot, the coffeepots. A hatbrush, some hatrushes. A five-dollar bank note. Exercise 94.-A singer sings songs, operas or musical comedies. A worker works in a factory. A painter paints pictures: portraits and landscapes. A house painter paints houses. A rider rides a horse. A porter carries your luggage at the station. A watchmaker repairs and sells watches. A glazier puts glass panes in our win-
En la planta baja est la cocina de Peggotty que da al patio trasero con un palomar en el centro. sin ninguna paloma en l; una gran perrera en la esquina, sin ningn perro, y una cantidad de aves que me parecen terriblemente altas, recorriendo el patio de manera amenazadora y feroz. Hay un gallo y una bandada de gansos que estiran el cuello cuando andan detrs de m. Hay un largo pasillo que conduce desde la cocina de Peggotty a la puerta de entrada. Da acceso a una oscura bodega. Luego estn las dos salas, la sala en la que nos sentamos en la noche mi madre, Peggotty y yo, y la sala mejor donde nos sentamos los domingos grandemente, pero incmodos. Y ahora veo la huerta a lo largo de nuestra cerca del jardn. Veo tambin el exterior de nuestra casa con las ventanas de celosa del dormitorio de mi madre abiertas para dejar entrar el aire perfumado. Ahora estoy en el jardn, en la parte de atrs, donde la fruta se arracima en los rboles y donde mi madre recoge algunas en una canasta. . Exercise 97.-Respuestas.-Peggotty's kitchen was on the ground floor. It opened into a back yard. A back yard is a yard at the back of a house (or behind a house). A dog's kennel is a little house, general!y made of wood, in which the dog sleeps. The fowls 1 know are the cock or hen, chickens, geese, ducks, turkeys. The feminine of cock is heno A young cock or hen is called a chicken. A baby chicken or other baby bird is cal!ed a chick. The singular of geese is goose. Geese waddle when they walk. The passage led to the front door. A storeroom is a room for keeping sto res and provisions af al! kinds. It opened out of the passage. Three people sat in the parlor: David Copnerfield, his mother, and their faithful servant, Clara Peggotty. In an orchard 1 see fruit trees and fruits. 1 know cherry trees, peach trees, apple trees and apricot trees. The mother put the fruits she had gathered in a basket. We use some in affirmative sentences. We use any in neg. and interrogo sentences. Much is used in the sing. Many in the plural. Little is singular. Few is plural. Charles Dickens wrote David Copperfield.
exceilacin: a bonienemos
l,
Dnde comer El comer fuera de casa puede ser una necesidad diaria si se trabaja en una gran ciudad. En un restaurante, la gente toma asiento en mesas pequeas y es atendida por camareros o camareras. En un restaurante se puede tener el "plato del da", o escoger del men cualquier plato que uno prefiera o pueda permitirse. . Si es un establecimiento con permiso para vender bebidas alcohlicas y a uno se le antoja un trago puede pedirle al camarero le muestre la lista de bebidas. El camarero toma nota del pedido y ms tarde presenta la cuenta. Se paga por la comida y se gratifica al camarero. Aparte de los restaurantes, existe gran variedad de lugares para comer, que proporcionan servicio rpido informal y comida a precios razonables. Muchos edificios pblicos tienen un comedor con mostrador donde se sirven alimentos calientes. Las bticas generalmente incluyen una fuente de sodas donde se puede comprar bebidas calientes, refrescos, helados de todos los sabores, postres de helado y emparedados. Los hay que dan servicio a los automovilistas en su coche. La mayora de los bares lcteos, salones de t y cafeteras ofrecen una variedad de alimentos mayor de lo que sus nombres sugieren. Todos son ms baratos que los restaurantes, pero no venden ni vino ni cerveza.
ly, broadly, slowly, quickly, highly, really, artificially,
shortly. Exercise 99.-This morning I got up earlier than usual. 1 have breakfast more often in the drugstore than at home, but 1 enjoy it less. My teacher comes less often than yours, but he stays longer. I like rny dog more and more, but it is the cat that I like best. An ox draws a cart more slowly than a donkey. A horse runs faster than a donkey. This is the fastest car I ever hado Speak louder, I cannot hear yOU.He writes more leziblv than I. The more we work the faster we shall finish. The workman who works fastest finisbes soonest. Exercise 100.-Tbe monetary unit of the United States is the dallar. The English use pounds, shillings and pence. There are' twelve pence in a shilling. The measures of length are the yard, the foot and inch; the mile s used for long distances. In a yard there are 3 feet or 36 inches. A mile is longer than a kilometer. A yard is shorter thari a meter. An American ton is lighter than a British ton. There are eight pints in a gallon. There are sixteen ounces in a pound. The Anglo-Saxon system s neither so simple nor so convenient as the metric one. Ejercicio 101.-Recib su carta hace dos das; no haba recibido una durante tres meses. 111 se fue hace una semana; haba estado aqu durante un mes. Empec a aprender ingls hace seis meses. He aprendido ingls desde seis meses. Durante los primeros dos meses tuve una leccin todos los das. Ahora estudio cada segundo da. Cunto cuesta esta seda? Vale 3 dlares la yarda, y sta cuesta $ 4.25. Los huevos estn ahora a 60 centavos la docena, y la mantequilla cuesta $ 1.20 la libra. Antes, una taza de caf se venda a 5 centavos de dlar, pero ahora vale el doble o el triple. Cinco obreros hacan 800 ladrillos en un da de 8 horas; con la nueva maquinaria estn haciendo miles. La reina Isabel 11 sucedi a su padre; Jorge VI, en 1952. Tema Leccin 59
1,'
La ciudad de Nueva York Nueva York es la ciudad ms grande de los Estados Unidos. La poblacin de la entera concentracin urbana asciende a once millones, pero slo una sexta parte de esta gente vive en la parte llamada Manhattan. Manhattan es una isla en la boca del ro Hudson. Su rea total es menor que 32 millas cuadradas, pero incluye la mayora de los lugares que dieron fama a Nueva York. Central Park se extiende a lo largo de 51 manzanas en el centro de la isla. El Museo Metropolitano de Arte y el Museo Americano de Historia Natural son adyacentes al parque y a poco camino est el distrito a la moda con sus hoteles de lujo, tiendas elegantes y la Quinta Avenida, con los grandes almacenes. El Centro
el ro
:o
::xlt. - Could you give me this book? Yes, I could, if :::knew where it was. - Were you able to read my Ztter? No. I'rn sorry, it was cornpletely illegible. Could ~u write a letter in English? Not yet, but in a few months I shall be able to do it. Could you see this ::icture? Yes, it was so funny that I could not help ughing all the time. Exercise t08.-Tell him that he may come tomorrow. You may be right. I may accept. I shall write to you so that he may come. May you succeed! May he be right! Be may not (or He cannot) come tomorrow. 1 might ~ wrong but I doubt it. Exercise 109.-1 must work. You must come with me. 3.e must be here tomorrow. You must do this work roday. We must go at four o'dock. He ought to be :::ere. You ought to know where it is. This subject ought to be well known now. You ought not to sell :bis so dear. You should not buy that. I must pay :bis bill tomorrow. I shall have to answer this letter as soon as possible. He has to go with you (He will be obliged to go). We are obliged to raise our prices, Tbey will be obliged to raise theirs. You would be obliged to wire if you could not come. He will have to answer inmediately. I must not make any mistake. I ought to know my lesson much better. Exercise 110.-1 am not a tourist. I cannot speak English. I do not understand English. He must not come directivo He does not go off and may not come back again, 1 shall not speak. I shall not have spoken, I should not play; 1 should not have played. Let me not come. He could not write well. That might not be right, :::was not wrong and you were not right, He does not :hink of yOU.The man did not play and did not win. You did not lose. He was not beaten. You did not throw the ball and he did not catch it. I did not put a stamn on and did not seal the letter. He did not sell this book and did not buy another. He ought not to go. Tema Leccin 62
bread with the best sort of cereal: wheat. Corn and rice grow is warm countries. Many animals eat grass: ClOWS, oxen, sheep and goats. Horses eat oats. With barley we make beer. Hay is dried grass. Straw is the stem of cereals. Corn is another word for grain; in the United Sta tes and in England the name is given to the principal crop. In England it is used for wheat; in the States for the cereal which the English call rnaize. The principal crops of rny country are: corn, rice, sugar cane and coffee. Farmers should produce more food to feed the growing cities. They can increase their crops by using fertilizers and insecticides and more modern methods. Exercise 113.-1 went yesterday to your friend's house. He was not at home. Today I go to the concert and tomorrow I shall go to the theatre. My son is at school this morning. Were you in Caracas last week? No, but I was there a month ago. He comes from Montevideo where he has been on business to buy wool and cotton. Think of writing this letter before going out. Have you anything to do? Yes, 1 have letters to write and orders to send out. I wrote him to give him the necessary information. He will come to see you tomorrow. Never answer before thinking what you are going to sayo Having finished this work, 1 shall go out. Exercse 114.-To walk out of the room. To walk in through the door. To walk up to the second floor. To walk down the staircase. To walk away from the crowd. To walk over to the window. To walk across the street. To walk through the park. To walk back from work. To walk on until midday. Ejercicio US.-El algodn es un producto vegetal, obtenido de la planta de algodn, y es uno de los cultivos industriales ms importantes del mundo. Se cultiva principalmente en Egipto, India, Amrica Latina y en los estados meridionales de los E.U. El algodn en rama es una fibra blanca y suave' que forma una envoltura para las semillas de la planta. El algodn requiere bastante calor y algo de humedad. La fibra se recoge de las cpsulas a mano o con maquinaria y se sep'ara de las semillas en la desmontadora. Luego, en las fabricas textiles cardan la fibra Y' la reducen a hilaza. Con la hilaza se tejen telas que se usan para ropa, sbanas y ropa interior. Las semillas proporcionan buen aceite comestible. Como la planta no se puede cultivar en los pases fros, siempre hay gran demanda por el algodn en el mercado mundial. Exercise 116.-1t is not good for you to speak so much (that you should speak so much). It is not necessary for him to come today. I do not think you know that. Whatever you (may) do, do it well. Whoever he may be, I shall receive him. Is it not time for us to go? I want you to stay. He orders us to go '(He wants us to go). Go, lest he (should) wait for you in vain. Write him so that he may know where you are. 1 do not think he hears yOU. . Ejercicio 117.-Es el trabajo 10 que llena el mundo en torno de nosotros con verdadera magia. El trabajo nos viste a ti y a m; nos alimenta, edifica nuestras casas; construye las carreteras y los coches que corren por ellas; tiende puentes por encima de los ros y cables telegrficos a travs de la tierra y debajo de las aguas; el trabajo sosecha el trigo y arregla las flores en nuestros jardines; doma los arroyos de la montaa para darnos electricidad; ilumina nuestras casas; imprime nuestros libros; dibuja nuestros mapas; construye los telescopios y aviones y naves espaciales; encuentra para nosotros el hierro y el cobre en las minas; tuerce la plata en cadenas y convierte el feo barro en hermosa loza; asegura las cuerdas en el piano y ensea a los cantantes a cantar en coro. Y cuando veas al carpintero, maestro, enfermera, maquinista, tejedor, mecangrafa, cantante, marinero, costurera y otros trabajadores los respetars, porque nos han dado nuestros placeres y comodidades. -
unday, lo not t have prison insane , At a : presid and vho is itients books, iks by
oks, A ans of
list or
rrgeon
ts bad
iy. He throat
her is lyand
exami-
et him
soon".
lave it rning? No, it l? No, erday? id not e does licine? write esson, out of le left work;
Agricultura.-El trabajo del campo es una de las maeras ms antiguas de ganarse el sustento. La palabra puede referirse a los medios por los cuales una familia logra subsistir en unos pocos acres de tierra. Se refiere tambin a una de las industrias bsicas de la sociedad moderna, la cual depende enteramente del agricultor para que ste produzca y venda el alimento a otros obreros que viven en las ciudades. Trigo, maz, centeno y arroz son los principales cultivos alimenticios. Ejercicio tll.-El agricultor lleva una vida independiente en el campo, pero debe trabajar duro. Primero tiene Q.uearar sus campos para preparar la tierra para la sernlla. Luego siembra el grano, cubrindolo con la tierra. Cuando la semilla ha germinado, hojitas verdes aparecen sobre el suelo. Poco a poco, las plantas crecen ms altas, y despus de cierto tiempo el nuevo grano se forma en los tallos. Cuando las plantas se ruelven amarillas, el grano est maduro. Se cosechar y lo trillarn para separarlo de la paja. Parte del grano se conservar para semilla. El resto se guardar en un silo hasta que el agricultor piense que conseguir por l un precio mejor, o se embarcar directamente al mercado. De all el grano va al molino, donde lo muelen para harina. Exercise 112.-ln fall the farmer must get his soil ready for the seed. In summer he harvests his corn and has it threashed and taken to the mili to be ground. When corn is ripe it is yellow or golden. I know many sorts of cereals: corn, oats, rye and barley. We make
ciruja-
o, tal iferenisa. la di:en de 10 del .s con do po;! gocios menules en i. Las liras y
mo de
Thank you for your inquiry, reference S-196, USEFUL PHRASES TO END A LETTER of January 16. Under separate cover we are mailing a set of our current catalogs, as Should you require any additional informato requested. please write to uso Our representative in your zone, Mr. James Looking forward to receiving further orders, we Thompson, will be glad to call on you shortly, remain, and he will be able to give you any other infor- Trusting that you wiIl receive this shipment in good mation you may desire. order, We have taken the necessary steps to prevent a repetition of such errors. Sincerely yours, Again, we regret the inconvenience caused you, We await your early instruction. BARTON & COMPANY Kindly let us know if you wish us to proceed in this matter. Shipment wiIl be held until we receive your detaled William Holt, Sales Manager instructions. The matter is urgent and your prompt attention and reply will be greatly appreciated. WH:ad Addressing envelopes. If other than ordinary mail is used, the words: AIR MAIL,REGISTERED, or SPECIAL DELIVERY are typed in capital letters above the address. Sucb, annotations as Personal, Attention: Mr ... r Please [orward, Hold, or To be called [or are placed below the address. Example: REGISTERED Barton & Companv 233Arlington Road DaIlas 8, Texas Attention of Mr..tThompson APPLYING FOR A POSITION In reply to your advertisement in yesterday's EL DIARIO, 1 should like to apply for the position of Spanish-English correspondent, and endose herewith a short rsum of my background and experience, as weIl as the names of business and personal references to whom you may apply fo further information. 1 am twenty-five years old, married. 1 have spent several vears in the U.S. and Canada, and can handle complete correspondence in both Spanish and English, as 1 speak and write both languages fluently. " 1 would appreciate the opportunity of arranging for an interview at your convenience, and look foro ward to hearing from yOU.
Curso de ingls - 157 We have received your application for the posi:ion of Spanish-English correspondent vacant in our company, and would be pleased to have you call for an interview on Monday, October 25, at 10a.m. Please come to the Personnel Office and ask for _i1r.Marvin, who will be glad to receive you at that :une. closes PLACING AN ORDER When your salesman, Mr. James Bond, visited us here last October, we assured him that we would be placing a new order before the end of the year. As promised, we should like to order the following for early delivery: 12 dozen assorted nylon shirts in regular sizes 10 dozen assorted wool, nylon and stretch socks for men Please bill us at your usual terms of 90 days sight, Hoping to have your acknowledgrr ent by return mail, we are, Please find enclosed our order covering items selected from your Catalogo No. 836A. We should appreciate it if you would acknowledge recept without delay, giving us also the expected shipping date. Our check to cover will be sent you on receipt of the merchandise in good order. CIRCULARS ur letril, has
for many years and we have found them entirely reliable, serious and conscientious in all their dealings. Their sales of our products have increased at a good rate each year, and we have no difficulty in making collections from them. Hoping to have been of service, we are, SHIPMENT OF MERCHANDISE In accordance with the request in your letter of April 6, we are pleased to inform you that the samples of the knives you were interested in have been shipped to you today, by parcel post. We are sure you will find the quality and finish of these knives most satisfactory in every respect, and are enclosing a price list covering the full line. We hope to receive your order soon, and remain, This is to inform you that your Order No. 367 of March 25 has been shipped today by Express Collect, as requested. Copy of our invoice and bill of lading are enclosed herewith for your convenience. We trust you will receive the goods without delay. This will acknowledge receipt of your letter of August 17, requesting information about shipment of your order of August 10. Since the goods were packed and shipped out immediately, we are sure you will have received them by the 'time this reaches yOU.If this is not the case, please let us know and we shall have the trucking company put through a tracer. We are pleased to inform you that your order for assorted scarves, handkerchiefs and blouses was shipped today via the B & H Trucking Company in three cartons, steel-strapped, as requested. We call to your attention, however, that we were not able to supply Items 10 and 12, Pure Silk Blouses, as these are imported items and permits for this type of merchandise have not been obtainable for some time now. We thank you .for this order, and remain at your service for anything further you may require, Upon receipt of your Ietter, we instructed our warehouse to fill your order as a rush order, and we expect to be able to ship within a week or ten days, taking into consideration the extra-brght finish you wish. We shall send you our Shipping Notice as soon as the goods have gone out, so that you can know when to expect delivery. We are sorry to say that we have not been able to comply with our promised delivery date of June 15, due to the fact that the corrugated cartons vou had specified were out of stock and our supplier had to make some up especially for uso We have now received a new supplv, and shipment should go forward to you by the end of this week. Regretting any inconvenience you may have been caused, we are, It is now a month since we received vour acknowledgment of our order for glassware, but we do not yet have any notice of shipment. As we are in urgent need of this merchandise for our yearly sale beginning August 1, we would appreciate your letting us know immediately when you expect to ship. Further to our letter of Julv 3, we should like to inform you that shipment of 6 cases of gIassware was received on Julv 5, but we regret to say that there was much breakage in each of the cartons. Please inform your insurance company at once, and have the necessary inspection ordered so that we can make claim and proceed to unpack the merchandise, as there is little time left for us to place it in inventory before the start of our Annual Sale.
f'
~R
h very ce No.
lipping
f this
h your t
We are pleased to announce the appointment of Mr. Herman Weeks as Vice President in charge of Field Operations of our companv. As you know, Mr. Weeks has had many vears' experience in direct contact with all our clients in the 6th and 10th districts, and we are sure you will all be glad to be able to address yourselves directly to him at our Main Office from now on, with regard to any problems on which you require his assistance. Mr. Weeks looks forward to hearing from you . this address, beginning July 1. The writer would like to inform all his friends in the trade that he is retiring from active participation in this Company's affairs as of the first of the year. Our good friend, Mr. Edward Thornton, whom you have known for manv vears, will be taking over his duties on that date. We are sure he will have as much pleasure in working with you and taking care of your needs as 1 have had for many years pasto REQUEST FOR INFORMATION ANDREPLIES The H.S. Grande Company has given us your name as credit reference in connection with its first large order placed with our company. We should be grateful for any information you may give us with regard to their general solvency, mode of payment and any other data that may be helpful. Needless to say, your reply will be kept in strict confidence. Thanking you in advance for your kind cooperation, we are, We have received your inquiry of April 15 regarding the above firm, and are sorry to say that we cannot recommend that you accept orders from them except on a cash basis. Our experience has been that they are slow and irregular in their payments and that, due to frecuent changes in their personneI, we have had much difficulty in handling their account with any degree of efficiency. We are glad to be able to recommend The Holden Company without reservation, as they have handled our products on an exclusive basis in their district
nation, rs, we
n good
It
a re-
i you.
Ily for
9.,
INDICE GRAMATICAL
a (an) ver artculo indefinido en locuciones, 60 acento tnico, 102 en modismos, 22 adjetivos: hay, hubo, equivalentes ingleses, 7 hora del da, 15 casos de comparacin, 37, 38 compuestos, 53 how, how mueh, how many, 9, 43 in, 14 doble comparativo, 59 forma y posicin, 2 interrogativas, palabras, 9 formacin del comparativo, 37, - conjugaciones, 6, 45, 96 38,48 into, 14 - del superlativo, 38, 48 t, pronombre neutro sujeto, 1 it is (t's), locucin, 60 principales sufijos, 55, 59 usado como sustantivo, 53 Iet - to let, verbo activo y auxiliar, 60 - demostrativos, 3 little, 42 - indefinidos, 42 - numerales cardinales, 102, 58 make - to make en modismos, 59 - posesivos, 20, 48 many,42 may, mght, verbo defectivo, 21, adverbios: como partculas verbales, 63 61,64 much,42 de nmero, cantidad o cuanta, must, verbo defectivo, 21, 61 33,42 nombres: de tiempo, 54 caso posesivo ingls, 24, 41, 54 grado comparativo y superlaticompuestos, 1,29, 55 va, 57 ortografa, 1 alfabeto, 102 plural,3 any,42 forma sustantiva del gerundio, artculo definido the, 1 52 delante de nmeros cardinales, 58 - del adl'etivo, 53 omisin, 33, 49, 50 gneros,' ,52,53 artculo indefinido a (an), 1, 51 omisin del artculo delante de at, preposicin, 13 ciertos nombres, 49,50 be - to be, verbo auxiliar, 1, 60 plural: en es y en les, 4, 31 y en formas Irregulares, 18, 24, de la forma progresiva, 17, 19, 46 37,47 signo y pronunciacin, 1,3 de la voz pasiva, 46 - verbo principal, 1, 4, 60 principales sufijos, 55 numerales proporcionales y mlantiguo subjuntivo, 64 en modsmos, 15. tiples, 58 ean (eould), verbo defectivo, 20, numricas, locuciones, 58 nmeros: 21, 46, 61 cardinales, 102-103, 12, 58 caso posesivo ingls, 24, 40, 54 ordinales, 102-103, 12, 58 complemento, parte de la oracin, partitvos, 58 12,38 contracciones verbales, 102, 2, 4, of, preposicin, 13 5, 23, 29, 34, 45 suresin en el caso posesivo, omisin del verbo principal, 25 on, preposicin, 5, 13 deletreo, nombres de las letras, delante de fechas, 14 102 do - to do, verbo activo, 21, 60 oracin impersonal, 57 auxiliar de la conjugacin en- orden de palabras: ftica, 55 adjetivos, 2 - interrogativa, 25, 60 conjugacin interrogativa, 6, 39 - negativa, 6, 39 - negativa, 23, 29, 60 preposiciones, 63 eaeh,42 pronombres personales compleevery,42 mento, 38 expresiones comunes, 103 - forma refleja, 43 - de tiempo y distancia, 54 fechas, 12, 14 ought, verbo defectivo, 61 few, 42 participio pasado ver verbos fonticos, smbolos, 99-102 - presente ver verbos formaciones derivadas, 55, 57 partculas verbales, 63 formas dbiles, 102 preposiciones, 5, 12, 13, 14 frases verbales causatvas, 54 al fin de la oracin, 63 como partcula verbal, 63 from, 13 gerundio, ver verbo supresin de of, 24 going para expresar futuro cer-de to, 63 cano, 62 pronombres: got, 5 adjetivos posesivos, 20, 48 have - to have, verbo auxiliar, demostrativos, 3 1,39,45,60 forma refleja y enftica, 43, 48 usado como verbo principal, 1, indefinidos,' 42 3,9,60 interrogativos, 44, 48 en frases verbales causativas, personales, complemento, 38,45, 54 48 en rgimen indirecto, 63 sujeto, 1, 48 posesivos, 41, 48 relativos, 44, 48 sobrentendidos, 63 pronunciacin, 99-102 puntuacin, signos de, 102 smbolos fonticos, 99-102 some, 33, 42 shall y will, verbos defectivos, 61 auxiliares del futuro, 34, 35, 39, 61 should y would, pretrito del anterior,61 auxiliares del condicional, 36 en oracin subordinada, 64 subjuntivo, 64 that, adjetivo o pronombre demostrativo, 3, 48 pronombre relativo, 48 there is (are), locucin, 7, 54 tiempo, clima y hora, 15 to, partcula, signo del infinitivo, 2 supresin, 62 to, preposicin, 13, 63 verbos: auxiliares, 60 condicional, 36, 39 conjugacin enftica, 55 - negativa, 5, 21, 23, 29 - interrogativa, 6, 25, 35, 39 - reflexiva, 43 - regular, paradigma de la, 4 - irre5Ular, 11, 30, 37, 47, 56 defectivos, 21, 46, 61 forma progresiva en ing, 17, 19, 46,62 frases verbales con funcin subjuntivo, 64 futuro, 34, 61 en oracin compuesta, 53 - enftico, 61 impersonales, 15 infinitivo, signo del, 2 supresin de to, 62 sustituye al subjuntivo, 64 participio pasado, verbos regulares, 27, 29, 47 - irregulares, 30, 47 participio presente (gerundio), 5 en la forma progresiva, 17,46 partculas verbales, 63 presente de indicativo, 8, 11, 47 desinencia de la 3~persona del singular, 8, 47 en oracin subordinada, 53 pretrito, 3, 51 formacin, verbos regulares, 11, 27,47 -irregulares, 30, 47 - compuesto, 39 - perfecto, 51 subjuntivo orgnico, 64 transitivos, 12, 13, 43, 63 voz pasiva, 47, 50, 57 what, 9 where,9 which,44 who,44
Nota: Los nmeros redondos, p. ej. 44, se refieren a la leccin; los nmeros en cursivo, p. ej. 44, a la pgina.