ზიმბარდო - ფსიქოლოგია და ცხოვრება

ratomaa fsiqologia unika-
luri
gansazRvrebebi
fsiqologiis miznebi
fsiqologia Cvens cxovreba-
Si: ratomaa saWiro fsiqolo-
giis Seswavla
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis
ganviTareba
fsiqologiis istoriuli
safuZvlebi Tanamedrove
fsiqologiis mimdinareobebi
ras akeTeben fsiqologebi
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi:
vifiqroT momavalze
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi
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eerTebuli Statebis uzenaesma sasa-
marTlom 1954 wels brauni topekas
ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg saq-
meSi ganaCeni gamoitana, romlis mixedviTac Sav-
kaniani da TeTrkaniani bavSvebis skolebis seg-
regacia ukanonod gamocxadda. uzenaesi sasa-
marTlos gadawyvetilebaze araviTari zemoq-
medeba ar mouxdenia fsiqologebis da sxva
socialuri mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebis Cve-
nebebs, romlebmac sasamarTlos kvlevis Sede-
gebi warudgines. Sedegebi naTlad metyvelebda
imaze, rom segregirebuli swavleba Savkanian
bavSvebze uaryofiTad moqmedebda. mogvyavs er-
T-erTi fsiqologis, kenet klarkis Cveneba, ro-
melmac Savkanian bavSvTa jgufi ikvlia (White-
man, 1993, gv. 49-51):
testireba Tqveni moTxovnis mixedviT ga-
suli kviris xuTSabaTs da paraskevs Cava-
tare skot branCis dawyebiT skolaSi, Zi-
riTadad, pirvel klasSi. gamoviyene meTo-
di, romelzec adre gesaubreT _ yavisfe-
ri da TeTri Tojinebi, romlebic kanis
feris garda sxva mxriv absoluturad iden-
turia. moswavleebs furclebi vaCvene, rom-
lebzec es Tojinebi exata...
bavSvebs am Tojinebs vaCvenebdi da Sem-
degi TanmimdevrobiT vusvamdi am kiTxvebs:
maCveneT, romeli Tojina mogwonT yvela-
ze metad? an romliT TamaSi gindaT yve-
laze metad?, maCveneT cudi Tojina...
sul 6-9 wlis 16 bavSvi gamovkiTxe. maT-
gan aTma airCia TeTri Tojina. is yvelaze
metad moewonaT, Tanac maT es Tojina daa-
xasiaTes, rogorc sasiamovno. ar daga-
viwydeT, rom es ori Tojina absolutu-
rad identuria, kanis feris garda. 11-ma
bavSvma miiCnia, rom yavisferi Tojina cu-
dad gamoiyureba. es Sedegebi Tanxvdeba ad-
re miRebul rezultatebs, romelic 300-
ze met bavSvze Catarebulma gamokvlevam
gviCvena. Sedegebi ase avxseniT: Savkaniani
bavSvi ukve 6, 7 an 8 wlis asakSi eqceva
sakuTari jgufis Sesaxeb arsebuli nega-
tiuri stereotipebis tyveobaSi...
iZulebuli var davaskvna, rom klaren-
donis sagrafos es bavSvebi iseve, rogorc
nebismieri sxva adamiani, romelic aSka-
rad daqvemdebarebul statuss atarebs sa-
zogadoebaSi, pirovnuli ganviTarebis pro-
cesSi daziandnen. maTSi naTlad SeimCneva
arastabilurobis niSnebi da, vfiqrob, rom
yvela fsiqologi swored amgvarad axsni-
da miRebul Sedegebs.
xedavT, ratom hqonda am Cvenebas _ fsiqo-
logiuri kvlevis monaTxrobs _ didi gavle-
na uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaze
da imaze, Tu rogor aRiqva mTeli qveynis mo-
saxleobam segregaciis fsiqologiuri Sedege-
bi?
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kenet klarkis Cveneba miuTiTebs fsiqolo-
giuri kvlevis potenciur gavlenaze rogorc
calkeuli adamianebis, aseve sazogadoebis cxov-
rebaze. es magaliTi am saxelmZRvanelos Ziri-
Tad miznebze miuTiTebs: wagiyvanoT mogzauro-
baSi, sadac adamianuri gamocdilebis sirTu-
leebs daxvewili kvleviT gamovavlenT, es ki
saSualebas mogvcems ukeT vakontroloT is
Zalebi, romlebic Cvens cxovrebas ayalibebs.
`fsiqologia da cxovreba~ tvinis da fsiqikis
Sinagani sivrcidan adamianis qcevis garegan gan-
zomilebamde migviyvans. SeviswavliT iseT pro-
cesebs, romlebic azris mqone struqturas
mianiWeben Tqvens gamocdilebas; magaliTad, iseT
sakiTxebs, rogoricaa: rogor aRviqvamT samya-
ros, rogor vswavlobT, vurTierTobT sxveb-
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Tan, vazrovnebT, vimaxsovrebT. SevecdebiT ga-
varkvioT adamianis cxovrebis iseTi gamovli-
nebebi, rogoricaa, Tu rogor da ratom naxulo-
ben sizmrebs adamianebi, rogor uyvardebaT er-
TmaneTi, ratom morcxvoben, ratom arian agresi-
ulebi, ratom avaddebian fsiqikurad. da bolos,
vaCvenebT, rogor SeiZleba gamoviyenoT fsiqo-
logiuri codna, raTa gavigoT da zogierT, ma-
galiTad, segregaciis, SemTxvevaSi SevcvaloT
kidec Cvens cxovrebaSi moqmedi kulturuli
Zalebi.
Cven, `fsiqologiis da cxovrebis~ avtorebs,
fsiqologiis kompetenturobis gvjera. pedago-
giuri da samecniero karieris manZilze fsiqo-
logia sul ufro da ufro momxibvleli gaxda
CvenTvis. bolo wlebSi fsiqikuri da qcevis
procesebis warmmarTveli ZiriTadi meqanizme-
bis Sesaxeb informaciis mozRvaveba moxda. Zve-
li Sexedulebebi axali ideebiT icvleba, mag-
ram adamianis bunebis mravali momajadoebeli
mxare jer kidev amoucnobi rCeba. imedi gvaqvs,
rom am mogzaurobis dasasrul Tqvenc saTu-
Tad moepyrobiT fsiqologiuri codnis saku-
Tar marags.
mogzaurobis ZiriTadi mizani wvdomis mec-
nieruli wyurvili iqneba. davsvamT kiTxvebs ada-
mianis qcevis Sesaxeb _ rogor, ratom, ra, ro-
dis da im qcevis mizezebis da Sedegebis Sesa-
xeb, romelsac Tqven sakuTar TavSi, sxva adami-
anebsa da cxovelebSi aRmoaCenT; avxsniT, ra-
tom fiqrobT, grZnobT da iqceviT ase; riTi
gansxvavdebiT sxvebisagan, ra qmnis Tqvens uni-
kalobas da mainc, ratom iqceviT xSirad sxve-
bis msgavsad? Tqvens CamoyalibebaSi memkvidre-
obam iTamaSa roli, Tu piradma gamocdilebam?
rogor Tanacxovrobs am rTul qmnilebaSi _
adamianur cxovelSi _ agresia da altruizmi,
siyvaruli da siZulvili, sigiJe da Semoqmede-
ba? am TavSi ganvixilavT, rogor da ratom gax-
da yvela es kiTxva mniSvnelovani fsiqologi-
is, rogorc disciplinis miznebisaTvis.
ratomaa fsiqologia
unikaluri?
fsiqologiis unikalobisa da erTianobis
dasafaseblad unda gaarkvioT, rogor esmiT
fsiqologebs kvlevis da praqtikis miznebi
da areali. wignis damTavrebis Semdeg Tqven
unda iazrovnoT, rogorc fsiqologma, xolo
am TavSi pirvelad gaecnobiT seriozulad, Tu
ras unda niSnavdes es.
gansazRvrebebi
mravali fsiqologi eZebs pasuxs funda-
mentur kiTxvaze: rogoria adamianis buneba?
am kiTxvas fsiqologia imiT pasuxobs, rom
swavlobs rogorc individSi mimdinare pro-
cesebs, ise fizikur da socialur garemoSi
aRmocenebul Zalebs. am TvalsazrisiT, fsi-
qologias formalurad ganvmartavT, rogorc
individis qcevis da fsiqikuri procesebis mec-
nierul Seswavlas. ganvixiloT am ganmarte-
bis mniSvnelovani nawilebi. mecnieruli, qce-
va, individi da fsiqikuri.
fsiqologiis mecnieruli aspeqti moiTx-
ovs, rom fsiqologiuri daskvnebi mecnieru-
li meTodis principebis mixedviT mopovebul
monacemebs efuZnebodes. mecnieruli meTodi
moicavs problemis analizisa da gadaWrisaT-
vis saWiro Tanmimdevrul nabijebs. es meTodi
daskvnebis gamosatanad obieqturad Segrove-
bul monacemebs iyenebs. mecnieruli meTodis
maxasiaTeblebs ufro dawvrilebiT me-2 TavSi
ganvixilavT, rodesac gavecnobiT, Tu rogor
atareben fsiqologebi kvlevas.
qceva is iaraRia, romlis saSualebiTac or-
ganizmi garemos ergeba. qceva moqmedebaa. fsi-
qologiis sagani, ZiriTadad, adamianis da cxo-
velis dakvirvebadi qcevaa. sicili, tirili,
sirbili, Sexeba qcevis is magaliTebia, rom-
lebsac SeiZleba daakvirde. fsiqologebi ik-
vleven, ras da rogor akeTebs individi moce-
mul garemoSi da ufro farTo socialur da
kulturul konteqstSi.
fsiqologiuri analizis sagani yvelaze
xSirad aris individi _ axalSobili, mozar-
di sportsmeni, kolejis studenti, romelic
studentur saerTo sacxovrebelSi cxovrebas
egueba; Suaxnis mamakaci, romelic karieras
icvlis, an qali, romelmac unda gadalaxos
alchaimeris daavadebiT Sepyrobili meuRlis
TandaTanobiTi ukusvliT gamowveuli stresi.
amave dros, kvlevis sagani SeiZleba iyos Sim-
panze, romelic komunikaciisaTvis saWiro sim-
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boloebs swavlobs, labirinTSi mosiarule
TeTri virTxa, an safrTxis signalze moreagi-
re zRvis loqora. individi mis bunebriv gare-
moSi, an kvleviT laboratoriaSi, kontorli-
rebad pirobebSi unda SeviswavloT.
mravali mkvlevari fsiqologi aRiarebs, rom
adamianis moqmedebas fsiqikuri procesebis, anu
adamianis fsiqikis muSaobis axsnis gareSe ver
gavigebT. adamianuri aqtivobis didi nawili
Sinagania _ azrovneba, dagegmva, msjeloba, Se-
moqmedeba, ocneba. mravali fsiqologisaTvis
swored fsiqikuri procesebia fsiqologiuri
Ziebis yvelaze saintereso aspeqtebi. male ga-
igebT, rom fsiqologma mkvlevrebma daxvewi-
li teqnikebi gamoigones fsiqikuri movlene-
bis da procesebis Sesaswavlad, raTa es pira-
di gamocdileba sazogado gaxadon.
am sakiTxebis kombinacia fsiqologias uni-
kalur sferod aqcevs. maSin, rodesac fsiqo-
logebi ZiriTadad individebis qcevaze arian
fokusirebuli, sociologebi swavloben ada-
mianTa qcevas jgufebSi an organizaciebSi, xo-
lo anTropologebi yuradRebas amaxvileben
qcevis ufro farTo konteqstze sxvadasxva kul-
turaSi. miuxedavad amisa, fsiqologebi far-
Tod iyeneben sxva mecnierebebis miRwevebs. ro-
gorc erT-erTi socialuri mecniereba, fsiqo-
logia iyenebs ekonomikas, politologias, so-
ciologias da eTnologias. fsiqologebs bev-
ri saerTo interesi aqvT biologebTan, gansa-
kuTrebiT maTTan, vinc tvinis procesebs da
qcevis bioqimiur safuZvlebs swavlobs. fsi-
qologebs ainteresebT, Tu rogor muSaobs ada-
mianis fsiqika, rac axlad warmoSobili kog-
nituri mecnierebebis _ kompiuteruli mecnie-
rebis, xelovnuri inteleqtis da gamoyenebiTi
maTematikis kvlevasa da TeoriasTanaa dakav-
Sirebuli. rogorc janmrTelobis mecniereba
_ medicinasTan, ganaTlebasTan, iurispruden-
ciasTan da ekologiasTan dakavSirebuli fsi-
qologia _ cdilobs gaaumjobesos TiTeuli
individisa da koleqtivis cxovrebis done. fsi-
qologia inarCunebs kavSirebs filosofiasa
da sxva humanitarul mecnierebebTan, xelovne-
basTan, rogorebicaa literatura da drama-
turgia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove fsiqo-
logiis RirsSesaniSnavi (aRsaniSnavi) siRrme
da farTo Tvalsawieri siamovnebis wyaroa uk-
ve Camoyalibebuli specialistebisaTvis, stu-
dentebisaTvis, vinc pirvelad ecnoba fsiqo-
logias, is erTgvar sirTules warmoadgens.
fsiqologiis saganze kidev bevria saTqme-
li, magram, bevri Rirebuli informaciis waRe-
ba SegiZliaT am Sesavali Tavidan. fsiqolo-
giis sferos Seswavlis saukeTeso gzad fsi-
qologTa miznebis garkveva migvaCnia. modiT,
ganvixiloT es miznebi.
fsiqologiis miznebi
im fsiqologebis mizani, romlebic funda-
mentur kvlevas axorcieleben, aris qcevis aR-
wera, axsna, winaswarmetyveleba da gakontro-
leba. gamoyenebiTi fsiqologiis warmomadgen-
lebs kidev erTi, mexuTe mizani aqvT _ adami-
anis cxovrebis gaumjobeseba. es miznebi fsi-
qologiuri saqmianobis safuZvels Seadgens.
ra igulisxmeba TiToeul am mizanSi?
movlenis aRwera
fsiqologiis pirveli amocanaa zusti dak-
virveba qcevaze. Cveulebriv, fsiqologebi ase-
Ti dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebul masalas mo-
nacemebs uwodeben. qceviTi monacemebi aris or-
ganizmis qcevis da im pirobebis aRwera, ro-
melSic es qceva xorcieldeba. monacemebis Seg-
rovebisas mkvlevrebma unda airCion analizis
saTanado done da SeimuSavon qcevis is sazo-
mebi, romlebic misi obeqturad Seswavlis ga-
rantias gvaZleven.
individis qcevis kvlevis mizniT analizis
sxvadasxva donis gamoyeneba SeiZleba _ yve-
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fsiqologia (psychology) _ individebis qcevis da
fsiqikuri procesebis mecnieruli Seswavla.
mecnieruli meTodi (scientific method) _ im proce-
durebis wyeba, romlebic obieqturi informaci-
is Segrovebisa da interpretaciisaTvis gamoi-
yeneba, Tanac imgvarad, rom Secdoma minimumam-
dea dayvanili da ganzogadeba sandoa.
qceva (behavior) _ is moqmedebebi, romlis saSua-
lebiTac organizmi garemos ergeba.
qcevis monacemebi (Behavioral data) _ organizmis
qcevis da im pirobebis aRwera, romlebSic es
qceva mimdinareobs, an icvleba.
5
laze farTo, globaluri donidan yvelaze de-
talur, specifikur donemde.
fsiqologiuri aRweris gansxvavebuli do-
neebic sxvadasxva kiTxvas pasuxobs. fsiqolo-
giuri analizis yvelaze farTo doneze mkvlev-
rebi swavloben mTliani pirovnebis qcevas
rTul socialur da kulturul konteqstSi.
am doneze mkvlevrebma SeiZleba Seiswavlon
Zaladobis kros-kulturuli sxvaobebi, crur-
wmenebis mizezebi, fsiqikuri daavadebis Sede-
gebi. Semdeg doneze fsiqologebi qcevis uf-
ro natif erTeulebs swavloben, rogoricaa
SuqniSnis sinaTleze reaqciis siCqare, Tvale-
bis moZraoba kiTxvis dros, bavSvebis mier daS-
vebuli gramatikuli Secdomebi enis Seswav-
lisas. mkvlevrebs qcevis kidev ufro mcire
erTeulebis Seswavla SeuZliaT. isini cdilo-
ben Seiswavlon qcevis biologiuri safuZvle-
bi, anu daadginon tvinis is ubnebi, romlebic
pasuxismgebelni arian sxvadasxva tipis mogo-
nebis Senaxvaze; daswavlis dros warmoSobi-
li bioqimiuri cvlilebebi, smenaze an mxedve-
lobaze pasuxismgebeli sensoruli gzebi. ana-
lizis TiTueuli done gvaZlevs im arsebiT
informacias, romlis saSualebiTac dgeba ada-
mianis bunebis saboloo saerTo portreti, ri-
si miRwevis imedic aqvT fsiqologebs.
rac ar unda farTo an viwro iyos dakvir-
vebis fokusi, fsiqologebi cdiloben, rom
qceva obieqturad aRweron. im faqtebis Seg-
roveba, romlebic realurad arsebobs da ara
iseTebisa, rogorsac mkvlevari moelis, an
surs, rom iyos, upirvelesi mniSvnelobisaa.
vinaidan yovel damkvirvebels dakvirvebis pro-
cesSi sakuTari, subieqturi Tvalsazrisi Se-
aqvs _ esenia mikerZoeba, crurwmena, molo-
dini _ aucilebelia, rom am Tvalsazrisma
ar daamaxinjos monacemebi. rogorc Semdeg
TavSi naxavT, fsiqologma mkvlevrebma mra-
valgvari meqanizmi Seqmnes obieqturobis Se-
sanarCuneblad.
movlenis axsna
maSin, rodesac aRwera TvalsaCino infor-
macias unda eyrdnobodes, axsna aRqmulis
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miRma unda ixedebodes. qceviT da fsiqikur
procesebSi kanonzomierebebis aRmoCena fsi-
qologiis mravali dargis mTavari mizania.
fsiqologebs surT aRmoaCinon, rogor muSa-
obs qceva. ratom iciniT moulodnel situaci-
ebSi? ra garemoebebi ubiZgebs adamians Caidi-
nos suicidi, an danaSauli?
fsiqologiuri axsna, ZiriTadad, aRiarebs,
rom qcevaTa umetesobaze gavlenas faqtorTa
kombinacia axdens. zogierTi faqtori indivi-
dis SigniT moqmedebs, rogoricaa genetikuri
mocemuloba, motivacia, inteleqtis done, an
TviTSefaseba. qcevebis am Sinagan determinan-
tebs organizmuli cvladebi ewodeba, radgan
isini organizmis Sesaxeb gvawvdis informaci-
as. adamianis SemTxvevaSi am determinantebs dis-
poziciuri cvladebi ewodeba. arsebobs, agreT-
ve, garegani faqtorebi. warmoidgineT, rom bav-
Svi cdilobs asiamovnos maswavlebeli, raTa
prizi moigos, an transportis sacobSi moxved-
rili mZRoli agresiuli da mtruli xdeba. am
qcevebze did gavlenas pirovnebis gareT arse-
buli movlenebi axdens. qcevaze garegan zegav-
lenas garemos anu situaciuri cvladebi ewo-
deba. rodesac fsiqologebs qcevis axsna surT,
isini TiTqmis yovelTvis iTvaliswineben ax-
snis orive tips. warmoidgineT, rom fsiqologs
surs axsnas, ratom iwyebs adamiani sigaretis
mowevas. SesaZlebelia individi gansakuTrebiT
midrekilia riskisaken (dispoziciuri axsna), an
zogierTi individi ganicdis TanatolTa zewo-
las (situaciuri axsna) _ an, rom orive auci-
lebelia (kombinirebuli axsna).
xSirad fsiqologis mizania qcevis farTo
diapazoni safuZvlad mdebare erTi mizeziT ax-
snas. warmoidgineT situacia, romelSic Tqveni
maswavlebeli ambobs, rom kargi niSnis misaRe-
bad aucilebelia gakveTilze diskusiaSi aqti-
uri monawileobis miReba. Tqveni megobari yo-
velTvis kargad swavlobs, magram gakveTilze
ar aqtiurobs, xels ar iwevs da ar gamoTqvams
Tavis azrebs da Sexedulebebs. maswavlebeli
sayvedurobs, rom saTanadod motivirebuli araa
da miiCnevs, rom igi gonieri ar aris. igive
adamiani dadis wveulebaze, magram arasodes
iwvevs vinmes sacekvaod, Riad ar icavs sakuTar
azrs, Tuki vinme sakiTxSi masze nakleb Caxedu-
li ekamaTeba, iSviaTad erTveba saubarSi suf-
rasTan. ra diagnozs dasvamdiT? safuZvlad mde-
bare romeli mizezia am tipis qcevebze pasu-
xismgebeli? mravali sxva morcxvi adamianiviT,
Tqveni megobaric ver axerxebs ise moiqces, ro-
gorc saWiroa (Cheek, 1989, Zimbardo, 1990). aq Seg-
viZlia morcxvobis cneba gamoviyenoT da Tqve-
ni megobris qcevaTa mTeli diapazoni amiTi av-
xsnaT.
amgvari mizez-Sedegobrivi axsnebis mosapo-
veblad mkvlevrebi xSirad sxvadasxva tipis mo-
nacemebis Segrovebis SemoqmedebiT process
suraTi
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organizmuli cvladebi (organizamic variables) _
organizmis qcevis Sinagani determinanti.
dispoziciuri cvladebi (dispozitional variables) _
organizmis cvladi, anu qcevis Sinagani de-
terminanti, romelic adamianebSi Cndeba.
garemos cvladebi (environmental variables) gare-
gani zemoqmedeba qcevaze.
situaciuri cvladebi (situational variables) gare-
gani zemoqmedeba qcevaze.
7
axorcieleben. daxelovnebuli deteqtivi Ser-
lok holmsi nawyvet-nawyveti monacemebis sa-
fuZvelze akeTebda gamWriax daskvnebs. amis
msgavsad, yovelma mkvlevarma unda gamoiyenos
warmosaxva da SemoqmedebiTad Serwyas is, rac
icis, da is, rac jer ar icis. kargad ganswav-
lul fsiqologs SeuZlia monacemebi adamia-
nis gamocdilebis sakuTari wvdomisa da sxva
mecnierebis mier aRmoCenili faqtebis safuZ-
velze axsnas. fsiqologiuri kvlevis umete-
soba cdilobs gansazRvros, mravali SesaZlo
variantidan romeli xsnis yvelaze zustad mo-
cemul qcevas.
winaswarmetyveleba
fsiqologiaSi winaswarmetyveleba niSnavs,
rom garkveuli qceva an mocemuli kavSiri ra-
Rac albaTobiT gamovlindeba. xSirad qcevis
romelime formis safuZvlad mdebare mizeze-
bis zusti axsna saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevars
zustad iwinaswarmetyvelos momavali qceva. ma-
galiTad, Tu migvaCnia, rom Tqveni megobari
morcxvia, SegviZlia darwmunebiT viwinaswar-
metyveloT, rom is uxerxulad igrZnobs Tavs,
Tu ucnob adamianTan gasaubrebas vTxovT. ro-
desac romelime qcevis an kavSiris asaxsne-
lad sxvadasxva axsna arsebobs, maT imis mi-
xedviT Seafaseben, ramdenad kargad SeuZliaT
zusti da amomwuravi winaswarmetyveleba. Tqven
megobars warmatebiT rom daemyarebina ucnob-
Tan kontaqti, diagnozi unda Segvecvala.
zustad iseve, rogorc dakvirveba, mecnie-
ruli winaswarmetyvelebac obieqturi da naT-
lad Camoyalibebuli unda iyos ise, rom Se-
saZlebeli iyos misi Semowmeba da uaryofa,
Tu faqtebi mas ar adasturebs. mecnieruli
winaswarmetyveleba imis gagebas emyareba, Tu
rogor aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan mov-
lenebi da varaudobs, romeli meqanizmebi akav-
Sirebs am movlenebs garkveul winapirobebTan.
mizez-Sedegobrivi winaswarmetyveleba azustebs
im pirobebs, romelSic qceva Seicvleba. maga-
liTad, garkveuli asakis Semdeg bavSvebsa da
maimunebSi ucnobi piris Tandaswreba SfoTvis
niSnebs iwvevs. dakvirvebul qcevaSi gamowveu-
li cvlilebebi ki SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos
situaciis SigniT variaciebze, magaliTad, uc-
nobobis xarisxi. ucnobi imave asakis rom yofi-
liyo, ramdenic bavSvi da maimunia, nakleb SfoT-
vas miviRebdiT? kauzaluri winaswarmetyvele-
bis gaumjobesebis mizniT mkvlevari sistema-
turad cvlis garemo pirobebs da maT bavSvis
reaqciaze gavlenas akvirdeba.
kontroli
mravali fsiqologisaTvis kontroli cen-
traluri, yvelaze mniSvnelovani mizania. kon-
troli niSnavs, rom qceva an moxdeba, an ar
moxdeba _ daviwyoT, SevinarCunoT, SevaCeroT
da zemoqmedeba movaxdinoT mis formaze, Zli-
erebaze an gamovlenis sixSireze. qcevis mi-
zez-Sedegobrivi axsna damajerebelia, Tu is
qcevis gakontrolebis saSualebas qmnis.
qcevis gakontrolebis unari mniSvnelova-
nia, radgan is fsiqologebs saSualebas aZ-
levs adamianebs cxovrebis donis gaumjobese-
baSi daexmaros. am wignSi periodulad Sexvde-
biT fsiqologebis mier gamogonil sxvadasxva
tipis Carevas im mizniT, rom daexmaron adami-
anebs TavianTi cxovrebis problemuri aspeqte-
bis gakontorlebaSi. me-16 Tavi, magaliTad, fsi-
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qikuri daavadebebis mkurnalobas exeba. wig-
nSi agreTve aRwerilia, rogor SeuZliaT ada-
mianebs aRmofxvran arajansaRi qcevebi, ro-
goricaa magaliTad, sigaretis moweva; wamo-
iwyon jansaRi qcevebi, rogoricaa regularu-
li varjiSi (Tavi 13). Tqven SeityobT aRzrdis
ra stili exmareba mSoblebs SvilebTan myari
kavSiris SenarCunebaSi (Tavi 11). ris gamo ar
surs ucxo adamians daexmaros sxvas ubeduri
SemTxvevis dros da rogor SeiZleba am xe-
lisSemSleli faqtorebis gadalaxva (Tavi 18).
aq moyvanilia mxolod ramdenime magaliTi im
uricxvi situaciidan, romelSic fsiqologe-
bi TavianT codnas iyeneben, raTa gaaumjobe-
son da gaakontrolon adamianebis cxovreba.
am TvalsazrisiT, fsiqologebi sakmaod op-
timistebi arian. mraval maTgans sjera, rom
praqtikulad nebismieri arasasurveli qceva
SeiZleba Seicvalos saTanado CareviT. `fsi-
qologia da cxovreba~ iziarebs am optimizms.
interess moklebuli ar iqneba aRvniSnoT,
rom gageba da ara kontroli warmoadgens mra-
vali aziuri da afrikuli qveynis fsiqolo-
gebis saboloo mizans (Nobles 1980, Triandis
1990). kritikosebs miaCniaT, rom kontrolze
yuradRebis gamaxvileba dasavlur fsiqolo-
giaSi im kulturuli mikerZoebis amsaxvelia,
romelic industrializaciis, evropelTa ko-
lonializmis da aSS-Si arsebuli dampyrob-
luri mentalitetis Sedegia. dasavluri fsi-
qologiis kontrolze fokusireba, agreTve,
mamakacur midgomad iTvleba. is aseTi domi-
nanturi ar iqneboda, qalebs rom eTamaSaT
wamyvani roli fsiqologiis ganviTarebaSi (Bor-
nstein, Quina, 1989; Riger, 1992).
Sejameba
am Sesaval TavSi warmovadgenT `fsiqolo-
giis da cxovrebis~ zogierT qveTavs, romle-
bic specialurad SevadgineT, raTa ufro efeq-
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am Sesavali Tavis kiTxvi-
sas SeiZleba dainteresdeT, ra
saWiroa fsiqologia? Cveni pa-
suxi am kiTxvaze sakmaod pir-
dapiria: gvjera, rom fsiqolo-
giur kvlevas dauyovneblivi da
mniSvnelovani gamoyeneba aqvs
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. `fsi-
qologiis da cxovrebis~ erT-
erTi umTavresi mizania fsiqo-
logiuri gamocdilebis pirov-
nuli da sazogadoebrivi mniS-
vneloba gaaSuqos.
yovel semestrSi vxvdebiT
studentebs, romlebic fsiqo-
logiis disciplinis Sesaval
kurss eswrebian da garkveuli
kiTxvebi uCndebaT. xandaxan es
kiTxvebi maTi sakuTari gamoc-
dilebiTaa gamowveuli (ro-
ratomaa saWiro fsiqologiis Seswavla
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
gor unda moviqce, Tu vfiq-
rob, rom deda fsiqikurad da-
avadebuli myavs? es sagani
maswavlis, rogor unda mivi-
Ro ukeTesi niSnebi?); xanda-
xan es kiTxvebi presis saSua-
lebiT gavrcelebuli fsiqo-
logiuri informaciiTaa ga-
mowveuli (marTalia, rom rac
ufro didia bavSvi, miT ufro
konservatulia igi? qalebi
yovelTvis ukeTesi mSoblebi
arian, vidre kacebi?). CvenTvis
am kursis swavlebis sirTu-
le swored isaa, rom mecnie-
ruli kvlevis is Sedegebi war-
moavaCinoT, romlebic mniSvne-
lovania studentebisaTvis.
`fsiqologiisa da cxovre-
bis~ TiTqmis yvela Tavi da
qveTavi cdilobs swored am-
gvar kiTxvebs upasuxos. am ga-
mocemaSi specialuri CanarTe-
bi movaTavseT _ fsiqologia
Cvens cxovrebaSi. TiToeuli
aseTi CanarTi pasuxobs kiTx-
vas, romelic araerTxel
gvsmenia studentebisagan.
Cvens mizans warmoadgenda im
sakiTxebis mecnierulad ax-
sna, romlebic yvelaze metad
aRelvebT studentebs. imedi
gvaqvs dagveTanxmebiT, rom
fsiqologiis Seswavla gaam-
didrebs Tqvens cxovrebise-
ul gamocdilebas.
9
turad aiTvisoT teqsti. Sejamebis qveTavi Tan
sdevs yoveli Tavis garkveul, msxvil infor-
macias. amgvari Sejameba ganvlili masalis sak-
vanZo sakiTxebis ukeT gagebaSi dagexmarebaT.
yovel Tavs boloSi darTuli aqvs seqcia, ro-
melsac sakvanZo sakiTxebi ewodeba. es qveTavi
teqstis wvdomis Sesamowmeblad unda gamoiye-
noT. Tu aRmoaCenT, rom ar gesmiT Sejameba,
teqsts daubrundiT da Sesabamisi masala Ta-
vidan waikiTxeT, sanam ar darwmundebiT, rom
namdvilad gesmiT teqsti. amgvari qveTavebi tes-
tirebisaTvis mzadebaSi dagexmarebaT.
Se jame ba
fsiqologebi mecnierul meTods imisaTvis
iyeneben, rom individebis qcevisa da fsiqiku-
ri procesebis Sesaxeb daskvna gaakeTon. fsi-
qologebs ramdenime mizani aqvT: obieqturad
da saTanado doneze aRweron qceva, axsnan mi-
si aRmZvreli Zalebi, iwinaswarmetyvelon ro-
dis ganxorcieldeba qceva da gaakontrolon
is, raTa cxovrebis done gaaumjobeson.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis
ganviTareba
XXI saukuneSi CvenTvis SedarebiT advilia
ganvmartoT, ras niSnavs fsiqologia da ra
aris fsiqologiuri kvlevis miznebi. Tumca,
fsiqologiis Seswavlis dawyebisas mniSvnelo-
vania gesmodeT is mravali Zala, romelmac
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis gaCena ganapiroba.
es istoriuli mimoxilva erT martiv princips
emyareba: mniSvneloba aqvs ideebs. fsiqologi-
is mecnierebis ganviTarebis mTel manZilze
gacxarebuli kamaTi mimdinareobda fsiqolo-
giis sagnisa da kvlevis meTodebis Sesaxeb.
Cveni istoriuli mimoxilva analizis or
doneze ganxorcieldeba. pirvel ganyofileba-
Si mimovixilavT istoriis im periods, roca
fsiqologias safuZveli Caeyara, xolo meore
ganyofilebaSi farTod aRvwerT amJamad arse-
bul Svid mimdinareobas. fokusirebis orive
donisaTvis SeecadeT warmoidginoT is inte-
leqtualuri vneba, romliTac Cndeboda es Te-
oriebi.
fsiqologiis istoriuli
safuZvlebi
fsiqologias xangrZlivi warsuli, magram
mokle istoria aqvs, werda eqsperimentuli
fsiqologiis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli her-
man ebinhausi (Hermann Ebbinghaus, 1908). mecnie-
rebs saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ainteresebdaT
adamianis bunebis mravali saidumlo: rogor
aRiqvams adamiani realobas, rogoria cnobie-
rebis buneba, saidan modis sigiJe, magram am-
gvar kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis SesaZleblo-
ba kvlevis saTanado iaraRis ararsebobis ga-
mo ar gaaCndaT. gavixsenoT Cvens welTaRricx-
vamde IV da V saukuneebSi berZeni filoso-
fosebis: sokrates, platonis da aristote-
les mier dasmuli fundamenturi SekiTxvebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom fsiqologiis garkveu-
li formebi induri iogas uZveles tradicia-
Sic arsebobda, dasavluri fsiqologiis sa-
fuZvlebi swored did berZen moazrovneTa di-
alogebSi unda veZeboT, sadac midioda msje-
loba imaze, Tu rogor muSaobs goneba, ra
aris Tavisufali neba, ra mimarTebaa calke-
ul moqalaqeebsa da maT saxelmwifos Soris.
XIX saukunis bolosTvis mkvlevrebma sxva mec-
nierebebidan, rogorebicaa fiziologia da fi-
zika, kvlevis laboratoriuli meTodebis fsi-
qologiaSi gadmotana daiwyes, raTa pasuxi
gaecaT filosofosebis mier dasmul am fun-
damentur kiTxvebze.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTarebaSi ga-
damwyveti roli vilhelm vundtma (Wilhelm
Wundt) Seasrula, romelmac 1879 wels laip-
cigSi eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis pirveli
laboratoria daaarsa. marTalia, vundti ga-
naTlebiT fiziologi iyo, magram samecniero
karieris manZilze misma interesebma sxeulis
Seswvlidan fsiqikis Seswavlaze gadainacvla.
mas surda Seeswavla SegrZnebis da aRqmis
ZiriTadi procesebi da martivi fsiqikuri pro-
cesebis siCqare. im droisaTvis, rodesac vun-
dtma fsiqologiuri laboratoria daaarsa,
mas ukve ganxorcielebuli hqonda kvlevaTa
seria da gamoqveynebuli Tavisi `fiziologi-
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uri fsiqologiis safuZvlebis~ pirveli ga-
mocema (sul 7 aseTi gamocema iyo) (Kendler,
1987). laboratoriis gaxsnis Semdeg vundtma
fsiqologiis studentebis aRzrda daiwyo, mis-
ma mowafeTa didma raodenobam Semdeg TavianT
samSobloSi daaarsa msgavsi laboratoriebi.
raki fsiqologia damoukidebel discipli-
nad Camoyalibda, CrdiloeT amerikis mraval
universitetSi fsiqologiuri laboratoriebi
gaCnda: pirveli maTgani _ jons hopkinsis uni-
versitetSi, 1883 wels. am adreul laborato-
riebs vundtis gavlena etyoboda. magaliTad,
eduard titCeneri (Edward Titchener), vundtis mo-
wafe, erT-erTi pirveli fsiqologi iyo aSS-Si,
romelmac 1892 wels kornelis universitetis
laboratoria daaarsa. Tumca, daaxloebiT amave
dros, harvardis universitetis filosofiis
axalgazrda profesorma, romelic medicinas
swavlobda da literatura da religia ainte-
resebda, wminda amerikuli xedva SeimuSava. ui-
liam jemsma (William James), didi romanistis,
henri jemsis Zmam, or tomad gamosca fsiqo-
logiis safuZvlebi (1890-1950), romelic, mra-
vali eqspertis azriT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani
fsiqologiuri naSromia. maleve, 1892 wels, h.
stenli holma amerikis fsiqologTa asocia-
cia daaarsa. 1900 wlisTvis CrdiloeT amerika-
Si 40-ze meti fsiqologiuri laboratoria fun-
qcionirebda (Hilgard, 1986).
fsiqologiis gaCenisTanave daiwyo debatebi
misi kvlevis sagnisa da meTodebis Sesaxeb. am
debatebSi gamokveTili zogierTi sakiTxi je-
rac ar kargavs mniSvnelobas. ganvixiloT dava
struqturalizmsa da funqcionalizms Soris.
struqturalizmi: fsiqikis Sinaarsi
rodesac fsiqologia laboratoriuli mec-
niereba gaxda da eqsperimentuli kvlevebis Ca-
tareba daiwyo, naTlad gamoCnda misi potenci-
ali _ unikaluri wvlili Seetana codnis SeZe-
naSi. vundtis laboratoriaSi cdis pirebi mar-
tiv reaqciebs (ki-s, an ara-s Tqma, Rilakze
TiTis daWera) iZleodnen sxvadasxva pirobaSi
aRqmul stimulebze. radganac monacemebi sis-
tematuri da obieqturi procedurebis saSua-
lebiT iyo Segrovili, sxvebsac SeeZloT am
eqsperimentebis gameoreba. vundtis fsiqolo-
giuri tradiciis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia aq-
centi mecnierul meTodze, zust gazomvebsa da
monacemTa statistikur analizze.
rodesac titCenerma vundtis fsiqologia aSS-
Si Caitana, igi amtkicebda, rom cnobierebis
sakvlevad swored amgvari mecnieruli meTode-
bi unda gamoeyenebinaT. cnobieri fsiqikuri cxov-
rebis elementebis Seswavlis miseuli meTodi
introspeqcia _ individis mier konkretuli sen-
soruli gancdiT gamowveuli azrebis da grZno-
bebis ganxilva iyo. titCeneri aqcents fsiqikis
Sinaarsis raobaze akeTebda da naklebad ainte-
resebda kiTxvebi ratom da rogor. mis mid-
gomas struqturalizmi, anu swavleba fsiqikis
da qcevis struqturis Sesaxeb ewodeba.
struqturalizmi efuZneba varauds, rom ada-
mianis fsiqikuri gancda SeiZleba gavigoT, ro-
gorc ZiriTadi komponentebis kombinacia. am mid-
gomis mizani iyo fsiqikis struqtura SegrZne-
bis da fsiqikuri cxovrebis sxva gancdebis Se-
madgeneli elementebis analizis gziT ekvlia.
mravali fsiqologi struqturalizms sam fron-
tze daesxa Tavs: (1) is reduqcionistuli iyo,
radganac adamianis gancdis mTeli sirTule
martiv SegrZnebebamde daiyvana; (2) is elemen-
taruli iyo, radgan nawilebs anu elementebs
erT mTelSi aerTebda da uSualod am mTel
qcevas ar swavlobda; (3) is mentalisturi iyo,
radgan adamianis cnobieri gancdis mxolod
verbalur aRweras swavlobda da ar iTvalis-
winebda maT gamocdilebas, visac ar SeeZlo
Tavisi introspeqciis aRwera, maT Soris, cxo-
velebs, bavSvebs da fsiqikurad daavadebul
adamianebs.
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struqturalizmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
alternativa gelStalt fsiqologia iyo, rom-
lis fuZemdebeli germaneli fsiqologi maqs
verthaimeri (Max Wertheimer) gaxldaT. misi az-
riT, mraval movlenas fsiqika aRiqvams, ro-
gorc geStalts _ organizebul mTels da ara
martivi nawilebis erTianobas. rodesac, maga-
liTad, naxats aRviqvamT, is ufro metia, vidre
saRebavis calkeuli monasmebis erToblioba.
rogorc me-5 TavSi vnaxavT, geStalt fsiqolo-
gias kvlavac aqvs gavlena aRqmis Seswavlaze.
struqturalizmis kidev erTi sapirispi-
ro mimdinareobaa funqcionalizmi.
funqcionalizmi:
mizanmimarTuli fsiqika
uiliam jemsi titCeners eTanxmeboda, rom
fsiqologiis Seswavlis sagani cnobiereba un-
da iyos, magram misTvis cnobiereba ar daiyva-
neboda elementebze, Sinaarssa da struqtu-
rebze. cnobiereba aris nakadi, fsiqikis Tvi-
seba, romelic mudmiv urTierTqmedebaSi imyo-
feba garemosTan. adamianis cnobiereba mis ga-
remosTan morgebas aadvilebs, amdenad, mniS-
vnelovania fsiqikuri procesebis moqmedebebi
da funqciebi da ara Sinaarsi.
funqcionalizmisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia
daswavlili Cvevebi, romlebic organizms ga-
remosTan morgebis da efeqturad funqcioni-
rebis saSualebas aZlevs. kvlevam pasuxi un-
da gasces kiTxvas: ra aris nebismieri qcevi-
Ti aqtis funqcia an mizani? funqcionaliz-
mis skolis damaarsebeli iyo amerikeli fi-
losofosi jon diui. mis mier fsiqikuri pro-
cesebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis mcdelobam ga-
naTlebis sferoSi mniSvnelovan warmatebas
miaRwia. misma msjelobam impulsi misca prog-
resul ganaTlebas sakuTar laboratoriul
skolaSi da Semdgom mTel aSS-Si: meqanikuri
daswavla uaryves da praqtikiT swavlaze gada-
vidnen im imediT, rom es inteleqtualur cno-
bismoyvareobas aRZravda da Sedegad masalis uke-
Tesi wvdoma miiReboda (Kendler, 1987, gv. 124).
miuxedavad imisa, jemss dakvirvebis sjero-
da, vundtis mier SemuSavebul daxvewil labo-
ratorul meTodebs is mcire mniSvnelobas ani-
Webda. jemsis fsiqologiaSi arsebobda adgili
emociebis, me-s, nebisyofis, Rirebulebebis, re-
ligiuri da mistikuri gancdebisTvisac ki. mi-
si Tbilsisxliani fsiqologia aRiarebda, rom
TiToeuli individi unikaluria da ver daiyva-
neba formulebze an testis qulebze. jemsis-
Tvis fsiqologiis mizans axsna warmoadgenda
da ara _ eqsperimentuli kontroli (Arkin, 1990).
am mimdinareobebis memkvidreoba
miuxedavad maT Soris gansxvavebisa, struq-
turalizmis da funqcionalizmis praqtikosTa
aRmoCenebma is inteleqtualuri konteqsti Seq-
mnes, romelSic Tanamedrove fsiqologia ganvi-
Tarda. amJamad fsiqologebi swavloben qcevis
rogorc struqturas, ise funqcias, magaliTad,
ganvixiloT metyvelebis procesi. warmoidgineT,
rom megobris kinoSi dapatiJeba gsurT. amisaT-
vis Tqvens mier warmoTqmulma sityvebma sworad
unda Seasrulos Tavisi funqcia. amave dros
winadadebas unda hqondes swori struqtura: swo-
ri ar iqneba Tu ityviT: ginda `varskvlavuri
omebi~ erTad CemTan am saRamos wamosvla? mety-
velebis procesis gagebis mizniT mecnierebi swav-
loben, Tu rogor axerxebs mosaubre erTmaneTs
moargos sityvis mniSvneloba (funqcia) da enis
gramatikuli struqtura (Bock 1990). (enis da mety-
velebis zogierT process me-9 TavSi aRvwerT).
am wignSi aqcents gavakeTebT rogorc struqtu-
raze, ise _ funqciaze, ganvixilavT rogorc kla-
sikur, ise Tanamedrove kvlevebs. fsiqologebi
mraval sxvadasxva meTods iyneben yvela indivi-
disaTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogadi movlenebisa
da TiToeuli individis unikaluri aspeqtebis
Sesaswavlad.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis mimdi-
nareobebi
ganvixiloT Tanamedrove fsiqologiis Ziri-
Tad mimdinareobebi. TiToeuli maTgani: _ bio-
logiuri, fsiqodinamikuri, bihevioristuli,
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struqturalizmi (Srtucturalism) _ swavleba fsi-
qikisa da qcevis Sesaxeb, sadac fsiqikuri ga-
mocdileba gaigeba, rogorc martivi elemente-
bis an movlenebis kombinacia.
funqcionalizmi (Functionalism) _ swavleba, ro-
melic fokusirdeba organizmis garemosTan ur-
TierTqmedebis dros fsiqikisa da qcevis fun-
qciebze.
12
humanisturi, kognituri, ganviTarebis da fsi-
qo-kulturuli _ iZleva xedvis kuTxesa da
daSvebebs, romelic gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu
ras Seiswavlian fsiqologebi da rogor: ada-
mianebs Tavisufali neba gaaCniaT, Tu memkvid-
reobiT miRebul (biologiuri determinizmi),
an garemoTi ganpirobebul (garemos determi-
nizmi) scenars asruleben? organizmi aqtiuri
da SemoqmedebiTia, Tu meqanikuri da reaqtiu-
li? SesaZlebelia fsiqologiuri da socialu-
ri fenomenebi fiziologiuri procesebiT aix-
snas? rTuli qceva mravali ufro mcire kompo-
nentis jamia, Tu mas axali da gansxvavebuli
Tvisebebi aqvs? fsiqologiis mimdinareoba gana-
pirobebs, ra eZebos, sad da ra meTodebiT. yove-
li momdevno Tavis wakiTxvisas miadevneT Tva-
li, Tu rogor gansazRvravs qcevis mizezebs da
Sedegebs TiToeuli aseTi mimdinareoba.
marTalia, fsiqologiis centralur sakiTx-
ebs TiToeuli es mimdinareoba gansxvavebulad
udgeba, mravali fsiqologi sesxulobs da er-
TmaneTs uTavsebs sxvadasxva mimarTulebis cne-
bebs. TiToeuli mimdinareoba saSualebas gvaZ-
levs ukeT gavigoT adamianis gamocdileba. ami-
tom, aq TiToeuli mimarTulebis wvlils gan-
vixilavT, xolo mTlianobaSi isini Tanamed-
rove fsiqologias asaxaven.
biologiuri mimdinareoba
biologiuri mimidnareobis warmomadgenlebi
qcevis mizezs genebis, tvinis, nervuli da en-
dokrinuli sistemebis funqcionirebaSi eZe-
ben. organizmis funqcionireba axsnilia mis
safuZvlad mdebare fizikuri struqturebis
da bioqimiuri procesebis terminebiT. gancda
da qceva gaigeba, rogorc nervul ujredebs
Soris da SigniT qimiuri da eleqtruli aqti-
vobis Sedegi.
am mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi Tvlian,
rom fsiqologiuri da socialuri fenomenebi
SeiZleba bioqimiuri procesebis terminebiT
aixsnas. yvelaze rTuli fenomenic ki SeiZle-
ba gagebul iqnes ufro mcire, ufro specifi-
kur erTeulebze dayvaniT. magaliTad, isini
Seecdebian axsnan, rogor kiTxulobT am wina-
dadebis Semadgenel sityvebs tvinis ujredeb-
Si mimdinare zusti fizikuri procesebis aR-
weris gziT. aq qceva misi fizikuri struqtu-
riT da memkvidreobiTi procesebiT ganisazR-
vreba. safuZvlad mdebare biologiuri struq-
turebis da procesebis SecvliT gamocdile-
bam SeiZleba qcevac Secvalos. mkvlevrebma
SeiZleba gkiTxon: ra cvlilebebi xdeba Tqvens
tvinSi, roca kiTxvas swavlobT? fsiqobio-
logiuri mimarTulebis amocana qcevis anali-
zis yvelaze zust doneze gagebaa.
mravali aseTi mkvlevari universitetebsa
da samedicino laboratoriebSi muSaobs, sxvebi
ki _ klinikebSi. pirvelebi swavloben, SeiZ-
leba Tu ara gavaumjobesoT asakovani virTxe-
bis mexsiereba Canasaxovani virTxebis qsovi-
lebis gadanergviT, xolo meoreni _ avtosag-
zao SemTxvevis an daavadebis Sedegad gamow-
veuli mexsierebis dakargvas. am mkvlevrebis
gamaerTianebelia biologiuri Zalebisagan war-
moSobili qcevis aspeqtebis Seswavla.
fsiqodinamikuri mimdinareoba
fsiqodinamikuri mimarTulebis mixedviT qce-
vas marTavs, an mis motivs warmoadgens Zlie-
ri Sinagani Zalebi. adamianis qcevebi Tanda-
yolili instinqtebidan, biologiuri ltol-
vebidan, pirovnul moTxovnilebebsa da sazo-
gadoebis moTxovnebs Soris konfliqtis ga-
daWris mcdelobidan momdinareobs. depriva-
ciis mdgomareoba, fiziologiuri aRgzneba da
konfliqtebi qcevis ganxorcielebis energias
zustad iseve iZleva, rogorc naxSiri _ saw-
vavs orTqlis lokomotivisaTvis. am modelis
mixedviT, organizmi wyvets reagirebas, Tu mi-
si moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia, misi
ltolvebi ki _ Semcirebuli. qcevis mTavari
mizani daZabulobis Semcirebaa.
motivaciis fsiqodinamikuri principebi yve-
laze srulad venelma eqimma zigmund froid-
ma (zigmund Freud) ganaviTara XIX saukunis bo-
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fsiqologiuri perspeqtiva
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13
los da XX saukunis dasawyisSi. froidis ide-
ebi fsiqikurad daavadebul pacientebTan mu-
Saobis Sedegad warmoiSva, magram, misi azriT,
is principebi, romlebic man avadmyofebTan aR-
moaCina, vrceldeba rogorc normalur, jan-
saR, ise _ paTologiur qcevaze. froidis fsi-
qodinamikuri Teoriis mixedviT, pirovnebas aqeT-
iqeT eqaCeba Sinagani da garegani Zalebi. fro-
idis modelSi pirvelad iyo naCvenebi, rom ada-
mianis buneba yovelTvis ar aris racionalu-
ri; rom qcevebi SeiZleba iseTi motivebiT iyos
gamowveuli, romlebic ar aris gacnobierebu-
li. froidis Semdeg es Teoria misma mimdev-
rebma sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT ganaviTares.
froidis mixedviT, pirovnebis Camoyalibebis
periodi adreuli bavSvobaa, neofroidianeleb-
ma gaafarToves misi Teoria da masSi socia-
luri zemoqmedeba da urTierTqmedeba CarTes,
romelic indvidis sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi
iCens Tavs.
froidis ideebs didi gavlena hqonda fsi-
qologiis mraval sferoze. misi wvlilis sxva-
dasxva aspeqts waawydebiT, rodesac gaecno-
biT bavSvis ganviTarebis, sizmris, daviwyebis,
aracnobieri motivaciis, pirovnebis da fsiqo-
analituri Terapiis sakiTxebs. amasTanave, gak-
virvebiT aRmoaCenT, rom misi ideebi arasodes
yofila sistematuri mecnieruli kvlevis Se-
degi. nacvlad amisa, es iyo gamorCeuli Semoq-
medebiTi gonebis nayofi, romelic Sepyrobi-
li iyo adamianis azrebis, grZnobebisa da moq-
medebebis Rrmad dafaruli saidumlos amoc-
nobis surviliT.
bihevioristuli mimdinareoba
am mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi swavlo-
ben, Tu rogor akontrolebs konkretuli ti-
pis qcevas garemos konkretuli stimuli. upir-
veles yovlisa, bihevioristebi aanalizeben ga-
remos winapirobebs, im pirobebs, romlebic win
uswrebs qcevas da organizms imisaTvis amza-
debs, moaxdinos Tu ara reagireba. Semdeg isi-
ni ganixilaven qceviT reaqcias, romelic maTi
kvlevis mTavar obieqts warmoadgens. qceva un-
da gavigoT, viwinaswarmetyveloT da gavakon-
troloT. bolos, ikvleven reaqciis dakvirve-
bad Sedegebs. bihevioristis interesis sagania,
magaliTad, rogor cvlis sagzao jarimebi (Se-
degi) motocikletistis marTvis stils, aiZu-
lebs mas ufro frTxilad iaros, an saerTod
Tavi daanebos tarebas (qceviTi reaqcia).
monacemebs bihevioristebi kontrolirebadi
laboratoriuli eqsperimentebidan iReben. maT
SeiZleba eleqtronuli aparatura da kompiu-
terebi gamoiyenon stimulis warsadgenad da
reaqciis dasafiqsireblad. isini miiCneven, rom
Sesaswavli fenomeni zustad unda iyos ganmar-
tebuli da raodenobrivad gamoxatuli. xSirad
isini cxovelebs swavloben (umetes SemTxveva-
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bihevioristuli mimdinareoba (Behaviorists perspec-
tive) _ am mimdinareobas ainteresebs dakvirveba-
di qceva, romelic obieqturad fiqsirdeba da
dakvirvebadi qcevis mimarTeba garemos stimu-
lebTan.
biheviorizmi (Behaviorism) _ mecnieruli midgoma,
romelic fsiqologiis Seswavlas mxolod ga-
zomvadi an dakvirvebadi qceviT farglavs.
humanisturi mimdinareoba (Humanistic perspective) _
fsiqologiuri modeli, romelic aqcents indi-
vidis fenomenur samyaroze, racionaluri arCe-
vanis gakeTebisa da maqsimaluri potencialis
ganviTarebis Tandayolil unarze akeTebs.
14
Si mtredebs da virTxebs), radgan eqsperimen-
tis pirobebs aq ufro srulad gaakontrole-
ben, vidre adamianebis SemTxvevaSi. bihevioris-
tebi Tvlian, rom cxovelebze Seswavlili Zi-
riTadi procesebi igivenairad mimdinareobs sxva
saxeobebSic.
biheviorizmi farTod gamoiyeneba fsiqolo-
giis praqtikaSi. mis mier moTxovnili zusti
eqsperimentireba da cvladebis zedmiwevniTi
dadgena fsiqologiis sferoTa umetesobaSi ga-
iziares. bihevioristebis mier cxovelebze aR-
moCenili kanozomierebebi adamianis proble-
mebzec gamoiyenes. bihevioristulma principeb-
ma ganaTlebisadmi ufro humanur midgomamde
migviyvana (dasjis nacvlad dadebiTi ganmtki-
cebis gamoyeneba), Seiqmna qceviTi darReevebis
axali tipis Terapia da utopiuri sazogadoe-
bis modelis Seqmnis instruqciebi.
humanisturi mimdinareoba
humanisturi fsiqologia 1950-ian wlebSi gaC-
nda, rogorc fsiqodinamikuri da bihevioris-
tuli modelebis alternativa. humanisturi fsi-
qologiis mixedviT, adamianebis qcevas ar ga-
napirobebs arc Sinagani, instinqturi Zalebi,
rogorc amas froidianelebi miiCneven da arc
garegani Zalebi, rogorc bihevioristebs miaC-
ndaT. adamianebi aqtiuri qmnilebebi arian, Si-
naganad kargebi da arCevanis gakeTebis unari
aqvT. humanisturi mimdinareobis mixedviT, ada-
mianis ZiriTadi amocanaa swrafva sakuTari po-
tenciis, SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebisken.
humanisti fsiqologebi swavloben qcevas,
magram ara laboratoriul pirobebSi da ara
mis Semadgenel elementebze an komponentebze
dayvaniT. isini adamianTa cxovrebis ganmavlo-
baSi gamovlenil cxovrebiseuli istoriebis
paternebs akvirdebian. biheviorisitebisgan
mkveTrad gansxvavebiT, humanisturi fsiqolo-
giis warmomadgenlebi individis mier gancdil
subieqtur samyaros swavloben da ara garega-
ni damkvirveblis da mkvlevris TvaliT dana-
xul obieqtur samyaros. amitom, isini fenome-
nologiuri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebadac
iTvlebian, radgan movlenebze calkeuli moq-
medi subieqtis (actor) pirad Sexedulebas swav-
loben. garda amisa, humanisti fsiqologebi cdi-
loben mTliani pirovneba Seiswavlon da ho-
listur midgomas aRiareben. maTi azriT, nam-
dvili wvdoma niSnavs individis fsiqikis, sxe-
ulis da qcevis codnas socialuri da kultu-
ruli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
humanisturi midgoma afarToebs fsiqolo-
giis sferos da masSi literaturis, istoriis,
xelovnebis Seswavlidan miRebul gakveTilebs
rTavs. amgvarad, fsiqologia ufro savse dis-
ciplina xdeba. humanisturi fsiqologiis war-
momadgenlebi amboben, rom maTi midgoma aris
is safuari, romelic exmareba fsiqologias ada-
mianis bunebis cxovelur aspeqtebze da uaryo-
fiT Zalebze zemoT dadges. rogorc me-16 Tav-
Si vnaxavT, humanisturma mimdinareobam didi
gavlena iqonia fsiqoTerapiaSi axali midgome-
bis gaCenaze.
kognituri mimdinareoba
kognituri revolucia fsiqologiaSi gaCnda,
rogorc biheviorizmis SezRudulobis kidev erTi
gamowveva. kognituri mimdinareobis centrSi dgas
adamianis Semecneba da codnis SeZenis yvela
procesi: yuradReba, azrovneba, damaxsovreba da
gageba. kognituri mimarTulebis mixedviT ada-
mianebi moqmedeben, radgan isini azrovneben, xo-
lo azrovneben, radgan adamianebi arian.
kognitur modelSi qceva mxolod nawilob-
rivadaa ganpirobebuli garemos winmswrebi mov-
lenebiT da warsuli qcevebis SedegebiT, ro-
gorc es bihevioristebs miaCniaT. zogierTi yve-
laze mniSvnelovani qceva azrovnebis sruli-
ad axali da ara warsulSi gamoyenebuli gze-
bidan Cndeba. im alternativebis warmodgenis
unari, romlebic sruliad gansxvavdeba imis-
gan, rac aris, an iyo, saSualebas aZlevs adami-
ans momavlisken iswrafos da awmyo situacia
gadalaxos. individi realobaze reagirebs ara
ise, TiTqos is obieqturi samyaro iyos, aramed
ise, rogorc is misi fiqrebis da warmosaxvis
Sinagani samyaros subieqtur realobaSi aisa-
xeba. kognituri fsiqologebisaTvis azrebi qce-
vebis rogorc Sedegi, aseve mizezia. Tu viRa-
cas awyenineT da nanobT, es azria, romelic
qcevis Sedegad gagiCndaT, xolo sinanulis gan-
cdis Semdeg bodiSis moxda azris, rogorc
qcevis mizezis magaliTia.
kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebi
iseT umaRles fsiqikur procesebs swavloben,
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15
rogoricaa aRqma, mexsiereba, enis gamoyeneba,
problemis gadaWra da gadawyvetilebis miReba
sxvadasxva doneze. maT SeiZleba ikvlion tvin-
Si sisxlis moZraobis sqema sxvadasxva tipis
kognituri amocanis gadawyvetisas, studentis
mogonebebi adreuli bavSvobis SemTxvevaze, an
sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi mexsierebis unaris
cvlilebebi. fsiqikur procesebze fokusirebis
gamo mravali mkvlevrisaTvis kognituri mimdi-
nareoba dRes fsiqologiaSi dominanturia.
evoluciuri mimdinareoba
evoluciuri mimdinareoba cdilobs Tanamed-
rove fsiqologia biologiuri mecnierebebis Zi-
riTad ideebs, Carlz darvinis bunebrivi SerCe-
vis gziT evoluciis Teorias daukavSiros. bu-
nebrivi SerCevis idea sakmaod martivia: gare-
mosTan ukeT Seguebuli organizmebi ukeTes STa-
momavlobas iZlevian (da gadascemen Tavis ge-
nebs), vidre cudad Seguebulebi. mravali Tao-
bis manZilze adaptaciis unari sul ufro da
ufro Zlierdeba da ixveweba. fsiqologiaSi evo-
luciuri mimdinareoba gulisxmobs, rom, ro-
gorc fsiqikuri, ise fizikuri unarebi milio-
nobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda, raTa
konkretul adaptaciur miznebs momsaxureboda.
mkvlevrebi im garemo pirobebs swavloben,
romlebSic adamianis tvini ganviTarda. adami-
anis ganviTarebis istoriis 99% pleistoce-
nis eraSi mcire jgufebad cxovrebas, nadiro-
basa da SemgroveblobaSi mimdinareobda (uxe-
Sad, ormilionwliani periodi, romelic 10 000
wlis win damTavrda). evoluciuri fsiqolo-
gia evoluciuri biologiis mdidar Teoriul
gamocdilebas iyenebs, raTa is centraluri
adaptaciuri problemebi daadginos, romlebic
cocxali arsebebis winaSe dgas: mtaceblebisa
da parazitebis Tavidan acileba, sakvebis Seg-
roveba da gacvla, mewyvilis mopoveba da Se-
narCuneba, janmrTeli bavSvebis gazrda. adap-
taciuri problemebis dadgenis Semdeg evolu-
ciuri fsiqologia daskvnebs akeTebs im fsiqi-
kuri meqanizmebis an fsiqologiuri adaptaci-
is Sesaxeb, romelic SeiZleba am problemebis
gadasWrelad gaCeniliyo.
evoluciuri fsiqologia sxva mimarTule-
bebisagan, upirvels yovlisa, imiT gansxvavde-
ba, rom misi ZiriTadi amxsneli principi evo-
luciis ukiduresad xangrZlivi procesia. am
mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi cdiloben ga-
igon qalisa da mamakacis mier aRebuli gan-
sxvavebuli sqesobrivi rolebi, rogorc evo-
luciis da ara Tanamedrove sazogadoebis gav-
lenis produqti. imis gamo, rom evoluciuri
fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebs ar SeuZliaT
eqsperimentebis Catareba, radgan evoluciis
process ver Secvlian, maT araordinaruli gze-
bis Zieba uwevT, raTa Teoriis damamtkicebeli
sabuTebi moipovon.
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kognituri mimdinareoba (Cognitive perspective) _ fsi-
qologiis mimdinareoba, romelic aqcents ake-
Tebs adamianis azrovnebis da codnis SeZenis
procesebze, rogoricaa yuradReba, azrovneba, da-
maxsovreba, molodini, problemis gadaWra, fan-
tazia da cnobiereba.
evoluciuri mimdinareoba (Evolutionary perspective)
_ fsiqologiis midgoma, romelic xazs usvams
qceviT da adapturobis mniSvnelovnebas im vara-
udis safuZvelze, rom fsiqikuri unarebi mili-
onobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda, raTa
konkretul adaptur miznebs momsaxureboda.
kulturuli mimdinareoba (Cultural perspective) _ aq-
cents qcevis mizezebis da Sedegebis kros-kul-
turul sxvaobaze akeTebs.
16
kulturuli mimdinareoba
am mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi qcevis mi-
zezebisa da Sedegebis kros-kulturul sxvao-
bebs swavloben. kulturuli mimdinareoba mniS-
vnelovani pasuxia im kritikaze, rom fsiqolo-
giuri kvleva xSirad zedmetad emyareba adamia-
nis bunebis gagebis dasavlur koncefcias da
ikvlevs mxolod TeTrkanian, saSualo klasis
amerikelebs (Gergen et al; 1996). kulturuli Zale-
bis saTanado gaTvaliswineba erTi da imave eris
SigniT jgufebis Sedarebasac gulisxmobs. ma-
galiTad, mkvlevrebma SeiZleba Seiswavlon kve-
biTi aSlilobebi aSS-is TeTrkanian da Savkani-
an amerikel mozardebSi (ixileT me-12 Tavi). kul-
turuli Zalebi SeiZleba aseve Sefasdes sxva-
dasxva erSi, magaliTad, moraluri msjelobe-
bis Sedareba aSS-sa da indoeTSi (Tavi me-11).
kros-kulturuli fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebs
ainteresebT, yvela adamians exeba arsebuli Te-
oriebi, Tu ufro viwro, specifikur populaci-
ebs.
kros-kulturuli mimdinareoba fsiqologi-
uri kvlevis TiTqmis yvela sferoze vrcelde-
ba: zemoqmedebs Tu ara kultura adamianis mier
samyaros aRqmaze? ganapirobebs Tu ara ena sam-
yaros aRqmas? rogor zemoqmedebs kultura bav-
Svis ganviTarebaze? rogor zemoqmedebs kultu-
ruli ganwyobebi moxucebulobis asakis gamoc-
dilebaze? ganapirobebs kultura sakuTari Ta-
vis aRqmas? zemoqmedebs kultura imaze, Tu ro-
gor gamoxatavs adamiani emociebs? ganapirobebs
Tu ara kultura imas, Tu ra qcevebs ganaxorci-
elebs individi? zemoqmedebs Tu ara kultura
imaze, Tu ra zomiT ganicdian adamianebi fsiqi-
kur aSlilobebs?
amgvari kiTxvebis dasmiT kulturuli mimdi-
nareoba xSirad iseT daskvnebs gvaZlevs, rom-
lebic sxva mimarTulebis mier wamoyenebul Te-
zisebs ewinaaRmdegeba. magaliTad, mkvlevarTa
azriT, froidis Teoriis mravali aspeqti ar
miesadageba venis kulturisagan Sors mdgom sa-
zogadoebebs. amgvari idea jer kidev anTropo-
logma bronislav malinovskim (Bronislav Malinow-
ski) gamoTqva 1927 wels da froidis mamaze cen-
trirebuli Teoria axali gvineis magaliTis sa-
fuZvelze gaakritika, sadac ojaxebi dedazea
centrirebuli. amrigad, kulturuli mimdinare-
oba miiCnevs, rom fsiqodinamikuri mimdinareo-
bis zogierTi debuleba arasworia. kulturis
sxvadasxvaoba da simdidre gaTvaliswinebuli
unda iyos, rodesac adamianis gamocdilebis Se-
saxeb daskvnebis ganzogadebas vaxdenT.
mimdinareobebis Sedareba:
agresiis magaliTi
Svidive mimdinareoba s\xvadasxva daSvebazea
agebuli da gansxvavebulad esmis qceva. cxril-
Si 1.1 Sejamebulia es mimdinareobebi.
magaliTisaTvis mokled ganvixiloT, rogor
axsnida TiToeuli es Teoria agresiis faqts;
imas, Tu ratom iqcevian adamianebi agresiulad.
yvela es midgoma iyo gamoyenebuli agresiisa
da Zaladobis bunebis gagebis mcdelobisas. Ti-
Toeuli mimarTulebisaTvis mogvyavs mkvlevre-
bis mier SesaZlod gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi da
SesaZlod ganxorcielebuli eqsperimentebi.
biologiuri. ikvleven tvinis konkretuli
sistemebis rols agresiaSi. isini sxvadasxva re-
gions astimulireben da Semdeg amiT gamowve-
ul destruqciul moqmedebebs afiqsireben. ag-
reTve, swavloben, raime normidan gadaxra xom
ar aris seriuli mkvlelebis tvinSi, xom ar
aris dakavSirebuli qalis agresia menstrua-
lur ciklTan.
fsiqodinamikuri. aanalizeben agresias, ro-
gorc reaqcias frustraciaze, romelsac sia-
movnebis miRwevis procesSi Seqmnili dabrko-
lebebi iwvevs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, usamar-
Tlo xelmZRvaneli. es mimdinareoba agresias
uyurebs, rogorc bavSvobaSi mSoblebis mimarT
gancdili mtrulobis gadatanas zrdasrul asak-
Si.
bihevioristuli. adgens warsulSi Cadeni-
li agresiuli qcevebis ganmtkicebis faqtebs,
vTqvaT, moswavlem klaselebs, an Tanatolebs
daartya da es zedmeti yuradRebis sagani gax-
da. es midgoma amtkicebs, rom bavSvebi mSoble-
bisagan agresiul mopyrobas swavloben da Sem-
deg Tavis Svilebsac aseve epyrobian.
humanisturi. ikvlevs im pirovnul Rirebu-
lebebs da socialur pirobebs, romlebic xels
uwyobs agresiul da TviTSemzRudav gamocdi-
lebas da ara harmoniul ganviTarebas.
kognituri. swavlobs mtrul azrebs da
fantaziebs, romelsac adamiani Zaladobis aq-
T
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tis yurebisas ganicdis. ikvlevs filmebSi ar-
sebuli agresiis, maT Soris pornografiuli
Zaladobis gavlenas iaraRis xmarebisadmi, gau-
patiurebisadmi da omisadmi damokidebulebaze.
evoluciuri. ganixilavs, ra pirobebis ga-
mo gaxda agresia adapturi qceva adreuli ada-
mianebisaTvis. adgens fsiqologiur meqanizmebs,
romlebic pasuxismgebelia agresiuli qcevis se-
leqciur warmoSobaze.
kulturuli. ganixilavs, rogor avlenen
da xsnian agresias sxvadasxva kulturis war-
momadgenlebi. rogor zemoqmedeben kulturu-
li Zalebi agresiuli qcevis sxvadasxva tipis
gamovlenis albaTobaze.
ras akeTeben fsiqologebi
ukve sakmarisi iciT fsiqologiis Sesaxeb,
raTa is kiTxvebi CamoayaliboT, romlebic fsi-
qologiuri kv levis mTel diapazons moicavs.
kiTxvebis amgvari sia rom mogemzadebinaT, sxva-
dasxva dargis fsiqologis saeqsperto sferos
SeexebodiT. 1.2 cxrilSi amgvari kiTxvebis Cve-
neuli versiaa moyvanili Sesabamisi dargis fsi-
qologebis miTiTebiT. Tu dro gaqvT, Tqveni sa-
kuTari kiTxvebis sia CamowereT. gadaxazeT Ti-
Toeuli kiTxva, rogorc ki mis pasuxs amoi-
kiTxavT am wignSi.
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mimdinareoba rogor esmis qcevis kvlevis fokusi kvlevis ZiriTadi
adamianis buneba determinantebi Temebi
biologiuri pasiuri memkvidreoba, tvini da nervuli qcevis da fsiqikuri
meqanisturi bioqimiuri sistemis procesebis
procesebi procesebi bioqimiuri
safuZveli
fsiqodinamikuri instinqtiT memkvidreoba, aracnobieri qceva, rogorc
marTuli adreuli ltolvebi, aracnobieri
gamocdileba konfliqtebi motivebis garegani
gamoxatva
bihevioristuli reagirebs stimulze, garemo, konkretuli qceva da misi
SeiZleba misi Secvla stimulis Semcveli garegani reqciebi stimulebi, mizezebi
pirobebi da Sedegebi
humanisturi aqtiuri, potenciurad adamianis cxovrebis paternebi
usazRvro sakuTari gamocdileba da faseulobebi,
potencialis Tavisadmi potenciali miznebi
mqone mimarTuli
kognituri SemoqmedebiTad stimulis fsiqikuri qceviTi
aqtiuri, Semcveli procesebi, indikatorebis
reagirebs pirobebi, ena saSualebiT
stimulze fsiqikuri Seswavlili
procesebi fsiqikuri procesebi
evoluciuri plesitocenis eris adaptacia ganviTarebuli ganviTarebis
problemebis gadarCenis fisqologiuri adapturi funqciebis
gadaWraze mizniT adaptacia TvalsazrisiT
adaptirebuli ganxiluli
fsiqikuri meqanizmebi
kulturuli icvleba kulturis kulturuli damokidebulebebisa adamianis
zegavleniT normebi (attitudes) da gamocdilebis
qcevebis kros- universaluri da
kulturuli kulturulad
sqemebi specifikuri aspeqtebi
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis Svidi mimdinareobis Sedareba
cxrili
1.1
18
albaT ukve mixvdiT, rom msoflioSi Zalian
bevri fsiqologia. gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom
maTi raodenoba 500 000-s aWarbebs, maTgan 62-dan
82 aTasamde fsiqologiuri kvlevis sferoSi moR-
vaweobs (ix. sur. 1.1). miuxedavad imisa, rom fsi-
qologebis raodenoba dasavleTis industriul
qveynebSi metia, mraval sxva qveyanaSic izrdeba
interesi fsiqologiis mimarT. fsiqologiuri mec-
nierebis saerTaSoriso kavSirSi 64 qveynis fsi-
qologia gaerTianebuli (Rozenzweig, 1999). ameri-
kis fsiqologTa asociacias (APA) 1998 wlis bo-
los 155 000 wevri hyavda msoflios yvela kuTx-
idan (Fowler, 1999). kidev erTi saerTaSoriso or-
ganizacia, amerikis fsiqologTa sazogadoeba
(APS), 16 000-ze met wevrs aerTianebs da fsiqo-
logiis ufro samecniero aspeqtebzea fokusi-
rebuli, vidre klinikur, mkurnalobis mxareze.
ar gagikvirdebaT imis gageba, rom fsiqo-
logiis kvlevac da praqtikac mamakacebis do-
minirebiT mimdinareobda, Tumca mcire raode-
nobiT qalma fsiqologebma arsebiTi wvlili
Seitanes am sferoSi (Russo and Denmark, 1987; Scar-
borough and Furomoto, 1987). 1894 wels margaret
uoSbornma (Margaret Washburn) kornelis uni-
versiteti daamTavra da qalebSi pirvelma mi-
iRo doqtoris xarisxi. man dawera cnobili
saxelmZRvanelo cxovelis goneba. 1895 wels
meri kalkinsma (Mary Calkins) warCinebiT daam-
Tavra harvardis universitetis doqtorantu-
ra, magram administracia mas ar aZlevda doq-
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fsiqologiuri kvlevis mravalferovneba
kiTxva vin pasuxobs am kiTxvas
rogor unda gadaWran adamianebma ukeT klinikuri fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
TavianTi yoveldRiuri problemebi? fsiqiatri fsiqologi konsultanti
(counceling psychologist) Temis fsiqologi
(community psychologist)
rogor inaxeba mogonebebi tvinSi? bio-fsiqologi fsiqofarmakologi
rogor SegviZlia vaswavloT ZaRls eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis
brZanebebis Sesruleba? warmomadgeneli qcevis analitikosi
ratom ver vixseneb yovelTvis informacias, kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
romelic namdvilad vici? kognituri mecnierebis warmomadgeneli
ratom gansxvavdebian adamianebi pirovnebis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
erTmaneTisagan? qcevis genetikosi
rogor muSaobs `TanatolTa zewola~ socialuri fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
ra ician Cvilebma samyaros Sesaxeb? ganviTarebis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
ratom iwvevs CemSi depresias Cemi samuSao? Sromis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
adamianis faqtoris fsiqologi
rogor unda moepyras maswavlebeli ganaTlebis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
àmrev~moswavles? skolis fsiqologi
ratom vxdebi cudad yoveli gamocdis win? janmrTelobis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
Seuracxadi iyo braldebuli sasamarTlo fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
danaSaulis Cadenis dros?
ratom miWirs sunTqva kalaTburTis sportis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
mniSvnelovani matCebis dros?
cxrili
1.2
19
toris xarisxs. miuxedavad amisa, kalkinsi
warmatebuli mkvlevari da amerikis fsiqologTa
asociaciis pirveli qali prezidenti gaxda. ana
froidma (Anna Freud) mniSvnelovani wvlili Se-
itana fsiqoanalizis praqtikaSi. wamyvani qali
mkvlevrebis Sromebs saxelmZRvaneloSi araer-
Txel SexvdebiT.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiaSi qalebi da mama-
kacebi erToblivad iziareben Teoriis da praqti-
kis warmatebebs. rogorc 1.2 suraTzea naCvenebi,
doqtoris xarisxis umetesoba amJamad qalebs
aqvT (Pion et al; 1996) da es tendencia XXI saukune-
Si myarad narCundeba (Murray and Williams, 1999).
rac ufro meti wvlili Seaqvs fsiqologias
adamianis Seswavlis saqmeSi, miT meti da meti
adamiani _ qali da kaci, sazogadoebis yvela
segmentis warmomadgeneli misdevs am karieras.
Tqven gzas adgaxarT. imedi gvaqvs, rom `fsi-
qologia da cxovreba~ Rirs mogzaurobad, ro-
melic savsea moulodneli siamovnebebiT da
samaxsovro momentebiT. daviwyoT, an, rogorc
italielebi ityvian: wavediT! (andiamo!)
Sejameba
adre fsiqologebs miaCndaT, rom fsiqolo-
giuri procesebi detreminizmis doqtriniTaa
marTuli _ fsiqikuri da fizikuri movlenebi
ganpirobebulia konkretuli mizezebiT. erT-er-
Ti adreuli midgoma, struqturalizmi, aqcents
fsiqikur Sinaarsebsa da qcevis struqturaze
akeTebda meore midgoma, funqcionalizi ki _
qcevis funqciaze.
Tanamedrove fsiqologia Svid ZiriTad mim-
dinareobas moicavs. biologiuri mimdinareoba
swavlobs mimarTebas qcevasa da tvinis meqa-
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suraTi
1.2
suraTi
1.3
fsiqologTa samuSao garemo
naCvenebia sxvadasxva adgilas momuSave fsiqologTa
procenti amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciis fsilogiis
doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mqone wevrTa Soris
Catrebuli gamokiTxvis mixedviT
qalebisaTvis miniWebuli fsiqologiis
doqtoris xarisxi
gasuli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi am mxriv qalebi
upiratesobas floben
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nizmebs Soris; fsiqodinamikuri mimarTulebi-
saTvis qceva cnobieri da aracnobieri motiva-
ciebiTaa gamowveuli; bihevioristuli mimarTu-
lebisaTvis qceva garegani stimuluri pirobebi-
Taa ganpirobebuli, humanisturi mimarTulebisaT-
vis aqcenti keTdeba individis piradi zrdis Si-
nagan unarze; kognituri mimarTulebisaTvis mTa-
varia is fsiqikuri procesebi, romlebic qceviT
reaqciebze zemoqmedebs; evoluciuri mimarTu-
vifiqroT momavalze
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi
`fsiqologiis da cxovre-
bis~ am gamocemas mokle ese-
ebi davamateT, romlebic fsi-
qologiaSi, rogorc mecnie-
rebaSi, momxdar clilebebs
aRwers XXI saukuneSi gadas-
vlasTan erTad. am TavSi mok-
led aRvwereT, Tu rogor Se-
icvala es disciplina gasu-
li 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi,
gansakuTrebiT, Teoriuli mim-
dinareobebis kuTxiT. ras mog-
vitans Semdegi 100 weli? aS-
karaa, rom fsiqologiis Si-
naarsi da praqtika momaval-
Si Seicvleba.
marTalia, zogierTi sa-
kiTxi, romelsac fsiqologe-
bi swavloben, droze ar aris
damokidebuli, magaliTad,
rogoria enis aTvisebis Zi-
riTadi procesebi, magram ar-
sebobs iseTi sakiTxebic, rom-
lebic konkretul dros mo-
aqvs. magaliTad, me-17 da me-18
TavebSi ganxiluli socialu-
ri fsiqologiis kvlevebis
umetesoba im mecnierebma wa-
moiwyes, vinc cdilobda gae-
go, ra Zalebma ganapiroba me-
ore msoflio omis saSinele-
bani. Cven ver viwinaswarmety-
velebT, romeli sazogadoeb-
rivi moZraoba Seipyrobs
msoflios XXI saukuneSi, mag-
ram danamdvilebiT SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom fsiqologebi da-
uyovnebliv reagirebas moax-
denen am sakiTxebze da maT
Seswavlas daiwyeben. fsiqo-
logiur kvlevaze, agreTve,
did gavlenas moaxdens is teq-
nologiuri siaxleeebi, rom-
lebic adamianebsa da kultu-
rebs Soris manZils amcirebs.
internetis gamo XXI sauku-
neSi didi mniSvneloba mieni-
Weba sxvadasxva kulturis
msgavsebisa da sxvaobis sa-
kiTxs.
teqnologiuri siaxleni
fsiqologiis kvlevis meTo-
debzec iqoniebs gavlenas,
radgan fsiqikuri procesebis
kvlevisas ukve XX saukunis
bolos farTod gamoiyenebo-
da kompiuterebi da tvinis Se-
saswavli sxva mowyobilobe-
bi, romlebzec vundts da mis
kolegebs warmodgenac ki ar
hqondaT. kidev ufro daxve-
wili teqnologiuri miRweve-
bis Sedegad mkvlevrebs sa-
Sualeba miecemaT zedmiwev-
niT zustad gaarkvion, ra mi-
marTebaa fsiqikur proceseb-
sa da tvinis aqtivobas So-
ris. aseve, genetikuri kvle-
vis teqnologiuri iaraRebis
ganviTarebam SesaZloa swra-
fad Secvalos is gzebi, rom-
lebiTac mkvlevrebi acal-
keveben bunebisa da aRzrdis
zegavlenas TiToeuli indi-
vidis cxovrebaSi.
am tipis sakiTxebs _ ino-
vaciebi fsiqologiis Sina-
arssa da praqtikaSi _ miv-
marTavT swored specialur
qveTavebSi _ fsiqologia
XXI saukuneSi.
veb-gverdebi:
www.apa.org _ amerikis fsi-
qologTa asociaciis gver-
di
www.psychologicalscience.org
_ amerikis fsiqologTa sa-
zogadoebis gverdi
lebisaTvis qceva gadarCenisaTvis brZolisas
garemosTan Seguebis Sedegia, xolo, kultu-
ruli mimarTulebisaTvis qceva da misi inter-
pretacia kulturis konteqstSi ganixileba.
fsiqologebi kiTxvaTa did diapazons pa-
suxoben. fsiqologis profesia gasuli ram-
denime aTwleulis manZilze Seicvala, misi
Tvalsawieri ufro internacionaluri gaxda
da met qals moiTvlis.
21
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ratomaa fsiqologia
unikaluri
fsiqologia aris individe-
bis qcevis da fsiqikuri pro-
cesebis mecnieruli Seswav-
la.
fsiqologiis mizania qcevis
aRwera, axsna, winaswarmety-
veleba da gakontrolebis
xelSewyoba.
Tanamedrove fsiqologi-
is ganviTareba
vundtis da titCeneris Sro-
mebidan ganviTarda struq-
turalizmi, romelic aq-
cents elementaruli Seg-
rZnebebisagan agebuli fsi-
qikisa da qcevis struqtu-
raze akeTebs.
jemsisa da diuis mier ganvi-
Tarebuli funqcionalizmi
aqcents qcevis miRma arse-
bul mizanze akeTebs.
am Teoriebma Seqmnes Tana-
medrove fsiqologiis safuZ-
vlebi.
fsiqologiis Seswavlis Svi-
dive Tanamedrove midgoma
gansxvavebulad xedavs ada-
mianis bunebas, qcevis deter-
minantebs, kvlevis sferosa
da meTodebs.
qcevasa da tvinis meqaniz-
mebs Soris mimarTebas swav-
lobs.
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
fsiqodinamikuri mimarTule-
bisaTvis qceva instinqturi
ZalebiTa da Sinagani kon-
fliqtebiT, cnobieri da
aracnobieri motivebiTaa gan-
pirobebuli.
biheviorizisaTvis qceva gan-
pirobebulia garegani sti-
mulebiT.
humanisturi mimarTulebisaT-
vis mniSvnelovania raciona-
luri arCevanis gakeTebis
Tandayolili unari individ-
Si.
kognituri mimdinareoba xazs
usvams im fsiqikur proce-
sebs, romlebic qceviT re-
aqciebze
zemoqmedebs.
Tvlis, rom qceva gadarCe-
nis procesSi Seguebis Se-
degad ganviTarda.
qcevas da mis interpretaci-
as kulturul konteqstSi
ganixilavs.
ras akeTeben fsiqo-
logebi
fsiqologebi sxvadasxva sfe-
roSi muSaoben da sxvadas-
xva specialobis gamocdile-
bas eyrdnobian. fsiqologi-
is profesiis warmomadge-
neli pasuxs scems TiTqmis
yvela kiTxvas, romelic re-
alur cxovrebiseul gamoc-
dilebas exeba.
XXI saukunis dasawyisisaT-
vis fsiqologis profesia
moculobiT ufro interna-
cionaluri da praqtikose-
bisa da mkvlevrebis Semad-
genlobiT ufro mravalfe-
rovani gaxda.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi yvela Tav-
Si muqi SriftiTaa gamoyo-
fili, rom advilad SeamCni-
oT, xolo yoveli Tavis bo-
los igive terminebi ganmeo-
rebiTaa mocemuli. garda ami-
sa, yvela ZiriTadi cneba wig-
nis bolos, leqsikonSi mo-
cemuli, anbanis mixedviT da
ganmartebulia.
biheviorizmi
bihevioristuli
mimdinareoba
garemos cvladebi
dispoziciuri cvladebi
kognituri mimdinareoba
mecnieruli meTodi
organizmuli cvladebi
situaciis cvladebi
struqturalizmi
funqcionalizmi
fsiqodinamikuri
mimdinareoba
fsiqologia
qceva
qcevis monacemebi
humanisturi mimdinareoba
22
fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi
2
aRmoCenis etapi
dasabuTebis etapi:
obieqturobis dacvis
saSualebebi
damkvirveblis
tendenciuroba da
operaciuli
gansazRvrebebi
eqsperimentuli
meTodi:
alternatiuli axsna
da kontrolis
saWiroeba
korelaciis meTodi
qvezRurblovani
zemoqmedeba
fsiqologiuri gazomva
sandooba da
validoba
TviTangariSi
qcevis dakvirveba da
gazomva
kvlevis eTikuri
sakiTxebi
informirebuli
Tanxmoba
riskis/sargeblis
Sefaseba
ganzrax motyueba
kvlevis Semdgomi
interviu
cxovelTa kvleva:
mecniereba, eTika,
politika
rogor gamoviyenoT
sworad mecnieruli kvlevis
Sedegebi
fsiqologia XXI
saukuneSi: fsiqologiuri
kvleva da informaciis
afeTqeba
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
23
SesaZloa, Tqven arasodes gagCeniaT kiTxvebi
WianWvelebis qcevis Sesaxeb, magram sxva tipis
kiTxvebi namdvilad gagiCndebodaT adamianis an
cxovelis qcevasTan dakavSirebiT. am TavSi
visaubrebT imaze, Tu rogor pasuxoben fsiqo-
logebi kiTxvebs, romlebic TqvenTvisac sain-
teresoa. vnaxavT, rogor iynebs fsiqologia mec-
nierul meTodebs kvlevisaTvis. gvinda, rom
gaigoT, rogor gegmaven fsiqologebi TavianT
kvlevas: rogor SeiZleba rTuli da xSirad
ablurduli monacemebidan azrovnebis, grZno-
bebis da qcevebis Sesaxeb myari, seriozuli das-
kvnebis gakeTeba.
am TavSi mowodebuli informaciis daufleba
Zalian sasargeblo iqneba TqvenTvis im
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu arasodes ganaxorcielebT
mecnierul kvlevas. Cveni mizania dagexmaroT
kritikuli azrovnebis gaumjobesebaSi imiT, rom
gaswavloT, rogor unda dasvaT swori kiTxvebi
da SeafasoT fsiqologiuri movlenebis mize-
zebis, Sedegebis da korelatebis Sesaxeb miRe-
buli pasuxebi. masmediaSi gamudmebiT SexvdebiT
amgvar frazas: kvleva aCvenebs, rom~... Tqveni
inteleqtualuri skepticizmis daxvewis gziT
dagexmarebiT kvlevis Sedegebi ufro brZnulad
moixmaroT. gaCvenebT, rogor gadaWraT kamaTi
faqtebTan da ara polemikasTan~ (Miller, 1992).
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avis avtobiografiaSi (namdvilad xumrobT, mis-
ter feinman) (1985) nobelis premiis laureatma
fizikosma riCard feinmanma (Richard Feynman)
WianWvelebis navigaciis unaris araformaluri
kvlevis programa aRwera (gv. 93-95):
prinstonis universitetis oTaxSi nalis
formis rafiani fanjara mqonda. erT mSvenier
dRes WianWvelebi gamoCndnen. davinteresdi,
rogor moZraoben WianWvelebi; rogor
xvdebian, saiT unda wavidnen? SeuZliaT
erTmaneTs uTxran, sad aris saWmeli, rogorc
amas futkrebi akeTeben? aqvT geometriis raime
SegrZneba?
axalbedasaviT viqceodi, dRes yvelam icis
pasuxi am kiTxvebze, magram maSin ar vicodi...
erT eqsperimentSi fanjris rafaze SuSis
bevri mikroskopuli slaidi davalage, rom-
lebzec WianWvelebi win da ukan dadiodnen
winaswar dayrili Saqris mosapoveblad. Sem-
deg, Zveli slaidi axliT Sevcvale da am-
gvarad SevZeli meCvenebina, rom WianWvelebs
geometriis araviTari SegrZneba ar aqvT _
isini ver xvdebodnen, sad iyo raime moTavs-
ebuli. Tu raRac erTi gziT midiodnen Saqri-
saken, ukanac aucileblad imave gziT brun-
debodnen, sxva, ufro mokle gzas ar irCevdnen.
amave dros, WianWvelebma garkveuli kvali
datoves SuSis slaidebze, rasac eqsperi-
mentebis mTeli seriebi mohyva imis Sesamow-
meblad, Tu ramden xans narCundeba es kvali,
SeiZleba Tu ara misi advilad waSla da a.S.
aRmovaCine, rom kvals mimarTuleba ar gaaCnda.
rom ameyvana WianWvela, Semetrialebina da
missave kvalze damebrunebina, is araswor gzas
daadgeboda, Tanac amas ver xvdeboda, sanam
sxva WianWvelas ar Sexvdeboda.
feinmanis martivi, magram gonivruli eqsperi-
mentebi saSualebas aZlevdnen mas WianWvelebis
qcevis Sesaxeb cnobismoyvareoba daekmayo-
filebina.
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24
aRmoCenis etapi
fsiqologiuri kvlevis procesi SeiZleba or
Semadgenel nawilad davyoT, Tanac am Tanmimdev-
robiT: ideis Camoyalibeba (aRmoCena) da misi
Semowmeba (dasabuTeba). aRmoCenis etapi kvlevis
sawyisi fazaa, romlis ganmavlobaSic dakvirve-
bas, Sexedulebas, informacias da zogad codnas
movlenis axleburi xedvisken mivyavarT. saidan
uCndeba kiTxvebi mkvlevars? zogierTi maTgani
movlenaTa, adamianTa da cxovelTa uSualo
dakvirvebidan modis, zogierTi ukve tradiciad
qceul sakiTxebs swavlobs, romlebic fsiqo-
logiaSi did, gadauWrel problemebad iTvleba.
xSirad mkvlevrebi Zvel ideebs da maT kombi-
naciebs axleburad warmoadgenen. WeSmaritad
Semoqmedi moazrovnis sinji axali WeSmaritebis
aRmoCenaa, romelic mecnierebas da sazogadoebas
ukeTesi mimarTulebiT amoZravebs.
fsiqologiuri Teoriebi cdiloben gaarkvion,
rogor funqcionirebs tvini, fsiqika, qceva da
garemo da ra kavSiria maT Soris. Teoria aris
cnebebis organizebuli wyeba, romelic movlenas
an movlenaTa erTobliobas xsnis. fsiqologiuri
TeoriebisTvis saerTo isaa, rom isini determi-
nizmis poziciaze dganan. determinizmi gulis-
xmobs, rom yvela movlena _ fizikuri, fsiqikuri
da qceviTi _ ganpirobebulia konkretuli
mizeziT, anu mis Sedegs warmoadgens. es mizezebi
SeiZleba Tavad adamianSi, an garemoSi iyos. amave
dros, mkvlevrebi uSveben, rom qcevac da
fsiqikuri procesebic mimarTebaTa kanonzo-
mierebebs avlens da maTi aRmoCena kvlevis
saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli. amitom fsiqolo-
giuri Teoria, Cveulebriv, amgvar kanonzomiere-
baTa mizezebs eZebs.
Teoriam ukve cnobili faqtebi unda axsnas
da, amave dros, axali ideebi da hipoTezebi
wamoayenos. hipoTeza aris mizezebsa da Sedegebs
Soris mimarTebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Semowmebadi
debuleba. hipoTezebs xSirad Tu-maSin~ winas-
warmetyvelebis formiT ayalibeben, konkretuli
pirobebidan gansazRvruli Sedegebis miRebis
mizniT. SegviZlia, magaliTad, viwinaswarmetyve-
loT, rom, Tu bavSvebi bevr Zaladobas uyureben
televiziiT, maSin isini ufro agresiulad moiq-
cevian TavianT TanatolebTan. kvlevam Tu-maSin~
mimarTeba unda Seamowmos. Teoriebi ukiduresad
mniSvnelovania axali hipoTezebis Camoyali-
bebisaTvis. rodesac mecnieruli monacemebi ar
adasturebs hipoTezas, mkvlevarma unda gada-
sinjos Tavisi Teoria. amrigad, Teoriasa da
kvlevas Soris mudmivi urTierTqmedebaa.
aRmoCenis etapis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani
nawilia kvlevisaTvis saWiro saTanado Rirebu-
lebebi da damokidebuleba. mecniereba moiTxovs
Ria _ kritikul da skeptikur _ damokidebulebas
nebismieri daskvnisadmi manam, sanam is ar aris
miRebuli damoukidebeli mkvlevrebis mier.
Riaoba or mizans emsaxureba. pirveli: WeSmari-
teba absoluturi ar aris, is damokidebulia
garkveul pirobebze da axali monacemebis gaCenis
SemTxvevaSi misi gadasinjva SesaZlebeli unda
iyos. meore: Ria orientaciis gamo mkvlevrebi
imisaTvis, rom Teoria damtkicebulad CaiTvalos,
man unda gaiaros mkacri Semowmeba, romlis Sedegi
unda daemTxves damoukidebel eqspertTa Sedegebs.
aRmoCenis etapi (context of discovery) _ kvlevis
sawyisi fazaa, romlis ganmavlobaSic dakvir-
vebas, Sexedulebas, informacias da zogad cod-
nas movlenis axleburi xedvisaken mivyavarT.
Teoria (Theory) _ cnebaTa organizebuli wyeba,
romelic movlenas an movlenaTa erTobliobas
xsnis.
determinizmi (Determinism) _ es doqtrina gu-
lisxmobs, rom yvela movlena _ fizikuri,
fsiqikuri da qceviTi _ ganpirobebulia konkre-
tuli mizezebiT, romelTa dadgena SesaZlebelia.
hipoTeza (Hypothesis) _ Semowmebadi debuleba
mizezebsa da Sedegebs Soris mimarTebis Taobaze,
xSirad is gamoxatulia winaswarmetyvelebis
formiT, konkretul pirobas gansazRvruli Se-
degi mohyveba.
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seriozulad udgebian iseT fenomenebsac ki,
romlebisac Tavad ar sjeraT, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, eqstrasensoruli aRqma (Bem, Honorton,
1994).
mecnieruli praqtika im monacemebs emyareba,
romlebic gakontrolebuli dakvirvebiTa da
frTxili gazomviTaa miRebuli. mecnierebis
samyaroSi, roca kargi monacemebi eqspertebis
azrs upirispirdeba, sakiTxi monacemebis sasar-
geblod wydeba. saidumloeba gaZevebulia kvle-
vis proceduridan, is Riaa SemowmebisaTvis, anu
sxva mkvlevrebs unda hqondeT SesaZlebloba
Seamowmon, gaakritikon, gaimeoron, an uaryon
monacemebi da meTodebi. monacemebis, Sedegebisa
da monacemebis Segrovebis meTodis aRwera maTgan
gakeTebuli daksvnebisagan calke dgas. samecni-
ero publikaciebSi kvlevis TiToeuli nawili
calke qveTavSia moyvanili da amiT mkiTxvels
saSualebas aZlevs erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavos
obieqturi monacemebi da maTi subieqturi
interpretacia. dabolos, kvleva unda gamo-
qveyndes, radgan kvlevis Sedegebi da monacemebi
ar unda daikargos, Tanac sxva mecnierebs unda
mieceT saSualeba, rom gaimeoron is.
Sejameba
aRmoCenis etapi kvlevis is fazaa, romelSic
mkvlevrebi dakvirvebas, informacias da codnas
iyeneben, raTa axali ideebi da Teoriebi Camoa-
yalibon. fsiqologiuri Teoriebi cdiloben
gaarkvion tvins, fsiqikas, qcevasa da garemos
Soris arsebuli deterministuli mimarTeba.
dasabuTebis etapi:
obieqturobis dacvis
saSualebebi
umetes SemTxvevaSi mkvlevrebi aRmoCenidan
Teoriebis Semowmebaze gadadian. dasabuTebis
etapi kvlevis is fazaa, romelSic hipoTezis
Sesamowmeblad faqtebis mopovebaa saWiro. es
ki sakmaod rTulia. fsiqologebma iseTi mona-
cemebi unda Seagrovon, romlebic validuri
daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas miscemT. amisaT-
vis fsiqologebi iyeneben mokavSires: mecnierul
meTods. mecnieruli meTodi aris monacemTa Seg-
rovebisa da interpretaciis procedurebis er-
Toblioba, romlis saSualebiTac minimumamdea
dayvanili Secdomis wyaro da sando daskvnebia
miRebuli. fsiqologia mecnierebad imdenad
iTvleba, ramdenadac is mecnieruli meTodis
mier damkvidrebul wesebs misdevs.
radganac mecnieruli kvlevis monacmebis
Segrovebisa da maTi analizis fazebze subieq-
turoba minimumamde unda iqnes dayvanili, amitom
obieqturobis gasazrdelad gamoiyeneba specia-
luri damcavi saSualebebi. erT-erT maTgans
axsnac ki ar sWirdeba: mkvlevrebma srulad
unda daafiqsiron monacemTa Segrovebisa da
analizis stadiebi iseTi formiT, rom sxva
mkvlevars maTi gageba da Sefaseba SeeZlos.
amitom jer aRvwerT, ra safrTxe aqvs obieq-
turobas da Semdeg ganvixilavT masTan brZolis
gzebs.
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba da
operaciuli gansazRvrebebi
erTi da igive movlenebze dakvirvebisas
adamianebi yovelTvis erTsa da imaves ar xe-
daven~. am qveTavSi damkvirveblis tendeciuro-
bis problemas da misi gadaWris gzebs ganvixi-
lavT.
obieqturobis sirTule
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba pirovnuli
motivebisa da molodinebisagan gamomdinare
Secdomaa. xSirad adamianebs is esmiT da imas
xedaven, rasac moelian da ara imas, rac sinam-
dvileSi xdeba (ix. sur. 2.1). ganvixiloT damkvir-
veblis tendenciurobis saintereso magaliTi:
XX saukunis dasawyisSi erT-erTma wamyvanma
fsiqologma, hiugo miunsterbergma (Hugo Munster-
berg) mSvidobis Temaze warmoTqva sityva didi
auditoriis winaSe, romelSic Jurnalistebic
Sediodnen. man Semdegnairad aRwera Tavisi si-
tyvis gaSuqeba mediaSi:
reportiorebi dauyovnebliv moTavsdnen
platformis garSemo. erT-erTma Jurnalistma
dawera, rom auditoria imdenad iyo gaoce-
buli misi sityviT, rom srul siCumeSi
moismina is. meorem aRniSna, rom Cems gamos-
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vlas gamudmebiT wyvetda mquxare aplodis-
mentebi, xolo sityvis dasrulebisas taSi
wuTebis ganmavlobaSi ar wydebodao; kidev
erTma dawera, rom Cemi oponentis gamosvlisas
gamudmebiT viRimebodio; sxvam ki aRniSna, rom
saxe sruliad uZravi (utyvi) mqonda da er-
Tic ki ar gamiRimiao; erTma miuTiTa, rom
aRelvebisagan Zlierad gavwiTldi, xolo
meorem, rom qaRaldiviT gavTeTrdio (1908, gv.
35-36).
saintereso iqneboda marTlac gvenaxa imdro-
indeli gazeTebi da Segvemowmebina, ra kavSirSi
iyo reportaJebi avtorebis politikur Sexedu-
lebebTan. SesaZloa, maSin mivmxvdariyaviT, ratom
dainaxes~ Jurnalistebma ase da ara sxvagvarad.
fsiqologiur eqsperimentSi damkvirveblebs
Soris sxvaoba iseTi radikaluri ar unda iyos,
rogorc minusterbergis SemTxvevaSi iyo, magram
es magaliTi gvaCvenebs, rom sxvadasxva damkvirve-
belma SesaZloa gansxvavebuli daskvnebi gamoi-
tanos erTi da igive monacemebis safuZvelze.
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba filtria, romel-
Sic informaciis nawili mniSvnelovnad iTvle-
ba, xolo danarCenis ugulvebelyofa xdeba,
radgan irelevanturad da uazrodaa miCneuli.
mkvlevrebi xSirad akvirdebian movlenebs.
yovel damkvirvebels Tavisi gamocdileba
Semoaqvs dakvirvebaSi, iseve rogorc simpatiebi
romelime Teoriisadmi. axla xedavT, ratom aCens
problemas damkvirveblis tendenciuroba. ra
SeuZliaT gaakeTon mkvlevrebma am tendenciu-
robis minimumamde dasayvanad?
problemis gadaWris saSualeba
damkvirveblis tendenciurobis minimumamde
dayvanis mizniT mkvlevrebi standartizacias da
operaciul gansazRvrebebs iyeneben. standar-
tizacia niSnavs monacemTa Segrovebis yvela
fazaze Tanmimdevrulad dalagebuli da yvela-
dasabuTebis etapi (context of justification) _ kvlevis
is fazaa, romelSic hipoTezis SemowmebisaTvis
faqtebia mosapovebeli.
mecnieruli meTodi (Scientific method) _ monacemTa
Segrovebisa da interpretaciis procedurebis
erToblioba, romlis saSualebiTac minimumamdea
miRebuli.
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba (observer bias) _
realobis damaxinjeba, romelic damkvirveblis
pirovnuli motivebisa da molodinebisagan
momdinareobs.
suraTi
2.1
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba
Wiqa naxevrad carielia Tu naxevrad savse?
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saTvis saerTo procedurebis gamoyenebas. tes-
tis an eqsperimentis yvela faza standartuli
unda iyos, anu kvlevis yvela monawile erTsa
da imave pirobaSi unda imyofebodes. standarti-
zacia niSnavs, rom kiTxvebs erTnairad svamT
da pasuxebs winaswar dadgenili wesebiT aniWebT
qulebs. Sedegebis Cawera (dafiqsireba) saSuale-
bas gvaZlevs SevadaroT isini sxva dros da
adgilas, sxva cdis pirebze da sxva mkvlevrebis
mier miRebul monacemebs. Tavad dakvirvebis
procedurac unda iyos standartuli. mecniereb-
ma unda SeZlon TavianTi Teoriebi iseT cnebebad
Targmnon, rom maT SeTanxmebuli mniSvneloba
hqondeT. cnebebis mniSvnelobis standartizaciis
strategias operacionalizacia ewodeba. opera-
ciuli gansazRvreba cnebas konkretuli
operaciebis an procedurebis terminebiT gan-
martavs. eqsperimentis yvela cvlads unda
hqondes operaciuli gansazRvreba. cvladi aris
nebismieri faqtori, romelic raodenobrivad
an Tvisebrivad icvleba. stimulis piroba,
romlic sxva nebismieri cvladisagan damouki-
deblad icvleba eqsperimentul garemoSi, aris
damoukidebeli cvladi. nebismieri cvladi, rom-
lis mniSvneloba erTi an meti damoukidebeli
cvladis cvlilebis Sedegia, aris damokidebuli
cvladi _ is damokidebulia stimulis pirobebis
cvlaze.
warmovidginoT, rom gvsurs adre moyvanili
hopoTezis Semowmeba: is bavSvebi, romlebic bevr
Zaladobas uyureben telviziiT, ufro agresi-
ulni iqnebian TavianT TanatolebTan. SegiZliaT
dagegmoT eqsperimenti, sadac agresiis siZlieris
manipulirebas moaxdendiT (damoukidebeli
cvladi) da Semdeg naxavT, ra zomiT avlens
bavSvi agresias (damokidebuli cvladi). Tqveni
eqsperimentisaTvis mniSvnelovania, rom orive
cvladis _ sxvadasxva teleprogramaSi arsebuli
Zaladobis raodenoba da Tqveni eqsperimentis
monawileebis mier gamovlenili agresiis zoma
_ operacionalizacia moaxdinoT. ra procedu-
rebi unda gamoiyenoT, rom zustad gazomoT es
ori cvladi?
fsiqologebisaTvis xSirad problemaa zogi-
erTi rTuli cvladis operacionalizacia.
rogor moaxdendiT, vTqvaT, bavSvis mSobelTan
urTierTobis xarisxis operacionalizacias?
(pasuxs me-11 TavSi ixilavT). fsiqologebs, ag-
reTve, iseTi cvladebis operacionalizacia
uxdebaT, romelTa uSualod dakvirveba SeuZ-
lebelia. rogor moaxdenT TviTpativiscemis
operacionalizacias? (ix. Tavi 14). Tu Tqven fsi-
qologi mkvlevari xarT da cvladis operacio-
nalizacia moaxdineT, Tqveni kolegebi SeiZleba
ar dageTanxmon da CaTvalon, rom TviT-
pativiscemis Tqveneuli operacionalizacia ara-
sworia, magram Tu Tqveni operaciuli gansazRv-
reba zustia, maT ecodinebaT, rogor gaimeoron
da Seafason Tqveni Sroma.
eqsperimentuli meTodi:
alternatiuli axsna da
kontrolis saWiroeba
yoveldRiuri gamocdilebiT iciT, rom ada-
mianebi erTi da igive Sedegis mraval mizezs
dagisaxeleben. fsiqologebi imave problemis
winaSe dganan, roca mizez-Sedegobriobis dad-
genaze aqvT pretenzia. mizez-Sedegobrivi oraz-
rovnebis gadasalaxad mkvlevrebi eqsperimentul
meTods iyeneben. isini damoukidebeli cvladis
manipulirebas axdenen, raTa naxon, ra zemoqm-
edeba eqneba amas damokidebul cvladze. am
meTodis mizania, dadgindes erTi cvladis mizez-
Sedegobrivi kavSiri meoresTan. am qveTavSi gan-
vixilavT alternatiuli axsnis problemas da
misi gadaWris gzebs.
standartizacia (standardization) _ testSi, inter-
viuSi an eqsperimentSi monawilisadmi mopyro-
bis an monacemebis dafiqsirebis unificirebu-
li procedura.
operaciuli gansazRvreba (operational definition)
_ axdens cvladis an pirobis definicias kon-
kretuli operaciebis an procedurebis termi-
nebiT.
cvladi (variable) _ nebismieri faqtori, romelic
raodenobrivad an Tvisebrivad icvleba
damoukidebeli cvladi (independent variable) _
eqsperimentul garemoSi stimulis piroba, ro-
melic sxva nebismieri cvladisagan damouki-
deblad icvleba.
damokidebuli cvladi (dependent variable) _
eqsperimentul garemoSi nebismieri cvladi, rom-
lis mniSvneloba erTi an meti damoukidebeli
cvladis cvlilebis Sedegia.
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obieqturobis sirTule
rodesac fsiqologebi hipoTezas amowmeben,
ukve winaswar aqvT garkveuli warmodgena imaze,
Tu ratom SeiZleba Secvalos damoukidebeli
cvladis cvlilebam damokidebuli cvladi ase
da ara sxvagvarad. magaliTad, SeiZleba iwinas-
warmetyveloT da eqsperimentulad aCvenoT, rom
televiziiT Zaladobis yureba agresiis maRal
dones iwvevs. magram saidan iciT, rom namdvilad
Zaladobis yurebaa agresiis mizezi? hipoTezis
yvelaze Zlieri SesaZlo mizezis dasadgenad
fsiqologebi yovelTvis unda eZebdnen alterna-
tiul axsnebs. SesaZlo Sedegis rac meti alter-
natiuli axsna arsebobs, miT naklebad viqnebiT
darwmunebuli Tavdapirvel varaudSi. Tu kvlevis
procesSi eqsperimentatoris mier specialurad
Semotanili damoukidebeli cvladis garda
raRac sxva ereva da monacemebis interpretacias
arTulebs, mas damatebiTi cvladi ewodeba.
rodesac romelime qcevis efeqtis realur
mizezs damatebiTi cvladi Seereva, eqsperimenta-
toris mier monacemTa interpretacia sarisko
xdeba. warmovidginoT, magaliTad, rom televi-
ziiT naCvenebi Zaladobis scenebi ufro xmamaRla
da meti moZraobiT mimdinareobs, vidre sxva
tipis scenebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Zaladobas~
ereva am scenebis sxva, zedapiruli aspeqtebi.
mkvlevars aRar SeuZlia gaarkvios, romeli
faqtori ganapirobebs agresiul qcevas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom TiToeuli eqpserimen-
tuli meTodi potenciurad alternatiul ax-
snaTa unikalur wyebas iwvevs, SegviZlia gan-
vsazRvroT ori tipis damatebiTi cvladi, ro-
melic TiTqmis yvela eqsperimentSi gvxvdeba.
esenia molodinis efeqti da placebo efeqti.
molodinis efeqti Cndeba maSin, roca mkvlevari
Zalauneburad mianiSnebs monawileebs, ra tipis
eqsperimentuli meTodi (experimental method) _
kvlevis meTodi, romelic damoukidebeli cvla-
diT manipulacias gulisxmobs, raTa dadgindes
misi efeqti damokidebul cvladze.
damatebiTi cvladi (confounding variable) _ cvladi,
romelic monawilis qcevaze zemoqmedebs
eqsperimentatoris mier Semotanili damouki-
debeli cvladis garda.
molodinis efeqti (Expentancy effects) _ Sedegi,
romelic maSin Cndeba, roca mkvlevari Zalaune-
burad mianiSnebs monawileebs, ra tipis qcevas
moelis maTgan, riTic mosalodnel reaqcias
iRebs.
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qcevas moelis maTgan, riTic sasurvel reaqcias
iRebs. am dros, gamomwvevi mizezi ara damoukide-
beli cvladi, aramed eqsperimentatoris molo-
dinia.
robert rozentalma (Robert Rothental) molodi-
nis tendenciurobis fenomeni Seiswavla da naxa,
rogor amaxinjebs is kvlevis Sedegebs (Rosental,
1966).
saidan
viciT
virTxebi Tqvens molodins gaamarTleben
am saxelmZRvaneloSi fsiqologiuri
kvlevis Sedegebs gagiziarebT. Cveni das-
kvnebi xSirad swored mTels msoflioSi
Catarebuli amgvari kvlevebis Sedegebs
daeyrdnoba. am seqciis mizania gaecnoT
eqsperimentebs, romlebic pirdapir pa-
suxoben konkretul kiTxvebs. TiToeuli
saidan viciT saSualebas gvaZlevs davi-
naxoT kavSiri eqsperimentsa da mignebas
Soris. aq mokled ganvixlavT eqsperiments,
sadac Cans, rogor SeiZleba eqsperimen-
tatorma zemoqmedeba moaxdinos kvlevis
Sedegze. klasikur eqsperimentSi 12 stu-
dents misces virTxebis jgufebi, rom-
lebisTvisac labirinTSi gasvla unda es-
wavlebinaT. studentebis naxevars uTxres,
rom maTi virTxebi labirinTSi kargad
gamsvlel jiSs miekuTvneba, xolo meore
naxevars, rom maTi virTxebi labirinTSi
cudad gamsvlel jiSs miekuTvneba. sinam-
dvileSi, orive jgufisaTvis gadacemuli
virTxebi sruliad erTnairi iyo. Sedegebi
Seesabameboda studentebis molodins. karg
gamsvlelebad dasaxelebuli virTxebi
cud gamsvlelebad dasaxelebul virTxeb-
ze ukeT swavlobdnen (Rosenthal & Fode, 1963).
rogor fiqrobT, rogor Seatyobines studen-
tebma TavianTi molodinebi virTxebs? albaT
xvdebiT, rom saqme kidev ufro rTuladaa, roca
adamianebze vatarebT kvlevas da ara cxovelebze.
molodinis efeqti aRmoCenis Sinaarss amaxin-
jebs.
placebo efeqti maSin Cndeba, roca eqsperi-
mentis monawileebi eqsperimentuli manipula-
ciis Carevis gareSe icvlian qcevas. es termini
medicinidan modis, im SemTxvevebis aRsaniSnavad,
rodesac pacientis janmrTelobis mdgomareoba
qimiurad inertuli wamlis miRebis Semdeg mainc
umjobesdeboda. janmrTelobis mdgomareobis
gaumjobeseba xdeba rwmenis gamo, rom mkurnalo-
ba efeqturi iqneba. kvlevebiT aRmoCnda, rom
zogierTma arasamedicino efeqtis mqone mkurna-
lobam pacientTa 70%-Si gamoiwvia placebo efeq-
ti (Roberts et al., 1993).
fsiqologiuri kvlevis situaciaSi placebo
efeqti Cndeba yovelTvis, roca qceviT reaqciaze
zemoqmedebas axdens pirovnebis molodini, Tu
ra gaakeTos, an ra igrZnos da ara realuri
gamomwvevi mizezi. gavixsenoT televiziiT
Zaladobis yurebisa da momatebuli agresiis
eqsperimenti. vTqvaT, aRmoCnda, rom im cdis
pirebmac maRali agresia aCvenes, visac ar
uyurebia amgvari gadacemebisaTvis. SeiZleba
vivarudoT, rom es adamianebi xvdebian, rom,
radgan agresiis gamosavlen situaciaSi moa-
Tavses, maTgan agresiis gamovlenas moelian
da amitom iqcevian ase. eqsperimentatorma
yovelTvis unda icodes, rom cdis pirebi
icvlian qcevas, roca ician, rom viRac ucxo
uyurebs, akvirdeba, amowmebs maT. magaliTad,
monawileebi gansakuTrebulad grZnoben Tavs,
roca kvlevaSi monawileobisaTvis SearCeven
da amitom gansxvavebulad iqcevian da ara
Cveulebrivad. amgvari efeqtic moqmedebs
kvlevis Sedegebze.
problemis gadaWris saSualeba
radgan adamianis da cxovelis qceva rTulia
da xSirad mravali gamomwvevi mizezi aqvs, kargi
kvlevis gegma yvela damatebiT cvlads iTva-
liswinebs da maT gauvnebelyofas cdilobs.
aseT strategias kontrolis procedurebi
ewodeba _ meTodebi, romlebiTac mkvlevari
placebo efeqti (Placebo effect) _ maSin Cndeba,
roca eqsperimentis monawileebi eqsperimentu-
li manipulaciis Carevis gareSe icvlian qcevas.
kontrolis procedurebi (Control procedures) _
meTodebi, romelTa saSualebiTac eqsperimenta-
tori cdilobs mudmivi hqondes yvela cvladi
da piroba, garda ganzrax Semotanili damouki-
debeli cvladisa.
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cdilobs mudmivi hqondes yvela cvladi da
piroba, garda ganzrax Semotanili damoukide-
beli cvladisa. instruqciebi, oTaxis tempera-
tura, davalebebi, eqsperimentatoris Cacmuloba,
gamoyofili dro, monacemTa Caweris xerxi da
situaciis sxva mravali detali eqsperimentis
yvela monawilisaTvis erTnairi unda iyos.
erTaderTi sxvaoba monawilis gamocdilebaSi
unda iyos damoukidebeli cvladis mier Semo-
tanili. vnaxoT, rogor cdiloben fsiqologebi
gadaWran molodinis da placebo efeqtiT
gamowveuli problemebi.
warmoidgineT, rom agresiis eqsperimenti
gaamdidreT da masSi kidev erTi jgufi CarTeT,
romelic komediur gadacemebs uyurebda.
frTxilad unda iyoT, rom, Tqveni molodine-
bidan gamomdinare, gansxvavebulad ar moepyraT
komediis da Zaladobis mayurebel monawileebs.
amdenad, sasurvelia, rom kvlevis asistentma,
romelmac unda Seafasos cdis pirTa agresia,
ar icodes, romel jgufs miekuTvneba cdis piri.
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, tendenciurobis aR-
mofxvra SesaZlebelia maSin, roca arc asis-
tents da arc monawileebs ar ecodinebaT,
romel pirobaSi moxvdnen isini. am teqnikas
ormagad brma kontroli ewodeba. mraval
eqsperimentSi monawileobis ufleba ar eZlevaT
maT, visTvisac cnobilia kvlevis hipoTeza.
placebo efeqtis aRmosafxvrelad mkvlev-
rebs kidev erTi sakontrolo piroba SeaqvT
eqsperimentSi, am dros Careva ar xdeba. amas
placebo kontrols vuwodebT. placebo kon-
troli kontrolis zogad kategoriaSi Sedis,
romelic Sedarebis saSualebas aZlevs eqsperi-
mentators. gaixseneT gogonas istoria, ro-
melsac hkiTxes, uyvarda ufrosi da, Tu ara.
man ki upasuxa: rasTan SedarebiT?~ es kiTxva
unda daisvas da pasuxic unda gqondeT, radgan
sxvagvarad ver gaigebT, ras niSnavs kvlevis
Sedegebi. davuSvaT, gaecaniT kvlevis Sedegebs,
romlis mixedviTac, mowevis danebebis
msurvelTa 3/4-ze metma nikotinis salbuniT
miaRwia warmatebas~ (Andrews, 1990). ki magram,
rasTan SedarebiT? sad aris sakontrolo
jgufi? am kvlevaSi sakontrolo jgufis
wevrebi nikotinis gareSe salbuns atarebdnen
da maTma 39%-ac Tavi daaneba mowevas! metic,
rac ufro didxans atarebdnen isini samedicino
TvalsazrisiT absoluturad usargeblo
salbuns, miT ufro meti albaTobiT anebebden
Tavs mowevas (Abelin et al., 1989). amrigad, nikotinis
salbuni efeqturi saSualeba aRmoCnda, magram
misi zemoqmedebis naxevari placebo efeqtis
damsaxurebaa, radgan mwevlebs molodini
hqondaT, rom es salbuni maT uSvelidaT. sakon-
trolo pirobaSi miRebuli monacemebi mniSvne-
lovan safuZvels gvaZlevs, romelsac eq-
sperimentis efeqts vadarebT.
kvlevis zogierT sqemaSi, romelsac cdis
pirTa Soris sqemas uwodeben, cdis pirebs Sem-
TxveviTad anawileben eqsperimentul (erTi an
meti eqsperimentuli CareviT) da sakontrolo
(eqsperimentuli Carevis gareSe) pirobebSi. cdis
pirebis SemTxveviTi ganawileba erT-erTi yvela-
ze efeqturi saSualebaa im damatebiTi cvla-
debis aRmosafxvrelad, romlebic cdis pirebs
Soris arsebuli individualuri gansxvavebebis
gamo iCens Tavs. swored amgvar sqemas vgulis-
xmobdiT agresiis eqsperimentSi. eqsperimentul
da sakontrolo pirobaSi cdis pirebis Sem-
TxveviTi ganawileba imis did Sanss gvaZlevs,
rom orive jgufSi msgavsi cdis pirebi mox-
vdebian, radgan SemTxveviTi ganawilebisas
TiToeul cdis pirs rogorc sakontrolo, aseve
eqsperimentul jgufSi moxvedris erTi da igive
albaToba aqvs. aseT SemTxvevaSi ar gamova ise,
rom eqsperimentul jgufSi mxolod Zaladobis
scenebis moyvaruli cdis pirebi moxvdebian
da sakontroloSi _ Zaladobis scenebis moZule
cdis pirebi. SemTxveviTma ganawilebam orive
tipis adamiani unda moaxvedros TiToeul
jgufSi. Tu Sedegad jgufebis Sedegebs Soris
sxvaobas miviRebT, ufro darwmunebuli viqnebiT,
rom am sxvaobas Cveni Careva iwvevs da ara
cdis pirebs Soris gansxvaveba.
ormagad brma kontroli (Double-blind control) _
eqsperimentuli teqnika, romelic saSualebas
gvaZlevs Tavidan aviciloT eqsperimentatoris
molodinis efeqti imiT, rom arc asistentma da
arc monawileebma ar ician, romel pirobaSi
moxvdnen isini.
placebo kontroli (Placebo control) _ eqsperimen-
tuli pirobaa, rodesac Careva ar xdeba da im
SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, roca placebo efeqtis
saSiSroeba Cndeba.
cdis pirTa Soris sqema (between subjects design) _
cdis pirebs SemTxveviTad anawileben eqsperimen-
tul da sakontrolo pirobebSi.
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mkvlevrebi cdiloben SemTxveviT SerCevas
miuaxlovdnen, roca cdis pirebs kvlevaSi
monawileobis misaRebad iwveven. Cveulebriv,
fsiqologiur eqsperimentSi 20-dan 100-mde cdis
piri monawileobs. SerCevaze miRebul Sedegebs
ki mkvlevari im populaciaze azogadebs, saidanc
miiRo es SerCeva. davuSvaT, gsurT SeamowmoT
hipoTeza, rom 6 wlis bavSvebi ufro mets
ityuebian, vidre 4 wlisebi. kvlevaSi msoflios
am asakis bavSvTa mxolod mcire nawils Tu
CarTavT, margam ganzogadebis gasakeTeblad
darwmunebuli unda iyoT, rom Tqvens mier
SerCeuli bavSvTa jgufebi nebismieri SemTxveviT
SerCeuli jgufis Sesabamisi iqneba. SerCeva
populaciis reprezentatulia, Tu is imeorebs
populaciis zogad maxasiaTeblebs, rogorebicaa,
magaliTad, sqesi, asaki da sxva. SerCevaSi
mxolod biWebi rom gyavdeT, ufleba ar geqnebaT,
rom gogonebze gaakeToT daskvna da a. S.
eqsperimentuli sqemis kidev erTi tipia cdis
pirebs SigniT sqema _ aq TiToeuli cdis piri
sakuTari Tavis kontrolia. magaliTad, SeiZleba
erTmaneTs SevadaroT cdis pirTa qceva Carevamde
da Carevis Semdeg. A-B-A sqemaSi cdis pirebi
jer xvdebian safuZvlis pirobaSi (A), Semdeg
eqsperimentul CarevaSi (B), xolo Semdeg isev
ubrundebian safuZvlis pirobas (A). ukan,
safuZvlis pirobaSi dabruneba mkvlevars
saSualebas aZlevs sabolood darwmundes, rom
cvlileba mxolod misi Carevis da ara romelime
damatebiTi cvladis, magaliTad, drois gasvlis,
Sedegia.
suraTi
2.3
anonimurobiT gamowveuli agresia
anonimurobis efeqti mniSvnelovania: erTi da igive
bavSvebi bevrad maRal agresias avlenen anonimur
pirobebSi, vidre manam da Semdeg araanonimur
pirobebSi.
SerCeva (Sample) _ populaciis nawili, romelic
eqsperimentSi monawileobisaTvis gadaarCies.
populacia (Population) _ individTa sruli er-
Toblioba, romelzec, eqsperimentul SerCevaze
dayrdnobiT, generalizacia keTdeba.
reprezentatuli SerCeva (representative sample) _
SerCeva populaciis reprezentatulia, Tu is
imeorebs populaciis zogad maxasiaTeblebs, ro-
gorebicaa, magaliTad, sqesi, asaki da sxva.
cdis pirTa SigniT sqema (within subjects design) _
kvlevis sqema, sadac TiToeuli cdis piri sa-
kuTari Tavis kontrolia. cdis piris eqsperi-
mentul pirobaSi qceva SeiZleba SevadaroT
missave qcevas am pirobamde, an mis Semdeg.
A-B-A sqemaSi cdis pirebi jer xvdebian safuZ-
vlis pirobaSi (A), Semdeg eqsperimentul Care-
vaSi (B), xolo Semdeg ubrundebian safuZvlis
pirobas.
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saidan
viciT
bavSvebis agresiuli TamaSi A-B-A
sqemaSi
amgvari sqema iyo gamoyenebuli kvlevaSi,
sadac fsiqologs Semdegi hipoTezis Se-
mowmeba surda: Tu bavSvebs ecodinebaT,
rom anonimurebi arian, isini ufro advi-
lad gamoavlenen agresiul qcevas. skolis
moswavleebi dapatiJes maskaradze, iseT
wveulebaze, sadac yvela specialur kos-
tiumSi gadacmuli modioda. bavSvebs mra-
valgvar TamaSs sTavazobdenen. rig maTgans
agresiuli qcevis gamowveva SeeZlo, rigs
_ araagresiulis. safuZvlis pirobaSi (A)
bavSvebi kostiumebis gareSe TamaSobdnen,
Carevis pirobaSi (B) kostiumebi Caicves
da Tavisi surviliT irCevdnen TamaSebs.
bolos, safuZvlis pirobaSi (A) dabru-
nebisas, maT kostiumebi kvlav gaxades,
oRond TamaSis gagrZeleba SeeZloT.
rogorc 2.2 suraTze xedavT, Sedegebma
daadastura kvlevis hipoTeza. bavSvebi
bevrad ufro agresiulad iqceodnen, roca
anonimurebi iyvnen (B) (Fraser, 1974).
aqamde aRweril kvleviT meTodologiebSi
damoukidebeli cvladiT manipulireba da damo-
kidebul cvladze misi efeqtis gazomva xdeboda.
marTalia, eqsperimentuli meTodi saSualebas
aZlevs mkvlevrebs cvladebs Soris kauzaluri
kavSiris Sesaxeb daskvna gamoitanon, zogierT
situaciaSi am meTodis gamoyeneba arc ise sa-
survelia. upirveles yovlisa, qcevas xSirad
xelovnurad Seqmnil garemoSi swavloben, raTa
advilad gaakontrolon yovelgvari situaciuri
faqtori, samagierod, xSirad aseTi situacia
realurisagan sakmaod Sors dgas. kritikosebis
azriT, gakontrolebul eqsperimentul piro-
bebSi kvlevisas qcevis mTeli simdidre da
mravalferovneba ikargeba, radgan is mxolod
erTi, an mcire raodenobiT cvladis da reaqciis
gamartivebul kvlevas ewireba. meore, cdis
pirebma ician, rom eqsperimentSi monawileoben
da maT cdian da zomaven. isini cdiloben imgvari
reagireba moaxdnon, rogoric eqsperimentators
esiamovneba da, saerTod, maTi qceva gansxvave-
buli iqneba Cveulisagan, radgan ician, rom sxva
akvirdebaT. mesame, arsebobs mniSvnelovani
eTikuri sakiTxebi, romelTa gamoc eqsperimentis
Catareba SeuZlebeli xdeba. magaliTad, ver
vikvlevT, memkvidreobiT gadaecema Tu ara bavSvis
Cagvris tendencia, radgan daCagruli bavSvebis
eqsperimentuli jgufi da aradaCagrulebis
sakontrolo jgufi unda gvqondes. Semdeg
qveTavSi kvlevis iseT meTods ganvixilavT,
romelic xSirad awydeba amgvar problemebs.
korelaciis meTodi
kavSirSia inteleqti kreatulobasTan?
optimistebi ufro janmrTelebi arian Tu
pesimistebi? aris kavSiri bavSvobaSi Cagvris
gancdasa da Semdeg fsiqikuri daavadebis gaCenas
Soris? es kiTxvebi iseT cvladebs moicavs,
romlebiT manipulirebas fsiqologi ase mar-
tivad ver moaxerxebs, Tanac aq eTikuri mosaz-
rebebic erTveba. amitom, amgvar kiTxvebze pasuxis
gasacemad iyeneben korelaciis meTods. fsiqo-
logebi korelaciis meTodebs iyeneben, roca
surT gansazRvron, ra zomiTaa erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli ori cvladi.
or cvlads Soris korelaciis ufro zustad
gansazRvrisaTvis fsiqologebi iyeneben statis-
tikur sazoms, romelsac korelaciis
koeficienti ewodeba (r). korelaciis koeficienti
icvleba +1-dan _1-mde, sadac +1 aris sruli
dadebiTi korelacia, _1 _ sruli uaryofiTi
korelacia, xolo 0 niSnavs, rom korelacia ar
arsebobs. dadebiTi korelaciis koeficienti
niSnavs, rom, Tu izrdeba erTi cvladis
maCveneblebi, izrdeba meore cvladis maCveneb-
lebic. uaryofiTi korelacia niSnavs, rom erTi
cvladis maCveneblebis zrdas meore cvladis
maCveneblebis Semcireba mohyveba (ix. sur. 2.3).
nulTan axlos myofi korelacia niSnavs, rom
ori sazomis qulebs Soris susti kavSiria, an
is saerTod ar aris. rac ufro uaxlovdeba
korelaciis koeficienti 1-s, miT ufro Zlieria
korelaciis meTodi (correlational method) _ gan-
sazRvravs, Tu ra zomiTaa erTmaneTTan dakavSi-
rebuli ori cvladi.
korelaciis koeficienti (r) (correlation coefficient)
_ statistika, romelic or cvlads Soris kav-
Siris xarisxs aCvenebs.
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kavSiri or cvlads Soris. magaliTad, Tu
mkvlevari ikvlevs muSakis produqtulobasa da
stress Soris kavSirs, man unda gazomos, ra
zomis stress ganicdian adamianebi cxovrebis
ganmavlobaSi da rogor aisaxeba es maT mu-
Saobaze. operaciulad stresi SeiZleba ganvsa-
zRvroT, rogorc stresis kiTxvarze miRebuli
qula, xolo produqtuloba, rogorc produq-
ciis, saqonlis is raodenoba, romelsac adamiani
dReSi amzadebs. Semdeg mkvlevari am cvladebs
mraval adamianze gazomavs da maT Soris
korelaciis koeficients gamoTvlis. Zlieri
uaryofiTi korelacia imis maCvenebli iqneba,
rom stresis zrdas produqtulobis Semcireba
moyveba. Sesabamisad, Tu mkvlevarma icis
romelime adamianis stresis qula, mas SeuZlia
iwinaswarmetyvelos misi produqtuloba.
mkvlevarma SeiZleba kidev erTi nabiji
gadadgas da Tqvas, rom stresis Semcireba
produqtulobis gazrdas gamoiwvevs. amgvari
daskvna arasworia. Zlieri korelacia mxolod
imas miuTiTebs, rom monacemTa ori jgufi sis-
tematuradaa dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan, magram
ar gveubneba, rom erTi cvladi iwvevs meores.
korelacia mizez-Sedegobrioba ar aris. kore-
laciam SeiZleba asaxos SesaZlo mizez-Sedegob-
rivi efeqtidan nebismieri, an arc erTi. magali-
Tad, stressa da produqtulobas Soris arse-
buli uaryofiTi korelacia SeiZleba niSnavdes,
rom (1) saxlSi gancdili stresis gamo adamianebi
uaresad muSaoben, (2) dabali produqutuloba
iwvevs stress adamianebSi, (3) garkveuli tipis
adamianebi ufro metad ganicdian stress da
uaresad muSaoben. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom
ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi mesame cvladi iwvevs
danarCen ors. dabolos, davuSvaT, rom axali
teqnologiis gamo samsaxurSi bevrad meti xma-
uria, rac, Tavis mxriv, ufro met stress
(radganac adamianebi ver axdenen koncentracias)
da ufro dabal produqtulobas iwvevs (radgan
TanamSromlebi erTmaneTTan ver urTierToben).
korelacia isev darCeba, magram mizez-Sedegob-
rioba ki _ aRar.
korelacia, SesaZloa mcdari iyos, radgan
mkvlevarma saTanado sakontrolo Sedarebebi
ar ganaxorciela. ganvixiloT savaraudo kavSiri
1965 wels niu iorkSi momxdar sinaTlis Caqro-
basa da cxra Tvis Semdeg Sobadobis maCveneblis
zrdas Soris. `niu iorkelebi Zalian romanti-
ulebi arian, es sanTlis arqonis gamo moxda~,
_ Tqva erT-erTma mamam. saxelmwifo moxelem ki
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi korelaciebi
es warmosaxviTi monacemebi dadebiT da uaryofiT
korelaciebs Soris sxvaobas aCvenebs. TiToeuli wer-
tili erT fexburTels asaxavs. (a) zogadad, rac ufro
met burTs gaitans fexburTeli, miT met fuls gamoi-
muSavebs. ese igi, am or cvlads Soris dadebiTi
korelaciaa. (b) uaryofiTi korelaciis magaliTi. rac
ufro nakleb jarimas daimsaxurebs fexburTeli, miT
met fuls gamoimuSavebs.
suraTi
2.4
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es faqti amgvarad axsna: im saRamos seqsis
Canacvlebis yvela saSualeba _ Teatri, saloni,
Sexvedra, kartis TamaSi _ moispo da sxva raRa
darCenodaT?~ (niu iork Taimsi~, 8/11/1966). msgavsi
korelaciaa aRmoCenili, agreTve, qariSxlis da
sxva bunebrivi katastrofebis Semdeg. miwis-
Zvram SeiZleba Sobadobis afeTqeba gamoiwvios~,
_ werda san francisko qronikli (Chen, 1990),
magram Tu ar davizarebT da am Sedegebs Soba-
dobis sezonur maCveneblebs SevadarebT,
aRmoCndeba, rom korelacia mizez-Sedegobriobad
SeniRbuli damTxveva aRmoCndeba. anu, sezonsa
da Sobadobis maCvenebels Soris namdvilad aris
korelacia da swored esaa katastrofasa da
Sobadobis maCvenebels Soris korelaciis sakon-
trolo piroba. naTelia, rom korelaciis
Sedegebs imave sifrTxliT unda movekidoT,
rogorc eqsperimentis meTodis gamoyenebisas
miRebul Sedegebs.
ar gvinda iseTi STabeWdileba dagrCeT, TiT-
qos korelaciis meTodi usargebloa. wignSi
xSirad SevxvdebiT korelaciur kvlevebs, rom-
lebmac mniSvnelovani aRmoCenebi Semates fsi-
qologias. madaze mosayvanad kidev erT magaliTs
gTavazobT:
saidan
viciT
biWebis cudi yofaqcevis saTaveebi
garemos romeli faqtorebi xsnis, Tu
ratom avlenen zogierTi 5 wlis asakis
biWebi problemur qcevas, xolo sxvebi ara?
mkvlevarTa gundis azriT, amgvari sxvaobis
safuZvlebi, nawilobriv, da-Zmebs Soris
destruqciul konfliqtSi unda veZeboT
(Garcia et al., 2000). maTi azriT, da-ZmebTan
gancdili konfliqtis done ganamtkicebs
sxva situaciebSi gamovlenil agresiul
qcevas. am mizniT, mkvlevrebma videokameriT
gadaiRes 180 biWis da-ZmasTan TamaSi. es
TamaSebi da-Zmebs Soris konfliqtis
raodenobisa da intensiurobis mxriv
Seafases. korelaciurma analizma daadas-
tura varaudi, rom da-ZmasTan konfliqtis
maRali donis mqone biWebi ufro metad
avlendnen agresiul da destruqciul
qcevas.
xedavT, ratomaa saWiro korelaciuri kvlevis
gamoyeneba am SemTxvevaSi? jgufebSi SemTxve-
viTad ver gaanawilebT bavSvebs, romlebsac cota
an bevri konfliqti aqvT da-ZmasTan, unda
daicadoT da mxolod Semdeg dainaxavT, gamov-
lindeba Tu ara raime sxvaoba situaciebs Soris.
qvezRurblovani zemoqmedeba
am qveTavis dasasruls gTavazobT imis
konkretul magaliTs, Tu rogor gamoiyenes
fsiqologiuri kvleva reklamis gamomSvebTa
saqmianobis Sesafaseblad, romlebsac didi
survili aqvT dagarwmunoT, rom maTi produqcia
saukeTesoa. albaT, SegxvedriaT qvezRurblovani
reklamebi, romlebic gpirdebian, rom amieridan
Tqveni cxovreba sruliad Seicvleba. erTi
reklama ukeTes seqsualur cxovrebas gpirdebaT,
meore _ dabali TviTSefasebis swraf gazrdas
gTavazobT, mesame _ wonis swraf da efeqtur
daklebas, rogor? Zalian martivad, gamudmebiT
unda usminoT kasetas, romelzec qviSian napirze
okeanis talRebis nazi Sxapunis xmaa~ Cawerili.
qvezRurblovan zemoqmedebas xangrZlivi
istoria aqvs. miuxedavad imisa, rom es praqti-
kulad xriki iyo, 1957 wels Catarebulma gamokv-
levam didi aJiotaJi gamoiwvia presis furcleb-
ze. qvezRurblovani reklamis gamomgonebeli~
amtkicebda, rom kinofilmis msvlelobisas ekran-
ze gaelvebulma warweram iyideT batibuti!~
58%-iT meti batibutis gayidva gamoiwvia (Rogers,
1993). uol stritis JurnalSi ewera, rom niu
orleanis supermarketma mniSvnelovnad Seamcira
qurdoba sistemaSi Semdegi qvezRurblovani
teqstis ganTavsebiT: Tu moviparav, cixeSi Cav-
jdebi~. ohaios StatSi, toledoSi Catarebulma
satelefono gamokiTxvam aCvena, rom gamoki-
Txuli 400 mozardis 75%-s sjera, rom qvezRur-
blovani reklama warmatebiT gamoiyeneba mar-
ketingis specialistebis mier. rac ufro metad
ganaTlebulni iyvnen respondentebi, miT ufro
metad sjerodaT maT qvezRurblovani reklamis.
axla ukve gaqvT sakmarisi codna, rom
upasuxoT kiTxvas: namdvilad zemoqmedebs qve-
zRurblovani kasetebi fsiqikur mdgomareobasa
da qcevaze? pasuxs Cven mier aRwerili eqsperi-
mentuli meTodis saSualebiT gavcemT (ix. sur.
2.5).
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suraTi
2.5
saidan
viciT
qvezRurblovani efeqtis Sefaseba
mkvlevarTa gundma gadawyvita mexsiere-
bis da TviTSefasebis gaumjobesebaze
qvezRurblovani teqstis mosmenis efeqti
Seefasebina. kvlevaSi 18-dan 60 wlamde 237
qali da mamakaci monawileobda. jer maT
mexsiereba da TviTSefaseba Seumowmes
saTanado testebis da kiTxvarebis meSve-
obiT da Semdeg SemTxveviTad gaanawiles
or jgufSi. erT jgufs moasmenines
mexsierebis kaseta, meores _ TviTSefasebis.
isini regularulad usmendnen kasetebs 5
kviris ganmavlobaSi da Semdeg laborato-
rias daubrundnen, rom xelmeored gae-
zomaT maTi mexsiereba (oTxi testiT) da
TviTSefaseba (sami skaliT). mkvlevrebma
ar icodnen (brma sqema), romeli cdis piri
romel pirobaSi moxvda (Greenwald et al., 1991).
am gakontrolebuli eqsperimentis Se-
degebi miuTiTebs, rom arc TviTSefaseba
da arc mexsiereba sandod ar gaumjobe-
sebula, Tumca gaCnda erTi, Zalian Zlieri
efeqti: placebo efeqti _ cdis pirebi
moelodnen, rom maT daexmarebodnen.
mkvlevrebma gaiTvaliswines es efeqti da
kidev erTi damoukidebeli cvladi daama-
tes. orive jgufis cdis pirTa naxevars
mexsierebis kasetaze arasworad ewera
TviTSefaseba~, xolo TviTSefasebis kase-
taze mexsiereba~. cdis pirebs sjerodaT,
rom TviTSefaseba gaumjobesdeboda, Tu
Sesabamisi warweris mqone kasetas mous-
mendnen da mexsiereba gaumjobesdeboda,
Tu kasetebs eqnebodaT warwera mexsiere-
ba~, Tumca sinamdvileSi, isini sxva kasetas
usmendnen!
es daxvewili eqsperimenti sakmod konkretuli
rCevis micemis saSualebas gvaZlevs: nu daxar-
javT fuls tyuilad, qvezRurblovani kasetebi
placebo efeqtis garda arafers gvTavazobs.
`fsiqologia da cxovrebis~ mniSvnelovani miza-
nia myar eqsperimentul meTodebze damyarebuli
amgvari konkretuli daskvnebi mogawodoT.
es eqsperimenti, agreTve, specifikur magaliTs
gaZlevT cvladebis im tipebis Sesaxeb, romleb-
sac fsiqologebi zomaven. am SemTxvevaSi saqme
gvqonda cdis pirebis rwmenasTan, rom maTi
mexsiereba da TviTSefaseba gaizrdeboda. Sem-
qvezRurblovani kasetebis efeqturobis Sesamowmebeli
kvlevis eqsperimentuli gegma
eqsperimentis am gamartivebul versiaSi SerCeva populaciidanaa gakeTebuli.
cdis pirebs jer winaswar uzomaven damoukidebel cvlads, Semdeg
SemTxveviTad anawileben jgufebSi, sadac isini usmenen mexsierebis, an
TviTSefasebis teqstis Semcvel qvezRurblovan kasetas. Semdeg maT kvlav
uzomaven saTanado Tvisebebs, raTa ipovon raime Sresazlo cvlileba
damokidebul cvladSi; mexierebasa da TviTSefasebaSi. kvlevam qve-
zRurblovani darwmunebis sando zemoqmedeba ver aRmoaCina.
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deg qveTavSi ufro zogadad ganvixilavT, Tu
rogor zomaven fsiqologebi gamocdilebis
sxvadasxva ganzomilebas da mniSvnelovan pro-
cesebs.
Sejameba
kvlevis procesis meore fazaa dasabuTeba.
amisaTvis fsiqologebi mecnierul meTods
iyeneben. damkvirveblis tendenciuroba daZ-
leulia, roca monacemTa Segrovebis procedu-
rebis standartizacia da cnebebis operaciuli
gansazRvra xdeba. eqsperimentuli meTodi
mkvlevrebs mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris kvlevis
saSualebas aZlevs.
agreTve, mkvlevrebma unda gaacnobieron
alternatiuli axsnis arsebobis faqtic, ro-
goricaa molodinis da placebo efeqtebi. myari
daskvnebis misaRebad isini iseT procedurebs
iyeneben, rogoricaa: ormagad brma kontroli
da placebos kontroli. cdis pirTa Soris sqemis
dros jgufebSi cdis pirTa SemTxveviT
ganawileba kontrolis mniSvnelovani iaraRia
da sakontrolo da eqsperimentul jgufebs
Soris msgavsebis garantias gvaZlevs. cdis pir-
Ta SigniT sqema moicavs A-B-A sqemas, sadac
monawileebi sakuTari Tavis kontrolad gamod-
gebian. mkvlevrebi korelaciis meTodebs iye-
neben, raTa gansazRvron, ra zomiT arian erT-
maneTTan dakavSirebuli cvladebi. korelaciis
mniSvnelovani SezRudva isaa, rom is ar gu-
lisxmobs mizez-Sedegobriobas. eqsperimentuli
meTodebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT realuri sam-
yaros zemoqmedebis SeswavlisaTvis, rogori-
caa, magaliTad, qvezRurblovani kasetebis
efeqti.
radgan fsiqologiuri procesebi mravalfe-
rovani da rTulia, maTi gazomva siZneleebTanaa
dakavSirebuli. zogierTi qceva advilad dak-
virvebadia, xolo sxvebi, magaliTad, SfoTva
da sizmari _ ara. amdenad, mkvlevris erT-
erTi amocanaa uxilavi xiluli gaxados, Sina-
gani movlenebi da procesebi _ garegani, xolo
piradi gamocdileba _ sazogado. Tqven ukve
naxeT, ramdenad mniSvnelovania sakvlevi feno-
menis operaciuli gansazRvreba. es gansazR-
vrebebi im proceduras gvaZlevs, romliTac
xdeba sxvadasxva donis, zomis, intensiurobis
an raodenobis cvladisaTvis raodenobrivi
mniSvnelobis mikuTvneba. arsebobs gazomvis
mravali meTodi, yovel maTgans Tavisi upi-
ratesobani da nakli gaaCnia.
fsiqologiuri gazomvis ganxilvas gazomvis
sizustis or indikators Soris gansxvavebis
ganxilviT viwyebT, esenia sandooba da vali-
doba. Semdeg ganvixilavT monacemTa Segrovebis
sxvadasxva teqnikas. rogorc ar unda agro-
vebdes fsiqologi monacemebs, hipoTezis Se-
samowmeblad igi saTanado statistikur mona-
cemebs unda iyenebdes. statistikur damatebaSi
aRwerilia, Tu rogor aanalizeben fsiqologebi
monacemebs. statistikuri damateba am TavTan
erTad unda ganixiloT.
sandooba da validoba
fsiqologiuri gazomvis mizania sando da
validuri daskvnebis miReba. sandooba niSnavs
fsiqologiuri testirebis an eqsperimentuli
kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli qcevis monacemebis
Sesabamisobas da sarwmunoebas. sando Sedegi
sxva dros, msgavs pirobebSi Semowmebisas unda
gameordes. Tu sazomi instrumenti sandoa, misi
ganmeorebiT gamoyenebisas msgavsi qulebi unda
miviRoT. ganvixiloT eqsperimenti, romelmac
aCvena, rom qvezRurblovani kasetebi mxolod
placebo efeqts iZleva. am eqsperimentSi 237
cdis piri iyo. eqsperimentatoris pretenzia,
rom Sedegi sandoa, niSnavs, rom daaxloebiT
igive zomis jgufze eqsperimentis gameorebis
Semdeg msgavsi Sedegebi unda miviRoT.
validoba niSnavs, rom kvleva an testireba
im fsiqologiur cvlads an Tvisebas zomavs,
romlis gazomvasac apirebda. magaliTad, bed-
nierebis validuri sazomi saSualebas unda
gvaZlevdes viwinaswarmetyveloT, ramdenad bed-
nieri iqnebiT Tqven ama Tu im situaciaSi. va-
liduri eqsperimenti niSnavs, rom mkvlevars
ganzogadebis gakeTeba SeuZlia, anu Sedegebis
gavrcoba laboratoriidan realur samyaroze.
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rodesac kasetebis eqsperimentze dayrdnobiT
rCeva mogeciT, vicodiT, rom kvlevis Sedegebi
validuria. SesaZloa eqsperimenti da testi
sando iyos, magram ara _ validuri. magaliTad,
Tqveni bednierebis maCveneblad SegviZlia
Tqveni fexsacmlis zoma gamoviyenoT. es sazomi
sando iqneba (yovelTvis igive pasuxs miviRebT),
magram ara validuri. SeecadeT sandoobis da
validobis TvalsazrisiT SeafasoT is sazo-
mebi, romlebsac am wignSi SexvdebiT.
TviTangariSi
mkvlevrebs xSirad ainteresebT imgvari
gamocdilebis kvleva, romelsac uSualod ver
daakvirdebi. esenia Sinagani fsiqologiuri
mdgomareobebi _ grZnobebi, damokidebulebebi
(attitudes), Sexedulebebi. SesaZloa, es gamocdi-
leba garegani qcevac iyos, magram fsiqologi
mainc ver daakvirdes mas, magaliTad, seqsua-
luri aqtivoba an kriminaluri qceva. aseT
SemTxvevebSi kvlevebi TviTangariSs (self-report
measures) eyrdnoba. es aris mkvlevris mier
dasmul kiTxvebze miRebuli werilobiTi an
zepiri verbaluri pasuxebi. arsebobs amgvari
Sefasebebis raodenobrivi saxiT gadmocemis
sando xerxebi. ase rom, fsiqologebs SeuZliaT
sxvadasxva adamianis pasuxebi Seadaron
erTmaneTs.
TviTangariSi intervius dros an kiTxvarze
miRebul pasuxebs gulisxmobs. kiTxvari an
anketa kiTxvebis werilobiTi krebulia. ki-
Txvebis Sinaarsi SeiZleba iyos: faqtobrivi
(Tqven amomrCeveli xarT?~); warsuli an awmyo
qcevis Sesaxeb (ramdens eweviT?); damokidebu-
lebebisa da grZnobebis Sesaxeb (ramdenad
gakmayofilebT Tqveni samuSao?~). Ria kiTxvebi
saSualebas aZlevs respondents Tavisuflad,
sakuTari sityvebiT gasces pasuxi SekiTxvas.
arsebobs, agreTve, daxuruli kiTxvebi, sadac
pasuxis variantebi mocemulia, magaliTad, diax,
ara, ar vici.
interviu aris mkvlevarsa da individs Soris
dialogi detaluri informaciis miRebis mizniT.
mTlianad standartizebuli kiTxvarisagan
gansxvavebiT, interviu interaqtiulia. intervi-
uerma SeiZleba Secvalos kiTxvebi imisda
mixedviT, Tu ras pasuxobs respondenti. kargi
interviuerebi socialuri interaqciis pro-
cessac iTvaliswineben da amyareben raports
_ dadebiT socialur urTierTobas responden-
tTan, romelic ndobas da piradi informaciis
gaziarebis survils iwvevs.
mkvlevrebi sakuTari TviTangariSis mraval-
gvar sazoms iyeneben. maT umetesobas ver
gamoviyenebT patara bavSvebTan, wera-kiTxvis
ucodinar zrdasrulebTan, sxva enaze mola-
parakeebTan, gonebrivad CamorCenil adamianebTan
da cxovelebTan, xolo iq, sadac maTi gamoyeneba
SeiZleba, SesaZloa gaCndes sandoobis da
validobis problema. monawileebma SeiZleba
ver gaigon kiTxvebi an zustad ver gaixsenon
TavianTi warsuli gamocdileba. ufro metic,
sakuTari Tavis Sefasebaze, SesaZloa, imoqmedos
socialuri sasurvelobis efeqtma. rodesac
adamiani araswor pasuxs iZleva, raTa sakuTar
Tavze sasurveli (xandaxan arasasurveli) STa-
beWdileba Seqmnas, mas SeiZleba moeridos nam-
dvili grZnobebis gamoxatva. Tu respondentebma
ician intervius an kiTxvaris mizani, maT
sandooba (reliability) _ xarisxi, romliTac testi
msgavs Sedegebs iZleva yoveli gamoyenebisas,
instrumentis gamoyenebiT miRebuli qulebis
stabiluroba da Sesabamisoba
validoba (validity) _ testi zustad imas zomavs,
ris gazomvasac apirebda.
TviTangariSi (self-report measures) _ adamianis mier
sakuTar Tavze dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebuli
monacemebi.
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SeiZleba tyuili Tqvan, raTa miiRon samuSao,
gamovidnen saavadmyofodan an raime sxva mizans
miaRwion. intervius situacia, aseve, imis saSua-
lebas iZleva, rom tendenciurobam da mikerZoe-
bulobam gavlena moaxdinos interviueris mier
dasmul kiTxvebze da respondentis mier
gacemul pasuxebze.
qcevis dakvirveba da gazomva
fsiqologebs qcevaTa farTo speqtri ain-
teresebT. isini swavloben virTxis labirin-
TSi gavlas; bavSvs, romelic suraTs xatavs;
students, romelic leqss izepirebs, an muSas,
romelic raRac davalebas asrulebs. qcevis
sazomi garegan, dakvirvebad da dafiqsirebad
qcevebs da reaqciebs swavlobs.
qcevis Seswavlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi gzaa
dakvirveba. dakvirveba unda iyos dagegmili,
zusti da sistematuri. dakvirveba fokusirdeba
qcevis procesze an produqtze. magaliTad,
daswavlis eqsperimentSi mkvlevari akvirdeba
ramdenjer imeorebs cdis piri sityvebis Camo-
naTvals (procesi) da Semdeg ramden sityvas
aRadgens igi (produqti). uSualo dakvirve-
bisaTvis sakvlevi qceva advilad dasanaxi da
Casaweri unda iyos. magaliTad, emociebis
laboratoriul eqsperimentSi vakvirdebiT cdis
piris saxis gamometyvelebas, rodesac is
emociis gamomwvev stimuls xedavs.
uSualo dakvirvebas xSirad teqnikas axmaren.
magaliTad, Tanamedrove fsiqologebi xSirad
iyeneben kompiuterebs, raTa zustad gazomon
is dro, romelic kvlevis monawileebs sWir-
debaT, raTa sxvadasxva davaleba Seasrulon,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, winadadebis wakiTxva,
an problemis gadaWra. marTalia, zusti ga-
zomvis zogi forma kompiuteris gaCenamdec ar-
sebobda, kompiuterebi araCveulebrivi moqni-
lobis saSualebas iZleva zusti informaciis
Segrovebisa da analizisaTvis. mesame TavSi
uaxloes teqnologiebs aRvwerT, romlebic
saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevrebs qcevis Rirs-
SesaniSnavi gazomva ganaxorcielon da naxon,
rogor muSaobs tvini.
bunebrivi dakvirvebis dros mkvlevari bu-
nebrivad gaCenil qcevas akvirdeba, magram ar
ereva masSi. magaliTad, mkvlevari SeiZleba
calmxrivi sarkidan akvirdebodes bavSvebis
TamaSs, romlebmac ar ician, rom maT uyureben.
adamianis qcevis zogierTi saxis Seswavla mxo-
lod bunebrivi dakvirvebiTaa SesaZlebeli,
radgan araeTikuri an arapraqtikuli iqneba
sxvagvarad moqceva. magaliTad, araeTikuri
iqneba bavSvi mkacri deprivaciis pirobebSi
movaTavsoT, raTa bavSvis Semdgom ganviTarebaze
misi zemoqmedeba SeviswavloT.
laboratoriaSi qcevis Seswavlisas mkvle-
vari ver dainaxavs, Tu ra xangrZlivi efeqti
aqvs adamianis bunebriv garemos misi qcevis
rTuli paternis formirebaze. bunebrivi dakvir-
vebis erT-erTi yvelaze Rirebuli magaliTia
jein gudalis (Jane Goodall) Sroma (1986-1990; Pater-
son and Goodall, 1993). gudali 30 wlis manZilze
swavlobda Simpanzeebis qcevas afrikaSi, tan-
ganikis tbaze. igi aRniSnavs, rom 10 weliwadSi
rom daemTavrebina Sroma, rogorc amas Tav-
dapirvelad apirebda, swor daskvnebs ver gaa-
keTebda:
Simpanzeebis da adamianebis qcevaSi mra-
val saerTos davinaxavdiT, magram dagv-
rCeboda STabeWdileba, rom Simpanzeebi
bevrad ufro mSvidobiani arsebebi arian,
vidre adamianebi. vinaidan kvleva pirveli
dekadis Semdegac gavagrZeleT, SevZeliT
qcevis gazomva (Behavioral measures) _ garegani qce-
vebi da reaqciebi, romlebsac akvirdebian da
iweren, eqskluziuri an TviTangariSiT aRwerili
qceva.
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dagvefiqsirebina socialuri jgufis dayo-
fa da am or axal jgufs Soris warmoSobi-
li sastiki agresia. aRmoCnda, rom zogierT
SemTxvevaSi Simpanzeebma SeiZleba moklan
da SeWamon kidec Tavisi saxeobis warmomad-
genlebi. meore mxriv, Simpanzeebma ojaxis
wevrebisadmi ukiduresad xangrZlivi emoci-
uri kavSirebi gamoavlines _ kargad ganviTa-
rebuli kognituri unarebi da kulturuli
tradiciebis ganviTareba (Goodall, 1986, gv. 3-4).
kvlevis sawyis etapze bunebrivi dakvirveba
gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa. is mkvlevrebs
movlenis sazRvrebis dadgenaSi exmareba, an
warmodgenas uqmnis, romeli iqneba mniSvne-
lovani cvladi, an kavSiri. bunebrivi dakvir-
vebis monacemebi mkvlevars xSirad miniSnebebs
aZlevs konkretuli hipoTezis, an kvlevis gegmis
CamoyalibebisaTvis.
sanam fsiqologiuri gazomvis Temas davamTav-
rebT, xazi unda gavusvaT imas, rom mravali
kvleviTi proeqti TviTangariSisa da qcevis
dakvirvebis meTodebis kombinacias iyenebs. maga-
liTad, mkvlevarma SeiZleba Seiswavlos, ras
ambobs adamiani momavali qcevis Sesaxeb da
realurad rogor iqceva (ixileT me-17 Tavi).
kidev erTi: zogierTi kvleva SemTxvevis Seswav-
las warmoadgens, anu erT individze tardeba.
calke aRebuli individis intensiurma analizma
xandaxan SeiZleba bevrad meti sayuradRebo
informacia mogvces, vidre didi raodenobiT
adamianebis kvlevam. magaliTad, me-3 TavSi
SeityobT, rom tvinis dazianebis mqone cal-
keuli pacientebis yuradRebiT Seswavlam tvinSi
enis funqciis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb Teoriebis
warmoSobas daudo safuZveli.
Cven aRvwereT mkvlevrebis mier gamoyenebuli
sxvadasxva tipis procedura da sazomi instru-
menti. Semdeg qveTavSi im eTikur standartebs
ganvixilavT, romlebic am meTodebis da pro-
cedurebis gamoyenebas marTavs.
kvlevis eTikuri sakiTxebi
qvezRurblovani Setyobinebis efeqturobis
Sesamowmebel kvlevaSi mkvlevrebma monawi-
leebi moatyues, radgan kasetebze araswori
warwerebi gaakeTes. maT es ganzrax Caidines,
rom enaxaT, xom ar iwvevs monawilis molodini,
rom daexmarebian, daijeros, rom Setyobineba
sasargebloa maSinac ki, roca mexsierebisa da
TviTSefasebis obieqturi sazomebi aCvenebda, rom
es ase ar iyo. motyueba arsodes aris kargi,
magram rogor Seafasebdnen mkvlevrebi am
SemTxvevaSi araswori rwmenis placebo efeqts?
rogor unda SevadaroT kvlevis SesaZlo
sargebeli im xarjTan, romelsac swevs kvlevis
monawile, Tu procedura riskiani, tkivilis, an
stresis momyenebeli da motyuebiTia? fsiqo-
logebi amgvar kiTxvebs gamudmebiT usvamen
sakuTar Tavs (Rosentall, 1994).
adamianebis da cxovelebis ZiriTadi ufle-
bebis pativiscema yvela mkvlevris aucilebeli
movaleobaa. am uflebebis dacvisaTvis arsebobs
specialuri komitetebi, romlebic kvlevis yvela
proeqts ixilavs da SesabamisobaSi mohyavs is
aSS-is janmrTelobis departamentis mier gamo-
qveynebul mkacr instruqciebTan. universitetebs,
kolejebs, saavadmyofoebs da kvleviT dawe-
sebulebebs reviziis sabWoebi hyavT, romlebic
amgvar proeqtebs ixilaven. amerikis fsiqologTa
asociaciam (1992) detaluri eTikuri standartebi
SeimuSava. ganvixiloT zogierTi maTgani.
informirebuli Tanxmoba
adamianebze Catarebuli laboratoriuli
kvlevis dasawyisSi monawileebs aRuweren
proceduras, masTan dakavSirebul potenciur
risks da im Sedegebs, romlis miRebasac moe-
lian kvlevis dasasrul. monawileebs arwmu-
neben, rom maTgan miRebuli informacia daculi
da xelSeuxebeli iqneba gareSe pirTaTvis. maTi
monacemebi dafiqsirdeba da specialur ad-
gilze Seinaxeba; xelmisawvdomi iqneba mxolod
mkvlevrebisaTvis, xolo, Tu mkvlevars kvlevis
Sedegebis moxsenebis survili gauCndeba, mona-
wileTa Tanxmobis gareSe amas ver gaakeTebs.
monawileebs xels awerineben gancxadebaze,
sadac weria, rom kvlevis Sesaxeb sruli in-
formacia miawodes da isini Tanaxma arian mona-
wileobaze. garda amisa, monawileebs afrTxi-
leben, rom maT nebismier momentSi SeuZliaT
datovon kvleva da oficialuri pirebis sakon-
taqto monacemebs aZleven, Tu maT Civilis
survili gauCndebaT.
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riskis/sargeblis Sefaseba
fsiqologiuri kvlevis umetesoba ar aris
dakavSirebuli raime riskTan, miT umetes, roca
mis monawileebs rutinuli davalebebi eZlevaT,
magram aris iseTi eqsperimentebi, romlebic
adamianis bunebis ufro pirad aspeqtebs swav-
lobs, rogoricaa emociuri reaqcia, me-s xati,
konformuloba, stresi an agresia, romlebmac
SeiZleba aaRelvos, an fsiqologiurad Seawuxos
adamiani. amitom amgvari kvlevisas riski mini-
mumamde unda iyos dayvanili. monawileebs unda
SevatyobinoT riskis Sesaxeb da winaswari zomebi
unda miviRoT, rom Zlier reaqciebs gavumklav-
deT. aseT riskian SemTxvevebSi sabWoebi yurad-
RebiT ixilaven, aucilebelia kvleva Tu ara,
SesaZlebelia Tu ara riskis gareSe misi Cata-
reba, ramdenad bevris momtania amgvari kvleva
mecnierebisa da sazogadoebisaTvis.
ganzrax motyueba
zogierT kvlevaSi monawileebisaTvis sruli
informaciis miwodeba SeuZlebelia, radgan es
kvlevis Sedegebze imoqmedebs. magaliTad, roca
agresiaze televiziiT Zaladobis yurebis zemoq-
medebas swavlobT, ar unda uTxraT Tqveni mizani
kvlevis monawiles. zogierT mkvlevars miaCnia,
rom monawilis motyueba arc erT SemTxvevaSi
ar aris gamarTlebuli (Korn, 1987). amerikis fsi-
qologTa asociaciis (1992) instruqciebi amis
Taobaze sakmaod naTelia: (1) kvlevas sakmarisi
mecnieruli da saganmanaTleblo mniSvneloba
unda hqondes, rom motyueba gavamarTloT, (2)
mkvlevarma unda aCvenos, rom motyuebis gaereSe
mizans ver miaRwevs, (3) monawileebi arasodes
unda movatyuoT im sakiTxebSi, ris gamoc maT
SeiZleba saerTod uari Tqvan monawileobaze,
(4) kvlevis dasasrul monawileebs unda avuxsnaT,
ratom movatyueT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, amgvari
eqpserimentebi SesaZloa sabWom SezRudos, an
saerTod ar miiRos ( Steininger et al; 1984).
kvlevis Semdgomi interviu
fsiqologiur kvlevaSi monawileoba yovel-
Tvis mkvlevarsa da monawiles Soris informa-
ciis ormxriv gacvlas gulisxmobs. monawilis
reqciebidan da pasuxebidan mkvlevari raRac
axals igebs im movlenis Sesaxeb, romelsac
swavlobs, xolo monawiles unda SevatyobinoT
kvlevis miznebi, hipoTeza, SesaZlo Sedegebi da
kvlevis mosalodneli sargeblianoba. eq-
sperimentis dasasrul yovel monawiles unda
CavutaroT kvlevis Semdgomi interviu, sadac
mkvlevari maqsimalur informacias miawodebs
kvlevis Sesaxeb da ar gauSvebs monawiles, sanam
ar darwmundeba, rom is aRelvebuli, dabneuli,
an damorcxvebuli ar aris. Tu kvlevis romelime
etapze monawilis motyueba aucilebelia,
eqsperimentatori dawvrilebiT uxsnis mas, ratom
gaakeTa es. dabolos, monawileebs ufleba aqvT
gaauqmon TavianTi monacemebi, Tu miaCniaT, rom
maTi uflebebi dairRva.
cxovelTa kvleva: mecniereba,
eTika, politika
SeiZleba Tu ara cxovelebis gamoyeneba
fsiqologiur da samedicino kvlevebSi? es
kiTxva xSirad Zalian polarizebul pasuxebs
iwvevda. erT mxares arian mkvlevrebi, romlebic
miuTiTeben, rom cxovelebze Catarebulma
kvlevebma umniSvnelovanesi aRmoCenebi misces
mecnierebas (Domjan and Purdy, 1995; Petrinovich, 1998).
cxovelebze Catarebuli kvlevebis miRwevebia
iseTi wamlebis gamogoneba da gamocda, romlebic
SfoTvas da fsiqikur daavadebebs mkurnaloben,
narkomaniis Sesaxeb mniSvenlovani codnis miReba
(Miller, 1985) da sxv. cxovelebze Catarebuli
kvlevebi Tavad cxovelebisaTvisac gamosadegia.
magaliTad, fsiqologiurma kvlevebma aCvena,
rogor unda SevamciroT zooparkSi, galiebSi
myofi cxovelebis stresi. cxovelTa daswavlisa
da socialuri organizaciis sferoSi gake-
Tebulma mignebebma maTi volierebis ukeTesi
dagegmareba da janmrTelobisaTvis ufro
sasikeTo garemo pirobebis Seqmna gamoiwvia (Nicoll
et al., 1988).
miRwevaTa amgvari CamonaTvali ar aris
sakmarisi sabuTi cxovelTa uflebebis damcve-
kvlevis Semdgomi interviu (Debriefing) _
mkvlevari maqsimalur informacias miawodebs
kvlevis Sesaxeb da ar gauSvebs monawiles, sa-
nam ar darwmundeba, rom is aRelvebuli,
dabneuli, an damorcxvebuli ar aris.
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lebisaTvis. maTi azriT, adamianebs jer kidev
mcdarad miaCniaT, rom homo sapiensis sxva qmni-
lebebisagan gamoyofa moralurad gamarTle-
bulia~ (Bowd and Shapiro, 1993, gv. 136; Shapiro, 1998).
am Secdomis gamosasworeblad gvTavazoben la-
boratoriuli kvlevebidan minimalurad ma-
nipulaciur kvlevebze gadavideT, romlebic
bunebriv da naxevrad bunebriv garemoSi tardeba~
(Bowd and Shapiro, 1993, gv. 140). yoveli specialisti
gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT unda miudges cxo-
velebis kvlevas.
cxovelebis kvlevaSi gansakuTrebul sif-
rTxileze miuTiTebs, agreTve, gamokiTxvis Sede-
gebi, romelSic fsiqologiis fakultetis 1188
studenti da amerikis fisoqologTa asociaciis
3982 wevri monawileobda (Plous, 1996a, 1996b):
gamokiTxulTa daaxloebiT 80%-s miaCnia,
rom bunebriv garemoSi Catarebuli dak-
virveba dasaSvebia. ufro naklebi (30-dan
70%-mde) mxars uWers iseT kvlevebs, rom-
lebic galiaSi Casmul cxovelebze tardeba,
rac nawilobriv cxovelis tipzea damo-
kidebuli (magaliTad, virTxebi, mtredebi,
ZaRlebi, an primatebi). rogorc studentebma,
ise, leqtorebma uaryves tkivilis mimye-
nebli an sikvdilis gamowvevi kvlevebi
cxovelebze.
orive jgufis umravlesobam (daaxloebiT
60%-ma) mxari dauWira fsiqologiis saswav-
lo kursebSi cxovelebis gamoyenebas, magram
orive jgufSi mxolod erTma mesamedma
CaTvala, rom cxovelebTan laboratoriuli
muSaoba bakalavris xarisxis mosapovebel
aucilebel moTxovnad unda iyos miCneuli.
Tqven ras fiqrobT? rogor SeafasebdiT
cxovelebze Catarebuli kvlevis sargebels da
xarjs?
Sejameba
fsiqologiurma gazomvam imgvari Sedegebi
unda mogvces, romlebic erTdroulad sandocaa
da validuric. sakuTari Tavis Sefasebis gazomva
kiTxvarebis da interviuebis saSualebiT xdeba.
fsiqologi iyenebs, agreTve, qcevis sazomebs,
rogoricaa uSualo dakvirveba da bunebrivi
dakvirveba. adamianis kvlevis mniSvnelovani
eTikuri sakiTxebia informirebuli Tanxmoba,
kvlevis riskis da mogebis Sefaseba, ganzrax
motyuebis gamoyeneba da kvlevis Semdgomi
intervius aucilebloba. mkvlevrebma frTxilad
unda ganixilon cxovelebze Catarebuli kvle-
vebis eTikuri Sedegebi.
rogor gamoviyenoT sworad
mecnieruli kvlevis
Sedegebi
am Tavis bolo qveTavSi ganvixilavT kri-
tikuli azrovnebis im unarebs, romlebic imi-
saTvis gWirdebaT, rom fsiqologiuri codna
brZnulad moixmaroT. es nebismieri pirovne-
bisaTvisaa aucilebeli Cvens dinamikur sazo-
gadoebaSi, im situaciaSi, romelic aRsavsea
WeSmaritebaze pretenziebiT, saRi gonebis~
mcdari miTebiTa da konkretuli interesebis
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samsaxurSi Camdgari mikerZoebuli daskvnebiT.
kritikuli azrovneba niSnavs informaciis miRma
xedvas, imis siRrmeSi Wvretas, rac zedapirze
ar Cans, arsSi Cawvdomas, rom garegnulma mxarem
ar mogatyuoT.
fsiqologiuri codna fsiqologiurad dax-
vewili sazogadoebis moazrovne, mgrZnobiare
subieqtis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis mudmivad
Tanmdevi aspeqtia. samwuxarod, fsiqologiuri
informaciis didi raodenoba ara mecnieruli
wignebidan, statiebidan da kvlevebidan, aramed
gazeTebis furclebidan, tele da radio gada-
cemebidan, popularuli fsiqologiis bul-
varuli~ wignebidan modis. davubrundeT fsi-
qikis qvezRurblovani kontrolis ideas. mar-
Talia, is mogebaze orientirebuli marketingis
konsultantis jeims vikaris motyuebiTi pro-
pagandiT daiwyo (Rogers, 1993) da, rogorc vnaxeT,
laboratoriulma kvlevam uaryo, magram es idea
jer kidev muSaobs da adamianebi isev xarjaven
fuls amgvar kasetebSi!
fsiqologiis codna monacemebze dayrdnobiT
brZnuli daskvnebis gakeTebaSi dagexmarebaT.
yovelTvis unda ecadoT fsiqologiis Seswav-
lidan miRebuli formaluri codna im ara-
formalur fsiqologiur informacias miuyenoT,
romelic gars gartyiaT. dasviT kiTxvebi Tqveni
sakuTari, an sxva adamianebis qcevis Sesaxeb,
pasuxebi racionaluri fsiqologiuri Teorebis
safuZvleze eZebeT da TqvenTvis xelmisawvdom
faqtebze dayrdnobiT SeamowmeT es pasuxebi.
internetSi fsiqologii-
sadmi miZRvnil uamrav gverds
waawydebiT. magaliTad, Si-
zofrenia erT-erT misamarTze
83.760 gverdze iyo naxsenebi
(ix. Tavi 15). sxva misamarTze
imave Temaze 63.812 gverdi
vipoveT. ueWvelia, am wignis
gamosvlamde es raodenoba
kidev ufro gaizrdeba. es
monacemebi naTlad aCvenebs,
ratom uwodeben Tanamedrove-
obas informaciis afeTqebis
periods. yvela Cvenganisa-
Tvis namdvili gamowvevaa am
informaciis brZnuli mox-
mareba. rogor ganvsazRvroT,
internetSi ganTavsebul
romel informacias vendoT
da romels ara?
biblioTekaSi bevrad uf-
ro advilia informaciis
wyaros gansazRvra, radgan aq
ZiriTadad seriozuli
samecniero Jurnalebia mo-
Tavsebuli, romelTa ume-
tesoba amerikis fsiqologTa
asociaciis, an amerikis fsi-
qologiuri sazogadoebis
gamocemulia. rodesac kvleva
JurnalSi igzavneba, is Semow-
mebis rTul process gadis.
redaqcia mas 2-dan 5-mde
aRiarebul specialists ug-
zavnis, romlebic naSroms
detalurad ixilaven misi
Teoriuli safuZvlebis,
meTodologiis da Sedegebis
TvalsazrisiT. Tu eqspertebi
moiwoneben kvlevas, is qveyn-
deba. magaliTad, 1998 wels
amerikis fsiqologTa asocia-
ciis mier (1999) gamoqveynebul-
ma Jurnalebma mowodebuli
naSromebis 69% uaryves. ra
Tqma unda, es procesi srul-
yofili ar aris, zogierTi
Rirebuli Sroma usamarTlod
ukuigdeba, xolo zogi Seda-
rebiT susti rogorRac gaZ-
vreba~, magram, zogadad, es
procesi garantias gvaZlevs,
rom JurnalTa umetesoba
maRal standartebs akmayofi-
lebs.
amitom, rodesac infor-
macias internetSi naxavT,
yovelTvis dainteresdiT,
saidan modis is, ra aris misi
wyaro. SegiZliaT internet-
Si seriozuli samecniero
Jurnalebis eleqtronuli
versiebi ixiloT. aseve, nebis-
mieri informacia unda Sei-
cavdes gamoyenebuli lite-
raturis CamonaTvals da
aqedanac mixvdebiT, ramdenad
seriozul wyarosTan gaqvT
saqme. `fsiqologia da cxov-
rebaSi~. moyvanili informa-
ciis sandoobaSi eWvi ar unda
SegeparoT, radgan yvelgnaa
miTiTebuli saTanado
samecniero wyaro, amitom,
internetSi muSaobisas imave
principiT imoqmedeT!
fsiqologiuri kvleva da informaciis afeTqeba
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yovelTvis unda gaxsovdeT ramdenime zogadi
wesi, romelic informaciis zRvaSi garkvevaSi
dagexmarebaT:
korelacia mizez-Sdegobrioba ar aris.
mniSvnelovani terminebi da cnebebi ope-
raciulad unda iyos gansazRvruli ise,
rom yvelas erTnairad esmodes maTi
mniSvneloba.
sanam Teoriis, hipoTezis an Sexedulebis
damamtkicebel sabuTebs dauwyebT Zebnas,
ifiqreT, rogor SeiZleba misi uaryofa.
yovelTvis eZebeT SemoTavazebuli axsnis
alternatiuli variantebi, gansakuTrebiT
maSin, roca axsna avtors aZlevs xels.
gaxsovdeT, rom pirovnul tendenciurobas
SeuZlia daamaxinjos realobis aRqma.
eWvi SeitaneT kompleqsuri kiTxvebis mar-
tiv pasuxebSi, an rTuli problemebis da
movlenebis martiv mizezebsa da gadaWris
gzebSi.
eWvi SeitaneT raime mkurnalobis, Carevis,
an produqtis efeqturobaSi, aucileblad
SeadreT is ukve arsebul saSualebas.
Ria da, amave dros, skeptikuri iyaviT:
aRiareT, rom daskvnaTa umetesoba ar aris
naTeli da xelSesaxebi, axali damamtki-
cebeli sabuTebi eZebeT, mzad iyaviT
sakuTari azris SecvlisaTvis.
gvinda, amave Ria skeptikuri midgomiT ga-
nixiloT es wigni, ar gvinda, fsiqologiis
Seswavla TqvenTvis mxolod faqtebis aTviseba
iyos. imedi gvaqvs, rom monawileobas miiRebT
ideebis aRmoCenaSi, maT SemowmebaSi da es
siamovnebas moganiWebT.
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sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
aRmoCenis etapi
kvlevis aRmoCenis sta-
diaze dakvirvebas, Se-
xedulebas, informacias
da zogad codnas mov-
lenis axleburi xedvi-
saken mivyavarT. mkvlevari
Teorias da hipoTezas
ayalibebs.
dasabuTebis etapi:
obieqturobis dacvis
saSualebebi
es is fazaa, romelzec ide-
ebi mowmdeba da dastur-
deba, an uariyofa.
44
ideebis SemowmebisaTvis
mkvlevrebi mecnierul me-
Tods iyeneben. es aris
monacemebis imgvarad Seg-
roveba da interpretireba,
rom Secdomebi minimumamde
iqnes dayvanili.
mkvlevrebi ebrZvian dam-
kvirveblis tendenciuro-
bas procedurebis stan-
dartizaciis da operaci-
uli gansazRvrebebis ga-
moyenebis gziT.
kvlevis eqsperimentuli
meTodebi gansazRvravs,
arsebobs Tu ara cvladebs
Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi
mimarTeba.
mkvlevrebi alternatiul
axsnebs kontrolis sa-
Tanado procedurebis
gamoyenebiT gamoricxaven.
kvlevis korelaciuri me-
Todi gansazRvravs, ram-
denad aris ori cvladi
dakavSirebuli erTmaneT-
Tan. korelacia ar gulis-
xmobs mizez-Sedegob-
riobas.
fsiqologebi cdiloben ise
gazomon monacemebi, rom
isini sando da validuri
iyos.
fsiqologiuri kvleva
moicavs sakuTari Tavis
Sefasebis da qcevis
gazomvas.
kvlevis eTikuri
sakiTxebi
yvela mkvlevari valde-
bulia pativi sces kvlevis
monawileTa, ara aqvs
mniSvneloba, adamianis, Tu
cxovelis, ZiriTad uf-
lebebs. eTikuri da huma-
nuri mopyrobis garanti-
rebisaTvis SemuSavebulia
mTeli igi damcveli saSu-
alebebi.
rogor gamoviyenoT
sworad mecnieruli
kvlevis Sedegebi
imisaTvis, rom kvlevis Se-
degebi sworad gamoviyenoT,
unda vicodeT, rogor
viazrovnoT kritikulad
da rogor SevafasoT
kvlevis Sedegebi.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
A-B-A sqema
aRmoCenis etapi
TviTangariSi
dasabuTebis etapi
damatebiTi cvladi
damokidebuli cvladi
damoukidebeli cvladi
damkvirveblis
tendenciuroba
determinizmi
eqsperimentuli meTodi
validoba
Teoria
kvlevis Semdegi interviu
kontrolis procedura
korelaciis koeficienti
korelaciuri meTodi
mecnieruli meTodi
molodinis efeqti
operaciuli gansazRvreba
ormagad brma kontroli
placebo efeqti
placebo kontroli
populacia
reprezentatuli SerCeva
sandooba-standartizacia
qcevis gazomva
SemTxvevis Seswavla
SerCeva
cvladi
cdis pirTa Soris sqema
cdis pirTa SigniT sqema
hipoTeza
45
statistikuri damateba statistikuri damateba statistikuri damateba statistikuri damateba statistikuri damateba
statistikis gageba: monacemebis analizi da statistikis gageba: monacemebis analizi da statistikis gageba: monacemebis analizi da statistikis gageba: monacemebis analizi da statistikis gageba: monacemebis analizi da
daskvnebis Camoyalibeba daskvnebis Camoyalibeba daskvnebis Camoyalibeba daskvnebis Camoyalibeba daskvnebis Camoyalibeba
monacemebis analizi
aRweriTi statistika
daskvniTi statistika
rogor gamoviyenoT
sworad mecnieruli
kvlevis Sedegebi
Ziritadi terminebi
46
r
ogorc rogorc meore TavSi
aRvniSneT, fsiqologebi statis-
tikas imisaTvis iyeneben, rom Seg-
rovebul monacemebs azri mianiWon. statistika,
agreTve, saWiroa miRebuli daskvnebisaTvis
raodenobrivi safuZvlis Sesaqmnelad. amdenad,
statistikis codna dagexmarebaT daafasoT is
procesi, romlis saSualebiTac iqmneba fsiqo-
logiuri codna. pirovnul doneze, statistikis
principebis gageba ukeTesi gadawyvetilebebis
miRebaSi dagexmarebaT, rodesac sxvebi monacemTa
gamoyenebiT Seecdebian Segacvlevinon azrebi
da moqmedebebi.
studentTa umetesobisaTvis statistika
mSrali, uintereso sagania. miuxedavad amisa,
statitikas Cvens cxovrebaSi mravalgvari
gamoyeneba aqvs. amis saCveneblad moviyvanT
mxolod erT proeqts, dawyebuls realuri
problemiT da damTavrebuls statistikuri
argumentebiT, romlebic zogadi daskvnebisaTvis
moiSvelies. misi ganxorcieleba presis pirvel
gverdebze moTavsebulma informaciebma gamoiw-
vies im morcxvi adamianebis Sesaxeb, romlebic
uecrad mkvlelebi gaxdnen. magaliTi:
naTesavebi, TanamSromlebi da nacnobebi
fred kovans wynar, sasiamovno, bavSvebis moy-
varul, keTil~ kacad axasiaTebdnen. fredis
skolis yofilma direqtorma ganacxada, rom
kovans saukeTeso niSnebi hqonda yofaqcevaSi,
TanamSromlobasa da religiaSi. TanamSrom-
lis mixedviT, kovani aravis elaparakeboda,
magram xalisiT asrulebda sxvebis dava-
lebebsa da Txovnebs~. erTxel, valentinis
dRes, kovani naxevrad avtomaturi iaraRiT
Sevida samsaxurSi, mokla oTxi TanamSromeli,
policieli da Semdeg Tavi moikla.
es istoria sakmaod xSir movlenas asaxavs:
morcxvi, wynari adamiani uecrad Zaladobas
Cadis da SokSi agdebs yvelas, vinc mas icnobda.
ra saerTo aqvs fred kovans maTTan, vinc
moulodnelad wynari da mzrunveli adamianidan
moZaladed da umowyalod gardaiqmna? ra
pirovnuli TvisebebiT gamoirCevian amgvari ada-
mianebi Cvengan?
mkvlevarTa gunds hqonda varaudi, rom mor-
cxvobas, sxva pirovnul maxasiaTeblebsa da
Zaladobis qcevas Soris kavSiri unda arse-
bobdes (Lee et al., 1977). amitom maT daiwyes
monacemebis Segroveba, romlebic amgvar kavSirs
gamoavlenda. mkvlevrebma igulisxmes, rom erTi
SexedviT aramoZalade adamianebi, romlebic
uecrad Cadian mkvlelobas, Cveulebriv, mor-
cxvebi da araagresiulebi arian, TavianT vnebebs
da agresiebs mkacrad akontroleben. marTalia,
cxovrebis manZilze isini mraval travmas
iReben, magram iSviaTad, an saerTod ar gamo-
xataven brazss, Tumca ganicdian mas. gareg-
nulad isini TiTqosda mSvidi adamianebi arian,
magram SigniT brZola mimdinareobs gamalebuli
emociebis gasakontroleblad. isini wynari,
pasiuri, pasuxismgebliani adamianebis STabeW-
dilebas toveben rogorc bavSvobisas, aseve
mozardobaSi. simorcxvis gamo maT Zalian axlo-
beli adamianebi ar hyavT da aravin icis, sinam-
dvileSi ras ganicdian. Semdeg, uecrad raRac
feTqdeba. kidev erTi mcire wyena, kidev erTi
mcire socialuri wnexi sakmarisia, rom naper-
wklis roli iTamaSos da gamoaTavisuflos
wlebis ganmavlobaSi Cakluli Zaladoba.
radgan am adamianebs ar uswavliaT, rogor
SeiZleba pirovnebaTaSorisi konfliqtis ga-
daWra problemis ganxilvisa da molaparakebis
gziT, fizikurad amJRavneben TavianT agresias.
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mkvlevrebma Camoayalibes hipoTeza, rom
simorcxve ufro metad axasiaTebT uecar
mkvlelebs _ maT, visac manamde ar CaudeniaT
raime danaSauli, an antisocialuri qceva, vidre
kriminal mkvlelebs, visac mkvlelobamde hqo-
niaT Zaladobis kriminaluri qcevebis Sem-
Txvevebi. garda amisa, uecari mkvlelebi Tavi-
anTi impulsebis ufro maRali donis kontro-
liT gamoirCevian, vidre Zaladobis Cadenas
Cveuli adamianebi. dabolos, maTi pasiuroba
da sxvebze damokidebuleba sqesobrivi rolebis
kiTxvarSi gamovlindeba ufro feminur da
androginul (qalis da mamakacis erTdroulad)
TvisebebSi, vidre kriminali mkvlelebisa.
am ideebis Sesamowmeblad mkvlevrebma kali-
forniis cixeebSi testebis da kiTxvarebis
Catarebis nebarTva miiRes. 19 patimari (yvela
mamakaci) daTanxmda kvlevaSi monawileobis
miRebaze. mkvlelobamde rig maTgans danaSa-
ulebis mTeli seria hqonda Cadenili, xolo
sxvebs ar gaaCndaT kriminaluri warsuli. am
ori tipis cdis pirebisagan mkvlevrebma sami
tipis monacemi moagroves: simorcxvis qula,
sqesobrivi rolis identifikaciis qula da
impulsis kontrolis qula.
simorcxvis qula stenfordis simorcxvis
kiTxvaris saSualebiT Sefasda. am kiTxvaris
yvelaze mniSvnelovani punqti iyo kiTxva:
morcxvi xarT Tu ara?~, razec mocemuli iyo
pasuxis ori varianti: ki~, an ara~. sxva kiTxvebi
exeboda simorcxvis saxeebs da xarisxebs,
simorcxvis mizezebsa da sababs.
meore kiTxvari iyo sandra bemis (Sandra Bem)
sqesobrivi rolebis kiTxvari, romelic war-
moadgens zedsarTavi saxelebis sias, magaliTad,
agresiuli, mosiyvarule. cdis pirma unda
upasuxos, ramdenad Seesabameba es Tvisebebi
mas (Bem, 1974, 1981). zogierTi zedsarTavi
feminur, anu qalis Tvisebebs asaxavda da maTi
jami iZleoda qalis sqesobriv rols. zogierTi
zedsarTavi mamakacis Tvisebebs asaxavda da maTi
jami iZleoda mamakacis sqesobriv rols.
individis sqesobrivi rolis saboloo qulis,
romelic feminurobasa da maskulinobas Soris
sxvaobas asaxavda, gamoTvla Semdegnairad
xdeboda: feminurs akldeboda maskulinuri
qulebi, xolo maskulinuri da feminuri qu-
lebis kombinacia individis androginulobas
aCvenebda.
mesame kiTxvari minesotis mravalfaziani
pirovnebis sakvlevi kiTxvari iyo, romelic
pirovnebis mraval ganzomilebas swavlobs (ix.
Tavi 14), magram amJamad misi mxolod erTi, egos
zekontrolis~, anu ipoqondriulobis skala
gamoiyenes, romelic aCvenebs, ramdenad akon-
trolebs adamiani impulsebs. rac ufro maRa-
lia qula, miT metia egos kontroli.
mkvlevrebma iwinaswarmetyveles, rom kriminal
mkvlelebTan SedarebiT, uecari mkvlelebi (1)
ufro xSirad daaxasiaTebdnen sakuTar Tavs,
rogorc morcxvs, (2) ufro metad airCevdnen
qalis Tvisebebs, vidre mamakacisas da (3) egos
zekontrolis ufro maRal qulas miiRebdnen.
sanam Sedegebze gadavalT, unda ganvixiloT
ramdenime procedura, romlebic am monacemebis
gasaanalizeblad gamoiyenes. mkvlevrebis mier
Segrovil realur monacemebs masalad gamo-
viyenebT, raTa Tqven statistikuri analizis
sxvadasxva tipi SegaswavloT.
monacemebis analizi
mravali fsiqologi mklevrisaTvis monacemTa
analizi amaRelvebeli proceduraa, radgan swo-
red aq mJRavndeba swori iyo Tu ara misi varaudi.
am qveTavSi nabij-nabij gavivliT uecari mkvle-
lebis kvlevis zogierT monacems. Tu ukve gada-
aTvaliereT wigni, ricxvebi da gantolebebi na-
naxi geqnebaT. gaxsovdeT, rom maTematika iaraRia,
maTematikuri simboloebi ki _ ideebisa da
konceptualuri operaciebis warmodgenis mokle
gza.
S.1 cxrilSi mocemulia 19 cdis pirTa mo-
nacemebi, anu nedli qulebi _ realuri, namdvili
qulebi, an sxva sazomebi. rogorc xedavT, 10
cdis piri uecar mkvlelebs miekuTvneboda,
xolo 9 _ kriminal mkvlelebs.
am monacemebidan raimes gageba Zalian rTulia,
aq ubralod raRac ricxvebis grovaa mocemuli.
nebismieri mkvlevari imasve igrZnobda, rasac
Tqven _ dabneulobas. ras niSnavs es qulebi?
gansxvavdeba Tu ara erTmaneTisagan mkvlelTa
es ori jgufi? am araorganizebuli monacemebiT
kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema Zalian rTulia.
swored am monacemebisaTvis azris miniWebis
mizniT gamoiyeneba statistika. aRweriTi sta-
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tistika ricxobrivi monacemebis sxvadasxva
aspeqtis obieqturad aRweras niSnavs maTema-
tikuri procedurebis gamoyenebiT. Tu odesme
gamogiTvliaT Tqveni niSnebis saSualo maCve-
nebeli, maSin aRweriTi statistika gamogi-
yenebiaT. axsniTi statistika albaTobis Teorias
iyenebs, raTa sandod aCvenos, romeli Sedegebia
SemTxveviT miRebuli.
aRweriTi statistika
aRweriTi statistika monacemebSi arsebuli
kanonzomierebis Sejamebul suraTs gvaZlevs.
is cdis piris an cdis pirTa monacemebs, an
cvladebs Soris kavSirs aRwers. amitom mkvle-
vari ara calkeuli cdis piris monacems, aramed
am monacemebis tipur maxasiaTeblebs warmogvid-
gens. garda amisa, aRweriTi statistika aCvenebs,
ramdenad icvleba qulebi tipuri qulis mimarT,
anu monacemebis variabilobas _ gafantulia
qulebi, Tu erTmaneTTan axlosaa dajgufebuli.
modiT, vnaxoT, rogor iReben mkvlevrebi am
sazomebs.
sixSireTa ganawileba
qulaTa ganawilebis naTlad warmosaCenad
unda avagoT sixSireTa ganawilebis mrudi, anu
imis Sejameba, Tu ramdenad xSirad Cndeba
sxvadasxva qula. simorcxvis monacemebis
Sejameba advilia: 9-jer gvxvdeba pasuxi diax
da 10-jer _ pasuxi ara. TiTqmis yvela dadebiTi
pasuxi pirvel jgufs ekuTvnis, xolo TiTqmis
yvela uaryofiTi pasuxi _ meores, magram
sqesobrivi rolis da egos zekontrolis
monacemebi ar xvdeba ki~-s da ara~-s martiv
kategoriebSi. jer ganvixiloT sqesobrivi
rolis monacemebi. yvelaze maRali qulaa +61
(maqsimalurad feminuri) da yvelaze dabali
_33 (maqsimalurad maskulinuri). 19 qulidan 9
dadebiTia d 10 uaryofiTi, rac niSnavs, rom 9
mkvleli SedarebiT feminuria, xolo 10 _
maskulinuri; magram rogor nawildeba es
qulebi jgufebSi? sixSireTa ganawilebis
mrudis agebisken gadadgmuli pirveli nabiji
iqneba qulebis TanmimdevrobiT dalageba
yvelaze maRlidan yvelaze dablisaken. qulebis
aseT dalagebas rangebis mixedviT mowesrigeba
ewodeba, rac S.2 cxrilSia naCvenebi.
aRweriTi statistika (Descriptive statistics) _
statistikuri procedurebi, romlebic qulebs
maTi centraluri tendenciis, variabilobis da
korelaciebis TvalsazrisiT ajamebs.
cxrili
s.1
uecari mkvlelebis kvlevis nedli
monacemebi
egos
zekontroli
patimrebi simorcxve
feminuroba-
maskulinoba
BSRI MMPI
jgufi 1: uecari mkvlelebi
jgufi 2: kriminali mkvlelebi
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
ki
ara
ki
ki
ki
ki
ara
ki
ki
ki
+5
-1
+4
+61
+19
+41
-29
+23
-13
+5
17
17
13
17
13
19
14
9
11
14
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
ara
ara
ki
ara
ara
ara
ara
ara
ara
-12
-14
+33
-8
-7
+3
-17
+6
-10
15
11
14
10
16
11
6
9
2
cxrili
s.2
sqesobrivi rolis qulebis rangis
mixedviT dalageba
yvelaze maRali
+61
+41
+23
+19
+6
+5
+5
+4
+3
-1
-7
-8
-10
-12
-13
-14
-17
-29
-33 yvelaze dabali
SeniSvna: + qulebi ufro feminuria; - qulebi ki, ufro
maskulinuri.
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49
Semdegi nabijia amgvarad dalagebuli qu-
lebis ufro mcire jgufebSi gaerTianeba. am
jgufebs anu kategoriebs intervalebi ewodeba.
mocemul kvlevaSi 10 kategoria gamoyves, TiTo-
eulSi 10 qula moxvda. mesame nabijia sixSireTa
ganawilebis cxrilis ageba, sadac intervalebi
yvelaze maRlidan yvelaze dablisaken iqneba
CamoTvlili da miTiTebuli iqneba, ramdeni
qula moxvda TiToeul intervalSi, anu miTiTe-
buli iqneba sixSire. Cveni sixSireTa ganawileba
gvaCvenebs, rom sqesobrivi rolebis qulebi
meryeobs _20-sa da +9-s Soris (ix. cxrili S.3),
xolo patimarTa qulebis umetesoba nulisagan
didad ar aris daSorebuli, rac niSnavs imas,
rom isini arc Zlierad uaryofiTia da arc
Zlierad dadebiTi.
monacemebi ukve gamoyenebadi saxiTaa war-
modegnili, axla SeiZleba maTi grafikulad
warmodgena.
daskvniTi statistika (Inferential statistics) _
statistikuri procedurebi, romlebic mkvle-
vars saSualebas aZlevs gansazRvros, adastu-
rebs mis hipoTzas Sedegi, Tu is mxolod Sem-
TxveviTaa miRebuli.
sixSireTa ganawileba (Frequency distribution) _ imis
Sejameba, Tu ramdenad xSirad Cndeba TiToeuli
qula monacemTa mwkrivSi.
cxrili
s.3
sqesobrivi rolebis qulebis sixSireTa
ganawileba
kategoria
+60-dan -69-mde
+50-dan +59-mde
+40-dan +49-mde
+30-dan +39-mde
+20-dan +29-mde
+10-dan +19-mde
0-dan +9-mde
-10-dan -1-mde
-20-dan -11-mde
-30-dan -21-mde
-40-dan -31-mde
sixSire
1
0
1
0
1
1
5
4
4
1
1
grafikebi
ganawilebaTa aRqma xSirad bevrad advilia,
roca isini grafikebis saxiTaa warmodgenili.
grafikis yvelaze martivi formaa svetebiani
grafiki. svetebiani grafiki saSualebas
gvaZlevs monacemebSi arsebuli kanonzomiereba
davinaxoT. misi gamoyenebiT SegviZlia vaCvenoT,
ramdenad metma uecarma mkvlelma daaxasiaTa
sakuTari Tavi, rogorc ufro morcxvi,
kriminal mkvlelTan SedarebiT (ix. sur. S.1).
ufro rTuli monacemebisaTvis, rogoricaa
sqesobrivi rolis qulebi, SegviZlia gamoviye-
noT histograma, romelic Zalian hgavs sve-
tebian grafiks, mxolod erTi gansxvavebiT, aq
warmodgenili kategoriebi intervalebia, anu
TiToeuli sveti raodenobriv kategorias
asaxavs da ara saxelwodebis kategorias. his-
tograma gvaZlevs ganawilebaSi qulebis vi-
zualur suraTs, romlebic intervalebSia
moTavsebuli. S.2 suraTidan naTlad Cans, rom
mkvlelTa ori jgufis sqesobrivi rolebis
qulebi gansxvavebulia.
S.1 da S.2 suraTebidan Cans, rom simorcxvisa
da sqesobrivi rolebis TvalsazrisiT mkvle-
varTa hipoTeza dadasturda: uecarma mkvle-
lebma meti albaTobiT daaxasiaTes sakuTari
Tavi, rogorc morcxvi da ufro meti al-
baTobiT gamoiyenes feminuri niSnebi sakuTari
Tavis aRwerisas, vidre kriminalma mkvlelebma.
suraTi
s.1
mkvlelTa ori jgufis simorcxve
(svetebiani grafiki)
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centraluri tendenciis sazomebi
aqamde qulebis ganawilebis mxolod zogadi
suraTi SevqmeniT. cxrilebi da grafikebi
Sedegebis ukeT gagebaSi gvexmareba, magram Cven
meti gvinda vicodeT, magaliTad, erTi qula,
romelic mTeli jgufis tipuri warmomad-
genelia. es qula gansakuTrebiT sasargeblo
xdeba, roca ori an meti jgufis Sedareba
gvsurs, radgan bevrad ufro advilia ori
jgufis tipuri qulis Sedareba, vidre mTeli
ganawilebebis. erT amgvar tipur qulas, ro-
melic mTeli ganawilebis reprezentaciulia,
centraluri tendenciis sazomi ewodeba (is
ganawilebis centrSia moTavsebuli da sxva
qulebi mis garSemo jgufdeba). Cveulebriv,
fsiqologebi centraluri tendenciis sam
gansxvavebul sazoms iyeneben: modas, medianas
da saSualos.
moda iseTi qulaa, romelic bevrad ufro
xSirad Cndeba, vidre sxvebi. simorcxvis sazomis
mixedviT, uecari mkvlelebis yvelaze xSiri
pasuxi iyo diax~ - aTi cdis piridan cxram
Tqva, rom morcxvi iyo. kriminal mkvlelebs
Soris modaluri pasuxi iyo ara~. sqesobrivi
rolebis modaluri qula uecari mkvlele-
bisaTvis +5 iyo. SegiZliaT gviTxraT, ramdenia
egos zekontrolis qulebis moda uecari mkvle-
lebisaTvis? moda aris centraluri tendenciis
yvelaze advilad gansasazRvri maCvenebeli,
magram xSirad is naklebad gamosadegia. am
gamousadegobis erT-erT mizezs maSin dainaxavT,
roca yuradRebas miaqcevT imas, rom egos
zekontrolis modis _17-is zemoT mxolod erTi
qulaa moTavsebuli, xolo 6 monacemi mis
qvemoTaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom 17 yvelaze xSiri
qulaa am ganawilebaSi, is SeiZleba ver asaxav-
des tipur anu centralur maCvenebels.
mediana namdvilad centraluri qulaa,
radgan ganawilebis zeda naxevars qveda naxev-
risagan gamoyofs, anu medianis zemoT da qvemoT
qulaTa erTi da igive raodenoba Tavsdeba.
medianaze maRali qulebis raodenoba igivea,
rac medianaze dabali qulebisa. rodesac
qulebis raodenoba kentia, mediana zustad Sua
qulaa, xolo luwi raodenobis SemTxvevaSi,
ori SuaSi mdebare ori qulis gaSualeba xdeba.
Tu, magaliTad, kriminali mkvlelebis sqesob-
rivi rolebis qulebs daalagebT, naxavT, rom
mediana _10-ia, mis zemoT da qvemoT Tanabari
raodenobis, oTx-oTxi monacemi xvdeba. uecari
mkvlelebisaTvis mediana +5-ia _ rigiT mexuTe
da meeqvse qulis saSualo, maTgan TiToeuli
+5-ia. medianaze ar zemoqmedebs ukiduresi
qulebi, magaliTad, uecari mkvlelebis sqesob-
rivi rolis qula +129 rom yofiliyo +61-is
nacvlad, mediana mainc +5 darCeboda da isev
zeda da qveda naxevris gamyofi iqneboda.
martivad, mediana ganawilebis SuaSi myofi
qulaa.
suraTi
s.2
sqesobrivi rolebis qulebi
mediana (Median) _ qula, romlis zemoT da qvemoT
Tanabari raodenobiT qulebia moTavsebuli,
centraluri tendenciis sazomi.
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monacemTa wyebis aRsawerad yvelaze xSirad
saSualo gamoiyeneba. mis gamosaTvlelad gana-
wilebis yvela qula ikribeba da iyofa maT
raodenobaze. saSualos gamosaTvleli formula
Semdegia:
M=(X)/N
am formulaSi M saSualoa, X TiToeuli in-
dividis qula, (berZnuli aso sigma) mis Semdeg
moTavsebuli wevrebis jamia, xolo N qulaTa
mTliani raodenobaa. radgan sqesobrivi rolebis
yvela qulis jami (X)/115-ia, xolo maTi rao-
denoba (N) 10, uecari mkvlelebis sqesobrivi
rolis qulebis saSualo (M) iqneba:
M=115/10=11.5
SeecadeT, Tavad gamoTvaloT egos zekontro-
lis qula, saSualo 11.4-is toli unda iyos.
medianasagan gansxvavebiT, saSualos mniSvne-
lobaze ganawilebis yvela qulis mniSvneloba
zemoqmedebs. ukiduresi qulis mniSvnelobis
cvlileba saSualos mniSvnelobas cvlis.
magaliTad, meoTxe cdis piris sqesobrivi rolis
qula +61-is nacvlad +101 rom yofiliyo, mTeli
jgufis saSualo 11.5-dan 15.6-mde gaizrdeboda.
variabiloba
ganawilebis, rogorc mTelis reprezenta-
ciuli qulis, codnis garda, saWiroa agreTve
vicodeT, ramdenad reprezentaciulia centra-
luri tendenciis es sazomi. danarCeni qulebi
masTan axlosaa, Tu gafantulia? variabilobis
sazomebi is statistikebia, romlebic centra-
luri tendenciis romelime sazomis irgvliv
qulebis ganawilebas aCvenebs.
magaliTi migaxvedrebT, ratomaa saWiro va-
riabilobis sazomebi. warmoidgineT, rom skolis
maswavlebeli xarT. wlis dasawyisia da 30
meoreklasels kiTxva unda aswavloT. iciT, rom
klasSi saSualo moswavles pirveli klasis
donis wignis wakiTxva unda SeeZlos da amis
mixedviT dagegmavT gakveTilebs. magram imisTvis,
rom ukeT aagoT swavlebis procesi, umjobesia
icodeT, ramdenad msgavsia an gansxvavebuli 30
moswavlis kiTxvis unari. Tu isini daaxloebiT
erT doneze arian (dabali variabiloba), SegiZ-
liaT meore klasis standartuli gakveTili
dagegmoT. magram, iqneb ramdenime moswavles
bevrad rTuli masalis kiTxva SeuZlia, sxvebi
ki Zlivs kiTxuloben (maRali variabiloba) aseT
SemTxvevaSi, saSualo done ar iqneba klasis
reprezentaciuli da sxvadasxva tipis gakveTili
unda dagegmoT moswavleTa mravalferovani
moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad.
variabilobis yvelaze martivi sazomi dia-
pazonia, anu sixSireTa ganawilebaSi yvelaze
maRal da yvelaze dabal maCvenebls Soris
sxvaoba. uecari mkvlelebis sqesobrivi rolis
qulebisaTvis diapazoni 90-ia: (+61) _ (-29). egos
kontrolis qulebis diapazoni ki 10-ia: (+19) _
(+9). diapazonis gamosaTvlelad mxolod ori
qulis codna gWirdebaT _ yvelaze maRlis da
yvelaze dablis.
diapazonis gamoTvla Zalian advilia, magram
mkvlevrebi variabilobis sxva, ufro daxvewil
sazomebs amjobineben, romlebic yvela qulas
iTvaliswinebs da ara mxolod ukidures maCveneb-
lebs. erT-erTi yvelaze farTod gamoyenebuli
sazomia standartuli gadaxra, romelic qu-
lebsa da maT saSualos Soris sxvaobis saSua-
los aCvenebs. ganawilebis standartuli gadax-
ris gamosaTvlelad ganawilebis saSualo da
TiToeuli qula unda icodeT. procedura Sem-
degia: TiToeul qulas aklebT saSualos, Semdeg
am gadaxrebis saSualos iTvliT. qvemoT moce-
mulia formula:
simboloebis umetesobas ukve unda cnobdeT
saSualos gamosaTvleli formulidan. (X-M)
niSnavs individualur qulas gamovakloT sa-
Sualo~ da mas, Cveulebriv, gadaxris qulas
( )
N
M X
=
2
saSualo (Mean) _ qulaTa ariTmetikuli sa-

Sualo, centraluri tendenciis yvelaze xSi-
rad gamoyenebuli maCvenebeli.
variabilobis sazomebi (Measures of variability) _
statistikebi, rogorebicaa diapazoni, an stan-
dartuli gadaxra, romelic aCvenebs, ramdenad
mWidrodaa ganlagebuli qulebi ganawilebaSi.
diapazoni (Range) _ ganawilebaSi yvelaze ma-
Ral da yvelaze dabal qulebs Soris sxvaoba,
variabilobis martivi sazomi.
standartuli gadaxra (Standard deviation SD) _
qulaTa wyebis saSualo sxvaoba maTi saSua-
lodan, variabilobis sazomi
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uwodeben. saSualos yovel qulas akleben da
Sedegad miRebuli qula kvadratSi ahyavT (uar-
yofiTi mniSvnelobebis gasabaTileblad). Semdeg
am gadaxrebis saSualos iTvlian maTi SejamebiT
() da monacemTa raodenobaze (N) gayofiT.
simbolo miuTiTebs, rom kvadratuli fesvia
amosaRebi masSi moTavsebuli sidididan. es
manamde ganxorcielebuli kvadratSi ayvanis
gasabaTilebladaa gakeTebuli. S.4 cxrilSi
gamoTvlilia uecari mkvlelebis egos kon-
trolis qulebis standartuli gadaxra. gaix-
seneT, rom am qulebis saSualo 14.4-ia, e.i. swo-
red es sidide unda gamovakloT TiToeul qulas,
raTa Sesabamisi gadaxris qulebi miviRoT.
standartuli gadaxra gveubneba, ramdenad
cvalebadia qulaTa erToblioba. rac ufro
metia standartuli gadaxra, miT metadaa qulebi
gafantuli. sqesobrivi rolebis qulebis
standartuli gadaxra uecari mkvlelebisaTvis
24.6, xolo kriminali mkvlelebisaTvis mxolod
10.7-ia. es aCvenebs, rom kriminalTa jgufSi
variabiloba naklebia. aq qulebi saSualos
garSemo mWidrodaa dajgufebuli. rodesac
cxrili
s.4
uecari mkvlelebis egos-zekontrolis
qulebis standartuli gadaxris gamoTvla
qula
(X)
gadaxra (qulas
minus saSualo)
(X-)
17
17
13
17
13
19
14
9
11
14
2.6
2.6
-1.4
2.6
-1.4
4.6
-0.4
-5.6
-3.4
-0.4
6.76
6.76
1.96
6.76
1.96
21.16
0.16
29.16
11.56
0.16
kvadratSi ayvanili
gadaxrebi (qulas minus
saSualo
)2
(X-)
2
standartuli
gadaxra
( )
N
M X
SD

= =
2
( )
=
2
4 . 86 M X
94 . 2 40 . 86
10
40 . 86
= =
SD=2.94
standartuli gadaxra mcirea, saSualo kargad
asaxavs mTel ganawilebas. rodesac standartu-
li gadaxra didia, saSualo naklebad tipuria.
saSualo naklebad tipuria mTeli jgufisaTvis.
korelacia
fsiqologiuri monacemebis interpretaciis
kidev erTi sasargeblo iaraRia korelaciis
koeficienti, romelic or cvlads Soris
kavSiris bunebas da siZlieres zomavs (magali-
Tad, simaRle da wona, an sqesobrivi rolis da
egos zekontrolis qulebi). is gveubneba, Tu
ra zomiTaa dakavSirebuli erTi cvladis
qulebi meore cvladis qulebTan. Tu adamianebs
erT cvladze maRali qulebi aqvT da meore
cvladzec imave tendencias avlenen, korelaciis
koeficienti dadebiTi iqneba (nulze meti). Tu
adamianebs erT cvladze maRali qulebi aqvT,
xolo meoreze _ dabali, korelaciis koefi-
cienti uaryofiTi iqneba (nulze naklebi). Tu
qulebs Soris kavSiri ar arsebobs, korelacia
nuls uaxlovdeba (ix. Tavi 2).
korelaciis koeficienti +1-dan (sruli da-
debiTi korelacia) _1-mde (sruli uaryofiTi
korelacia) icvleba. rac ufro Sorsaa koe-
ficienti nulidan nebismieri mimarTulebiT, miT
ufro mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli ori cvladi
dadebiTad, an uaryofiTad. rac ufro maRalia
koeficienti, miT ukeTesad viwinaswarmetyvelebT
cvlads, Tu meore viciT.
uecari mkvlelebis kvlevaSi korelaciis
koeficienti (aRiniSneba r-iT) sqesobrivi ro-
lebis qulebsa da egos kontrolis qulebs
Soris aris +0. 35, e.i. es qulebi dadebiTad kore-
lirebs, anu is adamianebi, romlebic ufro
feminurad aRiqvamen Tavs, egos ufro maRal
kontrols avlenen. Tumca korelacia rom
zomieria, es imas niSnavs, rom am kavSirSi mra-
vali gamonaklisia. patimrebis TviTSefaseba rom
gagvezoma da misi egos kontrolis qulebTan
korelacia _0.68 rom yofiliyo, maT Soris
iqneboda uaryofiTi korelacia. maSin vityodiT,
rom egos maRali kontrolis mqone adamianebs
dabali TviTSefaseba aqvT, xolo kavSiri ufro
korelaciis koeficienti (r) (correlation coefficient)
aris statistika, romelic or cvlads Soris
kavSiris xarisxs aCvenebs.
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Zlieri iqneboda, vidre wina SemTxvevaSi, radgan
_0.68 ufro Sorsaa nulidan, kavSiris ararse-
bobis maCvenebeli wertilidan, vidre +0.35.
daskvniTi statistika
uecari mkvlelebis kvlevis monacemebis
dasaxasiaTeblad aRweriTi statistika gamovi-
yeneT da axla ukve gvaqvs warmodgena Sedegebis
Sesaxeb. miuxedavad amisa, yvela ZiriTad kiTxvaze
pasuxi jer mainc ar gagvicia. hipoTeza gulis-
xmobda, rom uecari mkvlelebi ufro morcxvi,
feminuri da maRali zekontrolis mqoneebi
iqnebodnen, vidre kriminali mkvlelebi. am ori
jgufis saSualo pasuxebis da variabilobis
Sesadareblad aRweriTi statistika gamoviyeneT
da aRmoCnda, rom am jgufebs Soris marTlac
aris gansxvaveba, magram sakmarisad didia es
gansxvavebebi? es kvleva rom gagvemeorebina sxva
cdis pirebze, igive Sedegebs miviRebdiT, Tu
miRebuli Sedegi mxolod SemTxvevis gamoa?
rogorRac rom mogvexerxebina da uecari da
kriminali mkvlelebis mTeli populacia Segves-
wavla, saSualoebisa da standartuli gadax-
rebis mniSvnelobebi igive iqneboda?
swored am tipis kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad
gamoiyeneba daskvniTi statistika. is gveubneba,
Cveni monacemebidan da Cvens SerCevaze ra
daskvnebis gakeTeba SegviZlia. daskvniTi
statistika iyenebs albaTobis Teorias, raTa
gansazRvros albaToba imisa, rom monacemebis
esa Tu is erToblioba SemTxveviTi variaciis
Sedegia.
normaluri mrudi
imisTvis, rom gavigoT, rogor muSaobs das-
kvniTi statistika, unda ganvixiloT im gana-
wilebis Tvisebebi, romelsac normaluri mrudi
ewodeba. rodesac cvladis monacemebi (maga-
liTad, simaRle, egos kontroli an inteleqtis
koeficienti) didi raodenobiT individebisagan
miiReba, Sedegebi xSirad ise nawildeba, rogorc
S.3 suraTze naCveneb mrudzea gamosaxuli.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom mrudi simetriulia
(marcxena naxevari marjvenas sarkisebuli
asaxvaa) da zaris forma aqvs _ maRalia SuaSi,
sadac qulebis umetesobaa moTavsebuli da
dabldeba, rac ufro vSordebiT saSualos. am
tipis mruds normaluri mrudi, an normaluri
ganawileba ewodeba (gadaxril ganawilebaSi
suraTi
s. 3
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qulebi romelime erT bolos lagdeba, SuaSi
ganTavsebis nacvlad).
normalur mrudze medianis, modis da saSua-
los mniSvnelobebi erTi da igivea. mrudis
sxvadasxva nawilSi monacemTa garkveuli procen-
ti xvdeba. suraTi S.3 stenford-bines inteleqtis
testis IQ qulebs aCvenebs. am qulebis saSualo
100-ia, standartuli gadaxra ki _ 16. Tu stan-
dartul gadaxrebs X RerZze moaTavsebT saSua-
lodan manZilebis aRsaniSnad, aRmoaCenT, rom
moncemebis 68%-ze odnav meti Tavsdeba
saSualosa (100) da erT standartul gadaxras
Soris orive mimarTulebiT (IQ 84-sa da 116-s
Soris). qulaTa kidev daaxloebiT 27% xvdeba
meore da pirveli standartuli gadaxris
farglebSi (IQ 68-sa da 84-s Soris) saSualos
qvemoT da saSualos zemoT (IQ 116-sa da 132-s
Soris).Q 5%-ze naklebi xvdeba saSualodan sami
standartuli gadaxris farglebSi da Zalian
mcire raodenobiT qulebi rCeba am sazRvrebs
miRma _ 1%-is 1/4-mde.
daskvniTi statistika aCvenebs imis albaTo-
bas, rom qulebi namd-vilad asaxavs imas, risi
gazomvac gsurT da ar aris SemTxveviTad miRebu-
li. magaliTad, meti albaTobaa, rom viRacas
eqneba 105 IQ da ara 140, magram 140 IQ-s qona
ufro mosalodnelia, vidre 35-is.
normaluri mrudi maSinac miiReba, roca
monacemebi SemTxveviTi variaciis gamoa Segrove-
buli. Tu monetas 10-jer aagdebT da CaiwerT,
ramdenjer gamovida aversi da ramdenjer rever-
si, aRmoCndeba, rom erTic da meorec 5-jer
gamodis. Tu ganagrZobT monetis agdebas da 10-
10 agdebis 100 serias daafiqsirebT, aRmoCndeba,
rom zogierT seriaSi sul aversi geqnebaT,
zogierTSi _ sul reversi, magram, umravles
SemTxvevaSi, geqnebaT Tanabari gayofa. yvela
1000 agdebis grafiki rom agegoT, normaluri
ganawilebis mruds miiRebdiT.
statistikuri sandooba
mkvlevarma, romelmac aRmoaCina, rom monacem-
Ta ori mwkrivis saSualos Soris gansxvavebaa,
unda Seamowmos, namdvilia es gansxvaveba, Tu
mxolod SemTxvevis gamoa. radgan SemTxvevis
gamo miRebul gansxvavebebs normaluri ganawile-
ba aqvT, mkvlevars SeuZlia normaluri mrudi
gamoiyenos.
sailustraciod movitanoT martivi magaliTi.
davuSvaT, Tqvens fsiqologiis leqtors ainte-
resebs, ganapirobebs Tu ara gamomcdelis sqesi
imas, gansxvavebuli iqneba Tu ara miRebuli niS-
nebi student qalebTan da mamakacebTan. amisaTvis,
leqtori studentebs Tanabrad yofs or jgufad,
erT jgufs qal gamomcdels amagrebs, xolo
meores _ mamakacs. Semdeg jgufebis saSualo
qulas adarebs. es saSualo qulebi, albaT,
msgavsi, xolo maT Soris raime mcire gansxvaveba
SemTxvevis Sedegi iqneba. ratom? imitom rom,
Tu es mxolod SemTxvevis gamoa da orive jgufi
erTi da igive populaciidanaa (gansxvaveba ar
aris), maTi saSualo erTmaneTTan axlos unda
iyos. viciT, rom normaluri ganawilebis mrudis
qveS moTavsebuli sivrcis sxvadasxva nawilSi
monacemebis garkveuli procenti xvdeba, amitom
mamakaci gamomcdelis jgufis niSnebis mesamedze
naklebi unda aRematebodes qali Camtareblis
jgufis saSualodan erTi standartuli ga-
daxriT qvemoT da zemoT moTavsebul qulebs.
albaToba imisa, rom mamakaci gamomcdelis jgu-
fis saSualo qula qali gamomcdelis jgufis
saSualo qulebis umetesobaze sami stan-
dartuli gadaxris (orive mimarTulebiT) miRma
moTavsdeba, Zalian mcirea. aseTi sididis gan-
sxvaveba rom migveRo, namdvilad darwmunebuli
viqnebodiT imaSi, rom sxvaoba namdvilia da,
rogorc Cans, kavSirSia gamomcdelis sqesTan.
Semdegi kiTxva iqneboda, rogor zemoqmedebs es
cvladi gamocdis qulaze.
qali da mamakaci studentebi SemTxveviTad
rom gagvenawilebina TiToeul jgufSi, SesaZle-
beli gaxdeboda analizi imisa, zemoqmedebs Tu
ara gamomcdelebs Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba
mxolod erT sqesze Tu oriveze. davuSvaT, iseTi
monacemebi miviReT, romlebic aCvenebs, rom
mamakaci gamomcdelebi qal studentebs ufro
maRal niSnebs uweren, vidre qali gamomcdelebi,
magram mamakac studentebs orive erTnairad
afasebs. Tqvens leqtors SeuZlia statistikuri
daskvnis procedura gamoiyenos, raTa Seafasos
is albaToba, romliTac miRebuli sxvaobebi
mxolod SemTxvevis Sedegi SeiZleba yofiliyo.
normaluri mrudi (Normal curve) _ simetriuli
mrudia, romelic mravali fsiqologiuri Tvise-
bis amsaxveli qulebis ganawilebas aCvenebs, sa-
Sualebas aZlevs mkvlevrebs imsjelon, ramdenad
araCveulebrivia movlena, an Sedegi.
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gamoTvla sxvaobis zomas da qulebis gafantvas
emyareba.
SeTanxmebis safuZvelze sxvaobas fsiqolo-
gebi namdvilad~ miiCneven, Tu albaToba imisa,
rom is SemTxveviT moxda, 100-dan 5-ze naklebia
(Semdegnairad aRiniSneba: p<0.05). Tu sxvaoba am
kriteriums daakmayofilebs, is sandoa. Tumca,
zogierT SemTxvevaSi, ufro mkacri albaTobis
doneebi gamoiyeneba, rogoricaa p<0.01 (100-dan 1-
ze naklebi) da p<0.001 (1000-dan 1-ze naklebi).
statistikurad sando gansxvavebiT mkvlevars
SeuZlia daskvnis gakeTeba sakvlevi qcevis
Sesaxeb. monacemTa statistikuri sandoobis Se-
samowmeblad mravali gansxvavebuli kriteri-
umi arsebobs. konkretuli kriteriumis SerCeva
damokidebulia kvlevis gegmaze, monacemTa
formasa da jgufebis zomaze. aq mxolod erT-
erT yvelaze gavrcelebul kriteriums, t-kri-
teriums ganvixilavT, romelic SeiZleba gamovi-
yenoT maSin, roca mkvlevars ainteresebs, statis-
tikurad sandoa Tu ara ori jgufis saSualoebs
Soris sxvaoba.
Cvens magaliTSi SegviZlia t-kriteriumi
gamoviyenoT imis Sesamowmeblad, sandod gan-
sxvavdeba Tu ara kriminali mkvlelebisa da
uecari mkvlelebis sqesobrivi rolebis qulebi
erTmaneTisagan. S.2 suraTi aCvenebs, rom sqesob-
rivi rolebis qulebis ganawileba sakmarisad
gansxvavdeba imisaTvis, rom namdvili~ iyos. Tu
saTanado gamoTvlebs CavatarebT, romlebic
Seafasebs sxvaobas or saSualos Soris, rogorc
am or saSualos garSemo variabilobis funqcias,
vnaxavT, rom Zalian mcire Sansia _ 100-dan 5-ze
naklebi (p<0.05), rom aseTi maRali t-s mniSvneloba
miviRoT, Tu ar arsebobs araviTari namdvili
sxvaoba. amdenad, sxvaoba statistikurad sandoa;
anu uecarma mkvlelebma sakuTari Tavi Seafases
rogorc ufro feminuri, vidre kriminalma
mkvlelebma, xolo mkvlelebs Soris sxvaoba
egos zekontrolis qulebSi sando ar aRmoCnda
(p<0.10), amitom ufro frTxilad unda visaubroT
am sxvaobaze. nawinaswarmetyveleb mimarTulebaSi
aris tendencia: sxvaoba isaa, rac SemTxveviT
mxolod 100-dan 10-jer moxdeba, magram es sxvaoba
ver eteva standartSi, romlis mixedviTac is
SemTxveviT 100-dan mxolod 5-jer unda moxdes
(sxvaoba simorcxveSi, romelic sxva, sixSiris
qulebisaTvis saTanado statisikuri kriteriu-
miT iqna gaanalizebuli, maRali sandoobiT
gamoirCeva). amrigad, daskvniTi statistikis
gamoyenebiT SegviZlia pasuxi gavceT im arsebiT
kiTxvebs, romlebiTac daviwyeT. axla TiTqmis
gavarkvieT im adamianebis buneba, vinc uecrad
morcxvi, zomieri adamianidan uecar mkvlelad
iqceva. Tumca, nebismieri daskvna mxolod de-
bulebaa imis Sesaxeb, rom gamokvleul movlenebs
Soris SesaZlo kavSiri arsebobs. zustad amisi
mtkiceba arasodes SegviZlia. mecnierebaSi
miRebuli Sedegebi yovelTvis Riaa Semdeg
Catarebuli da ukeTesi kvlevebis SedegebisaTvis.
rogor gamoviyenoT sworad
mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi
axla ukve viciT, ra aris statistika, rogor
da sad unda gamoviyenoT is, magram isic unda
vicodeT, rom xandaxan mas arasworad iyeneben.
xSirad adamianebi arasando monacemebs mxolod
imitom endobian, rom isini statistikurad
damuSavebulad iTvleba. sxvebi ki ujereben, an
ar ujereben statistikosebis mier mowodebul
informacias raime produqciis, romelime poli-
tikosis, an winadadebis Sesaxeb, magram ar esmiT,
ras asaxaven moyvanili ricxvebi. meore Tavis
bolos ramdenime rCeva mogeciT imis Taobaze,
Tu rogor gaxdeT kvlevis brZeni momxmarebeli.
statistikis am mokle mimoxilvaze dayrdnobiT
SegviZlia es rCeva im situaciebzec ganvavrcoT,
romlebSic adamianebi konkretul statistikur
mosazrebebs gamoTqvamen.
statistikis arasworad gamoyenebis mravali
gza arsebobs. kvlevis nebismier safexurze
miRebul gadawyvetilebas _ dawyebuli iqidan,
vin arian cdis pirebi, rogoraa dagegmili
kvleva, romeli statistikebi gamoiyeneba da
rogor _ Rrma efeqti SeiZleba hqondes im
daskvnebze, romlebsac monacemebze dayrdno-
biT vakeTebT.
sando gansxvaveba (Signifficant difference) _ eqs-
perimentul jgufebs an pirobebs Soris sxvao-
ba, romlis SemTxveviT moxdenis albaToba nak-
lebia, vidre miRebuli sandoobis done; fsi-
qologiaSi aseT doned iyeneben 100-dan 5-ze
nakleb albaTobas, anu p<0.05.
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cdis pirebis SerCevas didi mniSvneloba aqvs
da ar unda gamogveparos, roca kvlevis Sedegebs
vecnobiT. magaliTad, abortis uflebisadmi
damokidebulebis kvleva gansxvavebul Sedegebs
mogvcems imisda mixedviT, sad CavatarebT mas _
samxreTis patara fundamentalistur qalaqSi,
Tu niu iorkis universitetSi. aseve, erTi da
igive gamokiTxvis Sedegebis mixedviT SeiZleba
ori gansxvavebuli Sexedulebis mqone jgufma
_ abortis uflebis momxreebisa da mowi-
naaRmdegeebis _ sxvadasxva daskvna gamoitanos.
maSinac ki, roca cdis pirebi SemTxveviTadaa
SerCeuli da meTodi sworadaa gamoyenebuli,
raTa mikerZoebas ar hqondes adgili, statistikam
SeiZleba mainc araswori Sedegi mogvces, Tu
statisitikis ZiriTad daSvebebs davarRvevT.
magaliTad, warmovidginoT, rom 20 adamians
vutarebT inteleqtis tests, maTgan 19 iRebs 90-
dan 110-mde qulas, xolo erTi _ 220-s. mTeli
jgufis saSualo maCveneblze Zlier zemoq-
medebas moaxdens es erTi calke mdgomi Zalian
maRali monacemi. amgvari monacemebisaTvis
umjobesia medianis an modis gamoyeneba, romelic
ufro reprezentaciuli iqneba jgufis saSualo
inteleqtisa, vidre saSualosi. am SemTxvevaSi
saSualo Seqmnis suraTs, rom jgufis tipur
wevrs maRali IQ aqvs. amgvari mikerZoeba
gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans, roca SerCevis zoma
mcirea, magram 20-is nacvlad 2000 cdis piri
rom gvyoloda, erTi calke mdgomi monacemi
ver moaxdenda aseT did gavlenas da saSualo
jgufis monacemebis reprezentaciuli iqneboda.
amgvari motyuebis Tavidan acilebis kargi
gzaa SerCevis zomis gaTvaliswineba. didi zomis
SerCevisas Secdomis albaToba naklebia. kidev
erTi dazRvevaa centraluri tendenciis yvela
sazomis _ medianis, modis da saSualos naxva.
Tu isini msgavsia, Sedegebis axsna ufro sando
iqneba. kvlevis meTodologia da Sedegebi
yovelTvis yuradRebiT unda gaaanalizoT.
SeamowmeT, moyvanilia Tu ara eqsperimentis
angariSSi ra zomisaa SerCeva, rogoraa gazomili
variabiloba da sandoobis done. naxeT, ramdenad
Seesabameba gamoyenebuli meTodi kvlevis miznebs.
statistika fsiqologiuri kvlevis xerxema-
lia. is gamoiyeneba imisaTvis, rom gavigoT mona-
cemebi da ganvsazRvroT, sworia Tu ara Sedegebi.
fsiqologebi monacemTa sixSiris ganawilebas
amzadeben, iTvlian centraluri tendenciisa da
variabilobis sazomebs. iyeneben korelaciis
koefiecients qulaTa nakrebs Soris kavSiris
siZlieris da mimarTulebis gansasazRvravad;
naxuloben, ramdenad reprezentaciulia mi-
Rebuli Sedegebi da sandod gansxvavdebian Tu
ara populaciisagan. statistika SeiZleba ara-
sworad, an SecdomiTac iyos gamoyenebuli da
SecdomaSi Seiyvanos isini, visac is ar esmis.
magram, roca statistika sworad da eTikurad
aris gamoyenebuli, mkvlevars fsiqologiuri
codnis gafarToebis saSualebas aZlevs.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
aRweriTi statistika
axsniTi statistika
diapazoni
variabilobis sazomebi
korelaciis koeficienti
mediana
moda
normaluri mrudi
sando gansxvaveba
saSualo
sixSireTa ganawileba
standartuli gadaxra
centraluri tendenciis sazomebi
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qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi
3
memkvidreobiToba da
qceva
evolucia da
bunebrivi gadarCeva
adamianis genotipis
cvalebadoba
biologia da qceva
movusminoT tvins
nervuli sistema
Tavis tvinis
struqturebi da maTi
funqciebi
hemisferoTa
lateralizacia
endokrinuli sistema
fsiqologia XXI
saukuneSi: miRwevebi
tvinis funqciebis
lokalizaciis sferoSi
nervuli sistema
moqmedebaSi
neironi
moqmedebis
potenciali
sinafsuri gadacema
neirotransmiterebi
da maTi funqciebi
fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: ra gavlenas
axdens cxovrebiseuli
gamocdileba tvinze
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
58
r
ratom aris TiToeuli Cvengani unikaluri
individi? fineas geijis istoriidan gamom-
dinare, pasuxs am kiTxvaze nawilobriv Tavis
tvini da, ufro zogadad, Tqveni biologiuri
Taviseburebebi gansazRvravs. imis gagebaSi rom
dagexmaroT, Tu ra gangasxvavebT Tqven gar-
SemomyofTagan, Cven aRvwerT, ra rols TamaSobs
memkvidreobiToba Tqveni cxovrebis Camoyali-
bebisa da Tqveni tvinis formirebis saqmeSi.
dafiqrdiT, qcevis ra SesaZleblobebi gaaCniaT
adamianebs da rogor vlindeba es SesaZleb-
lobebi TiToeul CvenganSi?
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kinigzis muSas, fineas geijs, 1948
wlis 13 seqtembers ubeduri Sem-
Txveva mouvida _ moulodneli
afeTqebis Sedegad daaxloebiT erTi metri
sigrZis palo TavSi SeerWo. srul gonebaze myofi
geiji etliT miiyvanes sastumromde, sadac man
kibeebze Tavad SeZlo asvla. momdevno ori-sami
kviris ganmavlobaSi igi sikvdils ebrZoda,
oqtombris Sua ricxvebidan ki misi mdgomareoba
mudmivad umjobesdeboda. jon harlou, eqimi,
romelmac es SemTxveva masaCusetis samedicino
sazogadoebas 1968 wels moaxsena, aRniSnavda,
rom geijis gadarCena samedicino TvalsazrisiT
saswauli iyo:
es SemTxveva daaxloebiT oci wlis win
moxda naklebad cnobil qalaqSi (kavendiSi,
vermonti). SemTxveva naklebad cnobilma
soflis eqimma aRwera da metropolitenis
eqimebmac Zalian didi sifrTxiliT miiRes.
mravali maTgani uars ambobda daejerebina
am adamianis gadarCena, vidre maT TiTebi mis
TavSi arsebul xvrelSi ar Cayves (harlou,
1968, gv. 329).
sinamdvileSi geijs saocrad msubuqi fiziku-
ri dazianebebi hqonda Tumca man dakarga mxed-
veloba marcxena TvalSi da misi saxis marcxena
mxare nawilobriv paralizebuli iyo, magram
misi sxeulis poza, moZraoba da metyveleba uc-
vleli darCa. Tumca, fsiqologiuri Tvalsaz-
risiT, es iyo sxva adamiani, rogorc amas misi
eqimis angariSi adasturebs:
balansi mis inteleqtualur SesaZleb-
lobebsa da cxovelur midrekilebebs Soris
dairRva. is gaxda meryevi, mouridebeli,
RvTisgmobis gamovlenebis momTmeni adamiani
(rac mas adre ar sCveoda). Tavisi megobrebisa
da kolegebis mimarT araviTar pativiscemas
ar amJRavnebs; ver itans veranair SezRudvebs,
an rCevebs, Tu es mis survilebs ar eTanxmeba.
zogjer Zalian jiuti da meryevi uamrav gegmas
awyobs da vidre maT ganxorcielebas daiwyebs,
ukve sxva gegmebze gadadis. Tavis travmamde
is cnobili iyo, rogorc moxerxebuli da
Wkviani biznesmeni, Zalian energiuli da
Tanmimdevruli sakuTari gegmebis aRsrule-
baSi. am TvalsazrisiT, misi goneba radikalu-
rad Seicvala, imdenad cxadad, rom misi
megobrebi erTxmad aRniSnavdnen: es aRar iyo
geiji~ (gv. 339-340).
geijis Semoxveva moxda maSin, rodesac
mecnierebi mxolod iwyebdnen hipoTezebis Seqmnas
tvinis funqciebsa da kompleqsur qcevas Soris
kavSirebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. Tumca aravin
isurvebda geijis saxelganTqmulobis gazia-
rebas, misi SemTxveva dRemde SemorCa istorias,
radganac is warmoadgens yvelaze ufro adreul
dokumentirebul cnobas imis Sesaxeb, rom
fsiqologiur procesebs tvinis cxovelqmedeba
gansazRvravs.
59
wignis es Tavi, garkveulwilad, Tqveni bio-
logiuri potencialis mniSvnelovani aspeqtis
dadasturebas warmoadgens. Tqveni tvini sak-
marisad kompleqsuria imisaTvis, rom sakuTari
funqciebis sistematuri kontroli da koor-
dinireba ganaxorcielos. ratom aris is aseTi
mniSvnelovani? adamianis tvins xSirad komp-
iuters adareben. iwonis ra mxolod 1500 grams,
Tqveni tvini met ujreds Seicavs, vidre var-
skvlavia Cvens galaqtikaSi 100 miliardi
ujredi, romelic erTmaneTTanaa dakavSi-
rebuli da informaciis gacvlasa da Senaxvas
saocari efeqturobiT axerxebs. magram msof-
lioSi yvelaze ufro Zlieri kompiuteric ki
ver SeZlebs im wesebis asaxvas, romlebic mis
sakuTar operaciebs gansazRvraven. ase rom,
Tqven nebismier kompiuterze bevrad ufro
rTuli agebulebisa xarT; Tqveni cnobiereba
saSualebas gaZlevT gansazRvroT is wesebi,
romlebic Tqvens cxovelqmedebas uzrunvel-
yofen. kvleva, romelsac Cven wignis am TavSi
aRvwerT, warmoiqmna adamianis survilidan _
Seicnos sakuTari Tavi.
bevri studentisaTvis es Tavi ufro did
sirTules warmoadgens, vidre mTeli am wignis
darCenili nawili. is moiTxovs Tqvengan ana-
tomiisa da mravali axali terminis swavlas,
romelic TiTqos Zalian Sorsaa im informa-
ciisagan, romelsac Tqven fsiqologiis Sesav-
lis kursSi moelodiT. miuxedavad yvelafrisa,
Tqveni biologiuri bunebis gageba dagexmarebaT
ufro kompleqsurad SeigrZnoT urTierTkavSiri
tvins, gonebas, qcevasa da garemos Soris,
romelic im gansakuTrebul SegrZnebas gansaz-
Rvravs, romelsac adamianad yofna hqvia.
am Tavis mizania, agixsnaT, Tu rogor monawi-
leobs biologia unikaluri individebis Seq-
mnaSi. am miznis misaRwevad Cven jer aRvwerT,
rogor gansazRvravs evolucia da memkvidreo-
biToba Tqvens biologiasa da qcevas; Semdeg
vnaxavT, rogor gvexmareba laboratoriuli da
klinikuri kvleva tvinis, nervuli da endokri-
nuli sistemebis muSaobis SeswavlaSi; amis
Semdgom ganvixilavT saintereso kavSirebs
biologiur funqciebsa da cxovrebiseul
gamocdilebas Soris. dabolos, Cven Sevis-
wavliT individebs Soris gansxvavebas tvinsa
da qcevas Soris kavSiris fonze.
memkvidreobiToba da qceva
pirvel TavSi Cven ganvsazRvreT, rom fsiqo-
logiis erT-erTi umTavresi amocanaa, Seiswav-
los adamianis qcevis mravalferovnebis gamom-
wvevi mizezebi. am mizezebis dadgenaSi dagvex-
mareba kavSir-gansxvaveba iseT punqtebs Soris,
rogoricaa: buneba aRzrda; memkvidreobiToba
garemo. Tqven SegiZliaT warmoidginoT, rom
individebi agresiulni arian maTi biologiuri
Taviseburebebis gamo. SesaZloa maT romelime
mSoblisagan memkvidreobiT ergoT agresiulo-
bisaken midrekileba. alternatiuli variantia
imis daSveba, rom yvela adamianSi agresiuloba
Tanabradaa warmodgenili da misi gamomJRavnebis
xarisxi damokidebulia im garemoze, sadac es
adamianebi aRizardnen. swori pasuxi am kiTxvaze
Zireulad gansazRvravs imas, Tu rogor unda
moepyros sazogadoeba agresiul individs
garemos garkveuli pirobebis Zalisxmeva moax-
maros mas Tu Tavad adamianebis Tvisebebis
Secvlas. Tqven unda SegeZloT ganasxvavoT
garemos gavlena memkvidreobiTobisagan.
radganac garemoze dakvirveba pirdapir
SeiZleba, ufro advilia imis dadgena, Tu
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rogor axdens is gavlenas adamianis qcevaze.
magaliTad, Tqven SegiZliaT daakvirdeT mSob-
lis agresiul qcevas bavSvis mimarT da war-
moidginoT, ra gavlenas moaxdens es momavalSi
bavSvis agresiulobaze; Tqven SegiZliaT daak-
virdeT Warbad dasaxlebul da Rarib gare-
mocvas, romelSic bavSvebi izrdebian da
dainteresdeT, SeuZlia Tu ara am garemo piro-
bebs agresiuli qcevis gamowveva. biologiur
Zalebs, romlebic qcevas gansazRvraven,
SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT verasdros davakvi-
rdebiT. qcevis biologia rom ukeT gaiTavisoT,
Cven daviwyebT zogierTi iseTi principis
aRweriT, romelic saxeobebis qcevis potenciur
repertuars gansazRvravs (evoluciis Teoriis
elementebi) da Semdeg aRvwerT, Tu rogor
gadaecema qceviTi variaciebi Taobidan Taobas.
evolucia da bunebrivi
gadarCeva
1831 wels Carlz darvini, romelmac koleji
Teologiis ganxriT daamTavra, inglisidan gem
bigliT~ gaemgzavra xuTwlian eqspediciaSi
samxreT amerikis sanapiros Sesaswavlad. mog-
zaurobis dros darvini agrovebda yvelafers,
rac ki mas gzad xvdeboda: zRvis cxovelebs,
frinvelebs, mcenareebs, namarxebs, niJarebsa
da qvebs. misi dakvirvebebis Sedegebi safuZ-
vlad daedo wigns, romelic moicavda saki-
Txebs, dawyebuli geologiidan zoologiisa
da emociebis CaTvliT. wigni, romelmac mas
sayovelTaod gauTqva saxeli, aris 1859 wels
gamocemuli `saxeobaTa warmoSoba~. am naSrom-
Si darvinma Camoayaliba mecnierebis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi Teoria _ moZRvreba dedami-
waze sicocxlis evoluciis Sesaxeb.
bunebrivi gadarCeva
darvinma Camoayaliba moZRvreba evoluciis
Sesaxeb, romelSic mogzaurobis dros Segro-
vili dakvirvebebis Sedegebi aisaxa. erT-erTi
im mravalricxovan adgilTa Soris, romelic
biglma~ moinaxula, iyo galapagosis kunZulebi
_ vulkanuri arqipelagi samxreT amerikis dasav-
leT sanapirosTan. am kunZulebze uamravi cxo-
veli binadrobs, maT Soris amJamad `darvinis
skvinCad~ cnobili frinvelis 13 saxeoba. darvini
dainteresda, Tu ratom arsebobda skvinCas
amdeni sxvadasxva saxeoba arqipelagze. cxadi
iyo, rom isini kontinentidan ver gadmovidodnen,
radganac iq es saxeobebi ar binadrobdnen. man
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bunebrivi gadarCeva (Natural selection) darvinis
Teoriis mixedviT, saxeobis zogierTi warmomad-
genlis ukeTesi Segueba garemosadmi, saSualebas
aZlevs mas sxvasTan SedarebiT ufro warmate-
bulad gamravldes.
61
ivarauda, rom saxeobaTa es sxvadasxvaoba gar-
kveuli procesis Sedegi iyo, romelsac mog-
vianebiT bunebrivi gadarCeva uwoda.
darvinis Teoriis Tanaxmad, skvinCas yoveli
saxeoba saerTo winaprisagan warmoiSva. Tavidan
frinvelebis patara gundma daido bina kunZu-
lebze. isini gamravldnen erTmaneTTan Sejva-
rebis gziT. droTa ganmavlobaSi, zogierTi
frinveli arqipelagis sxva kunZulze gadavida.
procesi, romelic Semdgom etapze ganviTarda,
bunebrivi gadarCeva iyo. sakvebi resursebi da
sacxovrebeli pirobebi bunebrivi pirobebi
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva kun-
Zulze. zogan uxvadaa kenkra da Teslovani mce-
nareebi, zogi kunZuli kaqtusebiTaa dafaruli,
xolo zogan uamravi mweria. erTi SexedviT,
populaciebi sxvadasxva kunZulze msgavsi iyo,
magram yovel kunZulze frinvelebs Soris gar-
kveuli araerTgvarovneba SeiniSneboda. imis
gamo, rom kunZulebze sakvebi resursebis raode-
noba SezRuduli iyo, skvinCebis gadarCenis
Sansi izrdeboda, Tu maTi niskartis forma
ukeT iyo misadagebuli am kunZulze arsebuli
sakvebis mopovebasTan. magaliTad, skvinCebi,
romlebic kenkriTa da Teslovani mcenareebiT
mdidar kunZulebze binadrobdnen, gadarCebod-
nen, Tu msxvili niskarti eqnebodaT. frinvelebi
wvrili, wawvetebuli niskartiT, romelic
mouxerxebelia Teslis gatexvisa Tu gaxsnisa-
Tvis, aseT kunZulebze iRupebodnen. yoveli kun-
Zulis garemo pirobebi gansazRvravda, frin-
velebis sawyisi populaciidan romeli gadar-
Ceboda da gamravldeboda da romeli daiRu-
peboda STamomavlobis gareSe. droTa ganmav-
lobaSi aman gamoiwvia kunZulebze Zalian
gansxvavebuli populaciebis Camoyalibeba da
xeli Seuwyo saerTo winaprisagan `darvinis
skvinCebis~ sxvadasxva saxeobebis ganviTarebas.
zogadad, bunebrivi gadarCevis Teoria gu-
lisxmobs, rom organizmi, romelic kargad aris
Seguebuli bunebriv garemos, rogoric ar unda
iyos is, ufro met STamomavlobas tovebs, vidre
naklebad Seguebuli. droTa ganmavlobaSi, or-
ganizmebi, romelTac gadarCenisaTvis saWiro
niSan-Tvisebebi gaaCniaT, ricxobrivad imateben
imaTTan SedarebiT, romelTac es niSan-Tvisebebi
ar aqvT. evoluciisaTvis individis warmateba
izomeba mis mier datovebuli STamomavlobis
raodenobiT.
Tanamedrove gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom bu-
nebriv gadarCevas mokle drois ganmavlobaSic
ki dramatuli efeqtebis gamowveva SeuZlia.
peter da rozmari grantebis mier (Grant & Grant,
1989; Grant, 1986; Weiner, 1994) galapagosis arqi-
pelagis erT-erT kunZulze `darvinis skvinCebze~
Catarebul iqna gamokvlevaTa seria, romlis
drosac registrirebul iqna naleqebis raode-
noba, sakvebis miwodeba da frinvelebis popu-
laciis zoma. 1976 wels populacia moicavda
aTasze met skvinCas. momdevno wels gamanad-
gurebelma gvalvam mospo sakvebis maragi. patara
zomis Teslebi gamoifita, darCa mxolod didi
da uxeSi. im wels frinvelTa populacia Sem-
cirda 80%-ze metiT, Tumca, unda aRiniSnos,
rom patara niskartebis mqone mcire zomis skvin-
Cebi ufro meti daiRupa, vidre mozrdili zomis
frinveli msxvili niskartiT. Sesabamisad, ro-
gorc amas darvini winaswarmetyvelebda, momdev-
no wels didi zomis frinvelTa raodenobam
imata. ratom? imitom, rom mxolod eseni, didi
sxeulebiTa da msxvili niskartebiT iyvnen
sakmarisad Zlierni imisaTvis, rom epasuxaT
gvalviT gamowveuli garemos cvlilebebisaTvis.
sainteresoa, rom 1983 wels naleqebis raodenoba
Warbi iyo da Teslebi, gansakuTrebiT mcire
zomis, uxvad ganviTarda. Sedegad, mcire zomis
frinvelebma raodenobiT ajobes didi zomis
frinvelebs imitom, rom maTi niskartebi ukeT
iyo morgebuli mcire zomis Teslebis mo-
povebasTan. peter da rozmari grantebis kvlevam
aCvena, rom bunebrivi gadarCeva mniSvnelovan
efeqtebs drois mokle periodSic iZleva.
mkvlevrebi dResac agrZeleben sxvadasxva
saxeobebis bunebriv gadarCevaze garemo piro-
bebis gavlenis Seswavlas, maT Soris evropul
xilis buzze (Huey et al., 200) da Tevzebis sxva-
dasxva saxeobaze (Rundle et. al., 2000).
genotipi da fenotipi
skvinCebis populaciis zrda-Semcirebis maga-
liTi cxadyofs, Tu ratom uwodebda darvini
evoluciis process ukeT Seguebulis gadar-
Cenas. warmoidgineT, rom yoveli saxeobisaTvis
nebismier garemoSi uamravi saarsebo sirTule
moiZebneba. saxeobis is warmomadgenlebi, ro-
melTac garemosTan ukeT Sexamebuli fiziku-
ri da fsiqologiuri atributebi gaaCniaT,
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ufro advilad gadarCebian. imis gaTvalis-
winebiT, rom am atributebis gadacema SesaZloa
Taobidan TaobaSi (da garemoSi es sirTuleebi
droTa ganmavlobaSi narCundeba), saxeobis
evoluciis Sansi izrdeba.
bunebrivi gadarCevis procesis detaluri Ses-
wavlis mizniT, Cven unda SemovitanoT evolu-
ciuri Teoriis ramdenime mniSvnelovani cneba.
modiT, SevCerdeT calkeul skvinCaze, kerZodDki
im faqtze, rom am skvinCam misi mSoblebisgan
memkvidreobiT genotipi, anu genetikuri struq-
tura miiRo. konkretuli garemos konteqstSi
am genotipma gansazRvra skvinCis ganviTareba
da qceva. skvinCis garegnoba da misi qcevis
repertuari ganixileba, rogorc fenotipi. Cveni
skvinCas SemTxvevaSi genotipi gansazRvravs mo-
cemul garemo pirobebTan erTad mokle niskar-
tis fenotips. am niskartiT SesaZlebelia patara
Teslebis akrefa. yvela tipis Tesli mravlad
rom yofiliyo, maSin am fenotips gadar-
CenisaTvis araviTari mniSvneloba eqneboda,
magram, Tu davuSvebdiT, rom mxolod mcire
zomis Teslebis mopoveba yofiliyo SesaZlebeli,
maSin Cvens skvinCas msxvili niskartis mqone
skvinCebTan SedarebiT seleqciuri upiratesoba
eqneboda. mxolod didi zomis Teslebis
arsebobis pirobebSi iqneboda Cveni skvinCa
araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi.
mxolod gadarCenil skvinCebs SeuZliaT
gamravleba. memkvidreobiT TavianTi genotipis
gadacema SeuZliaT mxolod im cxovelebs,
romlebic mravldeba. Sesabamisad, Tuki garemoSi
mxolod mcire zomis Teslebi moipoveba, mravali
Taobis Semdeg mxolod mcireniskartian skvinCebs
miviRebT, Sesabamisad, mxolod mcire zomis
Teslebis mopovebis unariT. ase cvlis garemo
saxeobis qcevis SesaZlo repertuars. suraTi
3.1 warmogvidgens bunebrivi gadarCevis gamartive-
bul models. Cven SegviZlia es idea adamianis
evoluciasac mivusadagoT.
adamianis evolucia
Tuki gadavxedavT im garemoebebs, romlebSic
adamianis saxeobis evolucia moxda, mivxvdebiT,
Tu ratom warmoadgenen garkveuli fizikuri
da qceviTi Tvisebebi adamianis saxeobis bio-
logiuri kapitalis nawils. adamianis evolu-
ciaSi bunebrivi gadarCevisTvis ori umTavresi
Tviseba bipedalizmi da encefalizacia iyo
gadamwyveti. orivem erTad ganapiroba kacob-
riobis civilizaciis warmoqmna. bipedalizmi
niSnavs or fexze amarTulad siarulis unars,
genotipi (Genotype) organizmis genetikuri
struqtura, romelsac is mSoblebisagan mem-
kvidreobiT iRebs.
fenotipi (Phenotype) organizmis xiluli niSan-
Tvisebebi, romlebic misi genotipisa da garemos
urTierTqmedebis Sedegad yalibdeba.
rogor muSaobs bunebrivi gadarCeva
garemo pirobebis cvlileba ganapirobebs saxeobis
wevrebs Soris konkurencias resursebisaTvis
brZolaSi. mxolod im individebs, romelTac am
cvlilebebTan ukeT Seguebuli Tvisebebi gaaCniaT,
eqnebaT gadarCenisa da gamravlebis Sansi. momdevno
TaobaSi Seguebul genetikuri struqturis mqone
individTa raodenoba meti iqneba.
suraTi
3.1
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xolo encefalizacia Tavis tvinis zomis moma-
tebas. es ori adaptacia pasuxismgebelia ada-
mianis evoluciis umravles Tu ara, yvela miR-
wevaze, kulturuli ganviTarebis CaTvliT.
rodesac Cvenma winaprebma SeZles or fexze
amarTuli siaruli, maT SeiZines garemos Ses-
wavlisa da axali resursebis eqspluataciis
unari. Tavis tvinis zomis momatebasTan erTad
ki maTi inteleqti gaumjobesda, maT SeiZines
kompleqsuri azrovnebis, msjelobis, damaxsovre-
bisa da dagegmvis unari (Tumca unda aRiniSnos,
rom ufro didi tvinis evolucia ar warmoadgens
ufro didi inteleqtis garantias mniSvnelo-
vani iyo is, Tu ra tipis tvinis qsovili viTar-
deboda da ra adgils ikavebda is tvinis far-
glebSi). genotipma, romelic gansazRvravda
Wkvian da mobilur fenotips, nel-nela gandevna
naklebad warmatebulad adaptirebuli genoti-
pebi adamianTa genuri fondidan, ramac gamrav-
lebis unari ufro Wkvian orfexa arsebebs misca.
bipedalizmisa da encefalizaciis Semdeg,
Cveni saxeobis evoluciis gzaze yvelaze ufro
mniSvnelovani etapi iyo metyvelebis warmoqmna
(Bicketron, 1990; Holden, 1998). ifiqreT, ra SeguebiTi
upiratesoba SeeZlo moetana metyvelebis ganvi-
Tarebas adreuli periodis adamianebisaTvis.
iaraRebis gakeTebisaTvis saWiro martivi miTi-
Tebebi, kargi sanadiro Tu saTevzao adgilebis
povna da saSiSroebis Tavidan acileba zogavda
dros, Zalas da sicocxles. imis magivrad, rom
yovel jerze Tavidan eswavlaT sakuTari
gamocdilebidan cdisa da Secdomis meTodiT,
adamianebma SeZles sxvaTa gamocdilebis
gamoyeneba. saubari, iumoric ki, aZlierebda
socialur kavSirebs bunebrivad isedac sazo-
gadoebrivi saxeobis wevrebs Soris. yvelaze
mniSvnelovania is, rom metyvelebis warmoqmna-
ganviTarebam SesaZlo gaxada dagrovili codnis
gadacema Taobidan Taobaze.
metyveleba warmoadgens kulturuli evo-
luciis bazas _ kulturebis tendencias, daswav-
lis gziT adapturad upasuxos garemos cvli-
lebebs. kulturulma evoluciam ganapiroba
iaraRebis warmoebis warmateba, soflis
meurneobis gaumjobeseba da industriisa da teq-
nologiebis ganviTareba da daxvewa. kulturuli
evolucia saSualebas gvaZlevs Zalian swrafad
SeveguoT garemo pirobebis cvlilebebs.
personaluri kompiuteris gamoyenebis Segueba,
magaliTad, bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi gan-
viTarda. miuxedavad amisa, kulturuli evolucia
ver iarsebebs genotipis gareSe, romelic ko-
direbs daswavlisa da abstraqtuli azrovnebis
unars. kulturis arseboba xelovnebis, li-
teraturis, musikis, samecniero codnisa da fi-
lantropiuli aqtivobebis CaTvliT SesaZ-
lebelia mxolod adamianis genotipis poten-
cialis gamo.
adamianis genotipis cvalebadoba
Tqven naxeT, rom adamianis evoluciis dros
upiratesoba saziaro biologiur potencials
eniWeboda _ bipedalizmi da azrovnebisa da
metyvelebis unari. magram am saziaro potencia-
lSic rCeba adgili sagrZnobi variaciebisaTvis.
Tqvenma ded-mamam gadmogcaT mxolod nawili
imisa, rac maT mSoblebisgan, bebia-babuisagan
da Tqveni ojaxis yvela sxva wina Taobisagan
hqondaT miRebuli, ramac Sedegad mogvca Tqveni
ganviTarebis unikaluri biologiuri gegma.
memkvidreobiTobis (winaprebis fizikuri da fsi-
qologiuri niSan-Tvisebebis miReba) meqanizmis
Semswavlel mecnierebas genetika ewodeba.
genetikis safuZvlebi
Tqveni yoveli ujredis birTvSi moTavsebu-
lia genetikuri masala, romelsac dnm (dezoq-
siribonukleinis mJava) ewodeba. dnm organize-
bulia umcires nawilakebad, genebad. genebis
zusti raodenoba adamianis genomSi (genTa
erToblioba) dRemde araa cnobili; asaxeleben
ricxvs 30 000-dan 150 000-mde (Pennisi, 2000). genebi
Seicaven cilebis sinTezisaTvis saWiro in-
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struqciebs. es cilebi aregulireben sxeulSi
mimdinare fiziologiur procesebs da gana-
pirobeben fenotipis eqspresias: sxeulis for-
mas, fizikur Zalas da bevr sxva qceviT Tvisebas.
genebi moTavsebulia struqturebze, romel-
Tac qromosomebi ewodebaT. Casaxvis momentSi
Tqven iRebT mSoblebisagan 46 qromosomas 23-
s dedisgan da 23-s mamisgan. yoveli qromosoma
aTasobiT gens Seicavs. spermisa da kvercxuj-
redis Serwyma Sedegad gvaZlevs genTa mravali
milioni SesaZlo kombinaciidan mxolod erTs.
sasqeso qromosomebi Seicaven informacias mam-
risa Tu mdedris fizikuri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.
Tqven iRebT X qromosomas dedisgan da X an Y
qromosomas mamisgan. XX kombinacia ganapirobebs
mdedrobiTi Tvisebebis ganviTarebas, xolo XY
kombinacia mamrobiTi Tvisebebisas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tqvens dedmamiSvi-
lebTan Tqven daaxloebiT genTa 50% saerTo
gaqvT, genTa Tqveni kombinacia absoluturad
unikaluria, Tuki Tqven ar gyavT erTkvercxiani
tyupi. genebs Soris sxvaoba aris erT-erTi
mizezi, Tu ratom gansxvavdebiT Tqven fizi-
kurad da qceviTac Tqveni Zmebisa da debisagan.
sxva mizezi ki isaa, rom Tqven ar cxovrobT
absoluturad identur garemoSi. fsiqologiis
mniSvnelovani mizania, zemoqmedebis am or
wyaros Soris wonasworobis (balansis) gageba.
memkvidreobiToba (Heredity) niSan-Tvisebebis bio-
logiuri gadacema mSoblebidan STamomavlobaze.
genetika (Genetics) mecniereba winaprebisgan mi-
Rebuli fizikuri da fsiqologiuri Tvisebebis
memkvidreobiTobis Sesaxeb.
dnm (dezoqsiribonukleinis mJava) (DNA deox-
yribonucleic acid) _ genetikuri informaciis gada-
cemis fizikuri baza.
geni (Genes) memkvidreobiTobis fizikuri erTe-
uli; qromosomebis patara ubani, romelic
pasuxismgebelia Tvisebebis gadacemaze.
sasqeso qromosoma (Sex chrolosomes) qromosomebi,
sadac Tavmoyrilia mamrobiTi Tu mdedrobiTi
Tvisebebis matarebeli genebi.
adamianis qcevis genetika (Human behavior genetics)
mecniereba, romelic qcevisa da Tvisebebis
individualuri gansxvavebebis genetikur kompo-
nentebs Seiswavlis.
genebi da qceva
Cven vnaxeT, rom evoluciurma procesma SesaZ-
lo gaxada adamianis genotipSi uamravi cvale-
badobis arseboba. am genotipTa urTierTqmedeba
garemosTan qmnis cvalebadobas adamianTa
fenotipSi. adamianTa qcevis genetikis sferoSi
mkvlevrebi Tanabrad iyeneben genetikisa da fsi-
qologiis meTodebs, raTa Seiswavlon mizezob-
rivi urTierTkavSiri niSan-TvisebaTa memkvid-
reobiTobasa da qcevas Soris (Maccoby, 2000;
Plomin & Rende, 1991; Plomin et al., 1994).
qceviTi genetikis logikis Sesaswavlad Cven
unda aRvweroT saocari aRmoCena: Tqveni su-
bieqturi kargad yofnis bednierebis, romel-
sac Tqven Tqveni cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi ganic-
diT safuZvels, SesaZloa, genetikuri kompo-
nenti gansazRvravdes.
saidan
viciT
bednierebis memkvidreobiToba
bednierebis genetikuri komponentis
Sesaswavlad mkvlevrebma qceviTi genetikis
klasikuri meTodi gamoiyenes. maT Seis-
wavles monozigoturi (genetikurad iden-
turi, MZ) da dizigoturi (e.w. fraternuli
anu sibsebis msgavsi, DZ) tyupebis mier
sakuTari bednierebis Sefaseba. tyupebis
bednierebis done fasdeboda specialuri
kiTxvariT, romelSic iyo aseTi tipis
kiTxvebic, magaliTad, sxvebTan SedarebiT,
ramdenad bednieri xarT?~mkvlevrebma
Seiswavles MZ da DZ pasuxebis ori seria,
rodesac respondentebi Sesabamisad 20 da
30 wlisa iyvnen. maT Caatares e.w. jvaredini
analizi (sur. 3.2): 30 wlis respondentis
gamonaTqvami Seadares misi tyupiscalis
gamonaTqvams 20 wlis asakSi. gamoirkva,
rom TiTqmis ar arsebobda korelacia DZ
tyupebis pasuxebs Soris maSin, rodesac
MZ tyupebSi pasuxebis 80%-is korelacia
jvaredini analizis Sedegad dadasturda.
mecnierebis warmodgeniT, es maRali kore-
lacia SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod im daSve-
biT, rom bednierebas genetikuri komponenti
aqvs (Lykken & Tellegen, 1996).
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xom ar gagikvirdaT, rom bednierebasac ki
SesaZloa Zlieri genetikuri komponenti
hqondes? Tqven, albaT, fiqrobT, rom bednierebas
garemo ufro metad gansazRvravs. Tqven
romantiuli urTierToba gaqvT? ramdenad
rTulia Tqveni swavlis procesi? romelia
Tqveni cxovrebis mTavari winaaRmdegobebi?
mkvlevrebs miaCniaT, rom garemos aseTi
movlenebi dabadebis dros miRebuli bed-
nierebis saSualo donis~ garkveul variaciebs
iwvevs. analogiisaTvis gaixseneT rogor mu-
Saobs Termostati. davuSvaT, Tqven temperatura
daayeneT 20C-ze garemo garkveulad Secvlis
am temperaturas, magram saSualo maCvenebeli
igive darCeba. bednierebis sakiTxis kvlevam
aCvena, rom yovel Cvengans aqvs bednierebis
donis raRac sawyisi maCvenebeli (analogiiT,
magaliTad, 20C, an 30C), romelic narCundeba
mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare
movlenebis miuxedavad, magram aucilebelia,
rom amas geni (an genebi) gansazRvravdes? gaix-
seneT wignis meore Tavidan: korelacia ar aris
mizezobrioba~. SesaZloa, rom individis qcevis
sxva aspeqtebma, an gamocdilebam gansazRvros
genetikurad ganpirobebuli bednierebis gamov-
lena. identuri da dizigoturi tyupebis
magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom genomis elementebs
aqvT gavlena bednierebaze. davuSvaT, rom Tqveni
genetikuri memkvidreoba gansazRvravs, Tu
rogor afasebT momxdar movlenebs rom Tqveni
da an Zma genetikurad ganwyobilia ufro metad
daiTrgunos umniSvnelo problemebisagan. Tqven,
SesaZloa, ufro bednieri iyoT, magram genetika
gansazRvravs, Tu rogor axdenT Tqven samyaros
interpretacias, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ganapiro-
bebs gansxvavebebs bednierebaSi, an, SesaZloa,
saSualo keTildReoba warmoadgens balanss
pozitiuri da negatiuri emociebis gamomwvev
genebs Soris (Hamer, 1996). rogori axsnac ar
unda moiZebnos, erTi ram cxadia: mSoblebisagan
miRebuli genebi ufro farTo gavlenas axdenen
Tqvenze, vidre mxolod Tvalis ferisa Tu
Tqveni simaRlis gansazRvra.
daimaxsovreT, rom genebSi Tqveni bedis kodi
araa Cadebuli. is rom Tqven maRali xarT, ar
niSnavs, rom kalaTburTi unda iTamaSoT; is,
rom Tqven qali xarT, ar niSnavs, rom auci-
leblad bavSvebi unda gaaCinoT. yovelTvis
gaxsovdeT, rom genotipis eqspresia mxolod
garkveul konteqstSia SesaZlebeli. fizikuri
zoma, magaliTad, ganpirobebulia genetikuri
masaliTa da kvebis racioniT erToblivad.
fizikuri Zala rogorc mamakacebSi, ise qalebSi,
SesaZloa, ganviTarebul iqnes specialuri savar-
jiSoebis meSveobiT. inteleqtualuri ganviTa-
reba ganpirobebulia rogorc genetikuri poten-
cialiT, ise aRzrdis pirobebiT. verc marto
genebi da verc marto garemo ver gansazRvravs,
vin xarT Tqven da ra pirovnebad CamoyalibdebiT.
adamianis qcevis genetikaSi gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba individualuri gansxvavebebis war-
moSobis Seswavlas eTmoba: individualuri
genetikuri masalis ra faqtorebi gansazRvraven
Tqveni azrovnebisa da qcevis maneras? sociobio-
logebi cdiloben am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas
qcevis farTo speqtris fonze. es sfero Seis-
wavlis socialur qcevas da adamianebisa da
sxva cxovelebis socialuri sistemebis evo-
luciur safuZvlebs. modiT bednierebaSi ufro
meti vigulisxmoT. Cven mxolod qceviTi ge-
netikis kvleva aRvwereT, romelic bednierebis
sferoSi individualur gansxvavebebs Seis-
sociobiologia (Sociobiology) mecniereba,
romelic Seiswavlis adamianTa da cxovelTa
socialur sistemebs da sociualuri qcevis
evoluciur safuZvlebs.
suraTi
3.2
bednierebis genetikis safuZvlis
Semswvleli cdis sqema
mecnierebma Seiswavles korelacia erTi tyupis
bednierebisdoneebs Soris 20 da 30 wlis asakSi
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wavlis, magram rogor SeiZleba aixsnas evo-
luciuri perspeqtividan adamianis saxeobis
zogadi unari bednierebis gancdisa? basi (2000)
uSvebs, rom adamianTa bednierebaSi garkveuli
SezRudvebia Tanamedrove da Zvel garemoebebs
Soris arsebuli Seusabamobebis~ gamo. maga-
liTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianebi mcire
zomis jgufebis konteqstSi ganviTardnen, bevri
dRes did urbanul garemoSi cxovrobs, sadac
didi raodenobiT ucxoebiT aris garemoculi.
Cven aRar SegvrCa mWidro kavSirebi individTa
im jgufebTan, romelTanac saarsebo sivrces
viyofT; kavSirebi, romlebic gvexmareba bed-
nieri cxovrebis gancdaSi. ra SeiZleba gakeT-
des? miuxedavad imisa, rom Tqven ar SegiZliaT
ukan daabrunoT am cvlilebebis gamomwvevi kul-
turuli evolucia, Tqven SegiZliaT arsebuli
viTarebis kompensireba Tqvens ojaxTan da megob-
rebTan mWidro kavSirebis damyarebiT (Buss, 2000).
Sejameba
saxeobebi warmoiqmneba da icvleba drois
ganmavlobaSi bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegad,
romelic warmoadgens organizmis unars,
sxvadasxva intensivobiT gamravldes fenoti-
puri Tvisebebisa da garemos Soris urTierT-
qmedebis gamo. adamianis evoluciaSi ori um-
Tavresi Segueba iyo _ bipedalizmi da encefa-
lizacia. metyvelebis ganviTarebam SesaZlo
gaxada swrafi kulturuli evolucia.
adamianis qceviTi genetikis mkvlevrebi Seis-
wavlian kavSirs memkvidreobiT miRebul geneb-
sa da qcevas Soris. sociobiologebi iyeneben
evoluciur midgomas saxeobebis socialuri
qcevis gagebisaTvis.
biologia da qceva
modiT, axla Cveni yuradReba adamianis geno-
tipis mniSvnelovan produqts mivapyroT _ im
biologiur sistemebs, romelTa meSveobiTac
azrovnebisa da qcevis mTel speqtrs vaxorcie-
lebT. bevrad ufro adre darvinis mogzau-
robamde, mecnierebi, filosofosebi da sxvebi
msjelobdnen, Tu ra rols asruleben biolo-
giuri sistemebi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.
tvinis Seswavlis istoriaSi erT-erTi umniSvne-
lovanesi figura iyo rene dekarti (1596-1650),
romelmac SemogvTavaza im droisaTvis Zalzed
radikaluri idea: adamianis sxeuli aris cxo-
veluri manqana~, romelic SeiZleba mecnieru-
lad SeviswavloT empiriuli dakvirvebis
gziT bunebrivi kanonebis aRmoCenis meSveobiT.
dekarti Tvlida, rom adamianis qmedeba aris
meqanikuri refleqsi garemos mxridan stimu-
laciis sapasuxod. man ivarauda, rom fizikuri
energia aagznebs grZnobis organos. stimu-
lirebis Semdeg grZnobis organo gadascems
tvins agznebas cxoveluri sulis~ meSveobiT;
tvini, Tavis mxriv, gadascems cxovelur suls
kunTebis Sesabamis jgufs, romelic moZraobiT
refleqsur pasuxs axorcielebs.
refleqsis dekartiseul cnebas mecnieruli
dasabuTeba ar hqonda 1906 wlamde, rodesac
ser Carlz Seringtonma aRmoaCina, rom refleq-
sebis safuZvels warmoadgenen pirdapiri kav-
Sirebi sensorul da motorul nervul boW-
koebs Soris zurgis tvinis doneze. Serington-
ma wamoayena idea, rom nervuli sistema rogorc
amagznebel (nervuli aqtivobis gaZliereba),
ise Semakavebel (nervuli aqtivobis Semcireba)
procesebs moicavs. XX saukunis dasawyisamde
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mecnierebma araferi icodnen nervuli sistemis
struqturuli erTeulis, neironis Sesaxeb. san-
tiago ramon kaxali iyo pirveli, vinc aRmoaCina
fizikuri zRvari mezobel neironebs Soris da
ganaviTara Teoria neironebs Soris informaciis
gadacemis Sesaxeb. 50 wlis Semdeg eleqtronuli
mikroskopis gamoyenebam daadastura misi ideebi.
1948 wels donald hebma ivarauda, rom tvini
ara mxolod nervuli qsovilis masaa, aramed
integrirebuli struqturebis, e.w. ujreduli
ansamblebis~ erToblioba, romelic specifikur
funqciebs asrulebs.
dekartis Semdeg moxseniebuli mkvlevrebi
Tavs neiromecnierebs uwodeben. dRes, neiro-
mecniereba kvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro
swrafad ganviTarebadi sferoa. mniSvnelovani
aRmoCenebi gamaognebeli regularobiT xdeba.
neiromecnierebis Sesaxeb Cveni saubari daiwye-
ba im teqnikuri meTodebis aRweriT, romlebsac
mkvlevrebi axali aRmoCenebisaTvis iyeneben.
Semdeg gavecnobiT nervuli sistemis zogad
struqturas, romelsac tvinis ufro detaluri
Seswavla mosdevs. dabolos, Cven gavecnobiT
endokrinuli sistemis moqmedebas meore
makontrolebel biologiur sistemas, romelic
nervul sistemasTan erTad muSaobs.
movusminoT tvins
neiromecnierebi cdiloben sxvadasxva meTo-
debis meSveobiT Seiswavlon tvinis muSaoba
dawyebuli operaciebiT did, TvalisaTvis
dasanax struqturebze, damTavrebuli ujre-
debiT, romelTa danaxva mxolod Zlieri
mikroskopis qveSaa SesaZlebeli. mkvlevrebis
mier gamoyenebul teqnikas analizis garkveuli
done Seesabameba. aq Cven ganvixilavT yvelaze
ufro xSirad gamoyenebad meTodebs, romlebic
Tavis tvinis ubnebis funqciebisa Tu qcevis
gansazRvrisaTvisaa saWiro.
intervencia tvinSi
mravali kvleviTi meTodi neiromecnierebaSi
tvinSi pirdapir intervencias gulisxmobs. es
meTodebi istoriul sawyiss fineas geijis Sem-
Txvevidan iReben, romliTac wignis es Tavi
daviwyeT. geijis Tavis tvinis dazianebis Semdeg
qcevis dramatulma cvlilebebma eqimebs afiq-
rebina, rom tvini warmoadgens racionaluri
qcevisa da pirovnuli Tvisebebis safuZvels.
TiTqmis imave periodSi, rodesac geiji travmis
Semdeg mdgomareobidan gamodioda, pol broka
swavlobda tvinis rols metyvelebaSi. misi
pirveli kvleva am sferoSi warmoadgenda ada-
mianis autofsias, romelsac Searqves tan~
im erTaderTi sityvis mixedviT, romlis war-
moTqmac mas SeeZlo. brokam naxa, rom tanis~
tvinis Sublis marcxena ubani Zlier dazia-
nebuli iyo. am aRmoCenam ubiZga brokas Sees-
wavla im pacientebis tvini, romelTac metyve-
lebis darRveva hqondaT. yvela SemTxvevaSi
broka poulobda msgavs dazianebas tvinis igive
ubanSi, romelsac axla `brokas are~ ewodeba.
Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi kvlavac cdiloben
ipovon Sesabamisoba qcevis cvlilebebsa da
tvinis dazianebas Soris.
neiromecniereba (Neuroscience) moZRvreba nervu-
li sistemisa da qcevaze misi gavlenis Sesaxeb.
brokas are (Brocas area) Tavis tvinis ubani,
romelic azrebs metyvelebasa da/an JestebSi
gardaqmnis.
dazianeba (Lesions) tvinis qsovilis daSaveba.
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SemTxveviT dazianebuli tvinis SeswavlaSi
garkveul problemas warmoadgens is, rom mec-
nierebs ar SeuZliaT Tavad gansazRvron dazia-
nebis ubani da zoma. tvinis safuZvliani Ses-
wavlisa da qceviT Tu kognitur funqciebs
Soris kavSirebis dadgenis mizniT mecnierebs
sWirdebaT meTodebi, romlebic maT tvinis
dazianebuli qsovilis zusti specifikaciis
saSualebas miscems. mkvlevrebma ganaviTares
meTodebi, romelTa saSualebiTac SesaZloa
zustad gansazRvruli dazianebebis gamowveva.
maT SeuZliaT, magaliTad, tvinis gansazRvruli
ubnebis mocileba, am ubnebis neironuli
kavSirebis gadaWra, an am ubnebis dazianeba
sicxis, sicivisa Tu eleqtrobis gamoyenebiT.
rogorc, albaT, mixvdiT, tvinis eqsperimentuli
dazianeba mxolod sacdel cxovelebze, da ara
adamianebze, xorcieldeba (gaixseneT Cveni
diskusia wignis meore TavSi, rom cxovelebze
aseTi tipis eqsperimentebis eTika amJamad
umkacres kontrols eqvemdebareba). tvinis
Cveneuli gageba radikalurad Seicvala,
rodesac mecnierebma Seadares da Seiswavles
cxovelebze dazianebiTi cdebis Sedegebi
adamianebis klinikuri monacemebis Sedegebs.
garkveul pirobebSi mecnierebs SeuZliaT
tvinis funqciebis Seswavla misi ubnebis pir-
dapiri stimulaciis meSveobiT. magaliTad, XX
saukunis 50-ian wlebSi, valter hesi iyo tvinis
Rrma struqturebis eleqtruli stimulaciis
pioneri. man Canerga eleqtrodebi Tavisuflad
moZravi katis tvinSi. Rilakze TiTis daWeriT
mas SeeZlo Canergil eleqtrodSi eleqtruli
muxtis gamowveva. hesma daaxloebiT 500 kataze
detalurad Seiswavla tvinis 4500 ubnis eleq-
truli stimulaciis Sedegebi da aRmoaCina, rom
eleqtrodis lokalizaciis mixedviT SesaZle-
beli iyo Rilakze TiTis daWeriT Zilis, sqe-
sobrivi aqtivobis, SiSisa Tu SfoTvis gamowveva
an, Sesabamisad, gamorTva. magaliTad, tvinis
gansazRvruli regionebis eleqtruli stimu-
lacia iwvevda mSvidi katebis agresiulobas.
tvinis aqtivobis registracia da
warmosaxva
zogi neiromecnieri tvinis funqciebis kar-
tirebas axdens gareSe stimulaciaze tvinis
eleqtruli aqtivobis eleqtrodebiT registra-
ciis meSveobiT. tvinis eleqtruli aqtivoba
SesaZloa sxvadasxva sizustiT iqnes Seswav-
lili. yvelaze ufro specifikur doneze mkvlev-
rebi tvinSi ultramgrZnobiare mikroeleq-
trodebs aTavseben misi calkeuli ujredebis
eleqtruli aqtivobis Caweris mizniT. aseTi
registracia naTels hfens individualuri
neironis aqtivobis cvlilebebs garemo stimu-
laciaze sapasuxod.
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adamianebisaTvis mecnierebi xSirad iyeneben
sxva tipis eleqtrodebs, romlebsac Tavis zeda-
pirze aTavseben didi, integrirebuli eleqtru-
li aqtivobis registraciis mizniT. am eleqtro-
debiT iwereba eleqtroencefalograma (eeg), anu
tvinis aqtivobis gaZlierebuli Canaweri. eeg-s
iyeneben fsiqologiur aqtivobasa da tvinis
pasuxebs Soris kavSiris dasadgenad. magaliTad,
erT eqsperimentSi pacients warmoudgenen saxe-
ebis serias da sTxoven maT damaxsovrebas. eeg-
ze aRiniSneba am dros tvinis specifikuri aqti-
voba (Sommer et al., 1995).
yvelaze ufro SesaniSnavia is teqnikuri
meTodebi, romlebic Tavdapirvelad neiroqi-
rurgebisaTvis iyo SemuSavebuli insultisa Tu
sxva daavadebebis mkurnalobaSi daxmarebis miz-
niT. es mowyobilobebi cocxal, aqtiur tvins
aCveneben invaziuri procesebis gareSe, rac
qsovilis dazianebis risks mniSvnelovnad amci-
rebs. tvinis warmosaxva Zalian imedismomcemi
meTodia misi normaluri Tu paTologiuri fun-
qciebis SeswavlisaTvis (Barinaga, 1997; Posner, 1993).
pozitronul-emisiuri tomografiis (anu PET-
skani) gamoyenebis dros cdis pirs Seuyvanen
radiaqtiur (magram ara mavne) substanciebs,
romlebic tvins aRweven da garkveuli ujre-
debis mier STainTqmebian. Tavis gareT moTav-
sebuli Camweri xelsawyoebi am dros afiqsireben
radiaqtiurad moniSnul ujredebs, romlebic
sxvadasxva kognitiuri Tu qceviTi aqtivobis
drosaa aqtiuri. es infromacia gadaecema
kompiuters, romelSic tvinis dinamiuri ruka
dgeba da romelic uCvenebs, Tu sad mimdinareobs
fiziologiuri aqtivobis sxvadasxva tipi.
magnitur-rezonansuli tomografia (MRI) iye-
nebs magnitur velebs da radiotalRebs tvinis
SigniT energiis pulsebis warmoqmnisaTvis.
radganac pulsebi sxvadasxva sixSiriTaa daye-
nebuli, zogi atomi magnituri velis parale-
lurad ganTavsdeba. rodesac magnituri pulsi
iTiSeba, atomebi vibrirebas (rezonirebas) iwye-
ben sawyis mdgomareobaSi dabrunebis gamo. spe-
cialuri radio iWers am signalebs da gadaaqvs
eleqtroencefalograma (eeg) (Electroencephalogram
- EEG) tvinis eleqtruli aqtivobis registra-
cia.
PET-skani (PET-scans) tvinis suraTebi, romlebic
sxvadasxva kognitiuri Tu qceviTi aqtivobis
dros cocxali tvinis aqtivobas uCveneben uj-
redebis mier STanTqmuli radioaqtivobis dafiq-
sirebis meSveobiT.
magnitur-rezonansuli tomografia (MRI _ Mag-
netic resonance imaging) tvinis suraTebis Seqmnis
meTodi, romelic magnitur velebsa da radio-
talRebs iyenebs.
suraTi
3.3
funqciuri magnitur-rezonansuli tomografia
(fMRI Functional MRI) meTodi, romelic aer-
Tianebs PET-skanisa da mrt-is upiratesobebs
da aRricxavs tvinis sisxlis mimoqcevis magni-
tur cvlilebebs.
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informacia kompiuterSi, romelic gviCvenebs
sxvadasxva atomebis lokalizacias tvinSi. su-
raTis meSveobiT mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT tvinis
struqturebis dakavSireba fiziologiur pro-
cesebTan.
MRI anatomiuri detalebis warmosaxvisTvi-
saa gamosadegi; PET-skani ufro detalur infor-
macias gvawvdis funqciis Sesaxeb. arsebobs
axali meTodi, e.w. funqciuri mrt, anu fMRI,
romelic iTavsebs orive meTodis upiratesobas
tvinSi sisxlis mimoqcevis magnituri cvlile-
bebis registraciis meSveobiT. fMRI saSualebas
iZleva ufro zustad SeviswavloT struqtura
da funqcia. mkvlevrebi iyeneben fMRI-s iseTi
kognitiuri funqciebis Seswavlisas, rogoricaa:
yuradReba, aRqma, metyveleba da mexsiereba
(Cabeza & Nyberg, 2000).
300 welze metma ganvlo mas Semdeg, rac
dekartma daiwyo tvinis Seswavla; 100 weli
gavida mas Semdeg, rac brokam daadgina, rom
tvinis garkveuli ubnebi specifikur funqciebs
asruleben. am aRmoCenebis Semdeg kulturulma
evoluciam saSualeba misca mkvlevrebs gamoi-
yenon teqnologia tvinis saidumloebebis
Sesaswavlad. wignis am Tavis darCenili nawili
tvinis saidumloebebs eZRvneba.
nervuli sistema
nervuli sistema Sedgeba miliardobiT spe-
cializebuli nervuli ujredisagan, neiro-
nisgan da nervuli boWkoebisagan, romlebic
mTels sxeulSia gabneuli. nervuli sistema
iyofa or mTavar nawilad: centraluri nervu-
li sistema (cns) da periferiuli nervuli
sistema (pns). cns Sedgeba Tavisa da zurgis
tvinisagan, xolo pns im neironebisagan,
romlebic qmnian nervebs da akavSireben cns-s
sxeulTan. suraTi 3.5 warmoadgens kavSirs cns-
sa da pns-s Soris.
cns-is amocanaa sxeulis yvela funqciis
integrireba da koordinireba, Semosuli nerv-
uli informaciis gadamuSaveba da sxeulis
sxvadasxva nawilebSi pasuxebis gagzavna. cns
iRebs da agzavnis nervul informacias zurgis
tvinis (nervuli mili, romelic Tavis tvins
pns-Tan akavSirebs) saSualebiT. Tavad es ner-
vuli mili moTavsebulia xerxemlis arxSi.
spinaluri nervebi gamodis zurgis tvinidan
xerxemlis malTa wyvilebs Soris da ukavSir-
deba mTel sxeulSi gabneul sensorul recep-
torebs, kunTebsa da jirkvlebs. zurgis tvini
aregulirebs sxeulis marcxena da marjvena
nawilebis aqtivobas da pasuxismgebelia im
martivi, swrafi refleqsebis ganxorcielebaze,
romelTa kontrolSi Tavis tvini araa CarTuli.
magaliTad, organizms, romlis zurgisa da Ta-
vis tvinebi gancalkevebulia, SeuZlia mtkivneul
suraTi
3.4
centraluri nervuli sistema (cns) (Central nervius
system - CNS) nervuli sistemis nawili, rome-
lic Tavisa da zurgis tvinisagan Sedgeba.
periferiuli nervuli sistema (pns) (Peripherical
nervius system - PNS) nervuli sistemis nawili,
romelic spinaluri da kranialuri nervebisagan
Sedgeba, romelTa meSveobiTac xorcieldeba
kavSiri cns-sa da sensorul receptorebs, kun-
Tebsa da jirkvlebs Soris.
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gamaRizianebelze sapasuxod kiduris ganrideba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom intaqturi Tavis tvini
Cveulebriv pirobebSi informirebuli iqneboda
am qmedebis Sesaxeb, organizms am reaqciis
ganxorcieleba misi Carevis gareSec SeuZlia.
zurgis tvinis nervebis dazianeba iwvevs
sxeulisa da qveda kidurebis damblas, rogorc
es naCvenebia paraplegiur pacientebSi. damblis
gavrceleba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra doneze
moxda zurgis tvinis dazianeba. zeda segmentebis
dazianeba ufro farTo damblas iwvevs.
miuxedavad Tavisi mmarTvelobiTi funqciisa,
cns-s ar aqvs uSualo kontaqti gare samyaros-
Tan; es pns-is funqciaa, miawodos mas infor-
macia sensoruli receptorebis saSualebiT, maga-
liTad, Tvalebidan da yurebidan da aseve gaa-
taros cns-is brZanebebi kunTebisa da sxeulis
sxva organoebisaken. pns ZiriTadad boWkoTa ori
tipisagan Sedgeba. somaturi nervuli sistema
aregulirebs sxeulis ConCxis kunTebis moq-
medebas. magaliTad, warmoidgineT rom beWdavT
werils. Tqveni TiTebis moZraoba kompiuteris
klaviaturaze regulirdeba somaturi nervuli
sistemis meSveobiT. roca Tqven iRebT gada-
wyvetilebas, Tu ra daweroT, Tqveni Tavis tvini
agzavnis brZanebas TiTebisaken, daaWiron Sesa-
bamis Rilaks. amavdroulad TiTebidan Tavis
tvinSi ukukavSiris saSualebiT igzavneba infor-
macia maTi moZraobisa da poziciis Sesaxeb. Tuki
Tqven araswor Rilaks daaWireT TiTi, somaturi
nervuli sistema atyobinebs amis Sesaxeb Tavis
tvins, romelic Sesabamis koreqcias ganaxor-
cielebs da Tqven myisierad waSliT Secdomas
da daaWerT TiTs swor Rilaks.
pns-is meore nawilia avtonomiuri nervuli
sistema (ans), romelic ZiriTad sasicocxlo
procesebs awesrigebs. es sistema 24 saaTis
ganmavlobaSi muSaobs, aregulirebs ra sxeulis
iseT funqciebs, romlebic Cveulebriv nebiT
kontrols ar eqvemdebareba, magaliTad, sunTqva,
saWmlis moneleba da agzneba. ans maSinac
muSaobs, rodesac Tqven gZinavT. is uzrunvel-
yofs sasicocxlo funqciebis ganxorcielebas
anesTeziisa da xangrZlivi komis drosac.
avtonomiuri nervuli sistema aregulirebs
ori tipis reaqciebs: organizmis reaqciebs
safrTxeze da organizmis cxovelqmedebas
Cveulebriv pirobebSi. am funqciebis ganxorci-
elebisaTvis avtonomiuri nervuli sistema
kidev or nawilad iyofa, esenia: simpaTikuri
suraTi
3.5
adamianis nervuli
sistemis ierarqiuli
agebuleba
centraluri nervuli sistema
Sedgeba Tavisa da zurgis tvi-
nisagan. periferiuli nervuli
sistema funqciis mixedviT or
nawilad iyofa: _ somaturi
nervuli sistema akontro-
lebs nebiT moZraobebs, xolo
avtonomiuri nervuli sistema
Sida procesebs. avtono-
miuri nervuli sistema aseve
or nawilad iyofa: _ simpa-
Tikuri nervuli sistema are-
gulirebs qcevas kritikul,
daZabul situaciebSi, xolo
parasimpaTikuri sistema akon-
trolebs qcevas Cveulebriv
pirobebSi.
somaturi nervuli sistema (Somatic nervous system)
periferiuli nervuli sistemis nawili, ro-
melic akavSirebs centralur nervul sistemas
kanisa da ConCxis kunTebTan.
avtonomiuri nervuli sistema (ans) (Autonomic
nervous system - ANS) periferiuli nervuli
sistemis nawili, romelic akavSirebs cen-
tralur nervul sistemas gluv da gulis
kunTebTan da jirkvlebTan da aregulirebs
sxeulis uneblie motorul pasuxebs.
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nervuli sistema
centraluri nervuli
sistema
(Tavisa da zurgis tvini)
periferiuli nervuli sistema
(nervuli qsovili Tavisa da zurgis
tvinis farglebs gareT)
somaturi nervuli
sistema
(sensoruli da motoruli
nervuli, nebiTi)
avtonomiuri nervuli
sistema
(Sinagani sistemebi, uneblie)
simpaTikuri nawili parasimpaTikuri nawili
72
da parasimpaTikuri nawilebi. es ganyofilebebi
urTierTsawinaaRmdego funqciebs asruleben.
simpaTikuri nawili aregulirebs organizmis
reaqciebs daZabul situaciebSi, parasimpaTikuri
ki sxeulis Sida funqciebs akontrolebs mSvid
mdgomareobaSi. simpaTikuri sistema SeiZleba
ganxilul iqnes, rogorc daZabuli mdgomare-
obebis momgvarebeli safrTxis, an stresis
dros is amzadebs tvins brZolisaTvis~: saWmlis
moneleba wydeba, sisxli Sida organoebidan kun-
Tebisaken nawildeba, Jangbadis mowodeba Zlier-
deba da guliscemis sixSire matulobs. safrTxis
gavlis Semdeg erTveba parasimpaTikuri sistema,
raTa ganmuxtos procesebi da organizmi wynar-
deba. saWmlis moneleba aRdgeba, guliscema
wynardeba da sunTqva ufro mSviddeba. parasim-
paTikuri nawili pasuxismgebelia organizmis
Cveulebrivi mdgomareobis koordinirebaze, ro-
goricaa ZalTa danaxarjis gabaTileba, vizua-
luri sistemis dacva (cremlisa da gugis Seviw-
roebis meSveobiT) da sxeulis energiis xangrZ-
livi Senaxva. simpaTikuri da parasimpaTikuri
sistemebis gansxvavebuli funqciebi 3.6 suraTzea
asaxuli.
suraTi
3.6
avtonomiuri nervuli sistema
parasimpaTikuri nervuli sistema, romelic organizmis yoveldRiur Sida reaqciebsa da
qcevas aregulirebs, marcxena mxaresaa gamosaxuli; simpaTikuri nervuli sistema, romelic
imave funqciebs stresis dros axorcielebs, naCvenebia marjvena mxares. miaqcieT yuradReba
imas, rom simpaTikuri nervuli sistema zurgis tvinis siaxloves nervuli kvanZebis
erTobliobas, e. w. simpatikur vels qmnis.
simpaTikuri sistema (Sympathetic division) avto-
nomiuri nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic sa-
gangaSo situaciaSi energiis mobilizacias
axorcielebs.
parasimpaTikuri sistema (Parasympathetic division)
avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis nawili, rome-
lic yoveldRiur funqciebs asrulebs da inaxavs
sxeulis energias.
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73
!
Tavis tvinis struqturebi da
maTi funqciebi
Tavis tvini centraluri nervuli sistemis
yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani nawilia. adamianis
Tavis tvini sami urTierTdakavSirebuli Sri-
sagan Sedgeba. yvelaze ufro Rrma regionSi,
romelsac tvinis Rero ewodeba, moTavsebulia
iseT avtonomiur procesTa maregulirebeli
centrebi, rogoricaa guliscema, sunTqva, ylapva
da saWmlis moneleba. centralur Sres qmnis
limburi sistema, romelic CarTulia motivaciis,
emociisa da mexsierebis procesebis ganxorcie-
lebasa da kontrolSi. am or regions gars
ekvris cerebrumi didi tvini. tvinis swored
es nawili ganagebs adamianis gonebas. didi tvi-
ni da misi gare Sre, qerqi (korteqsi) axdens
sensoruli informaciis integrirebas, koordina-
cias uwevs moZraobas da axorcielebs abstraq-
tul azrovnebasa da msjelobas (sur. 3.7). axla
ufro guldasmiT gavecnoT Tavis tvinis am sami
ganyofilebis funqciebs. daviwyoT tvinis
ReroTi, TalamusiTa da naTxemiT.
tvinis Rero, Talamusi da naTxemi
tvinis Rero yvela xerxemlian cxovels
gaaCnia. misi struqturebi aregulirebs
sxeulis Sinagan mdgomareobas (sur. 3.8). zurgis
tvinis zeda sazRvarze moTavsebuli mogrZo
tvini warmoadgens sunTqvis, sisxlis wnevisa
da guliscemis centrs. radganac es procesebi
sicocxlisaTvis aucilebelia, mogrZo tvinis
dazianeba SeiZleba fataluri iyos. sxeulidan
suraTi
3.7
Tavis tvinis struqturebi
Tavis tvinis ZiriTadi urTierTdakavSirebuli nawilebia: tvinis Rero, naTxemi, limburi
sistema da didi tvinis qerqi.
tvinis Rero (Brain stem) Tavis tvinis struq-
tura, romelic aregulirebs sxeulis ZiriTad
sasicocxlo funqciebs.
mogrZo tvini (Medulla) tvinis Reros ubani,
romelic akontrolebs sunTqvas, sifxizles
da guliscemas.
xidi (Pons) tvinis Reros ubani, romelic
akavSirebs zurgisa da Tavis tvins, aseve Tavis
tvinis sxvadasxva nawilebs.
retikuluri formacia (Reticular formation)
tvinis Reros ubani, romelic gansazRvravs
Tavis tvinis mzaobas, miiRos sensoruli
informacia da pasuxismgebelia cnobierebis
SenarCunebasa da gamofxizlebaze.
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74
aRmavali da tvinidan daRmavali nervuli
boWkoebi mogrZo tvinSi jvaredindeba, rac imas
niSnavs, rom sxeulis marcxena nawilis kon-
trols tvinis marjvena mxare axorcielebs da
piriqiT, sxeulis marjvena nawili tvinis mar-
cxena nawilTanaa dakavSirebuli. uSualod
mogrZo tvinis Tavze moTavsebulia xidi,
romelic agzavnis informacias tvinis Reros
sxva struqturebSi da naTxemSi (misi saxeli
swored am funqcias ukavSirdeba). retikuluri
(badebrivi) formacia warmoadgens nervebis xSir
qsels, romelic tvinis Reros darajis funqcias
asrulebs. is ganapirobebs didi tvinis qerqis
mzaobas, miiRos axali stimulacia da Zilis
drosac inarCunebs sifxizlis garkveul dones
(Kinomura et al., 1996). am ubnis seriozuli dazianeba
komas iwvevs.
retikuluri formaciis grZeli boWkoebi Ta-
lamuss ukavSirdeba, romelsac Semosuli sen-
soruli informacia didi tvinis qerqis Sesabamis
ubanSi gadaaqvs, sadac es informacia muSavdeba.
magaliTad, Talamusi gadascems informacias
Tvalebidan mxedvelobis kortikalur ubans.
neiromecnierTaTvis didi xania cnobilia, rom
naTxemi, romelic tvinis RerosTanaa dakavSire-
buli da tvinis fuZesTan mdebareobs, koor-
dinirebas uwevs sxeulis moZraobas, akon-
trolebs pozas da xels uwyobs wonasworobis
SenarCunebas. naTxemis dazianeba iwvevs moZ-
raobis Cveuli ritmis darRvevas, is arakoor-
dinirebuli da wyvetili xdeba. bolo drois
gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom naTxemi aseve mniS-
vnelovania daswavlisaTvis, anu is xels uwyobs
sxeulis moZraobis kontrolis swavlas (Baringa,
1996; Raymond et al., 1996).
limburi sistema
limburi sistema akontrolebs motivirebul
qcevas, emociur mdgomareobasa da mexsierebas.
is aseve aregulirebs sxeulis temperaturas,
sisxlis wnevas da sisxlSi Saqris dones;
axorcielebs sxva Sinagan funqciaTa kontrols.
limburi sistema Sedgeba sami struqturisagan:
hipokampi, amigdala (nuSisebri kompleqsi) da
hipoTalamusi (sur. 3.9).
Talamusi (Thalamus) Tavis tvinis nawili, ro-
melic sensorul informacias gadascems didi
tvinis qerqs.
naTxemi (Cerebellum) Tavis tvinis nawili,
romelic ukavSirdeba tvinis Reros da akon-
trolebs motorul koordinacias, pozas da
wonasworobas; aseve sxeulis moZraobis kon-
trolis daswavlis unars.
limburi sistema (Limbic system) Tavis tvinis
regioni, romelic aregulirebs emociur qcevas,
ZiriTad motivaciur survilebs da mexsierebas,
aseve mTavar fiziologiur funqciebs.
hipokampi (Hippocampus) limburi sistemis na-
wili, romelic konkretuli mexsierebis Camo-
yalibebaSi monawileobs.
nuSisebri kompleqsi (Amygdala) limburi sis-
temis nawili, romelic akontrolebs emocias,
agresiasa da emociuri mexsierebis formirebas.
suraTi
3.8
tvinis Rero, Talamusi da
naTxemi
es struqturebi ZiriTadad sasi-
cocxlo procesebis regulaciaSia
CarTuli: sunTqva, pulsi, agzneba,
moZraoba, wonasworoba da sensoru-
li informaciis pirveladi gada-
muSaveba
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Thalamus Talamusi
Pons xidi
Medulla mogrZo tvini
Cerebllum naTxemi
Reticular formation retikularuli formacia
75
hipokampi, romelic limburi sistemis yvelaze
ufro didi struqturaa, mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobs eqsplicituri mexsierebis procesebSi
(Eichenbaum, 1999; Squire, 1992) mexsierebis,
romelic Tqvens cnobierebaSi aisaxeba (ix. Tavi
8). arsebobs uamravi klinikuri monacemi,
romelic am Sexedulebas adasturebs, kerZod,
fsiqologiis istoriaSi, albaT, yvelaze ufro
cnobili pacientis, h.m-is istoria.
saidan
viciT
hipokampis dazianebis zogierTi Sedegi
27 wlis asakSi h.m-s Cautarda operacia
epilefsiuri Setevebis sixSiris Semcire-
bis mizniT. operaciis dros mas hipokampi
amokveTes. Sedegad, h.m-s SeeZlo mxolod
Soreuli warsulis gaxseneba. man dakarga
axali informaciis Senaxvisa da misi
grZelvadian mexsierebaSi gadatanis unari.
operaciidan didi xnis Semdegac ki pa-
cients egona, rom jer kidev 1953 weli
iyo, weliwadi, rodesac mas operacia
Cautarda.
hipokampis dazianebam, meore mxriv, ar gamo-
iwvia implicituri mexsierebis darRveva, anu
h.m-s SenarCunebuli hqonda axali unar-Cvevebis
gamomuSavebis unari, romelic cnobierebasTan
ar iyo dakavSirebuli. e.i., hipokampis dazianebis
Semdeg Tqven SeinarCunebT axali amocanebis
gadawyvetis unars, magram ar geqnebaT misi
damaxsovrebis SesaZlebloba (ix. Tavi me-8).
nuSisebri kompleqsi monawileobs emociebis
kontrolSi da emociuri mexsierebis formi-
rebaSi. makontrolebeli funqciis gamo, am ubnis
dazianebam SeiZleba agresiuli pirebis dawyna-
reba gamoiwvios (Cven fsiqoqirurgias me-16 TavSi
ganvixilavT). garda amisa, nuSisebri kompleqsis
dazianebis Sedegad ikargeba saxis emociuri
gamometyvelebis amocnobis unari (Adolphs et al.,
1994). im pirebSi, romlebsac nuSisebri kompleqsi
aqvT dazianebuli, yvelaze ufro metad daqveiTe-
bulia uaryofiTi emociebis, gansakuTrebiT ki,
SiSis gamoxatuleba. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom
nuSisebri kompleqsi SesaZloa gansakuTrebul
rols TamaSobdes adamianebis mier SiSisa da
safrTxis amocnobis unarSi (Adolphs et al., 1999).
hipoTalamusi tvinis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro
patara zomis struqturaa, Tumca umniSvne-
lovanes rols TamaSobs Tqvens yoveldRiur
aqtivobebSi. is Sedgeba mravali birTvisagan _
neironTa patara grovebisgan, romlebic mo-
tivaciur qcevaSi CarTul fiziologiur pro-
cesebs aregulirebs (kveba, temperaturis regu-
lireba da sqesobrivi qceva). hipoTalamusi
inarCunebs sxeulis Sida aris mudmivobas, anu
homeostazs. rodesac sxeulis energiis rezer-
suraTi
3.9
limburi sistema
limburi sistemis struqtu-
rebi mxolod ZuZumwovrebSia
warmodgenili: isini monawi-
leoben motivaciuri qcevis,
emociuri mdgradobisa da
mexsierebis procesebis
regulaciaSi.
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vebi dabalia, hipoTalamusi erTveba organizmis
stimulaciaSi, raTa man sakvebi moipovos da
miiRos. rodesac sxeulis temperatura iklebs,
hipoTalamusi sisxlZarRvTa SekumSvas, an mokle
uneblie moZraobebs kankals iwvevs. hipoTala-
musi aseve aregulirebs endokrinuli sistemis
moqmedebas.
didi tvini
adamianebSi didi tvini faravs tvinis dar-
Cenil nawils da misi masis or mesameds qmnis.
misi funqciaa tvinis umaRlesi kognituri da
emociuri funqciebis regulireba. didi tvinis
gare fena, romelic miliardobiT neironisgan
Sedgeba da daaxloebiT 2,5 mm sisqis Sres qmnis,
iwodeba didi tvinis qerqad. didi tvini aseve
iyofa or, TiTqmis simetriul naxevrad, cereb-
ralur hemisferoebad (Cven hemisferoebs am Tavis
momdevno nawilSi ganvixilavT). ori hemisfero
dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan nervuli boWkoebis
msxvili masiT, romelsac korZiani sxeuli ewo-
deba. es kavSiri hemisferoebs Soris informaciis
gacvlas emsaxureba.
hipoTalamusi (Hypothalamus) tvinis struqtura,
romelic aregulirebs motivaciur qcevas
(rogoricaa kveba da daleva) da homeostazs.
homeostazi (Homeostasis) sxeulis Sida aris
mudmivoba.
didi tvini (Cerebrum) tvinis nawili, romelic
umaRles kognitur da emociur funqciebs
aregulirebs.
qerqi (Cerebral cortex) didi tvinis gare zeda-
piri.
hemisferoebi (Cerebral hemispheres) didi tvinis
ori naxevari, romlebic korZiani sxeuliTaa
dakavSirebuli.
korZiani sxeuli (Corpus callosum) nervul
boWkoTa erToblioba, romelic tvinis or
hemisferos akavSirebs.
Sublis wili (Frontal lobe) tvinis ubani,
romelic gverdiTi napralis zemoT da centra-
luri Raris winaa moTavsebuli; monawileobs
motorul kontrolSi da kogntiur qmedebebSi.
suraTi
3.10
qerqi
edidi tvinis qerqis TiToeul hemisferoze oTxi wilia. TiToeuli wili
asrulebs sxvadasxva sensorul da motorul funqciebs
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neiromecnierebma moniSnes orive hemisfero,
gamoiyenes ra ori mniSvnelovani orientiri. erTi
Rrmuli, romelsac centraluri Rari ewodeba,
yofs yovel hemisferos vertikalurad da meore,
msgavsi Rrmuli, romelsac lateraluri naprali
ewodeba, yofs TiToeul hemisferos horizon-
talurad (sur. 3.10). es vertikaluri da horizon-
taluri dayofa gvexmareba gamovyoT tvinis oTxi
ubani, anu wili, TiToeul naxevarsferoSi.
frontaluri (Sublis) wili, romelic CarTulia
motorul kontrolsa da kognitur qmedebaSi,
rogoricaa dagegmva, gadawyvetilebis miReba da
miznebis dasaxva, moTavsebulia lateraluri
napralis zemoT da centraluri Raris win. am
ubnis dazianeba adamianis individualobis
Secvlas iwvevs. es swored is ubani iyo, romlis
dazianebamac fines geijis dramatuli cvlileba
gamoiwvia (Damasio et al., 1994). parietaluri (Txemis)
wili pasuxismgebelia iseTi SegrZnebebis kon-
trolze, rogoricaa Sexeba, tkivili da tem-
peratura moTavsebulia uSualod centraluri
Raris ukan. ocipitaluri (kefis) wili, vizua-
luri informaciis bolo samizne, Tavis ukana
nawilSia moTavsebuli. temporaluri (safeT-
suraTi
3.11
motoruli da somatosensoruli qerqi
sxeulis sxvadsxva nawilebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan mgrZnobelobiT garemo stimulaciisadmi da
tvinis kontrolisadmi. mgrZnobeloba sxeulis garkveul nawilSi damokidebulia qerqis im umnis zomaze,
romelic sxeulis am konkretul nawils akontrolebs. am suraTze adamianis sxeulis nawilebi qerqis
Sesabamisi makontrolebeli ubnebis zomebis mixedviTaa warmodgenili. rac ufro didi zomisaa suraTze
gamosaxuli sxeulis nawili, miT ufro maRalia misi mgrZnobeloba garemo stimulizaciisadmi da miT
ufroZlieria tvinis kontroli mis moZraobaze.
Txemis wili (Parietal lobe) tvinis ubani Sublis
wilis ukan da lateraluri napralis zemoT;
Seicavs somatosensorul qerqs.
kefis wili (Occipital lobe) tvinis yvelaze ufro
ukana nawili; moicavs pirvelad mxedvelobiT
qerqs.
safeTqlis wili (Temporal lobe) tvinis ubani,
romelic lateraluri napralis qvemoTaa
moTavsebuli; Seicavs smenis qerqs.
motoruli qerqi (Motor cortex) didi tvinis qerqis
ubani, romelic akontrolebs sxeulis nebiT
moZraobebs.
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qlis) wili, romelic pasuxismgebelia smenis
ganxorcielebaze, moTavsebulia lateraluri
napralis qvemoT, TiToeuli hemisferos gverdiT
zedapirze.
Secdoma iqneboda imis mtkiceba, rom rome-
lime wili ama Tu im specifikur funqcias mar-
to akontrolebs. tvinis struqturebi TavianT
movaleobas erToblivad axorcieleben, muSaoben
erTad, rogorc integrirebuli erTeuli; ise,
rogorc simfoniuri orkestri. rodesac Tqven
recxavT WurWels, angariSobT, an saubrobT
megobarTan, Tqveni tvini muSaobs, rogorc er-
Tiani sxeuli, TiToeuli wili sxvebTan Tanam-
Sromlobs. miuxedavad amisa, neiromecnierebs
SeuZliaT tvinis oTx wilSi im ubnebis gansaz-
Rvra, romlebic iseTi specifikuri funqciebis
ganxorcielebisTvisaa aucilebeli, rogoricaa:
mxedveloba, smena, metyveleba da mexsiereba. maTi
dazianebis SemTxvevaSi es funqciebic ziandeba,
an sruliad ikargeba.
sxeulis 600-ze meti nebiTi kunTis qmedeba
kontroldeba motoruli qerqiT, romelic
Sublis wilSi uSualod centraluri Raris
winaa moTavsebuli. gaixseneT, rom tvinis erTi
mxridan wamosuli brZanebebi sxeulis meore
mxarisTvisaa gamiznuli. garda amisa, sxeulis
qveda ubnebSi moTavsebuli kunTebi, magaliTad,
fexis TiTebi, motoruli qerqis yvelaze ufro
zemo nawilis neironebiT kontroldeba. sxeu-
lis zeda nawilis kunTebi, rogoricaa yeli,
kontroldeba motoruli qerqis qveda nawilis
neironebiT. rogorc 3.9 suraTze xedavT, sxeulis
zeda nawili bevrad ufro detalur motorul
instruqciebs iRebs, vidre qveda. realurad,
motoruli qerqis ori udidesi ubani xelis
TiTebTanaa dakavSirebuli gansakuTrebiT
cerasTan da im kunTebTan, romlebic metyve-
lebis procesSia CarTuli. qerqis ubnebis sidide
im mniSvnelobis maCvenebelia, romelic adamia-
nis xeliT manipulirebisa da metyvelebis unars
gaaCnia.
somatosensoruli qerqi uSualod centralu-
ri Raris ukanaa moTavsebuli marcxena da mar-
jvena Txemis wilebSi. tvinis am ubanSi gadamu-
Savdeba informacia temperaturis, Sexebis,
sxeulis pozisa da tkivilis Sesaxeb. motoruli
qerqis msgavsad, sensoruli qerqis zeda nawili
sxeulis qveda nawils ukavSirdeba, xolo qveda
nawili dakavSirebulia zedasTan. sensoruli
qerqis didi nawili dakavSirebulia tuCebTan,
enasTan, cera da saCvenebel TiTebTan, anu
sxeulis im nawilebTan, romlebic yvelaze ufro
mniSvnelovan sensorul informacias atareben
centrisken. aseve, motoruli qerqis msgavsad,
somatosensoruli qerqis marjvena nawili
dakavSirebulia sxeulis marcxena mxaresTan,
xolo marcxena mxare _ marjvena nawilTan.
smeniTi informacia muSavdeba smeniT qerqSi,
romelic ori safeTqlis wiliTaa warmodgenili.
auditoruli qerqi TiToeul hemisferoSi
informacias orive yuridan iRebs. auditoru-
li qerqis erTi ubani metyvelebis ganxorcie-
lebaSi monawileobs, xolo meore ubani
metyvelebis gagebaSi. vizualuri informacia
muSavdeba tvinis ukana nawilSi, vizualur qerq-
Si, romelic kefis wilSia moTavsebuli. aq udi-
desi nawili eTmoba informacias, romelic
baduras centraluri ubnebidan modis, im
adgilidan, romelic Tvalis ukana zedapirzea
ganlagebuli da sadac yvelaze ufro detaluri
mxedvelobiTi informacia aRiqmeba.
qerqis yvela ubani araa CarTuli sensoruli
informaciis gadamuSavebasa da kunTebisaTvis
brZanebebis gacemaSi. sinamdvileSi, qerqis
udidesi nawili CarTulia informaciis inter-
pretaciisa da integraciis procesebSi. iseTi
procesebi, rogoricaa dagegmva da gadawyveti-
lebis miReba, asociaciur qerqSi xorcieldeba.
asociaciuri ubnebi qerqis sxvadasxva nawilebSia
gabneuli (erTi regioni 3.9 suraTzea moniSnuli).
asociaciuri qerqi gaZlevT sxvadasxva moda-
lobis sensoruli informaciis kombinirebis
saSualebas, raTa garemos stimulebis Sesabamisi
sapasuxo reaqciebi daigegmos.
somatosensoruli qerqi (Somatosensory sortex)
Txemis wilis nawili, sadac sxeulis sxvadasxva
ubnebidan miRebuli sensoruli informacia
muSavdeba.
smeniTi qerqi (Auditory cortex) safeTqlis wilis
nawili, sadac miiReba da muSavdeba smeniTi
informacia.
mxedvelobis qerqi (Visual cortex) kefis wilis
nawili, sadac mxedvelobiTi informaciis gada-
muSaveba mimdinareobs.
asociaciuri qerqi (Association cortex) qerqis na-
wili, sadac umaRlesi nervuli procesebi
xorcieldeba.
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rogor muSaoben tvinis es sxvadasxva ubnebi
erTad? warmoidgineT magaliTisaTvis, ra xdeba
Tqvens tvinSi, rodesac daweril sityvas
kiTxulobT (sur. 3.12). davuSvaT, Tqveni fsi-
qologiis maswavlebeli gaZlevT qaRaldis
furcels, romelzedac sityva Sokoladi weria
da gTxovT xmamaRla warmoTqvaT es sityva.
biologiuri procesebi, romlebic am qmedebaSia
CarTuli, saocrad natifi da kompleqsuria.
neiromecnieri Tqvens verbalur qcevas ramdenime
etapad dayofda. pirvel rigSi, vizualuri
stimuli (dawerili sityva Sokoladi) aRiqmeba
nervuli ujredebis mier Tvalis baduraSi,
romlebic nervul impulsebs Talamusis gavliT
vizualur korteqsSi agzavnian. vizualuri
qerqidan nervuli impulsebi gadaigzavneba
safeTqlis wilis ukana ubanSi (angularuli
xveuli), sadac sityvis vizualuri kodireba mis
akustikur kodirebas unda Seedaros. dadgindeba
Tu ara Sesabamisi akustikuri kodireba, is
gadaecema ubans auditorul qerqSi, romelsac
`vernikes are~ ewodeba, sadac xdeba misi
dekodireba da interpretacia: ah! Sokoladi!
ar vityodi uars.~ nervuli impulsebi mere
egzavneba brokas centrs, romelic Tavis mxriv
agzavnis informacias motorul qerqSi, rac
tuCebis, enisa da xorxis stimulacias iwvevs
sityva Sokoladis warmosaTqmelad.
es sakmaod didi mentaluri Zalisxmevaa
mxolod erTi sityvis warmoTqmisaTvis. axla
ki warmoidgineT, ra xdeba tvinSi, rodesac Tqven
xmamaRla kiTxulobT wigns, an, Tundac, reklamas.
yvelaze ufro gasaocari ki isaa, rom Tqveni
tvini TiTqmis Zaldautaneblad da Zalian
efeqturad umklavdeba am amocanas _ Targmnis
ra qaRaldze arsebul aTasobiT niSans nervul
kodad; gadascems informacias tvinis sxvadasxva
ubnebs mimdinare amocanebis Sesaxeb; dabolos,
am sityvebis gamoTqmis saSualebas gaZlevT.
Cven ukve ganvixileT nervuli sistemis
yvelaze mniSvnelovani struqturebi. rodesac
did tvinze daviwyeT saubari, aRvniSneT, rom
cerebraluri struqtura ori hemisferoTia
warmodgenili. qcevebis farTo speqtrSi
naxevarsferoebi gansxvavebul funqciebSi
monawileoben. davubrundeT am gansxvavebebs
Tqveni tvinis hemisferoebs Soris.
hemisferoTa lateralizacia
ra informaciam aiZula mecnierebi efiqraT,
rom arsebobs garkveuli gansxvaveba Tavis tvinis
hemisferoTa funqciebs Soris? gaixseneT,
rodesac pol brokam tenis autofsia Cautara,
man tvinis dazianeba marcxena naxevarsferoSi
aRmoaCina. momdevno gamokvlevebSi brokam naxa,
rom sxva pacientebSic, romelTac metyvelebis
msgavsi darRveva hqondaT (daavadeba, romelsac
dRes `brokas afazias~ uwodeben), dazianeba
marcxena naxevarsferoSi iyo lokalizebuli.
igive ubnebis dazianeba tvinis marjvena
hemisferoSi msgavs efeqts ar iwvevda. ra daskvna
SeiZleba gamovitanoT?
suraTi
3.12
dawerili sityvis wakiTxva
rogor vambobT wakiTxul sityvas
informacias dawerili sityvis Sesaxeb nervuli
impulsebi Talamusis gavliT atareben Tvalis ba-
duradan qerqis mxedvelobiTi asociaciuri ubne-
bisaken. vizualuri qerqi agzavnis nervul
impulsebs safeTqlis wilis ukana nawilSi,
angularul xveulSi, sadac xdeba sityvis
vizualuri kodis (asoebis forma da ganlageba)
Sedareba mis akustikur kodTan (JReradoba)
Sesabamisis akustikuri kodis povnis Semdeg is
gadaecema smeniT qerqSi e. w. vernikes ares, sadac
xdeba am informaciis dekodireba da
interpretireba. nervuli impulsebi egzavneba
brokas ares, romelic Tavis mxriv agzavnis
informacias motorul qerqSi. motoruli qerqi
uzrunvelyofs sityvis warmoTqmas tuCebis, enisa
da xorxis sinqronuli gaaqtivebis meSveobiT.
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hemisferoTa Soris gansxvavebebis Seswavlis
Sansi pirvelad epilefsiis qirurgiuli wesiT
mkurnalobis dros gaCnda. mkurnalobis es
meTodi gulisxmobs korZiani sxeulis (daaxlo-
ebiT 200 milioni nervuli boWkos erToblioba,
romelic hemisferoTa Soris informaciis gac-
vlas emsaxureba) gadaWras (sur. 3.13). qirurgiuli
Carevis mizania, xeli SeuSalos epilefsiis
Tanamdevi agresiuli eleqtruli aqtivobis
orive hemisferoze gavrcelebas. operacia,
rogorc wesi, warmatebulia da pacientebis
qcevac, ZiriTadad, ucvleli rCeba. pacientebs,
romlebmac es operacia gadaitanes, xSirad
uwodeben pacientebs gayofili tviniT~.
gancalkevebuli hemisferoebis SesaZleblo-
baTa Semowmebis mizniT rojer sperim (1968) da
maikl gazanigam (1970) SeimuSaves iseTi meTodika,
romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlo iyo vizualuri
informaciis wardgineba TiToeuli hemisfero-
saTvis cal-calke. speris da gazanigas meTodika
vizualuri sistemis anatomiis Taviseburebebs
emyareboda (sur. 3.14). yovel TvalSi, marjvena
mxedvelobiTi velidan miRebuli informacia
marcxena hemisferoSi xvdeba da, piriqiT, in-
suraTi
3.13
suraTi
3.14
korZiani sxeuli
korziani sxeuli warmoadgens nervuli boW-
koebis erTobliobas, romelic erTmaneTTan
akavsirebs didi tvinis or hemisferos. korZiani
sxeulis gadaWra azianebs hemosferoTa Soris
komunikacias.
mxedvelobiTi informaciis
nervuli gza
mxedvelobiTi informaciis nervuli gza,
romelic TiToeuli Tvalis Sua zedapiridan
iwyeba, jvaredinad gadadis tvinis erTi mxridan
meoreze korZiani sxeulis meSveobiT. mxedvelo-
biTi informacia Tvalis gare ubnidan ar jvare-
dindeba. korZiani sxeulis gadaWra xels uSlis
mxedvelobis marjvena velSi warmodgenili
informaciis gadacemas marjvena hemisferoSi,
xolo mxedvelobis marcxena velSi warmodge-
nili informacia ver aRwevs marcxena hemisferos.
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formacia marcxena mxedvelobiTi velidan gadae-
cema marjvena hemisferos. rogorc wesi, orive
hemisferos Soris informaciis gacvla Zalian
swrafad warmoebs korZiani sxeulis meSveobiT;
magram, radganac am pacientebSi korZiani sxeuli
gadaWrili iyo, marcxena da marjvena mxedvelo-
biT velebSi arsebuli informacia Sesabamisad
mxolod marjvena da marcxena hemisferoebs
gadaecemoda (sur. 3.15).
radganac adamianTa umravlesobaSi metyvele-
bas marcxena hemisfero akontrolebs, mas SeuZ-
lia mkvlevrebs elaparakos~ maSin, roca mar-
jvena hemisfero am saSualebas moklebulia.
komunikacia marjvena hemisferosTan miRweul
iqna manualuri amocanebis Sesrulebis gziT:
es amocanebi nivTebis identifikacias, SeTavsebas,
an maTgan jgufebis Sedgenas gulisxmobda da
maTi gadawyveta sityvebis gamoyenebas ar
saWiroebda. ganixileT gayofili tvinis~ mqone
pacientis SemTxveva, romelic marcxena hemi-
sferos iyenebs misi marcxena xelis mier Catare-
buli qmedebebis aRsawerad maSin, rodesac mar-
cxena xels marjvena hemisfero akontrolebs.
saidan
viciT
hemisferoebi moqmedebaSi
marjvena hemisferos warudgines Tov-
liani peizaJi, xolo marcxenas qaTmis
fexis gamosaxuleba. cdis pirs mis win
arsebuli obieqtebidan am ori suraTis
Sesabamisi nivTebi unda SeerCia. marjvena
xeliT man miuTiTa qaTmis Tavze, xolo
marcxena xeliT Tovlis niCabze. pacienti
ambobda, rom niCabi saWiroa qaTmis nar-
Cenebis (da ara Tovlis) gasawmendad. rad-
ganac tvinis marcxena nawilma korZiani
sxeulis gadaWris gamo ar icoda, Tu ras
xedavda marjvena naxevarsfero, mas unda
aexsna, Tu ratom uTiTebda marcxena xeli
niCabze, rodesac marcxena hemisfero qaTmis
fexs xedavda. marcxena hemisferos kogni-
turma sistemam SeimuSava Teoria, romel-
sac unda gaemarTlebina sxeulis sxva
nawilebis moqmedeba (Gazzaniga, 1985).
zemoaRwerilis garda, arsebobs mravali sxva
meTodi, romelTa meSveobiTac Cven viciT, rom
adamianTa umravlesobaSi metyvelebasTan da-
kavSirebuli funqciebi lateralizebulia mar-
cxena hemisferoSi. funqcia lateralizebulad
iTvleba, Tu mis ganxorcielebaSi Tavis tvinis
mxolod erTi hemisfero TamaSobs wamyvan rols.
metyveleba (enis gamoyenebis unari), albaT,
yvelaze ufro metad lateralizebulia fun-
qciaTa Soris. neiromecnierebma aRmoaCines, rom
memarjveneebis mxolod daaxloebiT 5%-sa da
caciebis 15%-Si metyvelebas marjvena hemi-
sfero akontrolebs, xolo caciebis 15%-Si
metyveleba orive hemisferoTi regulirdeba
(Rasmussen & Milner, 1977). adamianTa umravle-
sobaSi, Sesabamisad, metyveleba marcxena hemi-
suraTi
3.15
Tvalisa da xelis koordinacia
Tvalisa da xelis koordinacia normalu-
ria, Tu pacienti `gayofili tviniT~ iye-
nebs marcxena xels im obieqtis sapov-
nelad, romelic mis marcxena mxedvelobiT
velSia moqceuli, radganac orive pro-
cesis ganxorcielebas marjvena hemisfero
akontrolebs. magram, rodesac Tqven
sTxovT pacients, gamoiyenos marjvena xeli
im obieqtis asaRebad, romelic mis mar-
cxena mxedvelobiT velSia moqceuli, mas
amis gakeTeba ar SeuZlia, radganac
sensoruli informacia marjvena xelidan
marcxena hemisferos veRar aRwevs gadaW-
rili kavSiris gamo. am SemTxvevaSi cdis
piri msxlis magier Wiqas iRebs.
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sferos funqcias warmoadgens. Sedegad, marcxena
naxevarsferos dazianeba iwvevs metyvelebis
moSlas. sainteresoa, rom yru-munjTa enis
gamoyenebisas (romelic xelis TiTebis poziciisa
da moZraobis mixedviT gadmoscems azrs),
marcxena hemisferos dazianeba aseve iwvevs
darRvevebs (Corina, 1999; Hickok et al., 1996; Poizner et
al., 1991). ase rom, lateralizebulia ara metyve-
leba, rogorc aseTi, aramed rogorc vokaluri,
ise manualuri Jestebis warmoqmnis unari,
romlebic komunikacias axorcieleben.
ar unda gegonoT, rom marcxena hemisfero
ukeTesia~, vidre marjvena. mkvlevrebma uCvenes,
rom orive hemisferos erTi da igive amocanis
amoxsnis gansxvavebuli stili~ aqvs. marcxena
hemisfero ufro analitikuria da is informacias
nabij-nabij amuSavebs; marjvena hemisfero ki
ufro holisturia da is informacias mTlianad
aRiqvams. orive hemisferos (misTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli muSaobis stiliT) kombinirebuli qmedeba
ganapirobebs Cveni aRqmis srulyofilebas.
magaliTad, Tqven ar gagikvirdebaT imis gageba,
rom marcxena hemisfero, romelic mcire deta-
lebs yuradRebas aqcevs, wamyvan rols TamaSobs
problemaTa didi nawilis gadaWraSi. amavdro-
ulad, marjvena hemisferos roli win iwevs,
rodesac problemis gadaWras SemoqmedebiTi mid-
goma sWirdeba marjvena hemisfero gexmarebaT
mexsierebis mobilizebaSi (Bowen & Beeman, 1998).
miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnierebs SeuZliaT
darwmunebiT ganasxvavon, Tu romeli funqciebia
lateralizebuli saSualo~ tvinSi, gaTvalis-
winebul unda iqnes individualuri gansxvave-
bebi. rodesac metyvelebis lateralizaciaze
vsaubrobdiT, Cven, aseve, vaxseneT tvinis fun-
qciaTa pirveli individualuri gansxvaveba:
caciebSi SesaZloa metyvelebas marjvena hemi-
sfero, an orive hemisfero erTdroulad akon-
trolebdes. sxva gansxvavebebi, romlebic Tavis
tvinis funqciaTa lateralizaciis dros unda
ganvixiloT, sqesiTaa ganpirobebuli. arsebobs
zogadi gansxvavebebi mamakacebisa da qalebis
tvinis funqciebis principebSi (Breedlove, 1994;
Kimura, 1999). Tanamedrove meTodebis saSualebiT
SesaZlebeli gaxda dagvenaxa sxvaoba mamakacebis
da qalebis tvinSi sxvadasxva amocanebis gadaW-
risas. magaliTad, funqciuri mrtis saSualebiT
Seiswavlidnen mamakacTa da qalTa tvinis
aqtivobebs Soris gansxvavebebs, rodesac cdis
pirebs enis mosmenisas unda gamoetanaT daskvnebi
(eriTmeba erTmaneTs tani da kani?). mamakacebSi
ZiriTadi aqtivoba marcxena hemisferoSi iyo
lokalizebuli maSin, rodesac qalebSi am
amocanis amoxsnaSi orive hemisfero TiTqmis
Tanabrad monawileobda (Shaywitz et al., 1995). aseTi
Sedegebi kidev erTxel gvabrunebs sakiTxebTan,
romlebic bunebisa da aRzrdis Tanafardobas
exeba. ibadebian mamakacebi da qalebi ukve
gansxvavebuli tviniT, Tu es modifikacia cxov-
rebiseuli gamocdilebis Sedegia? Semdgom
wlebSi am kiTxvas neiromecnierTa xelT ar-
sebuli teqnikis gamoyenebiT pasuxi unda gaeces.
Cven ganvixileT nervuli sistemis bevri
mniSvnelovani struqtura. axla ki ganvixiloT
endokrinuli sistema, romelic nervul sis-
temasTan erTad sxeulis funqciebs aregulirebs.
endokrinuli sistema
adamianis genotipi gansazRvravs meore, Zal-
zed specifikur maregulirebel sistemas en-
dokrinul sistemas, raTa nervuli sistemis
muSaoba Seavsos. endokrinuli sistema jirkvle-
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bis erTobliobas warmoadgens, romlebic gamoi-
muSaveben da sisxlSi gamoyofen qimiur mesin-
jerebs hormonebs (sur. 3.16). hormonebi Zlier
gavlenas axdenen organizmis yoveldRiur cxo-
velqmedebaze, Tumca isini gansakuTrebiT mniS-
vnelovania sicocxlis garkveul periodebSi da
zogierTi gansakuTrebuli situaciis dros.
hormonebi gavlenas axdenen sxeulis zrdaze;
isini gansazRvraven da xels uwyoben pirveladi
da meoradi sasqeso niSnebis ganviTarebas; gav-
lenas axdenen sifxizlesa da yuradRebaze; war-
moadgenen guneba-ganwyobilebisa da xasiaTis
Secvlis safuZvels; aregulireben metabolizms
da sxeulis energetikul danaxarjebs. endokri-
nuli sistema uzrunvelyofs organizmis gadar-
Cenas, exmareba ra mis brZolas infeqciisa da
daavadebaTa winaaRmdeg. is xels uwyobs saxeo-
bebis gadarCenas maTi seqsualuri agznebis
regulirebis, reproduqciuli ujredebis war-
moqmnis, meZuZur dedebSi rZis gamomuSavebis
endokrinuli sistema (Endocrine system) jirkvle-
bis qseli, romlebic gamoimuSaveben da sisxlSi
gamoyofen hormonebs.
hormonebi (Hormones) qimiuri mesenjerebi, rom-
lebic gamomuSavdeba endokrinuli jirkvlebis
mier, aregulireben metabolizms da gavlenas
axdenen sxulis zrdaze, xasiaTsa da sasqeso
niSan-Tvisebebze.
hipofizi (Pituity gland) moTavsebulia tvinSi,
gamoimuSavebs zrdis hormonebs da gavlenas
axdens sxva endokrinuli jirkvlebis mier hor-
monebis sekreciaze.
testosteroni (Testosterone) mamakacTa sasqeso
hormoni, romelic saTesleebSi gamomuSavdeba
da astimulirebs spermis produqcias; aseve
pasuxismgebelia mamakacTa meoradi sasqeso niSan-
Tvisebebis Camoyalibebaze.
estrogeni (Estrogen) qalTa sasqeso hormoni,
romelic sakvercxeebSi gamomuSavdeba da
pasuxismgebelia ovulaciis procesze, aseve qa-
lebis reproduqciuli struqturebis ganviTa-
rebasa da meoradi sasqeso niSnebis Camoyali-
bebaze.
suraTi
3.15
Tvalisa da xelis koordinacia
hipofizi marjvniv aris warmodgenili; es mTavari jirkvalia, romelic
marcxena mxares naCvenebi jirkvlebis moqmedebas aregulirebs.
hipofizi, Tavis mxriv, kontroldeba hipoTalamusidan, romelic
limburi sistemis mniSvnelovani nawilia.
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meSveobiT. ase rom, efeqturi endokrinuli
sistemis gareSe Tqven ver gadarCebiT.
endokrinuli jirkvlebi sisxlSi qimiuri
nivTierebebis doneze reagireben an maTi stimu-
lireba sxva hormonebisa Tu Tavis tvinidan moma-
vali nervuli impulsebis mier xdeba. amis
Sedegad hormonebi gamoiyofa sisxlSi da gadaad-
gildeba moSorebuli samizne ujredebisken,
romelTac specifikuri receptorebi gaaCniaT.
hormonebi qimiuri regulaciis programiT gaTva-
liswinebul zemoqmedebas mxolod sxeulis gene-
tikurad gansazRvrul adgilebSi gamoavlenen.
sxvadasxva, magram specifikur organoebsa Tu
qsovilebze gavleniT hormonebi uamrav bioqi-
miur process aregulireben, amis gamo maT si-
cocxlis mesinjerebi~ ewodebaT (Carpo, 1985).
es mravalmxrivi sakomunikacio sistema akontro-
lebs organizmSi nela, mudmivad mimdinare
procesebs, rogoricaa sisxlSi Saqris donis
gansazRvra, kalciumis Semcveloba, naxSirwyle-
bis metabolozmi da sxeulis zrda, magram ra
xdeba krizis dros? endokrinuli sistema gamo-
yofs sisxlSi hormon adrenalins; adrenalini
energias matebs sxeuls ise, rom mas unari
Seswevs swrafad moaxdinos reagireba safrTxeze.
rogorc adre ukve aRvniSneT, tvinis struq-
tura, hipoTalamusi, warmoadgens gadamrTvel
ubans endokrinulsa da centralur nervul sis-
temebs Soris. hipoTalamusis specializebuli
ujredebi informacias tvinis sxva ubnebidan
iReben, romlebic mas ubrZaneben gamoyon sxva-
dasxva hormonebi hipofizSi, riTac isini asti-
mulireben, an akaveben sxva hormonebis sekrecias.
hormonebi sxeulis sxvadasxva ubnebSi gamomu-
Savdeba. es qarxnebi~ sxvadasxva hormonebs awar-
moebs, romlebic sxeulis sxvadasxva funqciebs
aregulireben, rogorc es 3.1 cxrilSia warmod-
genili. axla ki yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani
procesebi ganvixiloT.
hipofizs xSirad mTavar jirkvals~ uwodeben,
radganac is 10 sxvadasxva saxis hormons gamoimu-
Savebs, romlebic yvela sxva endokrinuli jir-
kvlis sekretorul muSaobaze axdenen gavlenas.
aseve, aq sinTezirdeba zrdis hormonebi. zrdis
hormonis ararseboba iwvevs sxeulis zrdis
Seferxebas qondriskacobas; misi siWarbe iwvevs
gigantizms. mamakacebSi hipofizis sekreciis pro-
duqtebi aaqtiveben saTesleebSi testosteronis
sinTezs, romelic, Tavis mxriv, spermis gamo-
muSavebas astimulirebs. hipofizi aseve monawi-
leobs mamakacebis meoradi sasqeso niSnebis
CamoyalibebaSi, rogoricaa sxeulis Tmis sa-
farvelis ganviTareba, xmis Secvla da fizikuri
simwife. testosteronma SesaZloa gamoiwvios
agresiisa da seqsualuri ltolvis gaZliereba.
qalebSi hipofizis hormonebi astimulireben
estrogenis warmoebas. estrogeni im hormona-
luri jaWvuri reaqciebis aucilebeli komponen-
tia, romlebic ovulaciasa da qalis nayofie-
rebas gansazRvraven. Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego zo-
gierTi preparatis moqmedeba emyareba hipofizis
specialuri aqtivobis daTrgunvas, romelic hor-
monebis gamomuSavebas da ganawilebas akon-
mTavari endokrinuli jirkvlebi da maT
mier gamomuSavebuli hormonebis funqciebi
regulirebadi funqciebi jirkvali
hipoTalamusi
wina hipofizi
ukana hipofizi
farisebri jirkvali
paraTireoiduli
jirkvali
nawlavi
pankreasi
Tirkmelzeda
jirkvali
sakvercxe
saTesle
hipofizis hormonebis
gamoyofa
saTesleebi da
sakvercxeebirZis
gamomuSaveba
metabolizmi
reaqcia stresze
wylis konservacia
rZis gamoyofa
saSvilosnos SekumSva
metabolozmi
zrda da ganviTareba
kalciumis done
saWmlis moneleba
glukozis metabolizmi
brZolisa da gaqcevis~
pasuxebi
metabolizmi
sqesobrivi ltolva
qalebSi
qalebis sasqeso niSnebis
ganviTareba
kvercxujredis warmoqmna
mamakacis sasqeso
niSnebis ganviTareba
spermis gamomuSaveba
sqesobrivi ltolva
mamakacebSi
cxrili
3.1
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trolebs, amiT ki, saboloo jamSi, ovulaciis
procesi irRveva.
Sejameba
neiromecniereba cdilobs pasuxi gasces sau-
kunovan kiTxvas, Tu rogoria kavSiri tvinsa da
qcevas Soris. neiromecnierebi uamrav meTods
mimarTaven tvinis funqciebis ukeT Seswavlis
mizniT. isini swavloben pacientebs tvinis da-
zianebebiT, iwveven tvinis gansazRvruli ubnebis
dazianebas, astimulireben tvinis regionebs,
iweren tvinis aqtivobas da kompiuteruli
teqnikis daxmarebiT qmnian tvinis gamosaxu-
lebebs misi muSaobis procesSi.
nervuli sistema centralur da periferiul
nawilebad iyofa. centraluri nervuli sistema
Sedgeba Tavisa da zurgis tvinisagan; periferi-
uli nervuli sistema Sedgeba somaturi da
avtonomiuri nervuli sistemebisagan.
Tavis tvini SeiZleba daiyos tvinis Rerod,
limbur sistemad da did tvinad. tvinis Rero
aregulirebs ZiriTad sasicocxlo funqciebs,
rogoricaa sunTqva, guliscema da saWmlis mo-
neleba. naTxemi koordinirebas uwevs sxeulis
moZraobas da gavlenas axdens daswavlis zogi-
erT procesze. limburi sistema mniSvnelovan
rols TamaSobs motivaciis, emociebisa da
mexsierebis procesebSi. didi tvini pasuxismge-
belia metyvelebisa da azrovnebis umaRles fun-
qciebze.
kvlevam uCvena, rom didi tvinis ori hemi-
sfero sxvadasxva rols TamaSobs yoveldRiuri
funqciebis SesrulebaSi. magaliTad, adamianTa
umravlesobaSi marcxena hemisfero metyvelebas
akontrolebs. zogadad, marjvena hemisfero in-
formacias ufro holisturad aRiqvams, marcxena
ki ufro analitikuria. ori hemisferos funqcia-
Ta Sesaxeb zogadi daskvnebis gakeTebisas unda
gvaxsovdes individualuri da, maT Soris, sqe-
sobrivi gansxvavebebi.
endokrinuli sistema aris jirkvalTa qseli,
romelic gamoimuSavebs hormonebs sasicocxlo
procesebis regulirebisaTvis.
nervuli sistema moqmedebaSi
adreuli periodis fiziologTa erT-erTi
umTavresi amocana iyo nervuli sistemis mu-
Saobis principebis gageba. Tanamedrove neiro-
mecnierebma mniSvnelovan progress miaRwies,
magram isini agrZeleben muSaobas, rom am mraval-
waxnagovani problemis yvela nawili amoxsnan.
wignis am qveTavSi Cveni mizania gavaanalizoT
da gaverkveT, Tu rogor gadaecema Cveni grZno-
baTa organoebis mier aRqmuli informacia sxeu-
lis sxva nawilebsa da tvins nervuli impulsebis
meSveobiT. Cven viwyebT nervuli sistemis Ziri-
Tadi erTeulis, neironis, niSan-Tvisebebis gan-
xilviT.
neironi
neironi aris specializebuli ujredi, rom-
lis funqciaa miiRos, gadaamuSavos da/an gadas-
ces informacia sxva ujredebs sxeulis SigniT.
arsebobs sxvadasxva formis, zomis, qimiuri
Semadgenlobisa da funqciis neironebi (ZuZum-
suraTi
3.16
neironi (Neuron) nervuli sistemis ujredi,
romelic specializebulia miiRos, gadaamuSavos
da/an gadasces informacia sxva ujredebs.
neironTa tipebi
yuradReba miaqcieT dendritebis gansxvavebul formas
da datotvis xasiaTs. isrebiT naCvenebia informaciis
moZraobis mimarTuleba. warmodgenilia interneironis
ori tipi.
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daafiqsireT TvalebiT
nivTebi Tqvens garSemo, iqneb
xe, romelic fanjaraSi Cans,
an kompiuteri Tqvens magidaze.
axla ki daxuWeT Tvalebi da
SeecadeT warmoidginoT igive
obieqtebi. ra xdeba Tqvens
tvinSi am ori qmedebis dros?
ramdenad SesaZlebelia, rom
tvinis igive ubnebi iyos Car-
Tuli orive procesSi, rom-
lebic aRqmasa da vizualur
warmosaxvas gulisxmobs? teq-
nologiurma progresma SesaZ-
lo gaxada neiromecnierTa-
Tvis am saintereso kiTxvas
zusti pasuxi gascen.
rogorc Tqven naxavT wig-
nis me-4 TavSi, mecnierebma did
warmatebebs miaRwies mxedve-
lobis nervuli safuZvlebis
SeswavlaSi. maT SeuZliaT
Tvali miadevnon vizualuri
informaciis transformacias
Tvalebis baduradan kefis
wilis vizualur qerqamde.
rogor unda gansazRvron
mecnierebma, CarTulia Tu ara
vizualuri qerqis erTi da
igive ubnebi, rodesac adamiani
axorcielebs vizualuri war-
mosaxvis da ara vizualuri
aRqmis process? mkvlevarTa
jgufma stiven koslinis
xelmZRvanelobiT (Kosslyn et al.,
1999) gamoiyena ori meTodi:
pet-(pozitronul-emisiuri
tomografia) skani, romelic
Cven ukve warmogidgineT, da
ganmeorebiTi transkrania-
luri magnituri stimulacia
(rTMS), romelic sruliad
axali teqnologiaa da sul
ramodenime wlis winaT iqna
gamoyenebuli adamianTa kog-
nitur neiromecnierebaSi.
kvlevaTa am seriaSi, cdis
pirebs sTxovdnen, daemaxsov-
raT oTxi kvadratuli gamo-
saxuleba da mere warmoed-
ginaT isini daxuWuli Tva-
lebiT. cdis pirTa amocana
iyo, pasuxi gaecaT kiTxvebze
sxvadasxva gamosaxulebaSi
obieqtis zolebis fardobiTi
siganis Sesaxeb. es amocana ise
iyo SemuSavebuli, rom cdis
pirebs aucileblad unda
warmoedginaT vizualuri
gamosaxuleba. pet-gamokvle-
vaSi monawileTa tvini Ses-
wavlili iyo amocanis gada-
wyvetis momentSi. skanma uCvena,
rom aqtiurobdnen vizualuri
qerqis is ubnebi, romlebic
mxedvelobiTi stimulaciis
drosac iaqtiurebdnen. magram
gaixseneT wignis meore Ta-
vidan, rom korelacia ar aris
mizezobrioba: is, rom orive
amocanis dros aqtiuria
tvinis erTi da igive ubnebi,
ar niSnavs, rom erTi da igive
funqcia sruldeba.
am etapze ki erTveba rTMS,
romlis saSualebiTac SesaZ-
lebelia ufro zusti das-
kvnebis gakeTeba. es axali
teqnika magnituri stimula-
ciis pulsebs iyenebs droe-
biTi, Seqcevadi dazianebe-
bis~ warmoqmnisaTvis. qso-
vilis faqtobrivi dazianebis
gareSe SesaZloa tvinis re-
gionebis inaqtivacia. ra xde-
ba zolebis Sedarebisas, ro-
desac rTMS gamoyenebis Se-
degad cdis pirebs uzi-
anebdnen~ pirvelad vizua-
lur qerqs? iseve, rogorc
Ria TvalebiT mxedvelobiTi
aRqmisas, vizualuri war-
mosaxva seriozulad fer-
xdeba. es ki saSualebas gvaZ-
levs davaskvnaT, rom pirve-
ladi vizualuri qerqi Car-
Tulia vizualuri warmosax-
vis procesSi.
gagakvirvaT am monace-
mebma? Tqven ra kiTxvebi gaqvT
tvinSi funqciebis gana-
wilebis Sesaxeb? radganac
mecnierebi agrZeleben mu-
Saobas axali teqnologiebis
gamoyenebiT, didia imis al-
baToba, rom Tqvens kiTxveb-
sac male gaecema zusti
pasuxebi.
miRwevebi tvinis funqciebis lokalizaciis saqmeSi
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wovarTa Tavis tvinSi 200-ze meti sxvadasxva
saxis neironia napovni), magram yvelas aqvs
saerTo ZiriTadi struqtura (sur. 3.17). ada-
mianis Tavis tvinSi neironTa raodenoba 100
miliardsa da 1 trilions Soris meryeobs.
rogorc wesi, neironebi iReben informacias
erTi da gadascemen mas meore boloTi. ujredis
datotvil morCebs, romlebic Semomaval sig-
nalebs iReben, dendritebi ewodebaT. dendri-
tebis ZiriTadi funqciaa sensoruli recep-
torebidan an sxva ujredebidan stimulaciis
miReba. ujredis sxeuli, anu soma, Seicavs
birTvs da citoplazmas, romlebic mis sico-
cxlisunarianobas gansazRvraven. somaSi xdeba
dendritebis stimulaciis Sedegad (an zogierT
SemTxvevaSi, uSualod sxva neironidan) miRe-
buli informaciis integrireba da misi gada-
dendritebi (Dendrites) neironis datotvili mor-
Cebi, romlebic Semosul informacias mim-
Rebloben.
soma (Soma) neironis ujredis sxeuli, rome-
lic birTvsa da citoplazmas Seicavs.
aqsoni (Axon) neironis wagrZelebuli boWko,
romlis gaswvrivac nervuli impulsebi vrcel-
deba somidan terminaluri balTisaken.
terminaluri balTa (Terminal buttons) bolqvis-
magvari struqtura aqsonis bolos, romelic
Rebuloben savse buStukebs Seicavs.
neironis mTavari struqturebi
neironi nervuli impulss dendritebis saSualebiT iRebs; Semdeg nervuli impulsi igzavneba
aqsonis gaswvriv terminaluri balTisaken, sadac sxva neironebis stimulaciisaTvis neiro-
transmiterebis gamoyofa xdeba.
suraTi
3.17
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cema erTi, wagrZelebuli boWkosaTvis, romel-
sac aqsoni ewodeba. Tavis mxriv, aqsoni gadas-
cems informacias mTel Tavis sigrZeze, rome-
lic, magaliTad, zurgis tvinSi SeiZleba erT
metrs aRematebodes, xolo Tavis tvinSi
milimetrze naklebi iyos. aqsonis meore bo-
loSi ganlagebulia Semsxvilebuli, bolqvis-
magvari struqtura, e.w. terminaluri balTa,
romlis saSualebiTac neirons SeuZlia mim-
debare jirkvlebis, kunTebisa da sxva neiro-
nebis stimulireba. rogorc wesi, neironebi
informacias mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT
gadascemen _ dendritebidan somis gavliT aqso-
nis gaswvriv terminaluri balTisaken (sur. 3.18).
arsebobs neironTa sami mTavari jgufi. sen-
soruli (mgrZnobiare) neironebi iReben infor-
macias sensoruli receptorebidan da atareben
mas centraluri nervuli sistemisaken, recep-
toruli ujredebi Zalzed specializebulni
da mgrZnobiareni arian, magaliTad, sinaTli-
sadmi, bgerisadmi, an sxeulis poziciisadmi;
motoruli (mamoZravebeli) neironebi atareben
informacias centraluri nervuli sistemidan
kunTebisa da jirkvlebisaken. tvinis neironTa
ZiriTad masas interneironebi qmnian, romlebic
gadascemen informacias sensorulidan moto-
rul an sxva interneironebs. TiToeul moto-
rul neironze tvinSi daaxloebiT 5 aTasi
interneironi modis, romlebic tvinis ZiriTad
muSa masas qmnian (Nauta & Feirtag, 1979).
imis saCveneblad, Tu rogor muSaobs es sami
tipis neironi erTad, ganvixiloT tkivilisgan
ganridebis refleqsi (sur. 3.19). rodesac kanis
zedapiris siaxloves ganlagebuli tkivilis
sensoruli neironi (Sensory neurons) neironi,
romelic sensoruli receptorebidan infor-
macias centraluri nervuli sistemisken ata-
rebs.
motoruli neironi (Motor neurons) _ neironi, ro-
melic informacias centraluri nervuli
sistemidan kunTebisken da jirkvlebisken
atarebs.
interneironi (Interneurons) _ tvinis neironi,
romelic informacias sensorulidan sxva in-
ter- an motorul neironebs gadascems.
suraTi
3.18
tkivilis ganridebis
refleqsi
am reflesis ganxorcielebaSi mxo-
lod sami neironi monawileobs: sen-
soruli, motoruli da
interneironi.
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receptorebi stimulirdeba wvetiani obieqtiT,
isini agzavnian informacias sensoruli nei-
ronebis saSualebiT zurgis tvinis internei-
ronebisaken. interneironi sapasuxod aagznebs
motorul neirons, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
aagznebs sxeulis Sesabamisi ubnis kunTs da
ganaridebs mas mtkivneul gamaRizianebels.
mxolod mas Semdeg, rac es neironuli aqtivoba
ganxorcieldeba da sxeuli mocildeba mtkiv-
neul obieqts, Tavis tvini iRebs informacias
situaciis Sesaxeb. msgavs SemTxvevebSi, rodesac
gadarCena swraf reaqciebzea damokidebuli,
tkivilis SegrZneba mxolod mas Semdeg Cndeba,
rac Tqven ukve fizikurad upasuxeT safrTxes.
cxadia, incidentis Sesaxeb informacia Seinaxeba
tvinis mexsierebis sistemaSi ise, rom Semdeg
jerze Tqven gaaridebT Tavs potenciurad
mtkivneul obieqts manam, vidre is Tqven gatkenT.
tvinis neironTa qselSi gabneulia maTze
xuTjer Tu aTjer ufro meti raodenobis gli-
uri ujredebi (glia). Tavad es sityva mom-
dinareobs berZnulidan da webos niSnavs; saxel-
wodeba ukve miganiSnebT am ujredebis mTavar
funqciebze _ isini neironebis sayrdens war-
moadgenen. xerxemlianebSi glias bevri mniS-
vnelovani funqcia aqvs. pirveli funqcia gan-
viTarebis safexurze Cndeba. gliuri ujredebi
exmarebian axalSobil neironebs ipovon maTi
Sesabamisi lokalizacia tvinSi, meore funqciaa
cxovelqmedeba. rodesac neironebi ziandeba da
iRupeba, dazianebis ubanSi gliuri ujredebi
mravldeba da asufTavebs ujredul narCenebs;
maT, aseve, SeuZliaT neironTaSoris napralebSi
neirotransmiterebisa da sxva substanciebis
STanTqma; mesame funqciaa izolacia. gliuri
ujredebi zogierTi aqsonis irgvliv qmnian
saizolacio safarvels, romelsac mielinis
garsi ewodeba. es cximovani izolacia mniSvne-
lovnad zrdis nervuli signalis gadacemis
siCqares; gliis meoTxe funqciaa tvinis mgrZno-
biare neironebis dacva sisxlTan erTad Semosu-
li toqsinuri nivTierebebisgan. specialize-
buli gliuri ujredebi, romelTac astroci-
tebi ewodebaT, qmnian e.w. hemato-encefalur
bariers, romelic warmoadgens tvinis sisxl-
ZarRvTa irgvliv uwyvet cximovan Sres. cximSi
uxsnadi substanciebi am bariers ver gadala-
xaven, radganac mravali Sxami da sxva mavne
nivTiereba cximSi ar ixsneba da, Sesabamisad,
tvinSi SeRwevac ar SeuZliaT. dabolos, nei-
romecnierebi sul ufro xSirad fiqroben, rom
glia gavlenas axdens neironTa Soris komuni-
kaciaze im ionTa koncentraciaze zemoqmedebis
gziT, romlebic nervuli impulsis gatarebas
uzrunvelyofen.
moqmedebis potenciali
aqamde Cven vsaubrobdiT neironebze, rom-
lebic agzavnian informacias~ da astimuli-
reben~ erTmaneTs. movida dro, ufro detalurad
aRvweroT eleqtoqimiuri signalebi, romelTac
nervuli sistema iyenebs informaciis gadamuSa-
vebisa da gadacemisaTvis. swored es signalebi
warmoadgenen Tqveni codnis, grZnobebis, sur-
vilebisa da Semoqmedebis safuZvels.
yoveli neironis mier dasmuli ZiriTadi ki-
Txvaa: ganimuxtos Tu ara (anu upasuxos Tu
ara gamRizianebels)? martivad rom vTqvad,
neironebi am gadawyvetilebas iReben maTi den-
dtrirebisa da somis mier miRebuli infor-
maciis kombinirebis Sedegad da imis gansazR-
vrisas, es signalebi maT ganmuxtvas~ Tu argan-
muxtvas~ ubrZaneben. ufro detalurad ki,
yoveli neironi iRebs amgznebi ganimuxte! da
Semakavebeli ar ganimuxto! signalebis
balanss. neironebSi amgznebi impulsebi iwvevn
moqmedebis potencials da neironi ganimuxteba.
moqmedebis potencialis bioqimiuri
safuZveli
imis asaxsnelad, Tu rogor muSaobs moqmede-
bis potenciali, Cven unda is bioqimiuri garemo
aRvweroT, romelSic neironi arsebobs da
iRebs Semosul informacias. mTeli neironuli
komunikacia eleqtrulad damuxtuli nawila-
kebis, ionebis, nakadiT xorcieldeba, romelic
gamWolavs neironis membranas Txel kans~,
romelic ujredis SigTavss garemomcveli ga-
glia (Glia) ujredi, romelic akavSirebs nei-
ronebs da aCqarebs nervul gadacemas, aSorebs
dazianebul da daRupul neironebs da xels uS-
lis sisxlSi arsebul toqsiur substanciebs
SeaRwion tvinSi.
amgznebi Sesavali~ (Excitatory inputs) informacia,
romelic neironSi aRwevs da iwvevs mis agznebas.
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remosagan gamoyofs. warmoidgineT, rom nervuli
boWkoebi makaronia, romelic mariliani wyliTaa
savse da marilian supSi dacuravs. rogorc supi,
ise makaronis SigniT arsebuli siTxe Seicavs
ionebs natriumis (Na+), qloris (Cl-), kalci-
umisa (Ca+) da kaliumis (K+) atomebs, romelTac
rogorc dadebiTi (+), ise uaryofiTi (-) muxtebi
gaaCniaT (sur. 3.19). membrana, anu makaronis
zedapiri, gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs orive
siTxeSi ingredientebis Sesabamisi balansis
SenarCunebaSi. rodesac ujredi ar aris aqtiuri,
anu imyofeba mosvenebul mdgomareobaSi, mis Sida
areSi daaxloebiT aTjer ufro meti kaliumis
ionia, vidre gareT, xolo natriumis ionTa kon-
centracia piriqiT, gareT ufro metia. membrana
srulyofili barieri araa, is saSualebas aZlevs
natriumis ionebs SeaRwion ujredis SigniT. amis
aRmosafxvrelad, bunebam Seqmna satransporto
meqanizmebi membranis SigniT, romelic gamotum-
bavs~ natriums da Catumbavs~ kaliums. am
tumboTa warmatebuli muSaobis Sedegad siTxe
ujredis SigniT uaryofiTadaa damuxtuli (70/
1 000 volti) ujredgare sivrcesTan SedarebiT.
es ki niSnavs, rom ujredis Sida garemo pola-
rizebulia. am polarizacias mosvenebis poten-
ciali ewodeba. is qmnis im eleqtroqimiur
garemos, romelSic nervul ujreds SeuZlia
moqmedebis potencialis warmoqmna.
nervuli ujredi iwyebs gadasvlas mosvenebis
potencialidan moqmedebis potencialze amag-
znebeli Tu Semakavebeli informaciis sapasuxod.
nebismieri tipis Semosul informacias SeuZlia
Secvalos ionuri balansi membranis Sida da
gare areebs Soris. es, aseve, iwvevs cvlilebebs
ionuri arxebis funqciebSic ujreduli mem-
branis agznebadi nawilebi, romlebic SerCeviTad
uzrunvelyofen zogierTi ionis moZraobas mem-
branis gavliT. Semakavebeli informacia aiZu-
lebs ionur arxebs ufro mZafrad imuSaon da
SeinarCunon Sida aris uaryofiTi muxti, rac
neirons ganmuxtvisagan daicavs. amagznebeli im-
moqmedebis potencialis bioqimiuri safuZveli
aqsonuri membrana gamoyofs siTxeebs, romlebic gansxvavdeba natriumisa da
kaliumis ionebis SemcvelobiT. gareSe are daaxloebiT aTjer ufro met
natriumis ions Seicavs, vidre Sida. kaliumis ionebTan mimarTebaSi Tanafardoba
sawinaaRmdegoa. membranas cilovani arxebi gamWolavs, romlebic rogorc
seleqtiuri arxebi ise moqmedeben, atareben ra an mxolod natriumis, an mxolod
kaliumis ionebs. mosvenebul mdgomareobaSi rodesac nervuli impulsi ar
gadis, orive tipis arxi Caketilia da ionuri tumbo inarCunebs ionur
gadanawilebas (Signidan gareT `gamotumbavs~ natriumis ionebs da `Catumbavs~
kaliumis ionebs). aqsonis Sida are uaryofiTadaa damuxtuli 70 milivoltis
odenobiT. Tuki es Zabva Semcirdeba nervuli impulsis moaxloebis gamo,
natriumis arxebi ixsneba da natriumis ionebi Semodis aqsonSi. odnav mogvianebiT,
natriumis arxebi ixureba, ixsneba kaliumis arxebi da kaliumis ionebi gamodis
suraTi
3.19
Semakavebeli Sesavali~ (Inhibitory inputs) Semo-
suli informacia, romelic neirons ubrZanebs,
ar ganimuxtos.
moqmedebis potenciali (Action potential) nervuli
impulsi, romelic neironSi warmoiqmneba, aqsonis
gaswvriv vrceldeba da iwvevs sinafsSi neiro-
transmiterebis gamoTavisuflebas.
mosvenebis potenciali (Restins potential) neiro-
nis Sida areSi arsebuli ujreduli siTxis
polarizacia, romelic uzrunvelyofs moqmede-
bis potencialis warmoqmnis unars.
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pulsacia ionuri arxebis gaxsnas iwvevs da
natriumis ionebi ujredis Sida areSi Semodian,
rac mas ganmuxtvis saSualebas aZlevs. radganac
natriumis ionebi dadebiTi muxtis matarebelia,
maTi Semosvla iwvevs dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
muxtebis gadanawilebis Secvlas ujreduli
membranis gaswvriv. moqmedebis potenciali aRmo-
cendeba maSin, rodesac amagznebeli impulsacia
sakmarisad Zlieria SemakavebelTan SedarebiT
da iwvevs membranis depolarizacias 70 mili-
voltidan 55 milivoltamde. am dros sakmarisi
raodenobis natriumi Sedis ujredSi, raTa es
cvlileba gamoiwvios.
iwyeba Tu ara moqmedebis potencialis aR-
moceneba, natriumi iCqaris ujredis Sida areSi.
Sedegad, ujredis Sida are dadebiTad imuxteba,
rac neironis srul depolarizacias niSnavs.
Semdgom dominos efeqti iwvevs moqmedebis po-
tencialis gavrcelebas aqsonis gaswvriv; de-
polarizaciis mowinave ubani ki aqsonis mim-
debare regionebSi natriumis arxebis gaxsnas
ganapirobebs da ionebi Semodis ujredSi. am
gziT Tanamimdevruli depolarizaciiT sig-
nali vrceldeba aqsonSi (sur. 3.19).
rogor ubrundeba neironi mis sawyis mosve-
nebul mdgomareobas ganmuxtvis Semdeg? rodesac
neironis Sida are dadebiTad imuxteba, natriumis
arxebi ixureba da ixsneba kaliumis arxebi, ka-
liumis ionebi gamodian gareT. kaliumis gamos-
vla aRadgens neironis uaryofiT muxts. maSin,
rodesac signali miaRwevs aqsonis bolos, ujre-
dis is nawilebi, sadac moqmedebis potenciali
warmoiqmna, ukve ubrundeba mosvenebul mdgo-
mareobas da mzadaa momdevno stimulaciisaTvis.
moqmedebis potencialis maxasiaTeblebi
moqmedebis potencialis gavrcelebis bioqi-
miuri buneba mraval maxasiaTebels gansazRvravs.
moqmedebis potenciali emorCileba sul an
arafris kanons _ moqmedebis potencialis zoma
ar aris damokidebuli stimulaciis intensivo-
baze, Tuki is gansazRvrul zRurbls aRwevs.
miaRwevs Tu ara amagznebeli impulsi zRurbls,
iwyeba potencialis generireba. Tuki gaRizianeba
qvezRurblovania, potenciali ver aRmocendeba.
sul an arafris kanonis damatebiTi Sedegia is,
rom moqmedebis potencialis zoma ar icvleba
aqsonis mTel sigrZeze _ moqmedebis potenciali
TviTgavrcelebadia, erTxel dawyebuls, mas ar
sWirdeba gareSe stimulacia.
sxvadasxva neironebSi aqsonis gaswvriv moq-
medebis potencialis gavrcelebis siCqare gan-
sxvavebulia. yvelaze ufro swrafebSi signali
200 m/wm-Si siCqariT moZraobs, yvelaze ufro
nelSi ki 10 sm/wm-Si. swrafi neironebis aqsonebi
dafarulia mWidrod Semoxveuli mielinis gar-
siT, romelic, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, gliuri
ujredebisgan Sedgeba da aqsoni emsgavseba simze
acmul mokle milTa erTobliobas. milakebs
Soris arsebul sivrces ranvies Seviwroveba
ewodeba (sur. 3.17). mielinis garsian neironebSi
moqmedebis potenciali xtunavs~ erTi Seviw-
rovebidan meoreze, riTac zogavs aqsonis yvela
ubanze ionuri arxebis gaxsna-daxurvisaTvis
saWiro drosa da energias. mielinis garsis
dazianeba iwvevs moqmedebis potencialis gavrce-
lebis Senelebas da bevri problemis safuZveli
xdeba. gafantuli sklerozi (MS) erT-erTi im
saSinel daavadebaTagania, romelic aqsonebis
demielinizaciiTaa gamowveuli. misTvis damaxa-
siaTebelia ormagi gamosaxulebis aRqma, kankali,
da, sabolood, dambla. gafantuli sklerozis
dros sxeulis specializebuli imunuri uj-
redebi Slian mielinizebuli neironebis garss
da azianeben normalur sinafsur gadacemas
(Joyce, 1990).
mas Semdeg, rac moqmedebis potenciali aq-
sonis garkveul ubans gaivlis, am segmentze
yalibdeba e.w. refraqteruli periodi (sur. 3.20).
absoluturi refraqteruli periodis dros
momdevno stimulacia, rac ar unda intensiuri
iyos is, ver iwvevs moqmedebis potencialis
generirebas; SefardebiTi refraqteruli peri-
odis dros neironi ganimuxteba mxolod norma-
lurze ufro Zlieri impulsis sapasuxod. gic-
diaT unitazis Carecxva, rodesac is wyliT
ivseba? unitazSi unda arsebobdes wylis kri-
tikuli done, rom mas Carecxvis saSualeba
hqondes. amis msgavsad, imisaTvis, rom neironma
aRidginos axali moqmedebis potencialis
generirebis unari, is unda gadaimuxtos~ da
Tavidan aicilos qvezRurblovani stimulacia.
refraqteruli periodi uzrunvelyofs moqme-
debis potencialis mxolod erTi mimarTu-
lebiT gavrcelebas _ mas ar SeuZlia ukan
dabruneba, radganac aqsonis winamdebare seg-
mentebi refraqterul mdgomareobaSia.
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sinafsuri gadacema
rodesac aqsonuri potenciali daasrulebs
mis mogzaurobas aqsonis gaswvriv da miaRwevs
terminalur balTas, man unda gadasces in-
formacia mezobel neirons, magram rogor?
neironebi xom erTmaneTs ar exeba. isini sinaf-
sebs qmnian patara sinafsuri napraliT presi-
nafsur membranasa (informaciis gadamcemi
neironis terminaluri balTa) da postsinaf-
sur membranas (mimRebi neironis dendtritis
an somis zedapiri) Soris. rodesac moqmedebis
potenciali terminalur balTas aRwevs, is
moqmedebaTa mTeli jaWvis gaaqtivebas iwvevs,
romelsac sinafsuri gadacema ewodeba da
romelic warmoadgens informaciis gadacemas
erTi neironidan meoreze sinafsuri napralis
gavliT (sur. 3.21). sinafsuri gadacema iwyeba,
rodesac moqmedebis potenciali aqsonur da-
boloebaSi iwvevs patara sferosebri buStu-
kebis, sinafsuri vezikulebis, moZraobas aqso-
nuri daboloebis Sida membranisaken da masTan
mimagrebas. yoveli vezikulis SigniT neiro-
transmiteria moTavsebuli bioqimiuri niv-
Tiereba, romelic sxva neironebis stimuli-
rebas iwvevs. moqmedebis potenciali aseve
iwvevs ionuri arxebis gaxsnas da kalciumis
Semosvlas aqsonur daboloebaSi, rac sinafsu-
ri vezikulebis gaskdomas da maTSi arsebuli
neirotransmiteris gamoTavisuflebas ganapi-
robebs. amis Semdeg neirotransmiteri Zalian
swrafad gadadis sinafsur napralSi da aRwevs
postsinafsur membranas. sinafsuri gadacemis
dasrulebisaTvis, neirotransmiterebi ukavSir-
deba postsinafsur membranaze arsebul recep-
torul molekulebs.
neirotransmiteri ukavSirdeba receptorul
molekulas ori winapirobis Sesrulebis Sem-
deg. pirveli, sxva arc erTi neirotransmiteri,
an qimiuri nivTiereba ar SeiZleba daukav-
Sirdes receptorul molekulas; meore, neiro-
transmiteris forma unda Seesabamebodes re-
ceptoruli molekulis formas ise, rogorc
gasaRebi ergeba klites. Tu romelime piroba
darRveulia, neirotransmiteri ver daukavSir-
deba receptors, rac imas niSnavs, rom post-
sinafsuri membranis stimulireba SeuZlebeli
iqneba. Tuki neirotransmiteri daukavSirda
receptorul molekulas, mas SeeZleba mezo-
suraTi
3.20
eleqtruli cvlilebebis droSi
ganawileba moqmedebis potencialis
dros
natriumis ionebi, romlebic neironSi Semodis,
depolarizaciis gziT iwveven mosvenebis mdgo-
mareobaSi arsebuli mosvenebis msubuqad uaryofiTi
potencialis Secvlas msubuqad pozitiuriT.
rodesac neironi depolarizebulia, masSi mokle
refraqteruli periodi myardeba romlis drosac
momdevno stimulacias axali moqmedebis poten-
cialis gamowveva ar SeuZlia. axali moqmedebis
potenciali SeiZleba aRmocendes mxolod maSin,
rodesac aRdgeba ionuri balansi gare da Sida
areebs Soris.
ionuri arxebi (Ion channels) nervuli ujredis
membranis nawilebi, romlebic ionTa SerCeviT
ganvladobas uzrunvelyofen.
sul an arafris kanoni (All-or-none law) moqme-
debis potencialis zoma ar aris stimulaciis
intensivobaze damokidebuli garkveuli zRur-
blis Semdeg.
refraqteruli periodi (Refractory period) mosve-
nebis periodi, romlis ganmavlobaSic axali
nervuli impulsi ver warmoiqmneba aqsonis
segmentSi.
sinafsi (Synapse) or neirons Soris arsebuli.
sinafsuri gadacema (Synaptic transmission) erTi
neironidan meoreze informaciis gadacemis
procesi sinafsuri napralis gaswvriv.
neirotransmiterebi (Neurotransmitters) qimiuri
mesenjerebi, romlebic neironebidan gamoiyofa,
gaivlis sinafss, aRwevs meore neirons da mis
stimulacias iwvevs.
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bel neirons gadasces informacia ganmuxtvis~
an arganmuxtvis~ Sesaxeb. Seasrulebs ra Tavis
funqcias, neirotransmiteri Sordeba recepto-
rul molekulas da ukan, sinafsur napralSi
gadadis. aq is an iSleba enzimebis zemoqmedebis
Sedegad, an ukuSeiwoveba aqsonuri daboloebis
mier ganmeorebiTi gamoyenebis mizniT.
receptorul molekulaze damokidebulebiT,
neirotansmiters SeiZleba hqondes amgznebi, an
Semakavebeli efeqti, e.i., erTi da igive neiro-
transmiteri SeiZleba iyos amgznebi erTi sinaf-
sisaTvis da Semakavebeli meorisaTvis. TiToeuli
neironi amuSavebs miRebul informacias aTasidan
aTi aTas neironTan erTad imisaTvis, rom
gadawyvitos, warmoqmnas Tu ara axali moqmedebis
potenciali. swored am aTasobiT amgznebi da
Semakavebeli informaciis integracia aZlevs
saSualebas moqmedebis potencials Seqmnas
adamianis gamocdilebis safuZveli.
suraTi
3.21
sinafsuri gadacema
moqmedebis potenciali presinaf-
sur neironSi iwvevs neiro-
transmiterebis gamoTavisuflebas
sinafsur napralSi, risi
gadalaxvis Semdegac isini
astimulireben postsinafsur
membranaSi arsebul receptorul
molekulebs. erTi da igive
neironis SigniT SeiZleba mravali
neirotransmiteri arsebobdes.
Tqven, albaT, gsurT gaigoT, ratom ganvixi-
lavT ase detalurad nervul sistemas. es xom
fsiqologiis kursia, romelic Seiswavlis
qcevas, azrovnebasa da emociebs. sinamdvileSi,
sinafsebi swored is biologiuri mediumebia,
romelTa meSveobiTac yvela es qmedeba xor-
cieldeba. Tuki Tqven SecvliT sinafsis
normalur aqtivobas, Tqven cvliT adamianTa
qcevas, maT azrovnebas da grZnobebs. sinafsis
muSaobis principebis gagebam SesaZlebeli
gaxada ukeT gagvego daswavlisa da mexsierebis
meqanizmebi, emociebi, fsiqologiuri aSlilo-
bebi, wamaldamokidebuleba da, zogadad,
sulieri janmrTelobis qimiuri formula. am
TavSi miRebuli codna Tqven dagexmarebaT
gaigoT mTeli wigni _ `fsiqologia da cxov-
reba~.
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neirotransmiterebi da maTi
funqciebi
tvinSi neirotransmiteris funqcias 60-ze
meti sxvadasxva qimiuri substancia asrulebs.
intensiurad Seswavlili neirotransmiterebi
garkveul teqnikur kriteriumebs akmayofileben.
TiToeuli maTgani gamomuSavdeba presinafsur
aqsonur daboloebaSi da gamoTavisufldeba,
rodesac moqmedebis potenciali aRwevs am
daboloebas. neirotransmiteris arseboba sinaf-
sur napralSi iwvevs postsinafsuri membranis
biologiur pasuxs da Tu misi gamoTavisufleba
ar Sedga, Sesabamisi pasuxi ver gamoiwveva.
imisaTvis, rom Tqven warmodgena SegeqmnaT, Tu
ra gavlenas axdenen sxvadasxva neirotransmi-
terebi qcevis regulaciaze, Cven gansaxilvelad
gTavazobT im neirotransmiterebs, romlebic
miCneulia yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovnad nervu-
li sistemis warmatebuli yoveldRiuri fun-
qcionirebisaTvis. mokle diskusia aseve SesaZ-
lebels gaxdis imis gagebas, Tu ra xdeba, rode-
sac neirotransmiterebis moqmedeba irRveva.
acetilqolini
acetilqolini gvxvdeba rogorc centralur,
ise periferiul nervul sistemaSi. alchaimeris
daavadebis (degeneraciuli daavadeba, romelic
ZiriTadad asakovan pacientebSi gvxvdeba) dros
pacientebSi mexsierebis darRvevas iwvevs ace-
tilqolinis sekretoruli neironebis dazia-
neba. acetilqolini aseve amgznebad moqmedebs
nerv-kunTovan SeerTebaSi, sadac is kunTebis
SekumSvas iwvevs. mraval toqsins SeuZlia ace-
tilqolinis sinafsuri moqmedebis Secvla. maga-
liTad, botulinumis toqsini, romelic ara-
sworad konservirebul sakvebSi xSirad gvxvde-
ba, wamlavs adamians, aferxebs ra acetil-
qolinis gamoTavisuflebas sasunTq sistemaSi;
kurare, amazoniis indielebis mier gamoyenebuli
Sxami, romliTac isini isrebis boloebs wam-
laven, iwvevs sasunTqi kunTebis damblas
acetilqolinis receptorebis blokirebis gziT,
xels uSlis ra neirotransmiteris normalur
sinafsur aqtivobas.
gaemi
gaemi (gama-amino-erbos-mJava) Tavis tvinSi yve-
laze ufro farTod gavrcelebuli Sema-
kavebeli neirotransmiteria. gaemi tvinis sinaf-
sebis daaxloebiT erT mesamedSi gamoiyeneba
rogorc mesenjeri. gaem-mgrZnobiare neironebi
tvinis iseT regionebSia lokalizebuli, rogo-
rebicaa: Talamusi, hipoTalamusi da kefis wili.
gaemi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs fsiqopaTo-
logiis zogierT formaSi, akavebs ra neironul
aqtivobas. rodesac am neirotransmiteris done
iklebs, adamianebSi es damatebiT nervul aqti-
vobas iwvevs, romelic SfoTvaSi gamoixateba
(Paul et al., 1986). SfoTvas xSirad benzodia-
zepinebis Semcveli wamlebiT mkurnaloben,
rogoricaa valiumi da qsanaqsi, romlebic gaem
dones zrdian (Ballenger, 1999). benzodiazepinebi
pirdapir ar ukavSirdeba gaem receptorebs,
samagierod isini xels uwyoben gaems Tavad
ufro efeqturad daukavSirdes postsinafsur
receptorul molekulebs.
dofamini, norepinefrini da serotonini
kateqolaminebi warmoadgenen qimiuri sub-
stanciebis klass, romelic or mniSvnelovan
neirotransmiters, dofaminsa da norepinefrins
Seicavs. orive maTgani umniSvnelovanes rols
asrulebs iseT fsiqologiur daavadebebSi,
rogoricaa guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi
da Sizofrenia. norepinefrini CarTulia dep-
resiis zogierT formaSi. wamlebi, romlebic
tvinSi am neirotransmiteris donis momatebas
uwyoben xels, guneba-ganwyobilebis gaumjobe-
sebasa da depresiis Semsubuqebas iwveven. sawi-
naaRmdegod, normaze maRali dofaminis Semcve-
loba nanaxia SizofreniiT daavadebulebSi.
rogorc Tqven, albaT, ggoniaT, am daavadebis
mkurnalobis erT-erTi SesaZlebloba iqneboda
iseTi wamlebis gamoyeneba, romlebic tvinSi
dofaminis donis Semcirebas gamoiwvevda. medi-
kamentozuri mkurnalobis adreul periodSi
warmoiqmna saintereso, magram naklebad saxar-
bielo problema. wamlis maRali dozebis gamo-
yenebam Sizofreniis winaaRmdeg gamoiwvia par-
kinsonis daavadebis niSnebi progresuli da
fataluri daavadebis, romelic moZraobis
darRvevebs iwvevs (parkinsonis daavadebis
mizezia dofaminis masinTezirebeli neironebis
gamofitva). am monacemebma aiZula mecnierebi
daewyoT kvleva Sizofreniisa da parkinsonis
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daavadebis medikamentozuri mkurnalobis ga-
saumjobeseblad.
yvela neironi, romelic serotonins gamoimu-
Savebs, moTavsebulia tvinis ReroSi, romelic
agznebisa da mravali sxva avtonomiuri pro-
cesis regulaciaSia CarTuli. halucinogenuri
nivTiereba LSD (lizerginis mJavas dieTi-
lamidi) moqmedebs serotoninerguli neiro-
nebis efeqtebis daTrgunvis gziT. es seroto-
ninerguli neironebi Cveulebriv sxva neironTa
Sekavebas iwveven, magram LCD-Ti gamowveuli
Sekavebis nakleboba iwvevs cocxal da uCveulo
wignis am Tavis wakiTxvi-
sas Tqven axal informacias
iZenT niSnavs Tu ara es,
rom Tqveni tvini icvleba?
savaraudoa! studentebi, rom-
lebic pirvelad Sedian Se-
xebaSi Tanamedrove neiro-
mecnierebasTan, xSirad inte-
resdebian, Tu rogor
gavlenas axdens
cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba
maT tvinze.
klasikuri cdebis seria,
romelic mark rozencvaigisa
da misi kolegebis mier iqna
Catarebuli, aCvenebs gansxva-
vebebs virTagvebs Soris,
romlebic gamdidrebul da
gaRaribebul garemoSi aRi-
zardnen (Rosenzweig, 1996, 1999b).
gaRaribebul garemoSi vir-
Tagvebi marto iyvnen moTavse-
buli galiaSi; gamdidrebul
garemoSi isini mozrdil ga-
liaSi sxvebTan erTad iyvnen
da yoveldRiurad ecvlebo-
daT saTamaSoebi. garkveuli
periodis (ramdenime kvira da
Tve) Semdeg mecnierebma Seis-
wavles virTagvebis tvini.
Sedegebi dramatuli iyo. gam-
didrebul garemoSi gaz-
rdili virTagvebis saSualo
tvini ufro mZime da msxvili
pozitiuri atributebi _
iyo, vidre gaRaribebul gare-
moSi gazrdili cxovelebisa.
SesamCnevi sxvaoba miiRweoda
maSinac ki, rodesac vir-
Tagvebi gamdidrebul garemo-
Si mxolod ramdenime dRiT
Tavsdebodnen. sxvaoba zrda-
srul virTagvebSic aRiniS-
neboda, anu, ara marto mzar-
di, aramed zrdasruli vir-
Tagvebic gamdidrebul areSi
moTavsebis Semdeg uCvenebdnen
upiratesobas. miuxedavad imi-
sa, rom es gamokvleva virTag-
vebze Catarda, cdis Sedegebis
gadatana adamianebzec SeiZ-
leba: mdidar garemos dade-
biTi gavlena aqvs tvinis gan-
viTarebasa da muSaobaze.
tvinis damasuraTebeli
teqnikiT SesaZlebelia Zal-
zed specifikuri gansxvave-
bebis aRmoCena, romlebic
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis
Sedegad Camoyalibda. mu-
sikosebma, romlebic vio-
linoze ukraven, Zalian nati-
fad unda akontrolon mar-
cxena xelis TiTebi. Tuki
Tqven daubrundebiT 3.11 su-
raTs, naxavT rom sensoruli
qerqis didi nawili TiTebs
eZRvneba. tvinis skanirebam
uCvena, rom qerqis ubnebi,
pasuxismgebeli marcxena xe-
lis TiTebze, meviolineebSi
ufro didia, vidre sakon-
trolo jgufSi (Elbert et al.,
1995). es efeqti araa nanaxi
marjvena xelis TiTebisaTvis,
romelTac ar aqvT aseTi
mniSvnelovani datvirTva vi-
olinoze dakvrisas. marcxena
TiTebis reprezentacia sen-
sorul qerqSi yvelaze ufro
didi iyo im musikosebSi, ro-
melTac violinoze dakvra
bavSvobaSi, 12 wlis asakamde
daiwyes.
Tqven, albaT, ukve ifiq-
reT imaze, rom cxovrebi-
seul gamocdilebas SeuZlia
aseve uaryofiTi gavlena
moaxdinos tvinis muSaobaze.
gaixseneT tvinis struqtura,
hipokampi, romelic Cven
manamde aRvwereT, rogorc
gadamwyveti struqtura kon-
kretuli mexsierebis Camo-
yalibebisaTvis. mecnierebma
uCvenes, rom qronikuli
stresi mdgomareoba, rode-
sac organizmis fizikuri da
fsiqologiuri resursebi
maqsimaluradaa daZabuli
(ix. Tavi 13) hipokampis nei-
ronTa dendritebis atro-
fias iwvevs (McEwen, 1999;
Sapolsky, 1996). rogorc Tqven,
albaT, ukve mixvdiT, amis Se-
degia mexsierebis zogierTi
formis darRveva. magaliTad,
virTagvebi qronikuli stre-
sis pirobebSi kargaven la-
birinTSi orientaciis unars
(Conrad et al., 1996). neiro-
mecnierebis Tanamedrove
mimarTulebebis mniSvne-
lovani amocanaa im meTo-
debis aRmoCena, romlebic
tvins uaryofiTi cxovrebi-
seuli gamocdilebisagan
daicaven. aseTi kvlevis
Sedegebi yvelasaTvis sasar-
geblo iqneba.
ra gavlenas axdens cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba tvinze
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emociebs, romelTagan zogi ramodenime saaTi
grZeldeba. bevri antidepresanti, mag. prozaki,
aZlierebs serotoninis aqtivobas, xels uSlis
ra mis mocilebas sinafsuri napralidan (Ba-
rondes, 1994).
endorfinebi
endorfinebi qimiur nivTierebaTa jgufia,
romelTac Cveulebriv neiromodulatorebs uwo-
deben. neiromodulatori aris substancia,
romelic cvlis an amodulirebs postsinafsuri
neironis aqtivobas. endorfinebi (Semoklebulia
endogenuri morfinebi) mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSoben emociuri qcevisa (SfoTva, SiSi,
daZabva, siamovneba) da tkivilis kontrolSi
opiumisa da morfis msgavsi nivTierebebi tvinSi
erTi da igive receptorebs ukavSirdeba. en-
dorfinebs uwodeben samoTxis gasaRebs~ maTi
siamovnebis gamomwvevi Tvisebis gamo. gamok-
vleul iqna SesaZlebloba, rom endorfinebi
nawilobriv mainc pasuxismgebelia tkivilis
Semamsubuqebel efeqtebze akupunqturisa da pla-
cebos dros (Fields & Levine, 1984; Murray, 1995;
Watkins & Mayer, 1982). es testebi emyareba niv-
Tiereba naloqsonis gamoyenebas, romelic mor-
finisa da endorfinebis receptorebis blo-
kirebas iwvevs. nebismieri tkivilgamayuCebeli
procedura, romelic endorfinebis gamoTa-
visuflebas iwvevs, araefeqturia naloqsonis
miRebisas. naloqsonis ineqciis dros akupun-
qtura da placebo kargavs Tavis Zalas, Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom swored endorfinebi gana-
pirobebdnen maT zemoqmedebas.
mecnierebma uCvenes, rom iseTi airebi, rogo-
ricaa naxSirbadis monooqsidi da azotis oq-
sidi, moqmedeben rogorc neirotransmiterebi
(Barinaga, 1993). am axali klasis warmomadgenlebi
ar emorCilebian neirotransmiterebis moqmedebis
tradiciulad Camoyalibebul principebs. maga-
liTad, Cvens mier aRweril neirotransmiter-
Tagan gansxvavebiT, imis magier, rom daukav-
Sirdnen receptorul molekulebs, es airadi
transmiterebi pirdapir gamWolaven mimRebi
ujredis gare membranas. am gasaocarma aRmoCenam
unda dagarwmunoT, rom Tavis tvinSi jer kidev
bevri saidumlo unda gaixsnas.
wignis am TavSi Cven mokled ganvixileT is
SesaniSnavi da araCveulebrivi samyaro, Tqveni
tvini, romelic mxolod kilonaxevars iwonis.
erTia, imis Secnoba, rom tvini akontrolebs
qcevas da Tqvens sulier procesebs, magram
meorea imis gageba, Tu rogor axorcielebs tvini
yvela am funqcias. neiromecnierebi CarTulni
arian am gasaocari problemis amoxsnaSi, rom
gaigon tvinis SigniT da garemosa da tvins Soris
mimdinare procesebi. Tqven axla ukve gaqvT
sabaziso codna, romelic dagexmarebaT dama-
tebiTi codnis SeZenaSi.
Sejameba
neironTa ZiriTadi tipebia sensoruli, moto-
ruli da interneironebi. Tavis tvinis neironTa
umravlesoba interneironia, romlebic garSemor-
tymulia gliuri ujredebiT. neironebi ganimux-
teba amgznebi da Semakavebeli impulsebis Sesa-
bamisi balansis miRebis sapasuxod. neironebi
sul an arafris kanonis Sesabamisad agzavnian
informacias moqmedebis potencialis saxiT aqso-
nis gaswvriv. neirotransmiterebi Tavisufldeba
sinafsur napralSi da gadascemen informacias
mezobeli neironis receptorul molekulasTan
dakavSirebis gziT. mravali sasicocxlo pro-
cesia damokidebuli iseTi mniSvnelovani neiro-
transmiterebis moqmedebaze, rogorebicaa _
acetilqolamini, dofamini da serotonini.
aRmoCenis etapi (context of discovery) _ kvlevis
sawyisi fazaa, romlis ganmavlobaSic dakvir-
vebas, Sexedulebas, informacias da zogad cod-
nas movlenis axleburi xedvisaken mivyavarT.
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memkvidreobiToba da
qceva
saxeobebi warmoiqmneba da
icvleba drois ganmavlo-
baSi bunebrivi gadarCevis
Sedegad.
adamianTa evoluciaSi or
fexze siarulma da encefa-
lizaciam mniSvnelovani Se-
degebi, maT Soris metyve-
lebisa da kulturis ganvi-
Tareba, gamoiwvia.
memkvidreobiTobis mTavari
erTeuli genia. genebi gan-
sazRvraven im gavlenis Car-
Coebs, romelsac garemo faq-
torebi iwvevs da romelic
fenotipis cvlilebiT ga-
moixateba.
biologia da qceva
neiromecnierebi uamrav sxva-
dasxva meTods iyeneben, rom
tvinsa da qcevas Soris da-
mokidebuleba gaarkvion: tvi-
nis dazianebis mqone pacien-
tTa Seswavla, tvinis gar-
kveuli ubnebis dazianeba,
tvinis eleqtruli stimu-
lacia, tvinis aqtivobis
registracia da kompiuteru-
li teqnikis meSveobiT tvi-
nis gamosaxulebis miReba.
Tavisa da zurgis tvini cen-
tralur nervul sistemas
(cns) qmnian.
periferiuli nervuli sis-
tema (pns) Sedgeba neiro-
nebisagan, romlebic cns-sa
da sxeuls akavSireben. pns
Sedgeba somaturi nervuli
sistemisagan, romelic Con-
Cxis kunTebis moqmedebas
aregulirebs da avtono-
miuri nervuli sistemisagan
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
(ans), romelic aregulirebs
sasicocxlo procesebs.
Tavis tvini Sedgeba sami ur-
TierTdakavSirebuli Srisa-
gan: tvinis Rero, limburi
sistema da didi tvini.
tvinis Rero pasuxismgebelia
sunTqvaze, saWmlis mone-
lebasa da guliscemaze.
limburi sistema monawile-
obs grZelvadiani mexsiere-
bis, agresiis, kvebiT da sqe-
sobriv qcevebSi.
didi tvini akontrolebs
umaRles mentalur pro-
cesebs.
zogi funqcia lateralize-
bulia Tavis tvinis erT ro-
melime hemisferoSi. maga-
liTad, adamianTa umravle-
sobaSi metyvelebas marcxe-
na hemisfero akontrolebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom orive
hemisfero erTad muSaobs,
maT funqcionirebis sxvada-
sxva tipi axasiaTebT _ mar-
cxena hemisfero ufro ana-
litikuria, marjvena ki
holisturi.
individualuri gansxvavebe-
bis fonze zogadi daskvnebi
SeiZleba Seicvalos. maga-
liTad, mamakacebsa da qa-
lebs lateralizaciis gan-
sxvavebuli saxeebi axasia-
TebT.
endokrinuli sistema gamo-
imuSavebs da sisxlis nakad-
Si gamoyofs hormonebs.
hormonebi xels uwyoben
zrdas, pirveladi da meo-
radi sasqeso niSnebis ganvi-
Tarebas, metabolizms, saW-
mlis monelebasa da agzne-
bas.
hipoTalamusi akontrolebs
endokrinul sistemas hi-
pofizis stimulirebis
gziT.
nervuli sistema
moqmedebaSi
neironi, nervuli siste-
mis ZiriTadi erTeuli,
iRebs, amuSavebs da gadas-
cems informacias sxva
neironebs, jirkvlebsa da
kunTebs.
neironebi gadascemen in-
formacias dendritebidan
ujredis sxeulis (soma)
gavliT aqsonis gaswvriv
terminaluri balTisaken.
sensoruli neironebi iRe-
ben informacias speciali-
zebuli receptoruli
ujredebidan da agzavnian
mas cns-ken. motoruli nei-
ronebi agzavnian infor-
macias cns-dan kunTebisa
da jirkvlebisaken. inter-
neironebi gadascemen in-
formacias sensoruli
neironebidan sxva moto-
rul an interneironebs.
rodesac impulsaciis su-
macia miaRwevs gansazR-
vrul zRurbls, moqmede-
bis potenciali igzavneba
aqsonis gaswvriv aqsonuri
daboloebisaken.
sul an arafris kanons
damorCilebuli moqme-
debis potenciali aRmo-
cendeba, rodesac gaxsni-
li ionuri arxebi ujre-
dis membranis Sida da gare
areebs Soris ionTa ga-
nvladobas uzrunvelyofs.
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neirotransmiterebi gamo-
Tavisufldeba sinafsur
napralSi. napralis gada-
laxvis Semdeg isini uer-
Tdeba postsinafsuri mem-
branis receptorul mo-
lekulebs.
aagzneben Tu Seakaveben es
neirotransmiterebi mem-
branas, damokidebulia re-
ceptoruli molekulis
bunebaze.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
adamianis qcevis genetika
amagznebeli Sesavali~
asociaciuri qerqi
avtonomiuri nervuli
sistema (ans)
aqsoni
brokas are
bunebrivi gadarCeva
genebi
genetika
genotipi
glia
dazianeba
dendritebi
didi tvini
didi tvinis qerqi
dnm (dezoqsiribonukleinis
mJava)
eleqtroencefalograma
(eeg)
endokrinuli sistema
estrogeni
Talamusi
Txemis wili
interneironi
ionuri arxebi
kefis wili
korZiani sxeuli
limburi sistema
magnetur-rezonansuli
tomografia (MRI)
memkvidreobiToba
mogrZo tvini
mosvenebis potenciali
motoruli neironi
motoruli qerqi
moqmedebis potenciali
mxedvelobis qerqi
naTxemi
neiromecniereba
neiromodulatori
neironi
neirotransmiterebi
nuSisebri kompleqsi
parasimpaTikuri sistema
periferiuli nervuli
sistema (pns)
PET (pozitronul-
emisiuri tomografia) _
skani
retikuluri formacia
refraqteruli periodi
safeTqlis wili
sasqeso qromosomebi
sensoruli neironi
simpaTikuri sistema
sinafsi
sinafsuri gadacema
smeniTi qerqi
soma
somatosensoruli qerqi
somaturi nervuli sistema
sociobiologia
sul an arafris kanoni
tvinis Rero
tvinis hemisferoebi
terminaluri balTa
testosteroni
fenotipi
funqciuri magnetur-
rezonansuli tomografia
(fMRI)
Semakavebeli Sesavali~
Sublis wili
centraluri nervuli
sistema (cns)
xidi
hipoTalamusi
hipokampi
hipofizi
homeostazi
hormonebi
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S e g r Z n e b e b i S e g r Z n e b e b i S e g r Z n e b e b i S e g r Z n e b e b i S e g r Z n e b e b i
4
samyaros sensoruli
Semecneba
fsiqofizika
fizikuri movlenebidan
fsiqikuri
movlenebisaken
mxedvelobis sistema
adamianis Tvali
guga da broli
badura
Tavis tvinisken mimavali
nervuli gzebi
ferTa SegrZneba
vizualuri obieqtebis
kompleqsuri analizi
SeuZlia Tu ara
teqnologias dazianebuli
mxedvelobis aRdgena
smena
bgeris fizika
bgeris fsiqologiuri
ganzomilebebi
smenis fiziologia
sxva SegrZnebebi
ynosva
gemos SegrZneba
Sexebisa da kanis
SegrZnebebi
wonasworobisa da
kinesTetikuri
SegrZnebebi
tkivili
fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: ratom iwvevs
cxare saWmeli tkivils
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
100
dagafiqraT jonaTan i-is istoriam Tqvens
sakuTar sensorul SesaZleblobebze? daintere-
sebulxarT odesme, Tu rogor axerxebs Tqveni
Tavis tvini, romelic gamomwyvdeulia Tavis
qalis bnel, mdumare sakanSi, gangacdevinoT van
gogis naxatebis ferTa sisavse, rok-n-rolis
swrafi melodiebi da riTmi, sazamTros maco-
cxlebeli gemo cxel zafxulSi, bavSvis kocnis
rbili Sexeba, an mindvris yvavilebis surneli
gazafxulze? am TavSi Cven vecdebiT avxsnaT,
Tu rogor axerxebs Cveni sxeuli da tvini gaer-
kves stimulaciis im nakadSi, romelic mudmivad
aris Cven garSemo _ danaxuli obieqtebSi, mosme-
nili bgerebsa da sxva mravalSi. Tqven dainaxavT,
Tu rogor aRgWurvaT evoluciam unariT, gamoav-
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onaTan i. mxatvari iyo. man
Tavisi warmatebuli Semoq-
medebiTi karieris ganmavlob-
aSi mravali abstraqtuli tilo Seqmna, romelic
kaSkaSa, cocxali ferebis didebul sinTezs war-
moadgenda. samocdaxuTi wlis asakSi man sru-
liad dakarga ferTa SegrZnebis unari Tavis
tvinis dazianebis gamo. roca is Tavis namuSev-
rebs uyurebda, yovelives mxolod rux, Sav da
TeTr ferebSi xedavda; Tuki is adre aRiqvamda
ferebs, romlebic misTvis Rrma pirovnuli aso-
ciaciebis matarebeli iyo, axla igi mxolod
uswormasworo~ da WuWyian~ laqebs xedavda.
es ar exeboda mxolod mis Semoqmedebas. cvli-
lebebi mis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSic moxda.
magaliTad, man SezRuda Tavisi sakvebi meniu
mxolod Savi da TeTri saWmelebiT _ Savi zeTis-
xili da TeTri brinji misTvis gacilebiT ufro
jansaR, normalur sakvebad gamoiyureboda, vidre
feradi sakvebi, romelsac is axla usiamovno
rux ferebSi aRiqvamda da ugemuri eCveneboda.
miuxedavad yovelive amisa, jonaTan i-is
istoria arc ise tragikuli aRmoCnda. droTa
ganmavlobaSi igi Seegua am mdgomareobas; scada
gaegrZelebina Tavisi Semoqmedeba da Savi da
TeTri saRebavebiT daiwyo xatva. jonaTan i-is
Tayvanismcemlebma es aRiqves, rogorc misi Semoq-
medebiTi karieris axali da saintereso etapi.
maT ar icodnen, rom mxatvruli mimarTulebis
Secvla ganpirobebuli iyo Tavis tvinis dazia-
nebiT. jonaTan i. mixvda, rom misma ucabedma
ferTa sibrmavem vizualuri samyaros axali
aspeqtebi gadauSala win: Tumca, jonaTan i. ar
uaryofda imas, rom bevri ram dakarga da gar-
kveulwilad swuxda amis gamo, magram man igrZno,
rom misi mxedveloba uaRresad daxvewili~ da
privilegirebuli gaxda, rom is uyurebs wminda
formebis samyaros, romelsac ar uSlis xels
feri~ (Sacks, 1995, p.38). amrigad, miuxedavad imisa,
rom jonaTan i-ma ferTa SegrZnebis unari dakar-
ga, misma sensorulma sistemam igi uzrunvelyo
samyaros axali versiiT, romelic mas SeeZlo
aReqva da xelovnebad gadaeqcia.
j
101
linoT gancdis sxvadasxva ganzomilebebi; Tqven
aRmoaCenT, rom SegrZnebebs, romliTac dagajil-
dovaT bunebam, Zalian rTuli meqanizmi aqvs.
es Tavi Cveni gancdis ZiriTad biologiur
elementebs exeba: SegrZneba aris procesi,
rodesac sensoruli receptoris gaRizianeba
dasabams aZlevs nervul impulsebs, rac sxeulis
SigniT Tu gareT arsebuli pirobebis gancdas,
maT gacnobierebas iwvevs. mexuTe Tavi ki exeba
perceptul procesebs, romelic dakavSirebulia
centraluri nervuli sistemis ufro maRali
donis aqtivobasTan. is SeiZleba ganisazRvros,
rogorc sensoruli gancdis identifikacia,
interpretacia, integracia da klasifikacia.
Semdegi Tavis bolos Tqven gaigebT, Tu rogor
axerxebs Tqveni Tavis tvini sxvadasxva infor-
maciis gaerTianebas, raTa mogawodoT samyaros
erTi mTliani suraTis gancda.
SegrZnebebis samyaroSi mogzaurobis dawyebam-
de, neba mogveciT, yuradReba gavamaxviloT
SegrZnebaTa ormag funqciaze: esaa TviTgadarCena
da grZnobadoba (Sensuality). Tqveni SegrZnebebi,
rogorc gamafrTxilebeli signali, ise gexma-
rebaT, gibiZgebT swrafad imoqmedoT safrTxis
winaaRmdeg da warmarTavs Tqvens moqmedebas, raTa
ganicadoT TqvenTvis ufro misaRebi SegrZnebebi.
garda amisa, Tqveni SegrZnebebi gansazRvravs
Tqvens grZnobadobas. gZrnobadia adamiani,
romelic gatacebulia SegrZnebebisagan miRebu-
li siamovnebis gancdiT. grZnobadoba iwvevs
swrafvas, miiRoT da isiamovnoT mravalferovani
SegrZnebebiT _ mxedvelobis, smeniTi, Sexebis,
gemosa Tu ynosvis. roca am Tavs waikiTxavT,
Tqven SeZlebT imsjeloT imaze, Tu rogor
gexmarebaT SegrZnebis meqanizmebis codna, raTa
aRmoaCinoT grZnobadobis janmrTeli survili
da iswavloT, Tu rogor SeiZleba bgerebis, fe-
rebis, sunebis, gemosa da Sexebis samyaroSi
siamovnebis miReba.
samyaros sensoruli
Semecneba
gare samyaros gancda zusti da Secdomebi-
sagan Tavisufali unda iyos. sxvagvarad Tqven
ver SeZlebdiT gadarCenas; Tqven gWirdebaT:
ikveboT, raTa SeinarCunoT arseboba; TavSesafari,
romelic dagicavT; sxva adamianebTan urTier-
Toba, raTa daikmayofiloT socialuri moTxovni-
lebani da safrTxis gacnobiereba, raTa daic-
vaT Tavi. am moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebi-
saTvis Tqven sando informacia unda miiRoT
samyaros Sesaxeb. cxovelTa yvela saxeobam
ganaviTara informaciis Segrovebis garkveuli
saxis specialuri meqanizmebi. adamiani ar aris
specializebuli mxolod erT gansakuTrebul
sensorul sferoze: Tqven ar gaqvT iseTive
srulyofili mxedveloba, rogorc, magaliTad,
Sevardens, iseTive maxvili smena, rogorc Ra-
muras da iseTive ynosva, rogorc mRrRnelebs,
magram aRWurvilia sensoruli meqanizmiT, ro-
melic mas Semomavali rTuli sensoruli sig-
nalebis farTo speqtris gadamuSavebis SesaZ-
leblobas aZlevs.
sakiTxis mniSvnelovnebis gamo, sensoruli
procesebis Seswavla yovelTvis inarCunebda
gansakuTrebul adgils fsiqologiuri mecnie-
rebis mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi. rodesac
vundti (Wundt, 1907) eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis
safuZvlebs qmnida, man mecnierebas SesTavaza
idea, romlis mixedviT, SegrZnebebi da grZnobebi
elementaruli procesebia, romelTagan igeba
ufro rTuli gancdebi. titCenerma (Titchener, 1898)
es idea amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Seitana
da SegrZnebam centraluri adgili daikava mis
introspeqciul kvlevebSi cnobierebis Sinaar-
sebis Sesaxeb. rogorc mogvianebiT vnaxavT,
SegrZnebis adreul fsiqologiur kvlevebSi,
ZiriTadad Seiswavleboda garemoSi mimdinare
movlenebsa da adamianTa mier am movlenebis
gancdas Soris kavSirebi.
fsiqofizika
ramdenad Zlieri unda iyos saxanZro gangaSis
xma qarxanaSi, raTa muSebma gaigonon is momuSave
manqanebis xmaurSi? ramdenad kaSkaSa unda iyos
sinaTlis gamafrTxilebeli signali pilotis
sakontrolo panelze, raTa misi sikaSkaSe or-
jer aRematebodes sxva ganaTebuli obieqtebis
sikaSkaSes? ramdeni Saqari gWirdebaT Wiqa
yavaSi, raTa is TqvenTvis tkbili gaxdes? am
SegrZneba (sensation) _ procesi, roca sensoruli
receptoris gaRizianeba dasabams aZlevs nervul
impulsebs, rac iwvevs sxeulis SigniT Tu gareT
arsebuli pirobebis gancdas, maT gacnobierebas.
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kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad Cven sensoruli
gancdis intensivobis gazomva unda SegveZlos.
es aris fsiqofizikis ZiriTadi amocana _
Seiswavlos kavSiri fizikur gamRizianeblebsa
da qcevas an im fsiqikur gancdebs Soris,
romelsac es stimuli aRZravs. fsiqofizika fsi-
qologiuri mecnierebis uZvelesi sferoa (Levine
& Shefner, 1981).
yvelaze mniSvnelovani figura fsiqofizikis
istoriaSi germaneli fizikosi gustav fexneri
(Gustav Fechner, 1801-1887) iyo. man Semoitana ter-
mini fsiqofizika da Seqmna meTodika, romelic
akavSirebda fizikuri gamRizianeblis intensi-
vobas _ gazomils fizikur erTeulebSi sensoru-
li gancdis sididesTan _ gazomils fsiqologi-
ur erTeulebSi (Fechner, 1860/1966). fexneris teq-
nika erTnairia nebismieri modalobis stimuli-
saTvis _ sinaTlis, bgeriTi, ynosviTi, gemos Tu
SexebiTi gamRizianeblisaTvis. mkvlevrebi gan-
sazRvraven SegrZnebis zRurblebs da qmnian fsi-
qofizikur skalebs, romelic SegrZnebis inten-
sivobas gamRizianeblis intensivobasTan akavSi-
rebs.
absoluturi zRurblebi da
sensoruli adaptacia
rogoria gamRizianeblis is umciresi, ususte-
si energia, romlis SemCnevac SeuZlia orga-
nizms? magaliTad, ramdenad susti SeiZleba iyos
toni, raTa SesaZlebeli iyos misi gagoneba? es
kiTxvebi exeba stimulaciis absolutur zRurbls
_ fizikuri energiis im minimalur raodenobas,
romelic saWiroa sensoruli gancdis warmo-
saqmnelad. mkvlevrebi absoluturi zRurblis
gazomvisas yuradRebiT myof damkvirveblebs
sTxoven, Seasrulon SemCnevis amocana, magali-
Tad, SeamCnion mkrTali Suqi bnel oTaxSi an
Seecadon gaigonon Zalian susti bgera srul
siCumeSi. cdaTa mravali seriis ganmavlobaSi
xdeba sxvadasxva intensivobis stimulebis gamo-
yeneba da TiToeul cdaSi damkvirveblebi aR-
niSnaven, SeamCnies Tu ara is (Tuki Tqven rodesme
SegifasebiaT Tqveni smenis simaxvile, maSasadame,
Tqven monawileoba migiRiaT absoluturi zRur-
blis gansazRvris testSi).
absoluturi zRurblis Seswavlis Sedegebi
SeiZleba fsiqometruli funqciis saxiT Seva-
jamoT. horizontalur RerZze gadazomilia
gamRizianeblis intensivobebi, xolo vertika-
lur RerZze _ aRebuli intensivobis mqone
gamRizianeblebis SemCnevaTa procenti. tipuri
fsiqometruli funqcia naCvenebia suraTze 4.1.
sinaTlis Zalian susti gamRizianeblis piro-
bebSi SemCneva 0%-ia, xolo kaSkaSa gamRizia-
neblis pirobebSi _ 100%. erTaderTi, WeSmariti
absoluturi zRurblis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi,
mosalodneli iqneboda SemCnevaTa procentis
0-dan 100-mde Zalian mkveTrad gadaxra da gra-
fikic gaswordeboda wertilSi, sadac miaRwevda
zRurbls. magram es ar xdeba, sul mcire, ori
mizezis gamo: damkvirveblebi, nawilobriv, yo-
fsiqofizika (psychophysics) mecniereba fizikuri
stimulaciisa da fsiqologiuri SegrZnebis
Sesatyvisobis Sesaxeb.
absoluturi zRurbli (absolute threshold) fizikuri
energiis is minimaluri raodenoba, romelic
saWiroa sensoruli gancdis warmosaqmnelad;
operacionalurad is ganisazRvreba, rogorc
gamRizianeblis done, romelzec xdeba sensoruli
signalis SemCneva SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.
fsiqometruli funqcia (psychometric function)
grafiki, romelic asaxavs gamRizianeblis Sem-
CnevaTa procents (vertikalur RerZze) gamRizia-
neblis TiToeuli intensivobisaTvis (horizon-
talur RerZze).
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velTvis icvlebian mcirediT, roca cdiloben
gamRizianeblis SemCnevas (yuradRebis cvli-
lebis, daRlilobis da sxva mizezebis gamo) da
zogjer isini dadebiTad pasuxoben gamRi-
zianeblis ararsebobis pirobebSic (mcdari gan-
gaSis saxe, romelsac signalis SemCnevis Teoriis
aRwerisas mokled SevexebiT). amrigad, fsiqo-
metruli mrudi yovelTvis gluvi, S-formis
mrudia, romelSic aris monakveTi, sadac xdeba
gadasvla sruli SeumCnevadobisagan gamRizia-
neblis drodadro SemCnevadobisaken da Semdgom
sruli SemCnevadobisaken.
radganac garkveuli intensivobis gamRi-
zianebeli ar xdeba aSkarad SesamCnevi nebismier
dros, absoluturi zRurblis operacionaluri
gansazRvreba aseTi iqneba: es aris gamRizia-
neblis done, romelzec xdeba sensoruli sig-
nalis SemCneva SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.
cxrilSi 4.1 naCvenebia absoluturi zRurblis
done ramdenime nacnobi bunebrivi gamRizianeb-
lisaTvis. sxvadasxva sensoruli modalobis
zRurblebi SeiZleba analogiuri proceduriT
gaizomos, ubralod unda Seicvalos gamRizia-
neblis ganzomileba.
Tumca, SesaZlebelia SemCnevis absoluturi
zRurblis gansazRvra. mniSvnelovania aRiniS-
nos, rom Tqveni sensoruli sistema ufro mgrZno-
biarea sensoruli garemos cvlilebebisadmi,
vidre myari mdgomareobebisadmi. sistemebi
iseTnairad viTardebian, rom xels uwyoben axali
garemo signalebisadmi SeCvevas adaptaciis
procesis saSualebiT. sensoruli adaptacia aris
sensoruli sistemebis mgrZnobiarobis daqvei-
Teba xangrZliv gaRizianebaze.
1
magaliTad,
albaT, SeginiSnavT, rom mzis kaSkaSa sinaTle
naklebad damabrmaveblad Cans, roca garkveuli
periodis ganmavlobaSi gareT imyofebiT. adap-
taciis yvelaze sasurveli gamocdileba adamia-
nebs ynosvis sferoSi aqvT: Tu SedixarT oTaxSi,
sadac mZafri suni dgas, garkveuli drois Semdeg
Tqveni ynosviTi sistema adaptirdeba da sunis
SegrZnebac Semcirdeba. garemo, romelSic Tqven
cxovrobT, yovelTvis savsea mravalferovani
sensoruli gamRizianeblebiT. adaptaciis meqa-
nizmi gaZlevT saSualebas, SeamCnioT da imoqme-
doT ufro swrafad, informaciis axali wyaros
moTxovnebis Sesatyvisad.
pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma da
signalis SemCnevis Teoria
Cven mier zemoT ganxilul TavebSi vgulis-
xmobdiT, rom yvela damkvirvebeli erTnairia,
miaxloebiTi zRurblis nacnobi
movlenebisaTvis
SemCnevis zRurbli
sensoruli
modaloba
sinaTle
bgera
gemo
ynosva
Sexeba
sanTlis ali 48km manZilze srul
sibneleSi
saaTis wikwiki srul siCumeSi 6m
manZilze
erTi Cais kovzi Saqari 9l
wyalze
sunamos erTi wveTi gafantuli
samoTaxiani binis mTel sivrceSi
1 santimetris simaRlidan loyaze
daSvebuli futkris frTa
cxrili
4.1
1
adaptacia aris ara mxolod mgrZnobiarobis daqve-
iTeba, aramed misi momatebac susti intensivobis gamRi-
zianeblis zemoqmedebis pirobebSi (redaqtoris Se-
niSvna).
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suraTi
4.1
absoluturi zRurblis gamoTvla
radganac gamRizianebli ar xdeba myseulad SesamCnevi
garkveul wertilSi, absoluturi zRurbli ganisaz-
Rvreba, rogorc intensovoba, rodesac gamRizianebeli
SesamCnevi xdeba SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.
104
magram absoluturi zRurblis gazomvaze SeiZ-
leba gavlena moaxdinos, agreTve, pasuxis sis-
tematurma Secdomam _ sistematurma tendenciam,
romlis drosac damkvirvebeli gansakuTrebuli
gziT reagirebs iseTi faqtorebis zemoqmedebis
Sedegad, romlebic ar arian dakavSirebulni
stimulis sensorul TvisebebTan. vTqvaT,
monawileobT eqsperimentSi, romelSic susti
sinaTlis SemCneva gevalebaT. eqsperimentis
pirvel seriaSi mkvlevari gaZlevT 5 dolars,
Tuki Tqven sworad upasuxebT: diax, aris
sinaTle~. meore seriaSi, mkvlevari gaZlevT 5
dolars, Tuki sworad upasuxebT: ara, ar aris
sinaTle~. TiToeul seriaSi Tqven jarimdebiT
2 dolariT nebismieri araswori pasuxisaTvis.
SegiZliaT warmoidginoT dajildovebis es
struqtura rogor Seqmnis gadaxras pasuxis
sistematur SecdomaSi erTi seriidan meoreSi
gadasvlisas? gana ar ityviT diax~-s ufro xSi-
rad pirvel seriaSi, vidre meoreSi maSinac ki,
Tu warmodgenili stimulebi erTnairi donis
SemCnevadobiT xasiaTdebian?
sensoruli adaptacia (sensory adaptation) movlena,
roca receptoruli ujredebi kargaven TavianT
Zalas, moaxdinon reagireba garkveuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi ucvlel gamRiazinebelze; is iZleva
ufro swrafi reagirebis saSualebas informaciis
axal wyaroze.
pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma (response bias)
sistematuri tendencia, romelic Sedegia ara-
sensoruli xasiaTis faqtorebis zemoqmedebisa
damkvirvebelze da garkveuli gziT reagirebas
ganapirobebs.
signalis SemCnevis Teoria aris sistemuri
midgoma pasuxis sistematuri Secdomis prob-
lemisadmi (Green & Swets, 1966). signalis SemCnevis
Teoria sensorul procesebze mkacrad fokusi-
rebis nacvlad, yuradRebas amaxvilebs Tavad
msjelobis procesze gamRizianeblis arsebobisa
Tu ararsebobis Sesaxeb. maSin, roca klasikuri
fsiqofizika axdens erTaderTi absoluturi
zRurblis gansazRvras, signalis SemCnevis Teo-
ria gansazRvravs or gansxvavebul process sen-
sorul deteqciaSi: (1) sawyisi sensoruli pro-
cesi, romelic asaxavs damkvirveblis mgrZno-
biarobas gamRizianeblis siZlieris mimarT da
(2) Semdgomi gadawyvetilebis miRebis damouki-
debeli procesi, romelic asaxavs damkvirveblis
pasuxis sistematur Secdomas.
signalis SemCnevis Teoria gvTavazobs orive
_ sensoruli da gadawyvetilebis _ procesis
erTdrouli Sefasebis proceduras. ZiriTadi
modeli mocemulia suraTze 4.2 susti stimuli
warmodgenilia cdaTa naxevarSi; meore naxevarSi
stimuli saerTod ar aris warmodgenili. Ti-
Toeul SemTxvevaSi damkvirveblebi pasuxoben
diax~, roca isini fiqroben, rom stimuli war-
modgenilia da ara~, roca isini fiqroben, rom
suraTi
4.2
signalis SemCnvis Teoria
matrica A gviCvenebs SesaZlo Sedegebs, roca subieqts ekiTxebian, aris Tu ara miznobrivi
stimuli mocemul cdaSi; matricebi B da C _ tipur pasuxebs, roca subieqti midrekilia `diax~
da àra~ pasuxebisaken.
signalis SemCnevis Teoria (signal detection theory -
SDT) _ statistikuri midgoma pasuxis sistematuri
Secdomisadmi, romelmac saSualeba misca
eqsperimentators, ganesazRvra da ganecalkevebina
sensoruli procesebisa da individis faqtoris
roli erTmaneTisagan.
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stimuli ar aris. rogorc naCvenebia suraTis,
A matricaze, TiToeuli pasuxi daTvlilia
rogorc warmatebuli damTxveva, pasuxis gamo-
toveba, mcdari gangaSi, an swori reaqcia, imisda
Sesabamisad, warmodgenili iyo Tu ara stimuli
da pasuxobda Tu ara damkvirvebeli sworad.
damkvirvebeli, romelic qronikulad ambobda
diax~-s, iZleoda warmatebuli damTxvevebis did
raodenobas da, agreTve, mcdari gangaSis did
ricxvs, rogorc es naCvenebia B matricaze. is,
vinc qronikulad ambobda ara~-s, iZleoda
rogorc warmatebuli damTxvevebis, ise, mcdari
gangaSis mcire raodenobas, rogorc es naCvenebia
C matricaze.
warmatebuli damTxvevebisa da mcdari ganga-
Sis procentebze muSaobis procesSi mkvlevrebma
gamoiyenes maTematikuri procedura, raTa gamoe-
TvalaT cal-calke damkvirveblis mgrZnobia-
robisa da pasuxis sistematuri Secdomis maC-
veneblebi. es procedura SesaZleblobas iZleva
davadginoT, aqvs Tu ara or damkvirvebels er-
Tnairi mgrZnobiaroba, miuxedavad didi gansxva-
vebisa pasuxebSi. sensoruli procesebis gamo-
yofiT pasuxis sistemuri Secdomisagan, signalis
SemCnevis Teoriam saSualeba misca eqsperimen-
tators, ganesazRvra da ganecalkevebina senso-
ruli gamRizianeblisa da individis faqtoris
roli erTmaneTisagan saboloo pasuxis Camo-
yalibebisas.
signalis SemCnevis Teoriis midgoma gvTa-
vazobs gadawyvetilebis miRebis models, ro-
melic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes gansxvavebul
konteqstSic. Zalian xSirad gadawyvetilebebi
Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi moicavs gansxva-
vebul jildoebs yoveli warmatebuli damTxve-
visa da swori pasuxebisaTvis da dasjas yoveli
gamotovebuli signalisa da mcdari gangaSi-
saTvis. magaliTad, Tuki Tqven uaryaviT kinoSi
mipatiJeba, amiT Tavidan mosawyeni saRamo (swori
uaryofa) aicileT, Tu siyvarulis gaxangr-
Zlivebis Sansi gauSviT xelidan (signalis gamo-
toveba), Tqveni gadawyvetileba, albaT, ganpiro-
bebuli iqneba prognozirebuli mogebisa da
wagebis SefardebiT. magaliTad, Tuki aras~ Tqma
stimulis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi (signalis
gamotoveba) ufro Zvirad gvijdeba, vidre diax~
pasuxi stimulis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi (mcda-
ri gangaSi), diax~ pasuxebi CvenTvis normad
iqceva. qirurgebi xSirad arian msgavs situa-
ciaSi. isini, Cveulebriv, amjobineben gaakeTon
operacia im SemTxvevebSic ki, roca ar arian
darwmunebulni, rom simsivne avTvisebiania da,
amgvarad, riskaven imiT, rom maTi pasuxi mcdari
gangaSi iqneba; gamotovebuli signali ki _
avTvisebianoba, SeiZleba sikvdilis mizezi
gaxdes. sazogadod, gadawyvetilebis miRebisas
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos arsebuli faqtebi,
TiToeuli tipis Secdomis SefardebiTi Rire-
buleba da TiToeuli swori gadawyvetilebis
SefardebiTi mogeba. signalis SemCnevis Teoria
warmoadgens mniSvnelovan instruments gada-
wyvetilebis miRebis procesebis kvlevisas.
sxvaobis zRurbli
warmoidgineT, rom dagiqiravaT sasmelebis
kompaniam, romelsac arsebulze SesamCnevad
ufro tkbili kolas produqtis warmoeba surs,
Tumca, rac SeiZleba naklebi Saqris damatebiT
(fulis ekonomiis mizniT). Tqven gTxoven
gazomoT sxvaobis zRurbli, anu umciresi
fizikuri sxvaoba or gamRizianebels Soris,
romlebic SeiZleba gansazRvrul iqnes, rogorc
gansxvavebulebi. sxvaobis zRurblis gasazomad
Tqven unda gamoiyenoT gamRizianebelTa wyvili
da SeekiTxoT damkvirveblebs, aris ori
gamRizianebeli erTnairi Tu ara.
sasmelis problemis SemTxvevaSi Tqven mia-
wodebT damkvirveblebs or kolas TiToeul
cdaSi, romelTagan erTi iqneba standartuli
receptis, meore ki _ odnav ufro tkbili. TiTo-
euli wyvilisaTvis individma unda Tqvas: igivea~
an gansxvavebulia~. mravali aseTi cdis Semdeg
Tqven daxazavT fsiqometruli funqciis grafiks,
sadac abscisaTa RerZze gadazomavT realur
gansxvavebebs da ordinataTa RerZze _ mis
funqcias _ gansxvavebulia pasuxebis procentebs.
sxvaobis zRurbli operacionalurad ganisaz-
Rvreba, rogorc wertili, romelzec gamRizi-
aneblebi cnobierdebian, rogorc gansxvavebulni
SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi. sxvaobis zRurblis
sidide cnobilia, rogorc odnav SesamCnevi
sxvaoba. odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba aris nebismi-
eri ori SegrZnebis fsiqologiuri gansxvavebis
sididis sazomi raodenobrivi erTeuli.
1834 wels ernest veberma (Weber), sxvaobis
zRurblis pirvelma mkvlevarma, aRmoaCina mniS-
vnelovani damokidebuleba, romelic mocemu-
lia suraTze 4.3. davuSvaT, Tqven atarebT sxva-
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106
obis zRurblis gansazRvris eqsperiments,
romelSic gamoyenebulia 10mm sigrZis swori
xazi _ standartuli nimuSi. am eqsperimentis
Casatareblad cdis monawileebs warudgenT
or xazs, romelTagan erTi aris 10mm standar-
tuli sigrZisa, meoris sigrZe ki mcired gan-
sxvavdeba standartulisagan. monawileTa amo-
canaa, upasuxon, aris Tu ara am ori xazis
sigrZe toli. Tqven naxavT, rom sxvaobis
zRurbli daaxloebiT 1 milimetria. 10 mili-
metris sigrZis xazs ganasxvaveben 11 milimetris
sigrZis xazisagan SemTxvevaTa 50%-Si, magram
20 milimetris sigrZis standartuli xazisaT-
vis 1 milimetris namati ukve arasakmarisia.
Tqven dagWirdebaT 2 milimetris damateba, raTa
miiRoT odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba. 40 milimetri
sigrZis standartuli xazis gamoyenebisas ki 4
milimetris damateba dagWirdebaT. suraTi 4.3
gviCvenebs, rom odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba izrdeba
Tanabrad standartuli xazis sigrZis zrdasTan
erTad.
rac rCeba mudmivi orive grZeli da mokle
xazebisaTvis, es aris namatis odenobis Sefar-
deba xazis sigrZesTan, romelic qmnis odnav
SesamCnev sxvaobas. magaliTad, 1 mm/10 mm=0.1; 2
mm/20 mm=0.1. es damokidebuleba Sejamebulia
veberis kanonSi: or stimuls Soris odnav Sesam-
Cnevi sxvaobis Sefardeba standartuli sti-
mulis intensivobasTan mudmivi sididea. amrigad,
rac ufro didia an ufro intensiuria stan-
dartuli stimuli, miT ufro didi namatia
saWiro odnav SesamCnevi sxvaobis misaRebad.
es kanoni marTebulia nebismieri sensoruli
sistemisaTvis. formula veberis kanonisaTvis
Semdegi saxis iqneba: I/I=k, sadac I standartuli
intensivobaa, I ki namatia _ im sxvaobis
odenobaa, romelic qmnis odnav SesamCnev sxva-
obas. veberma aRmoaCina, rom TiToeuli stimulis
parametrisaTvis arsebobs misTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli proporcia. am formulaSi k aris
proporcia, anu veberis konstanta stimulis
TiToeuli parametrisaTvis (yuradRebiT gani-
xileT suraTi 4.3, raTa darwmundeT, kargad
gaigeT Tu, ara, ra aris odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba,
suraTi
4.3
odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba da veberis
kanoni
rac ufro grZelia standartuli xazi, miT
ufro didia is odenoba, romelic unda
daamatoT (DL), raTa dainaxoT odnav sesamCnevi
sxvaoba. sxvaobis zRurbli aris sigrZis namati,
romlic SesamCnevia cdaTa 50% SemTxvevaSi. Tuki
Cven am namats SevafardebT zrdadi stimulis
sigrZesTan, proporcia darCeba igive _ 1/10
standartuli sigrZisa. es namati gadazomilia
vertikalur RerZze, xolo standartuli xazis
sigrZe _ horizontalurze. miRebuli damoki-
debuleba wrfivia, rac gamoixateba swori xaziT
grafikze. Cven SegviZlia viwinaswarmetyveloT,
rom DL iqneba 0.5, roca standartuli xazis
sigrZe aris 5 milimetri.
sxvaobis zRurbli (difference threshold) _ umciresi
fizikuri gansxvaveba or gamRizianebels Soris,
romelic jer kidev SeiZleba gacnobierdes,
rogorc gansxvavebulebi; sxvaobis zRurbli
operacionalurad ganisazRvreba rogorc
wertili, romelzec gamRizianeblebi arian
gacnobierebuli, rogorc gansxvavebulni Sem-
TxvevaTa naxevarSi.
odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba (just noticeable difference _
JND) _ umciresi gansxvaveba or SegrZnebas Soris,
romlebic SeiZleba miCneul iqnan gansxvavebu-
lebad.
veberis kanoni (Webers law) _ sxvaobis zRurblis
sidide standartuli gamRizianeblis intensi-
vobis proporciulia.
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veberis kanoni da is, Tu rogor arian isini
dakavSirebulni erTmaneTTan). veberis kanoni
sakmaod zustia, magram is mainc ar aris
universaluri, magaliTad, maSin, roca stimulis
intensivoba Zalian maRali xdeba.
cxrilSi 4.2 xedavT, rom veberis konstantas
aqvs gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebi stimulis
gansxvavebuli ganzomilebisaTvis. umciresi
mniSvneloba niSnavs imas, rom adamians SeuZlia
SeamCnios umciresi gansxvaveba. ase magaliTad,
es cxrili giCvenebT, rom Tqven SegiZliaT
bgeraTa sixSire ufro meti sizustiT ganasxva-
voT erTmaneTisagan, vidre sinaTlis intensivo-
bebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, ufro advilad SemCnevadia,
vidre sunisa da gemos umciresi gansxvavebani.
sasmelebis kompanias dasWirdeboda SedarebiT
ufro didi raodenobis Saqris damateba ufro
tkbili kolis warmoebisaTvis!
fizikuri movlenebidan
fsiqikuri movlenebisaken
fsiqofizikis ganxilvam gagvacnobierebina
SegrZnebis umniSvnelovanesi saidumlo: rogor
xdeba, rom fizikuri energia dasabams aZlevs
specifikur fsiqologiur gancdas? magaliTad,
rogor aRmocendeba sinaTlis talRis sxvadasxva
sigrZisagan cisartyelas gancda? sanam speci-
fikur sensorul sferoebs ganvixilavT, zeda-
pirulad mimovixiloT informaciis gadasvla
fizikuri movlenebidan _ sinaTlisa da bgeris
talRebidan, rTuli qimiuri nivTierebebidan
fsiqikuri movlenebisaken _ sinaTlis, bgeris,
gemosa da ynosvis SegrZnebebisaken.
sensoruli fiziologia Seiswavlis fizikuri
movlenebis nervul movlenebad gardaqmnis
biologiur meqanizmebs. am sferos mizania,
aRmoaCinos, Tu ra xdeba nervul doneze im
movlenaTa jaWvSi, romelic ganlagebulia
fizikuri energiidan sensorul gancdamde. erTi
formis fizikuri energiis, magaliTad, sinaTlis
gadaqcevas meore formad _ nervul impulsad,
transformacia ewodeba.
vinaidan yvela tipis sensoruli informacia
transformirdeba nervuli impulsebis identur
tipSi, Tqveni Tavis tvini imis saSualebiT
ganasxvavebs sensorul informacias, rom Tavis
tvinis qerqis calkeul zonebs miusadagebs Ti-
Toeul sensorul sferos. mkvlevrebi cdiloben
TiToeuli am sensoruli sferosaTvis daadginon,
Tu rogor xdeba fizikuri energiis transfor-
macia nervuli sistemis eleqtroqimiur aqti-
vobaSi, romelic warmoSobs Tvisobrivad (ma-
galiTad, wiTeli _ mwvane) da raodenobrivad
(xmamaRali _ Cumi) ganxvavebul SegrZnebebs.
nebismieri sensoruli sistemis moqmedebas
biZgs aZlevs garemo movlenis an gamRizianeblis
SemCneva. garemo gamRizianeblebis SemCneva xdeba
specializirebuli sensoruli receptorebis
saSualebiT (magaliTisaTvis, ix. cxrili 4.3).
sensoruli receptorebi sensoruli gamRi-
zianeblis fizikur energias ujredis signa-
lebad gardaqmnian, romelic SeiZleba gadamu-
Savebul iqnes nervuli sistemis mier. ujredis
signalebi informacias ufro maRali donis
neironebs awvdian, romlebic informaciis in-
tegrirebas axdenen sxvadasxva deteqtoruli
sensoruli fiziologia (sensory physiology) _ Seis-
wavlis fizikuri movlenebis nervul movlenebad
gadaqcevis biologiur meqanizmebs.
transformacia (transduction) _Seiswavlis erTi
formis fizikuri energiis gardaqmnas meore
formad; magaliTad, sinaTlis transformirebas
nervul impulsebad.
sensoruli receptorebi (sensory receptors) _
specializirebuli ujredebi; isini gadaaqceven
fizikur signalebs ujredis signalebad, rom-
lebic Semdeg gadamuSavdeba nervuli sistemis
mier.
veberis konstantis mniSvnelobebi
stimulTa arCeuli ganzomilebisaTvis
veberis konstanta
(k)
stimulis
ganzomileba
cxrili
4.2
bgeris sixSire
sinaTlis intensivoba
sunis koncentracia
dawolis intensivoba
bgeris intensivoba
gemos koncentracia
0.003
0.01
0.07
0.14
0.15
0.20
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blokebidan. am etapze neironebi agroveben
informacias stimulis ZiriTadi Tvisebebis
Sesaxeb, rogoricaa misi zoma, intensivoba, forma
da manZili. sensoruli sistemebis siRrmeSi in-
formacia kombinirebulia ufro rTul kodebSi
da is gadaecema Tavis tvinis qerqis specifikur
ubnebs, romlebic pasuxismgebelni arian Segr-
Znebisa da asociaciis procesebze.
cxrilSi 4.3 mocemulia stimulebi da recep-
torebi TiToeuli SegrZnebisaTvis.
Sejameba
fsiqofizikis mkvlevrebi swavloben damoki-
debulebas fizikur movlenebsa da damkvir-
veblebis mier am movlenebis fsiqologiur
gancdas Soris. damkvirveblis SegrZnebis
absoluturi zRurbli damokidebulia stimulis
Zalaze da gansazRvrul pirobebze, rogoricaa
damkvirveblis sensoruli adaptaciis done _
absoluturi zRurblis definicia asaxavs misi
moqmedebis cvalebadobas. signalis SemCnevis
Teoria SemuSavda sensoruli procesebis
gasamijnad pasuxebis sistematuri Secdomisagan
damkvirveblis moqmedebaSi. fsiqofizikis mkvlev-
rebi, agreTve, dainteresebulni arian imiT, Tu
ramdenad unda gaizardos an Semcirdes gamRizi-
aneblis sidide, rom damkvirvebelma SeZlos
gansxvavebis aRqma. veberis kanoni asaxavs fizi-
kuri stimulaciisa da damkvirveblis aRqmis
cvlilebebs Soris damokidebulebebs.
sensoruli fiziologiis mizania, Seiswavlos,
Tu ra gziT xdeba fizikuri movlenebis gadaqceva
tvinSi mimdinare procesebad. mkvlevrebi,
agreTve, aRweren informaciis gadasvlas
sensoruli receptorebidan Tavis tvinis
qerqisaken.
adamianis sensoruli sistema: fundamenturi Tvisebebi
SegrZneba
cxrili
4.3
stimulebi SegrZneba receptori sensoruli
organo
mxedveloba
smena
Sexebis
SegrZnebebi
ynosva
gemo
wonasworobis
SegrZneba
kinesTeTikuri
SegrZnebebi
sinaTlis talRebi
bgeriTitalRebi
eqsternaluri
kontaqti
aqroladi
nivTierebebi
xsnadi nivTierebebi
meqanikuri da gra-
vitaciuli Zalebi
sxeulis moZraoba
Tvali
yuri
kani
cxviri
ena
Sinagani
yuri
kunTebi,
myesebi,
saxsrebi
Cxirebi da kolbebi
ZiriTadi membranis
bewviani ujredebi
nervuli daboloebani
kanSi (merkelis
diskebi, rufinis
sxeulebi)
ynosvis organoebis
bewviani epiTeliumi
gemos bolqvebi
naxevarrkalovani
arxebis bususebi da
derefani
nervuli boWkoebi
kunTebSi, myesebSi
ferebi, obieqtebi,
teqstura, moZraoba,
siRrme
xmauri, toni
Sexeba, tkivili,
siTbo, sicive
suni (muskusi,
yvavilovani, damwvris,
pitnis)
gemo (tbili, mJave,
mlaSe, mware)
moZraoba sivrceSi,
gravitaciuli
miziduloba
sxeulis nawilebis
moZraoba da pozicia
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mxedvelobis sistema
mxedveloba yvelaze rTuli, maRalganviTa-
rebuli da mniSvnelovani SegrZnebaa adamianisa
da sxva moZrav arsebaTa umravlesobisTvis. im
cxovelebs, romlebic bunebam kargi mxedvelobiT
daajildova, uzarmazari evoluciuri upirate-
sobebi aqvT. kargi mxedveloba maT exmarebaT,
SeamCnion msxverpli an mteri Sori manZilidan.
mxedveloba SesaZleblobas aZlevs adamianebs,
gaacnobieron fizikuri garemos cvalebadi
Tvisebebi da Seusabamon mas TavianTi qceva.
mxedveloba aris yvelaze kargad Seswavlili
sfero SegrZnebis modalobaTa Soris.
adamianis Tvali
Tvali aris fotoaparati Tavis tvinisaTvis,
romelic asaxavs samyaros suraTs (ix. suraTi
4.4). fotoaparati samyaros linzebis saSua-
lebiT uyurebs, romelic axdens sinaTlis Sek-
rebas da fokusirebas. Tvali, aseve, krebs sinaT-
les da axdens mis fokusirebas _ sinaTle
Semodis rqovanaSi, Tvalis win mdebare gamWvir-
vale amoburcul nawilSi; Semdeg is gaivlis
wina sakans, romelic savsea siTxiT _ namiT.
fotoaparatis fokusirebisas Tqven amoZravebT
mis linzas obieqtis mimarTulebiT, an aSorebT
mas. imisaTvis, rom Tvalma sinaTlis fokusireba
moaxdinos, lobios marcvlis formis kristali
_ Tvalis broli _ icvlis Tavis formas, wvril-
deba, roca fokusireba moSorebul obieqtebze
xdeba da msxvildeba axlomdebare obieqtebze
fokusirebisas. fotoaparatSi Semomavali sinaT-
lis raodenobis gasakontroleblad Tqven
cvliT linzis gaxsnis xarisxs. TvalSi ki iri-
sis kunTuri diski cvlis gugis anu im xvre-
lis sidides, romlis saSualebiTac sinaTle
Semodis TvalSi. fotoaparatis ukana nawilSi
fotomgrZnobiare firia, romelic afiqsirebs
linzaSi Semosuli sinaTlis variaciebs. ana-
logiurad, TvalSi sinaTle mogzaurobs mini-
sebr sxeulSi, bolos ecema baduras _ Txel
firfitas, romelic warmoadgens Tvalis kaklis
ukana kedels.
rogorc naxeT, fotoaparatisa da Tvalis
Tvisebebi Zalian emsgavseba erTmaneTs. axla
ufro detalurad ganvixiloT mxedvelobiTi
procesis komponentebi.
guga da broli
Tvalis guga ixsneba irisSi, romelSic gadis
sinaTle. irisi aiZulebs gugas, gafarTovdes
an SeikumSos, raTa gaakontrolos Tvalis kak-
lisaken mimavali sinaTlis raodenoba. sinaT-
le, romelic gaivlis gugas, brolis mier badu-
raze fokusirdeba; broli atrialebs aRqmul
obieqtebs. is gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania,
radganac icvlis fokuss axlo da Sorsmdebare
sagnebisTvis. wamwamovan kunTebs SeuZliaT
Secvalon brolis sisqe da, aqedan gamomdinare,
misi optikuri Tvisebebic. am process akomo-
dacia ewodeba.
normaluri akomodaciis unaris mqone adamia-
nebs Tvalis fokusireba sakamod did diapazon-
Si SeuZliaT _ dawyebuli 7,5 sm manZilidan
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ise Sors, sanamdec SeuZliaT obieqtebis danaxva.
Tumca, uamrav adamians awuxebs akomodaciasTan
dakavSirebuli problemebi. magaliTad, axlo-
mxedvelebs akomodaciis diapazoni gadaxrili
aqvT ufro axlos maTken da amis Sedegad maT
ar SeuZliaT kargad fokusireba Sorsmdebare
sagnebze; Sorsmxedvelebs akomodaciis diapazoni
gadaxrili aqvT maTgan Sors da amitom maT ar
SeuZliaT normalurad fokusireba axlomdebare
obieqtebze. asakTan erTad, agreTve, izrdeba
akomodaciis problemebic. broli aRar aris
iseTive sufTa, gamWvirvale da amozneqili,
rogorc adre. asakis zrdasTan erTad broli
xdeba ufro mkvrivi, gaumWvirvale, muqi da
brtyeli, is kargavs elastiurobas. am cvlile-
bebis Sedegad brols aRar SeuZlia sakmarisad
SekumSva, raTa dainaxos axlomdebare sagnebi.
ormocdaxuT wels gadacilebul adamiane-
bisaTvis is uaxloesi wertili, romelzedac
SeuZliaT kargad fokusireba, progresulad
Sordeba maT.
badura
Tqven uyurebT TvalebiT, magram xedavT Tavis
tvinis saSualebiT. Tvali krebs sinaTles, ax-
dens mis fokusirebas da dasabams aZlevs Tavis
tvinisaken mimaval nervul signals. amrigad,
Tvalis yvelaze mniSvnelovani funqciaa gare
samyaros Sesaxeb informaciis sinaTlis tal-
Ridan nervul impulsad gardaqmna. es xdeba
baduraze, Tvalis ukana mxareze. mikroskopis
qveS SegiZliaT dainaxoT, rom baduras sxvada-
sxva tipis neironebisagan Semdgari ramdenime
maRalorganizebuli Sre aqvs.
sinaTlis energiis ZiriTadi gardaqmna ner-
vul impulsad baduraze Cxirebisa da kolbebis
_ sinaTlis mimarT mgrZnobiare receptorebis
saSualebiT xdeba. es fotoreceptorebi unika-
lurad arian ganlagebulni vizualur sistemaSi,
kargad naTdebian gare samyarodan da emijnebian
nervuli procesebis Sida samyaros. vinaidan
zogjer giwevT TiTqmis sibneleSi muSaoba da
zogjer ki kaSkaSa ganaTebis pirobebSi, bunebam
uzrunvelgyoT sinaTlis gardaqmnis ori gziT,
CxirebiTa da kolbebiT (ix. sur. 4.5). 120 milioni
wvrili Cxiri moqmedebs saukeTesod susti
ganaTebis pirobebSi, 7 milioni msxvili kolba
ki naTel, ferad garemoSi samuSaodaa speciali-
zebuli.
Tqven SegiZliaT SeigrZnoT gansxvaveba Cxi-
rebisa da kolbebis muSaobaSi yovelTvis, roca
daZinebis win CaaqrobT xolme Suqs. albaT
akomodacia (accommodation) _ procesi, romlis
saSualebiTac wamwamovani kunTebi cvli-
anETvalis brolis sisqes, rac saSualebas aZ-
levs, Secvalos fokusi axlo da Sori obieq-
tebisaTvis.
badura (retina) _ Tvalis ukan mdebare Sre, ro-
melic Seicavs fotoreceptorebs da gardaqmnis
sinaTlis energias nervul reaqciaSi.
fotoreceptorebi (photoreceptors) _ baduraze
mdebare sinaTlisadmi mgrZnobiare receptoruli
ujredebi.
suraTi
4.4
adamianis Tvalis
struqtura
rqovana, guga da broli axor-
cieleben sinaTlis fokusirebas
baduraze. baduradan nervuli
signalebi gadaecema tvins
optikuri nervis meSveobiT.
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bevrjer SeginiSnavT, rom Tavidan bevrs vera-
fers xedavT darCenili mkrTali ganaTebis pi-
robebSi, magram cota xnis Semdeg Tqveni mxedve-
lobis mgrZnobiaroba kvlav umjobesdeba. Tqven
ganicdiT sibnelisadmi adaptaciis process _
Tvalis mgrZnobiarobis gradualur gaumjobe-
sebas ganaTebis cvlilebis Sedegad sinaTlidan
TiTqmis sibnelisaken. sibnelisadmi adaptaciis
mizezi Cxirebis amoqmedebaa. isini ufro mgrZno-
biareni xdebian, vidre kolbebi. drois gasvlis
Semdeg Cxirebi reagireben ufro nakleb sinaT-
leze, vidre kolbebi.
badurs centrTan axlos aris patara ubani,
romelsac foveas uwodeben. is mxolod mWidrod
ganlagebul kolbebs Seicavs. iq ar aris Cxirebi.
es adgili gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiarea ferebis
mimarT, aseve, yvelaze ufro zustad uzrun-
velyofs sivrciTi detalebis SemCnevas. baduras
sxva ujredebi arian pasuxismgebelni im infor-
maciis integraciaze, romlesac Cxirebidan da
kolbebidan iReben. bipolaruli ujredebi nervu-
li ujredebia, romlebic axdenen nervuli
impulsebis kombinirebas mravali recepto-
ridan da Sedegebs gangliozur ujredebSi
agzavnian. Semdeg TiToeuli gangliozuri uj-
redi axdens impulsebis integrirebas erTi an
ufro meti bipolaruli ujredidan erT gan-
muxtvaSi. centraluri foveis kolbebi agzav-
nian TavianT impulsebs gangliozuri ujrede-
akomod
i.
suraTi
4.5
retinaluri gzebi
es diagrama warmodgenilia tradiciuli
da Zalian gamartivebuli saxiT. is gviC-
venebs gzebs, romelic akavSirebs ner-
vuli ujredebis sam Sres retinaSi.
Semomavali sinaTle gaivlis samive
Sres, sanam miaRwevs receptorebs, rom-
lebic ganlagebulni arian Tvalis kak-
lis ukana mxareze da mimarTulni arian
sinaTlis wyaros sapirispiro mxares.
aRsaniSnavia, rom bipolaruli ujredebi
kreben impulsebs erTze meti recep-
toruli ujredidan da agzavnian Sede-
gebs gangliozuri ujredebisaken. am
ujredebidan ki nervuli impulsebi
toveben Tvals optikui nervis saSua-
lebiT da miemarTebian Semdegi gadam-
rTveli punqtisaken.
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bisaken maSin, roca baduras periferiaze mdebare
Cxirebi da kolbebi erwymian bipolarul da
gangliozur ujredebs. gangliozuri ujredebis
aqsonebi qmnian optikuri nervs, romelic vi-
zualur informacias Tvalidan Tavis tvinisaken
atarebs.
horizontaluri ujredebi da amakrinuli uj-
redebi informaciis integrirebas baduras gas-
wvriv axdenen. am ujredebis funqcia ufro metad
gamoixateba ara signalebis gagzavnaSi Tavis
tvinisaken, aramed ujredebs Soris kavSiris dam-
yarebaSi. horizontaluri ujredebi recepto-
rebs erTmaneTTan akavSireben, amakrinuli uj-
redebi ki aerTeben bipolarul ujredebs sxva
bipolarul ujredebTan da gangliozur ujre-
debs sxva gangliozur ujredebTan.
baduras anatomiur agebulebaSi aris erTi
saintereso ucnauri adgili, sadac optikuri
nervi gamodis. am adgils optikuri diski anu
brma wertili ewodeba. is srulebiT ar Seicavs
receptorul ujredebs. miuxedavad amisa, Cven
ver vamCnevT am xarvezs, Tuki specialur pi-
robebs ar SevqmniT amisaTvis. es xdeba ori
mizezis gamo: pirvel rigSi, orive Tvalis brma
wertilebi iseTnirad arian ganlagebulni, rom
TiToeuli Tvalis receptorebi imis registra-
cias axdenen, rac gamorCa meore Tvals; meore
mizezi isaa, rom Tavis tvini avsebs~ am adgils
Sesatyvisi sensoruli informaciiT garSemo
myofi areebidan.
imisaTvis, rom aRmoaCinoT brma wertili,
Tqven unda SexedoT suraTs 4.6 Semdegi pirobis
dacviT: es wigni daaxloebiT gaSlili mklavis
sigrZeze daiWireT, daxuWeT marjvena Tvali,
moaxdineT fiqsireba bankis figuraze marcxena
TvaliT da nel-nela miitaneT wigni Tqvensken
Zalian axlos. rodesac dolaris niSani iqneba
Tqvens brma wertilze, is gaqreba, magram Tqven
ver SeamCnevT xarvezs Tqveni mxedvelobis velSi.
Tqveni vizualuri sistema Seavsebs cariel
adgils TeTri foniT, romelic gars akravs am
adgils. ase rom, Tqven mxolod siTeTres
dainaxavT~, romelic realurad ar aris iq da
ver dainaxavT fuls, romelic moaTavseT bankSi,
sanam dakargavdiT mas!
brma wertilis meore demonstraciisaTvis
SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT igive procedura da
moaxdinoT fokusireba jvarze, romelic moce-
mulia 4.6 suraTze. Tuki wigns TvalebTan axlos
miitanT, dainaxavT rom wyvetili xazi gam-
Tlianda.
vizualuri qerqi (visual cortex) _ kefis wilis
nawili, romelSic xdeba vizualuri informa-
ciis gadamuSaveba.
optikuri nervi (optic nerve) _ gangliozuri uj-
redebis aqsonebi, romlebic atareben informa-
cias Tvalidan tvinisaken.
suraTi
4.6
ipoveT Tqveni brma wertili
imisaTvis rom ipovoT Tqveni brma wertili, daikaveT es wigni daaxloebiT gaSlili mklavis
sigrZeze, daxuWeT Tqveni marjvena Tvali, moaxdineT fiqsireba bankis figuraze Tqveni
marcxena TvaliT da nel-nela miitaneT wigni Tqvensken Zalian axlos. rodesac dolaris
niSani iqneba Tqvens brma wertilze, is gaqreba, magram Tqven ver SeamCnevT xarvezs Tqveni
mxedvelobis velSi. analogiurad, Tuki Tqven gamoiyenebT igive proceduras da moaxdenT
Tvalis fiqsacias plus niSanze, xazi gamTliandeba maSin, roca xarvezi iqneba Tqvens brma
wertilze. orive SemTxvevaSi vizualuri sistema avsebs cariel adgils TeTri foniT,
T
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Tavis tvinisken mimavali
nervuli gzebi
vizualuri informaciis saboloo daniSnule-
bis adgili Tavis tvinis kefis wilis is ad-
gilia, romelic cnobilia, rogorc ZiriTadi
mxedvelobis qerqi. miuxedavad amisa, informa-
ciis umetesi nawili, romelic tovebs baduras,
gaivlis Tavis tvinis sxva regionebs, sanam miaR-
wevs mxedvelobis qerqs. modiT, gavyveT im gzas,
romelsac vizualuri informacia gaivlis (Van
Essen et al., 1992).
gangliozuri ujredebis milionobiT aqsoni,
romelic axdens TiToeuli optikuri nervis
formirebas, miemarTeba mxedvelobis jvaredinSi
(qiazmaSi), romelic formiT berZnul aso -is
(gamoiTqmis, rogorc xi~) mogvagonebs. aqsonebi
TiToeul optikur nervSi mxedvelobis jvare-
dinTan or konad iyofian. boWkoebis naxevari
TiToeuli baduridan sxeulis im mxareze rCeba,
romlidanac isini modian, xolo TiToeuli Tva-
lis Sida mxridan wamosuli aqsonebi gadak-
veTen erTmaneTs da agrZeleben gzas Tavis tvinis
ukana nawilisaken (ix. sur. 4.7).
boWkoebis am or konas, romelic Seicavs
aqsonebs orive Tvalidan, am adgilidan ukve
optikuri traqtebi ewodeba. optikuri traqtebi
tvinSi agzavnis informacias ujredebis ori
blokisaken. mkvlevrebi mxars uWeren Teorias,
romlis Tanaxmadac vizualuri analizi orad
iyofa: pirvelis funqcia xatebis amocnobaa, Tu
rogor gamoiyurebian obieqtebi, xolo meoris
_ adgilmdebareobis gansazRvra, Tu sad arian
obieqtebi (Rao et al., 1997; Wilson et al., 1993). vizua-
luri funqciebis dayofa ufro dramatulad
gamoiyureba, roca individebi kargaven mxed-
velobiTi qerqis nawils travmis an qirurgiuli
Carevis Sedegad. ganvixiloT Semdegi SemTxveva:
saidan
viciT
mxedvelobiTi funqciebis dayofa
dons 14 wlis asakidan awuxebda mwvave,
xangrZlivi Tavis tkivilebi da marcxena
vizualur velSi sensoruli xasiaTis
sirTuleebi hqonda. roca is 34 wlis iyo,
gadawyvita gaekeTebina operacia, romlis
drosac neiroqirurgebi amoWridnen mar-
jvena kefis wilis patara nawils. qirur-
gebi mudmivad mkurnalobdnen donis Tavis
tkivilebs, magram man mTlianad dakarga
mxedveloba vizualuri velis marcxena
nawilSi, radgan amokveTili nawili Sei-
cavda pirvelad mxedvelobiT qerqs. maga-
liTad, roca ganaTebul laqas uCveneben
fiqsaciis wertilis marcxniv (fiqsaciis
wertili _ esaa centraluri wertili,
romelzedac sTxoven cdis pirs Tvalebis
fokusirebas), igi, ubralod, ver acnobi-
erebs mis arsebobas.
fsiqologebma sTxoves dons mainc sava-
raudod amoecno, Tu sad mdebareobs gana-
m
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suraTi
4.7
adamianis vizualuri sistemis gzebi
diagrama gviCvenebs, rom vizualuri velidan Semo-
suli sinaTle airekleba orive baduraze da gviC-
venebs marSruts, romliTac nervuli Setyobineba ba-
duridan gadaigzavneba TiToeuli hemisferos orive
vizualur centrSi.
114
Tebuli wertili marcxena xelis saCvene-
beli TiTis saSualebiT. Sedegebi SesaniS-
navi iyo. donma TiTqmis iseve zustad gan-
sazRvra ganaTebuli laqis mdebareoba mis
brma~ marcxena mxedvelobis velSi, ro-
gorc axerxebda amas saR~ marjvena vi-
zualur velSi. Semdgomma eqsperimentebma,
agreTve, aCvenes, rom mas SeeZlo gamoecno
brma velSi naCvenebi xazi vertikaluri
iyo Tu horizontaluri da naCvenebi fi-
gura X iyo Tu O. testis ganmavlobaSi
doni sruliad ver acnobierebda laqebis,
xazebis da figurebis arsebobas. is amtki-
cebda, rom ubralod, varaudiT ambobda.
roca dons testirebis videoCanaweri
uCvenes, is gaocebuli iyo imiT, rom uTi-
Tebda ganaTebul laqaze, romelsac ver
xedavda (Weiskrantz et al., 1974).
donis mxedvelobas~, Sesabamisad, brma mxed-
veloba uwodes. misi qceva vizualurad miRebuli
informaciis Sedegad xorcieldeboda, Tumca,
is ver acnobierebda obieqtis arsebobas. msgavsi
Sedegebi iyo miRebuli testebSi sxva pacien-
tebTan mxedvelobiTi qerqis analogiuri dar-
RvevebiT. es movlena adasturebs im faqts, rom
is qerqqveSa struqturebi, romlebic xeluxle-
beli rCeba dazianebuli Tavis tvinis qerqis
pirobebSi, uzrunvelyofs vizualuri analizis
iseT dones, romelic Seesabameba am amocanebs,
magram gacnobierebis gareSe. Tumca, es daskvna
sakamaTo rCeba, radgan Tavis tvinis mier vi-
zualuri informaciis kodirebisaTvis gamoyene-
buli uamravi gza arsebobs (Gazzaniga et al., 1994;
Weiskrantz, 1995). rogoric ar unda iyos nervuli
meqanizmebi, es movlena adasturebs, rom mxedve-
lobis zusti funqcionireba SeiZleba cnobi-
erebis gareSec ganxorcieldes.
Tqven ukve naxeT, Tu rogor nawildeba is
informacia, romelic Tvalebidan Tavis tvini-
saken miemarTeba. mecnierebma kvlavac bevri ram
unda Seiswavlon. arsebobs vizualuri qerqis
daaxloebiT 30 anatomiuri qveganyofileba da
sxvadasxva Teoriebi am qveganyofilebebs Soris
komunikaciis saxeebis Sesaxeb (Hilgetag et al., 1996).
axla vizualuri samyaros calkeul aspeqtebs
davubrundeT. adamianis vizualuri sistemis erT-
erTi yvelaze saocari Tavisebureba isaa, rom
Cven mier formis, feris, mdebareobis da siRrmis
gancda dafuZnebulia erTi da igive sensoruli
informaciis sxvadasxva gziT gadamuSavebaze.
rogor xdeba es transformaciebi, romlebic
SesaZleblobas gaZlevT, dainaxoT vizualuri
samyaros es gansxvavebuli Taviseburebani?
ferTa SegrZneba
fizikur obieqtebs aqvT saocari Tviseba _
isini SeiZleba sxvadasxva feris saRebavebiT
davxatoT. Tqven Zalian xSirad migiRiaT STa-
beWdilebebi kaSkaSad Seferili obieqtebisagan
_ mwvane naZvis xeebisagan, meJolias lurji
kvercxebisagan, magram ferebis naTel gancdas
safuZvlad udevs am obieqtebisagan Tqvens
sensorul receptorebze sinaTlis sxivebis asax-
va. erT-erTi pirveli, vinc es sakiTxi jer kidev
1671 wels ganixila, isaak niutoni iyo:
sxivebi (sinaTlis) sworad rom vTqvaT,
ar aris Seferili. maTSi araferia, garda
energiisa da ama Tu im feris SegrZnebis
aRmocenebis unarisa. aseve, bgera, iqneba es
zaris, musikaluri simis Tu sxva ram mJReri
sxeulis, araferia, garda rxevadi moZraobisa
da haerSi araferia, garda obieqtidan gavr-
celebuli moZraobisa, ...ase rom, obieqtis
ferebi araferia, garda unarisa, aireklos
ama Tu im saxis sxivebi ufro farTod, vidre
danarCeni...
ferebi aRmocendeba maSin, roca Tavis tvini
amuSavebs informacias, romelic kodirebulia
sinaTlis wyaroSi.
talRis sigrZe da feri
sinaTle, romelsac Tqven xedavT, mxolod
patara nawilia fizikuri ganzomilebisa, ro-
melsac eleqtromagnituri speqtri ewodeba (ix.
sur. 4.8). Tqveni vizualur sistema ar aris
aRWurvili saTanadod imisaTvis, rom dainaxos
sxva tipis talRebi speqtrSi, rogoricaa, maga-
liTad, X-sxivebi, mikrotalRebi da radio-
talRebi. fizikuri Tviseba, romelic ganas-
xvavebs eleqromagnituri energiis tipebs, maT
Soris sinaTlisasac, aris talRis sigrZe anu
manZili ori uaxloesi talRis qims Soris.
xiluli sinaTlis talRis sigrZe nanometrebSi
(metris memiliarde nawilSi) izomeba. is, rasac
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1999 wlis dekemberSi ram-
denime sainformacio saagento
iuwyeboda, rom stiv uanderi,
romelic TiTqmis dabadebidan
brma iyo, imedovnebda, rom
Caitarebda eqsperimentul qi-
rurgiul proceduras, rome-
lic mis mxedvelobas aRad-
genda. proceduras ventai lui,
mark humaiuni (Wentai Lui, Mark
Humayun) da maTi jgufis sxva
wevrebi atarebdnen (Lui et al.,
2001). am proceduraSi patara
mikroprocesori pirdapir
ukavSirdeboda baduras da
kolbebisa da Cxirebis fun-
qcias cvlida, romelic ar fun-
qcionirebda daavadebis gamo.
samwuxarod, uanderi Zalian
xangrZlivi drois ganmav-
lobaSi iyo brma da amitom ar
iyo kargi kandidati am pro-
cedurisaTvis. Tumca, es teqnika
imeds aZlevda maT, visac vi-
zualuri sistemis jaWvis didi
nawili jer kidev dauzianebeli
hqondaT.
brma adamianTa umravlesobis
dabrmavebis mizezi maT ba-
duraze mdebare receptoruli
ujredebis _ kolbebisa da
Cxirebis kvdoma _ degenera-
ciuli daavadeba gaxda (uan-
deris sibrmave gamowveuli iyo
imiT, rom inkubatorSi, romel-
Sic is ganaTavses dabadebis Sem-
deg, miwodebuli iqna zedmeti
raodenobis Jangbadi). maSinac ki,
roca sensoruli receptorebi
wyveten TavianT arsebobas,
vizualuri gzebis sxva ujre-
debi, rogoricaa bipolaruli da
gangliozuri, ganagrZoben
arsebobas. baduras struqturis
mocemulobisas (ix. suraTi 4.5),
es ujredebi xelmisawvdomia
pirdapiri eleqtruli sti-
mulaciisaTvis. luis, humaiunisa
da maTi kolegebis mier kon-
struirebuli mikroprocesori
zustad amas akeTebda: is axdenda
eleqtrul stimulacias, ro-
melic Semomaval signals ara-
funqcionirebadi kolbebisa da
Cxirebis nacvlad agzavnida.
mTlian sistemas, romelic
cnobilia, rogorc mraval-
elementiani xelovnuri retina-
luri mikroprocesori (multiple-
unit artificial retinal chipset MARC),
ramdenime komponenti aqvs, rome-
lic funqcionirebs rogorc
Tvalis kaklis gareT, ise _
SigniT. magaliTad, miniaturuli
videokamera gamosaxulebas
garemodan iWers. es gamosaxu-
leba muSavdeba da igzavneba
mikroprocesorisaken, romelic
qirurgiulad aris implanti-
rebuli baduraze Tvalis ukana
mxares. es mikroprocesori
stimulirebas ukeTebs gangli-
ozur ujredebs badeSi da
televizoris Tu kompiuteris
ekranis msgavsad funqci-
onirebs: am simravlis TiTo-
euli elements _ TiToeul
piqsels _ SeuZlia miiRos
nacrisferi feris sxvadasxva
elferi, raTa uzrunvelyos
mxedvelobiTi SegrZnebebis
farTo diapazoni.
rogorc Tqven SegiZliaT
Tavad daaskvnaT, aRniSnuli
mikroprocesori ar aRadgens
mxedvelobas srulyofilad,
iseTnairad, rogorc es nagu-
lisxmebi iyo statiaSi stiv
uanderis Sesaxeb.
informaciis is raodenoba,
romelsac uzrunvelyofs es
xelsawyo, sakmaod SezRudu-
lia imasTan SedarebiT, rasac
Tqven Cveulebriv iRebT Tqveni
uamravi kolbebidan da Cxire-
bidan. miuxedavad amisa, am
eqsperimentis monawileebs
SeeZloT martivi gamosaxule-
bebisa da formebis identi-
ficireba. arsebobs imedi, rom
es mikroprocesori aRadgens
mxedvelobas iseT doneze, rom
adamianebi SeZleben imoZraon
sakuTar garemoSi da gaarCion
didi zomis SriftiT dabeW-
dili teqsti. uamravi adamia-
nisaTvis mTel msoflioSi,
romelsac daavadebis gamo
dazianebuli aqvs Cxirebi da
kolbebi, MARS msgavsi teqno-
logiebis ganviTarebam SeiZ-
leba SeunarCunos mxedveloba.
vebgverdi: www.ece.ncsu.edu/er/
erl_eye.html
SeuZlia Tu ara teqnologias dazianebuli mxedvelobis aRdgena
116
Tqven xedavT, rogorc sinaTles, aris talRis
sigrZis diapazoni 400-dan 700 nanometramde.
garkveuli fizikuri talRebis sinaTlis sxive-
bidan aRmocendeba garkveuli feris gancda,
magaliTad, iisferi-lurji ufro mokle sigr-
Ziani talRebisagan speqtris erT boloSi da
wiTeli-narinjisferi _ ufro grZelis sigrZis
talRebisagan speqtris meore boloSi. amrigad,
sinaTle fizikurad talRis sigrZis terminebiT
aRiwereba da ara _ ferebiT; ferebi mxolod
Tqvens sensorul sistemaSi arsebobs, rogorc
talRis sigrZeTa interpretacia.
feris gancda sami ZiriTadi TvisebiT xasiaT-
deba: feris toni, simaZRre da sikaSkaSe. feris
toni aris Tviseba, romelic gulisxmobs sinaT-
lis feris Tvisobriv gancdas. martiv sinaT-
leSi, romelic mxolod erTi talRis sigrZes
(magaliTad, lazeris gamosxiveba) Seicavs, feris
tonis fsiqologiuri gancda Seesabameba pir-
dapir sinaTlis talRis sigrZis fizikur gan-
zomilebas. suraTi 4.9 gviCvenebs, Tu rogor aris
ferTa tonebi ganlagebuli ferTa wreSi. is
ferebi, romlebic aRiqmebian, rogorc erTmaneTis
msgavsni, mosazRvre ferebia. es Tanamimdevroba
asaxavs speqtrSi ferebis Tanamimdevrobas. si-
maZRre feris SegrZnebis Tvisebaa, romelic
gamoxatavs imas, Tu ramdenad wmindaa feri.
Seurevel ferebs aqvs yvelaze meti simaZRre;
Sereul, arasufTa, pastelur ferebs aqvT
simaZRris saSualo raodenoba; rux fers aqvs
nulovani simaZRre. sikaSkaSe feris Tvisebaa,
romelic gulisxmobs sinaTlis intensivobas.
TeTr fers aqvs yvelaze meti sikaSkaSe; Savs _
yvelaze naklebi. roca vaanalizebT ferTa Seg-
rZnebis am Tvisebebs, aRsaniSnavia erTi garemoeba:
adamianebs SeuZliaT vizualurad ganasxvavon
feris toni (hue) _ feris Tviseba, romelic
gulisxmobs sinaTlis feris Tvisobriv gancdas.
simaZRre (saturation) _ feris Tviseba, romelic
gamoxatavs imas, Tu ramdenad wmindaa feri.
sikaSkaSe (brightness) _ feris Tviseba, romelic
gulisxmobs sinaTlis intensivobas.
suraTi
4.8
eleqtromagnituri
speqtri
vizualur sistemas SeuZlia
SeigrZnos talris sigrZis
mxolod mcire diapazoni
eleqtromagnitur speqtrSi.
Tqven SeigrZnobT talRis
sigrZis im diapazons, ro-
melic naxatze gadidebulad
aris mocemuli, rogorc
ferebs iisferidan wiTli-
saken.
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erTmaneTisagan daaxloebiT 7 milioni sxvadasxva
feri! miuxedavad amisa, adamianTa umravlesobas
ar SeuZlia ferTa garkveul kategorias mi-
akuTvnos maTi didi nawili.
modiT, avxsnaT ramdenime movlena ferTa
gancdis Tqveni yoveldRiuri gamocdilebidan.
Tqven, albaT, iciT isaak niutonis aRmoCenis
Sesaxeb, rom mzis sinaTle krebs yvela sigrZis
sinaTlis talRas: Tqven SegiZliaT gaimeoroT
niutonis cda prizmis gamoyenebiT da mzis sxivi
ferTa srul cisartyelad daSaloT. prizmis
saSualebiT gaigebT, rom sxvadasxva sigrZis
talRaTa swori kombinacia TeTr fers war-
moqmnis. sxvadasxva sigrZis talRaTa Serwymas
damatebiT ferTa Sereva ewodeba. kidev erTxel
SexedeT suraTs 4.9.
talRis sigrZeebs, romlebic ferTa wris
mopirdapire mxareebzea ganlagebuli, Semav-
sebeli ferebi ewodeba. isini Serevisas TeTri
feris SegrZnebas iwveven. gindaT Tavad dar-
wmundeT Semavsebeli ferebis arsebobaSi? gani-
xileT suraTi 4.10. mwvane-yviTeli-Savi droSa
negatiuri Tanamimdevari kvalis gancdas mog-
cemT (Tanamimdevar kvals ewodeba negatiuri,
radgan is sawyisi feris sapirispiroa). am mov-
lenas feradi mxedvelobis Teoriebis ganxil-
suraTi
4.9
suraTi
4.10
ferTa wre
ferebi ganlagebula maTi msgavsebis
mixedviT. Semavsebeli ferebi ganla-
gebula erTmaneTis mopirdapire mxares.
Semavsebeli ferebis Sereva warmoqmnis
neitralur rux an TeTr sinaTles
centrSi. ricxvebi TiToeuli feris
tonis gaswvriv miuTiTebs speqtraluri
ferebis talRis sigrZis mniSvnelo-
baze, im ferebisa, romlebic moTavse-
bulia mxedvelobiTi mgrZnobelobis
diapazonSi. araspeqtraluri feris
toni miiReba mokle da grZeli sigrZis
speqtraluri talRis sigrZeTa SereviT.
Semavsebeli ferebi (complementary colours) _ ferebi,
romlebic mdebareoben ferTa wreze da er-
TmaneTis mopirdapire mxares auditurad Sere-
visas TeTri sinaTlis SegrZnebas iwvevdnen.
negatiuri optikuri kvali
mzera daafiqsireTmwvane-Sav-yvi-
Teli droSis centrSi sul cota
30 wamis ganmavlobaSi; Semdeg
mzera gadaitaneT TeTr qaRaldze
da daafiqsireT is furclis
centrSi an kedelze. CaatareT es
cda megobrebze.
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visas avxsniT, roca daJinebiT daacqerdebiT
raime fers sakmaod didxans, Tqveni recepto-
rebis arasrul gadaRlamde da Semdeg mzeras
TeTr zedapirze gadaitanT, Tqven sawyisi feris
Semavsebel fers dainaxavT.
albaT, SeginiSnavT Tanmimdevari kvali Tqvens
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi ferTa gancdisas. Tumca,
gancdebis didi nawili ar warmoiqmneba Semav-
sebeli ferebidan. Tqven, SesaZloa, droda-dro
erTobiT naxatSi feradi fanqrebisa da sa-
Rebavebis kombinirebiT. feri, romelsac xedavT,
roca uyurebT feradi fanqrebiT daxatul raime
obieqts an sxva ferad zedapirs, sinaTlis tal-
Ris sigrZea, romelic ar aris STanTqmuli zeda-
piris mier. miuxedavad imisa, rom yviTeli saRe-
bavi gamoiyureba umetes SemTxvevaSi yviTlad,
zogierTi sigrZis talRa ar airekleba, rac qmnis
mwvane feris SegrZnebas. analogiurad, lurji
saRebavi saSualebas aZlevs garkveuli sigrZis
talRebs ar aireklon, rac iwvevs lurjisa da
cotaodeni mwvanis SegrZnebas. roca yviTeli da
lurji ferebi kombinirebuli, yviTeli STanTqavs
lurjs da lurji STanTqavs yviTels. da erTad-
erTi feri, romelic darCeba STaunTqmeli _
gamoiyureba mwvaned! am movlenas substraqciuli
(substractive) ferTa Sereva
1
ewodeba. darCenili
talRis sigrZe _ STaunTqmeli talRis sigrZe
aris arekvlili da swored is aZlevs ferebis
narevs im fers, romelsac Tqven aRiqvamT.
zogierTi es kanoni ar vrceldeba im ada-
mianebze, romlebic dabadebuli arian feris
SegrZnebis garkveuli anomaliiT. ferTa sib-
rmave aris ferebis garCevisYnawilobrivi an
sruli uunaroba. mwvane, wiTeli da Savi feris
droSaze Tvalebis fiqsirebisas Tqven ar
gagiCndebaT negatiuri optikuri kvali, Tuki
ferTa sibrmave gaqvT. ferTa sibrmave, Cveulebriv,
memkvidreobiT gadaecema. es defeqti dakavSi-
rebulia X qromosomis genTan. radgan mamakacebs
mxolod erTi X qromosoma aqvT, maT am rece-
siuli Taviseburebis gamovlenis ufro meti
Sansi aqvT, vidre qalebs. qalebs defeqturi
geni orive X qromosomaze unda hqondeT, rom
gamouvlindeT ferTa sibrmave. kavkasiel
mamakacTa 8%-s da qalTa 0.5%-ze naklebs
axasiaTebT ferTa sibrmave (Coren et al., 1999).
yvelaze xSiria nawilobriv ferTa sibrmavis
is saxe, roca adamians uWirs mwvane da wiTeli
ferebis garCeva, gansakuTrebiT, Tu isini susti
simaZRris arian. ufro iSviaTad gvxvdeba xalxi,
romelic erTmaneTSi yviTel da lurj ferebs
urevs. yvelaze iSviaTi ki sruli ferTa sibrmavis
SemTxvevebia, roca adamiani saerTod ver arCevs
ferebs da mxolod sinaTlis xarisxis sxvada-
sxva variacias xedavs (mister i-is SemTxveva,
romelic naxsenebi iyo am Tavis dasawyisSi,
sakmaod uCveuloa, radgan misi ferTa sruli
sibrmave Tavis tvinis dazianebiT iyo gamowveuli
65 wlis asakSi). imis gasagebad, gaqvT Tu ara
raime defeqti ferTa SegrZnebaSi, SexedeT
suraTs 4.11. Tuki Tqven dainaxavT cifrebs 1-s
da 5-s am wertilebis erTobliobaSi, Tqveni
feradi mxedveloba, albaT, normaluria. Tuki
dainaxavT kidev raimes, albaT, gaxasiaTebT, sul
cota, ferTa nawilobrivi sibrmave (CautareT
es testi sxvebsac, kerZod, imaT, visac FferTa
sibrmave axasiaTebs da gaigebT, ras xedaven isini
am testSi). axla vnaxoT, Tu rogor xsnian mecni-
erebi ferTa aRqmis iseT faqtebs, rogoricaa
Semavsebeli ferebi da ferTa sibrmave.
ferTa SegrZnebis Teoriebi
ferTa SegrZnebis pirveli mecnieruli Teoria
SemoTavazebuli iyo ser tomas iungis (Sir Tho-
mas Young) mier 1800 wels. is amtkicebda, rom
arsebobs feris SemgrZnebi sami tipis receptori
normaluri mxedvelobis mqone adamianis TvalSi,
romelic warmoqmnis fsiqologiurad pirvelad
SegrZnebebs: wiTels, mwvanesa da lurjs. yvela
danarCeni feri, misi azriT, am sami pirveladi
ferisagan miiReboda, rogorc Semavsebeli fe-
rebis an ori mosazRvre feris kombinaciis
Sedegi. iungis Teoria Semdgom gaaumjobesa da
gaafarTova herman von helmholcma (Hermann von
Helmholtz) da cnobili gaxda, rogorc iung-hel-
mholcis triqromatuli Teoria.
2
triqromatuli Teoria sakmaod damajereblad
xsnida adamianis ferTa SegrZnebebs da ferTa
sibrmavesac (am Teoriis Tanaxmad, ferTa sibr-
mavis SemTxvevaSi adamianebs mxolod erTi an
ori tipis receptorebi aqvT). Tumca, sxva mov-
1
qarTul fsiqologiur literaturaSi naxsenebia,
rogorc ferTa Serevis meore kanoni (red. SeniSvna).
2
qarTul fsiqologiur literaturaSi moxseniebulia,
rogorc `sami komponentis Teoria~ (red. SeniSvna).
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lenebi ar aixsneba aseve kargad am Teoriis
mier. ratom warmoqmnis erTi feris mimarT adap-
tacia negatiur Tanamimdevar kvals? ratom aqvT
nawilobrivi ferTa sibrmavis mqone adamianebs
sirTuleebi yovelTvis ferTa wyvilebis garCe-
visas: wiTlisa da mwvanis, lurjisa da yviT-
lis?
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema gaxda qvakuT-
xedi ferTa SegrZnebis meore TeoriisaTvis,
romelic SemoTavazebuli iyo evald heringis
(Ewald Hering) mier 1800-iani wlebis bolos. misi
sawinaaRmdego procesis Teoriis Tanaxmad,
nebismieri feris SegrZneba sami ZiriTadi sis-
temisgan miiReba, romelTagan TiToeuli Seicavs
or sawinaaRmdego elements: wiTeli mwvanis
sapirispirod, lurji yviTlis sapirispirod da
Savi (arc erTi feri) TeTris (yvela feri)
sapirispirod. heringi fiqrobda, rom ferebi
warmoqmnian maTi Semavsebeli feris mqone
Tanamimdevar kvals, roca am sistemis erTi
elementi gadaiRleba (xangrZlivi stimulaciis
pirobebSi) da, amrigad, gaizrdeba misi opo-
nenturi elementis SefardebiTi wvlili.
ferTa sibrmavis testi
pirovneba, romelsac ar SeuZlia
wiTeli da mwvane ferebis gansxvaveba,
ver SeZlebs figuraSi damaluli
cifrebis identificirebas. ras xedavT?
Tuki Tqven xedavT ricxv 1 7- s
wertilebis simravleSi, Tqveni ferTa
SegrZneba albaT normaluria.
suraTi
4.11
heringis TeoriaSi ferTa sibrmavis tipebi qmnian
wyvilebs, radgan ferTa SegrZnebis sistema
realurad aris Seqmnili sapirispiro wyvi-
lebisagan da ara erTi pirveladi ferisagan.
mravali wlis manZilze kamaTobdnen mecnie-
rebi am Teoriebis Rirsebis Sesaxeb. sabolood
maT aRiares, rom es Teoriebi realurad ar
ewinaaRmdegebian erTmaneTs. isini ubralod
procesis or sxvadasxva etaps aRweren, romelic
Seesabameba suqcesiur fiziologiur struq-
turebs mxedvelobiT sistemaSi (Hurvich & Jameson,
1974). axla viciT, rom marTlac arsebobs sami
tipis kolbebi, Tumca, am kolbebidan TiToeuli
garkveuli sigrZis talRebis diapazonze rea-
girebs da mainc arsebobs talRis is sigrZe,
romlis mimarTac TiToeuli maTgani yvelaze
metad aris mgrZnobiare.
saidan
viciT
kolbebi upiratesobas aniWeben
garkveuli talRis sigrZes
mxedvelobiTi procesebis mkvlevrebma
ganaviTares teqnika, romlis saSuale-
biTac xdeba calkeuli kolbebis eleq-
truli aqtivobis analizi. maimuni makakas
kolbis ujredebi gamowovil~ iqna
triqromatuli Teoriis (trichromatic theory) Tanax-
mad, arsebobs feris SemgrZnebi receptorebis
sami tipi, romlebic warmoqmnian pirveladi
ferebis _ wiTlis, mwvanis da lurjis Segr-
Znebas.
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specialuri minis miliT, romlis dia-
metric iyo adamianis Tmis Reris diamet-
ris 1/25-ze naklebi. sxvadasxva sigrZis
sinaTlis talRas anaTebdnen milSi,
eleqtruli signalis Zalas, romelsac
gamoasxivebda kolbis ujredebi, jer
zrdidnen da Semdeg zomavdnen. am teq-
nikis gamoyenebiT mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines,
rom zogierTi ujredi yvelaze kargad
reagirebs 435 nanometris (nm) sigrZis
talRis diapazonSi (lurji~ ujredebi),
zogi _ 535 nanometris (mwvane~ ujredebi)
da zogi ki 570 nanometris (wiTeli~
ujredebi) sigrZis talRis diapazonSi
(Baylor, 1987).
am tipis kolbebis reaqcia eTanxmeba iungisa
da helmholcis hipoTezas, rom ferTa SegrZneba
sami tipis mxedvelobiT receptorebs efuZneba.
adamianebs, romlebTac axasiaTebT ferTa sibr-
mave, aqvT erTi an meti am tipis receptoruli
kolbebis defeqti.
Cven, agreTve, viciT, rom retinaluri gan-
gliozuri ujredebi axdens am sami tipis kol-
bebidan gamomavali signalis kombinirebas he-
ringis sawinaaRmdego procesebis Teoriis Ta-
naxmad (De Valois & Jacobs, 1968). sawinaaRmdego
procesebis Teoriis Tanamedrove versiiT,
romelsac mxars uWeren leo harviCi da doroti
jamesoni (Leo Hurvich & Dorothea Jameson, 1974), ferTa
TiToeuli wyvilis ori wevri erTmaneTis
sapirispirod (arian oponentebi), moqmedebs ner-
vuli Sekavebis procesis saSualebiT. zogierTi
gangliozuri ujredi aRmgzneb signals sinaT-
lidan iRebs, romelic wiTlad Cans da Sekavebis
signals im sinaTlidan, romelic mwvaned Cans.
sistemis sxva ujredebs aRgznebisa da Sekavebis
procesebis sapirispiro wesrigi aqvT. gangli-
ozuri ujredebis es ori tipi erTad qmnis
wiTel-mwvane oponenturi sistemis fiziologiur
baziss. sxva gangliozuri ujredebi qmnian
lurj-yviTel oponentur sistemas. sistema
TeTri-Savi Tqven mier ferebis simaZRrisa da
sinaTlis xarisxis aRqmaSi monawileobs.
vizualuri obieqtebis
kompleqsuri analizi
samyaros ferebis aRqma mxolod mcire
nawilia im kompleqsuri amocanisa, romelic
Tqveni vizualuri sistemis winaSe dgas. Tuki
fexburTis burTis daWera an krazanebis
budisTvis Tavis arideba gindaT, Tqven unda
SeamCnioT am obieqtebis iersaxe an forma, maTi
siRrme an daSoreba da maTi moZraoba sivrceSi.
Tqveni vizualuri sistema moicavs ramdenime
gancalkevebul da damoukidebel qvesistemas,
romelic erTi da igive retinaluri xatis
sxvadasxva aspeqts aanalizebs. neironebis
calkeul jgufebs aqvT unikaluri Tvisebebi,
dasabami misces feris, formis, kontrastis,
moZraobisa da teqsturis aRqmas (Livingstone &
Hubel, 1988; Vinjie& Gallant, 2000). Tumca, Tqveni aRqma,
saboloo jamSi, erTian vizualur suraTs
warmoadgens. Tqven mier misi danaxva ganpiro-
bebulia uamravi nervuli gzebiT Tqvens vizua-
lur sistemaSi, romelic normalur pirobebSi
uaRresad faqizadaa koordinirebuli (Merigan
& Maunsell, 1993).
Tqven SeiZleba gaigoT, Tu rogor mimdina-
reobs rTuli vizualuri analizi erTi faqtis
magaliTze: vizualuri nervuli gzebis TiToul
doneze ujredebi reagireben seleqtiurad vi-
zualuri velis mxolod specifiur nawilebze.
magaliTad, adre aRvniSneT, rom TiToeuli re-
tinaluri gangliozuri ujredi mravali recep-
toruli ujredidan miRebul informacias aer-
Tianebs. ujredis receptoruli veli es aris
adgili vizualur velSi, saidanac is iRebs
stimulacias.
retinaluri gangliozuri ujredebis recep-
toruli veli ori tipisaa (ix. sur. 4.12, A da B
nawilebi): (1) is ujredebi, romelTa stimulacia
velis centrSi aRagznebs ujreds, romlis
stimulacia garSemo mdebare nawilebSi masSi
Sekavebis process iwvevs; (2) ujredebi sapiris-
piro organizaciiT _ Sekavebis procesiT cen-
sawinaaRmdego procesebis Teoria (opponent-pro-
cess theory) _ nebismieri feris SegrZneba miiReba
sami sistemisagan, romelTagan TiToeuli Sei-
cavs or oponentur~ elements (wiTeli mwvanis
Savi TeTris sapirispirod).
receptoruli veli (receptive field) _ adgili
mxedvelobiT velSi, saidanac mocemuli gan-
gliozuri ujredi iRebs informacias.
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trSi da aRgznebis procesiT periferiaze. gan-
gliozuri ujredebi mis centrsa da peri-
ferias Soris stimulaciis sxvaobaze reagi-
reben. isini yvelaze metad aRigznebian sti-
mulebis kontrastiT; on-centris mqone uj-
redebi yvelaze Zlierad ganimuxtebian naTel
laqaze, romelsac bneli sazRvrebi aqvs, xolo
off-centris mqone ujredebi energiulad gani-
muxtebian bnel laqaze, romelsac naTeli sa-
zRvrebi aqvs. erTnairi ganaTeba ki centrisa da
periferiis aqtivobis gabaTilebas iwvevs da
ujredi ar aris imdenad aRgznebuli, rogorc
es naTeli laqis SemTxvevaSi xdeba.
axla Tqven gaecaniT vizualuri informaciis
gadamuSavebis Taviseburebebs receptoruli da
gangliozuri ujredebis doneze, magram ra xdeba
vizualuri sistemis ufro maRal doneebze?
pirveli naSromi am sferoSi devid hiubelsa
da torsten vizels (David Hubel & Torsten Wiesel) _
sensoruli procesebis fiziologebs _ ekuT-
vniT. 1981 wels maT nobelis premia moipoves
receptoruli velebis ujredebis Seswavli-
saTvis mxedvelobiT qerqSi. vizelma da hiubelma
moaxerxes katis mxedvelobiTi qerqis calkeuli
ujredebis ganmuxtvis registracia, romlebic
vizualur velSi moZrav laqebsa da zolebze
reagirebdnen. roca hiubelma da vizelma agegmes
am qerquli ujredebis receptoruli velebi,
maT aRmoaCines ujredebis organizacia, romelic
ufro zustad reagirebda garkveul vizualur
stimulaciaze (Hubel & Wiesel, 1962, 1979).
erTi tipis qerquli ujredebi, martivi
ujredebi yvelaze Zlierad reagirebdnen gan-
sazRvruli, maTTvis gamorCeuli~ orientaciis
mqone sinaTlis zolebze (ix. sur. 4.12). kom-
pleqsur ujredebs, agreTve, hqondaT arCeuli
erTi, maTTvis gamorCeuli~ orientacia, magram
isini moZraobis garkveul mimarTulebasac irCev-
dnen. hiperkompleqsuri ujredebi ki specia-
lizebulni iyvnen gansazRvruli orientaciisa
da sigrZis mqone moZrav zolebze an moZrav
kuTxeebze. ujredebi gansxvavebuli saxis in-
formacias agzavnian Tavis tvinis ufro maRali
donis mxedvelobiT centrebSi, rac maqsi-
malurad exmareba tvins obieqtebis cnobaSi.
am nawilSi yuradReba gavamaxvileTG vizua-
luri sistemis reaqciaze garemodan miRebuli
gaRizianebisas. mexuTe TavSi davinaxavT, rom
adamianTa aRqma Zalian xSirad warmoadgens
garemodan miRebuli informaciis _ sinaTlis
talRebis, romelic aRwevs Tvals _ da infor-
maciis Sida wyaros kombinacias _ codnas,
romelic ukve Senaxulia tvinSi.
axla bgeraTa samyaro ganvixiloT.
suraTi
4.12
gangliozuri da qerquli ujredebis receptoruli velebi
ujredis receptoruli veli aris vizualuri velis are, romlidanac is iRebs stimulacias.
baduras gangliozuri ujredebis receptoruli velebi aris wriuli formis (A, B); mxedvelobiTi
qerqis umartivesi ujredebi garkveuli mimarTulebiTaa wagrZelebuli (C, D, E, F). orive SemTxvevaSi,
is adgili, sadac sinaTle aRagznebs ujreds, aRniSnulia plus niSniT da sadac iwvevs Sekavebis
process, aRniSnulia minus niSniT. amasTanave, stimuli, romelic yvelaze metad aRagznebs
ujreds, aris is, romelSic areebi, sadac sinaTle aRmgznebia (aRniSnulia `+~ niSniT), aris
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Sejameba
adamianis Tvali fotoaparatis msgavsad
funqcionirebs: sinaTle fokusirdeba Tvalis
brolis mier baduraze. swored baduraze xdeba
sinaTlis energiis ZiriTadi gardaqmna nervul
aqtivobad. baduraze mdebare receptorebi
Cxirebi _ susti ganaTebis pirobebSi funqcio-
nireben, kolbebi ki naTel, ferad garemoSi
samuSaod da sivrciTi detalebis garCevaSi
specializdebian. baduradan miRebuli infor-
macia Tavis tvinisaken agrZelebs gzas gada-
muSavebis doneebis mTeli seriis gavliT, ro-
melTa saSualebiT xdeba informaciis seleqcia
obieqtebis identifikaciisa da maTi mdebareobis
gansazRvris mizniT. brma mxedvelobis fenomenma
vizualuri analizis gansxvavebuli tipebis
arseboba daadastura.
feris aRqma ganpirobebulia sinaTlis tal-
Ris sxvadasxva sigrZiT da mas sami ZiriTadi
Tviseba axasiaTebs: feris toni, simaZRre da
sikaSkaSe. ferTa Serevis niutonis kanonebis
Tanaxmad, sxvadasxva sigrZis talRis kombinacia
gansxvavebuli feris SegrZnebas qmnis. ferTa
sibrmave sxvadasxva xarisxisaa. iSviaTia ferTa
sruli sibrmave. feradi mxedvelobis mkvlevrebi
mxars uWeren rogorc triqromatul Teorias,
ise, oponent-procesualur Teorias. vizualur
sistemas sami tipis kolbebi aqvs, romlebic
upiratesobas aniWeben gansxvavebuli talRis
sigrZeebs. es sami tipis kolbebi erTiandebian
informaciis gadamuSavebis ufro maRal doneze
da dasabams aZleven oponent-procesualur
fenomens.
vizualuri analizis zogierTi saxe gangli-
ozuri ujredebis receptorul velebs efuZneba,
zogi ki ufro maRali donis ujredebis mier
arCeul specializacias _ obieqtTa mdebareobis,
orientaciis da moZraobis mimarTulebis mixed-
viT.
smena
Tqven mier samyaros gancdisas smena da
mxedveloba erTmaneTis Semavsebel funqciebs
asrulebs. Tqven xSirad gesmiT stimulebi, sanam
dainaxavT maT, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tuki isini
Tqven ukan mdebareoben an gaumWvirvale obieq-
tebis, magaliTad, kedlebis miRma arian moTav-
sebulni.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mxedveloba ufro
srulyofili saSualebaa im obieqtis identifi-
cirebisaTvis, romelic erTxel mainc moxvda
mxedvelobis velSi, vidre smena, Cven xSirad
mxolod imitom vxedavT obieqtebs, rom Cvenma
yurebma Tvalebs swori mimarTuleba miuTiTes.
smeniTi procesebis ganxilvas im fizikuri ener-
giis saxeebis ganxilviT daviwyebT, romelic
Cvens yurebamde aRwevs.
bgeris fizika
SemohkariT taSi; daustvineT; daakakuneT
fanqriT magidaze. ratom warmoqmnis es moqme-
debebi bgerebs? amis mizezi isaa, rom isini
obieqtebis rxevas iwveven. rxevis energia gada-
ecema garemos, Cveulebriv, haers, rogorc ki
rxevadi obieqtebi ubiZgeben garemos mole-
kulebs. amiT gamowveuli wnevis mcire cvli-
lebebi vrceldeba rxevadi obieqtidan garemoSi
sinusoiduri talRebis erTobliobis saxiT,
romelic 335 metri wamSi siCqariT moZraobs
(ix. sur. 4.13). bgera ar SeiZleba gaCndes srul
vakuumSi (magaliTad, kosmosur sivrceSi), radgan
iq ar aris haeris molekulebi, romelTac aamoZ-
ravebda rxevadi obieqti.
sinusoidur talRas ori ZiriTadi fizikuri
Tviseba aqvs, romelic gansazRvravs mis JRera-
dobas, esenia: ixSire da amplituda. sixSire
izomeba rxevaTa im raodenobiT, romelsac
asrulebs talRa drois mocemul SualedSi.
rxeva, rogorc miTiTebulia suraTze 4.13, aris
manZili marcxnidan marjvniv erTi talRis
pikidan momdevno talRis pikamde. bgeris sixSire,
Cveulebriv, gamoisaxeba hercebSi (hc), romelic
zomavs rxevaTa raodenobas erT wamSi. amplituda
zomavs bgeriTi talRis siZlieris fizikur
Tvisebas _ simaRles pikidan dadablebamde.
amplituda ganisazRvreba bgeris wnevis an ener-
giis erTeulebiT.
bgeris fsiqologiuri
ganzomilebebi
sixSirisa da amplitudis fizikuri Tvisebebi
dasabams aZlevs bgeris sam ZiriTad ganzo-
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milebas
1
_ bgeris tonis simaRles, siZlieresa
da tembrs. axla detalurad ganvixiloT es
movlenebi.
bgeris tonis simaRle
bgeris tonis simaRle ganisazRvreba bgeriTi
talRis rxevis sixSiriT. maRali sixSireebi
warmoqmnian maRal tonebs, dabali sixSireebi
ki _ dabal tonebs. sufTa
2
tonebis mimarT
adamianis mgrZnobiaroba 20 hercis sixSiridan
20 000 hercis sixSiremde diapazonSi
cvalebadobs. 20 hercze dabali sixSireebi
adamianma SeiZleba vibraciis saxiT SeigrZnos
ufro Sexebis, vidre bgeris saSualebiT. Tqven
advilad warmoidgenT, Tu ramdenad didia es
diapazoni, Tuki gaiTvaliswinebT, rom
fortepianos 88 klaviSi mxolod 30 hercidan
4000 hercamde sixSiris diapazons faravs.
rogorc fsiqofizikidan gaxsovT, kavSiri
sixSiresa (fizikur realobas) da bgeriT tons
(fsiqologiur efeqts) Soris ar aris wrfivi.
sixSiris skalis dabali maCveneblebisas six-
Siris zrda mxolod ramdenime herciT iwvevs
bgeriTi tonis SesamCnev cvlilebas, xolo
sixSiris skalis maRali maCveneblebis Sem-
TxvevaSi, Tqven gacilebiT metad unda gazardoT
sixSire, raTa SeamCnioT gansxvaveba sixSireSi.
magaliTad, fortepianos ori yvelaze dabali
noti erTmaneTisagan mxolod 1.6 herciT gan-
sxvavdeba maSin, roca ori yvelaze maRali noti
gansxvavdeba 235 herciT. es aris odnav SesamCnevi
sxvaobis kidev erTi magaliTi fsiqofizikaSi.
bgeris siZliere
bgeris siZliere anu fizikuri intensivoba
misi amplitudiT ganisazRvreba. didi ampli-
tudis bgeriTi talRebi ganicdeba, rogorc
xmamaRali, mcire amplitudisa ki _ rogorc
xmadabali. adamianis smeniTi sistema mgrZno-
biarea fizikuri intensivobebis uzarmazari
diapazonis mimarT.
majis saaTis wikwikis xma, romelic daaxlo-
ebiT 6 metris manZilidan gvesmis, intensivobis
qveda zRvarze mdebareobs. es aris sistemis
absoluturi zRurbli. Tuki is ufro mgrZno-
biarea, SeiZleba gaigonoT sisxlis moZraobis
xmac Tqvens yurebSi. intensivobis zeda zRvarze
mdebared ki SeiZleba ganvixiloT reaqtiuli
TviTmfrinavis xma, romelic daaxloebiT 90
metris simaRleze mifrinavs. es xma imdenad
Zlieri iqneba, rom tkivilsac ki gamoiwvevs
yurebSi. bgeris wnevis fizikuri erTeulebis
terminebiT, reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavi warmoqmnis
bgeriT talRas, romelic miliardjer ufro
Zlieria, vidre saaTis wikwiki.
radgan smeniTi diapazoni Zalian didia, bge-
ris fizikuri intensivobis diapazoni, Cveu-
lebriv, ufro SefardebiTi, vidre absoluturi
odenobis erTeulebiT gamoixateba. bgeris wneva
bgeris tonis simaRle (pitch) _ Tviseba, romelic,
ZiriTadad, bgeriTi talRis rxevis sixSiriT
ganisazRvreba.
bgeris siZliere (loudness) _ bgeris perceptuli
Tviseba, romelic gamoxatavs bgeriTi talRis
amplitudas; didi amplitudis bgeriTi talRa
saerTod ganicdeba rogorc xmamaRali, xolo
mcire amplitudis bgeriTi talRa _ rogorc
xmadabali.
1
Tvisebas (mTargmnelis SeniSvna)
2
sufTa tonebs, agreTve, martiv tonebs, an wminda
tonebs uwodeben (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
suraTi
4.13
sinusoiduri talRis warmodgena
sinusoiduri talRis ori ZiriTadi Tviseba aris
sixSire _ rxevaTa raodenoba drois fiqsirebul
erTeulSi da misi amplituda _ rxevis vertikaluri
diapazoni.
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_ misi amplitudis donis maCvenebeli, rac iwvevs
xmamaRlobis gancdas _ izomeba erTeuliT,
romelsac decibali (db) ewodeba. suraTze 4.14
naCvenebia zogierTi tipuri bunebrivi bgeris
intensivobis sidide decibalebiT da bgeris
wnevis Sesatyvisi erTeulebiT (dini/sm
2
) Seda-
rebisaTvis.
rogorc xedavT, or bgeras, romelic 20 de-
cibaliT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, aqvT
bgeris wnevis Sefardeba 10/1 proporciiT. aRsa-
niSnavia, rom 90 decibalze xmamaRalma bgerebma
SeiZleba smenis dakargva gamoiwvios. es maTi
eqspoziciis xangrZlivobazea damokidebuli.
tembri
bgeris tembri rTuli bgeris talRis kom-
ponentebs asaxavs. tembri aris is, rac gana-
sxvavebs, magaliTad, fortepianos xmas fleitis
xmisagan. fizikuri stimulebis mcire raodenoba,
magaliTad, kamertoni gamoscems sufTa tons,
romelic erTi sinusoiduri talRisgan Sedgeba.
sufTa tons mxolod erTi sixSire da erTi
amplituda aqvs. bgeraTa umetesoba realur
cxovrebaSi ar aris sufTa toni. isini kompleq-
suri talRebia, romlebic sixSirisa da ampli-
tudis garkveul kombinacias Seicaven. suraTze
4.15 naCvenebia rTuli talRebis formebi,
romelic ramdenime nacnob bgeras Seesatyviseba.
4.15 suraTze mocemuli grafiki gviCvenebs
bgeraTa speqtrs fortepianos noti mi~-sTvis
suraTi
4.14
nacnobi bgerebis doneebi decibalebSi
naxazze naCvenebia bgeraTa diapazoni decba-
lebSi, romelzedac reagirebs adamianis
smeniTi aparati absoluturi zRurblidan
raketis gafrenis xmamde. decibalebi
gamoTvlilia bgeris wnevis saSualebiT,
romelic aris bgeriTi talRis amplitudis
donis maCvenebeli da zogadad Seesatyviseba
imas, rasac adamiani ganicdis, rogorc bgeris
xmamaRlobas.
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(pirveli oqtava); yvela sixSires, romelic
realurad warmodgenilia am notSi da maT
amplitudebs.
kompleqsur tonSi, rogoricaa magaliTad,
noti mi~, yvelaze dabali sixSire (daaxloebiT
256 hc) pasuxismgebelia im tonze, romelic Tqven
gesmiT. mas ZiriTad tons uwodeben, ufro maRali
sixSiris tonebs ki _ harmonikebs, an obertonebs;
maTi sixSire ramdenjerme aRemateba ZiriTadi
rxevis sixSires. sruli bgera, romelic Tqven
gesmiT, ZiriTadi bgerebisa da harmonikebis
erToblivi moqmedebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba,
rogorc naCvenebia speqtrSi. Tuki am sixSiris
sufTa tonebi da intensivobebi erTmaneTs
daemateba, amis Sedegad Tqven gaigonebT bgeras,
romelic JRers ise, rogorc noti mi~ forte-
pianoze.
bgerebs, romelTac Tqven xmaurs uwodebT,
ar aqvT ZiriTadi sixSireebisa da harmonikebis
naTeli, martivi struqtura. xmauri Seicavs
mraval sixSires, romelic ar aris sistematurad
dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan. magaliTad, stacio-
naruli xmauri, romelic Tqven radiosadgurebs
Soris gesmiT, Seicavs yvela smenadi sixSiris
energias; Tqven mas aRiqvamT ise, TiTqos ar
hqondes simaRle, radgan mas ar aqvs ZiriTadi
sixSire.
smenis fiziologia
axla Tqven ukve gaqvT garkveuli informacia
bgeraTa fsiqologiuri gancdebis fizikuri
safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. axla ganvixiloT, Tu
tembri (timbre) _ smeniTi SegrZnebis Tviseba,
romelic asaxavs bgeriTi talRis sirTules.
nacnobi bgerebis talRis formebi
es naxazi gviCvenebs nacnobi bgerebis talRis formebsa da bgeris speqtrs pianinos noti `mi~-saTvis.
ZiriTadi talRis sigrZe aris nawarmoebi ZiriTadi sixSirisagan, am SemTxvevaSi 256 herci, magram pianinos
simebi, agreTve, vibrirebs ufro maRal sixSireebzec (romelic cnobilia, rogorc obertonebi anu harmonikebi).
isini qmnian kbilanebs talRis nimuSze. es damatebiTi sixsireebi identificirebulia bgeriT speqtrSi.
suraTi
4.15
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rogor aRmocendeba es gancdebi smeniTi sistemis
fiziologiuri aqtivobisagan. pirvel rigSi,
vnaxoT, Tu rogor muSaobs yuri. Semdeg ganvi-
xilavT zogierT Teorias smeniT sistemaSi bge-
riTi tonis simaRlis kodirebisa da bgerebis
lokalizaciis Sesaxeb.
smenis sistema
Tqven ukve iciT, rom sensoruli procesebi
axdens eqsternaluri energiis formebis gar-
daqmnas nervul impulsebad. imisaTvis, rom
gaigonoT, unda moxdes ZiriTadi energiis oTxi
transformacia (ix. sur. 4.16): (1) haerSi gavrce-
lebuli talRebi unda gardaiqmnas siTxis tal-
Rebad, romelic moTavsebulia yuris lo-
kokinaSi; (2) siTxis talRebi Semdeg iwveven
ZiriTadi membranis meqanikur rxevas; (3) es
rxevebi gardaiqmneba eleqtrul impulsebad da
(4) impulsebi gadaigzavneba smeniT qerqSi. TiTo-
euli es transformacia ufro detalurad ganvi-
xiloT.
pirveli transformaciisas haeris rxevadi
molekulebi Sedian yurebSi (ix. suraTi 4.16).
zogierTi bgera Sedis pirdapir yuris gareTa
sasmen milSi da zogi ki _ gareTa yuridan anu
niJaridan arekvlis Semdeg. bgeriTi talRa
mogzaurobs sasmeni milis gaswvriv gareTa yuris
gavliT, sanam ar miaRwevs milis bolos. aq is
ejaxeba Txel membranas, romelsac dafis apks
uwodeben. bgeriTi talRis wnevis cvlilebebs
dafis apki moZraobaSi mohyavs. dafis apki
gadascems rxevas gare yuridan Sua yurSi, RruSi,
romelic Seicavs sam umciresi zomis Zvals
suraTi
4.16
adamianis yuris agebuleba
bgeriTi talRebi miemarTeba gareTa yuris, anu niJaris saSualebiT, gareTa
sasmeni milis gavliT da iwvevs dafis apkis rxevas, am rxevas moqmedebaSi
mohyavs Sua yuris patara Zvlebi _ CaquCi, grdemli da uzangi. meqanikuri
rxevebi gadaecema ovaluri sarkmlis saSualebiT lokokinas. maT
moZraobaSi mohyavT mis RruSi arsebuli siTxe.patara bewviani ujredebi
ganlagebuli arian ZiriTadi membranis gaswvriv lokokinaSi da irxevian
siTxis moZraobaze, riTac axdenen maTTan uSualod dakavSirebuli
nervuli daboloebebis stimulirebas. amis Semdeg meqanikuri energia
gardaiqmneba nervul energiaSi da egzavneba tvins smeniTi nervis
saSualebiT.
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adamianis sxeulSi: CaquCs, grdemls da uzangs.
es Zvlebi ayalibeben meqanikur jaWvs, romelic
gadascems rxevas da axdens mis koncentrirebas
dafis apkidan smenis ZiriTadi organosaken _
lokokinisaken, romelic moTavsebulia Sida
yurSi.
meore transformaciisas, romelic loko-
kinaSi xdeba, haerSi gavrcelebuli talRebi
gadaiqceva zRvis talRebad~. lokokina siTxiT
gavsebuli spiralurad daxveuli milia. mas aqvs
membrana, romelic cnobilia ZiriTadi membranis
saxeliT. is ganTavsebulia mis Sua nawilSi
mTeli sigrZis gaswvriv. roca irxeva uzangi,
romelic mdebareobs ovalur sarkmelTan, lo-
kokinas fuZesTan axlos, lokokinaSi mdebare
siTxe iwvevs ZiriTadi membranis talRisebr
moZraobas (rogorc zemoT iyo naxsenebi, zRvis
talRebs~).
energiis mesame gardaqmnisas ZiriTadi membra-
nis talRisebri moZraoba arxevs masTan dakav-
Sirebul patara bewvian ujredebs. bewviani
ujredebi smeniTi sistemis receptoruli uj-
redebia. bewviani ujredebis rxeva nervuli
daboloebebis stimulirebas iwvevs da axdens
ZiriTadi membranis meqanikuri rxevebis gardaq-
mnas nervul aqtivobaSi.
sabolood, energiis meoTxe gardaqmnisas,
boWkoebis konaSi gamavali nervuli impulsebi
toveben lokokinas. es boWkoebi warmoadgenen
smenis nervs. isini xvdebian Tavis tvinis fuZeSi
mdebare lokokinas birTvebs. vizualur sis-
temaSi nervebis gadakveTis msgavsad, erTi
yuridan momavali gaRizianeba gadaecema Tavis
tvinis orive nawils. smeniTi signalebi gaiv-
lian sxva birTvebis mTel rigs da miaRweven
smeniT qerqs, romelic Tavis tvinis naxevar-
sferoebis safeTqlis wilSi mdebareobs. am
signalebis maRali donis gadamuSaveba smeniT
qerqSi iwyeba (rogorc Semdeg naxavT, yuris sxva
nawilebi, romelic gamosaxulia suraTze 4.16,
sxva SegrZnebebis aRmocenebaSi monawileoben).
es oTxi gardaqmna srulyofilad momuSave
smeniT sistemaSi xdeba. milionobiT adamians
aqvs darRvevebi smeniTi sistemaSi. arsebobs
smeniTi darRvevebis ori zogadi tipi, TiToeuli
gamowveulia smeniTi sistemis erTi an meti
komponentis defeqtiT. naklebad seriozuli
dazianebaa siyrue, romelic dakavSirebulia
lokokinisaken haeris rxevebis gamtarobasTan.
am tipis dazianebis dros xSirad Sua yuris
Zvlebi ar funqcionirebs Sesabamisad. am de-
feqtis gamosworeba SesaZlebelia mikroqirur-
giuli gziT xelovnuri grdemlisa da uzangis
CasmiT. ufro seriozuli tipis dazianebaa ner-
vuli siyrue, anu defeqti im nervul meqaniz-
mebSi, romelic warmoqmnis nervul impulsebs
yurSi an gadaaqvs isini smeniT qerqSi. smeniTi
qerqis dazianeba, agreTve, warmoqmnis nervul
siyrues.
lokokina (cochlea) _ smenis ZiriTadi organo;
siTxiT gavsebuli spiralurad daxveuli mili,
romelic moTavsebulia Sida yurSi.
ZiriTadi membrana (basilar membrane) _ mdebareobs
lokokinaSi, roca is modis moZraobaSi, iwvevs
bewviani ujredebis stimulirebas (aRizinaebs
maT), romlebic warmoqmnian smeniTi gaRiziane-
bis nervul efeqtebs.
smenis nervi (auditory nerve) _ atarebs impulss
lokokinidan tvinSi mdebare lokokinis bir-
TvebSi.
smeniTi qerqi (auditory cortex) _ safeTqlis wilis
are, romelic iRebs da amuSavebs smeniT infor-
macias.
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bgeriTi tonis aRqmis Teoriebi
arsebobs ori gansxvavebuli Teoria, romelic
xsnis, Tu rogor xdeba smeniT sistemaSi bgeriTi
talRis gardaqmna bgeriTi tonis SegrZnebad:
adgilis Teoria da sixSiris Teoria.
adgilis Teoria Tavidan SemoTavazebuli iyo
fon herman helmholcis (Hermann von Helmholtz)
mier 1800 wels da Semdeg georg von bekesis
(Georg von Bekesy) mier iqna modificirebuli,
gadamuSavebuli da Semowmebuli. man am
kvlevisaTvis 1961 wels nobelis premia aiRo.
adgilis Teoria efuZneba im faqts, rom ZiriTadi
membrana moZraobs, roca bgeriTi talRa Semodis
Sida yurSi. sxvadasxva sixSire ZiriTadi mem-
branis gaswvriv garkveuli adgilis amoZravebas
iwvevs. maRali sixSiris tonebi yvelaze did
talRur moZraobas iwveven lokokinis fuZesTan,
sadac ovaluri da mrgvali sarkmlebi arian
ganlagebulni. dabali sixSiris tonebi yvelaze
did talRur moZraobas iwveven ZiriTadi
membranis mopirdapire boloSi. amrigad, adgi-
lis Teoria amtikicebs, rom bgeriTi tonis simaR-
lis aRqma damokidebulia ZiriTadi membranis
im garkveul adgilze, romelic yvelaze metad
Riziandeba.
meore, sixSiris Teoria, bgeriTi tonis simaR-
les ZiriTadi membranis rxevis siswrafiT xsnis.
es Teoria varaudobs, rom 100 hercis sixSiris
bgeriTi talRa iwvevs ZiriTadi membranis rxevas
100-jer wamSi. sixSiris Teoria, agreTve, am-
tkicebs, rom ZiriTadi membranis rxevebi iwveven
neironebis ganmuxtvas imave siCqariT, ase rom,
ganmuxtvis siCqare bgeriTi tonis simaRlis
nervuli kodia. erTi problema, romelic am dros
Cndeba, isaa, rom individualur neironebs ar
SeuZliaT im siswrafiT ganmuxtva, rom maRali
bgerebi warmoadginon, radgan arc erT maTgans
ar SeuZlia ganmuxtva ufro meti siCqariT, vidre
1000-jer wamSi. amis gamo, erT neirons ar SeuZlia
ganasxvavos 1000 hercze meti sixSiris bgerebi,
rasac Cveni smeniTi sistema sakmaod kargad
axerxebs. es SezRudva SeiZleba daiZlios e.w.
zalpis principiT, romelic xsnis imas, Tu ra
xdeba maRal sixSireebze. rogorc naCvenebia
suraTze 4.17, ramdenime neirons kombinirebuli
moqmedebiT, anu zalpSi, SeuZlia ganimuxtos im
sixSireze, romelic Seesabameba 2000 hc, 3000 hc
da a.S. sixSiris tonebs (Wever, 1949).
rogorc ferTa SegrZnebis triqromatuli da
sawinaaRmdego procesebis Teoriebi, ise, adgi-
lisa da sixSiris Teoriebi sargeblobs warma-
tebiT mxolod bgeraTa tonis simaRlis gancdis
sxvadasxva aspeqtebisaTvis. iTvleba, rom
sixSiris Teoria kargad xsnis 5000 hercze ufro
dabali sixSireebis kodirebas. ufro maRali
sixSireebisaTvis neironebs ar SeuZliaT ise
swrafad da zustad ganmuxtva, rom adekvaturad
moaxerxon signalis kodireba, zalpSic ki.
adgilis Teoria (place theory) _ sxvadasxva
sixSiris toni qmnis aqtivaciis maqsimums Ziri-
Tadi membranis sxvadasxva adgilebSi, ris Se-
degad bgeriTi tonis simaRle SeiZleba kodire-
buli iyos im adgilis mixedviT, romlis aqti-
vaciac moxda.
sixSiris Teoria (frequency theory) _ toni war-
moqmnis im siCqaris rxevas ZiriTad membranaSi,
romelic ekvivalenturia misi sixSirisa, ris
Sedegad, bgeriTi tonis simaRle SeiZleba
kodirebuli iyos nervuli reaqciis sixSiriT.
suraTi
4.17
zalpis principi
smeniTi nervuli ujredebis jamur koleqtiur
aqtivobas aqvs igive struqtura, rac Semosul bgeriT
talRas, maSinac ki, roca TiToeul calkeul boWkos
SeiZleba ar hqondes sakmarisad swrafi ganmuxtva,
rom Tan axldes bgeriTi talRis struqturas.
zalpis principi (volley principle) _ esaa sixSiris
Teoriis ganvrcoba, romelic amtkicebs, rom,
roca bgeriTi talRis sixSire aRemateba im six-
Sires, romliTac calkeul neirons SeuZlia
ganmuxtva, ramdenime neironi ganimuxteba erTad,
rogorc jgufi, Semosuli bgeris tonis simaR-
lis Sesatyvisi sixSiriT.
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adgilis Teoria ufro warmatebulad xsnis
bgeriTi tonis simaRlis aRqmas 1000 hercze ufro
maRali sixSireebisaTvis. 1000 hercze ufro
dabali sixSireebisaTvis ZiriTadi membrana
imdenad farTod irxeva, rom mas ar SeuZlia
uzrunvelyos signalis gansxvaveba nervuli
receptorebisaTvis, romelTaTvis ZiriTadi
membranis rxeva bgeriTi tonis simaRlis
gansxvavebis saSualebaa. 1000 hercidan 5000
hercamde sixSiris diapazonSi orive meqanizmi
muSaobs. rTuli sensoruli amocana or sistemas
Soris iyofa; isini erTad gvTavazoben ufro
maRal sensorul sizustes, vidre es SeeZlo
uzrunveleyo mxolod erT sistemas. Cven Semdeg
davinaxavT, rom adamiani flobs, agreTve, or
SeTanxmebul nervul sistemas, romelic mas
garemoSi bgeraTa lokalizaciis amocanis
gadawyvetaSi exmareba.
bgeraTa lokalizacia
delfinebi da Ramurebi ar iyeneben mxed-
velobas obieqtTa adgilmdebareobis gan-
sazRvrisas Rrma wylis Tu mRvimis sibneleSi.
amis nacvlad, isini sargebloben eqolokaciiT
_ agzavnian maRali sixSiris bgerebs, romlebic
aireklebian obieqtebis mier, riTac qmnian
ukukavSirs da iZlevian informacias obieq-
tebamde manZilis, maTi adgilmdebareobis,
zomebis, teqsturis da moZraobis Sesaxeb. erT-
erTi saxeobis Ramuras SeuZlia eqolokaciis
saSualebiT ganasxvavos obieqtebi, romlebic
erTmaneTisagan mxolod 0.3 milimetriT arian
daSorebulni (Simmons et al., 1998). miuxedavad imisa,
rom adamians ar gaaCnia es specialuri unari,
is mainc iyenebs bgerebs obieqtebis adgilmde-
bareobis gansazRvrisaTvis sivrceSi, gansakuT-
rebiT maSin, roca maTi danaxva gaZnelebulia.
es ori meqanizmis gamoyenebiT xerxdeba: im drois
SedarebiTi SefasebiT, romelic saWiroa bgeris
misaRwevad TiToeul yurTan da im bgerebis
intensivobis SedarebiTi SefasebiT, romlebic
aRweven TiToeul yurTan (Middlebrooks &Green, 1991;
Phillips, 1993).
pirveli meqanizmi Seicavs neironebs, rom-
lebic adareben im droebs erTmaneTs, rac
sWirdeba Semomaval bgeriT signals TiToeul
yurTan misaRwevad. magaliTad, bgera, romelic
lokalizdeba marjvena mxares, marjvena yurs
ufro adre miaRwevs, vidre _ marcxenas (ix. wer-
tili B suraTze 4.18). smeniTi sistemis neironebi
specializebulni arian am gansxvavebis Sem-
Cnevaze. Tavis tvini iyenebs am gansxvavebas droSi,
raTa gaakeTos sivrceSi bgeris SesaZlo
lokalizaciis zusti Sefaseba.
meore meqanizmi efuZneba im princips, rom
bgeras aqvs odnav ufro didi intensivoba im
yurSi, romelsac is pirvelad miaRwevs, radgan
adamianis Tavi TviTon qmnis bgeriT Crdils,
romelic asustebs signals. intensivobis es
gansxvaveba damokidebulia im bgeriTi tonis
talRis sigrZis SedarebiT zomaze, romelic
aRwevs adamianis Tavamde. grZeli talRebi, anu
dabali sixSiris tonebi, faqtobrivad, inten-
sivobis araviTar gansxvavebas ar gviCveneben
maSin, roca mokle talRebis, maRali sixSiris
tonebis intensivobebis gansxvaveba savsebiT
gazomvadia. adamianis tvinSi aris ujredebi,
romlebic specializdebian im signalebis inten-
sivobebis gansxvavebis SemCnevaze, romelic or
yurSi aRmocendeba.
magram ra xdeba maSin, roca bgeris wyaro
Tanabrad aris daSorebuli orive yuridan, maSin
xom ar SeiZleba arsebobdes arc droSi da arc
intensivobaSi gansxvaveba? swored aseTi situa-
ciaa gamosaxuli suraTze 4.18. bgera, romelic
A wertilidan vrceldeba, Tanabrad aris daSo-
rebuli orive yuridan. daxuWuli TvalebiT
SeuZlebeli iqneba misi lokalizaciis zusti
suraTi
4.18
droiTi Seusabamoba da bgeris
lokalizacia
bgeraTa sivrceSi lokalizaciis gansazRvris
mizniT Tavis tvini iyenebs gansxvavebas droSi,
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gansazRvra. ase rom, Tqven unda SemoabrunoT
Tavi da yurebis mdebareoba SecvaloT ise, rom
daarRvioT simetria, es SesaZlebels gaxdis
miiRoT bgeris lokalizaciis gansazRvrisaTvis
aucilebeli informacia.
Sejameba
bgeriTi talRis sixSirisa da amplitudis
kombinacia dasabams aZlevs bgeriTi tonis
simaRlis, siZlierisa da tembris aRqmas. smeniTi
informacia ramdenime transformacias ganicdis
yuridan Tavis tvinisaken mimaval gzaze _
bgeriTi talRa gardaiqmneba siTxis talRebad,
romlebic warmoqmnian nervul reaqcias. bgeriTi
tonis simaRlis aRqma axsnilia ori meqanizmis
kombinaciiT. adgilis Teoria amtkicebs, rom
sxvadasxva simaRlis mqone bgera warmoSobs
ZiriTadi membranis gansxvavebuli adgilebis
moZraobas; sixSiris Teoria amtkicebs, rom bge-
riTi tonis sxvadasxva simaRle iwvevs ZiriTadi
membranis misTvis Sesatyvisi siCqariT rxevas.
bgeris lokalizaciac moicavs, sul mcire, or
gansxvavebul process: Tavis tvinSi aris uj-
redebi, romlebic amCneven gansxvavebas droSi,
rac sWirdeba bgeras TiToeul yurTan misaRwevad
da gansxvavebas intensivobaSi, romelsac aRiqvams
TiToeuli yuri.
sxva SegrZnebebi
Cven yvelaze didi dro davuTmeT mxed-
velobisa da smeniTi procesebis ganxilvas, rad-
gan es sakiTxebi yvelaze ukeT aris Seswavlili
mecnierTa mier, magram sxva SegrZnebebic
mniSvnelovan rols asruleben adamianis TviT-
gadarCenis da, aseve, garemos dauflebis unarSi.
Cven mokled ganvixilavT sxva SegrZnebebs.
ynosva
Tqven, albaT, SegiZliaT warmoidginoT si-
tuacia, roca bednieri iqnebodiT ynosvis Segr-
Znebis dakargviT: gyoliaT rodisme ZaRli,
romelsac waugia skunsTan brZola? magram Tavi-
dan rom aviciloT skunsis sunis gancda, Cven,
agreTve, unda davkargoT vardis surnelis,
cxeli popkornis, zRvidan momavali sunis
SegrZnebis unari. suni _ kargi Tu cudi _
pirvelad Tavis arsebobas receptoris cilebTan
urTierTqmedebisas gvatyobinebs, romelic
ynosvis bususebis membranaze mdebareobs (ix.
sur. 4.19). mas SeuZlia miiRos nivTierebis
mxolod rva molekula, raTa dasabami misces
erT-erTs am nervuli impulsebidan, magram, sul
mcire, 40 nervuli daboloeba unda iyos
stimulirebuli, raTa SeigrZnoT nivTierebis
suni. es nervuli impulsebi sunis Sesaxeb
informacias ynosvis bolqvSi agzavnian, romelic
ganlagebulia receptorebis zemoT da Sublis
wilis qvemoT. ynosviTi procesi iwyeba qimiuri
nivTierebis SesvliT ynosviTi neironebis ionur
arxebSi, es ki, rogorc naxsenebi iyo mesame TavSi,
ynosvis bolqvi (olfactory bulb) _ centri, sadac
ynosvis receptorebi agzavnian TavianT signa-
lebs, romelic ganlagebulia zustad Tavis
tvinis qerqis Sublis wilis qveviT.
feromenebi (pheromones) _ qimiuri signalebi,
romelsac gamoyofen organizmebi mocemuli sa-
xeobis sxva wevrebTan urTierTobis dasamyareb-
lad; xSirad funqcionireben, rogorc distan-
turi seqsualuri mimzidvelebi.
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iwvevs moqmedi potencialis aRmocenebas (Restrepo
et al., 1990).
ynosvis SegrZneba erT-erTi im mcire funqcia-
Tagania nervul sistemaSi, romelic aris TviT-
ganaxlebadi: roca Tqveni ynosvis receptorebi
daberdebian da mokvdebian, maT axali ujredebi
cvlis, romelic axal kavSirebs ayalibebs
ynosvis bolqvTan (Farman, 1992).
ynosva, rogorc Cans, ganviTarda, rogorc
sistema, romelic emsaxureboda sakvebis aRmo-
Cenasa da adgilmdebareobis gansazRvras (Mon-
crieff, 1951). Zalian bevri saxeobisaTvis ynosva,
agreTve, gamoiyeneboda safrTxis potenciuri
wyaros aRmosaCenad. is am funqcias kargad
asrulebda, radgan organizmebi ar unda Sesu-
liyvnen pirdapir kontaqtSi sxva organizmebTan,
raTa daeynosaT isini. garda amisa, ynosva SeiZ-
leba aqtiuri komunikaciis mZlavri forma iyos.
zogierTi saxeobis cxovelebi erTmaneTTan
qimiuri signalebis gamoyofiTa da aRmoCeniT
Sedian kontaqtSi. am qimiur signalebs fero-
menebs uwodeben. feromenebi qimiuri nivTiere-
bebia, romlebic gamoiyeneba erTi saxeobis far-
glebSi, rogorc seqsualuri mgrZnobelobis,
safrTxis, teritoriuli sazRvrebisa da sakvebi
wyaros signalebi. magaliTad, sxvadasxva saxe-
obis mwerebis mamri gamoyofs feromenebs, riTac
atyobinebs mdedrebs, rom is mzadaa Sewyvile-
bisaTvis (Farine et al., 1996; Minckley et al., 1991).
ynosvis SegrZnebis mniSvneloba icvleba
saxeobaTa Soris. ZaRlebs, virTxebs, mwerebsa
da sxva bevr cocxal arsebas, visTvisac ynosva
umniSvnelovanesia TviTgadarCenisaTvis, gaci-
lebiT maxvili ynosva aqvs, vidre adamians. maTi
Tavis tvinis SedarebiT didi nawili emsaxureba
ynosvis SegrZnebas. adamianebi ynosvas, rogorc
Cans, ZiriTadad, gemosTan kavSirSi iyeneben, raTa
ipovon da airCion sakvebi, magram arsebobs iseTi
faqtebic, rom adamianebic gamoyofen da
SeigrZnoben feromenebis msgavs nivTierebebs
(Jacob & McClintock, 2000). amas gvafiqrebinebs,
magaliTad, is faqti, rom, droTa ganmavlobaSi
axlo megobrebis menstrualuri cikli qalTa
saerTo sacxovrebelSi sinqronizacias iwyebs
(McClintock, 1971; Stern & McClintock, 1998). es
sinqronizacia qimiuri signalebiT aixsneba,
romlis SegrZnebac xdeba ynosvis saSualebiT
(Cutler et al., 1986; Preti et al., 1986). mecnierebi, agreTve,
suraTi
4.19
ynosvis receptorebi
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amtkiceben, rom ynosva SeiZleba garkveul rols
TamaSobdes seqsualuri aqtivobisadmi adamianis
mzaobaSi.
saidan
viciT
asrulebs Tu ara ynosva raime rols
adamianis seqsualur aqtivobaSi
kvlevaSi 289 qali monawileobda. maT
unda SeefasebinaT androstenonis, mama-
kacis oflis ZiriTadi komponentis suni.
qalebis umetesoba suns afasebda, rogorc
arasasiamovnos~ an aramimzidvels~. am
zogadi kanonzomierebidan gamonaklisi
iyvnen is qalebi, romelTac ovulacia
hqondaT. sunis maTeuli Sefasebebi ufro
neitralur iyo. ra daskvna SeiZleba
gavakeToT? mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom
qalebi, romelTac ovulacia da, Sesa-
bamisad, dafexmZimebis ufro didi Sansi
hqondaT, naklebad savaraudoa, rom winaaR-
mdegobas gauweven mamakacTa seqsualur
iniciativas mxolod maTi arasasiamovno
bunebrivi sunis gamo (Grammer, 1993).
albaT, gagaocaT ynosvis SegrZnebis mniSvne-
lobam adamianis seqsualur cxovrebaSi.
gemos SegrZneba
sakvebisa da Rvinis gurmanebs aqvT kargad
ganviTarebuli unari, SeamCnion odnavi gan-
sxvaveba gemoSi, Tumca, maTi umetesoba amisaTvis
realurad ynosvas iyenebs da ara _ gemos Segr-
Znebas. roca Tqven WamT, ynosvisa da gemos Segr-
Znebebi mWidrod TanamSromloben erTmaneTTan.
roca gaciebuli xarT, sakvebi ugemuri geCvenebaT,
radgan Tqveni cxviris Sesasvlelebi bloki-
rebulia da dakarguli gaqvT ynosva. Tavad
SegiZliaT darwmundeT amaSi: cxvirze xelwa-
Werilma SeecadeT ipovoT gansxvaveba erTnairi
teqsturis, magram gansxvavebuli sunis mqone
sakvebs Soris, magaliTad, vaSlisa da karto-
filis um naWrebs Soris. im saerTo sacxovrebel-
Si mcxovrebi zogierTi studentis azriT, rome-
lic saxelganTqmuli iyo Tavisi cudi sakvebiT,
cxvirsacobis gakeTeba Wamis dros saWmels ukar-
gavs gemos, ris Sedegadac yvela kerZs erTnairi
gemo aqvs, rac bevrad ukeTesia, vidre maTi
sakuTari gemo!
Tqveni enis zedapiri dafarulia gemos dvri-
lebiT, romelic mas uswormasworo iers aZlevs.
am dvrilebis didi nawili gemos receptoruli
ujredebis jgufebs Seicavs, romelsac gemos
bolqvebs uwodeben (ix. sur. 4.20). gemos recep-
toris erTi ujredis Canaweri gviCvenebs, rom
individualuri receptoruli ujredebi yvelaze
kargad reagireben gemos oTxi Tvisebidan erT-
erTze: tkbilze, mJaveze, mwaresa an mlaSeze
(Frank & Nowlis, 1989). gasul wlebSi mkvlevrebma
aRmoaCines gemos mexuTe, ZiriTadi Tvisebis
receptorebi _ umami (umami) (Chaudhari et al., 2000).
umami natriumis glutamatia (MGS), romelsac
xSirad umateben aziur saWmelebs da bunebrivad
gvxvdeba cilebiT mdidar sakvebSi, rogoricaa
xorci, zRvis produqtebi da Zveli yveli. Tumca,
am xuTi Tvisebis receptoruli ujredebi mci-
rediT sxva gemozec reagireben, saukeTeso~ reaq-
cia yvelaze sworad asaxavs Tvisebas. rogorc
Cans, gemos am ZiriTadi klasebisTvis gardaqmnis
sistemebi erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad arse-
bobs (Bartoshuk &Beauchamp, 1994).
gemos SegrZnebis receptorebi SeiZleba da-
ziandnen alkoholis, sigaretis bolis, mJavis
Sedegad. sabednierod, gemos SegrZnebis recep-
torebi ramdenime dReSi erTxel icvleba _ ufro
xSirad, vidre ynosvis receptorebi. marTlac,
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gemos SegrZnebis sistema dazianebis mimarT
yvelaze didi winaaRmdegobis unarianobiT
gamoirCeva, sxva SegrZnebebTan SedarebiT. Zalian
iSviaTia SemTxveva, rom vinmem srulebiT, samu-
damod dakargos gemos SegrZneba (Bartoshuk, 1990).
Sexebisa da kanis SegrZnebebi
kani SesaniSnavad adaptirebadi organoa.
garda imisa, rom is gicavT zedapiris
dazianebisagan, gamoSrobisagan, gexmarebaT
temperaturis regulaciaSi. is Seicavs nervul
daboloebebs, romlebic warmoSoben wnevis,
siTbosa da sicivis SegZnebebs. am SegrZnebebs
kanis SegrZnebebi ewodebaT.
radganac Tqven didi raodenobiT sensorul
informacias iRebT kanis saSualebiT, sxeulis
zedapirTan axlos gansxvavebuli tipis mravali
receptoruli ujredi funqcionirebs (ix. sur.
4.21). naxatze gamosaxuli TiToeuli tipis recep-
tori kanTan sxvadasxva tipis kontaqtze rea-
girebs (Sekular & Blake, 1994). meisneris sxeulebi
yvelaze kargad reagireben maSin, roca raime
exaxuneba kans, xolo merkelis diskebi yvelaze
metad maSin arian aqtiurebi, roca raime patara
obieqti awveba kans. Tqven, albaT, gagikvirdebaT,
roca gaigebT, rom siTbosa da sicivis SegrZne-
bebisaTvis gansxvavebuli receptorebi arsebobs.
Tqven ar gaqvT erTi receptori, romelic
moqmedebs Termometris msgavsad. Tqveni Tavis
tvini siTbosa da sicivis calkeuli signalebis
integrirebas axdens, raTa akontrolos garemos
temperaturuli cvlilebebi.
kanis mgrZnobiaroba wnevisadmi Zalian farTo
diapazonSi icvleba sxeulis sxvadasxva ubanze.
magaliTad, Tqven 10-jer ufro zustad gan-
sazRvravT stimulis lokalizacias TiTebis
wverebze, vidre _ zurgze. sxeulis sxvadasxva
nawilis mgrZnobiarobis gansxvavebuloba gan-
pirobebulia nervuli daboloebebis simWid-
roviT garkveul ubnebSi da, agreTve, sensoruli
qerqis didi farTobiT, romelic maT See-
satyviseba. mesame TavSi naxeT, rom mgrZno-
biaroba udidesia iq, sadac es yvelaze metad
gWirdebaT _ saxeze, enasa da xelebze. zusti
sensoruli ukukavSiri sxeulis am nawilebidan
uzrunvelyofs Wamis, laparakis da aRqmis
procesebis efeqtur mimdinareobas.
suraTi
4.20
gemos receptorebi
nawili A gviCvenebs dvrilebis ganawilebas enis zeda mxareze.
nawili B gviCvenebs erT dvrils, romelic naxatze gadidebulia, raTa gamoCndes calkeuli gemos bolqvebi.
nawili C gviCvenebs gadidebulad erT-erT gemos bolqvs.
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kanis mgrZnobelobis erTi aspeqti centralur
rols adamianur urTierTobebSi asrulebs: esaa
Sexeba. Sexebis saSualebiT Tqven gadascemT
sxvebs Tqvens survils, miiRoT an gasceT sim-
Svide, mxardaWera, siyvaruli da vneba. Sexebis
adgils didi mniSvneloba aqvs erotiuli an
seqsualuri SegrZnebis aRmocenebaSi. am Tval-
sazrisiT gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare adgilebs
erogenuli zonebi ewodeba. sxva mgrZnobiare
erotiuli adgilebis aRgznebis potenciali
interindividualuri gansxvavebulobiT xasiaT-
deba. is damokidebulia daswavlil asociaciebsa
da sensoruli receptorebis koncentraciaze
mocemul adgilze.
Sexeba SeiZleba garkveul rols TamaSobdes
TviTgadarCenis procesSi. magaliTad, naadrevad
dabadebuli bavSvebi, romelTac saavadmyofoSi
45 wuTis ganmavlobaSi yoveldRiuri masaJi
utardebodaT, fizikurad da gonebrivad gaci-
lebiT ufro swrafad izrdebodnen da viTarde-
bodnen im TanatolebTan SedarebiT, romelTac
ar utardebodaT masaJi (Field & Schanberg, 1990).
virTxebze Catarebuli kvleva gviCvenebs, rom
energiuli stimulacia aTavisuflebs zrdis
hormonebs da aaqtiurebs zrdis ferments _
dekarboqsilazas (ODC - onithine decarboxylase) Tavis
tvinsa da sxva sasicocxlo organoebSi. is naSi-
erebi, romlebic sicocxlis pirvel wlebSi
xSirad ayavdaT xelSi, ufro janmrTelebi arian
kanis SegrZnebebi (cutaneous senses) _ wnevis, siT-
bosa da sicivis SegrZnebebi.
erogenuli zonebi (erogeneous zones) _ kanis zeda-
piris adgilebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT mgrZno-
biareni arian gaRizianebisadmi da warmoSoben
erotiul da seqsualur SegrZnebebs.
suraTi
4.21
kanis SegrZnebaTa
receptorebi
ramdenime sxvadasxva tipis
receptori aris pasuxismgebeli
kanis SegrZnebaTa gancdaze,
rogorica Sexebis, siTbosa da
sicivis SegrZnebebi. magaliTad,
meisneris sxeulebi yvelaze
kargad reagireben raime
obieqtis gaxaxunebaze kanis
mimarT, merkelis diskebi
yvelaze aqtiurni arian patara
obieqtebis kanze dawolis
mimarT.
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mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. sakontrolo jgufis
cxovelebTan SedarebiT, stimulirebuli naSi-
erebi gamoirCeodnen stresisadmi ufro meti
winaaRmdegobis gawevis unariT, ufro nela ber-
debodnen, maTi Tavis tvinis ujredebi ki ufro
didxans inarCunebdnen sicocxlisunarianobas
da ukeTesi mexsiereba hqondaT (Meany et al., 1998).
aqedan gamomdinare, praqtikuli rekomendacia
aseTia: SeexeT xSirad imaT, viszedac zrunavT
da sxvebic waaxaliseT, rom Tqvenc Segexon
xSirad es ara marto siamovnebas moggvriT,
aramed gaaumjobesebs rogorc Tqvens, agreTve,
maT janmrTelobasac (Montague, 1986).
wonasworobisa da kinesteTikuri
SegrZnebebi
wonasworobis da kinesTetikuri SegrZnebebi
TqvenTvis SeiZleba ucnobic ki iyos, radganc
maT ara aqvT receptorebi, romelTa danaxva
SeiZleba, rogorc magaliTad, Tvalebis, yurebis
an cxviris. wonasworobis SegrZneba sivrceSi
Cveni sxeulis, gansakuTrebiT, Tavis orientaciis
SegrZnebas gvaZlevs. am informacias gvawvdian
receptorebi, patara bususebi, romelnic Sida
yurSi _ siTxiT savse parkuWebsa da arxebSi
mdebareoben. es bususebi ixreba, roca siTxe
moZraobs da awveba maT, es ki maSin xdeba, roca
Tavs swrafad amoZravebT. parkuWi da tiki
gatyobinebT informacias sworxazovani moZra-
obis aCqarebisa da Senelebis Sesaxeb (ix. sur.
4.16). sami arxi, romelTac naxevarrkalovan
arxebs uwodeben, erTmaneTis mimarT marTi
kuTxiTaa ganlagebulni, rac saSualebas
gvaZlevs miviRoT informacia nebismieri
mimarTulebiT moZraobis Sesaxeb _ Tu rogor
moZraobs Tavi, roca vtrialdebiT, roca vaqnevT
mas, an gverdze gadavxriT.
adamianebi, romlebmac ubeduri SemTxvevebisa
Tu avadmyofobis gamo dakarges wonasworobis
SegrZneba, sakmod dezorientirebulni arian,
xSirad ecemian, axasiaTebT Tavbruxveva. miuxeda-
vad amisa, aseTi adamianebis umravlesoba, bolos
da bolos, mainc axerxebs am naklis kompensi-
rebas imiT, rom ufro metad eyrdnoba vizualur
informacias. gulisreva moZraobisas maSin aRmo-
cendeba, rodesac vizualuri sistemidan moma-
vali signalebi konfliqtSi Sedis vestibula-
ruli aparatidan wamosul signalebTan. moZrav
transportSi kiTxvisas adamianebs xSirad uCn-
debaT gulisrevis SegrZneba. amis mizezi isaa,
rom vizualuri signalebi uZravi obieqtidan
modis, xolo vestibularuli SegrZnebebi _
moZravi obieqtidan. mZRolebs iSviaTad emar-
TebaT es avadmyofoba, radgan isini xedaven da
grZnoben kidec moZraobas.
rasac ar unda akeTebdeT, idgeT verti-
kalurad, xatavdeT Tu varjiSobdeT, Tqvens tvins
sWirdeba zusti informacia Tqveni sxeulis
poziciisa Tu misi nawilebis sivrciTi mimar-
Tebisa da moZraobis Sesaxeb. kinesTetikuri
SegrZneba uzrunvelyofs mudmiv sensorul uku-
kavSirs sxeulis motoruli aqtivobis Sesaxeb.
amis gareSe Tqven ver SeZlebdiT nebismieri moZ-
raobebis didi nawilis koordinirebas.
Tqven gaqvT kinesTetikuri informaciis ori
wyaro: receptorebi, romlebic mdebareoben
saxsrebSi da receptorebi, romlebic mdeba-
reoben kunTebsa da myesebSi. saxsrebSi mdebare
receptorebi reagireben im daWimulobaze,
romelic Tan axlavs kidurebis sxvadasxva po-
zicias da daWimulobis cvlilebebze, rasac
wonasworobis SegrZneba (vestibular sense) _ in-
formacias gvawvdis Cveni sxeulis orientaciis
Sesaxeb sivrceSi.
kinesTetikuri SegrZneba (kinesthetic sense) _ in-
formacias gvawvdis Cveni sxeulisa da misi na-
wilebis moZraobisa da mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
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iwvevs saxsrebis moZraobebi. kunTebsa da myesebSi
mdebare receptorebi reagireben im daZabulobis
cvlilebebze, romelic Tan axlavs kunTebis
SekumSvasa da gafarToebas.
Tavis tvini xSirad axdens kinesTetikuri
SegrZnebebidan miRebuli informaciis integ-
rirebas Sexebis SegrZnebidan miRebul infor-
maciasTan. Tavis tvins ar SeuZlia, magaliTad,
im signalebis srulyofili gaazreba, romelic
TiToeuli TiTidan modis, Tuki mas zustad ar
ecodineba TiTebis mdebareoba erTmaneTis mimarT.
warmoidgineT, rom, raRac sagnebs daxuWuli
TvalebiT agrovebT. Sexebis SegrZneba gaZlevT
saSualebas, mixvdeT, aris Tu ara aRebuli
obieqti qva, magram kinesTetikuri SegrZneba
giqmniT warmodgenas mis sidideze.
tkivili
zemoT Sexebis SegrZnebis garkveuli aspeqtebi
ganvixileT. Tqven iciT, rom fizikuri kontaqtis
garkveuli formebi tkivils iwveven. tkivili
aris organizmis reaqcia mavne zemoqmedebis mqone
gamRizianeblebiT stimulaciaze, romelic
sakmaod intensiuria, raTa qsovilis dazianeba
gamoiwvios an mas safrTxe Seuqmnas. xarT Tu
ara srulebiT kmayofili aseTi kargad gan-
viTarebuli tkivilis SegrZnebiT? Tqveni pasuxi,
albaT, orive iqneba _ ki~-c da ara~-c. ki~-s
SemTxvevaSi tkivilis SegrZneba mniSvnelovania
Tqveni gadarCenisTvis. adamianebi, romelTac
dabadebidan dakarguli aqvT tkivilis Segr-
Znebis unari, xSirad iReben sxeulis sxvadasxva
dazianebebs, romelTa Tavidan acileba SesaZ-
lebeli iqneboda, Tuki Tavis tvini SeZlebda
maT gafrTxilebas mosalodneli safrTxis
Sesaxeb (Larner et al., 1994). maTi magaliTi gasagebs
xdis tkivilis SegrZnebis, rogorc dacvis
signalis mniSvnelobas _ is gafrTxilebT
potenciuri zianis Sesaxeb. aras~ upasuxebT,
radgan zogjer aris momentebi, roca Tqven
bednieri iqnebodiT, rom SegZlebodaT tkivilis
SegrZnebis gamorTva. 50 milionze meti adamiani
aSS-Si itanjeba mudmivi, qronikuli tkiviliT.
samedicino xarjebi tkivilis gasayuCeblad
da dakarguli samuSao dReebi weliwadSi 70
miliard dolaradaa Sefasebuli (Turk, 1994).
rogorc Cans, uwyveti, qronikuli tkivili
xSirad iwvevs mwvave depresias da mizezia imisa,
rom aseTi tkivilebis mqone adamianebi uar-
yofiTad afaseben TavianT cxovrebas (Banks &
Kerns, 1996). gasagebia, rom mecnierebs ainteresebT
tkivilis SegrZnebis gamomwvevi meqanizmebis
Seswavla, raTa daeuflon misi Semcirebis
teqnikas.
tkivilis meqanizmebi
TiTqmis yvela cxoveli ibadeba ama Tu im
tipis tkivilis dacviTi sistemiT, romelic
iwvevs avtomaturad garkveuli stimulebisagan
gaqcevis refleqss. roca stimulis intensivoba
zeda zRurbls miaRwevs, organizmi gaqceviT
pasuxobs, ra Tqma unda, Tuki SeuZlia es. garda
amisa, is swrafad swavlobs tkivilis gamomwvevi
tkivili (pain) _ organizmis reaqcia mavne zemoq-
medebis mqone gamRizianeblebis stimulaciaze,
romelic aris sakmaod intensiuri, raTa gamoiw-
vios qsovilis dazianeba an Seuqmnas mas safr-
Txe.
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stimulebis identificirebas da SeZlebisada-
gvarad Tavidan icilebs maT.
arsebobs ori saxis tkivilis SegrZneba:
nocicepturi da nevropaTiuri. nocicepturi
tkivili aris uaryofiTi SegrZneba, romelsac
mavne zemoqmedebis mqone gamRizianebeli iwvevs.
magaliTad, es aris SegrZneba, romelic gagiC-
ndebaT cxel qurasTan Sexebisas. kanSi mdebare
specialuri nervuli daboloeba agzavnis tki-
vilis Setyobinebas Tqveni xelidan zeviT,
zurgis tvinis gavliT Tavis tvinisaken. xelis
ukan gamoweviT SegiZliaT am tipis tkivilis
Sewyveta. nevropaTiuri tkivili gamowveulia
nervebis aranormaluri gadaWarbebuli funqcio-
nirebiT. is aRmocendeba dazianebuli an daava-
debuli nervebidan, risi mizezicaa, magaliTad,
ubeduri SemTxveva an kibo. medikamentebs da
mkurnalobis sxva saSualebebs, romlebic awyna-
reben nervebs, aseTi tipis tkivilebis Semsubu-
qeba SeuZliaT.
mecnierebma im specifikuri receptorebis
gansazRvra daiwyes, romlebic reagireben
tkivilis gamomwvev stimulebze. maT aRmoaCines,
rom zogierTi receptori mxolod
temperaturaze reagirebs, zogierTi _ qimiur
nivTierebebze, sxvebi ki _ meqanikur stimulebze.
arsebobs receptorebi, romlebic tkivilis
gamomwvevi stimulebis kombinaciaze reagireben.
tkivilis boWkoebis qseli qmnis SesaniSnav bades,
romelic mTel sxeuls faravs. periferiuli
nervuli boWkoebi tkivilis signalebs centra-
lur nervul sistemaSi ori gziT agzavnian:
swrafi gamtarunarianobis nervuli boWkoebiT,
romlebic dafarulni arian mieliniT da neli,
ufro patara nervuli boWkoebiT, mielinis
safarvelis gareSe. zurgis tvinTan dawyebuli
impulsebi gadaecema Talamuss da Semdeg _ Tavis
tvinis qerqs, sadac xdeba tkivilis lokali-
zaciisa da intensivobis gansazRvra, dazianebis
mniSvnelovnebis Sefaseba da samoqmedo gegmis
dasaxva.
tkivilis fsiqologia
emociuri reaqciebi, konteqstualuri faqto-
rebi da situaciis interpretacia SeiZleba
iseTive mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdes tki-
vilis gancdaSi, rogorc realuri fizikuri
stimuli (Price, 2000; Turk, 1994). fsiqologiuri
procesebis mniSvnelobas tkivilis gancdaSi
naTlad gviCvenebs Semdegi ori ukiduresi Sem-
Txveva: erTi, roca aris tkivili, magram ar ar-
sebobs misi gamomwvevi fizikuri stimuli da
meore, roca ar aris tkivili, miuxedavad didi
intensivobis tkivilis gamomwvevi stimulis
arsebobisa. magaliTad, im adamianTa 10%-ze meti,
romelTac amputirebuli aqvT kidurebi, uCivian
mwvave da qronikul tkivilebs im kidurSi,
romelic maT aRar aqvT. amas fantomuri kiduris
fenomeni ewodeba (Melzack, 1992). amis sapiris-
pirod, zogierT individs, romelic monawi-
leobs religiur ritualebSi, SeuZlia tkivi-
lis SegrZnebis blokireba tkivilis gamom-
nocicefturi tkivili (nociceptive pain) _ gamowve-
ulia mavne zemoqmedebis mqone eqsternaluri
stimuliT; kanSi arsebuli specializebuli
nervuli daboloebebi agzavnian tkivilis
Sesaxeb Setyobinebas kanidan zurgis tvinis
gavliT Tavis tvinSi.
nevropaTiuri tkivili (neuropathic pain) _gamowve-
ulia nervebis aranormaluri an zedmetad
aqtiuri funqcionirebiT; is nervebis dazianebis
an daavadebis mizezia.
fantomuri kiduris fenomeni (phantom limb phenom-
enon) _ mwvave da qronikuli tkivilis SegrZneba
amputirebul kidurSi.
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gqoniaT odesme aseTi gamoc-
dileba? Tqven miirTmevT ro-
melime Zalian cxare kerZs Ci-
nur an tailandur restoranSi
da SemTxveviT CakbiCeT Zalze
cxare wiwaka. am momentSi is
siamovneba, romelsac sakvebi-
sgan iRebT, Zlier tkivilad
gadaiqceva. Tuki aseT ram
odesme SegmTxveviaT, Tqven
iciT, rom gemos sferoSi ar-
sebobs kavSiri maT Soris, rac
ganiWebT siamovnebas da tki-
vils. ganvixiloT es damoki-
debuleba.
fiziologiurad advilia
imis axsna, Tu ratom iwvevs cxa-
re wiwaka tkivils. Tqvens enaze
arsebuli gemos bolqvebi
dakavSirebulia nocicepturi
tkivilis boWkoebTan (Bartoshuk,
1993). amrigad, erTi da igive
qimiurma nivTierebam SeiZleba
gaaRizianos rogorc gemos
bolqvebSi mdebare recep-
torebi, ise, masTan Zalian
axlos mdebare tkivilis boW-
koebi (Caterina et al., 2000). cxare
wiwakis SemTxvevaSi, es nivTie-
rebaa kafsacini. Tuki Tqven
gsurT isiamovnoT cxare sakve-
biT, unda SeecadoT sakvebSi
SeinarCunoT am nivTierebis
saWiro koncentracia ise, rom
man ufro metad gaaRizianos
Tqveni gemos receptorebi,
vidre tkivilis receptorebi.
albaT gainteresebT, ratom
gansxvavdebian adamianebi erTma-
neTisagan cxare sakvebis mimarT
damokidebulebis mixedviT? maT
ukvirT xolme, roca maT
megobrebs SeuZliaT an ar
SeuZliaT cxare sakvebis Wama.
am gansxvavebis asaxsnelad
kvlav fiziologias mivmarToT.
rac ufro metia gemos bol-
qvebi, miT ufro metia tkivilis
receptorebic. amitom ufro
didia imis albaToba, rom is
adamianebi, romelTac bevri
gemos bolqvebi aqvT, ufro
Zlier tkivils ganicdian kafsa-
cinisagan. im individebs, romel-
Tac bevri gemos bolqvebi aqvT,
superdegustatorebi daarqves
(Bartoshuk, 1993), xolo maT, visac
ufro mcire raodenebiT aqvT es
receptorebi _ nondegustato-
rebi. individTa es ori jgufi
ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan
mravali gemos SegrZnebebis
mixedviT _ Tqven SeiZleba arc
icodeT superdegustatori
xarT, nondegustatori Tu raRac
Sualeduri. gansxvaveba mxolod
garkveuli qimiuri nivTiere-
bebis, magaliTad, kafsacinis
mimarT mgrZnobiarobaSi vlin-
deba.
gemos bolqvebis simWidrovis
mixedviT interindividualuri
sxvaoba genetikuri aRmoCnda
(Bartoshuk et al., 1994). qalebi ufro
xSirad arian superdegusta-
torebi, vidre kacebi. super-
degustatorebi, saerTod, ufro
mgrZnobiareni arian mware qimi-
uri nivTierebebis mimarT (sim-
ware damaxasiaTebelia sawam-
lavTa didi umravlesobisaTvis).
radganac qals yovelTvis ufro
meti pasuxismgebloba ekisre-
boda STamomavlobis gazrdasa
da kvebaSi evoluciis manZilze,
im qalebis bavSvebs, romlebsac
meti gemos mgrZnobiaroba axa-
siaTebdaT, gadarCenis ufro
meti Sansi hqondaT. radganac
degustatoris statusi gene-
tikuria, am aspeqtSi gansxva-
veba ukve patara bavSvebSic
SeimCneva (Anliken et al., 1991).
xuTidan Svid wlamde super-
degustatori bavSvebi upira-
tesobas aniWeben rZes yvelTan
SedarebiT da piriqiT _
nondegustatorebi _ yvels
rZesTan SedarebiT. ratom?
superdegustatorebi rZes
aRiqvamen, rogorc ufro
Tbils da yvels _ rogorc
ufro mwares, vidre nonde-
gustatorebi. amrigad, gene-
tikuri gansxvavebebi gvexma-
reba avxsnaT, Tu ratom aqvs
zogierT bavSvs ase gamo-
xatuli gemos Taviseburebani.
magram, modiT davubrundeT
restornis kerZs, romelmac
tkivilis SegrZneba gamoiwvia.
albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom
tkivilis SegrZneba TandaTan
qreba. am mxriv, pirSi ganla-
gebuli tkivilis receptorebi
moqmedebs sxva sensoruli
receptorebis msgavsad: droTa
ganmavlobaSi Tqven adap-
tirdebiT mudmivi stimu-
laciis mimarT. albaT Zalian
kargia, rom sensorul proce-
sebs tkivilis Semsubuqebis
funqciac aqvT da mas saWiro
momentSi gvTavazoben xolme.
ratom iwvevs cxare saWmeli tkivils?
(a) (b)
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wvevi intensiuri stimulaciis pirobebSic,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, cxel nakverCxlebze
siaruli an nemsiT sxeulis gaxvreta.
saerTod, tkivilis SegrZnebaze did gavlenas
axdens konteqsti da reagirebis SeZenili Cvevebi.
vinaidan tkivili fsiqologiuri reaqciebis erT-
erTi saxea, is SeiZleba Seicvalos iseTi
mkurnalobis Sedegad, romelic fsiqikur pro-
cesebze iseTi zemoqmedebas iyenebs, rogoricaa
hipnozi, Rrma relaqsacia, yuradRebis gadatana.
magaliTad, anesTeziis gareSe mSobiarobis mo-
samzadebeli lamazes (Lamaze) meTodiT samSobiaro
tkivilebis Semcirebas ramdenime aseTi meTodis
kombinaciiT cdiloben. lamazes sunTqviTi
varjiSebi mSobiares relaqsaciaSi exmareba da
yuradReba gadaaqvs tkivilis adgilidan.
yuradRebis gadatanis, sasiamovno warmodgenebis,
Setyobinebebis gamoyeneba qmnis rbil, sasargeblo
Semxvedr stimulacias da meuRlisa Tu megobris
socialuri mxardaWera _ yvelaferi erTad momaval
dedas am mtkivneul situaciaze kontrolis Zlier
gancdas aZlevs.
ra gavlenas axdens tkivilis SegrZnebaze
fsiqologiuri konteqstSi? erT-erTi Teoria,
romelic tkivilis Semcirebis gzebs exeba, cno-
bilia karibWis kontrolis Teoriis saxeliT
(Ronald Mezlack, 1973, 1980). am Teoriis mixedviT,
zurgis tvinis ujredebi moqmedeben rogorc nev-
rologiuri kari, romelic xels uSlis
tkivilis zogierTi signalis Tavis tvinSi
SeRwevas da mis blokirebas axdens, zogierTs
ki _ atarebs. Tavis tvini da kanis receptorebi
signals zurgis tvinisken agzavnian, raTa man
gaaRos an daketos es kari. Tavis tvinidan
swored es daRmavali signali uzrunvelyofs
fsiqologiur konteqsts, romelic axlavs Tan
tkivils. gasul wlebSi melzakma (Melzack, 1999)
warmoadgina ganaxlebuli Teoria _ tkivilis
neiromatriculi Teoria, romelic xsnis im faq-
tebs, rom adamianebi xSirad ganicdian tkivils
Zalian mcire intensivobis an ararsebuli fi-
zikuri gamRizianeblis pirobebSi: am SemTxv-
evaSi tkivilis gancda mxolod tvinSia aRmo-
cenebuli.
is, Tu rogor aRiqvamT tkivils, ras eubnebiT
mis Sesaxeb sxvebs da rogor reagirebT tkivil-
gamayuCeblebze, Tqven fsiqologiur mdgo-
mareobas ufro asaxavs, vidre tkivilis
gamomwvevi gamRizianeblis intensivobas. is,
rasac Tqven aRiqvamT, SeiZleba iyos sakmaod
gansxvavebuli da zogjer srulebiTac
damoukidebeli imasagan, Tu ras SeigrZnobT,
rogorc amis Sesaxeb mexuTe TavSi visaubrebT,
romelic aRqmis fsiqologias eZRvneba.
Sejameba
ynosvis SegrZnebis nervuli impulsebi aRmo-
cendeba maSin, roca haerSi arsebuli qimiuri
nivTiereba kontaqtSi Seva ynosvis bususebTan.
ynosva did rols asrulebs seqsualuri qcevis
regulaciasa da sxva mniSvnelovani funqciebis
ganxorcielebaSi. ynosvisa da gemos sistemebi
SeTanxmebulad moqmedebs sakvebi produqtebis
umravlesobis SegrZnebisas. gemo warmoadgens
Sesatyvisi gemos bolqvebis reaqciebis nazavs
sitkboze, simJaveze, simwaresa da simlaSeze.
Tqven SegiZliaT ganicadoT wnevis, siTbosa
da sicivis SegrZnebebi kanSi moTavsebuli
receptoruli ujredebis saSualebiT. Sexeba
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs komunikaciasa da
gadarCenis procesSi. wonasworobis SegrZneba
uzrunvelyofs Tqveni Tavisa da sxeulis orien-
tacias sivrceSi. kinesTetikuri SegrZneba pa-
suxismgebelia sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilebis
poziciaze da gexmarebaT nebismieri moZraobebis
koordinirebaSi.
Tqven ganicdiT nociceptur tkivils mavne
stimulis zemoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi da nevro-
paTiur tkivils _ nervebis aranormaluri fun-
qcionirebis dros. fsiqologiuri konteqsti,
nawilobriv, gansazRvravs tkivilis gancdis in-
tensivobas.
karibWis kontrolis Teoria (gate-control theory)
_ exeba tkivilis Semcirebas, romelic xdeba
maSin, roca zurgis tvinis garkveuli ujredebi
moqmedebs rogorc kari, uSlis xels tkivilis
gavrcelebas da misi zogierTi signalis blok-
irebas axdens, zogierTs ki agzavnis Tavis tvin-
Si.
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sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
samyaros sensoruli
Semecneba
imis gamo, rom sensoruli
procesebi mniSvnelovan
rols asruleben Cven mier
samyaros SemecnebaSi, mec-
nierebi fsiqologiis gan-
viTarebis adreul etapebzec
swavlobdnen SegrZnebebs.
fsiqofizika swavlobs fi-
zikur gamRizianebelze fsi-
qologiur reaqcias. mec-
nierebi zomaven absolu-
tursa da sxvaobis zRur-
blebs.
signalis aRmoCena saSuale-
bas aZlevs mkvlevrebs gamo-
yon erTmaneTisagan SegrZne-
bis simaxvile da pasuxis
sistematuri Secdoma.
fsiqofizikis mkvlevrebma
gansazRvres kavSiri gamRi-
zianeblis fizikur inten-
sivobasa da fsiqologiur
efeqts Soris maTematikuri
funqciis saSualebiT.
SegrZneba gamRizianeblis fi-
zikur energias nervul ko-
dad gardaqmnis.
mecnierebi cdiloben Seiswav-
lon informaciis dinebis
procesi sensoruli recepto-
rebidan Tavis tvinis
qerqisaken.
mxedvelobiTi sistema
baduraze mdebare fotore-
ceptorebi, romelTac kol-
bebsa da Cxirebs uwodeben,
sinaTlis energias nervul
impulsad gardaqmnian.
baduras gangliozuri uj-
redebi axdenen recepto-
rebidan da bipolaruli uj-
redebidan momavali signalis
integrirebas. maTi aqsonebi
warmoqmnian optikur nervebs,
romlebic mxedvelobis
jvaredinTan xvdebian
erTmaneTs.
vizualuri informacia gana-
wilebulia tvinis sxvadasxva
ubnebSi, sadac muSavdeba
vizualuri garemos
sxvadasxva aspeqtebi, rogo-
ricaa sagnebis garegnuli
saxe da maTi mdebareoba.
sinaTlis talRis sigrZe war-
moadgens gamRizianebels
ferTa SegrZnebisaTvis.
feris SegrZnebebi gansxvavdeba
toniT, simaZRriTa da
sikaSkaSiT.
ferTa SegrZnebis Teoriebi
aerTianebs sami feris Sem-
grZnebi receptoris triqro-
matul Teorias da sawinaaR-
mdego procesebis Teorias,
romelic sawinaaRmdego ele-
mentebis kompoziciis ideas
eyrdnoba.
gamRizianeblis TvisebaTa aR-
moCena baduris ujredebisa
da ufro maRali donis vi-
zualuri centrebis moqmede-
biT xdeba.
smena
smenis SegrZneba warmoiqmneba
bgeriTi talRiT, romelsac
gaaCna sixSire, amplituda da
sirTule.
lokokinaSi bgeriTi talRebi
transformirdebian siTxis
moZraobad, romelic amoZ-
ravebs ZiriTad membranas. Zi-
riTadi membranis bewvebi ner-
vul impulsebs gadascemen
smeniT qerqs.
adgilis Teoria saukeTesod
xsnis maRali sixSireebis ko-
direbas, sixSiris Teoria ki
_ dabali sixSireebis kodi-
rebas.
bgeris warmoSobis mimarTu-
lebis gansazRvrisaTvis moq-
medebs ori tipis nervuli
meqanizmi _ bgeraTa intensi-
vobisa da im drois Sedareba,
romelic bgeriT signals Ti-
Toeul yurTan misaRwevad
sWirdeba.
sxva SegrZnebebi
ynosvisa da gemos SegrZnebebi
nivTierebaTa qimiur Tvisebeb-
ze reagireben da erTad
moqmedeben, roca adamiani
eZebs da irCevs sakvebs.
ynosva cxviris RruSi ganla-
gebuli, sunisadmi mgrZno-
biare ujredebiT xorciel-
deba.
gemos receptorebi gemos
bolqvebia, romlebic mo-
Tavsebulni arian gemos
dvrilebSi, ZiriTadad, ena-
ze.
Sexebis SegrZneba gulis-
xmobs dawolisa da tem-
peraturul SegrZnebebs.
wonasworobis SegrZneba gaZ-
levT informacias sxeulis
moZraobis mimarTulebisa da
siswrafis Sesaxeb.
kinesTetikuri SegrZneba gaZ-
levT informacias sxeulis
nawilebis mdebareobis Se-
saxeb da gexmarebaT moZ-
raobis koordinirebaSi.
tkivili aris organizmis
dacviTi reaqcia poten-
ciurad mavne zemoqmedebis
mqone gamRizianebelze.
tkivilis fiziologiuri
reaqcia moicavs sensorul
reaqcias tkivilis gamom-
wvevi gamRizianeblis mxares
da nervul impulsebs,
romlebic moZraoben Tavis
tvinsa da zurgis tvins
Soris.
tkivili aris nawilobriv
fsiqologiuri reaqciac. is
SeiZleba Seicvalos mkur-
nalobiT, romelic aqcents
akeTebs fsiqikur procesebze
da gadaaqvs yuradReba.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
absoluturi zRurbli
akomodacia
amakrinuli ujredebi
adgilis Teoria
badura
bgeris siZliere
bgeris tonis simaRle
bipolaruli ujredebi
gangliozuri ujredebi
erogenuli zonebi
absoluturi zRurbli
veberis kanoni
zalpis principi
kanis SegrZnebebi
karibWis kontrolis Teoria
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kinesTetikuri SegrZneba
kolbebi
lokokina
mxedvelobis qerqi
nevropaTiuri tkivili
nocicefTuri tkivili
odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba
optikuri nervi
pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma
receptoruli veli
sawinaaRmdego procesebis
Teoria
sensoruli adaptacia
sensoruli receptorebi
sensoruli fiziologia
sibnelisadmi adaptacia
signalis SemCnevis Teoria
sikaSkaSe
feris toni
sixSiris Teoria
smeniTi nervi
smeniTi qerqi
sxvaobis zRurbli
tembri
tkivili
transformacia
triqromatuli Teoria
fantomuri kiduris fenomeni
feris simaZRre
feromonebi
fovea
fotoreceptorebi
fsiqometruli funqcia
fsiqofizika
ynosvis bolqvi
SegrZneba
Semavsebeli ferebi
Cxirebi
ZiriTadi membrana
wonasworobis SegrZneba
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a R q m a a R q m a a R q m a a R q m a a R q m a
5
SegrZneba, organizeba,
identifikacia da cnoba
proqsimaluri da
distaluri stimulebi
realoba, orazrov-
neba da iluziebi
aRqmis Semswavleli
midgomebi
fsiqologia XXI
saukuneSi: virtualuri
realoba
yuradRebis procesebi
seleqciuri (SerCe-
viTi) yuradReba
yuradReba da sagnebi
garemoSi
aRqmis organizaciis
procesebi
figura, foni da
dasrulebuloba
(Sevsebuloba)
perceptuli dajgu-
febis principebi
sivrciTi da droiTi
integracia
moZraobis aRqma
siRrmis aRqma
aRqmis konstantoba
fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: rogor
iWerT mfrinav burTs
aRmavali da daRmava-
li procesebi
sagnebis cnoba
molodinis da kon-
teqstis gavlena
bolo gakveTili
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
143
me-4 TavSi vnaxeT, rom garemo savsea sinaTlisa
da bgeris talRebiT. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa,
maTi saxiT mainc ar ganicdiT samyaros. Tqven
sinaTlis talRas ki ar `xedavT~, aramed _
plakats kedelze, bgeris talRa ki ar `gesmiT~,
aramed musika iqve myofi radiodan. SegrZnebiT
iwyeba sinamdvilis uSualo asaxva, magram kidev
meti raRac sxvaa saWiro, rom stimuli azriani
da saintereso gaxdes da, rac mTavaria, sa-
Sualeba mogeceT, efeqturad upasuxoT mas. aRqma
aris im procesebis erToblioba, romlebic
sensorul xatSi awesrigeben informacias da
am informaciis, rogorc gare sinamdviliT
warmoqmnilis, gancdas uzrunvelyofen. es
procesebi interpretaciis umaRles dones
uzrunvelyofs, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs,
warmatebiT gaverkveT garemoSi.
SegrZnebasa da aRqmas Soris kavSiris ukeT
gagebis mizniT gTavazobT martiv, TvalsaCino
magaliTs. daiWireT xeli saxis win, rac SeiZ-
leba Sors. Semdeg is nela miuaxloveT saxes.
saxesTan miaxloebisas xeli sul ufro da ufro
met vizualur vels faravs. Sedegad, SeiZleba
veRar dainaxoT plakati xelis ukan, kedelze.
rogor faravs xeli plakats? xeli gadidda
aRqma (Perception) _ procesebi, romlebic sensorul
xatSi awesrigeben informacias da am informa-
ciis, rogorc samganzomilebiani garesinam-
dviliT warmoqmnilis, gancdas uzrunvelyofen.
anvixiloT kengis SemTxveva, ro-
melic ekvatoruli afrikis fij-
mis kulturidan iyo. kengs mTeli
cxovreba xSir tropikul tyeebSi
hqonda gatarebuli. erT dRes mas SesaZlebloba
mieca, pirvelad emogzaura manqaniT gaSlil
velze anTropolog kolin tarnbulTan (Colin
Turnbull) erTad. mogvianebiT tarnbulma aRwera
kengis reaqciebi:
kengma gadaxeda velebs da im adgils, sadac
ramdenime milis moSorebiT asiode bizoni Zovda.
man mkiTxa, ra mwerebi iyvnen isini, razedac
vupasuxe, rom isini bizonebi iyvnen, Tanac misTvis
cnobil tyis bizonebze orjer ufro didebi.
kengma xmamaRla gaicina da miTxra, rom es si-
sulele aRar meTqva da kvlav igive kiTxva da-
misva. mere, radgan sakmaod Wkvian kompanionad
ar mimiCnia, TavisTvis laparakobda da cdi-
lobda, bizonebi sxvadasxva WianWvelebisa da
xoWoebisaTvis miemsgavsebina, romlebic mas
manamde enaxa.
amasobaSi manqanaSi CavsxediT da im adgili-
saken daveSviT, sadac cxovelebi Zovdnen. kengi
akvirdeboda, ufro da ufro rogor diddebodnen
isini da, Tumca, yvela fijmelis msgavsad,
Tavadac guladi iyo, mainc CemTan axlos
gadmojda da Caibutbuta, rom es raRac
jadoqroba iyo... bolos, roca kengi mixvda, rom
cxovelebi marTla bizonebi iynen, ukve aRar
eSinoda, Tumca, kvlav afiqrebda, ratom iyvnen
isini ase patarebi, an marTla patarebi iyvnen
da uceb gaizardnen, Tu es yvelaferi raRac
oini iyo (Turnbull 1961, gv. 305).
kengis ambavi sakmaod naTlad gviCvenebs
gamocdilebis gavlenas aRqmaze. radgan kengma
cxovreba tropikul tyeebSi gaatara, mas ar
hqonda saTanado codna, raTa dauyovnebliv moex-
dina sensoruli informaciis _ Sori manZiliT
daSorebuli obieqtebidan TvalebSi areklili
sinaTlis _ interpretacia. am TavSi SeiswavliT,
rogor moqmedebs codna adamianis SesaZleb-
lobebsa da aRqmaze.
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Tu plakati dapataravda? Tqveni pasuxi iqneba:
`ra Tqma unda, ara!~ es magaliTi gviCvenebs
SegrZnebebs da aRqmas Soris gansxvavebas. xeli
imitom faravs plakats, rom saxesTan miaxlo-
ebisas is SedarebiT did gamosaxulebas qmnis
baduraze. es aRqmis procesebia, romlebic, ba-
duraze miRebuli gamosaxulebis zomebis cvli-
lebis miuxedavad, saSualebas gaZlevT gaigoT,
rom xelis da plakatis realuri zomebi ar
icvleba.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRqma SegrZnebas aZlevs
azrs. perceptuli procesebi mniSvnelobas iReben
mudmivad cvalebadi, xSirad qaoturi Semavali
sensoruli informaciidan (input) da mas sta-
biluri, mowesrigebuli perceptuli xatebis
saxiT awesrigeben. perceptuli xati aris is, rac
aRqmulia (fenomenologiuri an gancdiTi), aRqmis
procesis Sedegi. is fizikuri sagani an recep-
torSi sagnis xati ki ar aris, aramed perceptuli
aqtivobis fsiqologiuri Sedegia. amrigad, xelis
aRqma, retinaluri gamosaxulebis zomebis
cvlilebis miuxedavad, ucvleli rCeba, radgan
interpretacia ucvleli perceptuli aqtivobiT
mimdinareobs. umetesad, aRqma da SegrZneba imdenad
Zaldautaneblad, uwyvetad da avtomaturad xdeba,
rom mas TavisTavad procesad miviCnevT. Cveni
mizania, am TavSi gagacnoT procesebi, romlebic
saSualebas gvaZleven, saTanadod avxsnaT samyaro
aseTi aSkara ZaldautaneblobiT. Tavdapirvelad
vizualur sferoSi mimdinare perceptul pro-
cesebs ganvixilavT.
identificireba da cnoba
termini aRqma, misi farTo mniSvnelobiT,
niSnavs garemoSi sagnebis da movlenebis wvdomis
zogad process, raTa SevigrZnoT isini, gavigoT,
movaxdinoT identifikacia, mivakuTvnoT raime
kategorias da movemzadoT maTze reagirebi-
saTvis. aRqmis procesebis ukeT gagebis mizniT
maT sam safexurad yofen: SegrZneba, perceptuli
organizacia da identifikacia/sagnebis cnoba.
rogorc me-4 TavSi vnaxeT, SegrZneba niSnavs
nervul kodebSi fizikuri energiis gardaqmnas,
romelsac tvini acnobierebs. magaliTad, Segr-
ZnebiT viRebT vizualuri velis Sesaxeb bazisur
monacemebs. baduris ujredebi imgvarad arian
mowyobilni, rom gaarCion sagnis konturebi da
kontrastebi, Tumca, mxolod sustad reagireben
ucvlel, mudmiv stimulirebaze (gaRizianebaze).
tvinis qerqis ujredebi sawyis niSnebs retinis
Semavali informaciidan iReben.
perceptuli organizacia Semdegi safexuria,
rodesac sagnis Sinagani gamosaxuleba formir-
deba da garegani stimulis aRqma yalibdeba.
Sinagani gamosaxuleba gvawvdis samyaros
zedapirul monaxazs. mxedvelobis SemTxvevaSi
perceptuli procesebiT xdeba obieqtis sava-
raudo zomis, formis, moZraobis, daSorebis da
orientaciis Sefaseba. es Sefasebebi efuZneba
goniT gaTvlas, romelic adamianis warsul
codnas mocemul grZnobad realobasa da
stimulTan aerTianebs, misi (stimulis) per-
ceptuli Sinaarsis farglebSi. aRqmisas xdeba
sagnis perceptSi iseTi martivi sensoruli
niSnebis sinTezi (integracia da kombinacia),
rogoricaa sagnis feri, konturebi da xazebi.
sagnis amocnoba Semdgom xdeba. es fsiqikuri
aqtivobebi swrafad da mizanmimarTulad,
gacnobierebis gareSe xorcieldeba.
am or safexurs Soris gansxvavebis ufro
naTlad gasagebad ganvixiloT doqtor riCar-
dsis avadmyofobis SemTxveva, romlis tvinis
dazianebam perceptuli procesebi daamaxinja,
Tumca SegrZneba ucvleli darCa.
saidan
viciT
SegrZnebis da perceptuli organizaciis
darRveva
doqtori riCardsi iyo ganaTlebuli
da didi gamocdilebis mqone fsiqologi.
samwuxarod, mas tvinis dazianeba hqonda,
romelmac vizualuri gancdis Secvla
gamoiwvia. rogorc Cans, ar dazianda tvinis
metyvelebis centrebi, ase rom, mas SeeZlo
sakmaod naTlad aRewera Tavisi sakmaod
perceptuli organizacia (Perceptual organization) _
procesebi, romlebic sensorul informacias aer-
Tianeben, raTa aRqmas miscen TvalsaCino saxe vi-
zualur velSi.
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uCveulo vizualuri gamocdileba. mokled
rom vTqvaT, tvinis dazianebam imoqmeda
sensoruli monacemebis sworad gaerTi-
anebis unarze. magaliTad, doqtor ri-
Cardsi aRwerda, rom, Tu igi xedavda rTul
(kompleqsur) obieqts, rogoricaa adamiani
da mis vizualur velSi axlomaxlo kidev
ramdenime adamiani iyo, igi zogjer ada-
mianis nawilebs gancalkevebulad xedavda,
romlebic ar erTiandebodnen erT gamo-
saxulebaSi. mas, aseve, uWirda erTi da
imave movlenis xmisa da gamosaxulebis
gaerTianeba. rodesac vinme mReroda, mas
SeeZlo daenaxa piris moZraoba da gaegona
xma, magram ise, TiTqos xma dublirdeboda
araswori CanaweriT, raime ucxo filmSi.
movlenis nawilebi rom erTianobaSi dae-
naxa, doqtor riCardss sWirdeboda raime
Cveulebrivi faqtori, romelic `webos~
msgavsad imoqmedebda. magaliTad, Tu da-
nawevrebuli adamianis yvela nawili erTi
mimarTulebiT imoZravebda, riCardsi nawi-
lebs kvlav gaerTianebulad, dasru-
lebuli adamianis saxiT aRiqvamda. Tumca,
perceptul `webos~ zogjer SeiZleba raime
absurduli konfiguracia Seeqmna. doqtor
riCardsi erTnairi feris obieqtebs, ro-
goricaa, magaliTad, banani, limoni, kanaris
Citi, gaerTianebulad dainaxavda maSinac
ki, Tu isini sivrceSi gancalkevebulni
iqnebodnen. brboSi adamianebi Serwymulad
moeCveneboda, Tu isini erTnairi feris tan-
sacmelSi iqnebodnen gamowyobilni. doq-
tor riCardsi garemos danawevrebulad,
fragmentulad da ucnaurad ganicdida,
rac absoluturad gansxvavdeboda norma-
luri gancdisagan (Marcel, 1983).
problema doqtor riCardsis TvalebSi ar
iyo, arc stimulis niSnebis analizis unarSi
igi zustad xedavda sagnis nawilebs da Tvi-
sebebs. misi problema sinTezSi iyo, anu mas ar
SeeZlo sensoruli informaciis nawilebis ise
gaerTianeba, rom mxedvelobis velSi calkeuli
movlena erTianad, TvalsaCinod aReqva. doqtor
riCardsis SemTxveva naTels xdis aRqmasa da
SegrZnebis procesebs Soris gansxvavebas. is,
aseve, giCvenebT, rom sensoruli analizi da
perceptuli organizacia uwyvetad mimdinareobs,
miuxedavad imisa, rom ver acnobierebT maT
moqmedebas.
identifikacia da cnoba am klasifikaciaSi
mesame safexuria, rodesac perceptul xats
mniSvneloba eZleva. mrgvali sagnebi burTebad,
monetebad, saaTebad, forToxlebad an mTvareebad
`gadaiqceva~. adamianebi SeiZleba identifi-
cirdnen qalad an kacad, megobrad an mtrad,
naTesavad an rok-varskvlavad. am etapze per-
ceptuli SekiTxva: `ras hgavs es sagani?~ icvleba
identifikaciis SekiTxviT: `ra aris sagani?~
dabolos, cnobis SekiTxviT: _ `ra aris sagnis
funqcia?~ imisTvis, rom raimes identifikacia
movaxdinoT, vicnoT da gavarkvioT, ra ewodeba
mas, anda rogor SeiZleba vireagiroT masze,
maRali donis kognituri procesebia saWiro,
romlis mimdinareobaze gavlenas axdens Cveni
Teoriebi, mexsiereba, Rirebulebebi, rwmenebi,
obieqtTan dakavSirebuli atitudebi.
amrigad, mokled mimovixileT informaciis
gadamuSavebis safexurebi, romlebic perceptuli
samyaros azriani gagebis saSualebas gvaZleven.
radgan me-4 Tavi SegrZnebebs Seexeboda, am TavSi
met yuradRebas davuTmobT aRqmis aspeqtebs
fizikuri energiis sawyisi transformaciis Sem-
deg. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi aRqma sruliad
Zaldautaneblad mimdinareobs. Semdegi qveTavis
dasawyisSi SevecdebiT, dagarwmunoT, rom rea-
lurad sakmaod daxvewil informaciis gadamu-
Savebas, did gonebriv samuSaos asrulebT, raTa
sabolood `siadvilis~ am iluziamde mixvideT.
proqsimaluri da distaluri
stimulebi
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven xarT 5.1.A suraTze
gamosaxuli pirovneba, romelic oTaxs moxer-
xebuli skamidan akvirdeba. oTaxSi moTavsebuli
sagnebidan areklili sinaTlis nawili Tva-
lebamde aRwevs da Tvalis baduraze qmnis gamo-
saxulebebs. suraTi 5.1.B gviCvenebs, Tu ras davi-
naxavdiT oTaxSi yofnisas marcxena TvaliT
(marjvniv CanaWdevi aris Tqveni cxviri, qvemo
identifikacia da cnoba (Identification and recognition)
_ perceptuli xatisaTvis azris micemis gzebi.
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kideze ki _ xeli da muxli). ramdenad Seesabameba
retinaluri gamosaxuleba garemos, romelmac
is Seqmna?
erT-erTi Zalze mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba maT
Soris isaa, rom baduraze miRebuli gamosaxu-
leba organzomilebiania maSin, roca Tavad
garemo samganzomilebiania. am gansxvavebas bevri
Sedegi mohyveba. magaliTad, SevadaroT sur. 5.1.A-
ze mocemuli obieqtebis formebi baduraze
miRebuli gamosaxulebebis formebs (sur. 5.1.C).
magidas, noxs, fanjaras da suraTs realur
samyaroSi marTkuTxa forma aqvs, magram
retinaluri gamosaxulebebidan mxolod
fanjras aqvs aseTi forma. suraTis xati aris
trapecia, magidis Tavis xati _ arawesieri
oTxkuTxa figura da xaliCis xati, faqtobrivad
_ sami gancalkevebuli regioni ocze meti
gansxvavebuli aspeqtiT! da, kvlav, Cveni
Tavdapirveli perceptuli Tavsatexi _ rogor
aRviqvamT yvela am obieqts, rogorc erTian,
standartul marTkuTxa formis sagnebs?
situacia aq cota ufro rTulia. Tqven, albaT,
SeniSnavT, rom bevri ram, rasac oTaxSi aRiqvamT,
ar aris mocemuli retinalur gamosaxulebebSi.
magaliTad, Tqven aRiqvamT vertikalur zRvars
or kedels Soris, romelic mTel iataks mihyveba,
magram zRvris retinaluri gamosaxuleba magidis
TavTan wydeba; aseve, retinalur gamosaxulebaze
noxis nawilebi magidiTaa dafaruli, Tumca,
miuxedavad amisa, Tqven noxs aRiqvamT, rogorc
erTian, daunawevrebel marTkuTxeds. faqtob-
rivad, rodesac ganixilavT yvela gansxvavebas
garemos obieqtebsa da baduraze maT Sesabamis
gamosaxulebebs Soris, SeiZleba gagikvirdeT,
rom Tqven samyaros amdagvarad aRiqvamT.
samyaroSi fizikur sagansa da baduraze mis
optikur gamosaxulebas Soris gansxvaveba im-
denad didia da mniSvnelovani, rom fsiqologebi
maT aRqmis or gansxvavebul stimulad miiCneven.
rogorc es sur. 5.2-zea mocemuli, garemoSi mo-
cemul fizikur sagans ewodeba distaluri sti-
muli (damkvirveblidan daSorebuli), xolo
baduraze mis optikur gamosaxulebas _ proqsima-
luri stimuli (damkvirvebelTan axlos).
Cveni msjelobis ZiriTadi azri ufro mka-
fiod SeiZleba Semdegnairad CamovayaliboT: risi
aRqmac gvsurs, aris distaluri stimuli
garemoSi mocemuli `realuri~ sagani, xolo
stimuli, romlidanac informacia unda miviRoT,
aris proqsimaluri stimuli baduraze miRe-
buli sagnis gamosaxuleba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
aRqmis ZiriTadi amocanaa proqsimalur stimulSi
mocemuli informaciidan distaluri stimulis
gansazRvra. es exeba aRqmis sxvadasxva mo-
dalobas. _ smenas, Sexebas, gemos da a.S. aRqma
moicavs procesebs, romlebic iyeneben proqsi-
maluri stimulebis informacias, raTa mogvawo-
don informacia distaluri stimulis Tvise-
bebze.
rom vnaxoT, distaluri da proqsimaluri
stimulebi rogor ergebian aRqmis me-3 safexurs,
ganvixiloT sur. 5.1-ze gamosaxuli erT-erTi
obieqti, kedelze dakidebuli suraTi. sensorul
safexurze es suraTi Seesabameba baduras
gamosaxulebaze organzomilebian trapecias;
misi zeda da qveda kideebi marjvniv erTmaneTs
uaxlovdebian da marjvena da marcxena kideebi
sxvadasxva sigrZisaa. es proqsimaluri stimulia.
perceptuli organizaciis safexurze am tra-
pecias xedavT, rogorc samganzomilebian sivr-
ceSi gadaxril marTkuTxeds. mis zeda da qveda
kideebs aRiqvamT, rogorc paralelurs, rom-
lebic marjvna mxares daxrilebi arian, marjvena
distaluri stimuli (Distal stimulus) _ proqsimaluri
stimulisagan, anu baduraze optikuri gamo-
saxulebisagan gansxvavebiT, aRqmis procesSi
samyaroSi mocemuli fizikuri sagani.
proqsimaluri stimuli (Proximal stimulus) _ dis-
taluri stimulisagan, anu samyaroSi fizikuri
sagnisagan gansxvavebiT, baduraze miRebuli op-
tikuri gamosaxuleba.
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da marcxena kideebs ki _ tolad. perceptuli
procesebi qmnis hipoTezebs distaluri stimulis
fizikuri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. Semdeg ukve saWiroa
stimulis identifikacia. cnobis etapze am
marTkuTxa obieqtSi amoicnobT suraTs. 5.3
suraTze mocemulia blok-sqema, romelic am
movlenebis Tanmimdevrobas gviCvenebs. procesebi,
romelTac informacia erTi safexuridan
meoreze gadaaqvT, blokebs Soris isrebiTaa
gamosaxuli. am TavSi ganvixilavT yvela
interaqcias, romelic naxazzea mocemuli.
realoba, orazrovneba da
iluziebi
aRqmis funqcia ganvsazRvreT, rogorc
proqsimaluri stimulidan distaluri stimulis
identifikacia. am funqciis Sesabamisi percep-
tuli meqanizmebis gacnobamde ganvixiloT
garemoSi mocemuli stimulebis is aspeqtebi,
romlebic aRqmas kompleqsurs xdian. esenia:
orazrovani stimulebi da iluziebi.
orazrovneba
aRqmis ZiriTadi amocana samyaroze zusti
warmodgenis Seqmnaa. swori reaqcia garemoSi
sagnebisa da movlebis zust aRqmazea damo-
suraTi
5.1
retinaluri gamosaxulebebis interpretacia
vizualuri aRqmis mTavari amocanaa proqsimaluri stimulidan
(sagnisagan Seqmnili retinaluri gamosaxuleba) moaxdinos
distaluri stimulis (garemoSi arsebuli realuri sagani)
interpretacia da identifikacia.
suraTi
5.2
distaluri da proqsimaluri stimulebi
distaluri stimuli aris garemoSi arsebuli
fizikuri stimuli, proqsimaluri ki _ sensoruli
aqtivobis forma, romelic distaluri stimuliTaa
gansazRvruli, rogorc suraTzea naCvenebi, proqsi-
maluri stimuli SeiZleba hgavdes distalur stimuls,
magram isini gansxvavebuli movlenebi arian.
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kidebuli. magaliTad, xeze moZravi arseba
vefxvia? es yovelTvis advili gasarkvevi ar
aris. daakvirdiT TeTr da Sav laqebs 5.4
suraTze. ra figuraa es? SeecadeT stimuli
figura gamoyoT fonidan da dainaxoT mimavali
dalmatineli. ZaRli Zneli dasanaxia, radgan
is ereva fons da konturebic gamokveTili ar
aris (SeniSvna: ZaRli naxatis marjvniv aris, Tavi
centrisaken aqvs mimarTuli). es stimuli
orazrovania, radgan kritikuli informacia
aklia, misi nawilebi uCveulodaa ganlagebuli
da Cveuli struqtura ar Cans. orazrovneba
aRqmis gagebisTvis mniSvnelovani cnebaa. is
gviCvenebs, rom sensorul safexurze mocemuli
calkeuli xati SeiZleba mravalnairad inter-
pretirdes aRqmisa da identifikaciis safe-
xurebze.
5.5 suraTze mocemulia orazrovani figurebis
sami magaliTi. TiToeuli maTganis ornairad
interpretaciaa SesaZlebeli. daakvirdiT
TiToeul gamosaxulebas, sanam ar dainaxavT or
alternatiul figuras. aseve, SevniSnavT, rom
mas Semdeg, rac orive figuras dainaxavT,
orazrovani figuris yurebisas am alternativebs
SenacvlebiT (xan erTs, xan meores) aRiqvamT.
orazrovani figurebis es perceptuli labiloba
suraTi
5.3
SegrZnebis, perceptuli
organizaciis da
identifikacia/cnobis
safexurebi
diagrama gviCvenebs procesebs,
romlebic Semosuli informa-
ciis transformacias axdenen
SegrZnebis, perceptuli orga-
nizaciis da identifikacia/cno-
bis safexurebze. aRqmis aRma-
vali procesebi (qvemodan zem-
oT) maSin erTvebian, rodesac
Semosuli sensoruli infor-
maciidan perceptuli gamosa-
xuleba yalibdeba; daRmavali
procesebi (zemodan qvemoT) im
SemTxvevaSi moqmedeben, rodesac
perceptul gamosaxulebaze gav-
lenas axdens warsuli codna,
motivacia da fsiqikuri fun-
qcionirebis sxva aspeqtebi.
orazrovani gamosaxuleba (Ambiguity) _ perceptu-
li obieqti, romelsac SeiZleba erTze meti
interpretacia hqondes.
suraTi
5.4
orazrovani suraTi
ras xedavT suraTze? SeecadeT, dainaxoT mimavali
dalmatineli.
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(arastabiloba) maTi erT-erTi yvelaze mniS-
vnelovani maxasiaTebelia.
larkani/profilebi da nekeris kubi oraz-
rovani figurebis nimuSebia perceptuli orga-
nizaciis safexurze. am erTi da igive figurebs
Tqven orgvarad aRiqvamT. larkani/profilebi
SeiZleba dainaxoT, rogorc Savi fonis centrSi
moTavsebuli TeTri sagani, an ori Savi sagani
maT Soris gamyofi TeTri sivrciT. nekeris
kubi SeiZleba dainaxoT, rogorc samganzomi-
lebiani carieli kubi an Tqvengan qvemoT da
marcxniv kuTxiT an Tqvengan zemoT marjvniv
kuTxiT. cxadia, kubisa da larnaki/profilebis
orazrovani alternativebi erTi da imave sti-
muli xatiT arian gamowveulni, Tumca sti-
mulebis orazrovnebas samganzomilebian sivr-
ceSi figurebis specifikuri wyoba ganapirobebs.
kurdReli/ixvi figura orazrovnebis nimuSia
cnobis etapze. orive SemTxvevaSi is erTi da
igive fizikur figurad aRiqmeba. Tumca, vinaidan
figura Sereuli tipis informacias moicavs,
SesaZlo alternativebis gamoyofa da klasi-
fikacia mis orazrovnebas iwvevs.
bevrma gamoCenilma mxatvarma gamoiyena aRqmis
orazrovneba, rogorc mniSvnelovani Semoq-
medebiTi saSualeba Tavis namuSevrebSi. maga-
liTad, salvador dalis monaTa bazari vol-
teris uCinari biustiT (ix. sur. 5.6). es namuSevari
kompleqsur orazrovnebas gviCvenebs. suraTis
mTeli nawili radikalurad gansxavevebulad
unda interpretirdes, raTa davinaxoT frangi
filosofosis volteris `dafaruli~ biusti.
TeTri ca qveda TaRis qveS volteris Subli da
Tmaa. ori qalbatonis kabis TeTri nawili _
misi loyebi, cxviri da nikapia. rogorc ki
dainaxavT volteris biusts dalis am suraTze,
gagiCndebaT survili imis codnisa, Tu sadaa
frangi filosofosis figura damaluli.
normaluri aRqmis erT-erTi yvelaze funda-
menturi Tvisebaa garemos orazrovnebis da
gaurkvevlobis naTeli interpretaciiT Secvla,
raTa Tavdajerebuli moqmedeba SevZloT. cvli-
lebebiTa da aramdgradobiT savse samyaroSi
perceptuli sistema unda akmayofilebdes
mdgradobis da stabilobis miRwevis moTxov-
nilebas.
suraTi
5.5
perceptuli orazrovneba
TiToeuli nimuSis orgvari interpretaciaa SesaZlebeli, magram orives erTdroulad gancda ar
SegiZliaT. amCnevT, rogor enacvlebian es SesaZleblobebi erTmaneTs?
suraTi
5.6
orazrovneba mxatvrobaSi
salvador dalis am naxats ewodeba `monaTa bazari
volteris uCinari biustiT~. xedavT volters? dali
erT-erTi im Tanamedrove mxatvarTagania, romlebmac
Tavis namuSevrebSi orazrovneba gamoiyenes.
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iluziebi
orazrovani stimulebi perceptul sistemebs
rTul amocanas uyeneben _ ramdenime SesaZleb-
lobidan amoicnon erTi unikaluri figura.
orazrovani stimulebis interpretaciis siswore
an simcdare, Ceveulebriv, konteqstzea damo-
kidebuli. rodesac perceptuli sistema sti-
mulis struqturas mkveTrad amaxinjebs da
cvlis, Tqven iluzias ganicdiT.
sityva ìluzia~-s igive fuZe aqvs, rac `Seu-
sabamo~-s, ùazro~-s, `sasacilo~-s (ludicrous). ori-
ve warmodgeba laTinuri sityvidan illudere, rac
naSnavs dacinvas, masxrad agdebas. erTnair
iluziebs ganicdis adamianTa umetesoba erTsa
da imave perceptul situaciaSi, sensoruli
sistemis msgavsi fiziologiis da samyaroSi
sagnebis msgavsad gancdis gamo (rogorc me-6
TavSi vnaxavT, iluziebi gansxvavdeba haluci-
naciebisagan halucinacia aris aragavrcelebuli
suraTi
5.7
xuTi iluzia gonebis savarjiSo
TiToeuli nimuSi gviCvenebs aRqmis iluziebis gamomwvev pirobebs. mkvlevrebi xSirad iyeneben iluziebs
TavianTi Teoriebis Sesamowmeblad. es Teoriebi xsnian, perceptul sistemebSi, romlebic, Cveulebriv, sakmaod
zustad muSaoben, gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi rogor warmoiqmneba iluziebi.
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perceptuli damaxinjeba, rac adamianis uCveulo
fizikuri an fsiqikuri mdgomareobiTaa gamowve-
uli). ganvixiloT 5.7 suraTze warmodgenili
klasikuri iluziebi, Tumca, CvenTvis ufro ad-
vilia, vizualuri iluziebis ganxilva. iluzi-
ebi arsebobs sxva iseT sensorul modalobebSic,
rogoricaa smena (Bregman 1981; Saberi 1966; Shepard
& Jordan,1984) da gemo (Todrank & Bartoslu, 1991).
mas Semdeg, rac 1854-55 wels j. opelma (J.J.Oppel)
iluziebis pirveli mecnieruli analizi gamo-
aqveyna, aTasobiT statia daiwera iluziebze
bunebaSi, SegrZnebebSi, aRqmasa da xelovnebaSi.
opelis mokrZalebuli wvlili iluziebis Ses-
wavlaSi iyo xazebis ubralo rigi, romelic
ufro grZeli Canda, roca segmentebad iyo da-
yofili (varianti a), vidre maSin, roca mxolod
bolo xazebi iyo mocemuli (varianti b).
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (a)
| | (b)
opelma Tavis naSroms geometriuli optikuri
iluziebis Seswavla uwoda. iluziebi miuTiTebs
perceptul xatsa da realobas Soris gan-
sxvavebaze. maT SeiZleba gviCvenon abstraqtuli
konceptualuri gansxvaveba SegrZnebebs, per
ceptul organizacias da identifikacias Soris
da dagvexmaron aRqmis garkveuli fundamenturi
Tvisebebis gagebaSi.
mkvlevrebi xSirad igoneben axal iluziebs
an iyeneben Zvels, raTa perceptuli gadamuSavebis
mniSvnelovani Taviseburebebi gviCvenon. ganvi-
xiloT miuler-laieris iluziis sxvadasxva
versia, romelic 5.8 suraTzea mocemuli. versia
A pirvelad franc miuler-laierma (Muller-Lyer)
1889 wels ganixila naSromSi optikuri ilu-
ziebis Sesaxeb. Semdegi versiebi miulerma da
misma kolegebma 1900 wlamde Seqmnes. TiToeul
SemTxvevaSi monakveTebis sigrZe (an B versiaSi
kuTxeebis wveroebs Soris manZili) Tanabaria.
adamianebs xSirad ukvirT es faqti, Tqven ki
gadasamowmeblad SegiZliaT gazomoT. imis miu-
xedavad, rom es iluzia sakmaod didi xnis
winaa aRmoCenili da mkvlevrebmac mravaljer
suraTi
5.8
miuler-laieris iluziis variaciebi
miuler-laieris iluziis yvela mocemuli variacia 1900 wlamde Seiqmna. aRiqvamT
sigrZeebs Soris gansxvavebas TiToeul SemTxvevaSi? aRqmis mkvlevrebma iluziebis
axsna Teoriebis SeqmniT scades.
iluzia (Illusion) _ stimulis paternis gancda,
romelic aSkarad mcdaria, Tumca, igives ganic-
dian sxva adamianebic igive perceptul gare-
moSi.
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scades axsna, misi warmoSobis Sesaxeb Teoriebi
icvleba (Green & Nelson, 1997). misi simtkice, rac
ufro didi sigrZis iluziis advilad SeqmnaSi
gamoixateba, vizualuri gadamuSavebis sferoSi
Teoretikosebs axal problemebs uqmnis. es
magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom iluziebi ubralod
ucnauroba ar aris. isini fsiqologiuri Teo-
riebisaTvis mniSvnelovan monacemebs iZlevian.
amrigad, mkvlevrebs mxolod iluziebi ki ar
ainteresebT, aramed im garemoebebis Seswavlac,
romlebSic aRqma samyaroze zust informacias
iZleva.
ai, saukunis dasawyisis te-
leSouebisa da filmebisTvis
tipuri siuJeti: qali da mama-
kaci personaJebi xvdebian ko-
mpiuteriT Seqmnil virtualur
samyaroSi, rasac dramatuli
Sedegebi mosdevs. magaliTad,
`matricaSi~ (Tu filmi ar
gaqvT nanaxi, azri ara aqvs
Semdegi winadadebis wakiTxvas)
mTavari personaJi aRmoaCens,
rom yvelaferi, rac
`realurad~ miaCnia, sinam-
dvileSi superkompiuterebis
mier Seqmnili detalurad
damuSavebuli virtualuri
realobaa da es superkompiu-
terebi akontroleben pla-
netas. sabednierod, CvenTvis
xelmisawvdomi virtualuri
realobis versiebi jerjero-
biT sakmaod uwyinaria _ Cven
sakmaod iolad SegviZlia vir-
tualuri garemosgan Tavis
daRweva atraqcionebsa da ga-
sarTob centrebSi. virtua-
luri realobis gancdis xa-
risxis gaumjobeseba xSirad
damokidebulia mkvlevrebis
unarze, Seqmnan perceptuli
sistemis SecdomaSi Sesayvani
axali saSualebebi. virtua-
luri realobis Semqmnelebi
cdiloben, perceptuli pro-
cesebis mniSvnelovani kvleve-
bidan miRebuli codna sru-
liad axali samyaros cxovel
gancdebSi gadmoitanon.
mravali virtualuri rea-
lobis sistemis mizani monawi-
leTaTvis virtualur samya-
roSi yofnis gancdis Seqmnaa.
yofna ramdenime ganzomilebaze
ganisazRvreba, maT Soris aris
monawilis CarTva socialurad
mdidar an interaqciul ambavSi
(Lombard & Ditton, 1997), Tumca,
aRqmis TvalsazrisiT, vir-
tualur samyaroSi yofnis
SegrZneba, rogorc wesi, damo-
kidebulia virtualur sam-
yaroSi CaZirvaze, rac percep-
tulad realurad aRiqmeba.
bolo wlebSi mkvlevrebma
daiwyes im perceptuli infor-
maciis sistematuri Seswavla,
romelic saWiroa virtualur
samyaroSi TiTqmis srulyo-
filad yofnis uzrunvelsa-
yofad. yofnis Sesafaseblad
mkvlevrebi xSirad zomaven, ram-
denad kargad SeuZlia adamians
amocanis Sesruleba sxvadasxva
perceptuli konfiguraciis mqo-
ne virtualur samyaroSi (Nash
et al., 2000; Nichols et al., 2000).
ganvixiloT proeqti, romel-
Sic ikvlies vizualuri gamosa-
xulebis zemoqmedeba simula-
torSi manqanis marTvis unarze.
am amocanas mkvlevrebma gzis sa-
vali nawilis SenarCuneba (lane
keeping ) uwodes (Kappe et al., 1999).
monawileebi ukeT inarCunebdnen
gzis saval nawils, rodesac
ekrani perceptuli gada-
muSavebisaTvis saintereso
realur samyaroseul monacemebs
iZleoda. gavixsenoT, rom
realuri samyaros gancdisas
informacias iRebT rogorc
yuradRebis centridan, ise _
periferiidan. sainteresoa,
rogor xdeba es virtualur
samyaroSi? mkvlevrebma aRmoa-
Cines, rom monawileebi ukeT
inarCunebdnen gzis saval na-
wils, rodesac ekrani perife-
riul informacias iZleoda,
Tumca, ar iyo saWiro, rom es
periferiuli informacia, rea-
luri samyaros gancdis analo-
giurad, Zalze detaluri
yofiliyo. es aRmoCenebi
vizualuri ekranebis
dizainisTvis mniSvnelovan
informacias iZleva. am tipis
eqsperimenti gvarwmunebs, rom
mxolod vizualuri velis
centri saWiroebs Zlier deta-
lizacias. periferiuli in-
formacia mniSvnelovania, mag-
ram misi Sevseba SeiZleba glo-
baluri vizualuri struq-
turiT.
ueWvelia, rom ramdenime we-
liwadSi virtualuri samyaro
kidev ufro mimzidveli gax-
deba _ mkvlevrebsa da gamom-
goneblebs ukeT ecodinebaT,
rogor daarwmunon Tqveni
perceptuli sistemebi
kompiuteriT Seqmnili samya-
ros `realurobaSi~.
Web sites
www.hitl.washington.ed/
projects/knowlege-base/onthenet. html,
(veb-gverdi, romelic vir-
tualur realobaze moicavs
monacemebs)
www.vrs.org.uk (virtualu-
ri sazogadoebis veb-gverdi)
virtualuri realoba
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iluziebi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
iluziebi Cveni cxovrebis ganuyreli nawilia.
ganvixiloT Cveni planeta `dedamiwis~ yovel-
dRiuri gamocdileba~. Tqven xedavT
mzis àmosvlas~ da `Casvlas~, Tumca iciT, rom
mze dasabamidan mzis sistemis centrSia moTav-
sebuli. albaT, gasagebia, ratom iyo udidesi
simamacis gamovlena qristefore kolumbis da
sxva zRvaosnebis mxridan, rom uareyoT
dedamiwis sibrtyelis aSkara iluzia da misi
erT-erTi kidisaken gaecuraT. aseve, roca savse
mTvarea caze, geCvenebaT, rom sadac ar unda
waxvideT, is Tan mogyvebaT, Tumca, iciT, rom es
ase ara aris. esec iluziaa, romlsac Tqven
Tvalebsa da mTvares Soris arsebuli udidesi
manZili iwvevs. saqme isaa, rom mTvaridan
areklili sinaTlis sxivebi Tqveni moZraobis
mimarTulebis mimarT ZiriTadad paraleluri
da perpendikularuli rCeba, mniSvneloba ara
aqvs, Tu sad midixarT.
adamianebs SeuZliaT iluziebis kontroli
sasurveli efeqtebis misaRwevad. arqiteqtorebi
da interieris dizainrebi aRqmis principebs
iyeneben sivrceSi sagnebis Sesaqmnelad, rom-
lebic maT realur zomebze ufro didad an
mcired gamoiyurebian. mcire zomis bina ufro
farTod gamoCndeba, Tu mas naTeli ferebiT
SeRebaven, avejiT ar gadatvirTaven da patara
dabal taxtebs, skamebs da magidebs kedlis
gaswvriv ki ar ganalageben, aramed _ oTaxis
centrSi. nasaSi (NASA) sivrciT programebSi
momuSave fsiqologebma aRqmaze garemos gavlena
gamoikvlies, raTa kosmosuri xomaldis Sida
sivrce ise moewyoT, rom mas sasiamovno
sensoruli Tvisebebi hqonoda. dekoraciebisa
da ganaTebis reJisorebi kinosa da Teatralur
xelovnebaSi ganzrax qmnian iluziebs filmebsa
da scenaze. am iluziebidan zogi ufro sasur-
velia, vidre sxvebi. Cven, Cveulebriv, mogvwons
kargad mowyobili garemo. mkvlevrebi swored
imitom ikvleven iluziebs, rom ukeT axsnan
aRqmis moqmedebis kanonzomiereba. iluziebi ki,
Tavis mxriv, gvarwmuneben, rom perceptuli
sistemebiT yovelTvis srulyofilad ver miiReba
proqsimaluri stimulidan distaluri stimuli.
aRqmis Semswavleli midgomebi
Tqven ukve gaecaniT aRqmis ramdenime arsebiT
kiTxvas: rogor aRadgens perceptuli sistema
informacias garemos struqturis Sesaxeb?
rogor xdeba perceptuli orazrovnebis
problemis gadaWra? ratom Cndeba iluziebi? am
kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemamde, saWiroa ukeT
gaverkveT im TeoriebSi, romelTac mniSvnelovani
adgili ukaviaT aRqmis kvlevaSi.
am Teoriebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis
danaxva SesaZlebelia me-3 TavSi, sadac saubaria
Tandayolilis (nativizmis) da SeZenilis
(empirizmis) urTierTgamijvnaze. sakiTxi ase dgas:
ra raodenobis sawyisi SesaZleblobebis
matarebelia Tqveni genotipi. rogorc nativistma
SeiZleba amtkicoT, rom samyaroSi garkveuli
tipis Sinagani codniT an tvinis struqturebiT
SedixarT, romelic samyaros interpretaciaSi
gexmarebaT; an, rogorc empiristma, SeiZleba
amtkicoT, rom samyaroSi SedixarT, rogorc
sufTa dafa, mzad imisaTvis rom SeiswavloT
perceptuli samyaro. Tanamedrove Teoritikosebis
umravlesoba Tanxmdeba imaze, rom samyaros
gancdisTvis mniSvnelovania Tandayolilisa da
SeZenilis kombinacia, Tumca, vnaxavT, rom isini
ver Tanxmdebian am kombinaciis balansze.
helmholcis klasikuri Teoria
1866 wels herman fon helmholci (Hermann von
Helmholtz) aRqmaSi gamocdilebis, anu SeZenilis
mniSvnelovnebis pozicias icavda. misi Teoriis
mixedviT, nervul sistemaze moqmedi, xSirad
orazrovani stimulebis interpretaciisas
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba fsiqikur procesebs
eniWeba. garemos Sesaxeb warsulSi miRebuli
codnis safuZvelze damkvirvebeli qmnis hipo-
Tezebs, anu varaudebs imis Taobaze, Tu rogoria
esa Tu is sagani sinamdvileSi. magaliTad, tyeSi
moulodnelad danaxul oTxfexa arsebas, albaT,
ZaRlad ufro miiCnevT, vidre _ mglad. amdenad,
aRqma induqciuri procesia konkretuli, sava-
raudo kerZo xatidan daskvnis gakeTeba sagnebis
an movlenebis zogad klasze xdeba, romelsac
SeiZleba es konkretuli xati miekuTvnebodes.
radgan es procesi cnobierebis monawileobis
gareSe mimdinareobs, helmholcma mas aracno-
bieri daskvna (unconscious inference) uwoda. es
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daskvniTi procesi, Cveulebriv, zustad
muSaobs, Tumca, SeiZleba perceptuli iluziebi
warmoiqmnas, rodesac uCveulo garemoeba erTi
da igive stimulis mravalnairi interpretaciis
saSualebas iZleva, an, rodesac axlis nacvlad
Zveli da nacnobi gziT xdeba interpretacia.
helmholcis Teoria aRqmas or etapad yofs.
pirvel, analitikur etapze grZnobis organoebi
fundamenturi SegrZnebebis doneze axdenen
samyaros analizs; meore, sinTezis, safexurze
xdeba am sensoruli elementebis gaerTianeba
da sinTezireba obieqtebis da maTi Tvisebebis
aRqmis saxiT. helmholcis Teoriis mixedviT,
Cven SegrZnebebis interpretacias garemodan
miRebuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze vaxdenT.
Cveni interpretaciebi, faqtobrivad, Cveni
percepciis (aRqmis) Sesaxeb informirebul vara-
udebs warmoadgens.
geStaltmidgoma
geStaltfsiqologia, romelic XX saukunis
II naxevarSi germaniaSi Camoyalibda, did
yuradRebas uTmobda perceptul gamocdilebaSi
Tandayolili struqturebis rols. geStalt-
fsiqologiis gamoCenili warmomadgenlebi:
kurt kofka (Kurt Koffka, 1935), volfgang keleri
(Wolfgang Kohler, 1947) da maqs verThaimeri (Max
Wertheimer, 1923) amtkicebdnen, rom fsiqologiuri
fenomenis gageba mxolod maSin aris SesaZle-
beli, Tu mas organizebul, struqturul
mTlianobad miviCnevT da ar davanawevrebT
primitiul, martiv perceptul elementebad.
germanuli termini geStalti miaxloebiT
`formas~, `mTlians~, `konfiguracias~ an àrss~
niSnavs. geStaltistebma uaryves fsiqologiaSi
arsebuli atomisturi Tvalsazrisi. isini amtki-
cebdnen, rom mTeli gacilebiT metia, vidre
misi nawilebis ubralo meqanikuri jami. magali-
Tad, roca musikas vusmenT, mTlian melodias
aRviqvamT, miuxedavad imisa, rom is calkeuli
bgerebisagan Sedgeba. geStaltfsiqologiis
mixedviT, samyaros holsturi aRqmis Camoya-
libeba ganpirobebulia Tavis tvinis qerqis
(korteqsis) funqcionirebis TaviseburebiT. Cven
CvenTvis Cveuli gziT imitom vawesrigebT sen-
sorul informacias, rom es Semomavali
sensoruli informaciis organizebis umar-
tivesi da yvelaze ekonomiuri gzaa, tvinis
struqturidan da fiziologiidan gamomdinare
(Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT geStaltistebis
mier SemoTavazebul, perceptuli organizaciis
magaliTebs).
gibsonis ekologiuri optika
jeims gibsonma (James Gibson, 1966, 1979) da
elinor gibsonma (Eleanor Gibson) aRqmisadmi
Zalze mniSvnelovani midgoma SemogvTavazes.
gibsoni aRqmas organizmis struqturis Sedegad
ki ar miiCnevda, aramed fiqrobda, rom misi
ukeT gageba uSualo garemos (anu misi ekolo-
giis) analiziT iyo SesaZlebeli. erT-erTi
avtoris TqmiT, gibsonis midgoma aseTi iyo:
àr ikiTxoT, ra aris Tqvens TavSi, ikiTxeT _
ris SigniTaa Tqveni Tavi~ (Mace, 1977). gibsonis
ekologiuri optikis Teoria garegani stimu-
lebis Tvisebebs ufro met yuradRebas aqcevda,
vidre im meqanizmebs, romliTac am stimulebis
aRqma xdeba. es midgoma radikalurad gan-
sxvavdeboda manamde arsebuli yvela Teo-
riisgan. gibsonis koncefciaSi aRqma gagebulia,
rogorc garemos aqtiuri gamokvleva. rodesac
damkvirvebeli garemoSi moZraobs, baduraze
stimulaciis paterni mudmivad icvleba drosa
da sivrceSi. ekologiuri optikis Teoria
cdilobda, ganesazRvra garemos Sesaxeb is
informacia, romelic xelmisawvdomi iqneboda
moZravi damkvirveblis TvalisaTvis. gibsonis
mimdevari Teoritikosebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom
perceptuli sistemebi ganuviTardaT organiz-
mebs, romlebic rTul da cvalebad garemoSi
aqtiurebi iyvnen _ moipovebdnen sakvebs, wyals,
aracnobieri daskvna (Unconscious inference) _ helm-
holcis termini, romelic gacnobierebis gareSe
mimdinare aRqmas aRniSnavs.
geStaltfsiqologia (Gestalt psychology) _ fsiqo-
logiuri skola, romelic amtkicebs, rom fsiqo-
logiuri fenomenis gageba mxolod maSin aris
SesaZlebeli, Tu mas organizebul, struqturul
mTlianobad miviCnevT da ar davanawevrebT pro-
mitiul, martiv, perceptul elementebad.
ekologiuri optikis Teoria (Theory of ecological
optics) _ aRqmis Teoria, romelic xazs usvams
sastimulo informaciis mravalferovnebas da
aRqmas garemos aqtiur gamokvlevad miiCnevs.
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mewyvilesa da TavSesafars (Gibson, 1979; Greeno,
1994; Nakayama, 1994).
gibsonis mixedviT, kiTxvaze _ `rogor swav-
lob garemos?~ pasuxi sakmaod advilia. Tqven
garemodan pirdapir iRebT informacias senso-
ruli informaciis invariantuli anu stabi-
luri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi araa
saWiro perceptuli daskvnis maRali donis
sistemebis hipoTeturi konstruqtebis Seqmna _
aRqma pirdapir, uSualod xdeba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom garemoSi arsebuli TiToeuli sagnis
retinaluri zoma da forma icvleba damkvir-
veblidan sagnis daSorebulobisa da xedvis
kuTxis mixedviT, cvlilebebi SemTxveviTi ar
aris. metic, es cvlilebebi sistematuria da
sagnidan areklili sinaTlis ZiriTadi Tvi-
sebebi ar icvleba (invariantulia) aRqmis
kuTxisa da daSorebis aseTi cvlilebis piro-
bebSic ki. vizualuri sistema isea mowyobili,
rom amCnevs am invariantulobas. adamianebi iseT
garemoSi viTardebodnen, sadac swored inva-
riantobis aRqmas hqonda sasicocxlo mniS-
vneloba.
amrigad, Tqven ukve gaecaniT im Teoriebs,
romlebic mkvlevrebma perceptuli procesebis
asaxsnelad Seqmnes. am procesebis gacnobamde
ganvixiloT, rogor xdeba samyaroSi xel-
misawvdomi informaciis mcire nawilis SerCeva
da misTvis yuradRebis mipyroba.
Sejameba
aRqmis mTliani procesi SeiZleba sam safe-
xurad daiyos: SegrZneba, perceptuli organi-
zacia da identifikacia/cnoba. vizualuri
aRqmis ZiriTadi amocanaa distaluri stimulis
(garemoSi arsebuli realuri obieqtis) identi-
fikacia da interpretacia, proqsimaluri
stimulidan (obieqtis retinaluri gamosaxule-
bidan) miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze.
orazrovan figurebs mxolod erTi interpre-
tacia aqvs sensorul doneze, mravali SesaZlo
interpretacia ki _ organizaciis da identifi-
kaciis doneze. iluziebi SezRudvebs uqmnian
perceptuli procesebis Sesaxeb Teoriebs.
aRqmis Teoriebi, Cveulebriv, Tanxmdebian
imaze, rom perceptuli unari Tandayolili da
SeZenili procesebis Sedegia, Tumca, ver Tan-
xmdebian maT Soris balansze. helmholci xazs
usvamda gamocdilebis mniSvnelovnebas da
varaudobda, rom aRqmis didi nawili ara-
cnobier daskvnas efuZneboda. geStalt-midgoma
aRniSnavda, rom perceptuli gamocdileba
ganxilul unda yofiliyo, rogorc mTeli da
aRqmaSi Tandayolili procesebis rols uWerda
mxars; jeims gibsoniseuli midgoma ki xazs
usvamda damkvirveblis, rogorc aqtiuri
subieqtis rols da did mniSvnelobas aniWebda
garemodan wamosul invariantul informacias.
SeecadeT, Tqvens irgvliv aRmoaCinoT aTi
ram, romelic am momentamde ar SegimCneviaT.
SeamCnieT laqa kedelze? saaTis wikwiki? Tu
garemos Zalze yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT,
aRmovaCenT, rom aTasobiT sagania irgvliv,
romlisTvisac yuradRebis miqceva SeiZleboda.
zogadad, rac metad mivaqcevT yuradRebas sagns
Tu movlenas, metis aRqmasa da gagebas SevZlebT
masze. amitom aris yuradReba aRmis Seswav-
lisas mniSvnelovani Tema. yuradRebis fokusi
gansazRvravs, ra tipis informacia iqneba yve-
laze xelmisawvdomi perceptuli procese-
yuradReba (Attention) _ xelmisawvdomi perceptuli
informaciis romelime nawilze cnobierebis
fokusireba.
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bisaTvis. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, mkvlevrebi
Seecadnen gaerkviaT, Tu garemodan momdinare
ra tipis stimulebs eqceva Cveni yuradReba
da ra wvlili Seaqvs yuradRebas stimulebis
gancdaSi. Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT, rogor
funqcionirebs yuradReba seleqciurad, raTa
garemoSi garkveul sagnebsa da movlenebs meti
mniSvnelovneba mianiWos.
seleqciuri (SerCeviTi) yuradReba
am qveTavis dasawyisSi gTxoveT, yuradReba
migeqciaT ramdenime sagnisaTvis, romlebic
manamde ar SegimCneviaT. es eqsperimenti gviCve-
nebs yuradRebis mniSvnelovan funqcias, rac
Semavali sensoruli masalis garkveuli nawilis
SerCevaSi gamoixateba. es nawili Semdeg gada-
muSavdeba. vnaxoT, rogor virCevT, samyaros ro-
mel nawils (subset) mivaqcioT yuradReba da ra
Sedegi mosdevs am gadawyvetilebas CvenTvis io-
lad xelmisawvdomi informaciis TvalsazrisiT.
yuradRebis faqtorebi
rogor virCevT sagnebs, romlebic Cveni
yuradRebis centrSi eqcevian? am kiTxvaze pasuxs
ori komponenti aqvs. maT mizniT marTul seleq-
cias (goal-derected) da stimuliT gamowveul
yuradRebis mipyrobas (stimulus-driven capture)
uwodeben
1
(Jantis, 1993). mizniT marTuli SerCevi-
sas Tqveni miznebidan gamomdinare irCevT, Tu
romel obieqts miaqcioT yuradReba. cxadia, rom
SegiZliaT eqspliciturad airCioT calkeuli
obieqtebi Sesaswavlad. stimuliT gamowveuli
SerCeva maSin xdeba, rodesac stimulis _
garemoSi arsebuli obieqtebis _ maxasiaTeblebi
TavisTavad, avtomaturad iqceven yuradRebas,
Tqveni, rogorc damkvirveblis, miznebisagan
damoukideblad. stimuliT gamowveuli SerCeva
iqneba, magaliTad, Tu saWesTan mjdomi SuqniSanze
gaCerdebiT da ocnebebSi waxvalT; SuqniSnis
moulodneli cvlileba _ wiTeli Suqidan
mwvaneze _ gansakuTrebuli koncentraciis
gareSec miiqcevs Tqvens yuradRebas.
sainteresoa, ra kavSiria am or process
Soris. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom garkveul pi-
robebSi mainc, stimuliT gamowveuli yuradReba
Warbobs mizniT marTul seleqcias.
saidan
viciT
konkurencia procesebs Soris, romlebic
yuradRebis fokusirebasac gansazRvraven
mkvlevrebma Seqmnes vizualuri ekranebi,
romlebic mizniT marTul SerCevasa da
stimuliT gamowveul yuradRebas konku-
renciul pirobebSi ayenebdnen (Theeuwes et
al., 1998). rogorc 5.9 suraTis A nawilzea
mocemuli, eqsperimentis TiToeuli sinjis
dasawyisSi cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen vi-
zualur ekrans, romelzedac mocemuli
iyo 6 nacrisferi wre SigniT Cawerili
cifriT 8. erTi wamis Semdeg ekrani icv-
leboda. seriebis meore naxevarSi, rogorc
B nawilzea mocemuli, erTi wris garda
yvela wre wiTeli feris gaxda. cdis
pirebis amocana iyo, SeexedaT darCenili
nacrisferi wrisTvis da eTqvaT, masSi
Cveulebrivi C ewera, Tu Sebrunebuli. cdis
pirebi am amocanis Sesrulebisas mizniT
marTul SerCevas iyenebdnen. maT ganzrax,
mizanmimarTulad gadahqondaT yuradReba
darCenil nacrisfer wreze. axla ganvixi-
loT 5.9 suraTis C nawili. am SemTxvevaSi,
romelic cdebis meore naxevars war-
moadgens, vizualur mwkrivs axali ele-
menti daemata _ wiTeli wre. axali
obieqtebi im saxis stimulebs miekuTvneba,
romlebic, Cveulebriv, stimuliT gamow-
1
qarTul fsiqologiaSi: aRqmis subieqturi da
obieqturi faqtorebi (redaqtoris SeniSvna).
mizniT marTuli seleqcia (Goal-directed selection)
_ gansazRvravs imas, Tu adamianebi ratom ir-
Ceven Semomavali sensoruli informaciis raRac
nawils Semdegi gadamuSavebisaTvis. SerCeva
adamianis miznebidan gamomdinare xdeba.
stimuliT gamowveuli yuradRebis mipyroba
(Stimulus-driven capture) _ gansazRvravs imas, Tu
adamianebi ratom irCeven sensoruli Semomavali
informaciis raRac nawils Semdegi gadamuSa-
vebisaTvis; xdeba maSin, rodesac stimulebis
niSnebi (sagnebi garemoSi) avtomaturad ipyroben
yuradRebas, adamianis kerZo miznebisgan damou-
kideblad.
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veul SerCevas iwveven. Cveulebriv piro-
bebSi mosalodneli iqneboda, rom cdis
pirebi mzeras am axal obieqtze gadai-
tandnen, Tumca, am konkretul eqsperimentSi
maT es ar moeTxovebodaT. maT isev
sTxovdnen, daefiqsirebinaT mxolod erTi
nacrisferi wris Sinaarsi. Dda ra xde-
boda? cdis pirebi ar aqcevdnen yuradRebas
wiTel wres? faqtobrivad, umetes Sem-
TxvevaSi axali obieqti avtomaturad
iqcevda cdis pirTa yuradRebas, miuxedavad
imisa, rom is sruliad ar Seesabameboda
eqsperimentatoris mier maTTvis dasaxul
mizans.
es fenomeni SeiZleba stimuliT gamowveul
SerCevad miviCnioT, radgan is aRmqmelis miznebis
sapirispirod moqmedebs. cxadia, monawileebi
ukeT Seasrulebdnen amocanas, Tu yuradRebas
ar miaqcevdnen wiTel wres, magram maTi ig-
norireba SeuZlebelia (miuxedavad imisa, rom
monawileebs TiTqmis yovelTvis urCevniaT, rac
SeiZleba kargad Seasrulon mkvlevris mier
dasaxuli amocana). mniSvnelovani zogadi daskvna
isaa, rom Cveni perceptuli sistema isea
mowyobili, rom yuradReba avtomaturad eqceva
garemoSi gamoCenil axal sagnebs (Yantis & Jonides,
1996).
yuradRebis miRma darCenili informacia
Tu Tqven SerCeviTad miaqcieT yuradReba
perceptuli ekranis romelime nawils, sakuTari
miznebidan an stimulis Tvisebebidan gamom-
dinare, ra bedi eweva yuradRebis miRma darCenil
informacias? warmoidgineT, rom usmenT leqcias,
Tqvengan orive mxares ki adamianebi saubroben.
rogor SeZlebT mihyveT leqciis Sinaarss? ra
gesmiT saubridan? SeiZleba rame iseTs mokraT
yuri romelime saubris SinaarsSi, rac leq-
ciidan Tqveni yuradRebis gadanacvlebas
gamoiwvevs?
am kiTxvebiT pirvelad ronald broudbenTi
(Ronald Brodbent, 1958) dainteresda. igi tvins sako-
munikacio arxs _ telefonis xazs an kompiuteris
kavSirebs _ adarebda, romelic aqtiurad
gadaamuSavebs da gadascems informacias. broud-
benTis Teoriis mixedviT, tvins, rogorc sako-
munikacio arxs, informaciis sruli gadamuSa-
vebis SezRuduli SesaZlebloba aqvs. amis gamo
saWiroa, rom yuradRebam mkacrad daareguliros
Semavali sensoruli informaciis cnobierebaSi
gadasvla. yuradReba aviwroebs kognitur sis-
temaSi Semavali informaciis nakads, filtravs
garkveul nawils da danarCen informacias
Semdeg safexurze uSvebs. yuradRebis filtris
Teoria (filter theory) amtkicebs, rom Semomavali
informaciis seleqcia misi mniSvnelobis wvdo-
mamde xdeba.
filtris Teoriis Sesamowmeblad mkvlev-
rebma laboratoriaSi Seqmnes realuri cxov-
rebiseuli situacia, sadac Semomavali infor-
maciis mravali wyaro gvaqvs. amisaTvis maT
gamoiyenes dixotomiuri mosmenis meTodi. am
eqsperimentSi monawileebs ukeTiaT yursas-
suraTi
5.9
yuradRebis gamomwvevi procesebi
am eqsperimentis TiToeuli seriis dasawyisSi, cdis
pirebi uyurebdnen ekrans, romelzec gamosaxuli iyo
eqvsi nacrisferi wre (nawili A). rodesac ekrani
icvleboda, cdis pirebis amocana iyo, eTqvaT, darCenil
nacrisfer wreSi rogori C iyo Cawerili. seriis
naxevarSi ekranze ar iyo axali obieqtebi (nawili B),
meore naxevarSi ki _ iyo (nawili C). miuxedavad imisa,
rom cdis pirebis amocana iyo erTi nacrisferi wrisTvis
yuradRebis miqceva, axali obieqti gamoCenisTanave
avtomaturad ipyrobda maT yuradRebas.
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menebi, romelSic erTdroulad usmenen or
Caweril informacias. TiToeul yurSi
gansxvavebuli informacia miewodebaT.
monawileebs eZlevaT instruqcia,
eqsperimentators gadascen mxolod erT-erTi
Setyobineba da ar mousminon meore yurSi
miwodebul informacias. am proceduras
uwodeben yuradRebamiqceuli informaciis
daCrdilvas (ix. sur. 5.10).
filtris Teoriis mosazreba eWvqveS dadga,
rodesac aRmoCnda, rom zogierTi msmeneli
ixsenebda iseT momentebs, romelTa gaxsenebasac
ver SeZlebda, yuradRebas mTlianad rom
gaefiltra ignorirebuli masala (Cherry, 1953).
sanimuSod ganvixiloT sakuTari saxelis maga-
liTi. adamianebi xSirad amboben, rom yuri mok-
res sakuTar saxels xmaurian oTaxSi maSinac
ki, roca isini sxva saubarSi iyvnen CarTulni.
amas koqteilis wveulebis fenomens (cocktail party
phenomenon) uwodeben.
saidan
viciT
gvWirdeba Tu ara yuradReba sakuTari
saxelis gasagonad?
cdis pirebi erTdroulad ismendnen ori
adamianis xmas, romlebic erTmarcvliani
sityvebis mwkrivs kiTxulobdnen. maT
sTxovdnen, yuradReba mieqciaT mxolod
marjvena yurSi miwodebuli infor-
maciisaTvis da sityvebi maqsimalurad
zustad gaemeorebinaT. eqsperimentis mim-
dinareobis garkveul momentSi TiToeul
monawiles (sakontrolo jgufis garda)
sxva sityvebTan erTad asmeninebdnen sa-
kuTar saxels im yurSi, romelSic mowo-
debuli informaciisTvis yuradReba ar
unda mieqciaT. sainteresoa, gaigones Tu
ar maT sakuTari saxelebi? cdis pirTa
daaxloebiT 1/3-ma (34%-ma), romelsac
saxels ukiTxavdnen, gaigona sakuTari
saxeli, Tumca maT ver gaigones verc erTi
sxva saxeli iseve, rogorc sakontrolo
jgufis cdis pirebma (romelTac saxelebs
ar ukiTxavdnen). garda amisa, damCrdilavi
qmedebis (shadowing performance) gamo, mona-
wileebi, romlebmac sakuTari saxeli gai-
gones (da mxolod es jgufi), saxelis ga-
gonebis Semdeg maSinve ferxdebodnen (Wood
& Cowan, 1995a).
es Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom sakuTari saxeli
aucileblobiT ar iqcevs yuradRebas, vinaidan
msmenelTa 2/3-ma ver gaigona is. miuxedevad amisa,
Sedegebi naTlad gviCvenebs, rom mainc xdeba
ignorirebuli arxis garkveulwilad gaazre-
buli analizi sxva SemTxvevaSi msmenelTa 1/3
verasodes miaqcevda yuradRebas sakuTar saxels.
aseTi tipis eqsperimentis safuZvelze mkvlev-
rebi varaudoben, rom yuradRebis miRma darCeni-
li informacia garkveulwilad mainc gadamuSav-
deba, magram imdenad ara, rom cnobierebis
sazRvrebs miaRwios (Woods & Cowan, 1995). infor-
macia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiqcevs yurad-
suraTi
5.10
diqotomiuri mosmenis amocana
cdis piri erTdroulad ismens sxvadasxva cifrebs
TiToeul yurSi: 2 (marcxena), 7 (marjvena), 6 (marcxena),
9 (marjvena), 1 (marcxena), 5 (marjvena). igi mosmenils
ambobs swor rigad _ 261 da 795. xolo, rodesac sTxoven,
mousminos mxolod marjvena yurSi miwodebul masalas,
cdis piri ambobs mxolod 795-s.
diqotomiuri mosmena (Dichotic listening) _ eqsperi-
mentuli meTodi, rodesac gansxvavebuli audia-
luri stimuli miewodeba TiToeul yurs.
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba (Preattentive process-
ing) _ sensoruli informaciis gadamuSaveba,
romelic yuradRebas specifikur obieqtze
mimarTavs.
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Rebas, Tu yuradRebis miRma darCenili infor-
maciis maxasiaTeblebi sakmarisad gamodiferen-
cirebuli iqneba, magaliTad, Tu es iqneba msme-
nelis saxeli (yuradRebasa da cnobierebas
Soris kavSirs me-6 TavSi davubrundebiT). zogadi
principi isaa, rom yuradRebis miRma darCenili
informaciis arsebobis Sesaxeb araferi viciT.
amrigad, gasagebia, ratomaa saxifaTo yuradRebis
gadanacvleba mocemul momentSi aqtualuri
amocanidan, an miznidan. Tu yuradRebas ver
miaqcevT garkveul informacias, magaliTad,
profesoris leqcias, masala TavisTvis darCeba
da Tqven ver moismenT mas!
axla vnaxoT, ra roli ekisreba yuradRebas
garemoSi sagnebis moZebnasa da maT sworad
identificirebaSi.
yuradReba da sagnebi garemoSi
yuradRebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi funqciaa xma-
urian vizualur garemoSi konkretuli obieq-
tebis moZebna. am meqanizmis sanaxavad sakmaod
martivi eqsperimentis Catareba SeiZleba. dadeT
wigni erTi wuTiT da SeecadeT:
moZebnoT rame wiTeli. axla scadeT, ipovoT
rame alisferi;
moZebnoT rame oTxkuTxedi. axla scadeT,
ipovoT rame mrgvali;
moZebnoT rame lurji, Semdeg scadeT, ipo-
voT rame, rac mrgvalic iqneba da lurjic.
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi risi povna ufro gagiZ-
neldaT? mkvlevrebi irwmunebian, rom alisfris
povna ufro advilia, vidre wiTlis (Treisman &
Gormican, 1988); oTxkuTxedis ufro advilia,
vidre _ mrgvalis (Kim & Cave, 1995) da rame erTi
niSniT gansazRvruli ufro advilia, vidre ori
_ niSniT gansazRvrulis (Treisman & Sato, 1990). ro-
gor fiqrobT, ratom aris ase? Tqven es-esaa
gaecaniT yuradRebamdeli gadamuSavebis (preatten-
tive processing) zogierT maxasiaTebels, rac gan-
sxvavdeba gadamuSavebis im procesebisagan, rom-
lebic yuradRebas saWiroeben.
miuxedavad imisa, rom cnobieri mexsiereba
da sagnebis cnoba yuradRebas saWiroebs, infor-
maciis sakmaod rTuli gadamuSaveba yuradRebisa
da cnobierebis gareSec xdeba (Kubovy et al., 1999).
gadamuSavebis am adreul etaps yuradRebamdeli
gadamuSaveba ewodeba, radgan is Semomaval
suraTi
5.11
yuradReba da vizualuri
Zebna
(A) ipoveT erTi gamorCeuli niS-
niT gansxvavebuli sagani, SegiZ-
liaT gamoiyenoT paraleluri Zeb-
na (gadasinjva).
(B) ipoveT sagani niSnebis erTob-
liobis mixedviT, unda gamoiyenoT
seriuli Zebna.
(C) vinaidan paraleluri Zebna
gamoiyeneba, moZebnas erTnairi dro
sWirdeba yuradRebis gamfantvelis
raodenobis miuxedavad.
(D) seriul Zebnaze yuradRebis
gamfantvelebis raodenoba axdens
gavlenas. D nawilSi Zebna ufro
swrafad xdeba, vidre B-Si.
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sensorul masalaze yuradRebis miqcevamde,
sensoruli receptorebidan tvinSi Sesvlis-
Tanave, moqmedebs.
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSavebis saSualebiT
advilad vpoulobT mxolod erTi niSniT
gamorCeul sagnebs (Treisman & Sato, 1990; Wolfe, 1992).
SexedeT 5.11 suraTis A nawils. SegiZliaT,
ipovoT TeTri T? es aris oTaxSi, Tqvens irgvliv,
lurji obieqtebis povnis msgavsi amocana.
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba saSualebas gaZ-
levT, paralelurad gadasinjoT garemo erTi
calkeuli gamorCeuli niSnis mixedviT. es
niSnavs, rom Tqven SegiZliaT erTdroulad gada-
sinjoT ekranis mTeli zedapiri. am paraleluri
gadasinjvis Sedegad yuradReba erT saTanado
obieqtze koncentrirdeba, Tumca, yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom yvela calkeuli niSani Tanabrad
gamorCeuli ar aris. bevri adamianisaTvis kvad-
ratis povna ufro advilia, vidre _ wris, albaT
imitom, rom marTkuTxedis kuTxeebi gamokve-
Tilia (Kim & Cave, 1995). adamianebis umetesoba
ufro advilad poulobs ZiriTadi ferisgan
gansxvavebul fers, rogorc, magaliTad, alis-
feri gansxvavdeba wiTlisagan, albaT imitom,
rom aseTi feri gansxvavebulia garemos nor-
misagan (Treisman & Gormican, 1988 ).
calkeul niSnebs Soris aSkara gansxvavebis
miuxedavad, mainc gagiWirdebaT maTi kombina-
ciebis aRmoCena. ganvixiloT 5.11 suraTis B
nawili. kidev erTxel scadeT TeTri T-s povna.
ar geCvenebaT, rom es ufro Znelia? am
SemTxvevaSi yuradRebis sistema ar aris aRWur-
vili imisaTvis, rom paraleluri gadasinjvisas
(Zebnisas) TeTri T TeTri L-gan gamoyos. Tqven
kvlav SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT paraleluri
gadasinjvis SesaZlebloba da ugulvelyoT
yvela Savi T, magram Semdeg mogiwevT yvela TeTri
simbolos saTiTaod an seriulad gadasinjva.
es gamocdileba gansxvavdeba garemoSi erT-
droulad wiTeli da wriuli sagnis povnis
gamocdilebisgan. yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba
saSualebas gaZlevT, swrafad ipovoT wiTeli
feris an mrgvali formis sagnebi; igi garemos
marTuli gadasinjvis saSualebas iZleva (Wolfe,
1994; Wolfe & Gancarz, 1996). am TvalsazrisiT, Tqven
mainc gWirdebaT TiToeul saganze indi-
vidualurad yuradRebis miqceva, raTa gansazR-
vroT, Seesabameba Tu ara is ori niSnis kom-
binacias _ wiTelsa da mrgvals.
mkvlevrebi ganasxvaveben paralelur da
seriul Zebnas imis gansazRvriT, Tu ramdenad
Znelia samiznes povna, romelic yuradRebis
gamfantvelebis (distractors) raodenobis funqcias
warmoadgens. davuSvaT, gTxovT, moZebnoT ekranze
TeTr T xuTi Savi T-s garemocvaSi (rogorc 5.11
suraTis C nawilSia) da 34 Savi T-s garemocvaSi
(rogorc A nawilSia). radgan Tqven am ori
amocanis Sesruleba paralelulad SegiZliaT,
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi TeTri T-s povnas daax-
loebiT erTnairi dro dasWirdeba. meore mxriv,
rodesac am suraTze B nawilidan D nawilze
suraTi
5.12
orferiani sagnis moZebna
(A) moZebneT yviTeli da lurji sagani.
(B) moZebneT yviTeli saxli lurji
fanjrebiT.
(A) moZebna Zalian mouxerxebelia,
rodesac sagnis ori nawilis ori feris
erTobliobaa mosaZebni.
(B) moZebna ufro advilia, rodesac
mTeli sagnis feris da misi erT-erTi
nawilis feris erTobliobaa mosaZebni.
marTuli gadasinjva (Guided search) _
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gadaxvalT, igrZnobT, rom D nawilSi ufro
advilad poulobT TeTr T-s. Tqven TiToeuli
TeTri elementisaTvis seriulad yuradRebis
miqceva giwevT, ase rom, TiToeuli TeTri
elementi, romelsac uyurebT (sanam sasurvels
ipoviT) damatebiT dros garTmevT.
mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT am logikis gamoyeneba
perceptuli samyaros sxva iseTi aspeqtebis
aRmosaCenad, romlebic SeiZleba yuradRebamdel
gadamuSavebas saWiroebdnen. ganvixiloT 5.12
suraTis A nawili: SeecadeT, ipovoT yviTeli
da Savi sagnebi. B nawilSi SeecadeT, ipovoT
yviTeli saxli lurji fanjrebiT. meore amocana
ufro advili ar iyo vidre pirveli? davalebis
Sesrulebze nakleb gavlenas axdenen yuradRebis
damatebiTi gamfantvelebi (extre distractors),
rodesac ori feri CarTulia sagnis nawilebsa
da mTlianSi (Wolfe et al., 1994). am saxis magaliTebi
gvarwmunebs, rom yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba
garemoSi sagnebis sapovnelad SedarebiT daxve-
wil (kargad damuSavebuli meqanizmis mqone)
daxmarebas gvTavazobs.
axla ukve SegviZlia martivi niSnebis gadamu-
Savebidan mTliani sagnebisa da garemos aRqmis
ganxilvaze gadavideT.
Sejameba
garemoSi stimulebs SerCeviTad (seleqci-
urad) aqcevT yuradRebas mizniT marTuli
seleqciis gamo an imitom, rom stimulebidan
raRac iqcevs Tqvens yuradRebas, esaa stimuliT
gamowveuli SerCeva. yuradRebis filtris Teo-
riis mixedviT, tvins SezRuduli SesaZleblo-
bebi aqvs. yuradRebis miRma darCenili infor-
macia iSviaTad cnobierdeba. yuradRebamdeli
gadamuSaveba saSualebas gaZlevT, garemoSi
ipovoT sagnebi, romlebic SeiZleba erTi gamor-
Ceuli niSniT identificirdnen.
aRqmis organizaciis
procesebi
warmoidgineT ramdenad uwesrigo iqneboda
samyaro, rom ar SegvZleboda milioni retina-
luri receptoridan miRebuli informaciis
Tavmoyra da organizeba. TvalebTan moZravi da
mbrunavi ferebis daukavSirebeli nawilebis
kaleidoskopi geqnebodaT. procesebs, romlebic
sensorul informacias aerTianebs Tanmimdev-
ruli aRqmis misaRebad, perceptuli organiza-
ciis procesebi ewodeba. Cven ukve viciT, rom,
rasac adamiani aseTi perceptuli gadamuSavebis
Sedegad ganicdis, percepti (aRqmis xati)
ewodeba.
magaliTad, 5.13 suraTze mocemuli organzomi-
lebiani geometriuli kompoziciis perceptuli
suraTi
5.13
organzomilebiani geometriuli
figuris percepti
rogoria am geometriuli figuris Tqveni
percepti?
162
xati, albaT, sam diagonalur rigad ganlagebuli
figurebia, romelTagan I rigi kvadratebisgan
Sedgeba, II isrebisgan da III rombebisgan. amaSi
TiTqos araferia ucnauri, Tumca, rogorc wina
TavSi aRvniSneT, aRqmis yvela es, erTi SexedviT,
TavisTavadi procesi daxvewili, natifi
gadamuSavebiT aris gaadvilebuli. mravali
organizaciuli procesi, romelsac am qveTavSi
ganvixilavT, pirvelad geStaltistebma aRweres.
isini amtkicebdnen, rom aRqma damokidebulia
organizaciis kanonebze, anu im martiv princi-
pebze, romelTa saSualebiTac sagnis formebs
an gamosaxulebebs aRviqvamT.
figura, foni da
dasrulebuloba (Sevsebuloba)
ratom aRviqvamT 5.13 suraTs CvenTvis Cveuli
gziT? am gamosaxulebis aRqmisas organizaciuli
procesi mas figurad da fonad yofs. figura
Cans, rogorc sagnismagvari win wamoweuli are,
xolo foni _ rogorc sivrce, romelzec figura
devs. 5.13 suraTze muq adgilebs, albaT, figurad
aRiqvamT, naTel adgils _ fonad. Tumca, es
stimuli SeiZleba sxvagvaradac dainaxoT
figurisa da fonis SenacvlebiT, rogorc amas
orazrovani larnaki/profilebis SemTxvevaSi
akeTebdiT. amisaTvis, SeecadeT, dainaxoT TeTri
sivrce, rogorc didi TeTri furceli, romel-
zedac ganlagebuli 9 amoWrili figuridan Savi
foni moCans.
figuris fonidan win wamoweulad danaxvis
tendencia Zalze Zlieria. faqtobrivad, es
maSinac xdeba, rodesac figura realurad ar
arsebobs. 5.14 suraTis pirvel gamosaxulebaSi
Tqven, albaT, xedavT naZvis xes fonze, romelic
TeTr zedapirze mocemul ramdenime Sav wres
warmoadgens. Tumca, SevniSnavT, rom aq aranairi
naZvis xe ar arsebobs. figura Sedgeba mxolod
3 gancalkevebuli Savi figurisa da xazebisagan.
Tqven iluzorulad xedavT win wamoweul TeTr
samkuTxeds, radgan Savi gamosaxulebebis kideebi
isea ganlagebuli, rom mTliani TeTri sam-
kuTxedi geCvenebaT. 5.14 suraTis meore gamosa-
xuleba qmnis erTi dasrulebuli samkuTxedis
iluzias, romelic meores adevs, Tumca, realu-
rad arc erTi arsebobs.
am magaliTSi, rogorc Cans, figura-fonis
organizaciis sami donea: TeTri naZvis xe, Savi
wreebi da ufro farTo TeTri zedapiri am
yvelafris ukan. aRvniSnavT, rom stimulSi TeTr
ares Tqven perceptulad yofT or gansxvavebul
regionad: TeTr samkuTxedad da TeTr fonad. am
gayofis adgilze aRiqvamT iluzorul kon-
turebs. isini realurad arseboben ara dis-
talur stimulSi, aramed _ mxolod Tqvens
subieqtur gamocdilebaSi. iluzoruli
konturebi pirvelad 1900 wels aRweres, magram
yvela saidumlo jer mainc ar aris amoxsnili
(Lesher, 1995).
am suraTebze TeTri samkuTxedis aRqma kidev
erT mZlavr organizaciul process dasru-
lebulobas (Sevsebulobas) _ gviCvenebs. dasru-
figura (Figure) _ fonisagan gansxvavebuli, sag-
nismagvari win wamoweuli are vizualur velSi.
foni (Ground) _ sivrce vizualur velSi, ro-
melzec figura devs
suraTi
5.14
subieqturi konturebi,
romlebic kuTxeebs avseben
xedavT am suraTze gamosaxul
naZvis xes da or, erTmaneTze
dadebul samkuTxeds?
samkuTxedebi rom ararealuria
amaSi darwmunebiT, Tu or kuTxes
cera TiTebiT dafaravT.
subieqturi konturebis SeqmniT,
perceptuli organizebis procesebi
stimulSi figurasa da fons
gamoyofs.
iluziuri konturebi ( ) _
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lebuloba (Sevsebuloba) daumTavrebel figu-
rebs damTavrebulad, dasrulebulad (Sevse-
bulad) gvanaxebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom sti-
mulSi mxolod kuTxeebia mocemuli, Cveni
perceptuli sistema avsebs kuTxeebs Soris
arsebul sivrces (qmnis konturebs), rac figuras
dasrulebul naZvis xed aqcevs. dasrulebu-
lobis procesis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia
stimulebis dasrulebulad, balansirebulad
da simetriulad aRqma, maSinac ki, rodesac
saxezea gansvla, disbalansi da asimetria.
perceptuli dajgufebis
principebi
5.13 suraTze mocemuli gamosaxuleba Tqven
aRiqviT 9 figurad, romlebic rigebadaa
dajgufebuli. TiToeuli maTgani agebulia
diagonaluri xazebis gaswvriv ganlagebuli 3
identuri gamosaxulebisagan. rogor ajgufebs
vizualuri sistema am obieqtebs da ra faqtorebi
gansazRvraven mas?
dajgufebis sakiTxi pirvelad farTod
geStaltfsiqologma maqs verThaimerma (1923)
Seiswavla. verThaimeri damkvirveblebs uCvenebda
martivi geometriuli figurebis wyebas. cvlida
ra calkeul faqtors da akvirdeboda, rogor
moqmedebda is figuraTa struqturis aRqmaze,
verThaimerma SeZlo dajgufebis wesebis
Camoayalibeba. 5.15 suraTze mocemulia ramdenime
wesis ilustracia. A nawilSi mocemulia Tanab-
rad daSorebuli wreebis mwkrivebi, romlebic
SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad dajgufdes. Tqven
SeiZleba erTnairi warmatebiT dainaxoT am
wreebis svetebi an rigebi. Tumca, rodesac
intervali mcirediT icvleba ise, rom wreebs
Soris horizontaluri intervali vertikalur
intervalze naklebia (rogorc es B nawilzea
mocemuli), Tqven erTmniSvnelovnad horizon-
talur mwkrivebad organizebul wreebs xedavT.
rodesac intervalebis cvlilebisas vertika-
luri intervali ufro naklebia (rogorc C
nawilzea mocemuli), Tqven wreebs vertikalur
svetebad ganlagebulad aRiqvamT. es 3 saxis
dajgufeba verThaimeris siaxlovis kanonis
ilustracias warmoadgens. rodesac sxva
danarCeni pirobebi ucvlelia, erTmaneTTan
yvelaze axlos ganlagebuli elementebi
(yvelaze proqsimalurebi) erTad jgufdeba.
geStaltistebma aseTi Sedegebi imiT axsnes,
rom mTliani stimulis paterni garkveulad
gansazRvravs misi nawilebis ganlagebas. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mTliani percepti
gansxvavdeba misi nawilebis ubralo meqanikuri
jamisgan.
5.15 suraTis D nawilSi, intervalis nacvlad
feri icvleboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom wreebs
Soris intervali Tanabaria, vizualuri sistema
figura (Figure) _ fonisagan gansxvavebuli, sag-
nismagvari win wamoweuli are vizualur velSi.
foni (Ground) _ sivrce vizualur velSi, ro-
melzec figura devs
suraTi
5.15
dajgufebis fenomeni
TiToeul mwkrivs, B nawilidan
G-mde, garkveuli saxiT daj-
gufebulad aRviqvamT,
geStaltis dajgufebis
sxvadasxva principebidan
gamomdinare.
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avtomaturad ganalagebs stimuls rigebad, fe-
rebis msgavsebis gamo. E nawilSi wreebs svetebad
ganlagebuls xedavT, msgavsi zomebis gamo, F
nawilSi ki _ rigebad ganlagebuls, formisa
da orientaciis msgavsebis gamo. dajgufebis es
efeqtebi SeiZleba gaerTiandes msgavsebis ka-
noniT, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom sxva Tanabar
pirobebSi, msgavsi elementebi erTad jgufdeba.
rodesac vizualur velSi elementebi
moZraoben, erTnairi mimarTulebiT moZraoba
elementebis dajgufebas iwvevs. saerTo bedis
kanonis mixedviT, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi,
erTnairi mimarTulebiTa da tempiT moZravi ele-
mentebi erTad jgufdeba. Tu G nawilSi yvela
svetis wertili zeviT imoZravebda, gamosa-
xulebebs Tqven svetebad daajgufebdiT, moZ-
raobis mimarTulebis msgavsebis gamo. igive
efeqtia baletis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ramdenime
mocekvave sxvebisagan gansxvavebulad moZraobs.
gavixsenoT doqtor riCardsis SemTxveva _ sagani
mis vizualur velSi sworad organizdeboda,
rodesac igi moZraobda, rogorc erTi mTliani.
misi SemTxveva naTels xdis saerTo bedis mZlavr
organizaciul gavlenas.
sivrciTi da droiTi integracia
geStaltis yvela wesi, romelic aqamde gan-
vixileT, dagarwmunebdaT, rom aRqma, umetes-
wilad, warmoadgens samyaros `sworad~
gaerTianebul nawilebs, Tumca, xSirad Tqven
ar SegiZliaT aRiqvaT mTliani movlena Tvalis
erTi SevlebiT an fiqsaciiT (gaixseneT saubari
yuradRebis Sesaxeb). rasac mocemul momentSi
aRiqvamT, xSirad yvela mimarTulebiT ganvr-
cobili, Tvaluwvdeneli vizualuri samyarodan
miRebuli SezRuduli, SemWidroebuli STa-
beWdilebaa. garemoze sruli warmodgenis Sesaq-
mnelad, sivrciTi da droiTi integraciaa sa-
Wiro, anu Tqven unda SekriboT sivrcis sxva-
dasxva adgilidan fiqsirebuli informacia
drois sxvadasxva momentSi.
SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, magram vizualuri
sistema ar qmnis (`Tavs ar iwuxebs~) TiToeuli
momentis zustad amsaxvel, Tanamimdevrul,
integrirebul suraTs. mkvlevrebi irwmunebian,
rom garemoze TiToeuli fiqsaciiT vizualur
mexsierebaSi ar inaxeba zusti, mciredi deta-
lebi (Carlson-Radvansky & Irwin, 1995; Irwin, 1991,
Simons, 2000). faqtobrivad, damkvirveblebi
xandaxan ver afiqsireben, rodis icvleba
mTliani obieqti erTi fiqsaciidan meore
fiqsaciaze.
saidan
viciT
ra dainaxeT axlaxan
eqsperimentis erT-erT seriaSi cdis
pirebi ori wamis ganmavlobaSi uyurebdnen
suraTze 5 nacnobi obieqtis mwkrivs.
daaxloebiT 4 wm-is Semdeg isini uyu-
rebdnen meore mwkrivs. seriebis naxevarSi
meore mwkrivi pirvelis identuri iyo.
seriebis meore naxevarSi, rogorc es 5.16
suraTis A nawilzea mocemuli, meore rigi
pirvelisgan sami variantidan erT-erTi
saxiT gansxvavdeboda: erTi sagani Tvi-
sobrivad icvleboda (magaliTad, pirvel
mwkrivSi stepleri Seicvala gasaRebiT),
orma saganma Seicvala mdebareoba da
sagnebis mTeli wyeba axali konfiguraciiT
ganlagda. cdis pirebs unda eTqvaT, rigebi
iseTive iyo Tu gansxvavebuli. Tqven
SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom es ioli amocanaa.
rogor SeiZleba ver SeniSnoT, rom step-
leri gasaxsneliT Seicvala? miuxedavad
amisa, rogorc naCvenebia 5.16 suraTis B
nawilze, aRmoCnda, rom identurobisa da
gadanacvlebis cvlilebebis SemTxvevaSi
amocnobis maCvenebeli Zalze dabali iyo.
cdis pirebi ver `xedavdnen~ mTel rig
Zalze aSkara cvlilebebs (Simons, 1996).
bevr adamians aocebs aseTi Sedegi. warmoud-
genelia, rom Cven informaciis gadamuSavebis
imdenad mwir resurss vflobT situaciis deta-
lebis Sesanaxad, rom verc ki SevniSneT, rogor
Seicvala stepleri gasaxsneliT. pasuxi, nawi-
lobriv, SeiZleba is iyos, rom samyaro Tavad
aris, zogadad, informaciis mudmivi, stabiluri
wyaro (ORegan, 1992). ubralod, ar aris saWiro
iseTi informaciis damaxsovreba, romelic mud-
mivad xelmisawvdomia garemoSi; amitom arc
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mogvepoveba procesebi, romelebic, Cveulebriv,
amis saSualebas mogvcemda.
erT-erTi saintereso Sedegi, romelic sxvada-
sxva fiqsaciidan miRebul informacias SeiZleba
mohyves, iluziebia, romelTac `SeuZlebel~
sagnebs uwodeben (5.17 suraTze mocemuli obieq-
tebi). magaliTad, sagnis kuTxeebisa da gverdebis
TiToeuli fiqsacia samganzomilebiani samkuTxe-
dis interpretacias iwvevs (gamosaxuleba A),
Tumca, rodesac cdilobT mis erT mTlianobaSi
gaerTianebas, nawilebi kargad ver ergeba
erTmaneTs (gamosaxuleba B). C gamosaxulebas
ori ganStoeba aqvs, romelic, sanam kargad ar
daakvirdebiT, rogorRac gadaiqceva samkbilad;
D gamosaxulebaze perceptuli kibe dausru-
leblad adis da Camodis.
moZraobis aRqma
aRqmis erT-erTi saxeoba, romelic samyarodan
miRebuli sxvadasxva, swrafad cvalebadi STabeW-
dilebebis urTierTSedarebas saWiroebs, moZra-
obis aRqmaa. ganvixiloT 5.18 suraTze mocemuli
ori gamosaxuleba. davuSvaT, es individi idga,
sanam Tqven uaxlovdebodiT mas. Tqvens baduraze
miRebuli misi gamosaxulebis zoma miaxlo-
ebasTan erTad izrdeba. retinaluri gamosaxu-
lebis zrdis xarisxi individTan miaxloebis
temps giCvenebT (Gibson, 1979).
axla, davuSvaT, Tqven garda yvela sxva sagani
moZraobs. moZraobis aRqma, formisa da
orientaciis aRqmis msgavsad, xSirad aTvlis
sistemazea damokidebuli. Tu Tqven dajdebiT
Cabnelebul oTaxSi da mzeras daafiqsirebT
sinaTlis umoZrao laqaze, romelic ganaTebul,
win da ukan Zalian nela moZrav oTxkuTxedzea
moTavsebuli, Tqven umoZrao oTxkuTxedze win
da ukan moZrav wertils aRiqvamT. es iluzia,
romelsac moCvenebiTi moZraoba (induced motion)
ewodeba, maSinac xdeba, rodesac mzeras
sakmaod uZravad afiqsirebT wertilze.
moZraobis deteqtori ujredebi saerTod ar
aRigzneba uZravi wertiliT, Tumca sakmaod
mZlavrad Riziandeba oTxkuTxedis moZravi
xazebiT. imisaTvis, rom wertili moZravad
suraTi
5.16
cvlilebis SeumCnevloba
(A) eqsperimentis monawileebs ekiTxebodnen, meore gamosaxuleba pirvelis msgavsi iyo Tu gansxvavebuli. (B)
roca gamosaxulebaze sagani icvleboda an ori sagani akldeboda, cdis pirebi xSirad ver afiqsirebdnen
cvlilebebs. isini TiTqmis yovelTvis sworad mxolod maSin miuTiTebdnen, roca mTliani konfiguracia icvleboda.
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dainaxoT, saWiroa perceptuli organizaciis
umaRlesi done, romelzec wertili da misi
nagulisxmevi moZraoba oTxkuTxedis aTvlis
sistemaSi aRiqmeba.
rogorc Cans, vizualur sistemas axasiaTebs
Zlieri tendencia, didi, SemosazRvruli
figura aiRos aTvlis sistemad masSi mocemuli
SedarebiT patara figurisaTvis. Tqven, albaT,
codnis gareSec bevrjer geqnebaT gancdili
moCvenebiTi moZraoba. xSirad gveCvenebaT, rom
mTvare (romelic TiTqmis uZravia) moZraobs
RrublebSi maSin, roca, faqtobrivad, Rrub-
lebi moZraoben. mTvaris irgvliv Tavmoyrili
Rrublebi iseve qmnian mTvaris moCvenebiTi
suraTi
5.17
SeuZlebeli figurebi
rodesac am pobieqtebs uyurebT,
TiToeuli calkeuli fiqsacia
garwmunebT, rom is samganzomilebiani
figuraa. mxolod, Tu ecdebiT sxvadasxva
fiqsaciebis gaerTianebas, maSin
aRmoaCenT, rom isini SeuZlebeli
sagnebia.
suraTi
5.18
kaci, romelic
giaxlovdebaT
stimulTan miaxloebisas
erTad izrdeba misi
gamosaxulebis zoma
Tqvens baduraze.
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moZraobis iluzias, rogorc oTxkuTxedi
wertilis moZraobisas (Rock, 1983; 1986). yofil-
xarT odesme matarebelSi, romelic Zalian nela
iwyebs moZraobas? ar mogCvenebiaT, TiTqos
sadguris baqanze filebi an Tqven gverdiT
gaCerebuli matarebeli sawinaaRmdego mimar-
TulebiT moZraobs?
moZraobis kidev erT iluzias, romelic moZ-
raobis aRqmaSi umaRlesi donis organizaciuli
procesebis CarTulobas adasturebs, aSkara/
TvalsaCino moZraobas (apparent motion) uwodeben.
aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraobis umartivesi formaa
fenomeni (phi phenomenon). es fenomeni maSin
SeiniSneba, rodesac vizualuri velis sxvadasxva
adgilze sinaTlis ori uZravi laqa monac-
vleobiT inTeba da qreba daaxloebiT 4-5-jer
wamSi tempiT. igive efeqtia gare sareklamo
niSnebsa da diskoganaTebis ekranebze. sinaTlis
Senacvlebis am SedarebiT dabali tempis
miuxedavad, gveCveneba, rom erTi sinaTle win
da ukan moZraobs or pozicias Soris. traeq-
toria, romelic erT wertils meoresTan aer-
Tebs, SeiZleba mravalgvarad warmovidginoT.
Tumca, adamiani, Cveulebriv, xedavs umartives
traeqtorias _ or wertils Soris swor xazs
(Gutting& Proffitt, 1982; Shepard, 1984). unda aRiniSnos,
rom pirdapiri xazis es principi Tavsmoxveulia,
rodesac damkvirvebels monacvleobiT uCveneben
moZravi adamianis sxvadasxva gamosaxulebas;
Semdeg vizualuri sistema Tavad aRadgens
adamianis normaluri biologiuri moZraobis
traeqtorias (Shiffar, 1994; Stevens et al., 2000).
siRrmis aRqma
aqamde mxolod sibrtyeze mocemul organzo-
milebian paternebs ganvixilavdiT, yoveldRiuri
aRqma ki sagnebs samganzomilebian sivrceSi
moicavs. samive sivrciTi ganzomilebis aRqmas
sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs CvenTvis, raTa
mivuaxlovdeT sasurvel obieqtebs, magaliTad,
saintereso adamianebs an karg sakvebs da Tavi
avaridoT imas, rac saSiSia, magaliTad, manqaniT
swrafad siaruls an waqceul roials. sivrcis
aRqma saWiroebs zust informacias rogorc
siRrmeze (manZili Cvengan obieqtamde), ise _
mimarTulebaze. smena gvexmareba mimarTulebis
gansazRvraSi, magram _ ara siRrmis gansa-
zRvraSi.
siRrmis aRqmis ganxilvisas unda gaviTva-
liswinoT, rom vizualuri sistema iyenebs
retinalur gamosaxulebas, romelsac mxolod
moCvenebiTi moZraoba (Induced motion) _ iluzia, ro-
desac moZrav aTvliT sistemaSi uZravi wertili
moZravad gveCveneba, Tavad aTvlis sistema ki _
uZravad.
aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraoba (Apparent motion) _
moZraobis iluzia, rodesac erTi an meti
wertilis uwyveti anTeba-Caqroba erT moZrav
wertilad aRiqmeba. aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraobis
umartivesi formaa fenomeni.
fenomeni (Phi phenomenon) _ aSkara/TvalsaCino
moZraobis umartivesi forma, moZraobis ilu-
zia, rodesac erTi an meti uZravi sinaTle,
romelic uwyvetad qreba da inTeba, erT moZrav
sinaTled aRiqmeba.
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ori ganzomileba aqvs _ vertikaluri da
horizontaluri. imis saCveneblad, Tu ra
problemas qmnis organzomilebiani badura
samganzomilebiani aRqmisas, ganvixiloT 5.19
suraTi. rodesac sinaTle aRizianebs baduras
a wertilSi, Cven ar viciT, is a
1
poziciidan ecema,
Tu a
2
-dan. faqtobrivad, is SeiZleba dacemuliyo
A wrfeze arsebuli nebismieri wertilidan,
radgan sinaTle am wrfis yvela wertilidan
erTsa da imave retinalur ujredze aisaxeba.
aseve, B wrfis yvela wertili erTsa da imave
retinalur wertilze _ b wertilze _ proeq-
cirdeba. metic, monakveTi, romelic A wrfis
nebismier wertils B wrfis nebismier wertil-
Tan aerTebs (magaliTad, monakveTi a
1
b
2
an a
2
b
1
),
baduraze erTi da igive gamosaxulebas Seqmnis.
Sedegad, baduraze miRebuli gamosaxuleba
siRrmis TvalsazrisiT orazrovania: is SeiZleba
warmoqmniliyo sxvadasxva manZiliT daSorebuli
nebismieri obieqtisgan.
5.5 suraTze gamosaxuli nekeris kubis ori
SesaZlo xedi, aseve, siRrmis TvalsazrisiT,
orazrovnebis Sedegia. is faqti, rom garkveulma
pirobebma SeiZleba aRqmis orazrovneba gamo-
iwvion, gviCvenebs, rom siRrmis aRsaqmelad saWi-
roa Semomavali sensoruli masalis inter-
pretacia da rom es interpretacia zogjer
SeiZleba mcdari iyos (TqvenTvis es gasagebi
iqneba, Tu erTxel mainc mogiqneviaT Cogani
burTisTvis da mxolod haerisTvis mogixved-
rebiaT). siRrmis interpretacia manZilis Sesaxeb
informaciis mraval wyaros eyrdnoba (maT
xSirad siRrmis maniSneblebsac uwodeben), ro-
melTa Sorisaa binokularuli maniSneblebi,
moZraobis maniSneblebi da piqtoruli (gamosa-
xulebis) maniSneblebi.
binokularuli da moZraobis
maniSneblebi
odesme dainteresebulxarT, ratom gaqvT ori
Tvali da ara erTi? meore Tvals saTadarigoze
meti funqcia aqvs _ is siRrmis Sesaxeb saukeTeso,
fasdaudebel informacias gvawvdis. binokula-
ruli siRrmis Sesaxeb informacia ori wyarodan
miiReba: retinaluri disparati (disparaty) da
konvergencia.
vinaidan Tvalebi daaxloebiT 5-6 santimetriT
aris erTmaneTisagan horizontalurad daSore-
buli, isini samyaros odnav gansxvavebul suraTs
iReben. amaSi dasarwmuneblad, scadeT Semdegi
eqsperimenti. jer daxuWeT marcxena Tvali da
gaaxileT marjvena, raTa ori saCvenebeli TiTi
patara daSorebul sagans gausworoT. erTi TiTi
daikaveT mklavis sigrZeze, meore _ saxesTan
daaxloebiT 30 smis daSorebiT; axla daxuWeT
marjvena Tvali da gaaxileT marcxena, Tan
ganagrZeT daSorebul saganze fiqsacia. ra
mouvida TiTebis pozicias? meore TvaliT ver
xedavT TiTebs daSorebul obieqtze gaswo-
rebulad, radgan is odnav gansxvavebul suraTs
iRebs.
Tvalebis baduraze miRebuli gamosaxu-
lebebis horizontalur poziciebs Soris
Seusabamobas retinaluri disparati ewodeba.
is siRrmis Sesaxeb gvawvdis informacias, radgan
Seusabamobis, anu gansxvavebis odenoba Cvensa
da obieqts Soris manZilzea damokidebuli (ix.
sur. 5.20). magaliTad, rodesac Tvali daxuWeT,
ufro axlos myofi TiTi daSorda mklavis
sigrZeze gaCerebul TiTs.
rodesac orive TvaliT iyurebiT, Tqven mier
danaxul saganTa umravlesoba Tvalebis baduras
sxvadasxva adgils aRizianebs. Tu erTi da igive
obieqtis orive baduraze miRebul gamosaxu-
lebebs Soris Seusabamoba sakmaod mcirea,
vizualuri sistema maT erTi obieqtis siRrmiT
aRqmaSi aerTianebs (Tumca, Tu Tvalebis gadak-
veTisas ori gamosaxuleba Zalian gansxvavdeba
suraTi
5.19
siRrmis orazrovneba
A wrfis nebismieri wertili baduraze erTi da igive
a wertilze proeqcirdeba. B wrfis nebismieri wer-
tili baduraze b wertils qmnis. aseve, A da B wrfeebis
SemaerTebeli nebismieri monakveTi identur gamo-
saxulebas Seqmnis baduraze. am suraTidan SeiZleba
davinaxoT, ratom iqmneba siRrmis orazrovneba: _
sxvadasxva manZiliT daSorebuli sagnebi erTnair
retinalur gamosaxulebebs qmnian.
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erTmaneTisgan, realurad gaorebul gamosa-
xulebas dainaxavT). Tu davfiqrdebiT, mivxvdebiT,
rom Cveni vizualuri sistema sruliad gasaocar
rames akeTes: iRebs or gansxvavebul retinalur
gamosaxulebas, adarebs maT erTmaneTs Sesabamisi
nawilebis horizontaluri wanacvlebis dasad-
genad (binokularuli disparati) da qmnis sagnis
erTian percepcias siRrmeSi. faqtobrivad, vi-
zualuri sistema or gamosaxulebas Soris Seu-
sabamobas samganzomilebiani samyaros siRrmed
(mesame ganzomilebad) aRiqvams.
siRrmeze sxva binokularul informacias
konvergencia iZleva. obieqtze fiqsaciisas
Tvalebi, garkveulwilad, SigniT brundeba (ix.
sur. 5.21). rodesac sagans Zalian axlos _
saxesTan ramdenime santimetrze _ vuyurebT,
Tvalebi erTmaneTisken sakmaod unda Sebrundes,
raTa orive TvalSi dafiqsirdes erTi da igive
gamosaxuleba. Tqven realurad SegiZliaT
Tvalebis konvergenciis naxva, Tu daakvirdebiT
megobars, romelic koncentrirdeba jer sakmaod
daSorebul saganze da Semdeg _ ramdenime
santimetriT daSorebulze. Tvalis kunTebidan
miRebul informacias tvini siRrmeze daskvnis
gasakeTeblad iyenebs, Tumca, Tvalebis kunTe-
bidan konvergenciaze miRebuli informacia
siRrmis aRsaqmelad daaxloebiT 3.5 metrzea
mxolod gamosadegi. rodesac ufro did
manZilze daSorebul sagans uWvretT, kuTxuri
gansxvaveba TiTqmis SeumCnevelia, radgan am
dros Tvalebi TiTqmis paralelur mdgomare-
obaSia.
retinaluri disparati (Retinal disparity) - Tvalebis
baduraze gamosaxulebebis horizontalur pozi-
ciebs Soris Seusabamoba.
konvergencia (Convergence) - saganze fiqsaciisas
Tvalebis SigniT, erTmaneTisken Sebruneba.
suraTi
5.20
retinaluri disparati
or sagans Soris siRrmeSi
daSorebasTan erTad iz-
rdeba.
suraTi
5.21
siRrmis konvergenciuli maniSnebeli
rodesac sagani TqvenTan axlosaa, Tvalebi metad
unda Sebrundes, vidre Zalian daSorebuli sagnis
SemTxvevaSi. tvini iyenebs Tvalebis kunTebidan
miRebul informacias, raTa konvergencia siRrmis
maniSneblad gamoiyenos.
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imis sailustraciod, Tu rogor gvawvdis moZ-
raoba (kidev erTi wyaro) siRrmeze informacias,
vcadoT Semdegi: wina SemTxvevis msgavsad, axlac
daxuWeT erTi Tvali da ori saCvenebeli TiTi
gausworeT daSorebul sagans; Semdeg Tavi
gadaswieT gverdze, amasTan, SeinarCuneT obieq-
tze fiqsacia da TiTebis uZravi pozicia. Tavis
moZraobisas TiTebsac moZravad xedavT, magram
axlos myofi TiTi ufro Sors inacvlebs da
swrafad, vidre _ daSorebuli TiTi. fiqsire-
buli obieqti ki saerTod ar moZraobs. siRrmeze
informaciis am wyaros fardobiTi moZraobis
paralaqsi (relative motion parallax) ewodeba. moZra-
obis paralaqsi imitom gvawvdis siRrmeze infor-
macias, rom moZraobisas sagnebis fardobiTi
daSoreba gansazRvravs maTi retinaluri gamo-
saxulebebis moZraobis odenobas da mimar-
Tulebas. Semdeg, manqaniT mgzavrobisas SegiZ-
liaT fanjridan moZraobis paralaqss daakvir-
deT. moZravi manqanidan daSorebuli sagnebi uf-
ro uZravad mogeCvenebaT, vidre _ SedarebiT
axlos myofni.
piqtoruli (gamosaxulebis)
maniSneblebi
davuSvaT, xedavT mxolod erTi TvaliT.
SeZlebdiT siRrmis aRqmas? faqtobrivad,
siRrmeze informacia erTi TvaliTac miiReba.
am wyaroebs piqtoruli (gamosaxulebis) maniS-
neblebi ewodebaT, radgan isini naxatebSi aRmo-
Cenili siRrmis Sesaxeb informaciis matareblebi
arian. mxatvrebi, romlebic samganzomilebian
gamosaxulebebs qmnian (organzomilebian
qaRaldze an tiloze), daxelovnebulni arian
piqtoruli maniSneblebis gamoyenebaSi.
gadafarva (interposition) an okluzia (occlusion)
Tavs iCens maSin, rodesac gaumWvirvale obieqti
faravs meore obieqtis nawils (sur. 5.22). gada-
farviT viRebT informacias, rom gadafaruli
sagani ufro Sorsaa, vidre _ gadamfaravi.
gadamfaravi zedapiri, aseve, axdens sinaTlis
blokirebas da warmoqmnis Crdilebs, rac siRr-
meze informaciis damatebiT wyarod SeiZleba
iqnes gamoyenebuli.
piqtoruli informaciis damatebiTi sami
wyaro ukavSirdeba meTodebs, romliTac sinaTle
samganzomilebiani samyarodan organzomilebiani
baduras zedapirze proecirdeba. esenia: fardo-
biTi sidide, wrfivi perspeqtiva, teqsturis
gradientebi. fardobiTi sidide eyrdnoba sinaT-
lis proeqciis ZiriTad princips _ erTi da
igive zomis, magram sxvadasxva manZiliT daSo-
rebuli sagnebi gansxvavebul gamosaxulebebs
qmnian baduraze. uaxloesi sagani qmnis yvelaze
did gamosaxulebas, yvelaze daSorebuli ki _
yvelaze mcires. am wess sididisa da manZilis
urTierTmimarTebis wesi ewodeba. rogorc 5.23
suraTidan Cans, Tu erTnairi obieqtebis mwkrivs
uyurebT, yvelaze patara obieqtebs yvelaze
daSorebulad aRiqvamT.
wrfivi perspeqtivac siRrmis maniSnebelia,
romelic, aseve, sididisa da manZilis urTierT-
fardobiTi moZraobis paralaqsi (Relative motion
parallax) _ siRrmeze informaciis wyaro, rodesac
damkvirveblidan sagnebis fardobiTi daSoreba
gansazRvravs Sesabamisi retinaluri gamosaxu-
lebebis moZraobis odenobas da mimarTulebas.
suraTi
5.22
siRrmis maniSnebeli
ra vizualuri maniSneblebiT askvniT, rom
es qali gisosebs miRmaa?
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mimarTebazea damokidebuli. rodesac para-
leluri xazebi (gansazRvrebis mixedviT, ragind
grZeli xazebi, romlebic mTel sigrZeze Tana-
brad arian daSorebuli erTmaneTisgan) siRr-
misken midian, retinalur gamosaxulebaSi
horizontis wertilisken ixrebian da erTdebian
(ix. sur. 5.24). am mniSvnelovani faqtis gamoxatvis
meTodi pirvelad, klasikuri epoqis Semdeg,
renesansis epoqis italielma mxatvrebma xel-
axla 1425 wels aRmoaCines, riTac siRrmis
srulad gamoxatva SeZles (Vasari, 1568; 1967). am
aRmoCenamde isini iyenebdnen gadafarvas, Crdi-
lebs da fardobiT sidides, magram ar SeeZloT
realisturi scenebis gamoxatva, sadac obieqtebi
sxvadasxva siRrmeSi iqneboda ganlagebulni.
vizualuri sistemis mier konvergirebuli
xazebis interpretacia ponzos iluzias qmnis
(rac, aseve, naCvenebia 5.24 suraTze). zeda xazi
ufro grZeli Cans, vinaidan konvergirebuli
gverdebi, wrfivi perspeqtivis mixedviT, siRrmeSi
gadaxril paralelur xazebad aRiqmeba (inter-
pretirdeba). amitom siRrmeSi mimavali zeda xazi
Tqven ufro daSorebuli geCvenebaT da
Sesabamisad, grZelic. baduraze erTnair gamosa-
xulebebs warmoqmnis ori obieqti, Tu SedarebiT
daSorebuli obieqti ufro didi zomis iqneba,
vidre _ axlos myofi.
teqsturis gradientebic siRrmis maniSneb-
lebs iZleva, radgan zedapiris siRrmeSi
ganvrcobasTan erTad izrdeba teqsturis sim-
kvrivec. 5.25 suraTze gamosaxuli xorblis yana
teqsturis siRrmis maniSneblis magaliTia. es
SeiZleba sididisa da manZilis urTierTmi-
marTebis kidev erT gamovlinebad miviCnioT. am
magaliTSi, erTeulebi, romlebic teqsturas
qmnian, miT ufro mcirdebian, rac ufro Sors
gadadian siRrmeSi, vizualuri sistema ki am
Semcirebul marcvlebs samganzomilebian sivr-
ceSi ufro daSorebulad gvawvdis. gibsons
(Gibson, 1966, 1979) miaCnda, rom teqsturisa da
siRrmis urTierTmimarTeba perceptul garemoSi
arsebuli erT-erTi mudmivaa.
TqvenTvis, albaT, ukve naTelia, rom siRrmis
aRqmisaTvis informaciis mravali wyaro arse-
bobs. normaluri mxedvelobis pirobebSi, am
wyaroebidan miRebuli informacia garemos erT
mTlian, TvalsaCino gamosaxulebaSi erTian-
deba. Tqven aRiqvamT siRrmes da ara siRrmis
proqsimalur stimulSi mocemul, sxvadasxva
maniSnebels. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, vizu-
aluri sistema avtomaturad, cnobierebisgan
damoukideblad iyenebs sivrcis iseT maniS-
suraTi
5.23
fardobiTi sidide, rogorc siRrmis maniSnebeli
axlos myofi sagnebi ufro did gamosaxulebas
qmnian baduraze; amitom rodesac erTnairi sagnebis
rigs uyurebT, SedarebiT patara sagnebs ufro Sors
myofad aRiqvamT, vidre SedarebiT dids.
suraTi
5.24
ponzos iluzia
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neblebs, rogoricaa: _ diferencialuri
moZraoba, gadafarva da fardobiTi sidide
rTuli gaTvlis sawarmoeblad, rac samgan-
zomilebian garemoSi siRrmis aRqmas uzrun-
velyofs.
aRqmis konstantoba
vizualuri aRqmis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani
Tvisebis gamosavlenad, gTxovT, gamoiyenoT es
saxelmZRvanelo. dadeT saxelmZRvanelo magi-
daze da Tavi ramdenime santimetris manZilze
miuaxloeT mas. Semdeg aswieT Tavi da daub-
rundiT kiTxvis normalur mdgomareobas. xom
ver SeniSneT wignis zomis cvlileba, miuxedavad
imisa, rom axlo manZilidan is baduras ufro
did nawils aRizianebda, vidre Sori manZilidan?
axla wigni vertikalurad daiWireT da Tavi
saaTis isris mimarTulebiT amoZraveT. am dros
baduraze wignis gamosaxuleba saaTis sawinaaR-
mdego mimarTulebiT brunavs, Tumca, mas kvlav
vertikalurad aRiqvamT.
zogadad, SegrZnebis receptorebSi stimu-
laciis cvlilebis miuxedavad, Tqven samyaros
xedavT, rogorc ucvlels, mdgrads da sta-
bilurs. fsiqologebi am fenomens aRqmis (per-
ceptul) konstantobas uwodeben. uxeSad rom
vTqvaT, Tqven aRiqvamT distaluri stimulebis,
Cveulebriv, mdgrad Tvisebebs da araproqsi-
maluri stimulebis Tvisebebs, romlebic Tavisa
da Tvalebis moZraobisas mudmivad icvleba.
sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs samyaroSi arse-
buli obieqtebis mudmivi da stabiluri Tvi-
sebebis aRqmas, sinaTlis paternebis Tvisebebis
im uTvalavi variaciis miuxedavad, romelic
Tvalebis stimulirebas axdens. aRqmis umTav-
resi amocanaa, garemos ucvleli (invariantuli)
Tvisebebis aRmoCena, maTi retinaluri gamosa-
xulebebis variaciebis miuxedavad. axla vnaxavT,
rogor xdeba es sididis, formisa da orientaciis
SemTxvevaSi.
sididis da formis konstantoba
ra gansazRvravs sagnis sididis aRqmas? sagnis
realur sidides, nawilobriv, baduraze misi
Sesatyvisi gamosaxulebis sididis safuZvelze
aRviqvamT. Tumca, wigniT Catarebuli eqsperi-
menti gviCvenebs, rom baduraze gamosaxulebis
zoma damokidebulia rogorc wignis realur
suraTi
5.25
teqsturis, rogorc siRrmis maniSneblis, magaliTebi
perceptuli konstantoba (Perceptual constancy) _
sagnis xatis ucvlelad darCena, retinaluri
gamosaxulebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
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sidideze, ise _ Tvalidan mis daSorebaze. ro-
gorc iciT, daSorebaze informacias siRrmis
sxvadasxva maniSnebliT viRebT. sagnis sididis
aRsaqmelad vizualuri sistema am informacias
aerTianebs xatis sididis Sesaxeb retinalur
informaciasTan. sagnis sidide, Cveulebriv,
distaluri stimulis zomas Seesabameba. sididis
konstantoba niSnavs sagnis realuri sididis
aRqmis unars, baduraze misi gamosaxulebis
cvlilebisda miuxedavad.
Tu sagnis sidide manZilis maniSneblebis
gaTvaliswinebiT aRiqmeba, maSin manZilze zusti
informaciis arqonis SemTxvevaSi, mas yovelTvis
damaxinjebulad aRviqvamT. erT-erTi aseTi
iluzia xdeba eimsis oTaxSi, romelic 5.26
suraTzea mocemuli. Tavis 120 sm simaRlis
gogonasTan, tania zimbardosTan SedarebiT, 180
sm simaRlis Tqveni avtori Zalze dabali Cans
oTaxis marcxena kuTxeSi, Tumca, uCveulod
maRalia marjvena kuTxeSi. am iluziis mizezi
isaa, rom Tqven oTaxs oTxkuTxedad aRiqvamT,
romelsac Tqvengan Tanabari manZiliT daSore-
buli ori ukana kuTxe aqvs. amdenad, tanias
realur simaRles orive SemTxvevaSi baduraze
gamosaxulebis konsistenturad aRiqvamT. rea-
lurad tania ar aris Tanabari manZiliT da-
Sorebuli, radgan eimsis oTaxi gonebamaxvilur
iluzias qmnis. is gveCveneba marTkuTxa formis
oTaxad, sinamdvileSi ki agebulia aramarTkuTxa
zedapirebiT, romlebic siRrmesa da simaRleSi
araTanabari zomis kuTxeebs qmnian, rogorc es
fotos Tanmxleb naxazzea mocemuli. oTaxis
marjvena kuTxeSi myofi nebismieri adamianis
retinaluri gamosaxuleba ufro didi iqneba,
radgan igi orjer ufro axlos iqneba damkvir-
vebelTan, vidre oTaxis marcxena kuTxeSi myofi
adamiani (iluziis misaRebad ekrans erTi TvaliT
unda SexedoT saWvretidan. suraTi 5.26 swored
aqedan aris gadaRebuli. Tu Tqven oTaxis
yurebisas mis irgvliv imoZravebT, vizualuri
sistema zust informacias miiRebs oTaxis
uCveulo struqturaze).
kidev erTi saSualeba, romliTac perceptuli
sistema sagnis realur sidideze gvawvdis
informacias, msgavsi formis obieqtebis
sididis Sesaxeb warsuli codnis gamoyenebaa.
magaliTad, saxlis, xis, an ZaRlis formis
aRqmisTanave, warmodgena geqmnebaT TiToeuli
maTganis zomaze, Tumca, SeiZleba arc ki
icodeT, ra manZili gaSorebT maTTan. rodesac
sididis konstantoba (Size constancy) _ sagnis
realuri sididis aRqma, misi retinaluri gamo-
saxulebebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
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warsuli gamocdileba Zalze daSorebul nacnob
obieqtebze ver gawvdiT informacias, sididis
konstantoba SeiZleba dairRves. am problemas
waawydebiT, rodesac adamianebs caTambjenis
saxuravidan gadaxedavT da isini WianWvelebad
mogeCvenebaT.
swored es gamocdileba udevs safuZvlad am
Tavis dasawyisSi mocemul ambavs kengis Sesaxeb.
SegaxsenebT, rom kengma, romelmac mTeli
cxovreba xSir tyeebSi gaatara, ver aRiqva
moSorebiT mobalaxe bizonebis gamosaxulebebi.
ucnob perceptul garemoSi kengi Tavdapirvelad
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odesme gqoniaT aseTi gamoc-
dileba: Tqven dgaxarT Sors
marcxena mindorze, gesmiT Cog-
nis dartymis xma da xedavT
beisbolis burTs, romelic
Tqvenken mofrinavs? saidan
iciT, Tu saiT unda gaiqceT
burTis dasaWerad? Tu Tavad
arasodes giTamaSiaT autfil-
dze, jer kidev gaqvT saSualeba,
gaocdeT romelime moTamaSis
STambeWdavi TamaSiT.
sainteresoa, rogor xvdeba igi
saWiro adgilas saWiro dros?
agdebuli burTis daWeris
situacias aRqmis mkvlevrebi,
sruliad samarTlianad, rTul
percepciaTa rigs miakuTvneben:
`burTis moaxloebis paterni
moicavs yvela ZiriTad sivr-
ciTi mdebareobas da siRrmis
maniSnebels, romlis gaTvalis-
wineba ar xdeba traeqtoriis
bolo monakveTamde~ (McBeath et
al., 1995, gv.569). amis miuxedavad,
adamianebi sakmaod kargad
iWeren burTebs. mkvlevrebis
amocana iyo iseTi Teoriis
Seqmna, romelic erTmaneTTan
daakavSirebda gamoTvlebiT
miRebul sirTulesa da praq-
tikul siadviles (gavixsenoT,
rom Tavis dasawyisSi miznad
davsaxeT, agvexsna, Tu rogor
qmnis perceptuli procesebi
siadvilis iluzias).
ra tipis vizualuri maniS-
neblebis safuZvelze ikvlevT
gzas burTisaken? mkvlevrebma
gamoyves invariantuli maniS-
neblebis 2 tipi, romelsac
moZravi burTi warmoqmnis (ix.
zemoT: invariantobis ganxilva
gibsonis midgomaSi). mkvlevarTa
erTi jgufi irwmuneba, rom mo-
TamaSeebi sirbilis dros im
gzas irCeven, romelzec verti-
kalur ganzomilebaSi burTis
moZraobis vizualuri aRqma
konsistenturi rCeba (Dannemiller
et al., 1996). mkvlevarTa meore
jgufis mixedviT ki, moTamaSeebi
irCeven gzas, romelic sirbilis
dros im kuTxis SenarCunebis
saSualebas aZlevs, romliTac
burTi fonTan mimarTebSi
konsistenturad moZraobs
(McBeath et al., 1995, 1996). rogor
xdeba am Teoriebis Semowmeba?
rogorc wesi, mkvlevrebi video-
kameriT iweren, rogor iWeren
moTamaSeebi maT mier gaSvebuli
burTebs. kvlevis Semdegi etapia
moTamaSeebis moqmedebisTvis
maTematikuri funqciebis morgeba,
raTa vnaxoT, burTis frenis
vizualuri aRqmis ra aspeq-
tebis konsatantobis Senar-
Cunebas cdilobdnen isini
(Tqven, albaT axla gixariaT,
rom realur cxovrebaSi am
amocanis gadasaWrelad ar
gWirdebaT aRqmis perceptuli
problemis maTematikis gageba).
mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom
moTamaSeebis umetesoba burTis
daWeras or fazad yofs (Jacobs
et al, 1996; McBeath, 1996); I faza
axlaxan ganvixileT _ swrafad
gaqceva saWiro adgilas mosax-
vedrad; II fazaze moTamaSeebi
aneleben moZraobas da
SeiZleba saerTod gaCerdnen
kidec. TamaSis II fazaSi
adgilmdebareobisa da siRrmis
maniSneblebi erTveba, radgan
burTi swrafad uaxlovdeba
xelTaTmans. rodesac mo-
TamaSes burTi ukve xel-
TaTmanSi aqvs, moqmedeba xSi-
rad jer kidev ar aris dam-
Tavrebuli: man rac SeiZleba
swrafad unda Seagdos burTi
ukan infildze, rom mowi-
naaRmdegem qula ar miiRos da
ar dawinaurdes. amrigad,
moTamaSeebi xSirad asruleben
burTis daWeris kompleqsur
moqmedebas da, amave dros,
yuradRebas aqceven garemos
mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs.
SegiZliaT, cota xniT mowy-
deT swavlas da burTiT iTa-
maSoT? es aRqmis am speci-
fikuri problemis Sesaxeb
sakuTari Sexedulebebis Camo-
yalibebaSi dagexmarebaT
rogor iWerT mfrinav buraTs
175
Seecada, misTvis ucxo aRqma cnobili konteq-
stisTvis moergo da ivarauda, rom pawawina
daSorebuli wertilebi mwerebi iyo. vinaidan
mas ar hqonda Sori manZilidan bizonebis aRqmis
warsuli gamocdileba, ar hqonda sididis
konstantobis safuZvelic da radgan swrafad
moZravi manqana cxovelebs uaxlovdeboda da
retinaluri gamosaxulebebi TandaTan did-
deboda, kengi ganicdida SemaSfoTebel iluzias,
rom cxovelebi zomaSi icvlebodnen. Cven
SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi
kengi, tarbulis msgavsad, SeZlebda bizonebis
danaxvas. miRebuli codna mas sensoruli gamoc-
dilebis saTanado perceptuli interpretaciis
SesaZleblobas miscemda.
formis konstantoba mWidrod ukavSirdeba
sididis konstantobas. Tqven sworad aRiqvamT
obieqtis realur formas maSinac ki, rodesac
sagani Sebrunebulia da Tavad obieqtisagan
arsebiTad gansxvavebuli saxis retinalur gamo-
saxulebas qmnis. magaliTad, daxrili oTx-
kuTxedi baduraze trapeciis formis gamosa-
xulebas qmnis, daxrili wre _ elifsis formis
gamosaxulebas (ix. sur. 5.27). miuxedavad amisa,
Tqven zustad aRiqvamT maT formebs _ sivrceSi
daxril wres an oTxkuTxeds. rodesac siRrmeze
swori informaciaa xelmisawvdomi, vizualur
sistemas obieqtis realuri formis gansazRvra
Tqvengan obieqtis sxvadasxva nawilebis daSo-
rebis gaTvaliswinebiTac SeuZlia.
suraTi
5.26
eimsis oTaxi
eimsis oTaxi isea agebuli, rom erTi TvaliT saWvretidan xdeba misi dakvirveba;
fotoebic am moxerxebuli adgilidanaa gadaRebuli. eimsis oTaxi agebulia ara-
marTkuTxa zedapirebiT, romlebic araTanabar kuTxeebs qmnian siRrmesa da
simaRleSi. saWvretidan dakvirvebisas vizualuri sistema mas Cveulebriv oTaxad
aRiqvams da tania da filip zimbardoebis simaRleebis uCveulo aRqmas iwvevs.
suraTi
5.27
formis konstantoba
monetis brunvisas misi xati icvleba _ gadaiqceva elifsad, Semdeg TandaTan
viwrovdeba da Txel marTkuTxeds emsgavseba, Semdeg kvlav elifsad
gadaiqceva da dasasrul _ wred. am cvlilebebisda miuxedavad, igi
yovelTvis mrgval monetad aRiqmeba.
formis konstantoba (Shape constancy) _ sagnebis
realuri formis aRqmis unari retinaluri
gamosaxulebis zomebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
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orientaciis konstantoba
Tu wignis yurebisas Tavs gverdze gadaxriT,
garemo gadaxrilad ar mogeCvenebaT. orientaciis
konstantoba aris sayaroSi sagnebis realuri
orientaciiis aRqma, baduraze maTi orientaciis
cvlilebis miuxedavad. orientaciis konstan-
toba eyrdnoba Sida yuris vestibularuli
sistemidan miRebul informacias (ganxilulia
me-4 TavSi) Tavis daxrilobaze. vestibularuli
sistemidan miRebuli informaciisa da reti-
naluri orientaciis kombinirebiT, Cveni vizu-
aluri sistema, Cveulebriv, garemoSi arsebuli
obieqtis zust aRqmas ayalibebs.
nacnob garemoSi warsuli gamocdileba rea-
lur orientaciaze damatebiT informacias iZ-
leva. Tumca, Tqven SeiZleba gagiWirdeT rTuli
da ucnobi figurebis amocnoba, Tu isini
uCveulo orientaciiTaa mocemuli (ix. sur. 5.
28). rodesac figura rTulia da sxvadasxva
nawilebisagan Sedgeba, orientaciis aRsaqmelad
TiToeuli nawilis mimarTuleba cal-calke
unda moawesrigoT (Rock, 1986). ase rom, sanam
erT nawils saTanado mimarTulebiT abrunebT,
danarCen nawilebs jer kidev moubruneblad
aRiqvamT. SexedeT popvarskvlavis _ madonas or
Semobrunebul fotosuraTs. Tqven, albaT,
amCnevT, rom erTi-erTi maTgani odnav aris
Secvlili pirsa da TvalebTan, magram suraTebi
sakmaod hgavs erTmaneTs. axla wigni SemoabruneT
da kvlav SexedeT fotosuraTebs. igive foto-
suraTebi absoluturad gansxvavebulad gamoi-
yureba. erTze isev madonaa, meoreze ki _
amazrzeni monstria, romelic sakuTar dedasac
ar eyvareboda! Tqven ver SeniSneT es aSkara
gansxvaveba wignis amobrunebamde, SesaZloa
imitom rom ver SeZeliT saxis yvela nawilis
erTdroulad amobruneba. amobrunebuli
samyaros sworad danaxvas da saxeebis uCveuli
orientaciaSi aRqmas wlebis manZilze
perceptuli treiningi sWirdeba.
feris konstantoba
ganvixiloT suraTi 5.29. rodesac suraTze
gamosaxul aguris kedels uyurebT, zog agurs
ufro muq wiTlad da zogs Ria wiTlad ki ar
aRiqvamT, aramed aRiqvamT kedels, romelSic
yvela aguri erTnairi ferisaa da zogierTi
maTgani CrdilSia moqceuli (Goldstein, 1959). esaa
feris konstantobis magaliTi: feris kon-
stantoba aris ganaTebis xarisxis cvalebad
pirobebSi obieqtebis siTeTris, siruxis an
siSavis ucvlelad aRqmis tendencia.
orientaciis/mimarTulebis konstantoba (Orien-
tation constancy) _ samyaroSi sagnebis realuri
mimarTulebis aRqmis unari, retinaluri gamo-
saxulebis mimarTulebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
feris konstantoba (Lightness constancy) _ ganaTebis
xarisxis cvalebad pirobebSi obieqtebis si-
TeTris, siruxis an siSavis ucvlelad aRqmis
tendencia.
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klipis gaSvebaze?
177
adre ganxiluli yvela sxva konstantobis
msgavsad, feris konstantobasac sakmaod xSirad
ganvicdiT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. magaliTad,
davuSvaT, gacviaT TeTri maisuri da bneli
oTaxidan naTel, mzis SuqiT ganaTebul quCaSi
gadixarT. mzis sinaTleze maisuridan gacilebiT
meti sinaTle airekleba Tqvens Tvalebze, vidre
_ bnel oTaxSi, Tumca, orive SemTxvevaSi is
TiTqmis erTnairad naTlad geCvenebaT. aq,
faqtobrivad, feris konstantoba moqmedebs,
radgan sagnidan areklili sinaTlis procen-
tuli raodenoba daaxloebiT igive rCeba, sinaT-
lis absoluturi odenoba ki icvleba. naTeli
TeTri maisuri ireklavs arsebuli sinaTlis
80-90%-s, Savi jinsi daaxloebiT 5%-s, amitom,
rodesac maT erTi da igive situaciaSi vxedavT,
maisuri yovelTvis ufro naTeli Cans, vidre
jinsi.
amrigad, am qveTavSi ganvixileT mTeli rigi
organizaciuli procesebi, romlebic aRqmis
procesSi monawileoben. am Tavis bolo qveTavSi
ganvixilavT identifikaciisa da cnobis pro-
cesebs, romlebic mniSvnelobas aZleven garemos
sagnebsa da movlenebs.
Sejameba
figuris fonis win aRqmis tendencia imdenad
Zlieria, rom iluzorul konturebis aRqmas
iwvevs. geStaltfisqologebma perceptuli daj-
gufebis ramdenime principi Camoayalibes, maT
Soris, siaxlovis, msgavsebis da msgavsi bedis
principebi.
perceptuli procesebi samyarodan axal
informacias yoveli calkeuli fiqsaciiT iRe-
ben. baduras stimulaciis paterni moZraobis
maniSneblebs iZleva. siRrmis aRqma informaciis
mravali konvergenciuli wyarodan yalibdeba.
binokularuli disparati da konvergencia
siRrmis binokularuli maniSneblebia, romel-
Tac Tvalebis horizontaluri mdgomareoba
iwvevs. fardobiTi moZraobis paralaqsi sagnebis
fardobiT daSorebulobaze iZleva informacias.
mxatvrebi iyeneben iseT piqtorul maniSneblebs,
rogoricaa: gadafarva, wrfivi perspeqtiva da
teqsturis gradientebi, raTa organzomilebian
naxatebze samganzomilebiani gamosaxuleba
Seqmnan.
zomis konstantobas aRviqvamT daSorebis
maniSneblebisa da nacnobi sagnebis sididis
Sesaxeb warsuli codnis gamoyenebiT; formis
konstantobas xels uwyobs siRrmis Sesaxeb
informacia. orientaciis konstantoba efuZneba
vestibularul SegrZnebebsa da sagnis realuri
orientaciis Sesaxeb warsul codnas; feris
konstantoba imitom arsebobs, rom nebismieri
ganaTebis pirobebSi sagnebi maTze dacemuli
sinaTlis met-naklebad erTi da igive procen-
tul raodenobas ireklaven.
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suraTi
5.28
suraTi
5.29
90 gradusiT Semobrunebuli afrika
cnobiT Semobrunebul afrikis kontinents?
xSirad, sakmaod Znelia naklebad nacnobi
figurebi uCveulo orientaciaSi icnoT.
feris konstantoba
feris konstantoba gexmarebaT imis gagebaSi,
ratom aRiqvamT kedels erTnairi agurebiT
agebuls.
178
aqamde aRwerili perceptuli procesebi
distaluri stimulis fizikuri Tvisebebis _
samganzomilebian sivrceSi sagnebis poziciis,
zomis, formis, teqsturisa da feris _ Sesaxeb
sakmaod zusti informaciis wyarod SeiZleba
miviCnioT. miuxedavad amisa, mxolod am infor-
maciis safuZvelze mainc ar gecodinebodaT,
ra sagnebTan gaqvT saqme, an ginaxavT Tu ara
isini odesme; garemos imitom aRiqvamT nacnobad,
rom SegiZliaT adre nanaxi sagnebis cnoba da
identifikacia. ase rom ar iyos, Tqveni gamoc-
dileba ucxo planetaze mogzaurobas daem-
sgavseboda, sadac yvelaferi ucxo iqneboda _
ar gecodinebodaT, ra geWamaT, ra dagexuraT
Tavze, ras gasclodiT an rogor ageTvalaT
dro. identifikacia da cnoba perceptul xats
mniSvnelobas, sazriss aZleven.
aRmavali da daRmavali
procesebi
sagnis identifikaciisas amJamad nanaxi war-
sulSi miRebul, Senaxul codnas unda
SeadaroT. sensoruli monacemebis garemodan
miRebas da tvinSi gadagzavnas amorCevisa (ex-
traction) da analizisaTvis aRmavali gadamuSaveba
( `qvemodan zemoT~) ewodeba. aRmavali
gadamuSaveba empiriul realobas efuZneba da
informaciis mcire nawilebs Seexeba. is
stimulis konkretul fizikur niSnebs abstraq-
tul xatebad gardaqmnis. am tipis gadamuSavebas
monacemebiT aRZrul gadamuSavebasac (data driven
processing) uwodeben, radgan identifikaciis
sawyis wertils garemodan miRebuli monacemebi
warmoadgens.
bevr SemTxvevaSi, perceptuli identifikaciis
gasaioleblad, SesaZlebelia ukve xelT arse-
buli informaciis gamoyeneba. magaliTad, zoo-
parkSi namdvilad icnobT zogierTi saxeobis
cxovels. iq metad geqnebaT vefxvis naxvis
molodini, vidre Tqveni saxlis ukana ezoSi.
rodesac molodinebi gavlenas axdens aRqmaze,
fenomens daRmavali gadamuSaveba (`zemodan qve-
moT~) ewodeba. daRmaval gadamuSavebas samyaros
aRqmaSi warsuli gamocdileba, codna, motivebi
da kulturuli foni Semoaqvs. daRmavali
gadamuSavebisas umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqcio-
nireba gavlenas axedns sagnebisa da movlenebis
gagebaze. daRmaval procesebs konceptualurad
(anu cnebebis doneze, an hipoTeziT) aRZrul
gadamuSavebasac uwodeben, radgan mexsierebaSi
Senaxuli cnebebi gavlenas axdens sensoruli
monacemebis interpretaciaze. daRmavali proce-
sebis mniSvnelovnebis Cveneba SeiZleba naxatebiT,
romelTac `drudlebi~ (droodles) ewodeba (Price,
1953, 1980). dasaxelebebis gareSe es naxatebi
yovelgvar azrs moklebulia; Tumca, rogorc
ki moxdeba maTi identificireba, advilad
davinaxavT maTSi Cadebul azrsac (ix. sur. 5.30).
aRmavali da daRmavali procesebis ukeT gar-
Cevis mizniT, metyvelebis aRqmas mivubrundeT.
Tqven uTuod geqnebodaT SemTxveva, rodesac
gicdiaT saubris gagrZeleba Zalian xmaurian
wveulebaze. aseT situaciaSi Tqven mier war-
moTqmuli yvela sityva erTmniSvnelovnad ver
aRwevs mosaubris yuramde. Tqveni naTqvamis
aRmavali gadamuSaveba (Bottom-up processing) _ gare-
moSi xelmisawvdom sensorul informaciaze da-
fuZnebuli perceptuli analizi. analizis Se-
degebi aRmavali gziT SedarebiT abstraqtul rep-
rezentaciebisken miemarTeba.
daRmavali gadamuSaveba (Top-down processing) _ per-
ceptuli procesebi, rodesac adamianis warsuli
gamocdileba, codna, molodinebi, motivacia da
konteqsti gavlenas axdens aRqmuli obieqtis
interpretaciasa da klasifikaciaze.
suraTi
5.30
`drudlebi~
(roodles)
es ra cxovelia? xedavT
(A) gamosaxulebaSi Cits,
romelmac mozrdili Wia-
yela daiWira (B)-Si ki _
Jirafis kisers? es orive
suraTi SeiZleba Tqven-
Tvis raRac Zalian nacno-
bis gamosaxulebad miviC-
nioT, Tumca, maT, rogorc
wesi, ver cnobT saiden-
tifikacio informaciis
arqonis gamo, Tumca sak-
marisia am informaciis
mowodeba, rom iolad
amoicnoT isini.
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nawils uTuod dafaravs Caxveleba, xmauriani
musika da sicili. miuxedavad amisa, adamianebi
iSviaTad acnobiereben, rom isini fizikur sig-
nalebs xarvezebiT iReben. am fenomens fonemuri
rekonstruqcia ewodeba (Warren, 1970). rogorc
me-11 TavSi vnaxavT, fonema aris bgeris mini-
maluri, Sinaarsiani erTeuli enaSi. fonemuri
rekonstruqcia xdeba maSin, rodesac adamianebi
daRmaval gadamuSavebas gamotovili fonemebis
Sesavsebad iyeneben. msmenelebs xSirad uWirT
gansazRvra, maT xmauriT nawilobrivad dafa-
ruli sityvebi esmiT, Tu sityvebi esmiT xmaur-
Tan erTad, romelic zed edeba mTel signals,
Tumca, ar faravs mas.
davuSvaT, xmaurian wveulebaze Tqveni megob-
ris naTqvami ise wydeba, rom Tqven yuramde
mxolod aRwevs _ `saxlSi unda wavide (xmauri)
aRli myavs gasaseirnebeli~. Tu xmauri faravs
bgera `Z~-s, mosalodnelia, ifiqroT, rom mar-
Tlac srulad gaigoneT sityva `ZaRli~. sain-
teresoa, ratom? Cven gvaqvs calkeuli bgerebi,
romlebic sityvebs qmnian da Tavad sityvebi.
roca bgerebi /a/, /R/, /l/ da /i/ Sedian am
sistemaSi, isini aRmavali gziT, sityvis doneze,
gvawvdian informacias. amis safuZvelze gviya-
libdeba versiebi, Tu ra SeiZleboda eTqva mego-
bars. Semdeg ukve daRmavali procesebi erTveba.
konteqsti gexmarebaT, arsebuli versiebidan
`ZaRli~ SearCioT, rogorc am frazisTvis
yvelaze Sesaferisi sityva. vinaidan es yve-
laferi sakmaod swrafad xdeba _ savaraudo
sityvebis aRmavali identifikacia da yvelaze
albaTuri swori variantis daRmavali SerCeva
Tqven veRar igebT, rom bgera `Z~ gamoto-
vebulia. perceptuli sistema garwmunebT, rom
sityva dasrulebuli iyo (Samuel, 1997). Semdgom,
xmaurian garemoSi moxvedrisas, kmayofili iqne-
biT, rom perceptuli procesebi ase efeqturad
avseben bgerebs!
informaciis gadamuSavebis daRmavali proce-
sebis bolo magaliTad 5.31 suraTze gamosaxuli
adamianebi ganvixiloT. Tu maTi popularoba
xanmokle ar iyo, Tqven SeZlebT maT cnobas,
magram aseTebi arian isini realurad? albaT,
ara, yovel SemTxvevaSi, saukeTeso wlebSi mainc.
am karikaturebis identifikaciis unari mowmobs,
rom samyaros aRqma mxolod sensoruli recep-
torebidan Semosul aRmaval informaciaze ar
aris damokidebuli. Tqveni codnis _ daRmavali
informaciisa da danaxulis _ aRmavali infor-
maciis gaerTianebis unari am karikaturebSi
edi merfisa da hilari klintonis cnobis saSua-
lebas gaZlevT. faqtobrivad, kvleva gviCvenebs,
rom karikaturebis amocnoba ufro advilia,
vidre cnobili adamianebis ufro `zusti~ gamo-
xatulebebisa, radgan karikaturebSi is maxa-
siaTeblebia gamokveTili, romlebic adamians
gamorCeuls xdis (Mauro & Kubovy, 1992; Rhodes
et al., 1997).
suraTi
5.31
rogor cnobT am cnobil
adamianebs?
cnobT TiToeul maTgans? am
adamianebis saxeebis nacnobobis
safuZvelze _ daRmavali
gadamuSaveba _ am karikaturebSi
`realur~ adamianebs amoicnobT.
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sagnebis cnoba
metyvelebis aRqmis magaliTidan SeiZleba
gadavideT zogad midgomaze, romelic mkvlev-
rebma sagnis cnobis aRmaval procesebSi Semoi-
tanes. maT gamoyves safexurebi, romelTac per-
ceptuli sistemebi mTliani perceptuli xatis
cnobisaTvis iyeneben. enis SemTxvevaSi, metyve-
lebisas aRqmis procesebi, calkeuli sityvebis
amosacnobad, aerTianebs bgeraTa Tanmimdev-
robebis Sesaxeb garemodan miRebul informacias.
ra erTeulebiT agebT samyaroSi arsebuli
obieqtebis reprezentaciebs? magaliTad, rogor
wyvetT, rom nacrisferi ucnauri formis, saSua-
lo zomis bewviani arseba namdvilad kataa?
savaraudod, Tqven gaqvT katis mexsierebiTi xati.
identifikaciis procesi gulisxmobs perceptSi
mocemuli informaciis Sedarebas katis mexsie-
rebiT xatTan, magram rogor xorcieldeba es
Sedareba? erT-erTi variantia, rom sxvadasxva
sagnebis mexsierebiTi xatebi moicaven sagnis
Semadgenel komponentebs da informacias am
komponentebis urTierTkavSirze (Marr & Mishihara,
1978). irvin bidermanis mixedviT (Irvin Biederman,
1987; Hummel & Biederman, 1992), yvela obieqti
SeiZleba Sedgebodes geometriuli ionebis anu
geonebisagan. geonebi ar aris formebis didi an
SemTxveviTi erToblioba. bidermani irwmuneboda,
rom yoveli 36 geonis erTianoba Semdegi wesiT
SeiZleba ganisazRvros: TiToeuli samganzomi-
lebiani geoni qmnis organzomilebiani baduras
stimulaciis unikalur paterns. es unikalurobis
wesi saSualebas unda gvaZlevdes, sensoruli
stimulaciis paternidan mivxvdeT, ra sagania
garemoSi mocemuli. 5.32 suraTze naCvenebia, Tu
rogor aris SesaZlebeli standartuli nawile-
bisgan obieqtebis ageba.
mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom aseT nawilebs
realuri mniSvneloba aqvT sagnis cnobisaTvis.
amisaTvis isini cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen
danawevrebuli sagnebis suraTebs, sadac srulad
iyo, an ar iyo mocemuli Semadgeneli nawilebi
(Biederman, 1987; Biederman & Cooper, 1991). 5.33 suraTis
pirvel svetSi mocemulia Cveulebrivi sagnebis
konturebi. Sua svetSi igive obieqtebi
xarvezebiTaa mocemuli, rac jer kidev iZleva
nawilebis cnobis da maTi urTierTkavSiris
gagebis saSualebas. marjvena svetSi xarvezebi
xels gviSlis komponentebisa da maT Soris
kavSiris aRmoCenaSi. gveTanxmebiT, rom mesame
svetSi mxolod monaxazis saxiT mocemuli
obieqtebis cnoba yvelaze Znelia? kontrasti
gvarwmunebs, rom obieqtis cnoba SezRuduli
informaciiTac SesaZlebelia (fonemebis aRdgenis
msgavsad), magram mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
informacia aucilebel komponentebs Seicavs.
miuxedavad amisa, mxolod komponentebis
amocnoba yovelTvis ver iqneba sakmarisi
obieqtis sacnobad (Hayward & Williams, 2000; Tarr,
1994). erT-erTi siZnele, rogorc es 5.34 suraTzea
mocemuli, isaa, rom obieqtebs xSirad sruliad
gansxvavebuli persepeqtivebidan xedavT. sagnis
Semadgeneli nawilebi SeiZleba sruliad
gansxvavebulad Candes sxvadasxva perspeqtividan.
am siZnelis dasaZlevad calkeuli ZiriTadi
suraTi
5.32
cnoba komponentebis safuZvelze
suraTze mocemulia samganzomilebiani obieqtebis
Semadgeneli nawilebi da maTi gaerTianebis nimuSebi.
figuris zeda naxevarSi mocemuli obieqtebi
sxvadasxva zomis cilindrebiTaa agebuli; figuris
qveda naxevarSi ki, ramdenime sxvadasxva nawilis
gaerTianebiT nacnobi obieqtebia agebuli.
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perspeqtivisaTvis unda SeinaxoT calkeuli
mexsierebiTi xatebi, romelTac standartuli
sagnebis ganxilvisas gamoiyenebT (Tarr & Pinker,
1989). rodesac garemoSi romelime obieqts
xedavT, SeiZleba gonebaSi perceptis transfor-
mireba mogiwioT, raTa gaarkvioT, zustad
Seesabameba Tu ara is romelime am xats. amrigad,
nacrisfer, ucnauri formis, saSualo zomis
bewvian cxovelSi rom kata amoicnoT, is unda
amoicnoT, rogorc garkveuli rakursiT moce-
muli geonebis Sesatyvisi kombinacia.
molodinis da konteqstis
gavlena
nacrisfer, saSualo zomis, ucnauri formis
bewvian arsebas ufro advilad icnobT, Tu mas
Cveul adgilas, Tqven saxlSi naxavT. es aRqmis
daRmavali aspeqtia: molodinebma SeiZleba
gavlena moaxdinon aRqmaze da danaxulis
interpretaciaze. odesme, SemTxveviT, ginaxavT
nacnobi adamianebi moulodnel adgilas,
magaliTad, sxva qalaqSi, an sxva socialur
jgufSi? gacilebiT meti droa saWiro maT
sacnobad am situaciaSi da xandaxan arc ki
xarT darwmunebuli, rom Nnamdvilad isini arian.
saqme is ki ar aris, rom isini gansxvavebulad
gamoiyurebian, aramed konteqstia sxva _ Tqven
ar eliT maT am situaciaSi. sivrciTi da droiTi
konteqsti, romelSic sagnebi amoicnoba,
mniSvnelovan informaciul wyaros warmoadgens.
konteqstidan gamomdinare, Tqven geqmnebaT
molodini, Tu ra obieqtebis naxvaa mosalod-
neli, an moulodneli irgvliv.
perceptuli organizacia damokidebulia
rogorc molodinze, ise _ sagnis xilvad Tvi-
sebebze. sagnis cnoba aris konstruqciuli
suraTi
5.33
nawilebis gavleba obieqtis cnobaze
Sua svetSi vizualuri informaciis xarvezebi
nawilebs ar azianebs, marjvena svetSi ki _ azia-
nebs. gveTanxmebiT, rom Sua svetSi ufro advilia
obieqtebis cnoba?
suraTi
5.34
erTi da igive obieqti sxvadasxva
perspeqtividan
sxvadasxva perspeqtividan Tqven sagnis sxvadasxva
nawils xedavT. am sirTulis dasaZlevad Tqven rTuli
figuris mraval xats inaxavT mexsierebaSi.
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interpretaciis procesi _ identifikacia
SeiZleba Seicvalos imis mixedviT, rac ukve
iciT, Tu sad xarT da ras xedavT irgvliv.
waikiTxeT Semdegi sityvebi:
THE CAT sworia? axla isev SexedeT TiToeuli
sityvis Sua asos. es ori aso zustad erTnairia,
Tumca, pirvels aRiqvamT rogorc H-s da meores,
rogorc A-s, ratom? naTelia, rom aRqmaze
gavlena moaxdina inglisuri sityvebis codnam.
konteqsti, romelsacqmnis T_E, metad SesaZ-
lebels xdis H-s da naklebad SesaZlebels _
A-s maSin, roca C_T konteqstisTvis sawinaaRmde-
goa swori.
mkvlevrebma araerTxel daasabuTes aRqmaze
konteqstisa da molodinis gavlena setis Ses-
wavliT. seti (set) aris stimulis garkveuli saxiT
aRqmis da masze reagirebis droebiTi mzaoba.
arsebobs sami tipis seti: motoruli, fsi-
qologiuri da perceptuli. motoruli seti aris
mza, swrafi pasuxis gasacemad mzaoba. morbenali
varjiSobs motoruli setis daxvewaze, raTa
sastarto gasrolis xmaze rac SeiZleba swrafad
gamovides sastarto blokidan. fsiqologiuri
seti aris mzaoba. ganixiloT iseTi situacia,
rogoricaa amocanis gadaWra, an TamaSi, das-
wavlili wesebis, instruqciebis, molodinebis,
an Cvevebis daxmarebiT. fsiqologiurma setma
SeiZleba Tavidan agvaridos amocanis gadawyveta,
roca Zveli wesebi ver ergeba axal situacias.
amas me-9 TavSi vnaxavT, problemis gadawyvetis
procesis Seswavlisas. perceptuli seti aris
mocemul konteqstSi garkveuli stimulis
SeniSvnisTvis mzaoba. magaliTad, axalbeda
dedisaTvis es SeiZleba bavSvis tirilis
gagoneba iyos.
xSirad seti gvaiZulebs, SevcvaloT orazro-
vani stimulis interpretacia. SexedeT sityvaTa
am or rigs:
bebia, babua, da, Zma, deda, ma?a
ana, sofo, nino, Tea, nata, ma?a
waikiTxeT CamonaTvali? ra sityva mogividaT
TavSi TiToeul SemTxvevaSi `ma?a~-s wakiTxvisas?
Tu Tqven `mama~ da `maia/maka~ gaifiqreT, es imitom
moxda, rom sityvaTa CamonaTvaliT SegimuSavdaT
seti, romelmac sityvebis Zebnisas garkveuli
mimarTulebiT warmarTa Tqveni mexsiereba.
saxeldebam SeiZleba Seqmnas konteqsti, ro-
melic orazrovani figurisTvis perceptul sets
iZleva. Tqven ukve naxeT, azrs moklebuli `dud-
lebi~ (doodles) rogor gadaiqca azrian obieq-
tebad. yuradRebiT SexedeT qalis gamosaxulebas
5.35 A suraTze. Tqvenma megobarma (da ara Tqven)
naxos suraTi 5.35 B. Semdeg erTad SexedeT 5.35C
suraTs. ras xedavs TiToeuli Tqvengani? iqonia
Tu ara raime gavlena mocemuli saxeldebuli
orazrovani gamosaxulebebis naxvam am gamo-
saxulebis aRqmaze? Tqven SegiZliaT, eqsperi-
menti sxvebze gaimeoroT da naxoT, iRebT Tu
ara igive Sedegebs.
suraTi
5.36A
suraTi
5.36B
axalgazrda lamazi
qali
xandazmuli qalbatoni
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imisaTvis, rom konteqstma aRqmaze moaxdinos
gavlena, saWiroa: mexsiereba ise iyos organi-
zebuli, rom konkretul situaciebTan dakav-
Sirebuli informacia saWiro dros xdebodes
xelmisawvdomi. sxva sityvebiT, saTanado (an
arasaTanado) molodinebis Camosayalibeblad
Tqven unda SegeZloT mexsierebaSi Senaxuli
codnis gamoyeneba. zogjer `mexsierebiTac~ iseve
xedavT, rogorc TvalebiT. me-8 TavSi ganvixi-
lavT mexsierebis Tvisebebs, romlebic SesaZle-
bels xdis aRqmaze konteqstis gavlenas.
bolo gakveTili
am TavSi naswavlis Sesajameblad, yuradRebiT
SexedeT 5.3 suraTs. Tqven ukve gaqvT mTeli sqemis
gasagebad saWiro codna. 5.3 suraTis ganxilva,
aseve, dagarwmunebT, rom mniSvnelovani daskvna,
romelic aRqmis Seswavlidan unda miiRoT, isaa,
rom mastimulirebeli movlenis sapasuxo
perceptuli gamocdileba pirovnebis, rogorc
mTelis, reaqcias warmoadgens. sensoruli
receptorebis gaRizianebiT miRebuli infor-
maciis garda, saboloo aRqma damokidebulia
imaze, Tu vin xarT, visTan erTad xarT, ra gindaT,
ras eliT da ra Rirebulebebi gaqvT. aRmqmeli
suraTi
5.36C
axla ras xedavT?
xSirad asrulebs or gansxvavebul rols,
romelic SeiZleba SevadaroT azartul TamaSsa
da interieris dizains. rogorc azartuli
moTamaSe, aRmqmeli mowadinebulia, niZlavi
dados, rom mocemul Semaval sensorul masalas
warsuli gamocdilebisa da personaluri
Teoriebis terminebiT gaigebs. rogorc mgznebare,
sakuTar saqmeze Seyvarebuli interieris
dizaineri, aRmqmeli mudmivad cdilobs
stimulebis ise organizebas, rom isini ukeT
moergon situacias da metad urTierTdakavSi-
rebulad gamoiyurebodnen. araTavsebadi da
mouwesrigebeli xatebi ukuigdeba da naTeli,
sufTa da Tanmimdevruli xazebiT Canacvldeba.
aRqmis procesi rom mTlianad aRmavali
yofiliyo, Tqven erT, aq da amJamad mocemul
konkretul realobas iqnebodiT mijaWvu-
li.SegeZlebodaT Tqveni gancdebis fiqsireba,
magram ver gadaitandiT maT momavalSi, verc
samyaros dainaxavdiT gansxvavebulad sxvadasxva
situaciaSi. perceptuli gadamuSaveba mxolod
daRmavali procesi rom yofiliyo, Tqven
daikargebodiT sakuTari molodinebisa da
imedebis, fantaziis samyaroSi. am or ukidu-
resobas Soris saTanado balansiT miiRweva
aRqmis ZiriTadi mizani: samyaros iseTi gancda,
romelic optimalurad emsaxureba adamianis,
rogorc biologiuri da socialuri arsebis
(romelic moZraobs da egueba socialur da
fizikur garemos), moTxovnilebebs.
Sejameba
identifikacia da cnoba moicavs aRmaval da
daRmaval procesebs, romlebic erToblivi
moqmedebiT samyaros naTel, TvalsaCino gagebas
uzrunvelyofen. sagnis amocnoba iwyeba sagnis
Semadgenel nawilebad, anu geonebad dayofiT.
obieqtis amosacnobad nawilebis codna xSirad
rakursis, anu xedvis kuTxis codnasac saWiroebs.
sivrciTi da droiTi konteqsti, romelSic
sagania mocemuli, ayalibebs molodins; is
gavlenas axdens sagnis cnobis unarze. mkvlev-
rebma aRqmaze konteqstis gavlena setis
efeqtebis SeswavliT daasabuTes.
seti (Set) _ stimulis aRqmis da masze garkveuli
saxiT reagirebis droebiTi mzaoba.
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identificireba da
cnoba
perceptuli sistemebi ubra-
lod ki ar iReben gare
samyaroze informacias, ara-
med aqtiurad axdenen mis
intepretaciasa da orga-
nizacias.
aRqma samsafexuriani pro-
cesia. is Sedgeba SegrZne-
bis, perceptuli organi-
zaciisa da identifikacia-
cnobis safexurebisgan.
gadamuSavebis sensorul sa-
fexurze fizikuri energia
gardaiqmneba nervul ener-
giad da sensorul gancdad.
organizaciis safexurze per-
ceptuli procesebi Segr-
Znebebs TvalsaCino xatebad
aerTianebs da sagnebis da
paternebis aRqmas ganapiro-
bebs.
identifikaciisa da cnobis
safexurze sagnebis percep-
tebi dardeba mexsierebiT
xatebs, raTa isini amovic-
noT rogorc nacnobi da az-
riani sagnebi.
aRqmis amocanaa distaluri
(eqsternaluri) stimulis
gansazRvra proqsimaluri
(sensoruli) stimuliT mo-
wodebuli informaciidan.
orazrovneba iqmneba maSin,
rodesac SesaZlebelia er-
Ti da igive sensoruli in-
formaciis sxvadasxva per-
ceptebSi (xatebSi) organi-
zeba.
perceptuli iluziebis Se-
saxeb codnam SeiZleba Se-
zRudos Cveulebrivi percep-
tuli procesebi.
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
yuradReba aris Semavali
sensoruli informaciis
nawilis SerCevisa da danar-
Cenis ignorirebis unari.
pirovnuli miznebi da ga-
remoSi arsebuli sagnebis
Tvisebebi gansazRvraven Cve-
ni yuradRebis mimarTule-
bas.
yuradRebis miRma darCenili
informacia Zalze mcired
moqmedebs mimdinare gamoc-
dilebaze.
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSave-
ba vizualuri garemos efeq-
turad gadasinjvis saSua-
lebas iZleva.
organizaciuli
procesebi aRqmaSi
organizaciuli procesebi
sensoruli monacemebis Se-
sabamis aRqmis xatebs qmni-
an.
es procesebi perceptebs fo-
nidan win wamoweul figu-
rebad aerTianebs.
TqvenTvis damaxasiaTebelia
dausrulebeli figurebis
dasrulebulad danaxvisa
da calkeuli obieqtebis
msgavsebis mixedviT dajgu-
febis tendencia.
TqvenTvis damaxasiaTebelia
tendencia _ aq da amJamad
mocemuli sivrciTi da
droiTi konteqstidan ga-
momdinare _ moaxdinoT sag-
nis nawilebis organizeba da
interpretireba.
Tqven, aseve, gaxasiaTebT
realuri sensoruli sti-
mulis miuxedavad, aTvlis
sistemis uZravad da masSi
mocemuli nawilebis moZ-
ravad aRqmis tendencia.
baduras organzomilebiani
informaciis samganzo-
milebiani siRrmis aRqmad
gardasaqmnelad vizu-
aluri sistema iyenebs
iseT informacias, rogo-
ricaa: obieqtis zoma da
obieqtamde manZili.
Tqven gaxasiaTebT obieq-
tebis zomis, formis,
orientaciisa da feris
mixedviT ucvlelad aR-
qmis tendencia.
perceptuli gadamuSavebis
bolo safexurze, rodesac
xdeba obieqtis identi-
fikacia da cnoba, per-
cepti mniSvnelobas iZens
aRmavali da daRmavali
gadamuSavebis erToblivi
moqmedebiT.
konteqstma, molodinebma,
perceptulma masalam
SeiZleba gansazRvros
dausrulebeli orazro-
vani monacemebis erTi
mimarTulebiT amocnoba,
meore, Tanabrad SesaZleb-
lis, nacvlad.
amgvarad, aRqma eyrdnoba
rogorc warsul codnas
da molodins, ise _ sen-
sorul stimuls.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
aracnobieri daskvna
aRmavali gadamuSaveba
aRqma
aRqmis konstantoba
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aSkara moZraoba
konvergencia
daRmavali gadamuSaveba
dasrulebuloba
(Sevsebuloba)
distaluri stimuli
diqotomiuri mosmena
ekologiuri optikis
Teoria
fenomeni
figura
foni
formis konstantoba
ganaTebis konstantoba
geStalt-fsiqologia
iluzia
iluzoruli konturebi
marTuli gadasinjva
mizanmimarTuli SerCeva
moCvenebiTi moZraoba
msgavsebis kanoni
msgavsi bedis kanoni
orazrovneba
orientaciis konstantoba
perceptuli organizeba
proqsimaluri stimuli
fardobiTi moZraobis
paralaqsi
seti
siaxlovis kanoni
stimuliT aRZruli
seleqcia
yuradReba
yuradRebamdeli
gadamuSaveba
sididis konstantoba
186
goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili
mdgomareobebi mdgomareobebi mdgomareobebi mdgomareobebi mdgomareobebi
6
cnobierebis Sinaarsi
gacnobiereba da
cnobiereba
cnobierebis
xelmisawvdomoba
cnobierebis
Sinaarsebis kvleva
cnobierebis funqciebi
cnobierebis
gamoyeneba
cnobierebis fun-
qciebis kvleva
fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: rodis
uyalibdebaT bavSvebs
cnobiereba
Zili da sizmari
cirkaduli ritmebi
Zilis cikli
ratom Zili?
Zilis darRvevebi
sizmari: gonebis
Teatri
fsiqologia XXI
saukuneSi: 24/7 cxovrebis
stili da Zili
cnobierebis Secvlili
mdgomareobebi
dakvirvebadi sizmrebi
hipnozi
meditacia
halucinaciebi
religiuri eqstazi
cnobierebis Semc-
vleli nivTierebebi
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
187
anvixiloT N.N-is SemTxveva _
axalgazrda kanadeli mamakaci,
romelsac avtokatastrofis Se-
degad Tavis tvini dauzianda. fsi-
qolog endel tulvingis (Endel
Tulving, 1985) aRweris mixedviT, N. N-ma am travmis
Sedegad mravali iseTi gamocdilebis miRebis
unari dakarga, rasac qvemoT aRvwerT da
cnobierebas vuwodebT. magaliTad, miuxedavad
imisa, rom N. N-ma mcire ram icis Tavisi war-
sulidan, vTqvaT, romel wels gadavida misi ojaxi
amJamindel sacxovrebel adgilas; im skolebis
saxelebi, romlebSic swavlobda anda sad
atarebda zafxuls skolis periodSi, mas ar
SeuZlia gaixsenos romelime konkretuli movlena
Tavisi warsulidan~ (gv. 4). tulvingi wers:
N.N-s ar hqonda problemebi qronologiur
drosTan dakavSirebiT. is kargad erkveoda
drois erTeulebsa da maT Soris arsebul
mimarTebebSi. zedmiwevniT SeeZlo qrono-
logiuri drois grafikulad gamosaxva, Tumca,
drois Sesaxeb abstraqtuli codnis sruliad
sapirispirod, ukiduresad darRveuli hqonda
subieqturi drois cnobiereba. rodesac wina
dRis saqmianobis Sesaxeb ekiTxebodnen, is
pasuxobda, rom ar icoda. Tu hkiTxavdnen, ras
apirebda SemdgomSi an ras gaakeTebda xval,
misi pasuxi igive iyo _ man ar icoda...
rodesac sxvadasxva SemTxvevebSi sTxovdnen
N. N-s, aRewera is sicariele~, romelic mis
gonebaSi isadgurebda xvalis~ Sesaxeb fiq-
risas, is ambobda, rom es Zilismagvari mdgo-
mareobaa~ anda didi sicarielea~. Tu sTxov-
dnen analogiis terminebiT aRewera es mdgo-
mareoba, igi ambobda, rom es hgavs situacias,
rodesac cariel oTaxSi moxvedril adamians
oTaxSi ararsebuli skamis povnas sTxoven~.
sxva SemTxvevaSi is ambobda, rom es tbis
SuagulSi curvas hgavs, sadac araferia
irgvliv xelCasaWidi~. rodesac guSindeli
saqmianobis Sesaxeb fiqrisas gonebaSi Seqmnili
mdgomareobis aRweras sTxovdnen, is ambobda,
rom raRacnairi sicarielea~. N.N amas mSvidad
da uSfoTvelad akvirdeba yovelgvari emociis
gareSe. mxolod maSin, rodesac ekiTxebodnen
ratom ar ukvirs, rom iq araferia~, rodesac
is fiqrobs guSindelsa Tu xvalindelze, is
amJRavnebda mcireoden, xanmokle aJitacias da
sustad aRmoxdeboda gaocebis SeZaxili.
g
SegiZliaT Tqveni Tavi warmoidginoT N.N-is
adgilze, rodesac sakuTari warsulisa an mo-
mavlis Sesaxeb fiqrs cdilobT da mxolod
sicarieles~ awydebiT? modiT, erTi wuTiT
ifiqreT raime erT-erT mniSvnelovan movlenaze
Tqveni warsulidan; axla dafiqrdiT, Tu ra
SeiZleba moxdes xval an zeg? saidan modis
warsulis es mogonebebi an warmodgenebi mo-
mavlis Sesaxeb? miuxedavad imisa, rom Cvens
tvinSi didi informacia inaxeba, naklebad al-
baTuria, rom es azrebi iseve mogvdiodes
gonebaSi~, TiTqosda visxdeT da teqsts vki-
TxulobdeT. metic, Tavs ukeTesad vigrZnobT,
Tu vityviT, rom azrebi Cveni cnobierebidan da
tvinis iseTi ubnebidan momdinareobs, romelic
manamde ar iyo cnobieri, magram mainc ibadeba
kiTxva: mainc rogor mogvdis garkveuli azrebi
TavSi (gonebaSi)? ganvixilavT ki realurad
sxvadasxva mogonebebs an momavlis variantebs?
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, cnobierad vaxorcielebT
arCevans? Tu azrebi garkveuli aracnobieri
operaciebis meSveobiT rogorRac Cndebian Cvens
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cnobierebaSi? ra SesaZleblobebi gagvaCnia Cven,
romelic N.N-ma ase tragikulad dakarga?
Tu yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT, ras warmoad-
gens normaluri individisaTvis azrebis Camo-
yalibebis martivi aqti, intuiturad ukve Segveq-
mneba warmodgena am meeqvse Tavis ZiriTadi
Temebis Sesaxeb. am TavSi SevecdebiT vupasuxoT
Semdeg kiTxvebs: ra aris Cveulebrivi gac-
nobiereba? ra ganapirobebs Cveni cnobierebis
Sinaarsebs? risTvis gvWirdeba cnobiereba?
SeuZliaT Tu ara realuri zegavlenis moxdena
aracnobier fsiqikur movlenebs Cvens azrebze,
emociebsa da qcevaze? rogor icvleba cnobiereba
dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi da rogor SegviZlia
mizanmimarTulad vcvaloT Cveni cnobierebis
mdgomareoba? imedismomcemi fsiqologi, aseve,
dainteresdeba, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli
gonebis aspeqtebis mecnieruli Seswavla, rogor
xdeba Sinaganis gareT gamotana da, piriqiT,
sazogadoebrivis pirovnulad qceva (interna-
lizacia) da rogor aris SesaZlebeli subieq-
turi gamocdilebis zedmiwevniTi gazomva?
Cven analizs cnobierebis Sinaarsebisa da
funqciebis ganxilviT daviwyebT, amasTan, yurad-
Rebas gavamaxvilebT adamianis gonebaze. Seve-
cdebiT dagexmaroT filosofosTa, fsiqologTa
da neiromecnierebebisTvis uZvelesi problemis
gagebaSi: ra damokidebulebaa Tavis tvinsa da
gonebas Soris. Semdeg gadavinacvlebT im regu-
larul cvlilebebze, romelsac ganvicdiT oc-
nebis, fantaziis, Zilisa da sizmrebis dros.
dabolos, vnaxavT, Tu rogor icvleba cnobiereba
hipnozis, meditaciis, religiuri ritualebisa
da narkotikebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad.
Tavdapirvelad unda aRiniSnos, rom termini
cnobiereba~ orazrovania. is SeiZleba gamo-
viyenoT rogorc gonebis zogadi mdgomareobis,
ise misi specifikuri Sinaarsebis aRsaniSnad.
zogjer vambobT, rom cnobier~ mdgomareobaSi
viyaviT aracnobieris~ sapirispirod (magali-
Tad, anesTeziis an Zilis dros); sxva SemTxvevaSi
vambobT, rom cnobier mdgomareobaSi varT. anu
vacnobierebT konkretul informacias an moq-
medebas. aq naTlad Cans garkveuli Tanmimdevroba
_ imisaTvis, rom vacnobierebdeT raime konkre-
tul informacias, cnobier mdgomareobaSi unda
vimyofebodeT. am TavSi, rodesac visaubrebT
cnobierebis Sinaarsebze, mxedvelobaSi gveqneba
is informacia, romelsac vacnobierebT, romlis
Sesaxebac viciT.
gacnobiereba da cnobiereba
adreul fsiqologiur kvlevaTa nawili cno-
bierebis Sinaarsebs eZRvneboda. XIX saukunis
dasawyisSi TandaTanobiT daSorda ra fsiqo-
logia filosofias, is Camoyalibda, rogorc
cnobierebis, gonebis Sesaxeb mecniereba. vundti
da titCeneri introspeqciis meTods iyenebdnen
cnobieri fsiqikis Sinaarsebis sakvlevad, ui-
liam jemsi ki sakuTari cnobierebis nakadis
kvleviT iyo dakavebuli (ix. Tavi 1). faqtobrivad,
misi klasikuri naSromis _ fsiqologia~ (1892w.)
pirvel gverdze jemsi fsiqologias ganmartavs,
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rogorc mecnierebas cnobierebis, rogorc ase-
Tis, mdgomareobebis aRwerisa da axsnis Sesaxeb.~
Cveulebrivi fxizeli cnobiereba moicavs
Cvens aRqmebs, azrebs, grZnobebs, warmodgenebsa
da survilebs mocemul momentSi, anu mTel
mentalur aqtivobas, razec vaxdenT yuradRebis
koncentracias. Cven vacnobierebT Tavad moqme-
debas, romelsac vaxorcielebT da im faqtsac,
rom vaxorcielebT am qmedebas. xandaxan imasac
vacnobierebT, rom sxvebi akvirdebian, afaseben
da reagireben Cven mier ganxorcielebul qce-
vebze. sakuTari Tavis SegrZneba modis gamoc-
dilebidan, romelsac privilegirebuli Sina-
gani~ poziciidan sakuTar Tavze dakvirvebiT
viRebT. es sxvadasxvagvari gonebrivi aqtivobebi,
erTad aRebuli, qmnian cnobierebis Sinaarss _
yvela am gamocdilebas cnobierad aRviqvamT
drois garkveul momentSi (Natsouias, 1998).
axla ufro zustad SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT
cnobierebis sami sxvadasxva done. isini pirobi-
Tad Seesatyviseba: (1) bazisuri done _ Sinagani
da garegani samyaros cnobiereba; (2) meore done
_ imis asaxva, gaazreba, rasac vacnobierebT da
(3) mesame, umaRlesi done sakuTari Tavis, rogorc
cnobieri, moazrovne individis, gacnobiereba.
bazisur doneze cnobiereba warmoadgens imis
gacnobierebas, rom Cven aRviqvamT da vreagirebT
xelmisawvdom perceptul informaciaze. am do-
neze Cven vacnobierebT saaTis wikwiks da
SimSilis odnav SesamCnev SegrZnebas. meore
doneze cnobiereba simbolur codnas eyrdnoba,
romelic gvanTavisuflebs realur obieqtebsa
da mimdinare movlenebze mijaWvulobisgan. am
doneze SegviZlia vimsjeloT da movaxdinoT
manipulireba obieqtebiT maTi aryofnis piro-
bebSi, warmovisaxoT axali formebi da gamo-
viyenoT ukve nacnobi formebi an paternebi, dav-
gegmoT/SevqmnaT utopiebi. cnobierebis umaRlesi
donea TviTcnobiereba, Semecneba (gacnobiereba)
imisa, rom pirovnulad gancdil movlenebs
avtobiografiuli xasiaTi aqvs. TviTcnobiereba
gvaZlevs pirovnuli istoriisa da identurobis
SegrZnebas. cnobierebis am doneze, Tu Cvens
gamocdilebaSi samyaro arsebobs, rogorc
naTeli, Tanmimdevruli da prognozirebadi ram,
maSin TandaTanobiT gviyalibdeba amis Sesatyvisi
molodinebi da es molodinebi aRgvWuravs
awmyoSi saukeTeso mimdinare qmedebiT da momav-
lis dagegmvas axdens. gavixsenoT N.N-is Sem-
Txveva, riTac daviwyeT saubari, romelic Tavis
dazianebis Sedegad TiTqmis mTlianad TviT-
cnobierebis gareSe darCa (tulvingi, 1985). mas
ar gaaCnda rogorc pirovnuli drois per-
speqtiva, ise _ droSi ganfenili sakuTari av-
tobiografiis cnobiereba.
cnobiereba (Consciousness) _ Sinagani movlenebisa
da garemos pirobebis cnobierad aRqmis mdgo-
mareoba (gacnobiereba).
TviTcnobiereba (Self-awareness) _ cnobierebis
umaRlesi done, pirovnulad gancdili movlene-
bis avtobiografiuli xasiaTis Semecneba.
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cnobierebis xelmisawvdomoba
Cven ganvsazRvreT informaciis zogadi ti-
pebi, romelic SesaZloa gacnobierdes garkveul
adgilze da garkveul droSi, magram ra gana-
pirobebs imas, Tu ra cnobierdeba swored am
momentSi? magaliTad, am wuTSi acnobierebT Tu
ara Tqvens sunTqvas? albaT, ara. sunTqvis kon-
troli aracnobieri procesebis nawilia. fiq-
robT Tu ara Tqvens bolo Svebulebaze an
hamletis~ avtorze? albaT, isev ara. aseTi az-
rebis kontroli winarecnobieri mexsierebis na-
wilia. acnobierebT Tu ara iseT fonur xma-
urebs, rogoricaa saaTis wikwiki, transportis
moZraobis xma an naTuris zuzuni? sakmaod
rTuli iqneba am yvelafris gacnobiereba (aRqma)
da Tan sruli koncentraciis SenarCuneba am
Tavis Sinaarsze. yvela es stimuli yuradRebis
miRma darCenili informaciis nawilia. dabolos,
arsebobs aracnobieri informacia, romelic
Znelad xelmisawvdomia cnobieri aRqmisaTvis.
aseT informacias miekuTvneba, magaliTad, gra-
matikuli wesebi, romelic SesaZlebels xdis
winadadebis mniSvnelobis gagebas. axla cal-
calke ganvixiloT cnobierebis TiToeuli tipi.
aracnobieri procesebi
es aris mTeli rigi aracnobieri sxeulebrivi
aqtiobebisa, romlebic Zalze iSviaTad Tu iWreba
cnobierebaSi. aracnobieri procesebis muSaobis
magaliTia sisxlis wnevis regulacia. nervuli
sistema adevnebs ra Tvalyurs fiziologiur
informacias, uwyvetad afiqsirebs mimdinare
cvlilebebs da Sesabamisad reagirebs maTze
yovelgvari gacnobierebis gareSe. garkveul
SemTxvevebSi, zogierTi Cveulebrivi aracnobieri
aqtivoba SeiZleba cnobieri gaxdes. magaliTad,
SeiZleba miznad davisaxoT sunTqvis cnobieri
gakontroleba. miuxedavad amisa, nervuli sistema
mraval mniSvnelovan funqcias uzrunvelyofs
cnobierebis yovelgvari procesis gareSe.
winarecnobieri mexsiereba
mogonebebi, romlebic mxolod mas Semdeg
xdeba cnobierebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi, rac
raRac warmarTavs Cvens yuradRebas maTze, wina-
recnobieri mogonebebis saxeliT aris cnobili.
mogonebebi uzarmazari moculobis mqone in-
formaciasTan erTad inaxeba, rogoricaa, maga-
liTad, enebis, sportis an geografiis zogadi
codna da mogonebebi pirovnulad gancdili
movlenebis Sesaxeb. winarecnobieri mexsiereba
SeumCnevlad arsebobs Cvens gonebaSi manam, sanam
ar Seiqmneba maTi cnobierad arsebobis
saWiroebis situacia (rogorc maSin, rodesac
mniSvnelovani warsuli movlenis mogoneba
gTxoveT). mexsierebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT me-
8 TavSi visaubrebT.
yuradRebis miRma darCenili informacia
nebismier mocemul momentSi uricxvi
raodenobis stimuliT varT garSemortymulni.
rogorc me-5 TavSi iTqva, Cven mxolod maT mcire
nawilze SegviZlia yuradRebis fokusireba. raze
movaxdenT fokusirebas da, amasTanave, romeli
mogonebebi gacocxldeba, mniSvnelovnad aris
damokidebuli imaze, Tu ra gvaqvs cnobierebaSi.
Tumca, xandaxan SeiniSneba iseTi informaciis
aracnobieri reprezentacia, romelic ar xvdeba
yuradRebis fokusSi. gavixsenoT magaliTi me-5
Tavidan: xmaurian wveulebaze cdilobT yurad-
Rebis koncentrirebas TqvenTvis mimzidvel
TariRze da am dros uyuradRebod stovebT iqve
mimdinare saubars manam, sanam Tqvens saxels ar
mohkravT yurs. moulodnelad aRmoaCenT, rom,
rogorRac, gaucnobiereblad usmendiT am
saubars da xmaurSi gaarCieT kidec garkveuli
konkretuli signali (Wood & Cowan, 1995a).
aracnobieri
Cven, Cveulebisamebr, vafiqsirebT aracnobieri
informaciis arsebobas, rodesac ver vxsniT
zogierT qcevas cnobieri Zalebis moqmedebiT
qcevis mimdinareobis momentSi. aracnobieri
Zalebis Sesaxeb pirveli Teoria zigmund fro-
ids ekuTvnis, romlis Tanaxmadac, garkveuli
aracnobieri (Nonconscioes) _ informacia, rome-
lic, Cveulebriv, xelmiuwvdomelia cnobierebi-
saTvis an mexsierebisaTvis.
winarecnobieri mexsiereba (Preconscious memories)
_ mexsiereba, romelic mocemul momentSi ar aris
cnobieri, magram cnobierdeba aucileblobis
SemTxvevaSi.
191
cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba _ travmuli mogo-
nebebi da tabuirebuli survilebi _ imdenad
SiSis momgvrelia, rom specifikuri mentaluri
procesebi (romelTac me-14 TavSi ganvixilavT),
permanentulad devnian maT cnobierebidan.
froidis mixedviT, rodesac originaluri, miuRe-
beli ideebi da motivebi gandevnilia, anu cnobi-
erebis farglebs miRmaa, azrebTan asocirebuli
Zlieri gancdebi isev inarCuneben TavianT Zalas
da zegavlenas axdenen qcevaze. aracnobieris
froidiseuli aRmoCena~ ewinaaRmdegeba dasav-
luri azris xangrZliv tradicias. ingliseli
filosofos lokis (1690/1975) gonebis Sesaxeb
dawerili klasikuri naSromis ese adamianis
Semecnebis Sesaxeb~ _ gamoqveynebis Semdeg, mo-
azrovneTa umravlesoba miiCnevda, rom raci-
onaluri arsebebis damaxasiaTebelia sakuTari
gonebis yvela aqtivobaze xelmisawvdomoba. fro-
idis pirveladi hipoTeza aracnobieri mentaluri
procesebis arsebobis Sesaxeb Seuracxmyofelad
da aRmaSfoTeblad iTvleboda mis Tanamed-
roveTa Soris (Dennett, 1987). (Cven kvlav davub-
rundebiT froidis ideebs me-14 TavSi, rodesac
visaubrebT pirovnebis unikalurobis Sesaxeb).
dResdReobiT mravali fsiqologi iyenebs
termins aracnobieri, im informaciisa da pro-
cesebis aRsaniSnad, romelic ufro sasurveli
da misaRebia, vidre azrebi, romelic, froidis
Tanaxmad, gandevnas eqvemdebareba. magaliTad,
mravali enobrivi procesi aracnobier procesebs
eyrdnoba. ganvixiloT winadadeba (Vu et al., 2000):
She investigated bark.
1
rogor movaxdenT am wina-
dadebis interpretirebas? warmovidgenT qals,
romelic ZaRls akvirdeba Tu qals, romelic
xes aTvalierebs? vinaidan sityva bark oraz-
rovania da winadadebis konteqsti didad ver
gvexmareba, Cven mxolod SegviZlia vivaraudoT,
Tu risi Tqma undoda avtors. axla ganvixiloT
igive winadadeba ufro farTo konteqstSi: The
botanist looked for a fungus. She investigated bark.
2
amCnevT,
rom winadadebis gageba ufro gaadvilda am
konteqstSi? Tu gaiolda, es imitom, rom Cvenma
aracnobierma enobrivma procesebma gamoiyena
damatebiTi konteqsti da Zalze swrafad gaakeTa
arCevani sityva bark-is or mniSvnelobas Soris.
am magaliTiT kargad Cans, rom cnobieri donis
miRma moqmedi procesebi xSirad axdenen gavlenas
Cvens qcevaze; am SemTxvevaSi, amis ilustraciaa
is simsubuqe, romliTac mivediT winadadebis
swor gagebamde. amgvarad, Cven TandaTanobiT
gadavinacvleT cnobierebis Sinaarsis ganxil-
vidan cnobierebis funqciebis ganxilvaze. sanam
detalurad ganvixilavT am sakiTxs, mokled
aRvwerT or gzas, romliTac SesaZlebelia cno-
bierebis Sinaarsis Seswavla.
cnobierebis Sinaarsebis kvleva
cnobierebis Seswavlis mizniT mkvlevrebs
unda SeemuSavebinaT meTodologia, romlis
saSualebiTac SesaZlebeli xdeba Rrma piradu-
li gamocdilebis gazomva. erTi meTodi vundtisa
da titCeneris introspeqciis meTodis axali
versiaa: eqsperimentis monawileebs eZlevaT
mTeli rigi davalebebi da moeTxovebaT xmamaRla
msjeloba da laparaki am davalebaTa Ses-
rulebis procesSi. isini SesaZleblobis fa-
rglebSi maqsimalurad detalurad aRweren
davalebis Sesrulebisas TavSi mosuli azrebis
Tanmimdevrobas. cdis pirTa angariSebi, e.w.
xmamaRla fiqris oqmebi, gamoiyeneba mentaluri
strategiebisa da codnis reprezentaciebis
dokumentirebisaTvis, romelTac monawileebi
davalebis Sesrulebisas iyeneben. es oqmebi, aseve,
davalebis aRqmasa da masTan gamklavebas Soris
1
bark inglisuri sityva, romelsac ori mniSvneloba
aqvs: (1) yefa da (2) merqani. vinaidan qarTulad am sityvas
ori sxvadasxva mniSvneloba Seesabameba, SeuZlebeli iyo
am etapze winadadebis Targmna. amitom mizanSewonilad
miviCnieT originaluri variantis motana.
2
botanikosi aTvalierebda xavss, is ikvlevda
xis merqans.
xmamaRla fiqris oqmebi (Think-aloud protocols) -
angariSi, romelic iqmneba Tavad cdis pirTa
mier da aRweren mentalur procesebsa da
strategiebs, romelTac isini mimarTaven dava-
lebis Sesrulebisas.
gamocdilebidan nimuSebis SerCevis meTodi (Ex-
perience-sampling method) - eqsperimentuli meTodi,
romelic exmareba mkvlevrebs cnobierebis ti-
puri Sinaarsebis aRweraSi; cdis pirebs eva-
lebaT signalis miRebisTanave daafiqsiron Ta-
vianTi azrebi da grZnobebi.
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arsebuli ganxsvavebebis dafiqsirebis saSua-
lebas aZlevs mkvlevrebs (Ericsson & Simon, 1993).
gamocdilebidan nimuSebis SerCevis meTodSi
monawileebi aRWurvilni arian mowyobilobiT,
romliTac iReben signals imis Sesaxeb, Tu rodis
unda daiwyon angariSis keTeba TavianTi azrebisa
da grZnobebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, erT-erT
SemTxvevaSi cdis pirebs eleqtronul peijerebs
aZleven. radiogadamcemi sxvadasxva SemTxveviT
SerCeuli drois SualedebSi axdens peijeris
aqtivizacias dReSi erTxel an ufro xSirad.
rodesac modis peijeris signali, cdis pirebs
evalebaT iseT kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema, rogo-
ricaa, magaliTad, ramdenad axerxebdiT kon-
centrirebas?~ am gziT mkvlevrebi axerxeben cdis
pirTa azrebis, cnobierebisa da yuradRebis kon-
centrirebis mimarTulebebis yoveldRiuri,
Cveuli paternebis Sesaxeb Canawerebis mopovebas
(Csikszentmihalyi, 1990).
saidan
viciT
ras fiqroben mozardebi
gaixseneT Tqveni mozardobis periodi.
ra Temebi ikavebdnen, ZiriTadad, Tqvens
cnobierebas? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad
mkvlevarTa jgufma 218 moswavle eleqtro-
nuli peijerebiT aRWurva, romelic Sem-
TxveviT signalebs iZleoda azrebisa da
grZnobebis aRweris dasawyisis maniSneb-
lad (Richard et al., 1998). moswavleTa
gamocdilebidan nimuSi sul orjer SeirCa
oTxi wlis manZilze. pirveli periodi iyo
V-dan VIII klasis CaTvliT, meore _ IX-dan
XII klasis CaTvliT. eqsperimentis aseTi
gegma asakis matebasTan erTad mozardTa
cnobierebis Sinaarsis cvlilebebis dafiq-
sirebis saSualebas iZleoda. mkvlevrebs
gansakuTrebiT ainteresebdaT wyvilSi
urTierTobebi mozardobis periodSi,
amitom detalurad ikvlevdnen, Tu ras
fiqrobdnen mozardebi megobrebis Sesaxeb.
kvlevis Sedegebis Tanaxmad, asakis
matebasTan erTad azrebi, ZiriTadad,
sapirispiro sqeszea mimarTuli. Tu me-5-6
klaselebis mxolod 1% fiqrobs sapiris-
piro sqesze, merve klasSi es ricxvi 5.8%-
mde izrdeba. kvlevaSi, aseve, saintereso
gansxvavebebi dafiqsirda gogonebsa da
vaJebs Soris: Tu peijeris signalis miRebis
momentSi ar imyofebodnen megobrebis
wreSi, gogonebTan ufro meti iyo orive
sqesis megobrebze fiqris albaToba, vidre
vaJebTan. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom
sqesTa Soris es gansxvavebebi miuTiTebs
da prognozirebs im faqts, rom qalebi
mozrdil asakSi mets iReben inter-
personaluri urTierTobebidan.
am magaliTidan kargad Cans, Tu rogor SeuZ-
liaT mkvlevrebs gamocdilebiT SerCevis
meTodis gamoyeneba cnobierebis calkeuli
tipuri Sinaarsebis gasaerTianeblad.
Sejameba
cnobiereba SeiZleba sam doneze ganisazRvros:
Sinagani da garegani samyaros gacnobiereba, imis
gaazrebis SesaZlebloba, rasac vacnobierebT
(aRviqvamT) da sakuTari Tavis, rogorc cnobieri,
moazrovne arsebis gancda. mravali sxeulebrivi
procesi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sunTqva, Cve-
ulebriv, aracnobieria. Cven vflobT uzarmazar
informacias, romelic inaxeba mexsierebaSi; es
ukanaskneli ki winarecnobiers warmoadgens,
saidanac moTxovnisTanave SeiZleba gadavides
saWiro informacia cnobierSi. yuradRebis miRma
darCenili informacia aris garemoSi arsebul
stimulTa didi raodenoba, romelsac cnobierad
ar vaqcevT yuradRebas. Tu froidi aracnobiers
gandevnil mogonebebTan akavSirebda, Tanamedrove
mkvlevrebi afarToeben aracnobieris cnebas da
masSi informaciisa da procesebis mraval sa-
xeobas moiazreben. fsiqologebi cnobierebis
Sinaarsis Sesaswavlad iyeneben iseT teqnikebs,
rogoricaa xmamaRali fiqris oqmebi da gamoc-
dilebiT SerCevis meTodi.
cnobierebis funqciebi
rodesac vsvamT kiTxvas cnobierebis fun-
qciebis Sesaxeb, vcdilobT gavigoT, Tu risTvis
gvWirdeba cnobiereba _ ras matebs is Cvens ada-
mianur gamocdilebas? am Tavis dasawyisSi gan-
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xiluli N.N-is SemTxveva ramdenime mniSvnelovan
miniSnebas iZleva dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxis
gacemis mimarTulebiT. warsulisa da momavlis
gancdis gareSe N.N-is cxovrebis mniSvnelovani
aspeqtebi ubralod sicarieliT icvleba. am
qveTavSi ufro srulad ganvixilavT cnobierebis
mniSvnelovnebis sakiTxs adamianis gadarCenisa
da socialuri funqcionirebisaTvis.
cnobierebis gamoyeneba
adamianis cnobiereba evoluciur garemoSi
yvelaze mtrulad ganwyobil ZalasTan _ sxva
adamianebTan Widilsa da SejibrSi gamoiwrTo.
adamianis goneba, SesaZloa, ganviTarda, rogorc
adamianTa winaprebis ukiduresi sociobilu-
robis Sedegi, rac, savaraudod, mtaceblebisgan
jgufuri Tavdacvisa da resursebis ufro
efeqturad mopovebis ZiriTad saSualebas
warmoadgenda. Tumca, mWidro jgufuri cxovreba
axal moTxovnebs qmnis rogorc TanamSromlobis,
ise konkurenciisaTvis. bunebrivi gadarCeva
wyalobda maT, vinc azrovnebda, gegmavda da
warmoisaxavda alternatiul realobebs, rac
naTesaobis erTad Sekvrisa da mtrebze gamar-
jvebis winapirobas qmnida. isini, visac ufro
adaptirebuli goneba aRmoaCnda da vinc Seqmna
sametyvelo ena da Sromis iaraRebi, gamar-
jvebulni gamovidnen gadarCenisaTvis brZolaSi
da moipoves udidesi jildo _ gadarCnen,
SeinarCunes sicocxle da, sabednierod, is
Cvenamdec moitanes (Donald, 1995; Mcphail, 1998).
vinaidan cnobierebam evolucia ganicada, ar
unda gagvikvirdes, rom is uzrunvelyofs sa-
xeobis gadarCenisTvis saWiro mTel rig fun-
qciebs (Baars, 1997; Baars & McGovern, 1994; Cheney &
Seyfarth, 1990; Ornstein, 1991). cnobiereba, aseve,
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs pirovnuli da
saerTo kulturuli realobebis SeqmnaSi.
gadarCenaSi daxmareba
biologiuri TvalsazrisiT, savaraudod, cno-
bierebis ganviTareba miznad isaxavda indivi-
disaTvis garemodan momdinare informaciis
miRebasa da am informaciaze dayrdnobiT moq-
medebis saukeTeso da maqsimalurad efeqturi
gegmis SedgenaSi daxmarebas. Cveulebisamebr, Cven
informaciuli gadatvirTvis safrTxis winaSe
vdgavarT. uiliam jemsi aRwerda informaciis
did raodenobas, romelic SegrZnebis recep-
torebs ejaxeba, rogorc yvela mxridan mom-
dinare mozuzune, mzardi qaosi~. gvarkvevs ra
stimulTa mravalferovnebaSi, cnobiereba
garemosTan adaptaciaSi gvexmareba. amas is sami
sxvadasxva gziT axorcielebs:
pirveli. cnobiereba amcirebs Semaval sti-
mulTa nakads SemCneuli da yuradRebis centrSi
moxvedrili stimulebis raodenobis SezRudviT.
cnobierebis es SemzRudavi funqcia gamoricxavs
imwuTieri miznebisa da amocanebisaTvis Seusa-
bamo informaciis did nawils. yvelaferi, rac
fasdeba, rogorc Seusabamo~, gadaiqceva fonur
xmaurad da ignorirdeba, cnobieri aRqma ki
relevantur~ gamRizianeblebze, anu im signa-
lebze fokusirdeba, romelTac viRebT da
vpasuxobT.
meore. cnobiereba axorcielebs seleqciuri
(SerCeviTi) Senaxvis funqcias. mas Semdeg, rac
mTeli Semavali sensoruli masala gadamu-
Savdeba perceptul doneze da gardaiqmneba ufro
mcire raodenobis cnobad paternebad da
kategoriebad, cnobiereba saSualebas gvaZlevs
SevarCioT da SevinaxoT is stimulebi, romelTa
analizi, interpretacia da maTze reagireba
gvsurs momavalSi. cnobiereba movlenaTa da
pirovnuli saWiroebisTvis Sesatyvisi da
araSesatyvisi gamocdilebis klasificirebis
saSualebas gvaZlevs zogierTi maTganis arCeviTa
da zogierTis ignorirebiT.
mesame. cnobierebis mesame funqciaa SeCereba,
alternativebis gaazreba, ganxilva da sxvadasxva
SesaZlo Sedegebis warmosaxva warsul codnaze
dayrdnobiT. es damgegmarebeli anu aRmasruleb-
eli makontrolebeli funqcia Zlieri survi-
lebis daTrgunvis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs,
rodesac isini ewinaaRmdegebian moralur, eTikur
an praqtikul miznebs. am saxis cnobierebis
gareSe SimSilis SegrZnebis gaCenisTanave, Se-
saZloa, pirvelive danaxuli sakvebi, magaliTad,
vaSli moviparoT. gvaZlevs ra cnobiereba farTo
droiT perspeqtivas, romelSic unda ganxor-
cieldes potenciuri qceva, Cven SegviZlia
warsulisa da momavlis abstraqtuli reprezen-
taciebis moxmoba mimdinare gadawyvetilebebze
gavlenis mosaxdenad. yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan
gamomdinare, cnobiereba cxovrebis cvalebadi
moTxovnebis sapasuxod moqnili, adekvaturi
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reaqciebis ganxorcielebis did SesaZleblobas
iZleva.
realobis pirovnuli da kulturuli
konstruqtebi
ar arsebobs ori adamiani, romelic situaciis
sruliad erTnair interpretacias mogvcemda.
realobis personaluri konstruqti warmoadgens
mimdinare situaciebis Cveneul unikalur inter-
pretacias, romelic zogad codnas, warsuli
gamocdilebis mogonebebs, awmyo moTxovnebs,
Rirebulebebs, rwmenebsa da momavlis miznebs
eyrdnoba. TiToeuli pirovneba garemodan mom-
dinare stimulTa garkveul, sxvebisgan gansxva-
vebul maxasiaTeblebs uTmobs yuradRebas, rad-
ganac realobis misi pirovnuli konstruqti
unikaluri, Semosuli masalis SerCevis Sedegad
aris warmoqmnili. rodesac realobis pirovnuli
konstruqti SedarebiT stabiluria, Cveni me~-s
gancda droSi uwyvetobas iZens.
realobis pirovnul konstruqtTa Soris in-
dividualuri gansxvavebebi ufro didia im Sem-
TxvevaSi, rodesac adamianebi izrdebian gan-
sxvavebul kulturebSi, cxovroben erTi kul-
turis farglebSi gansxvavebul garemoSi an
gansxvavebuli amocanebi dgas maT winaSe da,
piriqiT, vinaidan mocemuli kulturis adamianebi
mraval msgavs gamocdilebas floben, maT xSirad
realobis amsaxveli msgavsi konstruqtebi uya-
libdebaT. realobis kulturuli konstruqtebi
warmoadgens samyaros Sesaxeb mosazrebaTa er-
Tobliobas, romelsac iziarebs mocemuli
jgufis wevrTa umravlesoba. rodesac
sazogadoebis wevri kulturuli konstruqtis
Sesatyvis realobis pirovnul konstruqts
aviTarebs, mas iRebs kultura da, amave dros,
is Tavad xdeba kulturuli konstruqti.
realobis cnobieri konstruqtebis ur-
TierTmiRebas SeTanxmebul mtkicebulebas uwo-
deben.
saidan
viciT
SeTanxmebuli mtkicebulebis funqcia
germanel moqalaqeebs aCerebdnen quCaSi
uSualod damkrZalavi biuros win, an
misgan daaxloebiT 100 metris manZilze.
mkvlevrebi varaudobdnen, rom damkrZalavi
biuros TvalTaxedvis areSi yofna ada-
mianebSi maTi sasrulobis (mokvdaobis)
gancdas gaamZafrebda da Sedegad ufro
metad aiZulebda maT SeTanxmebul mtki-
cebulebaSi eZebnaT komforti. rodesac
adamianebi imyofebian mdgomareobaSi,
romelsac mkvlevrebi egzistencialur
terors~ uwodeben, Teoriis mixedviT,
adamianebs saerTo, sayovelTao kul-
turuli rwmenebi da ganwyobebi aerTianebT.
am mtkicebis Sedegi isaa, rom damkrZavali
biuros xedvis pirobebi individebs maTi
ganwyobebis kulturuli normebisadmi
ufro miaxloebulad aRqmisken ubiZgebda.
am kvlevaSi cdis pirebs sTxovdnen
SeefasebinaT, Tu sxva germaneli moqa-
laqeebi ramdenad gaiziarebdnen maT
mosazrebebs saemigracio politikis Secv-
lis Sesaxeb. umciresobaSi myofi indivi-
debi konsensusis TavianT Sefasebas 10%-
ze metiT zrdidnen, rodesac isini uSua-
lod damkrZalavi biuros win imyofe-
bodnen, vidre am dawesebulebidan 100
metrze daSorebulni (Pyszczynski et al., 1996).
konceptualuri mtkicebuleba (Consensual validation)
_ realobaze cnobieri Sexedulebebis urTierT-
miRebaa.
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didad albaTuria, rom cxov-
rebis garkveul etapze
axalSobilisaTvis, an Zalian
patara bavSvisaTvis SegexedaT
da dainteresebuliyaviT: netav,
ra xdeba mis TavSi?~ xSirad es
kiTxva gardaiqmneba cnobie-
rebis Sesaxeb sakiTxad: rodis
iwyebs bavSvi sakuTari Tavis,
rogorc aseTis, gacnobierebas?
mkvlevrebi fiqroben, rom
bavSvebi Tavdapirvelad iZenen
subieqtur me~-s da mxolod
amis Semdeg _ obieqtur me~-s
(Lewis, 1991; 1999).
bavSvebi maSin iZenen
subieqtur me~-s anu subieqtur
TviTcnobierebas, rodesac
maTTvis naTeli xdeba, rom
isini gamocalkevebulni arian
sxvebisgan. bavSvs aqvs SesaZ-
lebloba imisa, rom gare sam-
yaro aqcios cnobieri dakvir-
vebis obieqtad.
bavSvebi maSin iZenen obi-
eqtur me~-s anu obieqtur
TviTcnobierebas, rodesac maT
eZlevaT saSualeba imisa, rom
TavianTi cnobiereba mimarTon
sakuTar Tavze anu, rodesac
SeuZliaT sakuTari Tavis
cnobieri analizis obieqtad
qceva. bavSvebs SeuZliaT ga-
iazron, rom ician, rom ician~
an axsovT, rom axsovT~. bav-
Svebis mier obieqturi TviT-
cnobierebis SeZenis Sesaxeb
klasikuri kvleva eyrdnoba
sarkesTan qcevas. mkvlevrebs
ainteresebdaT: rodis iwyebs
bavSvi mixvedras, rom sarkeSi
asaxuli gamosaxuleba TviTon
aris? am kiTxvaze pasuxis
gasacemad mkvlevrebi sTxovdnen
dedebs, rom TavianTi Svile-
bisaTvis cxvirze waesvaT pomada
ise, rom bavSvebs ar scodnodaT
amis Sesaxeb; es iyo laqiani
cxviris testi (nose dot test).
bavSvebi sakmaod adreul asakSi
amCneven sarkis zogierT
Tvisebas. magaliTad, 6 Tvemde
bavSvebi cdiloben miswvdnen da
Seexon sarkeSi asaxuli gamo-
saxulebis nawilebs; mxolod 18
Tvis Semdeg bavSvebi ikideben
xels cxvirze, rodesac cxvirze
laqa aqvT (Bertenthal & Fischer, 1978).
naTelia, rom am asakamde bavSvebi
ar fiqroben (nebismieri formiT):
es me var sarkeSi; ra ucnauri
wiTeli niSani maqvs cxvirze?~
maSinac ki, roca bavSvebi war-
matebiT asruleben laqiani
cxviris tests, mainc ar aqvT
bolomde me~-s Camoyalibebuli
gancda. maT jer kidev ar aqvT
Camoyalibebuli drois
komponentis mqone obieqturi
me~-s Sesaxeb idea anu sakuTar
Tavze, rogorc warsulSi, aw-
myosa da momavalSi uwyvetad
arsebulze fiqris unari. la-
qiani cxviris procedurasTan
adaptaciis Seswavla mkvlevrebs
me~-s droSi ganfenilobis
kvlevis saSualebas aZlevs
(Povinelli et al., 1996). am kvlevaSi
videofirze iRebdnen 30-42 Tvis
bavSvebs, rodesac eqsperi-
mentatori Cumad awebebda Tmeb-
ze webovan qaRalds. zogierT
bavSvs pirdapir eTerSi
aCvenebdnen TavianT Tavebs
webovanaTi: maT SeeZloT dae-
naxaT TavianTi webovanqaRal-
diani Tma im saqmianobis pro-
cesSi, riTic iyvnen dakave-
bulni. danarCenebi ki sam-
wuTiani Sualedis Semdeg
uyurebdnen Canawers: isini
naxulobdnen sakuTar Tavs
Tmaze webovani qaRaldiT uax-
loesi warsulidan. pirvel
jgufSi bavSvebis orma mesa-
medma moikida Tavze xeli
maSin, rodesac meore jgufSi
mxolod erTma mesamedma
gaakeTa es. faqtobrivad, mxo-
lod 4 wlis asakis Semdeg
bavSvebi axerxeben, rom naxon
uaxloesi warsulis Canaweri
da daiWiron kavSiri Tmis we-
bovan qaRaldTan. rogorc Cans,
bavSvebisTvis sakmaod rTulia
awmyoSi mimdinare movlenis
Sesaxeb daskvnebis gakeTeba
warsulis, Tundac uaxloesi
warsulis, reprezentaciebze
dayrdnobiT. gagakvirvaT am
Sedegebma? Tu yofilxarT 2-3
wlis bavSvTan erTad, ge-
codinebaT, rom man mSvenivrad
icis, vin aris da ras akeTebs.
kvlevis Sedegebi aCvenebs, Tu
ramdenad realuria bavSve-
bisTvis daswavla da, Sesa-
bamisad, ramdenad marTlac
rTulia Cveni, mozrdilebis
cnobiereba.
rodis uyalibdebaT bavSvebs cnobiereba
kvlevis es Sedegebi adasturebs im daSvebas,
rom individebs SeTanxmebuli mtkicebuleba maT
cnobierebaSi mokvdaobis/sakuTari sasrulobis
grZnobebis SeWris pirobebSi ufro metad esa-
WiroebaT. kulturul rwmenebTan da ganwyobebTan
cnobieri Tanxmobis miReba amsubuqebs am grZno-
bebs.
196
cnobierebis funqciebis kvleva
cnobierebis mravali funqcia moicavs im-
plicitur Sedarebebs, romelic aracnobieri
rCeba. amitom mravali cnobieri procesi xSirad
zemoqmedebs an Tavad ganicdis aracnobieri
procesebis zemoqmedebas. cnobierebis funqciebis
Sesaswavlad mkvlevrebs xSirad ainteresebT
cnobierisa da aracnobieris mier qcevaze
ganxorcielebul zegavlenaTa Soris gansxva-
vebebi. maT mravali meTodi Seqmnes imis saCveneb-
lad, Tu rogor zemoqmedeben aracnobieri pro-
cesebi cnobier qcevaze (Nelson, 1996; Westen, 1998).
magaliTad, mkvlevrebi iyeneben laboratori-
ulad gamowveuli predispoziciis Sedegad bge-
raTa gadanacvlebis meTods _ SLIP (Spoonerisms of
Laboratory-Induced Predisposition _ laboratoriulad
gamowveuli winaswari mzaobis spunerizmi) _
imis gansasazRvrad, Tu rogor moqmedebs aracno-
bieri Zalebi metyvelebaSi wamocdenebis alba-
Tobaze (Baars et al., 1992). SLIP procedura eqsperi-
mentators wamocdenebis gamowvevis saSualebas
aZlevs bgeraTa garkveuli paternebis molodi-
nebis SemuSavebiT. amgvarad, iseTi sityvaTa
wyvilebis seriis warmoTqmis Semdeg, rogoricaa
ball doze, bell dark da bean deck, cdis pirma SesaZloa
darn boze-is nacvlad SecdomiT barn door war-
moTqvas. eqsperimenti amocanisgan damoukidebeli
situaciuri cvladebis Secvlis Sedegad bgeris
garkveuli saxiT cvlilebis albaTobaze cno-
bieri an aracnobieri zemoqmedebebis Sefasebis
saSualebas iZleva. magaliTad, cdis pirebSi
ufro albaTuri iyo daeSvaT Secdoma bad shock
(shad bock-is nacvlad), rodesac maT sjerodaT,
rom eqsperimentis dros xandaxan mtkivneul
eleqtrul Soks miiRebdnen (Motley & Baars, 1979).
aseve, mamakac cdis pirebSi meti iyo SecdomiT
good lags-is (lood gegs-is nacvlad) warmoTqmis
albaToba, rodesac maTTan mimzidveli gareg-
nobis eqsperimentatori qali muSaobda. es
Sedegebi wamocdenebis formirebaSi aracno-
bieris wvlilze miuTiTebs.
cnobier da aracnobier procesebs Soris
urTierTmimarTebis sakvlevi meore gzaa maTi
dapirispireba (Jecoby et al., 1999). ganvixiloT
kvleva, romelSic iqmneba aseTi dapirispireba.
suraTi
4.2
aracnobieri mogo-
nebebis zegavlena
saxelis cnobilad
aRqmaze
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saidan
viciT
cnobieri da aracnobieri procesebi
erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdegod
ganvixiloT 6.1 suraTze warmodgenili
eqsperimenti: am situaciaSi cdis pirebs
moeTxovebaT miakuTvnon saxeli adrian
mari~ cnobilTa an ucnobTa kategorias.
arCevanis gakeTebamde isini xmamaRla ki-
Txuloben saxelTa grZel sias (sadac ad-
rian maric~ aris naxsenebi) situaciaSi,
romelSic ar eZlevaT saxelebze srulad
koncentrirebis saSualeba. rodesac cdis
pirebi waradgenen Tavian daskvnebs, maT
afrTxileben, rom maT mier wakiTxuli
siidan aravin iyo cnobili pirovneba. am-
gvarad, Tu saxeli siidan nacnobi aRmoC-
ndeboda, isini iZulebulni iqnebodnen is
ucnobad CaeTvalaT. axla warmovidginoT,
rom cdis pirebi miadgnen saxels adrian
mari~. Tu maT SeuZliaT am saxelis Sesaxeb
cnobieri mogonebis povna, maT ecodinebaT,
rom is warmodgenil siaSi imyofeboda da,
amgvarad, ityvian, rom adrian mari~ ar
aris cnobili. Tu isini ver aRmoaCenen
cnobier mogonebas, maT savaraudod eqnebaT
zogadi grZnoba imisa, rom sadRac gau-
goniaT es saxeli adre~ da ityvian, rom
adrian mari~ cnobili saxelia. es fenomeni
cnobier (Tqvi ara!~) da aracnobier (Tqvi
diax!) procesebs Soris dapirispirebaa.
faqtobrivad, cdis pirebi metad midre-
kilni arian Tqvan, rom adrian mari~
cnobili personaa da amiT naTels xdian,
rom aracnobieri mexsiereba gavlenas ax-
dens maT msjelobaze (Jacoby et al., 1989).
Sejameba
cnobiereba gadarCenaSi gvexmareba imiT, rom
_ amcirebs Semomavali stimulebis nakads;
gansazRvravs, Tu romeli stimuli unda iqnes
Senaxuli da SesaZlo Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT
iZleva moqmedebebis dagegmvis saSualebas.
cnobiereba, aseve, adamianis realobis pirovnul
da kulturul konstruqtebs Soris amyarebs
mimarTebas. ikvleven ra cnobierebis funqciebs,
mkvlevrebi xSirad qmnian paradigmebs cnobier
da aracnobier procesebs Soris urTierTobebis
Sesafaseblad da sakvlevad.
Zili da sizmari
TiTqmis yoveldRe Tqven ganicdiT cno-
bierebis Rrma cvlilebebs: rodesac gadawyvetT,
rom Tqveni dRe dasrulda, Tqven ganewyobiT
ZilisaTvis da sanam gZinavT, ueWvelad xedavT
sizmrebs. cxovrebis mesameds ZilSi vatarebT,
rodesac kunTebi paralizebulia~, tvini ki
sxvadasxva aqtivobebiT aris dakavebuli. am
nawils Zil-RviZilis zogadi biologiuri rit-
mis ganxilviT daviwyebT. Semdeg ufro deta-
lurad visaubrebT Zilis fsiqologiaze. bolos
ganvixilavT ZilTan Sewyvilebul ZiriTad
gonebriv aqtivobas _ sizmars da SevecdebiT
gavarkvioT, Tu ra rols asrulebs sizmari ada-
mianis fsiqologiaSi.
cirkaduli ritmebi
yvela cocxali arseba ganicdis dRe-Ramis
bunebrivi ritmis zemoqmedebas. Cveni sxeuli
sinqronizdeba drois ciklTan, romelic cir-
kaduli ritmis saxeliT aris cnobili: sisxlis
wneva, metaboluri procesebi, guliscemis six-
Sire, sxeulis temperatura da hormonaluri
aqtivoba Sinagani saaTis mixedviT icvleba
(Moore-Ede et al., 1982). es aqtivobebi, umeteswilad,
dRis ganmavlobaSi, Cveulebisamebr, SuadRiT
aRweven cxovelqmedebis piks da maqsimalurad
mcirdebian RamiT Zilis dros. kvlevebi aCvenebs,
rom organizmSi arsebuli saaTi zustad ar
emTxveva saaTs kedelze: garegani saaTis yovel-
gvari miniSnebebis gareSe, adamianis Sinaganma
tempis momcemma~ daamkvidra 24.18-saaTiani cikli
(Czeisler et al., 1999). mzis amosvla yoveldRiurad
gvexmareba 24-saaTian ciklTan SeguebaSi. mzis
sinaTlis Sesaxeb informacias TvaliT viRebT,
cirkaduli ritmi (Circadian rhythm) _ organizmis
aqtivobis Sinagani saaTiT determinirebuli
mdgradi paterni, romelic, Cveulebisamebr, 24
an 25 saaTs grZeldeba.
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magram cirkaduli ritmis maregulirebeli re-
ceptori ar aris igive, romelic samyaros
danaxvis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs cxovelebi Cxi-
rebisa da kolbebis gareSec (ix. Tavi 4) grZnoben
sinaTles, rac maT cirkaduli ritmis Senar-
Cunebis saSualebas aZlevs (Freedman et al., 1999).
biologiur da garemos saaTebs Soris gan-
svlis gamomwvevi cvlilebebi moqmedebs imaze,
Tu rogor vigrZnobT Tavs da rogor moviqceviT
(Moore-Ede, 1993). aseTi gansvlebis warmoqmnis yve-
laze dramatuli magaliTebi xangrZlivi mogzau-
robebis dros xdeba. rodesac adamianebi ga-
dafrindebian sxvadasxva drois sartyelSi, maT
SeiZleba ganicadon e.w. Jet lag
3
, anu daerRveT
dReRamuri ritmi; es aris mdgomareoba, romel-
sac axlavs gadaRliloba, dauZleveli Zilia-
noba da Sedegad Zil-RviZilis uCveulo ganrigi.
Jet lag Tavs iCens, radganac Sinagani cirkaduli
ritmi vardeba Cveuli droiTi garemos fazidan
(Redfern et al., 1994). magaliTad, Cveni sxeuli ambobs,
rom Ramis 2 saaTia da, Sesabamisad, mravali
fsiqologiuri parametris mixedviT funqcioni-
rebis yvelaze pasiuri periodia, rodesac ad-
gilobrivi dro Cvengan SuadRis Sesabamis aqti-
vobas moiTxovs. Jet lag pilotTa gansakuTrebuli
problemaa _ mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs
pilotTa mier daSvebul SecdomebSi, romelic
ubeduri SemTxvevebis mizezi xdeba (Coleman, 1986).
ra cvladebi zemoqmedeben Jet lag-ze? yvelaze
mniSvnelovani cvladia mogzaurobis mimarTu-
leba da gadakveTil droiT sartyelTa rao-
denoba. aRmosavleTisken mogzauroba met Jet lag-
s qmnis, vidre dasavleTisken, radganac Cveni
biologiuri saaTi ufro iolad SeiZleba
gaxangrZlivdes, vidre Semcirdes, rogorc amas
aRmosavleTisken mogzauroba iTxovs (RviZilis
mdgomareobaSi xangrZlivad yofna ufro advi-
lia, vidre adre daZineba). rodesac janmrTeli
moxaliseebi gadaafrines evropidan aSS-Si da
ukan, Cveuli qcevebis aRdgena dasavleTis
mimarTulebiT mogzaurobis Semdeg oridan oTx
dRemde gaxda SesaZlebeli maSin, roca aRmosav-
leTisken mogzaurobis Semdeg amas 9 dRe das-
Wirda (Klein & Wegmann, 1974).
Zilis cikli
cirkaduli ritmis erTi mesamedi qceviT
uZraobas eTmoba, romelsac Zils vuwodebT.
bevri ram, rac Zilis Sesaxeb aris cnobili,
tvinis eleqtrul aqtivobas ukavSirdeba. Zilis
kvlevaSi meTodologiuri gardatexa 1937 wels
moxda, rodesac gamoiyenes teqnologia, romelic
mZinare adamianis Tavis tvinis eleqtruli aq-
tivobis eleqtroencefalogramis (eeg) saxiT Ca-
weris saSualebas iZleoda. eeg uzrunvelyofs
Zilisa da RviZilis periodebSi adamianis Tavis
tvinis aqtivobis cvlilebebis obieqtur da
mimdinare gazomvas. eeg-s saSualebiT mkvlevrebma
aRmoaCines, rom Tavis tvinis talRebi icvleba
Zilis ganmavlobaSi da es cvla sistematur,
Tanmimdevrul da prognozirebad xasiaTs ata-
rebs (Loomis et al., 1937). Zilis sferoSi Semdegi
mniSvnelovani aRmoCena iyo Tvalebis swrafi
moZraobis (REM rapid eye movement) dafiqsireba,
romelic garkveuli intervalebiT periodulad
iCens Tavs Zilis ganmavlobaSi (Aserinsky &
Kleitman, 1953). periods, rodesac mZinare adamians
ar aReniSneba REM-i, Tvalebis swrafi moZraobis
gareSe Zils (non-REM anu NREM) uwodeben.
mogvianebiT vnaxavT, rom REM da NREM Zili
mniSvnelovan funqciebs asruleben Ramis erT-
erTi umniSvnelovanesi aqtivobisaTvis _ siz-
mrisaTvis.
3
dReRamuri ritmis darRveva ramdenime droiTi
sartylis swrafad gadakveTis, magaliTad, gadafrenis
Sedegad.
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axla Tvali gavadevnoT Cveni Tavis tvinis
aqtivobas Ramis ganmavlobaSi. rogorc ki da-
saZineblad mzadebas daviwyebT, eeg daafiqsirebs,
rom Tavis tvinis talRebis sixSirea daaxloebiT
14 cikli wamSi (cw/herci). rodesac komfor-
tulad movewyobiT sawolSi da movdundebiT,
Tavis tvinis talRebi Senelebas daiwyebs 8-12
cw/hercamde. rodesac CagveZineba, iwyeba Zilis
cikli, romlis TiToeuli faza gansxvavebul
eeg-is paterns aCvenebs. pirvel fazaze eeg 3-dan
7 cw/hercamde Tavis tvinis talRebs aCvenebs.
meore fazis manZilze miRebuli eeg-is Zilis
RerZs uwodeben, rodesac eleqtruli aqtivoba
wuTSi 12-16 cw/hercia. Zilis Semdeg or fazaze
(faza 3 da 4) gadavdivarT relaqsirebuli Zilis
Zalian Rrma mdgomareobaSi anu Zalze Rrmad
gvZinavs. Tavis tvinis talRebi neldeba 1-2 cw/
hercamde, mcirdeba, aseve, sunTqvisa da gulis-
cemis sixSire. bolo fazaze isev matulobs
Tavis tvinis eleqtruli aqtivoba da eeg-is Cana-
weri 1 da 2 fazebis Canawers emsgavseba. swored
am fazaze aqvs adgili REM Zils da vxedavT
sizmars (ix. sur. 6.2). (vinaidan REM Zilis dros
Cawerili eeg mRviZari adamianis Canawers hgavs,
REM Zils paradoqsalur Zilsac uwodeben).
Zilis pirveli oTxi fazis gavlas, romelic
mTlianobaSi NREM Zils qmnis, daaxloebiT 90
wT sWirdeba, REM Zili ki daaxloebiT 10 wT-s
grZeldeba. Ramis Zilis ganmavlobaSi am 100
wT-ian cikls 4-6-jer gavdivarT (ix. sur. 6.3).
TiToeul ciklSi Rrma ZilisTvis (3 da 4 faze-
bisTvis) gankuTvnili dro mcirdeba, xolo REM
Zilze daxarjuli dro izrdeba. bolo ciklSi
ukve TiTqmis 1 sT-s vuTmobT REM Zils. mTlia-
nobaSi Zilis 75-80% NREM Zils eTmoba, 20-25%
ki - REM Zils.
yvelas ar sZinavs erTnairi xangrZlivobiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianebisaTvis arsebobs
Zilis genetikurad ganpirobebuli saWiroeba,
Zilis realuri `raodenoba~, romelsac iRebs
TiToeuli individi, cnobieri qmedebebis mniS-
vnelovan zegavlenas ganicdis. adamianebi aq-
tiurad akontroleben Zilis xangrZlivobas
sxvadasxva saSualebebiT, rogoricaa gvian
daZineba an maRviZaris gamoyeneba. Zilis xan-
grZlivobas, aseve, akontrolebs cirkaduli
ritmi; amitom aris, rom daZinebis dro (anu
rodis viZinebT) gavlenas axdens Zilis xangrZli-
vobaze. NREM da REM Zilis adekvaturi, sakma-
risi raodenobis miReba mxolod maSin aris
SesaZlebeli, rodesac standartirebuli gvaqvs
daZinebisa da gaRviZebis dro mTeli kviris
manZilze, dasvenebis dReebis CaTvliT. am Sem-
TxvevaSi metia albaToba imisa, rom sawolSi
gatarebuli dro uaxlovdeba Cveni cirkaduli
ritmis Zilis fazas.
Cveni interesis Semdgomi sagania Zilis pa-
ternis is TvalSi sacemi cvlilebebi, romelsac
adgili aqvs individis cxovrebis manZilze (ix.
Tvalebis swrafi moZraoba (Rapid eye movement
REM) _ im fazis qceviTi gamovlineba, romlis
drosac mZinare adamiani sizmrismagvar gonebriv
aqtivobas axorcielebs.
Zili Tvalebis swrafi moZraobis gareSe (Non-
REM anu NREM sleep) _ periodi, rodesac mZinare
adamianTan ar fiqsirdeba Tvalebis swrafi
moZraoba; xasiaTdeba REM ZilTan SedarebiT
naklebi sizmrisebri aqtivobiT.
suraTi
6.2
eeg-is paterni gansxvavebulia Ramis
Zilis sxvadasxva fazaze
Zilis TiToeuli stadia Tavis tvinis aqtivobis
Taviseburi paterniT xasiaTdeba.
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sur. 6.4). am qveyanaze cxovrebas dReSi 16 saaTiani
ZiliT viwyebT, romlis TiTqmis naxevars REM
ZilSi vatarebT. 50 wlis asakSi SeiZleba mxo-
lod 6 sT eZinos adamians da mTeli am drois
mxolos 20% eTmobodes REM Zils. axalgazrdebs,
Cveulebriv, 7-8 saaTi sZinavT, romelSic 20%
REM Zils ukavia.
ratom Zili?
adamianebsa da cxovelebSi Zilis fazebis
Tanmimdevruli ganviTareba gvafiqrebinebs, rom
arsebobs Zilis evoluciuri safuZveli da
biologiuri saWiroeba. adamianebi sakmaod
kargad funqcionireben, rodesac 7-8 saaTi
suraTi
6.3
Zilis fazebi
Zilis fazebis tipuri
paterni erTi Ramis
ganmavlobaSi.
suraTi
6.4
adamianis Zilis
paterni cxovrebis
ganmavlobaSi
grafikze naCvenebia, Tu
rogor icvleba asakis ma-
tebasTan erTad yovel-
dRiuri REM Zilisa da
NREM Zilis procentuli
Tanafardoba. yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom REM Zilis
xangrZlivoba mniSvne-
lovnad iklebs wlebis
matebasTan erTad, xolo
NREM Zilis
xangrZlivobis Semcireba
naklebad mkveTria. T
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sZinavT Ramis ganmavlobaSi (Harrison & Horne, 1996).
ratom sZinavT adamianebs amdeni da ra funqciebs
emsaxureba NREM da REM Zilis saxeobebi?
NREM Zilis ori umTavresi funqcia SeiZleba
iyos Senaxva (konservacia) da aRdgena. Zili
cxovelebs gakveuli drois ganmavlobaSi ener-
giis dazogvis, Senaxvis saSualebas aZlevs, ro-
desac ar aris sakvebis mopovebis, wyvilis povnis
an Sromis aucilebloba (Allison & Cicchetti, 1976;
Cartwtright, 1982; Webb, 1974). meore mxriv, Zili
ramdenime gziT aRdgenis SesaZleblobas aZlevs
sxeuls. Zilis dros sinTezirdeba dRis ganmav-
lobaSi daxarjuli neirotransmiterebisa da
neiromodulatorebis saWiro raodenoba, postsi-
nafsur receptorebs ki mgrZnobelobis optima-
lur doneze dabrunebis saSualeba eZleva
(Porkka-Heiskanen et al., 1997; Rainnie et al., 1994). kvlevis
Sedegebi, aseve, mowmobs, rom Tavis tvinis ener-
giis wyaro xelaxla ivseba NREM Zilis dros
(Benington & Heller, 1995).
Tu Ramis ganmavlobaSi ganvicdiT REM Zilis
deprivacias, Semdeg Rames CveulebrivTan Seda-
rebiT xangrZlivi REM Zili gveqneba, vinaidan
REM Zilic emsaxureba garkveul aucilebel
funqciebs. mTel rig saintereso, Tumca, jerje-
robiT arasrulad warmodgenil sargebels REM
Zils miakuTvneben (Moffitt et al., 1993). magaliTad,
rogorc Cans, Cvilobis periodSi REM Zili
pasuxs agebs nervul daboloebebsa da kunTebs
Soris Tvalebis moZraobis uzrunvelsayofad
saWiro kavSiris Camoyalibebaze. REM Zili qmnis
Tavis tvinis iseT funqcionalur struqturebs,
romlebic aucilebelia motoruli Cvevebis
daswavlisaTvis. REM Zilma, aseve, SeiZleba
garkveuli roli Seasrulos ganwyobilebisa da
emociebis SenarCunebaSi. garda amisa, is SeiZleba
saWiro iyos mogonebebis Senaxvisa da mimdinare
gamocdilebis ukve arsebul mogonebebTan da
ganwyobebTan TanxmobaSi moyvanisaTvis (Cartwright,
1978; Dement, 1976). fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT,
mkvlevrebi fiqroben, rom REM Zili aucile-
belia NREM Zilis Semdeg Tavis tvinis balansis
aRdgenisaTvis: NREM ZilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
Tavis tvinis aqtivobis Cveulma tipma SeiZleba
Secvalos Tavis tvinis balansi imgvarad, rom
aucilebeli gaxdes normasTan dabruneba REM
Zilis meSveobiT (Benington & heller, 1994).
Zilis darRvevebi
mSvenieria, rodesac yovelTvis SegviZlia Ra-
miT kargad daZineba. samwuxarod, mravali ada-
miani itanjeba Zilis darRvevebiT, rac seri-
ozulad moqmedebs maT pirad cxovrebasa da
samsaxureobriv saqmianobaze. darRveul Zils
socialuri Sedegebic SeiZleba hqondes. adamia-
nebi, romelTa samuSao ganrigi RamiT gadaad-
gilebas saWiroebs, mTeli kviris ganmavlobaSi
erTxel mainc Tvlemen samuSao adgilze.
msoflioSi zogierTi yvelaze seriozuli indus-
triuli ubeduri SemTxveva. magaliTad, Cerno-
bilis katastrofa, gvian saRamos saaTebSi moxda.
ambobdnen, rom es SemTxvevebi imitom moxda, rom
Zilis ukmarisobis gamo pasuxismgebelma perso-
nalma optimalurad ver Seasrula Tavisi fun-
qcia. vinaidan Zilis darRvevebi mniSvelovania
mravali studentis cxovrebaSic, aq maTzec
visaubrebT. teqstis kiTxvisas gaxsovdeT, rom
Zilis darRveva varirebs siRrmis, simwvavis mi-
xedviT; Sesabamisad, darRvevebis mizezic vari-
rebs biologiur Tu fsiqologiur Zalebs Soris.
insomnia
rodesac adamianebi ukmayofiloni arian
TavianTi Zilis odenobiT an xarisxiT, isini
insomniisgan itanjebian. saTanadod daZinebaSi
qronikuli warumatebloba xasiaTdeba swrafad
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verdaZinebiT, Zilis ganmavlobaSi xSiri adgo-
mebiT an diliT adre gaRviZebiT. ukanasknel
gamokiTxvaSi 18 da meti wlis mozrdilebis 58%
aRniSnavs, rom bolo wlis manZilze yoveli
kviris ganmavlobaSi ramdenime RamiT an ufro
xSirad ganucdia insomnia (National Sleep Founda-
tion, 2000). insomnia kompleqsuri darRvevaa,
romelsac fsiqologiuri, garemo pirobebi da
mravali biologiuri faqtori ganapirobebs
(Spielman & Glovinsky, 1997). laboratoriul piro-
bebSi insomniis mqone individebis Seswavlisas
maTi realuri Zilis xarisxi da raodenoba
mniSvnelovnad icvleboda, normaluri Zilidan
darRveulamde. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom
insomniis mqone mravali individi, romelic
uZilobas uCioda, realurad Zilis sruliad
normalur fiziologiur paterns avlenda,
Tumca, es mdgomareoba subieqturad insomniad
aRiqmeboda da aRiwereboda. aseve, kuriozulia
aRmoCena, rom Zilis darRvevis mqone zogierTi
adamiani ar uCivis insomnias (Trinder, 1988). amgvari
gansvla imisa Sedegia, Tu adamianebi rogor
sxvadasxvagvarad axdenen fxizeli Zilis inter-
pretirebas, magaliTad, SeiZleba mocemul ada-
mians fxizeli Zili adrindelTan SedarebiT
ufro xSiri da stresuli eCvenebodes da ar
axsovdes Rrmad rom eZina.
narkolefsia
narkolefsia Zilis darRvevaa, romelic dRis
ganmavlobaSi perioduli ZiliT xasiaTdeba
(Aldrich, 1992). is xSirad katapleqsiasTan
4
kom-
binaciaSi iCens Tavs, ris Sedegadac adamiani
moulodnelad Zirs ecema. narkoleptikebi TiT-
qmis daZinebisTanave gadadian REM ZilSi. REM
ZilSi aseTi swrafi gadasvla maT ganacdevinebs
da cnobierad aRaqmevinebs sizmris naTel, mkafio
xatebs, zogjer ki _ SemaSinebel halucinaciebs.
narkolefsia 2000-dan mxolod erT adamianTan
gvxvdeba. vinaidan narkolefsia gavrcelebulia
ojaxebSi, mecnierebi askvnian, rom daavadebas
genetikuri safuZveli aqvs (Mignot, 1998). surT
ra uecrad Zilad mivardnis gamo uxerxu-
lobisaTvis Tavis arideba, narkolefsia xSirad
uaryofiT socialur da fsiqologiur gavlenas
axdens daavadebul individebze (Broughton &
Broughton, 1994). narkoleptikisTvis gamosavals
warmoadgens Tavisi daavadebis bunebis garkveva
da socialuri mxardaWeris jgufSi Sesvla.
Zilis apnoe
Zilis apnoe aris zeda sasunTq gzebTan
dakavSirebuli Zilis darRveva, rodesac adamiani
Zilis dros wyvets sunTqvas. rodesac es xdeba,
sisxlSi mcirdeba Jangbadis raodenoba da
gamomuSavdeba damxmare (sasignalo) hormonebi,
rac, Tavis mxriv, aiZulebs adamians, rom
gaiRviZos da ganaaxlos sunTqva. miuxedavad
imisa, rom umravlesobasTan iSviaTad gvxvdeba
apnoes aseTi Ramis epizodebi, Zilis apnoeTi
daavadebul zogierT adamianTan asamde aseTi
cikli meordeba yoveli Ramis ganmavlobaSi.
apnoes epizodi zogjer aSinebs mZinare adamians,
Tumca, xSirad es epizodi imdenad xanmoklea,
rom igi ver akavSirebs moWarbebul Zilianobas
am epizodebTan (Orr, 1997). magaliTisaTvis ganvi-
xiloT cnobili fsiqologis SemTxveva, romel-
sac gamouvleneli Zilis apnoes Sedegad ar
SeeZlo RviZilis mdgomareobaSi yofiliyo leq-
ciebisa da mecnieruli Sexvedrebis dros. ro-
desac mas meuRlem acnoba Ramis darRveuli
qcevis Sesaxeb, man mimarTa Zilis darRvevebis
klinikas, sadac warmatebiT imkurnala da gada-
irCina kariera (Zimbardo, personal communication, 1991).
sxva analogiur SemTxvevebSi adamianebi kargaven
samuSaos, megobrebs da zogjer meuRleebsac
ki, radganac maTi qceva dRis ganmavlobaSi Zalze
darRveulia Ramis periodis darRvevis gamo.
Zilis dros apnoe xSiria naadrevad daba-
debul/dRenaklul axalSobilebSic, romlebic
xandaxan sunTqvis ganaxlebisaTvis fizikur
stimulirebas saWiroeben. srulad Camoyali-
bebuli sasunTqi sistemis arqonis gamo aseT
insomnia (Insomnia) - normalurad daZinebis qro-
nikuli uunaroba; simptomebSi Sedis sirTu-
leebi daZinebisas, xSiri gaRviZeba, gaRviZebis
Semdeg CaZinebis unaris arqona, diliT adre
gaRviZeba.
narkolefsia (Narcolepsy) - Zilis darRveva, rome-
lic xasiaTdeba dRis ganmavlobaSi daZinebis
dauZleveli moTxovnilebiT.
Zilis apnoe (Sleep apnea) - zeda sasunTq gzebTan
dakavSirebuli Zilis darRveva, rac aiZulebs
adamians, rom Zilis dros sunTqva Sewyvitos.
4
katapleqsia _ kunTebis sisuste an kunTebze
kontrolis dakargva, rac emociur aRgznebas (sicili,
risxva, SiSi, gaoceba an SimSili) axlavs Tan.
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203
Cvilebs intensiuri Terapiis ganyofilebaSi
monitorze aerTeben imdeni xniT, ramden xansac
grZeldeba problemebi.
dRis Zilianoba
aSS-is Zilis darRvevebis centrebSi mosul
pacientTa umravlesoba dRis ganmavlobaSi
moWarbebul Zilianobas uCivis. aSS-Si 1154
mozrdilidan 43% miuTiTebs, rom yovelTviurad
ramdenime dRe, an ufro xangrZlivi periodi,
imdenad eZinebaT, rom irRveva maTi Cveuli dRis
aqtivobebi; 20% miuTiTebs, rom dRis Zilianoba
ramdenime dRis an yovelkvireulad negatiuri
movlenaa maTi dRis saqmianobebisaTvis (National
Sleep Foundation, 2000). moWarbebuli Zilianoba
iwvevs sifrTxilis dakargvas, reaqciis drois
gazrdas da motoruli da kognituri amocanebis
Sesrulebis xarisxis gauaresebas. adreul kvle-
vebSi moWarbebuli Zilianobis mqone pacientTa
TiTqmis naxevari aRniSnavda, rom xvdebodnen
avtosagzao SemTxvevebSi, xolo naxevarze mets
samuSaoze hqonda ubeduri SemTxveva, zog
SemTxvevaSi seriozulic ki (Roth et al., 1989).
Zilis deprivaciis darRvevis Sesaxeb doku-
menturi filmis Sleep Alert-is momzadebisas fsiqo-
logi jeims maasi aRniSnavda, rom arseboben
adamianebi, romlebic zombebis msgavsad dadian~
(Maas, 1998). man ikvlia pilotebi, romlebic
aRniSnavdnen, rom muSaobis periodSi Tvlemdnen
xanmokle periodebiT. maasis mixedviT, damamTav-
rebeli klasebis moswavleTa 30%-mde erTxel
mainc iZinebs gakveTilze. garkveuli xarisxis
Zilianoba mosalodnelia, rodesac individebis
cxovrebis stili an samuSaos Taviseburebani
xels uSlis sakmaris Ramis Zils. Tumca, moWar-
bebul Zilianobas xSirad fiziologiuri safuZ-
veli aqvs da aseT pacientebs samedicino dax-
mareba esaWiroebaT (White & Mitler, 1997).
sizmari: gonebis Teatri
Cveni cxovrebis yoveli Cveulebrivi Ramis
ganmavlobaSi sizmrebis rTul samyaroSi
vxvdebiT. Tu sizmrebi erT dros mxolod winas-
warmetyvelebis, fizikosebisa da fsiqoanali-
tikosebis interesis sferos warmoadgenda, dRes-
dReobiT mecnieruli kvlevebis erT-erTi mniS-
vnelovani mimarTulebaa. sizmris kvlevaTa
umravlesoba Zilis laboratoriebSi daiwyo,
sadac eqsperimentatorebs SeeZloT Tvali
edevnebinaT da CaeweraT mZinare adamianis REM
da NREM Zilis periodebi. miuxedavad imisa,
rom individebi ufro met sizmrebs yvebodnen,
Tu REM periodSi aRviZebdnen maT, gaRviZebulTa
80%-Si NREM Zilis drosac aqvs adgili
sizmrebs. amas mowmobs am periodSi gaRviZebulTa
54% (Foulkes, 1962). NREM mdgomareobasTan
dakavSirebuli sizmrebi naklebad xasiaTdeba
emociuri CarTulobis mqone SinaarsebiT. maTSi
Warbobs sensoruli xatebiT naklebad datvir-
Tuli dRis azrebi. Tumca, NREM Zilis siz-
mrebis raodenoba izrdeba Zilis darRvevebis
SemTxvevaSi da janmrTel mZinare adamianTan
gviani dilis saaTebSi (Kondo et al., 1989).
imis gamo, rom sizmari aseT mniSvnelovan
adgils ikavebs adamianebis fsiqikur cxovrebaSi,
faqtobrivad, yvela kultura mivida erT ki-
Txvamde: aqvs Tu ara am sizmrebs raime mniS-
vneloba? umravles SemTxvevaSi pasuxia diax,
aqvs~. amitomac kulturaTa umravlesobaSi
arsebobs rwmena, rom ase Tu ise sizmrebs mniS-
vnelovani pirovnuli da kulturuli mniSvne-
loba aqvs. axla ganvixilavT sizmrebisaTvis
mniSvnelobis miniWebis zogierT gzas.
sizmrebis froidiseuli analizi
Tanamedrove dasavlur kulturaSi yvelaze
cnobili Teoria sizmrebis Sesaxeb zigmund
froids ekuTvnis. froidi sizmrebs warmaval
fsiqozsa~ da yovelRameul sigiJes~ uwodebda.
aseve is sizmrebs aracnobierisken mimaval
samefo gzad~ miiCnevda. sizmrebis analizi
fsiqoanalizis qvakuTxedad aris warmodgenili
mis klasikur naSromSi sizmrebis interpre-
tacia~ (1900). froidis mixedviT, sizmris Sinaarsi
Zlieri, aracnobieri, gandevnili survilebis
simboluri gamoxatulebaa. es survilebi siz-
marSi SeniRbuli, dafaruli saxiT gveZleva,
radganac maT ukan iseTi akrZaluli survilebi
imaleba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sapirispiro sqe-
sis mSoblisadmi seqsualuri ltolva. sizmarSi
ori dinamikuri Zala moqmedebs. esenia survili
dRis Zilianoba (Daytime sleepiness) - moWarbebuli
Zilianoba dRis aqtivobebis dros; Zilis dar-
Rvevis centrebSi misul pacientTa ZiriTadi
Civili.
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da cenzura, anu dacva survilisagan. cenzura
axorcielebs dafaruli mniSvnelobis, anu
latenturi (faruli) Sinaarsis gardasaxvas
sizmris manifestirebul (xilul) Sinaarsad; es
ukanaskneli ki damaxinjebis procesis Sedegad
im saxis sizmrad yalibdeba, romelsac xedavs
mZinare adamiani. Sinaarsis damaxinjebis am pro-
cess froidi sizmris muSaobas uwodebs. xiluli
Sinaarsi realuri istoriis misaRebi versiaa,
faruli Sinaarsi ki socialurad an pirovnulad
miuRebeli variantia, Tumca, ufro realisturia
yovelgvari damaxinjebis gareSe.
froidis mixedviT, sizmris interpretacia
ukumimarTulebiT muSaobas moiTxovs xiluli
Sinaarsidan faruli Sinaarsisken. fsiqoana-
litikosisaTvis, romelic sizmrebis analizs
aTi an oci wlis win cota
ram iyo, rac SeiZleboda ge-
keTebina SuaRamis Semdeg. sa-
Siano davalebis Sesrulebis
Semdeg moswavleebsa da studen-
tebs unda amoerCiaT. _ tele-
vizorisTvis eyurebinaT Tu
daeZinaT. amis sapirispirod, XX
saukunis bolo aTwleulma
moitana intenretis arseboba da
masTan erTad 24/7 stimulaciis
uzrunvelyofa. dRisa da Ramis
nebismier momentSi Cven
SegviZlia vimogzauroT an
visaubroT (Chat oTaxebSi) in-
ternetis saSualebiT. Cven Seg-
viZlia vasrulebdeT Ramis
vaxSams berlinSi, koneqtikutSi
(aSS) da vesaubrebodeT vinmes,
vinc miirTmevs adreul sauzmes
berlinSi, germaniaSi. inter-
netis gafarToeba SeiZleba da-
vaxasiaToT, rogorc Zilisadmi
adamianebis ambivalenturi (or-
magi) - siyvaruli-siZulvilis -
damokidebuleba. adamianebs
uyvarT Zili, radganac das-
venebulebi kargad grZnoben Tavs
(xolo roca eZinebaT _ saSin-
lad). rogorc vnaxavT am TavSi,
Cvens sxeuls efeqturad fun-
qcionirebisaTvis Zili sWirdeba.
Tumca, adamianebs sZulT Zili,
radganac uamravi sasiamovno ram
arsebobs, romliTac SeuZliaT
dakavdnen RviZilis mdgomare-
obaSi. interneti mniSvnelovnad
zrdis sasiamovno saqmianobebis
raodenobas. wignis avtorebi
mzad arian aRiaron, rom qselSi
mogzaurobis Sewyvetas mizanmi-
marTulad erCiaT uZilod yof-
na. mravali mkvlevris azriT,
internetis qseli 24/7 arsebobas
mxolod auaresebs. isini wlebis
manZilze SfoTavdnen imis gamo,
rom mozardebsa da kolejis
studentebs ar eZinaT sakmarisi
drois manZilze (Dement & Vaug-
han, 1999; Wolfson & Carskadon, 1998).
miuxedavad imisa, rom eqsper-
tebis Tanaxmad, nebismier ada-
mians esaWiroeba 8-saaTiani Zi-
li, Zilis nacionaluri sazo-
gadoebis mier 2000 wels Catare-
buli gamokiTxvis Sedegad
gamoirkva, rom 18-dan 29 wlamde
asakis adamianebSi saSualo maC-
venebeli arasodes Tanxvdeba am
standarts. kviris dReebis man-
Zilze am asakis individTa Zi-
lis saSualo xangrZlivobaa 6,8
saaTi; dasvenebis dReebSi, kvi-
ris bolos es maCvenebeli 7,8
saaTamde izrdeba. ueWvelia, rom
kolejis studentTa umravle-
soba gamocdebTan da sakurso
naSormebis dawerasTan dakavSi-
rebuli stresis gamo kargavs
Zils (Mutphy & Archer, 1996). Tumca,
gamokiTxvaSi monawile 18-29
wlis asakis adamianTa 55%
daeTanxma debulebas: xSirad
mRviZavs gvianobamde, radganac
vuyureb televizors, an var
internetSi.~ Tqvenc eTanxmebiT
amas?Cven ar vcdilobT, uari
gaTqmevinoT internetis moxma-
rebaze. Cven mxolod gTava-
zobT dakvirvebis Sedegebs,
romlis Tanaxmadac, axal teq-
nologiebs xSirad uZilobis
axali mizezebi sdevs Tan.
uZilobas mravali seriozuli
Sedegi mohyveba: zogierTi
maTgania dabali niSnebi, prob-
lemebi samsaxurSi da avto-
sagzao SemTxvevebi. metic,
mecnierebs SeuZliaT iseTi
abebis Seqmna, romelic Zi-
lisgan Tavis Sekavebis saSua-
lebas mogvcems, Tumca, vera-
feri gaaqrobs Zilis saWiro-
ebas. Tqven unda gansazRvroT,
Tu ra pirovnuli nabijebi
unda gadadgaT, rom XXI sau-
kune TqvenTvisac ar iqces
uZilobis saukuned.
veb-gverdebi:
www.sleepfoundation.org
Zilis nacionaluri sazoga-
doebis gverdi.
www.stanford.edu/~dement, es
gverdi Seqmnilia Zilis
kvlevis pioneris, uiliam de-
mentis mier, romelic gvTa-
vazobs didi raodenobiT Zi-
lis Sesaxeb ZiriTad infor-
maciasa da kavSirebs.
24/7 cxovrebis stili da Zili
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pacientis problemebis garkvevisa da maTi
mkurnalobisaTvis iyenebs, sizmrebi naTels xdis
pacientis aracnobier survilebs, am survilebTan
SeWidul SiSebsa da im dacviTi meqanizmebis
Taviseburebebs, romelTac iyenebs pacienti
survilebsa da SiSebs Soris warmoqmnil fsi-
qikur konfliqtTan gasamklaveblad. froids
miaCnda, rom sizmarSi warmodgenili simboloebi
da metaforebi orgvar _ idiosinkrezul _ cal-
keuli individebisTvis specifikur da univer-
salur, mravali maTgani ki seqsualuri xasiaTis
mqone mniSvnelobas atarebs:
yuTebi, CanTebi, skivrebi, karadebi da
Rumelebi, aseve, carieli, CaRrmavebuli
sagnebi, gemebi da nebismieri saxis tran-
sporti ganasaxierebs saSvilosnos. siz-
marSi oTaxebi, Cveulebriv, qalis simbo-
loa; Tu sizmarSi maTSi Semavali da ga-
mavali sxvadasxva gzac aris warmodgenili,
maSin interpretacia naklebad iwvevs eWvs...
sizmarSi sadac oTaxebis mTel rigs gaviv-
liT, bordeli an haremia warmodgenili...
didad albaTuria, rom yovelgvari rTuli
manqanuri danadgari da aparatura sizmarSi
genitaliebis simbolizaciaa (da, rogorc
wesi, mamakacis genitaliebis) (Freud, 1900/
1965, gv. 389-391).
sizmrebis interpretaciis froidiseuli
Teoria sizmris simbolikas adamianis fsiqo-
logiis zogad Teorias ukavSirebs. miuxedavad
imisa, rom mkvlevrebma ver moipoves sizmris
faruli da xiluli Sinaarsis Sesaxeb am Teo-
riis damadasturebeli empiriuli monacemebi,
sizmrebis fsiqologiuri mniSvnelovnebis xaz-
gasmam mimarTuleba misca sizmris Sinaarsis
Tanamedrove kvlevebs (Domhoff, 1996; Fisher &
Greenberg, 1987).
sizmrebis interpretaciisadmi
aradasavluri midgoma
dasavlur kulturaSi adamianTa umravlesoba
arasodes fiqrobs seriozulad sizmrebis
Sesaxeb fsiqologiis fakultetze moxvedramde
an Terapiis dawyebamde; mraval aradasavlur
kulturaSi ki, piriqiT, sizmrebis interpretacia
kulturis ganuyofeli nawilia (Lewis, 1995; Ted-
lock, 1987). ganvixiloT ekvadoris arCuris tomis
indielTa yoveldRiuri cxovreba (Schlitz, 1997,
gv. 2):
sxva Cveulebrivi dReebis msgavsad,
(soflis) mamakacebi patara wreSi sxdebian...
isini wina Ramis sizmrebs uyvebian erTma-
neTs. sizmrebis gaziarebis es yoveldRi-
uri rituali arsebiTia arCuris tomis
mcxovrebTaTvis. maT swamT, rom TiToeuli
sizmari ara mxolod sizmris mnaxveli-
saTvis, aramed mTeli tomisTvis aris
mniSvnelovani. individualuri gamocdileba
koleqtivis moqmedebas emsaxureba.
aseTi dilis Sekrebebze TiToeuli individi
Tavis sizmars hyveba, danarCenebi ki TavianT
interpretacias sTavazoben im imediT, rom
miaRweven SeTanxmebas, konsensuss sizmris
mniSvnelobis gagebaSi. rwmena imis Sesaxeb, rom
individi sizmars mTeli tomisTvis~ xedavs,
ewinaaRmdegeba froidis mier SemoTavazebul
mosazrebas, rom sizmari individis aracnobi-
erisken mimavali samefo gzaa~.
bevr kulturaSi miRebulia, rom adamianTa
garkveuli jgufi sizmrebis interpretaciis
gansakuTrebul Zalasa da unars flobs. maga-
liTisTvis maias indielebi SeiZleba ganvixi-
loT, romlebic meqsikis, gvatemalas, belazisa
da gondurasis sxvadasxva nawilebSi cxovroben.
maias kulturaSi Samanebis funqciaa sizmrebis
interpretacia. faqtobrivad, maias zogierT sub-
jgufSi Samanebs am rolisaTvis maSin irCeven,
rodesac maT esizmrebaT RvTaeba, romelic
SamanTa mowodebas amcnobs maT. am axlad
arCeuli Samanebidan momdinareobs religiuri
ritualebis Sesaxeb instruqciebic, romlebsac
isini, Tavis mxriv, sizmris xilvebidan iReben.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Samanebi da sxva religiuri
figurebi floben sizmrebis interpretaciisTvis
saWiro codnas, Cveulebrivi, rigiTi adamianebic
faruli Sinaarsi (Latent content) _ froidiseul
sizmrebis analizSi sizmris dafaruli azri.
xiluli (manifestirebuli) Sinaarsi (Manifest con-
tent) _ froidiseul sizmrebis analizSi sizmris
Sinaarsis zedapiruli mxare, romelic
mowodebulia sizmris realuri mniSvnelobis
SesaniRbad.
sizmris muSaoba (Dream work) _ froidiseul siz-
mrebis analizSi procesi, romliTac Sinagani
cenzura sizmris farul Sinaarss xilul Si-
naarsad gardaqmnis.
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hyvebian da ganixilaven sizmrebs. sizmris
mnaxvelebs, Cveulebriv, SuaRamisas aRviZeben
meuRleebi; zogierT tomSi dedebi diliT
ekiTxebian Svilebs sizmrebis Sesaxeb. Cvens
droSi maias tomis adamianebi samoqalaqo omis
msxverplad iqcnen sakuTar miwaze; mravali
adamiani daiRupa an devnilad iqca. anTropolog
barbara Tedlokis mixedviT, sizmrebisa da
xilvebisadmi momatebulma yuradRebam SeaZle-
bina maT, rom SeenarCunebinaT kavSiri winapreb-
Tan da wminda miwa, romelzec cxovrobdnen~
(Tedlock,1992, gv. 471).
mraval iseT aradasavlur kulturul jguf-
Si, sadac pativiscemiT epyrobian sizmrebs,
droiTi perspeqtiva arsebiTad gansxvavebulad
moiazreba. froidis Teoria sizmris interpreta-
ciisas warsulze, bavSvobis gamocdilebasa da
gandevnil survilebzea orientirebuli; mraval
sxva kulturaSi ki sizmari momavlis winaswar-
metyvelebad iTvleba (Basso, 1987). magaliTad,
eTiopiisa da sudanis sazRvarTan arsebuli
regionis _ ingesanas maRlobis (Ingessana Hills)
xalxSi dResaswaulebis TariRebis SerCeva
sizmriseuli xilvebis safuZvelze xdeba. re-
ligiuri adgilebis mflobelebs maTi mamebi
da sxva winaprebi ecxadebaT sizmrebSi da
amcnoben, rom dResaswaulis gamocxadebis
droa.~ sxva jgufebi sizmris simboloebsa da
maT mniSvnelobaTa Soris kulturulad ganpiro-
bebul sistemebs floben. ganvixiloT centra-
luri braziliis kapolos tomis indielTa
interpretaciebi (Jedrej, 1995, p.104):
Tu gvesizmreba, rom cecxlSi viwviT,
mogvianebiT raime veluri arseba gvikbens,
magaliTad, oboba an mkbenari mweri.
rodesac sizmarSi qalebTan gvaqvs
seqsi, cxadSi Cven Zalze warmatebulad
viTevzavebT.
rodesac biWi ganmartoebulia da mas
esizmreba, rom xeze micocavs, an meores
esizmreba grZeli gza, isini didxans ico-
cxleben. aseve iqneba maSinac, rodesac
gvesizmreba, rom tyeSi farTo mdinareze
gadavdivarT.
daakvirdiT, rom TiToeuli am interpreta-
ciaTagani momavlisken iyureba. sizmris inter-
pretaciisas momavalze orientireba mdidari
kulturuli tradiciis mniSvnelovani kompo-
nentia.
sizmris Sinaarsis fiziologiuri
Teoriebi
sizmrebis interpretaciisadmi dasavluri Tu
aradasavluri midgomis amosaval wertils war-
moadgens is faqti, rom sizmari Seicavs infor-
macias, romelsac realuri Rirebuleba aqvs
calkeuli pirovnebisTvis Tu eTnikuri jgufi-
saTvis. es mosazreba eWvqveS dgeba biologiuri
safuZvlis mqone TeoriebSi. gavixsenoT, rom
zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom arsebobs REM
Zilis fiziologiuri saWiroeba, raTa Tavis
tvini Tavdapirvel mdgomareobas daubrundes
NREM Zilis dros momxdari cvlilebebis Semdeg
(Benington & heller, 1994). aris Tu ara sizmari
mxolod Tavis tvinis sxva aqtivobebis gverdiTi
movlena, romelsac ar gaaCnia TavisTavadi
mniSvneloba? ganvixiloT j. alan hobsonisa da
robert makqarlis (Allan Hobsob & Robert McCarley,
1977; Hobson, 1988) mier SemoTavazebuli aqtivacia-
sinTezis modeli. am modelis mixedviT, nervuli
signali warmoiqmneba tvinis ReroSi da axdens
Tavis tvinis qerqis ubnebis stimulirebas. es
eleqtruli ganmuxtva avtomaturad xorciel-
deba daaxloebiT yovel 90 wuTSi erTxel da
30 wT-is ganmavlobaSi inarCunebs aqtivobas,
riTac aixsneba REM da NREM Zilis ciklebis
monacvleoba. es ganmuxtvebi aaqtiurebs
winatvinsa da qerqis mimdebare ubnebs da, aqedan
gamomdinare, acocxlebs mogonebebsa da indi-
vidis warsul gamocdilebasTan asocirebul
faqtebs. hobsonisa da makqarlis TvalsazrisiT,
ar arsebobs araviTari logikuri kavSirebi,
Sinagani mniSvnelobebi da koherentuli pater-
nebi am eleqtruli signalebis~ SemTxveviT
amofrqvevebs Soris.
mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom sizmrebi SemTxve-
viTi signalebis Sedegia, ewinaaRmdegeba siz-
mrebis Sinaarsis kvlevebs (Domhoff, 1999). am
kvlevebis mixedviT, pirvel rigSi, sizmris
Sinaarsi didi raodenobiT moicavs mZinare
adamianis dRis problemebs. magaliTisTvis
gavixsenoT zemoT ganxiluli kvleva, romelSic
naCvenebi iyo igive da sapirispiro sqesis me-
gobrebis Sesaxeb vaJebisa da gogonebis azrebs
Soris ganxsvavebebi (Richards et al., 1998). msgavsi
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sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi gamoavlina 9-15 wlis
mozardTa sizmrebis Seswavlamac (Strauch &
Lederpogen, 1999). sxva tipis Sedegebmac eWvqveS
daayena mosazreba sizmrebis, rogorc mxolod
SemTxveviTi signalebis Sedegebis, Sesaxeb:
mozrdil asakSi individis sizmrebis Sinaarsebi
TiTqmis ucvleli rCeba. sizmrebis eqsperti
uiliam domhofi (William Domhoff, 1999, gv. 207)
fiqrobs, rom mozrdilebSi wlebisa da
aTwleulebis manZilze sizmrebis Sinaarsebis
ucvleloba ar Seesabameba Teorias, romelic
sizmars Tavis tvinis qerqis saukeTeso reaqciad
miiCnevs, romelic Tan sdevs tvinis Rerodan
momdinare SemTxveviTi stimulebis mier pe-
riodul dabombvas.~ Cven, albaT, Tavad unda
vzidoT Cveni sizmrebis tvirTi _ SevecadoT
gaRviZebisTanave yoveldRiurad CaviweroT
sizmrebi da vnaxoT, Tu ramdenad ukavSirdeba
isini dRis sazrunavs da ramdenad icvleba Tu
ar icvleba maTi Sinaarsebi droTa ganmavlobaSi.
sizmrebis kidev erTi saintereso aspeqti:
drodadro mravali adamianisgan gvsmenia, rom
bevri mniSvnelovani problemis gadawyveta Tu
saintereso axali ideebi sizmarSi mouvidaT
TavSi (Shepard, 1978). gTavazobT mxolod ramdenime
magaliTs frederik kilule gvamcnobs, rom ben-
zinis qimiuri struqtura sizmarSi naxa: gvelis-
magvarma molukulurma jaWvma uecrad piri Caav-
lo sakuTar kuds da gaCnda rgoli. elas houm
naxa sizmari: mas Seuties Subebma, romelTac
wamaxvilebul mxares naxvreti hqondaT. am
sizmarma ubiZga mas, rom daesrulebina sakeravi
manqanis gamogoneba. iseTi kompozitorebi, ro-
gorebic iyvnen mocarti da Sumani, aRniSnav-
dnen, rom mniSvnelovani musikaluri ideebi
sizmrebSi mosdiodaT.
Ramis koSmarebi
Tu sizmari gvaSinebs imiT, rom umweoni
vxdebiT, an situacia Cvens kontrols aRar
eqvemdebareba, maSin Tqven Ramis koSmari dag-
sizmrebiaT. adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis Ramis
koSmarebi SedarebiT iSviaTia. 220 studentisgan
Semdgar SerCevaSi, romlebic iwerdnen sizmrebs,
yoveldRiurad Ramis koSmarebis saSualo
sixSire (orkviriani periodis mixedviT) iyo daax-
loebiT 24 erTi wlis manZilze (Wood & Bootzin,
1990). Tumca, zogierTi adamiani gacilebiT
xSirad xedavs Ramis koSmars, zogjer yovel
RamiTac ki. bavSvebSi, magaliTad, ufro metia
Ramis koSmarebis gamovlenis albaToba, vidre
mozrdilebSi (Mindell, 1997). garda amisa,
adamianebs, romelTac iseTi travmuli gamoc-
dileba aqvT, rogoricaa gaupatiureba an omi,
SesaZloa ganmeorebadi koSmarebi hqondeT, rac
maT gadatanili travmuli movlenis zogierTi
aspeqtis gacocxlebas aiZulebs. kolejis
studentebTan, romelTac san-franciskos didi
miwisZvra hqondaT gadatanili, orjer meti iyo
Ramis koSmarebis arsebobis albaToba, vidre
sakontrolo jgufis studentebTan, romelTac
ar hqondaT aseTi gamocdileba. amasTan, cxadia,
rom koSmarebis umravlesoba miwisZvris daman-
grevel Sedegebs Seexeboda (Wood et al., 1992).
Ramis koSmarebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT Zilis,
rogorc cnobierebis yoveldRiuri cvlilebis,
zeda zRvari. qvemoT visaubrebT im garemoebebze,
romelSic individi mizanmimarTulad cdilobs
yoveldRiuri gamocdilebis farglebis miRma
gasvlas.
Sejameba
cirkaduli ritmi gulisxmobs biologiuri
saaTis muSaobas. Tavis tvinis aqtivobis
paternebi mniSvnelovnad icvleba Ramis Zilis
manZilze, rasac Tan axlavs dilasTan miax-
loebul yovel axal ciklSi REM Zilis
procentuli momateba (NREM Zilis odenobis
klebis sapirispirod). adamianisTvis sakmarisi
Zilisa da REM da NREM Zilis Tanafardoba
asakisa da cxovrebis pirobebis mixedviT ic-
vleba. Zili emsaxureba Senaxvisa da aRdgenis
funqciebs. milionobiT adamiani itanjeba Zilis
iseTi darRvevebisgan, rogorebicaa insomnia,
narkolefsia, Zilis apnoe da dRis Zilianoba.
mraval kulturaSi swamT sizmris Sinaarsis
mniSvnelovnebis. sizmrebis interpretaciis
yvelaze cnobili dasavluri Teoria zigmund
froids ekuTvnis. sizmrebis interpretacia
Zalze gavrcelebulia aradasavlur kultu-
rebSi, sadac miRebulia, rom sizmris simboloebi
misi mnaxvelis momavlis Sesaxeb informaciis
matarebelia. zogierTi fiziologi mkvlevari
fiqrobs, rom sizmris Sinaarsi Tavis tvinis
SemTxveviTi signalebidan momdinareobs, magram
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am mosazrebas ewinaaRmdegeba sizmris
Sinaarsebis analizis kvlevebi. Ramis koSmarebs
gansakuTrebiT SemaSinebel sizmrebs uwodeben.
cnobierebis Semcvleli
mdgomareobebi
nebismier kulturaSi adamianebs ar akmayo-
filebT fxizeli cnobierebis Cveulebrivi
cvlilebebi. maT ganaviTares garkveuli teq-
nikebi, romliTac SesaZlebeli xdeba cnobie-
rebis nacnobi mdgomareobebis miRma gasvla da
cnobierebis Secvlil mdgomareobebSi gadasvla.
zogierTi aseTi praqtika individualuria,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, rekreaciuli prepara-
tebis miReba; zogierTi ki, rogoricaa garkveuli
religiuri praqtika, warmoadgens cnobieri
gamocdilebis Cveuli sazRvrebidan gasvlis
jgufur mcdelobas. Cven mimovixilavT iseT
sxvadasxva gamocdilebas, romelSic cnobierebis
Secvlili mdgomareobebi mTeli rigi procedu-
rebiT miiRweva.
aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli, vacnobierebdeT,
rom sizmars vxedavT, rodesac vxedavT sizmars?
dakvirvebadi sizmrebis Teoriis momxreebi
gvaCveneben, rom cnobierebis SenarCuneba sizmris
xedvis procesSi swavlebadi da regularuli
praqtikiT gavarjiSebadi unaria, romelic
mZinare adamians sizmris mimarTulebis kon-
trolis saSualebas aZlevs (Gackenbach & LaBerge,
1988; LaBerge & DeGarcia, 2000).
saidan
viciT
dakvirvebadi sizmrebis eqsperimentuli
realoba
stefan labergma da misma kolegebma
ganaviTares meTodologia, romelic dak-
virvebadi sizmrebis realobis gadamow-
mebis saSualebas iZleva. demonstracia
eyrdnoba winmswreb kvlevas, romelmac
aCvena, rom REM Zilis zogierTi Tvalebis
moZraoba Tanxvdeba mZinare adamianis
mzeris mimarTulebas. aqedan gamomdinare,
mkvlevrebi sTxovdnen dakvirvebadi siz-
mrebis gamocdilebis mqone adamianebs, rom
ganexorcielebinaT Tvalebis nebismieri
(gaazrebuli, mizanmimarTuli) moZraobebis
calkeuli paternebi, rodesac isini
gaacnobierebdnen, rom sizmars xedavdnen.
dagegmili Tvalebis moZraobis signalebi
Cndeboda REM Zilis deteqtoris Cana-
werebSi da amiT xdeboda demonstrireba
imisa, rom eqsperimentis monawileni mar-
Tlac dakvirvebad sizmrebs xedavdnen REM
Zilis periodSi (LaBerge et al., 1981).
dakvirvebadi sizmrebis gamowvevis mravali
meTodi arsebobs. magaliTad, dakvirvebadi
sizmrebis zogierT kvlevaSi mZinare adamianebs
ukeTeben specialur saTvales, romelSic REM
Zilis dafiqsirebisas wiTeli sinaTle inTeba.
cdis dawyebamde monawileebma iswavles, rom
wiTeli sinaTlis gamoCenisas unda gaacnobieron,
rom sizmars xedaven (LaBerge & Levitan, 1995).
acnobiereben ra, rom sizmars xedaven da, amasTanave,
isev sZinavT, cdis pirebi dakvirvebadi sizmrebis
mdgomareobaSi gadadian, romelSic SeuZliaT
TavianTi sizmrebis gakontroleba, maTi Si-
naarsebis warmarTva pirovnuli miznebis Se-
sabamisad da TavianTi mimdinare survilebis
Sesabamisad sizmris dasruleba. dakvirvebadi
sizmris naxvis SesaZlebloba matulobs, Tu
mZinare adamians sjera, rom SesaZlebelia aseTi
sizmrebi da regularulad iyenebs maT gamomwvev
teqnikas (LaBerge & Rheingold, 1990). iseTi mkvlevari,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, stefan labergi, amtkicebs,
rom sizmrebis arakontrolirebad~ movlenebze
kontrolis ganmtkiceba jansaRi qcevaa, radganac
es zrdis TviTdarwmunebulobis xarisxs da axdens
individisaTvis dadebiTi gamocdilebis gene-
rirebas. Tumca, zogierTi Terapevti, romelic
sizmrebis analizs pacientis problemebis ukeT
gagebis mizniT iyenebs, ewinaaRmdegeba aseT pro
dakvirvebadi sizmrebi (Lucid dreaming) - Teoria,
romlis Tanaxmadac, sizmris xedvis procesis
cnobieri aRqma daswavladi unaria, romelic
iZleva sizmris mimarTulebisa da Sinaarsis
kontrolis saSualebas.
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j__rj, r._.l j `rj__rjn .r__j_
n1+rn _ljrn_ +n+_nl.rj..
hipnozi
.1._j.n .rjj_n. .1rn, r+
.n`ln1nrn +u._r u.. _ +n lj.j_-
nm m_ _ljnj +l.njj1j. r.+_jl._
+.rmj_n. j +.1rj. .n`l1n j.tj? r.
.rn .n`l1n, r. +ln_lj_.ln lnljnm
t.n.m_j. _. rrn. +nn ..rj/
_.n__rn _njn_rn .+jjlj.? jr+nln
hipnozi .n`l-n_.l, jrul_ +nmn.n
unn _+jrmn .tjn_.l, ++_nl.rj. m_+.,
unn .r.l.nr._ .r +l.nj .n`l1n, m_
.r ._m_nm n+., r+ 1_jr _r+._ rj.j-
nrj_n ._.+n.ljn garegnulad unn +._.r
+_+.rj.n n+j_jn.l (m_ ._.+n.l +.rm.
unl._, +.nl n .r rj.nrj .n`l11j). __r
1_._ m_ .l_.1__r._m, .n`l1n .rn l-
njrjn j_nn +_+.rj., r+jn
t.n.m_j. 1njrmn ._.+n.ln .l.__mrj_n
_l.rnm +.t_nl m.lj.1j rj.nrj.,
r.. m.l .t._ ._j+n, +jtnjrjn, +n-
_.nn. _. m_nm_lrn .l_n _njjn
(Orne, 1980). n+j_jn.l r. .n`l_r +_+.rj.n,
+l.njjn ++.j_n m.lj._nm
t.n.m_jn.l .n`ln1nrn m.ljn +n+.rm
nnln tnr._ ruljl, r+ +.mn jj_. j_j-
_.rn .l1r.t_n. _. lnjrn u.nt+j_n .-
rjj trnj_j. (Hilgard, 1968).
+__j_rjn tnr._ _jr ._j_jl m.lt+.
.n`l1n _r +j+j_n _njn_rn +jj.-
ln1+jn m..1j (Kirsch & Lynn, 1995, 1998).
1njrmn ._rj_n mjrnn +ntj__nm, .n`l1n
1j+j+j_jn j_j +j_n nl_n_n_jn transis
+_+.rj.n ._._n.l, r+jn _n_._
.lt_.__j. _tn1jn lnjrjn +_+.rj-
n.l. t_. mjrnjn m.l.t+._, .n`l1n t_.
.r._jrn., m_ .r. ++.j_n +n_.n..
.rj mjrnjn, r+jm. .1rnm .n`l1n
n._rn r_rn m.+.n l.nr.tj., pla-
cebo rj.jnn .tj.. .n`ln1nrn +-
ljn _..+.t_rj._ (nt. m._n 2). _.jrn_._,
+__j_rj+. .+rntj +.1rj. n+n j.tj,
r+ .n`l1n .l.__mrj_, r.ln+._.r
_njj n_j_ lnjrj.n. m_+., _nl.-
n_.l nl_n_n_j .n`l_rn 1j._jln .rjj
j_un.m .n`l_rn +_+.rjn.m_n _.+.-
t.n.mjjn jj_nmn `.jrljn .ltrnjj.,
l.mjn t_j., r+ .n`l1 +n_.n_rn .l
`.j `rjjn .r_. t_. _.+.jnmn
j_jjjn ..ln.. .n`l_rn n+_.nn. _.
.n`ln_rn .ltn_n j+_j .__jrm +n
1njrm j_jj.
hipnoturi stimulacia da
hipnobiluroba
.n`l1n hipnoturi stimulaciiT (hypnotic in-
duction) njj.. j .rn +.+1._jj .jn_.m.
jrmn., r+j. +nln+_+.+_j _..j._
.rj.ln .+_n1n.ljjn _. +l.njj +t-
hipnozi (Hypnosis) - cnobierebis Secvlili mdgo-
mareoba, romelic xasiaTdeba Rrma modunebiT
(relaqsaciiT), STagonebisadmi mimReblobiT da
aRqmis, mexsierebis, motivaciisa da TviTkon-
trolis cvlilebebiT.
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_ jm._.1j_ n+_j1j .+.t_njnlj
j_r.__j. _. m..lj, r+ nnln lnjrjn
.l.__mrj_ +_+.rj.n ._.._j._
j+1._jn.l. +.+1._jjn .jn_jn _n-
t+ .r__j_n .+_njn .r+_jl. .l
+_jljn. _. rj.jnjn _n1_.n1.n..
.l+jrj._n `r.jn_n j+mt_j_.n +.+-
1._jjn `rj__rjn _.._nn nl.n
__ljn. nujl, j..+n._, +l.njjn r._._
._._n.l .n`l_r +_+.rj.n. m.ljn
n`_rn `rj__rjn +n._ _r+. rj.j.nn
+_+.rjn jm._.1j., m_+. 1njrmn
._.+n.ln njmn .jn_rn, j+j_nmn n+_.nnm.
.n`ln1nr_j., rrn.. _jn`j_nm
n.r_n .r+_jl. (Banyai & Hilgard, 1976).
.n`l1n jl_rn .r+_jljn _nj+ln.l
m.j__nj., r+ .n`l1n u.. .n`ln-
1nrn.l ++_nl.rj, m_+., .n`l1n jrm._-
jrmn _+ln_lj_.ljn _.jrn. +l.nn
_l.rn m_ ln_n n+n., r+ .n`l1 _.jj_j+_j-
.r. hipnobiluroba _n_jlj, m_ r. t.rn-
tnm jj_j+_j.rj. nl_n_n_n .n`l_rn rj.jnjn
.l_n .l_.r_ nlr_jnj. .rj
nl_n_n__._r .lt_._j.m. _.rm `jjrn,
m.lj._n r_n .rjln_.l ._r
m.lj._.+_j.
suraTi 6.5 _n_jlj _j_n __jlm.
`rjl_ .l.nj. .n`ln_rn t.rn-
tn +ntj__nm, r_j. +.m `nr_j._ .n.rj
.n`l_rn n+_.nn jn. r. lnl._ .+
_..1j +._.n .l u.n.l +._.n +._jlj-
jn? jn _.r_jn j+_j .n`ln1nrn
nuj_. `.n`l_r nlr_jn.m. jrn.,
r+jn mnmj_n nl_n_n_n jj_. jjtj_..
r_j. .n`ln1nrn j_lj_., r+ +.mn
.nn tjjn r_nln l._r._ njj_., u.1j
.n`ln1nrj_n nl_n_n_jn _jr .tjrtj_ljl
tjjn +tr.. j..+nn nlr_jnn j+mt_j-
_.n +.m jjum tjn .jjln.m .r.rj_n
+jrn.m_n. .j_j, u.1j .n`ln1nrj_ nl_n-
_n_j .r jjum .r.- lnl._ m._n .jlj_.,
m_ .n`ln1nrn j_lj_., r+ +.m ._.r
jjum .+n ._jmj.. .n`ln_rn _..-
n +._jljn +jlj __jljn mnmj+n .r
._jl_ljl +._ rj.jnj.
.n`ln_r. j_.rjnm .n_rn +.t.n.-
mjjn.. +1r_njn j +._jljjn, _.j-
rn_._, __jn rj. 10 n .l+._.n
t_._.t_. _r ..rj_n .1+_jn _r
(Morgan et al., 1974). _j_n .n`ln_rn j-
nrj.n +l.nj 50 _n `nr (j.jn _.
_.jn) 25 n j+_j ._.r_. .l+jrjnmn
jnrj. _. +n_j_n j_jjn +ln_lj_l._
_rjnrj_. (_j_nnjlnm 0.71) ._rnl_j
+l.j+jm.l (Piccione et al., 1989). .__jn __r
m.lj._ln .rn.l, _n_rj +1r_njn: .n`l-
_rn m.lj._. +.jn+_+ ._j_ +1.r-
_n `jrn_n _. j+_j +nr_j.. .rj
.r__j_n +l.j+jn .n`ln_rn jljn-
__rn _jjr+nl.ljn j.tj. _jru_, n_jl_rn
j_`jn +._jljjn __r _.t__j. jrm+.-
ljm, _n_rj .r.n_jl_rn j_`jn (Morgan et al.,
1970). +n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ .n`ln_r. j_.-
rjnm .n_rn., n .r _rjnrj .r jrm
njm `nr_l_ +.t.n.mjjm.l, rrn.. +n+-
l_. .l _l_r+_. (Fromm & Shor, 1979;
Kirch & Lynn, 1995). +jn, .n`ln_r. +n.1rj
.n`l_r +_+.rj.n +mn.l._ .rm_n
_ln_._r _ln_r _l.r.
hipnozis efeqtebi
.n`ln_rn .1+_n `rj__rn
._jrn. ._.rn _jl_. .n`l1n 1njrm
.l_.r_ j_jj1j: .n`l_rn 1j+j+j_jn
j_j nl_n_n_jn rj.nrjjl +r_n j.uj-
hipnobiluroba (Hypnotizability) - aCvenebs, Tu ra
xarisxiT eqvemdebareba mocemuli individi stan-
dartul hipnotur STagonebas.
suraTi
6.5
pirvelad gamowveuli hipnozis done
grafiki gviCvenebs hipnoturi zemoqmedebis qveS pir-
velad moxvedrili 533 individis Sedegebs. hipnobi-
luroba stanfordis hipnoturi damyolobis 12-de-
bulebian skalaze gaizoma.
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jn. (+..nm._, +.m tjj _jr trn_ljl)
_. `jrj`_n .+_njn (+..nm._, +.m
j_jlj_.m _1jn) j.tj +nmnmjj1j. m_+.,
rr _l_. _._r+_l_jm, r+ j jj_jn
.n`l1n .l.__mrj_n j.ujjn_.l
++_nl.rj _. .r .rn +l.nn unjrn
_r_nn, r+ _.n+.t_r .n`ln1nrn +-
lj.? .+ +ln_lj_.l _nmt_.1j `._tn ..-
j+._ +__j_rjn tnr._ ..rjjl jj`jrn+jlj,
r+jn jrm+.ljm ._.rjjl _. _`nrn`nrjjl
l.+__n._ .n`ln1nrj_ nl_n_n_j. _.
simuliantebs.
saidan
viciT
hipnozi metia, vidre simulacia
jj`jrn+jln __jlm. rn ___n
+l.nj_.. jrmn ___n rj._r._ njl.
.n`ln1nrj_n. +jrj ___ .n`l1n
simulirebis nlr_jn. +nj: `nr_jn
jj`jrn+jl.rn nlr_jnn m.l.t+._,
+.m _l_. +jj_jnl.m +jrj jj`jrn+jl-
.rn _. _.jr+_ljnl.m nn, r+ +.r-
m. .n`l1nrj_ln nj_ljl. .+n
j+_j rn_j ___ .rj_nl. ljn
jrnjn _. +jmt_. .+ ljn n+._n
j_.j.. jj`jrn+jln +ln_jl_.ln
l.nn nj moTxovnis nlr_jn., r+j-
n _n `nrj j_lj_ljl, m_ r. _l_.
ganecadaT (Reed et al., 1996, p.143).
isini, visac erTjerze metad waredgina
toni, midrekilni iyvnen hipnotur mdgo-
mareobaSi darCenisken, rac mniSvnelovnad
amcirebs maT mier gagonili bgeris inten-
sivobas. Tqven, albaT, am bolo cdaze isev
hipnotur mdgomareobaSi dabrundebiT da
amitom Zalze mcire bgeras gaigonebT.
savaraudoa, rom is saerTodac ver gaigo-
noT.
m_ .n`l1n j_j. j_jj jj`jrn+jl-
.rn +mt_ljn j..+n._ nl_n-
_n_n +j+j_jn _r_n +n_.jrm, _l_.
+_j_jm, r+ .n`ln1nrj_n _. n+_-
n.ln +l.njjn +._._ _l_. .r_-
j_ljl +mt_lj, rj._r._ _n .j .r
t_j.. l.+__n._ .n`ln1nrj_n nl_n-
_n_jn .+_nj.m. _.rm `jjr ._j-
rjl: nnln m._n.lm rj._r .+_nj.-
m.l +n.tj_ .l_j __r .j_jn.l,
_n_rj n+., rnn .lj. _r +.mn .1rnm
jj`jrn+jl.r ( Reed et al., 1996).
.+ j+mt_j_.n n+_n.ljn .r.r._
_.r.__jl, r+ r. _l_. .lj._.m, rj._rn
.n`l1n nj. .jmn n`n jj`jrn+jljn_.l
l.mjn t_j., m_ _l_rj_._ r. _.+__n_jjn
_nn j.j_ .n`l1 ._.+n.ln .+_nj.n.
.n`l1n jrm-jrmn _nrj_j., r+j1j
.r _.+.mjl, _n_nn j+nrjn _l.rn.
(hipnoturi analgezia). _jln lj. nl..rn
.l__rjnm. _. nnm .unjrj _n_nn
n+_j. .+ _njn_rn j_jjn j+nrj.
.n`l1nm .rn j.ujjn (Chaves, 1999). _n-
_nn _lrn t_._.t_. .n`l_rn m.-
ljnm +nn_j_.: tj_n +_n_lj_n l.nn
.r.r.l_._ (tn .l `.n_.n.l ._j-
mj_._) .l +mn.ln tj_n.l .l.-
_j_j_._ .r+_jl., ljn .lm._n__j.
tj_n.l _. _rn t_._.t_._.r._ ,_.+.-
tnl_j.. ._.+n.lj +.nl. _n j_un.m
_n_nn ._lrj., r_j. j_j. .1rn
_. .r+_jl. .l_j_lnn. lnjrjn_.l
(Hargadon et al., 1995). .n`l1n .l.__mrjnm
_nrj_n. jnr_rn_n `.njljn.m_n, r-
+jm.l. j_ujjn. r_n .ljmj1nn +n_-
j_., _j_nm_n _n1nn_rn +n.rn
_r _. n+n_ln.ln `.njljnm_n, r+jn
_.._._j.m.l _. +n +__rl..m.l _._._n-
rj_ _n_nm.l .+_._j. ._jl. m_nm-
.n`l1n (autohipnozi) _n_nn _lrn._+n
.__jmj +n_+.., r._.l. `.njl _n_nn
.+jlnm.l._j j_un. _lrn .unjrj..
jrm-jrm __j_.n n__nj +j..1_rn n+n_ln
+jlj 86 j.n, r+jn _n_n m_nm.n`l1nm
._lrj_ljl. ._+l_., r+ +.mm.l _n_nn
r_jr l._jn nj, _n_rj ._lr ___n
(Spiegel et al., 1989).
+__j_rjn _n_nn j+nrjn _.jjnm
._jljjl, r+ .n`l1n j_jjjn n_j.
+l.njm. jj`jrn+jl.rn .l m._._ +.mn
+_nljn j..+n._ +jj_n _r_n.
u.1j .n`ln1nrj._ nl_n_n_jm.l _n_nn
j+nrj. .n`l_rn m.ljnm __r j_jj_-
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r._ +nn_j_., _n_rj _n_nn j+.+nrjjn
t_. jjln_jnm (Miller & Bowers, 1993).
saidan
viciT
hipnozi amcirebs tkivils
+t.njj .+_j.nj __lmjn ._-
.ljn _n_nn. nl_n_n_jn +njr _n_n-
n .+.l. jj`jrn+jlm. .+ jrn.n
n1+j_.: (1) u.1j +.+n_nrjjn
nlr_jnjnm: (2) .n`l_rn .l.j1nn
.+_j_nm _. (3) `.j _.__n
._.j.`_nm, r+jn _n `nrj juj-
_.m, rr _n_nn ++tljn. (1) _.
(2) jrnj rn .lt_._j. .n`l1n n+
j_jjn j_.jn ._.j. nuj_.,
r+jn _n `nrn +njr nlr_jn.m.
_.r._ jr_jn _r_nn.l _.+__n-
_j._ +nn_j_.. (2) _. (3) jrnj rn
.lt_._j. n+n _j+lrnrjn ._.j.
nuj_., r+ .n`l1n `.j j_jj1j
+jn.. jj`jrn+jl.r+., r+jn ..rj_.
jnrj., .r n_., m_ r+j _n
`nrj .jl_.m +n_j_n `.j _.__.
_. .r.r._ jl., r+ j_j. .n`l_rn
.l.j1nn j_j nj. ._+l_., r+ 24 _n
`nrn_.l l.tj_.rn _n `nrjn. u.1j_
.n`ln_rjn nj_ljl, _.l.rjl l.tj_.r
_n _..n +._jljjn .jl_. .n`ln_-
rn _..1j.`.j .jn +ln_lj_.l-
n._ .+nrj_. _n_n j_j. +l.nj-
m.l, +n_.n_rn nlr_jnjn t.rntn-
..l _.+__n_j._. .+.m.l, .n`l1n +-
_nln _n_nn j.+nrj._, .j_j,
j_j. +l.njm.l nuj_. +ln_lj_.l
j_jj `.j +_nln j_jjn. m_+.,
u.1j .n`ln_r +l.njjn _n_nn
.+.l. .n`l_rn .l.j1nn .+_j_n
`jrn_n .njnm +jn nj, _n_rj l._-
j._ .n`ln_rjm.l _. _n_rj t_.
ljn+njr _.l.rjl +_+.rj.n .n`l1n
.r nj +t_ `.j (McGlashan et al.,
1978).
_. jrmn jln_l. .n`l1n j.tj:
.n`l1n u.. ar ++_nl.rj .n`ln1nrn
.l.__mrj_n j.ujn_.l m_ _l.rn_.l:
j +t_ n+ `nr_ljn .l `nr_lj.m.
.n`ln_rn j_jn., r+jn .n`l_rn
1j+j+j_jn j_j n+j_j.. .n`l1n j_l. .r
lnl._ `nr_l_n _lrn _._.r_.:
_.jrn_._, .n`l1n j_ln .+_nj.
nl_n_n_ _lrn ._.r_njn .t.n 1jn
_.._n ._.j. .uj_ .n`ln1nrn
jnuj. +_rmlj j_._.rm, r+jn
_rmln _njj, r+jn .trnjj jj_..
j j_j._jrn _.r._ _l_. _.t__j, r_j.
__j_rjm jl.1j .m.+.j_ .l.t.., ._.
._.+n.ljn _l._r j+j_jj .trnjjjl
.n`l_rn 1j+j+j_jn j_j. jln .n`l-
n1nrn n+nm j+ln t. .l.t.., r+
j1nnnln_rn +.t.n.mjjn +jlj ._.-
+n.lj t_jn m.l_.rjnm njm jj_j
.trnjjnlj, r.. ._.+n.lm. _+r._j.
.r._j .r .._jmj_.. +__j_rjn. _.
mjr.`j_jn.m_n .n`l1n .r+._jl jjln_.,
r+nm. j.ujjn. lnjrjn j.u-
jjn .+__j_. _. +_n_nnrj..
meditacia
._+.__rn +r._.n rjnn. _. r._n-
n_n _njn_rn +n+_nl.rj. +_.
lnjrjn .+._j_j.1j j_j__n_rn,
.j_._rn ._njr.jn.l. nnln _njl
+jl._r _. `nrn_._r +j-1j nl..ln
___nrjn +n_j_.. meditacia .r+._jl
lnjrjn j_n _r+., r+jn +-
_j_n. _r+. n+_n_n +_+.rjn +n_j_n
._.jnm .__m.rn m._n j.tj _ln. _.
_njj_rn _jmn__jn, _.r._ j_ln
._r+._jnm_n. +j_n.nn _r `nr_lj.
jnuj. ___nr_j_j _. njrnj_j
_lmj_., n_j_j .r__j_ `1j (n. `-
1jn), +nln+_+.+_j _..j.__j .rj.ln n+_.n.,
.t_jl_j `jn_n__rn +jl._rn t.jn jljrn-
rj. .l .m._n__j_j lj. j_j_.rn
.1rn..l.
.r__j_n._ ._.+.m_ rj. +j_n.nn
.1+_._n j_jjjn. _rnn_m. m_..1rnnm,
mnmj+n .r .rj _njn_rn t_..
meditacia (Meditation) - cnobierebis Secvlis for-
ma, romelic mowodebulia TviTcnobierebis Sem-
cirebis saSualebiT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb
codnisa da TviTSegrZnebis gaumjobesebisaTvis.
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lr+._r m_._.t___ +__lj_ +_-
+.rj.. _. +j_n.nn _l_rj_ `rj-
__rj rn (Holmes, 1984). m_+., +j_n.nn
_.+_jjn .+_njjl, r+ +j_n.nn rj._rn
_n1nn. jnuj. _.t.n.m_j, rr
mSvidi sifxizle .l_ +nln+._rn tj_jrn_n
._1ljn, +.r.+ +.jn+._rn lnjrjn
+_+.rj. (Dillbeck & Orme-Johnson, 1987; Morrell,
1986). .+rn._, +j_n.n., _ +nrj, j.+nrj
_m_., .l.__mrjnm +.mm.l, _n. rj_
.rj+n _j_ __ljnlnrj. (Anderson et al.,
1999; Shapiro et al., 1998). m_+., +j_n.n_rn `r.j-
n_n +n1.ln .njnm +jn., _n_rj m._n
_rjnmn _._j_. _.u._n.l. +j_n.nn
`r.jn_jn m.l.t+._, r_j. .jm `r.jn_.
rj_.r_n t.n.mn .j_, +j_n.nn 1njrm
_r+. tjjn_j. lnjrjn .unjrj.,
gaciskrovnebis +n_j_.n _.t+.rjn .j_. n+nm,
r+ nl_n_n_ ._.j. +nj l.ln .ljn
.tj_r._ _.l.t_n. _. .uj_ ._j+n. _.
.1r_ljn .lm._n__jn j.uj.
._+._rn, _.r._ _.._nn `.jrljn
._ru._jn.l. 1njrmn +__j_.rn _njr,
r+ +j_n.nn rj_.r_n `r.jn_. ._.rmj
ljn _.rj _..__rn _njnn +njr
._n.rj_n .1__rj +n_+. _. +n j_j._
j.ujjn. .1+_._n nljjjn. (IQ; nt.
m._n 10) _. _ln_rn _l.rjn (Cranson et al.,
1991) +._jljn 1r_.. +j_n.nn .+j_.ln
__nn +.._jjn l.m ..ln (Nhat Hanh, 1991)
_nrj_, ._.lnjrm .__m.rn _lmj_.,
_r._ _._.__nr_jm _jl nr_n_ .rj_
.rj+ _. _._j+m j_j__n_rn +j+j_jjn,
r. _njn_rn l.rn_jl +._.
1.1j _._.jjlj.
halucinaciebi
__j_ `nrjn j.u. ._nn .jl_j
lnjrjn _.+.tnl_j., r_j. nl_n_n_n
tj_._ .l j+n n, r. .+jn rj._r._/
njj_r._ .r .rn +j+_n. halucinacia
.rn l.mjn ._j+., r+jn l_j. njj_rn
n+_.nn .r.rjn `nrjn: j .rn
nl_n_n_n j_nn rj.n +jl._rn _l-
r_jn.. .._nl.njn .lt_.__j. n_-
1njn.l, r+jn rj._rn n+_n `jrj`-
_n _.+.tnl_j... .l_ntnm suraTi 6.6.
+.1j ._.+n.lm. _+r._j. .+__mtj_ tj_._,
m_+., n rj._r._ .r .rn .+.t_n. .+
halucinacia (Hallucinations) - mcdari aRqma, rome-
lic Cndeba obieqturi gamRizianeblis arar-
sebobis pirobebSi.
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suraTi
6.6
es iluziaa da ara halucinacia!
miuxedavad imisa, rom realurad ar arsebobs,
adamianTa umravlesoba am suraTze samkuTxeds
xedavs. halucinaciebis SemTxvevaSic adamianebi
ararsebuls aRiqvamen, Tumca halucinaciebi
individebis cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomare-
obidan warmoiqmneba da ara perceptuli proce-
sebisgan.
214
_.j .._nl.n. _jr ___jm, r._.l.,
rr ._tjlnm +jt_mj m._n, .+__mtj_n _jl
+njr .+j.r ._j+n lr+._rn `rjjn
j_j._ l_j.. _jl _jr ._.jrm .+
n_1r_ .+__mtj_ n+nm, m_ ._ntjljm,
r+ n .r .rn rj._rn. n_1nn.l .lt_.-
_jnm, .._nl.njn nl_n_n__._rn .+_n-
j.., r+j. .r n1n.rjjl nn_j n_.n.n
+t_j_rnn t_. ._.+n.ljn. 1njrmn .._-
nl.n. t.l+_j.: m_ `nr_lj. .__m.rn
m._nm_n .._nl.nn .r.rj._rn r._._
_._njnrj. juj rj..m.l +nn _.`nrn-
`nrjnm, .._nl.n_rn .l_. ._.r.___
_.r__j.. m_+., 1 j+mt_j_jn nl_n_n_jn
_jr .tjrtjjl .._nl.njn rj._rn
_.uj_. _. j .._nl.njn +.m t_rj.1j
1j+j+j_jjl (Siegel, 1992).
.._nl.nj tj _j ++.j_n
.1lj._., nljln_rn ._nrjn +_+.rj.
.l j+.nljjn .1rjn .l_j_ln __l.r..
nnln +.nl. l_j., r_j. _nln __j_,
n_n.mn .+_n1n.ljn 1j+j+j_j. .ln_n,
+..nm._, +._.n ntn, j`nj_n_rn _jrn
.l ._n_n _r: .j_j, +un+j ljrn_n .n-
n +jlj `.njljm.l, r+jln nj rj.nrjjl
nl..l +jl._r +_jlj1j, mnmj nnln
.rj.ln jlr_n .+_n1n.ljjn nj.
tnr._ .._nl.nj njmn _nj.jn_rn
ln_mnjrjjn n_j_, rrn.. LSD _. `jnn
_., .j_j, .._nl.njn .t._ ._.1j
_.rn mj+. +_._j ._.n1+n j+mt_j_jn
(.jm .._nl.nj delirium tremens- __jjl,
DTs). .+ jn+n_r._ .+_j_n .._nl.njn
.rj. _nl1j ln_mnjrj.m. `nr_.`nrn 1j+j-
+j_j. _j tj.
1njrm ___r_ _. rjnn_r .rj+n
.._nl.njn ._r_jn _. +ln_lj_.ln
+_jl.. (Siegel, 1992). .+ `nrjn .._nl.njn
+nn__r tn_._, .+t._j._ ._nj+j., r.
+.m +l.t_j .l.__mrj_ ._ .ln_j.
.+_.r._, t_._.t_. .rj+ `nrjn
`nrn_._r u.jm.l ._.r. _l.jn jrmn
_. nn_j +_._n ._j+. jnuj. .lntnj_j,
rr _njrn ._._+j_n .l rr
.l.__mrj_n ln_n +.lnljjn. tnr._ .jmn
ljrn_n ._n j_.j. m.l.r._ .rn
_.+_n_j_n rr _.+__nr_jn j_.j.1j,
nj m._._ `jrj`_n .+_njn nl..r1j.
religiuri eqstazi
+j_n.n., _., +.rt_. _. `nrn_._rn
_+_ln_.n. religiuri .+_njn .un-
jrj., nljln_n_.n. j+.t_rj.. _nn.+
_j+n.m_n (1902) rjnn_rn .+_nj. .r-
+._jl _ln_._r _njn_r .+_nj.,
r+jn t.n.m_j. +_jljn jrm._jrmn.
_. _._._nrj_n, .+_njn rj._-
rn. _. +_._nn .l_nm, .rjm_j _+_-
ln_.nn _l.rn .rjlnm, t_. nj_jnm r+
_mj_.m, +mn.ln .+_njn t.n.mnm. +r.-
_.n ._.+n.ln.m_n rjnn_rn .+_nj.
l.+__n._ .r .r+._jl +.mn _j_jrn_n
lnjrjn l.n.
mnmj+n .r +nujlj. .`..n. +nl_.
.r_nn (Holy Ghost) +n t.tn rjnn_r
.+_nj.1j __r unjrn rjnn_rn .+-
_nj.. +.mn r+jljn _. jj_jn lnjrjn
_ln_._r _r+. j+ln, r+jn +.m .l.__m-
rj_n jj_jn .ltrnjjn ._.j.
.uj_. __mn+.t_rjn. +.m t.+n.ln _jjn
_. jtn __nr._m tjn, _.+jl rnjlnln
..+._. .+ jj_jnm_n +.+1._j._ _+jljl
ruj j._.jj _. +l.njjl t+.+._.,
j_r.__jn +n+1n__j n+_jrj., _j_r
rn.. _. j__jn:
enTuziazmi SeiZleba Zaladobis zRvars
miuaxlovdes... wevrebi Wylopineben da ir-
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xevian da glosolaliis (lingvistur Si-
naarss moklebuli xelovnurad Seqmnili
ena) gaurkvevel, eqstazur axal enaze
metyvelebaze gadadian... maTi xelebi
erTmniSvnelovnad civia, cecxlis xelSi
daWeris Semdegac ki. es situacia SesaZloa
Tanxvdebodes sxva religiur kulturebSi
arsebuli transuli mdgomareobebis kvle-
vebis monacemebs. es mexsierebis arqoniT,
TiTqmis sensoruli amneziiTac SeiZleba
aixsnas, ris sailustraciod mkvlevrebs
gvelebisa da cecxlis xelSi mWerTa ma-
galiTebi mohyavT (Watterlond, 1983, gv. 53, 55)
_jn tjn _.+_jrm. rjnn_rn ___n
j_rjn _njn_r+. __j_.+ ._jl., r+
nnln _.r._ ._.`nrj_n, .l.rj_n
._.+n.ljn .rn.l, r+jn ___n j_lnm
unjr _njn_r _. n._r +t.r_._jr.
n_jjl. _n ++.._jjn rn_.n +-
l.nj. +.mm_n `jrl._rn _n_ -
_.n., r+j. +.mn t_rjn _jr jrmn
.`jjn _jr .__j. (Watterlond, 1983).
cnobierebis Semcvleli
nivTierebebi
._.+n.ljn .ln__rn t.ln_.l njjlj_ljl
t_._.t_. ln_mnjrjj rj.n ._j+n
j._j._. .rj .rjjn_rn +l.-
j+jn, r+ .-n .+trjm-_.._jm. _. +jj-
n_.n 10 000 n +.lun1j _j_j._ njjlj_ljl
_r+. unn +.r_j (sophora seed) .l_
+j_.n
5
+.r_.. .ln__rn .j_jn __n
.1._j_ljl +j_.n +.r_j. .ln__rn t.ln_.l
+jj_n, r_njm _. .+trjm .+jrn_n
+t_rjjn rn_.jn l.n j._jl_.
Teonanaqtalis, _nnn _ ._.j.`_.,
r+jn _+jrmjn tj_n .tjnm. .rn
lnn. .+ _ +nrj _1jn l.mj
.._nl.nj n_j_.
_..__r ___rjn l.r_n_jn .rm-
.m.l, _._jlj.m.l __r .nr_j., _n_rj
____r ._r._r rn_.jm.l. ._.+n.ljn +mj
+_nn n_jjl l.r_n_j, r.m. +__l_ljl,
._+_.__ljl rjj, m._n ..rn_l .rj_n
rj.n _n.+_ljj, _+_r_._ nrull
m._n n._r n_.njn .l .ln._l l-
njrjn j_nn +_+.rjjn. . j1j
+jn tln nl _nn.+ _j+n, r+n nnrj.
_jl ___j r.+_jln+j_jr +_.t_nljm, rr
.+jrn_.n _njnn _.+__uljn, ._jr_.
lnjrjn j+_j ln_mnjrjj1j +n +njr
..rj_ jj`jrn+jlj. .1n jn_n
j_lmj_n j+_j _j+n ._lnl.__., r+ .+
+_+.rjn _+ln_lj_.ljn ++jln. unjrn
+j._n1n__rn n_+nl.nn +_.rj_n ._-
+.1ljjn jrulj.. _j+.rnj. mnmj+n
_tn._n +_jljn n_r+jn. _. .+.__r_._
_n.. _.__nr_jn.m_n. lj. +jnnjr._ _.
m_.n.j+n nt.rnm __j. .rj_n
j_j. n__r +n+.rmj. _. .+n .l.n .r
+nujlj. lr+._r lnjrj.n: _jr ._._-
jm `.r.j lr+._rn lnjrjn __l-
jnlnrj.m.l (James, 1882, p.186). .+_.r._, l-
njrjn j._n._+n _j+n nljrjn l-
njrjn m_nm.+_j_n j_nn +_-
+.rjn __j_.+_j ._.rm__..
lnjrjn j_n +n1lnm ln_mnjrjjn
.+jjljn ``_.rn1.n. ._ ..jn (Aldos
Huxley, 1954) `_n_.nn ._j+n _.rn_n .+j-
_jjljn j+_j _.nj. ..jn .__m.r lnj-
rj.1j +j_.nlnm jj`jrn+jlnrj_.. +nn nln
.+_n_.l r.+_jln+j .mj_n j+_j, 1998
j ..rj_n .+_nmt_n j_jjn +ntj_-
_nm, r+jn 12 n_.l 1j+m .._n _..t-
jnm 25 500 +j..jj +l.nj_., .-n +-
j..jjm. 6,2 ._lnl.__., r+ __.l._ljn jrmn
n +.lun1j +n_j_n .jl_. jrmn .l +jn
._ru._n ln_mnjrj. (Substance Abuse and Mental
Health Services Administration - SAMHSA, 1999). ntnrj
.njnm +._.n nj _n.ln +1.r_n .._n:
16-17 n +1.r_jn 16,4 _. 18-20 n +-
1.r_jn 19,9 ._lnl.__. l.r_n_jn r+jn+j
n`n +t+.rj.. .r_. .+n., jrj_n 51,7
.+_nmt_.+_j jrmn n .l+._.n t.l_.t.l
n_j_. ._., 27,7 _n - jj_. n.rj. j
+l.j+jn tln n+., m_ r.+ _. ._n-
jnm +jlnjrm. __n jrnn l.r_n_j-
n .+jjljn +n1j1jn. _. j_jjn __j_..
damokidebuleba da miCveva
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi jn+n_rn l.jrmjn.,
r+jn lnjrn ._j+n _rjnmn j_nm
1j._jl. .t_jl +jl._r `rjj. _.
5
erTgvari narkotiki.
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jj_.1j. t__jn.l r. _nln, j_.__jn.l nl._n
rjj`rj _. .r__j_n rj.jnjn -
_nrj. .l n+_nrj. .t_jljl. .+nm .__u-
_n.l._ _n.l _nln ._+_ln_.n nj+.,
1j+j+j_jjl ._j+.1j, +jtnjrj.1j, _lj.-
.ljnj.. _. jj_.1j. +j+_n ln_mnj-
rjjn .t.lrun_j_n .+jjljn j_j._
_nm.r_j. tolerantoba, .l_ n+._j j_jjn
+n._j_._ __r _. __r +jn _1. t_j.
._nr (jr.ln 1njrm _njn_r
.__u_j1j +j-7 m._n _n._rjm). jr.l-
. m.l _j_ fiziologiuri damokidebuleba,
`rjn, r+n _r. r.ln1+n j_j_. _.
_.+_n_j_n t_j. +j+_ ln_mnjrj.1j,
l.nrn_ n+n+, r+ l.r_n_n tnrn .rj-
nm, j+_jnm .+n_nj. ljnrr.l-
+njrjn. jr.ln. _. _.+_n_j_n
r.n__n j_jn. miCveva. ._.+n.l, r+jn
+n_j_n. +j+_ ln_mnjrj.1j, r.ln1+n
j._nrj. l.r_n_n _. m_ ln_mnjrj. .r .rn
_.+.lrj_jn, +_n_lj_n n+`+jnm (_.l_.n,
_n.l., _nrj_. _. ._.n .r.r-
jn 1njrm j+mt_j_.n _n n___nn) n.l-
_j..
m_ nl_n_n_n +j+_n ln_mnjrjn .+jjlj-
. n+_jl._ ._r_j._ _. .n.+_l_ +nnlj_,
r+ _nm.r_j. r.__., unjrn _r_nn (+n_j_n
.l +n_j_n .rjj), +_+.rj. fsiqologiur
damokidebulebas __jjl. _njn_rn
_.+_n_j_j. jnuj. ljn+njrn ln_mnjrjn
+n+.rm .l_nm.r_j. ln_mnjrj.1j _.+_n_j_-
jn j_j._ ._.+n.ln t_rjn nn
n+_jl._ ___nr_j. l.r_n_n +n_jn nr-
_n_, r+ n1___j. .l +nr_j. +nn __l-
jnlnrjn j.uj.. .r_. .+n., l.r-
_n_n +n_jn j_j__n_rn _j_n j.l.r-
_lj._ _. _.l.t.r_jn _.._.r._ tnr._
_nuj ln_mnjrj.1j _.+_n_j_ nl_n_n_
j_r_n_jl, j.._n_jl, `rn_nn_jl .l
l.r_n_jnm _._rn_jl. __j__jnm
l.r_n_j1j +n_j_n m.l+tjn j_j.1j +-
+.___nljjn ._rmtj. .n`_jr+_n lj+jn
m.l.1n.rn +t+.rjn j_j._ n_nm _.._._jn
.nrj.: nlr._jl_rn l.r_n_jn ++t+.-
rjj+. r_n._ ._.1rj._ jnuj.
,._1n.rl r.ln1+n nmtj n+.m., _n. j
++.___nljjn _.._._j. .j_m.
+1.r_jn j+n_rn rjjn.l m._n _._-
j_n. _. j_j__n_r rjrjm.l ..+-
_._j._ ._ru._n ln_mnjrjjn .+jjljn
j+_j t.lrun_n _.rj_nmn j_jjnm n.l-
_jn.l.
saidan
viciT
nivTierebebis borotad gamoyenebis
Sedegebi
+1.r_jn +njr l.r_n_jn +t+.-
rjn r_.n.ln __j_. 1976 j _.nj.
.+__j_.n +l.nj_. _.+.+m._rj-
jn _.n 1634 +._j .l_jj-
n_.l. r_n j_jn_rn +l.j+jn
jn_rn. 739 +l.nj1j. +.m rn 10-
1j l._jn rj_.r_._ .l jrln__._
+nt+.r_. l.r_n_j, 10-1j l._j _n
.jrm_ .r .jl_. l.r_n_jm.l .r.l.nrn
jtj.. +n_j_n j_jjn _.j_. mt
___._ .t_. j.ujjn (Newcomb &
Bentler, 1988; Stacy et al., 1991):
l.r_n_n j_j__n_rn +t+.rj.
_.rj_nm._ +j+j_j_. `nr_l_ _. -
n._r ._.`.n.1j, .r__j__. _rmnjr-
mj, .+nrj_. ._n `jln.,
1r_n_. _rn+nl. u.._n .rjj _.
tj _j_. _j1r.ln1j_ .1r_-
lj..
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi (Psychoactive drugs) -
qimiuri naerTebi, romelic cnobieri aRqmis
droebiTi SecvliT zegavlenas axdens mentalur
procesebsa da qcevaze.
tolerantoba (Tolerance) - situacia, romelic
nivTierebis xangrZlivi gamoyenebis Sedegad
iqmneba, rodesac igive efeqtis misaRwevad in-
divids ufro da ufro meti doza sWirdeba.
fiziologiuri damokidebuleba (Psysiological de-
pendence) - procesi, rodesac organizmi eCveva
da damokidebuli xdeba mocemul nivTierebaze.
miCveva (Addiction) - mdgomareoba, rodesac orga-
nizmi iTxovs narkotiks, raTa funqcionireba
SeZlos, mis arqonaze yovelgvari fizikuri da
fsiqologiuri reaqciebis gareSe; xSirad Tan
sdevs tolerantobasa da damokidebulobas.
fsiqologiuri damokidebuleba (Psychological de-
pendence) - narkotikis fsiqologiuri saWiroeba
an survili.
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unjrn ln_mnjrjjn, rrn..
n+_.rjn _. l.r_n_jn, 1r_n_.
_nn__rn _. m_nm_.+.lrj_jn .1rjn
ntnrj _. .+nrj_. n._r +t.r-
_._jr., rnm. tj _j_. +.r..
ln_mnjrjn j_jjjn n_j_. +.mn
n`n. _. _+nlnrj_n .+jjljn j.-
j_n._. .j, +..nm._, __.nln 1r_n_.
_l_rl.n. _. ._j_. .t _rmnjr-
mj, m_+., _njn_rn _. _n1n__rn
_.l+rmjn.m_n j_j.1j _.+.lrj_j
j_jj unjrn ln_mnjrjjn. _. n.rjn
_+nl.n. nuj_..
+__ljn nj, r+ +1.r_jm.l,
r+jn 1+njr._ n_j_ljl ._.
_. t_. .r._jr (.r.l.nr l.r_n_), ._n-
lnlj_. ++.j_n n._rn nlj-
r.n. _. m_nm`.n_nj+.. j +1.r_jn
m._n m.l.jm.l j_.rjnm __jmj._
._.`nrj_ln jnuj. j_nnj_ljl.
fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebaTa saxeebi
._rjj_n _nj.jn_rn ln_mnjrjjn
l_t. +j+_n. 6.1 cxrilSi (+j-16 m._n t_.
n`n _nj.jn_r ln_mnjrjj1j _n._rjm,
r+jn _njn__rn .njn _..uj_._
.+njjlj.). _jl +_j_ +n+_ntn._m, m_ rr
._j_ mnmj_ _.n j+._.n ln_mnjrjjn
+.mm_n _.+.t.n.mjj _n1nn_r _.
_njn_r ._jl.: .r_. .+n., j_jtjnm
ln_mnjrjjn r._ .+jjljn `nr_l_
_. n._r j_jj.
lnjrjn j_j.1j __l_.+jl_r _n-
jj n_j_ ln_mnjrjjn, r+jn halu-
cinogenebis .l fsiqodelikebis .tjnm .rn
lnn. j ln_mnjrjjn _n rr .-
rj.ln .+j.r, nj nl..ln lnjrjn ._j+..
rr _..tjjn_.l .l, j ln_mnjrjjn
tnr._ n_j_jl .._nl.nj _. ,+j-. _.
,.r. +j- rn .1__rjn .jr.. mtn
j_j.1j lnn .._nljln. meskalini
(+nn_j. _.j_n.l), fsilocibini (+nn_j.
_.l) _. LSD _. PCP (nlmj1nr_j.
.r.rnjn). PCP, .l_ angelozis mtveri,
n_j_ .l.__mrj_._ _l._r _nn.n_r
rj.jnj, r+n _r. ._.+n.l j_.rj.
_n_nn jrulj., nlj_. _. .rj+ .rj_n
nl.+__nn.l .+._j_j_._ rul m._.
.._nljl_rn ln_mnjrjjn +j+j_jjl _nln
`jn_n__r rjj`r_ _lj1j, jn+n_r ljnr-
r.l+njr1j jrlnl1j (Aghajanian & Marek,
1993).
kanafi _nj.jn_rn j_jjn +jlj +jl.rj..
+nn .jn_rn nlrj_njln. THC, r+jn
l.`_ln. rr haSiSsa (+jl.rn _._t_lnn
_nn) _., .j_j, marixuanaSi (+jl.rn .+t+.rn
_mjn _. j_._njn). THC- j_lmj_nm
.+_j_n .l_jn _lj. _.+_n_j_n.
_1nrj.1j: +nrj _1jn n_j_ +__j, .-
n.+_l .r_j., _n_n _1jn _n t.lrun_
.._nljl_r rj.jnj. rj_.r_n .+-
jjljn j+mt_j_.n ._nlnlj. jn_rn., _.r._
j_ln .l_., n_rn. _. _rn ._j+n r__j_.
_., r. mj+. _l_., tj_n_.l ._n .l_jn.
m_+., _ljjn_.l .++_nl.rj, j.u.
lj.n_r j_jj. .jl_j ._nn nn, _m_.
_. _.lj_.. +__j_rj+. jn +.lun1j
n_ljl, r+ kanafinoidebi, +.rnt_.l. .jn_rn
jn+n_rn l.jrmjn, j+._._j._ +j+j_j _nln
`jn_n__r rjj`rj1j: j _.l._nln__rn
rjj`rjn .n`_.+`n, .l_ +jtnjrj.1j `._tn-
+jj m._n _nln _ljn. .l.j_n.
+t_ .mj_n njl. l.__j_n .t._
._+jlnn anandamidi ljnrr.l+njrn,
r+jn, .j_j, j+._._jj j_jj .t_jl nn_j
rjj`rj1j (Di Marzo et al., 1994; Staht, 1998). .+n-
+. ._j_jl _.l._nln_jn lnjrjn j+_-
j j_jj .l.l_.+n_n._+n (_nln _ljrn_._
.rj_n ln_mnjrjn._+n) +ruln.rj _nln
_lj1j. .r_. .+n., +jlnjrj+. ._+.nlj,
r+ Sokoladi jn._ ln_mnjrj., r+jn
._jl. .t_jl _nln +njr .l.l_.+n_n +t-
+.rj.1j (di Tomaso et al., 1996) _._n
+j__j+. jnuj. j._._ _.l._nln__rn
rjj`rjn .l 1j+j+j_j. +.t_nl ljr__n
rj.jnjn 1+.1j. j +j__jn .r .rn ._-
+jlnn mjmr _._n, rnm. jnuj.
._tl.m n _.jn, r+ ._.+n.lj __r tnr._
_l_j.m run. _. ._n _._n.
opiatebi, rrn.. heroini _. morfini,
mr_l._ _n1n__r +rulj.. _. .+_n1n.-
ljj1j .`._t rj.jnj. .jrnln nlr.-
_jl_rn +n_jn m.__.`nr_jn j_jjn. n.+_-
lj.n ._._j. j_j. ._njr.n. _. tj_-
jrn_n +mt_ljn .lnjrjn ._n jn-
_rnn rul. n_._j. .jrnln +t+.rj.
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tnr._ n_j_ +n_j_.. +j-3 m._n .__lnljm,
r+ _nln jn._ jl_r_nlj (endogenur
morfinebs), r+jn +u._r 1j._jl. .t_jl
_lj.-.ljnj.1j, _n_n. _. n.+_ljn
.l_.1j. `n_+n. _. +r_nln +._n l.r-
_n_jn _nln nn_j rjj`r_ _lj
n_._j (Harrison et al., 1998: Reisine, 1995). .+rn._,
`n.jn _. +.rnt_.l. (rr 1j+m ._nlnl.)
n+n+ ._j_jl +.mm_n _.+.t.n.mjj j_jjj,
r+ nnln jn._jl njm .jn_r _+`ljlj,
r+jn _nln _ljrn_._ .rj_n ln_-
mnjrjjn +._n jn+n_rn m_njjnm t.n.m-
_j.. r_j. ljr__n rjj`rjn tj_l_._
n+_nr_j. lnjrjn j+_jn ln_mnj-
rjjnm, _nln _.r._ _.jn1 ..l.
depresantebSi j_n barbituratebi _.,
.l.__mrjnm ._.lnl._n., alkoholi. .+
ln_mnjrjj .t.n.mjm ljrn_n _. _n1n__rn
.jn_n _.mr_l_. (jljj.) jlr._r
ljr__ nj+.n ljr__n n+`_jn ._.j+n
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi: samedicino gamoyeneba, xangrZlivoba da
damokidebuleba
cxrili
6.1
samedicino gamoyeneba
fiziologiuri fsiqologiuri
efeqtis
xangrZlivoba
(saaTebSi)
opiatebi (narkotikebi)
morfini
heroini
kodeini
haluciogeni
LSD
PCP (penciklidini)
meskalini (peioti)
fsilocibini
kanafi (marixuana)
depresantebi
barbituratebi
(magaliTad,
seqonali)
benzodiazepini
(magaliTad, valiumi)
alkoholi
stimulatorebi
amfetamini
kokaini
nikotini
kofeini
tkivilgamayuCebeli
kvlevis procesSi
tkivilgamayuCebeli,
xvelis aRmkveTi
ara
veterinaruli
anesTetiki
ara
ara
qimioTerapiis
Tanmxlebi gulisrevis
aRmkveTi
sedatiuri, Zilis
wamali, anesTetiki,
antikonvulsanti
SfoTvis Semamcire-
beli, sedatiuri,
Zilis wamali,
antikonvulsanti
antiseptiki
hiperkinezia, narko-
lefsia, wonis kon-
troli
ara
nikotinis saReWi
rezini mowevisTvis
Tavis dasanebeblad
wonis kontroli,
stimulanti mwvave
respiratoruli
sirTuleebisas,
analgetiki
3-6
3-6
3-6
8-12
varirebs
8-12
4-6
2-4
1-16
4-8
1-5
2-4
1-2
varirebs
4-5
maRali
maRali
zomieri
ara
ar aris cnobili
ara
ar aris cnobili
msubuqad zomieri
zomierad maRali
msubuqad zomieri
zomieri
maRali
maRali
msubuqad maRali
ar aris cnobili
maRali
maRali
zomieri
ar aris cnobili
maRali
ar aris cnobili
ar aris cnobili
ar aris cnobili
zomierad maRali
msubuqad zomieri
zomieri
maRali
maRali
zomierad maRali
zomieri
damokidebuleba
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j_._jn .l j+nrjn ._.jnm. _j`rj.l-
jn +j+j_jn j_jjn, l.nrn_, +nn_j_.
nl._jn ljr__n _+_ln_.nnm_n tjn
jjnm, ._. .+njjlj. GABA ljnrr.-
+njrn (Dehaney & Sah, 1999; Malizia & Nutt, 1995). GABA
tnr._ ljr__n ._.j+jn j+._._jn __l-
jn. .r_j, rnm. .ntlj. _j`rj.ljn
j+._._jjn j_jjjn. .rn_r.jn u.1j
.tn_.m jnuj. nj. 15-n.l __j_.n
.+_nl_., r+ l.r_n_jn _1n ._.+jjn
j+mt_j_.m. _..tjnm l.tj_.rn .rn_-
r.j1j +_n_. (Howard, 1984). j_j.1j tnr._
_.ln_l._n _j`rj.ljn, rrn.. valiumi
_. qsanaqsi, +ln_lj_.ln._ t.n.m_j.
+n_j_n .l_nm.rjn j.ujnm (Miller, 1999).
._.n nj jrm-jrmn `nr_jn _nj-
.jn_rn ln_mnjrj., r+jn _.rm_ .+njj-
lj_. _t_.rn _rn_.l. +nn ._jln j_j
+j_n ._.+n.ljn _jjn, t+._rn.ljn, +j-
r_jn _. jl.jn.ljn t_jn.l: 1njrmn
+.m.ln .rjn_n _. +u.._j t_j., 1n _n
nmr_lj. _. _j`rjn_ .l_jn nunrj..
+__j_rj+. __j+_j .r nn.l, m_ _l_rj_._
rr +j+j_j ._.n _nl1j, m_+., t_.
_j`rj.ljn +._._, rr .l, nn
1j+j+j_j GABA- .jn_.1j (De Witte, 1996).
+nrj _1n j+mt_j_.n ._.+. jnuj.
.+n_n rj.j.n. _. +1r_nm. rj.j-
njn nr._n +nrj_ ._+_jj., m_+.,
r.ln1+ +t_ +nrj _jln ._.m.l
j_un. .+_._j.. _n_n r._jlnm ._.n
t.l+_j `jrn_n n_j_ jlr._rn ljr__n
nj+n ._._nrm_.. ._.1. _. _j__rn
j+mt_j_jn 6-_jr __r tnrn. ._.+n.ljm.l,
r+jm. ntn 0,10 ._.n j+_j-
.., _n_rj +.mm.l, _nm.l. j +._jljjn
2-_jr l._jn.. ._._rn nljn_.nn
+jrj j_jn, r+j. _nn j.j_ _j__r
j+mt_j_jn, m_.n _jn ._.rmj.., r..
m.l _j_ _.+nm tj__n `rj+jn. r_j.
ntn ._.n j+_j. 0,15 ._j_,
._nn .j_ ++.j_ lj.n_r 1j+j+j_j.
.1r_lj.1j, +jtnjrj.. _. .l_n _l.r1j,
r.. m.l .t._ j+n_rn .r..n_r.
_. +r_n _r_nl.nn r__j_..
._.n +t+.rj. _+m._rjn n._rn
`rj+.. .-n. ._.m.l _._._nrj_n
.__..r_jn 15-25 n ._.+n.lm. n__-
_nn.ln .+j_.ln +n1j1n.. r_j. +n
r._jl. _. ntnrj 1j+j+j_j .+.t_r1j,
._.rjj n._r _. _.t_r _rmnjrmj
_. jrn1_ `rj+j _j+ln _.l+rmj..
.jmn _nm.rjn j.j_nn _n.l1n. alko-
holizmi. _n1n__rn _.+_n_j_., jr.l-
. _. +n_j_. j j_j._jrn t.lrun_n
nljln_rn +n _l1j _nm.r_j.. 1njrmn
nl_n_n_nm_n ._.n1+n +.1j _.rn mj+n
_l.rn .rjl.m.l .nr_j.: 1njrmnm_n
_n, ._.n1+n .+nt.j. r.+_jln+j _njn
j+_j +n jjrjn _l.rn .rjl.n. 1998
j ..rj_n .+_nmt_n +l.j+jn
m.l.t+._, 18-25 n rj`_jlm. 13,8- ._j-
lnlj_. nljln_rn +., .l_ nnln _.+_ljl 5
_. +j _nj. jrm _jr1j/_.j_.1j j_j t_m
.l +j __jn jrmtj jrmn m_n .l+._.n
(SAMHSA, 1999), m_+., j_j. .._n rj`_jlm.
._. +._jljjn +.+._.jm.l (9,7) .n-
jnm +._.n nj, _n_rj j.jm.l (2,4).
stimulatorebs, rrn.. .+_j.+nln _.
__.nln, ._1ljn. _. jn_rnn +_+.rjn
.+_j_n +n1lnm n_jjl. n+_.rjn
+j+j_jjl _nln njmn ljnrr.+njrjn
_ln ++.jnm, rrn.. lrj`nlj_rnln,
jrlnln _. _`.+nln. +..nm._, n+_.-
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rjn ._._jjl _nln n+ +j__jn +j+j-
_j., r+jm., _j_jrn_, _`.+nln .+.j._
nl._jn_.l (Giros et al., 1996). __.nlnm t.lrun_n
.rj. n_j_ _njj _nln n.+_-
ljn .l_.1j `._tn+jj nj+.n (Gawin,
1991). n+_.rjn 1j+j+j_j. .+ t_._.t_.
j_jj n_j_: ++.j_n m_nm_.r+_lj_.,
+_.rj_n jljrn. _. .n`jr.jn_r. _.
jn_rn.m.l +n.tj_n _lj.-.ljnj..
nljln_rn ++t+.rjjn .ln_n.l j+.nljj
.._nl.nj _. __nm.r_j.m r+jl. n+n., r+
t_jn +.mm_n _n_nn +njjlj. _njl.
.+ r+jlj paranoidalur iluziebs __jjl.
__.nln +t+.rjn m.l+tj .l.__mrj_
._rmtj jn_rn_ ._+._rjl.. _. u.1j
_j`rjn_ ._.r_lj rn .rj_n _lr.n
j+ln. j .rj+j. .nu_j __.nln ++t+.-
rjj, r+ j_j_.rn _lrn .rjj
.1.r_l l.r_n_n +t+.rjn ntnrj _.
_1jn. __.nln j_j.1j __m. _r+.. crack-n,
.l.__mrjnm _.+.lrj_jn j_n l.r_n_n,
r+jn r._._ .r_j _. r._.__j _.r._
+j+j_jn u... _nl.n_.l +nrj _jlnm _.
n._._ njn_j., j ln_mnjrj. j_jm_n tj-
+n.__+n. _.rnjn. _. .t..1r_jn.m_n:
crack-n +r._. n._r ___ .lrj_.
rn n+_.rn, r+jm. tnr._ .r
.__nj_.+m _nj.jn_r ln_mnjrjj._, .rn
kofeini _. nikotini. jnuj. .__m.rn .+-
_njn_.l _n_jm, r+ rn _nl_.ln +..rn
j._. .l .n ._+.rnn r._jln __jnl jn._
n+n.m_n, r+ _r+. 1j._jl. +.t_nl _1j,
nt. _. nr__.r_ __ljnj1j _. _.unlj-
.m.l _._._nrj_n `rj+jn j_nj+l..
m.+.jn ._+jlnn jn+n_rn l.jrmn ln_nln
._+.rn._ unjrn n+_.rn., r+j.
._nrn_n .+jrn_jn .+.ljn +._.n _ljl-
r.nnm njjlj_ljl +nn__rn +_+.rjjn.
_. r.ln .+._j_._: m_+., 1njrmn
m.l.+j_r_j ++t+.rjn.l .lt_._jnm, +.m
n_ljl, r+ ln_nln +n_j_. n_j_ _. _n_
n_rmtnj njl_ljl +nn +t+.rjn.. +n_j_n
.++_j_n t_. ln_mnjrjjn +._._, ln_nln
_nln _ljrn_._ .++_._j_ jn+n_r
l.jrmj .._. __j_jnm _._jlnn. _nln
+j+j_jn n rjnljn, r+jn `._tn+j-
jn. ln_nl. _. __.nl1j +n_j_n .l_nm.rj-
.1j (Pich et al., 1997). ln_nln j+._.n jn+n_rn
l.jrmjn n+ rjj`rjn n+_nrj. .t_jl,
r+jn m._ _.r._ _.rulnlj r.n+j
_.rn/r._ ._jmjn j+_j: r. _.rul-
nlj, r+ j_j._jrn jrnn. _jl+jln,
r+jn tj _j ._.rjl.. .+_t.r_,
ln_nln _nln nn_j rjj`rj ._n1n.lj,
r+jn _.jnlj, r+ j_j._jrn _.r._..,
r. _jj_nm, m_+., rj._r._ j .j .r .rn.
ln_nln +njr _.l+rmj.1j _.rj_nmn
1j+j+j_j. +mn.l.n _n_._ ._j+.j. j_j.
t_. _nj.jn_rn ln_mnjrjn 1j+j+j_j.
jrm._, .jrnln, __.nln. _. ._.n .m-
_nm. .1._jrn_n _.l+rmjn .+.t_rn
+l.j+jn m.l.t+._, jn._n 400 000
n___nn n.rjn +n1j1nm t_j.. +n_tj_._._
n+n., r+ +j_. j_jj_._n ._._+j_n. _.
n___nn +m._.rn +n1j1n., n j.n1j_n.
_. j_jn_r._ +nnljn nt.r_j. n.rjn
rj_.+nrj.1j. 60 +l .+jrn_jn _jr _n_j_
+j_jn., m_+., +j_n .nl.._+_j
_.+`.lnjn .r__j_ j_j ._j_ _. +nr_j.
+j_jm. .jrm r._jl. (SAMHSA, 1995).
j_jn_r._ 2,1 +nnln ._.+n.ln njj
+j_. _. +.mn _+r._j. 18 j1j l._jn
.._n... j, l.nrn_, .r+.j_n .rj_.+
_.+`.lnn j_jn jnuj. nj, r+jn tnr._
rj_ .t..1r_.1j. +n+.rm_n: +1.r_m.
rn +j_jm. r._jln +ln_lj_.ln
++.j. +mjn rnn .rj_.+ _.+`.lnjn
j_j._ +t_. (Pierce & Gilpin, 1995).
j m._n N.N-n j+mt_j_n .ltn_nm _._njjm
_. j_j._jm +n .+_nj.m.l j_j_.rjnl.
.r_n +ljn. _. ++._n _.j+_n
_jln _l.rn. j +..nmn n+n ._jlj._
.r+_._nljm, m_ rr ._j _jl +njr
.ltrnjj_n r_n._ _j_jrn_n .jn-
_jn lnjrjn j.tj 1njrm .nljrj
j_nmt_.: .n_.l +_n _jln .1rjn? rr
l_j. nnln? ._ nl.tj. j .1rjn? .t. ___j
_nnm 1njrmn mjrn., r+jn `._t .j+
.+ _nmt_j _. _nnm, rr _l_. j_um .+
mjrn.m. ._.++j.. _jl _l.tjm, r+
lnjrj., . _.+n, ._.j. _.u-
j_, r+ _jl_j +mjn rnn .+_njn.,
r. ._.+n.l._ _.jj_.
.j_j, .l_ntnjm lnjrjn __r _. __r
l._j._ _j_n .+jjljn j+mt_j_jn. _jl
_.__nm _nmt_.: r.+ .rn.l ._.+n.ljn
__+.j_nln j_j__n_rn _j_n lnj-
rjnm _. r.+ jujjl +nn j_n +r._.-
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_jr_.l 1j? _j_jrn_, unrnm._n ___n
.rj_n .+.ljn +n+_nl.rj +mt_lj. _.
n_.nj1j ._jm_., m_+., _jln lnjrjn
rj.n_.l .++_nl.rj, j1____j. _.-
lnjrjm: .j_j, _.lnjrjm, r+ j1____n.
_jln .+_njn _n.`.1ln _. n_r+j, r.
.rj_n `jln.n r_._ .+_jln
j.uj. _.rm+j_. _r_._r, ..m,
j__. j_n`jr _j_n rj.n _.rj
+n_+. ._j_n unjrn _r_nn .+ _. _j_n
_._rmt .n_rn l._._ m._n__jn
.l_.1__rj. _.rj_m.
Sejameba
ljn+njrn ___rn .r++._jljn junjjl
lnjrjn j_n ._.jj. _.__nr_j._n
n1+rjn +jlj ._.+n.ljn .lnjrjjl, r+
unl._m _. j_un.m n1+rn _..r_n _l-
rnrj.. ._.+n.ljn jrm+.ljmn.l .lt_._-
_jn.l n+nm, m_ r.+_jl._ jj_j+_j.rjn.l .n`-
l1n 1j+j+j_j.. +__j_rjn ._.rjjl l.+-
__n._ .n`l1nrj_n ._.+n.ljn. _. n+_-
n.ljn rj.jnj, r.m. .n+n_l .n`l1n
rnnl._rn j_jjn .n`ln1nrn _n +.-
j._ .ltrnjj_n jj_jn..l. .n`ln1+n
.l.__mrj_n +u._rn jjln_.. _n_nn
..+nrj._. ._.+n.lj tnr._ .j_m _.r_n
_.+__nr_jn .+_nj., r. _nt+
.n`l1n 1j+j+j_jn j_j j_ln. +_jljn
_.r_, .r.lnjr ._j+..
+j_n.nnm j.ujjn. lnjrjn _n-
jjn. _. t_. n`n _ln_rn nl_n
.ltrnjj.. .._nl.njn .r+._jl
+_._n `jrj`_ .+_nj. .rj.ln .+-
_n1n.ljn .r.rjn `nrjn. 1njrmn
._.+n.ln _ rjnn_r .+_nj., r-
+jn .r .rn _j_jrn_n lnjrjn l.nn.
lnjrjn j_n +n1lnm ln_mnjrjjn,
rr jjr.r_nl._rn ._.jjn,
.+jjlj. tnr._ .tn_.m., r._.l. .rj
..m. +n_j_n .l_nm.rjn _. 1_jr
n___nn. _n. l.r_n_jn jlr._r ljr__
nj+.1j ljnrr.+njrjn n+_nrjnm,
_.mr_l_nm .l j_nm 1j+j+j_jjl.
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
cnobiereba gonebis Si-
naarsebis gacnobierebas,
maT Sesaxeb codnas war-
moadgens;
arsebobs cnobierebis
sami done: (1) samyaros
bazisuri cnobiereba, (2)
gaazreba imisa, Tu ras
vacnobierebT da ( 3)
TviTcnobiereba;
RviZili periodis cno-
bierebis Sinaarsi gan-
sxvavdeba aracnobieri
procesebisgan, winare-
cnobieri mexsierebisgan,
yuradRebis miRma dar-
Cenili informaciisgan,
aracnobierisgan da cno-
bieri aRqmisgan;
sakvlevi teqnikebi, ro-
goricaa xmamaRla fiqris
oqmebi da eqsperimentis
SerCeva cnobierebis Si-
naarsis Sesaswavlad gamo-
iyeneba.
cnobierebis
funqciebi
cnobiereba gvexmareba ga-
darCenaSi da gvaZlevs re-
alobis pirovnuli da
kulturuli konstruq-
tebis Seqmnis SesaZleb-
lobas;
mkvlevrebi swavloben
cnobier da aracnobier
procesebs Soris arsebul
urTierTmimarTebas.
Zili da sizmari
cirkaduli ritmi asaxavs
biologiuri saaTis moq-
medebas;
Ramis Zilis ganmavlobaSi
icvleba Tavis tvinis aq-
tivobis paternebi. REM
Zili xasiaTdeba Tvale-
bis swrafi moZraobiT da
Tanxvdeba mkafio sizmre-
bis periods. mTliani Zi-
lis daaxloebiT 1/4 REM
Zilia 4-5 calkeuli pe-
riodis ganmavlobaSi;
s
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222
Zilis raodenoba da REM
da NREM Zilis Tanafar-
doba asakTan erTad ic-
vleba;
REM da NREM Zili sxva-
dasxva funqciebs emsa-
xureba, Senaxvisa da aR-
dgenis CaTvliT;
Zilis darRvevebi, ro-
goricaa insomnia, narko-
lefsia da Zilis apnoe
uaryofiT gavlenas ax-
dens dRis manZilze ada-
mianis funqcionirebis
unarze. dRis Zilianoba,
aseve, farTod gavrce-
lebuli seriozuli prob-
lemaa;
froidi Tvlida, rom
sizmrebis Sinaarsi ara-
cnobieri masalaa, romel-
mac gaiara sizmris cen-
zura;
sxva kulturebSi sizmre-
bis interpretacia regu-
larulad xdeba da amas
gansakuTrebuli kultu-
ruli rolis mqone ada-
mianebi axorcieleben. in-
terpretacia momavlis wi-
naswarmetyvelebis fun-
qcias emsaxureba.
sizmris zogierTi Teo-
ria maTi wyaroebis bio-
logiur warmomavlobaze
amaxvilebs yuradRebas,
Tumca, es Teoriebi sru-
lad ar Tanxvdeba siz-
mris Sinaarsebs.
cnobierebis Secvli-
li mdgomareobebi
aris gacnobiereba imisa,
rom sizmars vxedavT da
mimarTulia sizmris kon-
trolze.
hipnozi cnobierebis Sec-
vlili mdgomareobaa, ro-
melic xasiaTdeba STago-
nebaze reaqciis saxiT hip-
notizirebuli adamianebis
aRqmis, mexsierebis, mo-
tivaciisa da TviTkontro-
lis SecvliT.
meditacia cvlis cnobier
funqcionirebas ritualu-
ri praqtikis saSualebiT,
romelic garegani saz-
runavebidan Sinagan gamoc-
dilebaze gadaanacvlebs
yuradRebas.
halucinaciebi naTeli aR-
qmaa, romelic Cndeba obi-
eqturi gamRizianeblebis
ararsebobis pirobebSi.
zogierT kulturul jguf-
Si adamianebi intensiur re-
ligiur gamocdilebas ga-
nicdian.
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTiere-
bebi, cvlian ra nervuli
sistemis aqtivobas, zemoq-
medeben mentalur proce-
sebze cnobierebis droe-
biTi SecvliT.
cnobierebis cvlilebebis
gamomwvev fsiqoaqtiur niv-
TierebaTa ricxvSi Sedis:
halucinogenebi, opiatebi,
depresantebi da stimula-
torebi.
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi
aracnobieri
gamocdilebis SerCevis
meTodi
dRis Zilianoba
Tvalebis swrafi
moZraobiT Zili (REM)
Tvalebis swrafi
moZraobis gareSe Zili
(NREM)
TviTcnobiereba
insomnia
meditacia
midrekileba
narkolefsia
sizmris muSaoba
tolerantoba
faruli Sinaarsi
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi
fsiqologiuri
damokidebuleba
SeTanxmebuli validizacia
cirkaduli ritmi
cnobiereba
winarecnobieri mexsiereba
Zili apnoe
xiluli Sinaarsi
xmamaRla fiqris oqmi
halucinaciebi
hipnobiluroba
hipnozi
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das wavla da qcevi Ti an ali zi das wavla da qcevi Ti an ali zi das wavla da qcevi Ti an ali zi das wavla da qcevi Ti an ali zi das wavla da qcevi Ti an ali zi
7
daswavlis unaris kvleva
ra aris daswavla
biheviorizmi da
bihevioraluri
analizi
klasikuri ganpiro-
bebuloba
pavlovis saocari
dakvirvebebi
ganpirobebulobis
procesi
SeZena
klasikuri ganpiro-
bebulobis gamoyeneba
operantuli
ganpirobebuloba:
swavleba Sedegebis Sesaxeb
efeqtis kanoni
qcevis eqsperi-
mentuli analizi
pirobiTi ganmtkiceba
ganmamtkicebelTa
Tvisebebi
ganmamtkicebelTa
cxrilebi
qcevis formireba
(Seipingi)
fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: afuWebs Tu
ara bavSvs dausjeloba
biologia da daswavla
instinqturi swrafva
gemos aversiiT
daswavla
kogniciis gavlena daswav-
laze
cxovelTa kognicia
dakvirvebiT daswav-
la
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
224
T
.+ .j_njr j+mt_j_n j+_j r.+
jrn_j. rjl __nl? `._tn, r+jn
._.r.___ _._njr_j., n.., r+ +.l .t.n
.n.n. _.n._. jn nj_jnm, +.l
`r.jn__n _l. jnunl., r+jn jnuj.
_n_j_ .r.jrmtj .+njjl t_rjn +.lun1j.
_.+jm.lt+jnm, m.+j__._n., m_ rr n._.
rjl+ ___. _. _.nljrj_jnm _n_j, r.
+jj.ln1+nm +t_. j. rr .nm_n. rjl+
j .t.n .n.n. .j .__n._? nn_j .r-
+.jnm jnun.m .__m.r m._ _.__.m
j_nmt_.: rr j__jnm .t. .n.nj?
_njjn _n_n t.ln. _.nljrjj_jn
.rn.l .l`nrj_nm, .l_ n+ +jj.ln1+jnm,
r+jm. ._.jnm. jj_. _. +_jl.
_._._nrj_n. jrm+.ljmm.l. nl.+_j.rj m._n
ganpirobebuloba (conditioning) - gzebi, romliTac
movlenebi, stimulebi da qceva asocirdeba
erTmaneTTan.
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onkanis qveS meWira, man raRac amoilu-
RluRa~ da fexebis rtyma daiwyo.
me is linoleumian iatakze gadmovsvi,
vinaidan sveli frTebiT gadmofrenis
uflebas ver mivcemdi. leam mas win sarke
daudo, raTa lorencos kargad daenaxa, Tu
rogor gamoiyureboda. es is gamadidebeli
sarke iyo, romelsac mamakacebi maSin
iyeneben, rodesac ulvaSebs iWrian. Cvenma
damwuxrebulma lorencom iribad gaxeda
sarkes Tavisi damZimebuli quTuToebidan,
waibarbaca da Senelebuli moZraobiT Zirs
daemxo. mas Semdeg, rac saswrafod galiaSi
moaTavses, kidev ufro saSinlad gamoiyu-
reboda.
meore dilas erTic ar daukvnesia. Cvenma
TavgadasavlebiT aRsavse Citma axali praq-
tikuli codna SeiZina. veterinaris gamo-
Zaxebisa Semrcxva, amitom me da lea vuv-
lidiT nabaxusev frinvels.
mas Semdeg, lorencom samudamod Seaqcia
zurgi sasmels, miuxedavad dResaswaulebisa.
man im sakvebzec ki Tqva uari, romelic
RviniT mzaddeboda. misi TavSekaveba ar
iyo absurduli.
._n nln _._j.rn rjl-
+jr.n rjr _r.l_nl
jn _.._j_n n_jrn tn_-
_n, rjl m._._.._. ._jr, r+jn
jn _.tn _+.rn .t_.m. _+rn
j`n1_n rjl njm r.+j ._, r.
j_rn mj_jl.ln.m_n jnuj. l.ln nj:
rodesac lorencom miaRwia im asaks,
romelsac Cven mozrdilobas veZaxiT, didi
dResaswauli movawyveT da misi megobari
adamianebi moviwvieT. erTma Cemma megobarma
am dResaswauls Cxikvis bari micva~ (Bar
Mitzvah) uwoda. sufra savse iyo lorencos
sayvareli kerZebiT, rasac davumateT Rvino,
funTuSa da Sebolili oraguli. wveulebis
bolos leam (leslis meuRlem) lorenco
samzareuloSi Rvinis Wiqebis narCenebTan
miyuJuli aRmoaCina. mis Zaxilze yvela
stumari saswrafod Secvivda samzareuloSi,
raTa sakuTari TvaliT enaxa danis saxe-
lurze mofarTxale Citi. misi mTvrali
Wyipini kasetis Senelebuli CanaweriviT
JRerda. ukan gaCoCebuli, is TaviT Cavarda
samzareulos niJaraSi, romelic naxevrad
savse iyo WurWlis sarecxi siTxiT. rodesac
225
.lntnj. .l`nrj_n rn unrnm._n n`n:
_.n__rn .l`nrj_. _. `jr.l_n
.l`nrj_.. mnmj_n +.m.ln r.ln1+n
.lt_._j_ rj.jn.. _. nl_r+.nn ._.-
+_._jn _r+. .r+._jl. .l`nrj_n
mnmj_n _r+n.m_n .__jrm .r. +.r
unrnm._ +jj.ln1+j, r+jn +. +.rm._jl
.r.rnn `nrjn, .r.+j_ j_j__n_r
t_rj.n +nn .+jjljn +..nmj..
.l.+ .l`nrj_n .+ _r+j .l_ntn-
._m, _.._n _jl+jl j__n_rn `1n-
nn_.l _l_. j_tj_m. _.._., _+jj._,
jljn__r._.. _jln ._j_n, nj_j, rr
_jln .+_njn t_. +r._.n .`jjn. ._.-
+n.ljn, nj_j, rr t_. r.ln1+jn, +j+__n_-
rjnm n_jjl _.._n _l.r. _.._n
_l.rjn .lt_.__j. jljn__rn __n +ntj__nm.
njm .rjj, rrjn.. j_j.r+._jn _.
.+_nnjn, _.._n _l.rn .rj+m.l _rmn-
jrmnm _+_n_j.m _. ._jl _n_j ..
+.mn ._.rjl. _.+_n_j_n. njm .rj+n
t_rj.1j, ._. +.mn m.l_.jnn _l.rjnm,
_`._tl .rj+ .+. m_ n+ +_jl., nnln .l
n_jjl n+., r. _nr_j.m, .l .ljrn_jn.l .r..-
_r_j.. t_. t_jjn, ._.+n.ljn .m_nm,
jlj .njnm __r +nrj rn .j_m .rj+-
jj_n _rmnjrmj+j_jn .l`nrj.n _. .n-
jnm j.n_rn _. _.rn.n_rn. _.._.m.l
+n+.rmj.n. t_jj jj_m _l.rn, _.n._-
l n+n +ntj__nm, m_ rr n_j. .rj+
+.mn jj_n, +j+j_jn j_j._. .r _l_.
_._._nj_j, r+ jljn__r._ +t_ _.._n
_l.r _n_jm. rr +t_j. .+ _l.rn rj.n-
1.n., j jlj1j ___j ._.r.. _.+_n_j_n.
daswavlis unaris kvleva
.+ __j_n _..jj._ ._nr., _`nr_jj._,
.l_.1__rm _.._n lj..
ra aris daswavla
_.._. .rn `rjn, r+n j_j._.
_n_jm j_.rjnm .n_r, +__+n_ _nj.
jj_.n .l jj_n `jln.n _. r+jn _.+j.-
rj_n. .+_nj.1j. m_+., .+ .l.1__rj.n
.+nj_. .+n _rnn__n l.nn.
cvlileba qcevaSi an qceviT
potencialSi
._.r.., r+ _.._n `rjn +.nl jnu-
j. .nm_. .ltrnjj_._, r_j.
j_jn _.j_ .tj1j, +..nm._, jnun.m
+.lj.ln +.rm_. .l +n_r.__.ln __+jn .+-
jjlj.. j_ujjn., _._.__nr_jm __._
_.._n `rj, r._.l, _j_jrn_, .+ `rj-
nm .+_j_n _njjn _nln .r .l,
+.r.+ _.._n `rjn .rj. ._.r. t_j.
jj_n .l+_njnm. m_+., +n_tj_._._ .+n.,
tnr._ jj_.n .r _nl_j., r. l.._n..
tnr._, .rjm_j, ._.+n.l .j_ 1._n .ljjn,
+..nm._, _.+_n_j_j. m.l.+j_r_j tj_-
ljn._+n .l ._+.__rn _n_nn _l.,
r. .r _nl_j. .1+_._ +j+j_jjn. .jm
j+mt_j_jn, +n_j_n. `jln. jj_nmn _n-
jn.m_n, r._.l l.._n. _.+_n_j_j.
_. _nrj_jjn, r+jn ._jl. .t_jljl
n+ njr._rn jrj_.1j, r.. ._.+n.ln _nmt_-
, .rjm_j, m._n__.n _rn ..rjn
_r+.1j. j.. .tj_nn _.._n +..nmn
t_.. l.._. _. jj_.n .+t._ rn.
SedarebiT mudmivi cvlileba
n+n.m_n, r+ .__jrm, rr l.._n,
_.._nn jj_. .l jj_nmn `jln.n _l_.
nj .n_rn _. +__+n_n t_._.t_. j+mt_j-
_.n. +..nm._, m_ jrmtj _n._jm _r_.,
j_j. j+mt_j_.n j_ujm .+ _ln .+jj-
lj., _njljnm 1__.1j m_ ._r. ._11j. ._.-
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lnl._n., r+ .n_rn _nj. .r.. j_j-
m_n +__+n_n _nj.. +..nm._, jnuj.
._t_jm ._r ._+._ _.rn +jrljn +-
j+_n _rn.m_n, +.r.+ m__n m._ _._.ljjm
.+ `r, .l.1__r_n _rn j+_j j_ln-
l._m, r+ nj _.r._ _j_.r __m +., m_+.,
tj.t. ._n j+mt_j_.n nrul. n n.__n-
j, r+nm. _.._. t_j., mnmj _ln
r._. l.nn jl.t_n. .r_n .+_njn
j_j._. .+ _ljjn _nj. jnuj.
+__+n_n nj.
gamocdilebaze dafuZnebuli procesi
_.._. +t_ .+_njnm jnuj..
.+_nj. _nt+ nl_r+.nn +n_j.
(j_.j. _. r.l_r+.n.) _. rj.nrj.,
r. ._jl. .t_jl .rj+1j. _.._. j_j.
+jtnjrjn .__jmnjn j_j._ ._+jlj_n
.`._t rj.jnn..l. l.._n jj_. .r _n-
t+ _nj. _n1n__rn ++n_jn .l _nln
.l_nm.rjn j+mt_j_.n, r.ln1+n .._n +.j-
.m.l jrm._, .rjm_j, ._._+j_n .l _nln
_.1n.ljn _r. 1njrm t.lrun_ _nj.
jj_.n _nr_j. .+_njn. _. ++n_jn,
+1._j_ln _+nl.n.. +..nm._, .r+_n_-
nlm _.., r+j1j ..t_n., r. .._n
njj .__n _.jn _.+__n_j._ .+jj-
lj.. j_j_.rn _. .+ _j_n _.._n. n+
.._.+_j, r+jn _.ll1+njrn. .+ _l.rn
j+_._j., .l_ .l.+ .__n ._+.rn._ .r .l_n-
m.r_j., .+. njlj.. _njjn .l.__mrjnm
_.nljrjj_jn .rn.l n+nm, m_ jj_n r.
.`jjjn jnuj. jn_. _. r. +jj.ln1-
+jnm jnuj. .ltrnj_j j _njjn.
biheviorizmi da bihevioraluri
analizi
m.l.+j_r_j _njn.n _.._n mj-
rnjn _n_n l.nn .m._j _l _ln
(John Watson, 1878 -1958) r+jn_.l n_j. _l+.
_...r. _njn_rn _., r+jn l-
nn., rr n.j_nrn1+n. _..tjnm 50
n +.lun1j .+jrn__ _njn.n _+n-
lnrj_. n.j_nrn_n r._nnjn, r+jn
.+t._n nj _ln +njr 1919 j .-
+_ nln _njn. n.j_nrnn
._+.tj_n_.l. nn .+_nj_., r+ nlr-
`jjn. ._.+n.ljn _jr._rn +tjljjn +.mn
.l_jn, t.jn. _. jruljjn j.tj, .r
nj +n._jn ._.j. jj_n j.._._,
rr 1j_+j._ _njj_rn +jm_n. rr
_l_. .lj.1__r.m +jlnjrj .jmn m_nm_._-
_nr_jjn n1_j? +.r.+ m__n nlr`jjn.
_.rj_nn., r._. njlj_. _njnn ..ln?
_ln `._tn .+ _nmt_.1j nj dakvirvebadi
qceva. +nn nj_jnm: lnjrjn +_+.rj-
jn, jrjm _j_n `nrn_.n1+n _jl-
+jln, .r.. njj_r._ .l.1__r._n _. .+ +n1j1nm
_jr._j .t_j. +l.j+n +jlnjrjn.m_n
(Watson, 1919, _. 1). _l+., .j_j, .l.1__r.
_njnn unrnm._n +n1.ln, rr jj_n
_lrn _. `rl1n (Watson, 1913, _. 158).
_nljr+. (B.F. Skinner, 1904-1990) __r .l._r
_ln n_jjn. +nn `1nn. lnn., r-
r r._n_._rn n.j_nrn1+n. +.l ._n.r., r+
j__nn j_j._ j_jn .tj. .___r_nn.
jj_.m. .l.1__r_n `.jrljnm. m._n j_j.1j
``_.r_ nln m._n__jn. _.
_nrjn +n_+. (1972) nn .+_nj, r+ .+
`.jrljn +n_+. .rj_n j_j. .tn jj_.
.ltn_ _l_. njlj, rr _.._n +.r-
n_n _r+jn.
daswavla (Learning) - gamocdilebaze damyarebuli
procesi, romlis drosac SedarebiT mudmivad
icvleba qceva an qceviTi potenciali.
daswavla-gamovlenis gansxvaveba (Learning-Perfor-
mance distinction) - gansxvaveba imisa, Tu ra iyo
daswavlili da ra gamomJRavnda qcevaSi.
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_nljr+. .+nj __j_., r+jn +nnj_.l_.
+. .+ `1nnn _r+_nrj.+_j. 1924 j
.+_n _ln nln n.j_nrn1+n
._nmt_n j+_j _nljrn ._. .rujj
..r_.r_n. nn jm.lt+j. _l nl..ln
+_+.rjjn. _. _njn__rn +_jljn .r-
.rj.n, m_+., .jjl __r +j._ ._jmj
.r. +.mn, rr +l.j+jn, .+jjljn
j_uj.1j, .r.+j_ +.m, rr jj_n
.++_j_n +n1j1jn .r.rj.1j (Skinner, 1990).
t_. nj_jnm, nn m_n, r+ _njn__rn
+_jljn, rrjn.. .1r_lj. _. .r+.t_.,
.r n_j_jl jj_., +jn, nnln, m._n +trn_,
.lntnjn.l, rr jj_n _r+jn, r+jn
.rj+ n+_nm.. .l`nrj_n. +..nm._,
_.n+nm +rj_n 24 ..mn .l+._.n:
+_.m._m +jn.n, ._. +. j_un.,
ln_.rn `..r. _n_1j _._.__ljnm +n`_
.__jn. ._+_.jlm, r+ n rj_ .j ._jmj.
_nljrn .+ j+mt_j_.n _..._mj_., r+ +rj_n
jj_. .l`nrj_n. .rj+ +_jljnm
n+nnm _. .__jn, rr .l+.+_njn,
.+jjljnm. n+nn _njj_rn .l_.,
r+n `nr_.`nr j._. .l .1+_. .r
jnuj., .r .rn .+ jj_n +n1j1n, j jj_.
+t_ _j`rn_.nn j_jn.. .+n+ .r._rn
+mj+jn. n+n _.__l., r+ +rj_+. n+nn
.l .__jn +`_jn _r_nnm _.nj _n_1j
_.__ln. n+n.m_n, r+ ._tl.m, r. ._jmj n-
l.+__njn +rj_n, .r .rn ._nr +nn nl..ln
_njn_rn +_+.rjn .r__j_.. ._nr.,
_r._, ._jlm _.._n +.rn_ `rnln-
`j, r+jn ._.j. .uj_ +rj_, .-
n.n. _..+j.r jj_.. _. _n_ rn.
j.. _nljrn n.j_nrn1+n .__.lu jrnn
(Delprato & Midgley, 1992).
rj_ j jtj__j. _.j_ .__u_._
n.j_nr._r .l.n1, _njnn n+ _jr,
r+jn .jjl _.._n. _. jj_n .rj+
_jjr+nl.ljn ._+jl.1j ._jmj (Grant Evans,
1994). .1.__, n.j_nr._rn .l.n1n
_n n+n _.+_nj., r+ ._.+n.l_rn
_lj. jnuj. ._ljn+jj_j +jlnjrjjn
+jm_jn. _. _jr ._.rmjnm j_n._m.
.+.l. n.., r+ ._+.nll _ln_jr._rn
_.ll1+njrjjn, r+jn .jrm. t_jm.
j_j. .tjn.m_n, ._.+n.ljn .m_nm.
+__j_rjn .__ln.l, r+ _.._n `rjn
j_j. .tj.n _t__j., r. mj+. _l_., t_._.t_.
_r+nm, +.r.+ jl.r_lj_n unrnm._n +.t.-
n.mjjnm. .+n+ __j_jn t_jj1j
tnr._ t__j_. _rnn_n j.rjtn. _.-
._n _+`jj_rn _r+jn +.rn_n `rjjn
_+nl.n. .r+._jljl. n.j_nr._rn .l.-
n1n _n ._+.nl n unrnm._n `rnl-
n`jn, r+jm. +ntj__nm ._.+n.ln jj_. n_-
j. .+_njn j..+n._. unrnm._n .j-
jln _n jj_.. _. .rj+ +_jlj rn
_._nr1j _jm_j. _. .r. jj_.. _. _njn__r
+_jlj rn _._nr1j.
Sejameba
_.._. .rn `rjn, r+jn j_.rjnm
+_r._n jj_n .l jj_nmn `jln.n _n-
jn_.l ++_nl.rj _. .+_nj. j+j.rj..
jj_nmn .l.n1n .+_n _ln. _. _nljrn
mjrnjn_.l _. j_r.__j. .+.t_nj _.._n.
_. jj_n .rj+ _jjr+nl.lj1j.
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
.r+n_nljm, r+ _nln t.rm _. .nljj-
.m. _n+ _j_rjm. _n+n +nrn _.t_r_
_.r _.t__j., +_n_. nu.j., mj_jl _n n-
l_j.m _r_nn, nj_nrm .r jt_n_j! .+..n
._+.jlm, r+ _nj+. .j.rj_n .j_m, jnu-
j. .n_m _n_j, +.r.+ r.+? r._.l.-
nr._ mj_jl+. tj_+. n._. _n1nn_rn
rj.jnn .r+. (_nj+.), r_j. jrmn
.rj+ +_jl. _._._nrj_n. +jrjm.l (_.-
u._n +_n_. .n _n1_._r j_jjm.l). .+
n`n _.._. lnn., rr _.n__rn
.l`nrj_., _.._n unrnm._n _r+.,
r+jn jrmn n+_n .l +_jl. _.+l,
nl..r+jj_jj t_. n+_n .l +_jln
.+_jl.. r.ln1+n ._ .t. .n.n.
r n+_ rn `nr_j., r+jn ._rj
.r n_j__. rj.jn., _. +jrj rn, r+j+.
bihevioraluri analizi (Behavioral Analysis) - fsi-
qologiis ganxra, romelic yuradRebas daswav-
lisa da qcevis garemo determinantebze amax-
vilebs.
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.+n_n. rj.jn.. rr l.t._m, mj_jl .j_m
m.l_.jnn _l.rn, t.r._ _..j_nm +_-
jljn .rj+n .n.nn `rnln`nm, j _n
jj_nmn +n_rj_nj...
pavlovis saocari dakvirvebebi
_.n__rn .l`nrj_n `nr_j r._n_.-
_r __j_. m.+.+._ jnuj. j_ _nj-
nn j_j.1j lnn .._n. r_ _n1n,
n_.l `.__ (1849-1936) +n1l._ .r _._.t._
_.n__rn .l`nrj_n, .l t_. _n1n-
_rn _jl+jln __j_.. _.n__r .l`nrj-
_. nn j+mt_j_nm, ._+n ++ljjjn
nj+n __j_n. ..j_., rnm_n. 1904 j
ljn `rj+n. +nn_.
`.__ .+n1l_n .jl_., .+j__n. ._.-
+_._jn `rjn u._jn, +.m _nr__j. _.
._+n ++ljjj r.ljn +njn ._+nm
(nt. sur. 7.1). nn .+ jjln_nm .+j_nn j_rjn
r._jl. .l.1__r. _. ..l.n1j. ju-
j_.. j_rjnn .+._j_._ `.__n .n-
jln u._ `nrn _.+_._j_ tr __j_..
j `rj__r. +jr_j_. .l.1_r_n r.-
_jlnm, rn j+_j. `.__+. ._+.nl., r+
u._ ljrj_n .+jj__. +.l.+, .l.+ +n `nrn
trn +t__j_., _r._ ._+n _.l.t_.1j
_. .njln _.l.t_.1j _n. +jn, u._+.
ljrj_n .+j_. ___j +nn l.n_jn t+.1j
_.nj. ._+l_., r+ ljn+njrn n+_n,
r+jn nj+._r._ nl _rj_. ._+n
+n_j., ljrj_n .+j_. n_j__.. r_n._
j+mt_j_nm, `.__+. ._+.nl., r+ _.._.
j_jn. jrm+.ljmm.l .nrj_n rn n-
+_n..
`.__n, rr +jlnjrn, .+ _jl+jln
+n+.rm ln+j_.rj.+ .n__nu.. +.l .r._r._
.m_.. n+ _rn.m_n __n_jn _n1nn,
jr .r1 jrnlln rj_., m._n _.jljjnl.
.+ _j_rn .tnrjn.m_n. `.__+. +n._.
m._nn __j_. ._.+_._jn j.tj _. .+nm
.+__.+_ j_.. _njn_rn .1r_ljn
+n+.rm_j. (Pavlov, 1928). +mjn _.rjlnn
ntn +.lun1j nn .rujj_. n+ _.-
_jn ujl., r+jn ._jl. .t_jljl _.-
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba (Classical Conditioning)
- daswavlis tipi, romelSic qceva (ganpirobebu-
li reaqcia) gamowveulia stimuliT (ganpirobe-
buli stimuli), romelic, Tavis mxriv, gan-
mtkicebulia biologiurad mniSvnelovan sti-
mulTan asociaciis gamo (ganupirobebeli sti-
muli).
suraTi
7.1
pavlovis eqsperimenti
Tavis eqsperimentSi pavlovma gamoiyena sxvadasxva
neitraluri stimuli: xmebi, zari, Suqi da metronomi.
eqsperimentatori iyenebda erT-erTs am stimulTagan
da sakvebs, nerwyvs agrovebdnen specialuri milis
saSualebiT.
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n__r._ .l`nrj_ jj_.1j. _.n__rn .l-
`nrj_., .rjm_j, `.__nj_ .l`nr-
j_._ n_j., r._.l .l`nrj_n
_jl+jln rj_ +n ._+jl._ nm_j..
`.__n +ln_lj_.l+. __j_nm+. .+-
_nj.+ +. ._.j. +n., +.rn_n r.j-
n_n j+. .jrn., r.m. u._jn ljrj_n
.+j_. .lj`nrjnl.. jj`jrn+jljn u._n
..lj +jn.n nj +m._j_n, ._.
rj_.r_n nljr_.jnm n_j_. n+_
1.rn .tnm, rn j+_j. +. .r__j_n
r._jln .__jn juj_.. ._.lnl._n., r+
u._n.m_n .r.l.nrn _._nrn .r .rj_. 1.r.
_. .__j rn. jrm._jrmn rj.jn. 1.rn
`nr_j .j.1j .rnjl.n rj_jjn nj
u._+. j_rjn _.j_n. _. m._n +n.rn.. t+n
j.r _.._jl._. m_+., 1.rn. _. .__jn
+n_jn .l+jrjnm+. _.j_nj.+ .+n_n.
.rnjl.n rj_jjn jj_j. _. ljrj_n
.+j_..
_jl+jln, r.. `.__n m._n ._rnl_j
__j_jn .__nr_j_., j+mt_j_nmn .r nj. n
jnuj. _lrnrj_n `nrjnm j_nnj
.+_j_n. n+n _..+_nj._, r+ j 1._n
j_jjn nj, `.__+. 1.rn .r_. .+njjl.
+r._.l.nrn n+_n, rrn..: l.m_r., jj_.ln,
+jrl+n.
_.n__rn .l`nrj_n nrm_._ rj_-
jjjn _l_. .nm_.. rj_jjn .rn
_._._jn `._tn, rj.jn., +..nm._, ljrj_n
.+j_., m_.jn t.+t.+n _. +nm.l.ln. j_j.
rj_jjn _ljrn_._.. .+_j_n `jn_n__rn
n+_nm, r+jn nn_r._ .j_._rn.
r.ln1+n.m_n. ljn+njr n+_, r+jn
_ljrn_._ n_j_ rj_jj_r jj_., .l_`nr-
jjn n+_n j_j., r._.l ._. .r..
n+_n _lrn.m_n ._njjn `nr..
jj_., r+jn .+_j_n. .l_`nrjjn
n+_nm, .l_`nrjjn jj_...
n`_rn, _.n__rn .l`nrj_n jj`jrn-
+jln (sur. 7.2) ljnr._rn n+_n, +..nm._,
nl.mj, 1.rn _. ..., r+j., _j_jrn_,
.r.l.nrn +ln_lj. .r. .j_ rj_jj_rn
jj_n.m_n, +jr_j. j_nn .l_`nrjj
n+_m.l nj, r+ .l_`nrjjn n+_n
+.j_j. ljnr._r n+_. ljnr._r n-
+_, +..nm._, 1.r, _.j_nj_ .l_-
`nrjj n+_m.l, j_j. ganpirobebuli
stimuli (CS), r._.l +nn u.., .+n_n jj_.,
_.+_n_j_n. .l_`nrjj n+_m.l
.n.n.1j. r.+_jln+j _n j+_j .l`nrj_
n+_ +.j_j. rj.jn., r+j. j_j.
ganpirobebuli reaqcia (CR). u.n.l tnr._,
.l`nrj_n rj.jn. .._ .l_`nrjj
rj.jn.. +..nm._, `.__n u._jn.m_n
rn_j rj.jn. ljrj_n .+j_. nj. m_+.,
1njrm j+mt_j_.n, .l`nrj_n rj.jn.
j_r._ .lt_.__j. .l_`nrjjn rj.jnn..l:
.l`nrj_n rj.jn. .r+._jl ljn+njr
`._t, r., m._n +trn_, _.._n j_jn..
.+_.r._, _lj. _1r_l_j_j_ .l_`n-
rjjn n+_n-rj.jnnm, +.r.+ _.._.
_.n__rn .l`nrj_n +j_jnm .l`n-
rj_n n+_n-rj.jnn _._nr j+ln.
ganpirobebulobis procesi
rr _n_jm .l_`nrjjn _. .l`nr-
j_n n+_jn _.+mt_j_nm _.n__rn
.l`nrj_n j_jj? r.+_jl._ +jn_j.
_.._.? r.+_jl._ +j.rn. .n.njn? .+ m._n
__`._tjm n+ _nmt_j, r+jn n._j. t-
_jm. .tjj1j ..rj_n t_._.t_. __j_n
j_j._.
refleqsi (Reflex) _ specifikuri stimuliT ga-
mowveuli dauswavleli pasuxi, romelsac bio-
logiuri mniSvneloba aqvs organizmisaTvis.
ganupirobebeli stimuli (Unconditioned stimulus)
_ klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi stimuli, ro-
melic iwvevs ganupirobebel reaqcias, pasuxs.
ganupirobebeli reaqcia (Unconditioned response)
_ klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi ganupirobebeli
stimulis mier gamowveuli reaqcia winaswari
varjiSis an daswavlis gareSe.
ganpirobebuli stimuli (Conditioned stimulus) _
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi aqamde neitraluri
stimuli, romelic iwvevs ganpirobebul reaq-
cias.
ganpirobebuli reaqcia (Conditioned response) _
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi reaqcia, romelic
aRmocendeba aqamde neitraluri stimulis sa-
fuZvelze. es xdeba imis Sedegad, rom neit-
raluri stimuli Sewyvilebulia ganupirobebel
stimulTan.
SeZena (Acquisition) _ klasikuri ganpirobebu-
lobis eqsperimentis stadia, romlis drosac
ganpirobebuli reaqcia pirvelad aris gamow-
veuli ganpirobebuli stimuliT.
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SeZena da Caqroba
.l_`nrjjn _. .l`nrj_n n+_jn,
.jrm_, r.+_jl_jr+j _l_. _.j_n_j, _n_rj
.l`nrj_n n+_n .l`nrj_ rj.jn.
.r .+n_j_ (sur. 7.3, l.nn 1). .l_`nrjjn
_. .l`nrj_n n+_jn nj+._rn
_.j_njnm, .l`nrj_n rj.jn. ._+jl-
_j. +1.r_n ntnrnm _. .+n+ j_nun.
_mj_.m, r+ r.ln1++. jnunl. .l`nrj_n
rj.jn..
_.n__r .l`nrj_.n, nj_j, rr
_.rn .lj__n +jn _r, _r u.n.l
+ln_lj_.ln.. .l`nrj_n _. .l_`nr-
jjn n+_jn _rn __n__rj._ .t
_l_. .+_nl_ljl n+n.m_n, r+ r.ln1++.
nnln _._._nrj_._ ._nj_. (.+ jn .+l._-
n +_n.ljnm .__jrm t_. m._n j+
._jrnn _.._.m.l _._._nrjnm). +__j-
_rj+. jn+_._j mtn _rnmn `.jrln r
n+_ rn, rr j l._jljn. suraTze
7.4 (Hearst, 1988). j_j.1j _.rm_ ._rjj_n
n`n. Seferxebuli ganpirobebuloba, r+jn
.l`nrj_n n+_n l_j. _. l.r_l_j.
+.l.+, .l.+ .r .+_nl_j. .l_`nrjjn
n+_n. kvalis ganpirobebulobaSi .l`nrj-
_n n+_n jj_jnn., .l.+ .+_nl_j.
.l_`nrjjn n+_n. __.n n_nt+j.
n ._jl. m_ l.__.j_n, r. jnuj. r.ln1-
+1j _.j_jnl. .l`nrj_ n+_. Tan-
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi
ganpirobebulobis procesamde, ganupirobebeli stimuli (UCS) bunebrivad iwvevs ganupirobebel
reaqcias (UCS). neitralur stimuls ara aqvs gamomwvevi efeqti. ganpirobebulobis procesis dros
neitraluri stimuli wyvildeba ganupirobebel stimulTan. amgvari dawyvilebis Sedegad neitraluri
stimuli gadaiqceva ganpirobebul stimulad da ganpirobebul reaqcias iwvevs, romelic ganupirobebeli
reaqciis msgavsia.
suraTi
7.2
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xvedril ganpirobebulobaSi rn_j n+_n
.+_jlnn. jrm_r_._, t, droSi gada-
weul ganpirobebulobaSi, .l`nrj_n n-
+_n .+_jlnn. .l_`nrjn j+_j.
.l`nrj_., _j_jrn_, j_j.1j j_jj-
_rn. j_jrtj_n .l`nrj_n `.r.-
_n+.n, .l_ +_j nljr_.nm r n+_
rn. m_+., 1_n _r, r+jn ._nr.
.l`nrj_n ._+jljn.m_n, _.+_n-
_j_n. r.+_jln+j _.jr1j, +..nm._, .l`n-
rj_n n+_n nljln_.. _. .l`n-
rj_ rj.jn.1j. j_jr_jm .l`nrj_
rj.jn.1j. +..nm._, njmn __lm_rn rj.jnn-
.m_n, rrn.. m_.jn t.+t.+n, jrm.+n.ln
.l l._jn nljr_.n. .__jmj: _njr._rn
rj.jnjn.m_n, rrn.. _nj+. _.
ljrj_n .+j_., nljr_.n jnuj. 10-15
.+.+_j .n1.r_. .l`nrj_n nn ._+-
jljn.m_n _n ._nr. _n_j_ __r _n_n
nljr_.n, .+jn _., 1_jr, _mjn _n.
.l`nrj_. n_n.m._ ._+jl_j.
m.lt_j_rn .l _rn ._.j_n `rjjn _r.
_rn ._.j_n .l`nrj_n ._+jlj.
jnuj. r.+_jln+j j_n_rn .+_nljn
j+_j j_njm, +.r.+ nn +.j_j jrj., r._.l
t_jn ._, r+ .l`nrj_ n+_
+.j_j. .l_`nrjjn n+_n. rn_j
j+mt_j_.n .l`nrj_. _n., r._.l
.l`nrj_n n+_n .r lnl._ .l_`nr-
jn ._+jlj. (nl..r+jj_jjn. _.
j+mt_j_nmn +ln_lj. ++_j_l m._n
_.__r_l_jnm).
+.r.+ r. j+.rmj. .l`nrj_ n+_
(+..nm._, t+.), r+jn ._.r nl..r-
+jj_jj .l_`nrjj n+_ (._+n
_t_ln). .jm .rj+j.n .l`nrj_n
rj.jn. (ljrj_n .+j_.) _rm. .l+._.n
__j. _. m.l_.m.l .jrm_ ._.r _nl_j..
r_j. .l`nrj_n rj.jn. .jrm_ ._.r
suraTi
7.3
SeZena, Caqroba da spontanuri
aRdgena klasikur
ganpirobebulobaSi
SeZenis dros (CS+UCS) ganpirobebuli
stimulis siZliere swrafad matulobs.
Caqrobis dros, roca ganupirobebeli
stimuli aRar moyveba ganpirobebul
stimuls, ganpirobebuli reaqciis siZ-
liere nulamde Camodis. ganpirobebulma
reaqciam SeiZleba Tavi iCinos mcire
Sesvenebis Semdeg, maSinac ki, roca ga-
nupirobebeli stimuli ar arsebobs.
ganpirobebuli reaqciis xelaxal gamo-
Cenas spontanuri aRdgena ewodeba.
suraTi
7.4
ganpirobebuli da ganupirobebeli
stimulebis oTxi variacia droSi
mkvlevrebi daakvirdnen oTx SesaZlo droiT
ganawilebas ganpirobebul da ganupirobebel
stimulebs Soris. ganpirobebuloba yvelaze
efeqturia Seferxebul ganpirobebulobaSi
ganpirobebul da ganupirobebel stimulebs
Soris mcire intervaliT.
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_nl_j. .l`nrj_n n+_n .l .l_`n-
rjjn n+_n j+_j, ._nn .j_ Caqrobis
`rj (nt. _r. 7.3, l.nn 2). .l`nrj_n
rj.jnjn +__+n_. .r.. r.ln1+n jj_nmn
rj`jr_.rn unrnm._n .`jjn: m_+., .l`n-
rj_+. rj.jn.+ jnuj. _n _r+nm
j_.tjl m._n, m__n .l`nrj_n n+_n
+.r ._+jl_j. (nt. _r. 7.3, l.nn 3).
`.__n .+ +_jl. .l.1__r_n _rn j+-
_j, .l_`nrjjn n+_n jj`1nnn .-
rjj .__. _. +. `l.l_rn _rjnmn
._+jlj. __..
r_j. .jnn _.j_nj. .__jlnn.,
.jrn j+_j, .l`nrj_n n+_n
.rul._ unjr_j.. j _j.rn _.._.
_._._nrj_n. n+ +.r.m.l, r+jn `nr_j._
_.._.+ .+n_n. _. .+n+ .+_jr._ l._jn
_r. ._nr .t.n .n.nn ..m_nj._.
.j r+, 1njrm+. jj`jrn+jl_+. .n.n.+
Caqroba (Extinction) _ ganpirobebulobaSi, ganu-
pirobebeli stimulis an ganmamtkiceblis ara-
rsebobis Sedegad ganpirobebuli asociaciis
Sesusteba.
spontanuri aRdgena (Spontaneous recovery) _ Camqra-
li ganpirobebuli reaqciis xelaxali gamov-
lena garkveuli periodis Semdeg.
stimulis generalizeba (Stimulus generalization) _
ganpirobebuli stimulis avtomaturi gavrcoba
yvela im msgavs stimulze, romelic ar yofila
Sewyvilebuli ganupirobebel stimulTan.
stimulis ganzogadebis gradientebi
saSualo mwvaneze ganpirobebulobis aRmocenebis Semdeg subieqti reagirebs msgavsi Tvisebis
mqone stimulzec, rogorc es naCvenebia sqemis A nawilSi, sust generalizaciaSi. magram,
rodesac subieqts miewodeba ferebis ufro farTo speqtri, reaqciebi miT ufro sustdeba, rac
ufro Sorsaa miwodebuli feri sawyisi stimulisagan. ganzogadebis gradienti xdeba Zalian
Zlieri, rogorc es sqemis B nawilSia mocemuli. eqsperimentators SeuZlia ganzogadebis
gradientis Secvla subieqtisTvis diskriminaciuli wvrTnis Catarebis Semdeg. aseT SemTxvevaSi
saSualo mwvane stimuli dawyvildeboda ganupirobebel stimulTan.
suraTi
7.5
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jnuj. .jrn j+_j. j.tjl r.ln1+
m._n. t_. nj_jnm, .jr.+ +t_ j._.
_.._nn .n.nn .+_jl. _. .r.
.jrm_ .+.. +j+_n `.jrln. rj_
.+n+ _l_. ._+n_lm _.._. _. .+_jln
t.rntn _.._n .jn .l+.rj.n.
stimulis ganzogadeba (generalizacia)
_.___.m, u._+. n._., r+ .r__j_n
ntnrn 1.rn t+. lnl._ .__jn +n_j..
`jn_n__rn. m_ .r. u._n rj.jn. +t_
.+ n+_n +n+.rm? .r.. ..__nrn, +.r.+ .+
_nmt_n `._tn. .r.. 1._._, r._.l jrmtj
.l.1__r_+. .l`nrj_+. n+_+. .+-
n_n. .l.1__r_n .l`nrj_n rj.jn.,
+._+. n+_+. jnuj. n+._j .r+.jnm
.+n_n +._n rj.jn.. +..nm._, m_
.l`nrj_. _._._nrj_n nj +._.n
ntnrn +jlj 1.rm.l, _..n ntnrj .+-
n_j__. .l`nrj_ rj.jn.. .__, r+j.
__jl _n_n u._n, .+ j+mt_j_n j+_j `..r.
u._jn. jjnl_j.. .+ ._+._r _.j_nj.
n+_n., r+jn .r._r j_n. _._._-
nrj_n .l_`nrjj rj.jn.m.l, stimulis
ganzogadeba j_j.. r. __r +n+._j_n.
+j+_n n+_n .jn .l`nrj_ n-
+_m.l, +nm __r unjrn njlj. rj.jn.. r-
_j. rj.jnn nunjrj n1+j. +j+_ .l-
1+nj.n j_jn j+mt_j_n.m_n, t._n t_j.
generalizaciis gradienti (nt. sur. 7.5).
jljr.n1.nn r._njln .rj.+ m._._
_l_. _n_.rl.t _.n__rn .l`nrj_n
+jj.ln1+n j_j__n_r .+_nj.n. r._.l
+ln_lj_.ln n+_n _lj.n n_n.m._
_nl_j. 1_._ jrmn _. n+._j _r+nm, n-
+_n .l1._jn _.jrn ._.rmj _.._-
n `jjr .jnn .+_njn +n_+.. .+-
_.r._, .t.n +_jl. njuj. ._j+_ njlj,
rr n+._j nl..rn .l jj_nmn +ln_ljn
+jlj, +n_tj_._._ ._.r. .lt_._jjn..
stimulis diskriminacia
1njrm .rj+j.n +ln_lj_.ln., r+
rj.jn. +t_ n+_n +nrj r._jl.1j
._+jl_j. r.ln1++. .r _l_. ._._nrm
.__m.rn m._n n+nm, r+ j_j.l.nrn t_jn.l
.r_j, r+jn l.+__n +.jj ..._.
stimulis diskriminacia .rn `rjn, r+n
_r. r.ln1+n ._, .lt_._j_n
rj.jn. +.t_nl jrmn _. n+._j .tn .l-
t_._j_ n+_j1j (+..nm._, .lt_._j.
j.. _. 1jm rn). r.ln1+n +njr
n+_n _n_rn+nl.nn _.._. jnuj.
jj`jrn+jl_n `rjnm, r+n _r. t_.-
_.t_. nljln_n 1.rn j+mt_j_.n +t_,
+..nm._, 1,200 .jrn ntnrn 1.r +.j_j.
.l_`nrjjn n+_n, t t_jn +n
.rjj +jr_jn.l. .l`nrj_n `nr_j
j.`1j .l`nrj_n n+_n +._n n-
+_n +._ rj.jn., m_+. .r nj unjr,
.r+. _n_rn+nl.nn rjlnln .ruj-
j.m.l jrm._ rj.jn. t_. +._ n+_j1j
n_j. r.ln1+n m.l_.m.l ._, r+jn
n+_n +.._j .l_`nrjj n+_
_. r+jn .r..
r.ln1++. r+ jj_. `n+._r._, ._nr
_r. _. ._n. .+._nl, _l_. .rj_j
..ln n+_n _n_rn+nl.n.. _. .l1.-
_j. rn. .r .rn ._nr, j_rn _r _.jm+
n+_n _n_rn+nl.n.: .+..n, j.u.
+.jn .rj. .+_rj _. .r 1j_+jn
rj.jn.. ._nr, r.m. j_j. r_nn .r _.-
nlj_j. _.n__rn .l`nrj_. r.ln1+
_1r_l_jj_ +jj.ln1+nm, r+jn ._.j.
.uj_ .+ __.l._lj, j..+n._ rj.nrj_j
.rj+ r_j_rj1j (Garcia, 1990).
SeZena
.+ j_jm._n __r _r._ .l_ntn._m n+
`nrj, r+jn ._nr. _.n__rn .l-
`nrj_n.m_n. .j.+_j _jl _.n__r._
.l`nrj_n rj.jnjn jujl. .__jrjm, m_+-
. .r ._ntln. j _jl+jln. `.__n m_n_.,
r+ _.n__rn .l`nrj_. .l`nrj_n
_. .l_`nrjjn n+_jn _.j_njn j-
_jn.. +nn .1rnm, m_ rj.jn. _.n__r._..
.l`nrj_n, .l`nrj_n _. .l_`nrj-
jn n+_jn mnmj+n jrm_r_._ _l_.
.+_nl_ljl, .l_ ._nn .jl_j _rn
stimulis diskriminacia (stimulus discrimination) _
ganpirobebulobis procesi, romlis drosac or-
ganizmi swavlobs, gansxvavebulad upasuxos gam-
Rizianebels (stimuls), romelic ganpirobebuli
stimulisagan raime ganzomilebiT gansxvavdeba.
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m.lt_j_r.. m_+., m.l.+j_r_j __j_j+.
jrm_.r._ j_.j j jtj__j..
_.n__r .l`nrj_.n _+nl.ln 1960
.+_j `.__n mjrn. nj. 1960 j rjr
rj_r.+ (Robert Rescorla 1966) ...r. jrm
+r._n+mj+jn jj`jrn+jln, r+jn u._n
.+njjl., rr _n _njjn. rj_r.
jj`jrn+jln 1.rn (.l`nrj_n n+_n)
j+mt_j_. _ (.l_`nrjjn n+_n), r.,
m_ `.__n r._ +_j_., ._+.rnn
njlj_. _.n__rn .l`nrj_n ._+jlj-
n.m_n.
saidan
viciT
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis
mniSvneloba
jj`jrn+jln `nr_j _.1.n rj_r.
_rmln_. u._j ._.+t.rnj_ljl .-
rnjr1j nj, r+ .rn_j_ljl +.n .+._.
jjjr_ (sur. 7.6). m_ u._n _jr
juj_. ._.t+., n_j_. jjjr_:
m_ ._.t+. +.tjrtj_., jjjr_
.nrn_j_.. u._jn ._.t+n ntnrj
rj_r. njjlj_. nn .l`nrj_n
..1+._.
r_j. u._j+. _.n._j .rnjr1j
t+., rj_r.+ nnln r ___._ _.j
_. .t.n .+.l. _._.t.. j+mt_j_nm jr-
j_. .l_`nrjjn n+_n (_n) `l-
.l_r._ _. .l`nrj_n n+_n..l
(1.rn.l) (sur. 7.7) _.+__n_j._ juj_..
+n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ .l`nrj_n _.
.l_`nrjjn n+_jn tnr._ _nl-
_j_ljl _rn jrm+.ljmm.l .t .l
jrm._, nnln j+mt_j_nm, _rjnm nj_ljl
m.lt_j_rnln .l_`nrjjn n+_n
jnuj. n+._j .r+.jnm .l`nrj_n
n+_n .rjj .+_jlnnj, t
._lr ___n.m_n .l_`nrjjn
n+_n j_jm_n +.j_j_. .l`n-
rj_ n+_. .+_.r._, .+ ___nm_n
1.rn .l_ ++.._jjn nj jjjr-
_n..
_rmln j+_j u._jn __._ +.m._j
.jj`jrn+jl j_mjn. 1.rn, r+jn _
+.._j_., .t. `jrn__._ rj_.__..
u._jn j+mt_j_nmn jrj_n_.l (.l`nr-
j_n-.l_`nrjjn _._nrn) tj_ljl
+jn ntnrnm, _n_rj u._jn +jrj jr-
j_n_.l (sur. 7.8).
.+_.r._, .r_. n+n., r+ .l`nrj_n
n+_n _rn m.lt_j_rnn _l_. nj .l_-
`nrjjm.l, n, .rjm_j, .l__ _l_. +.-
._j_j .l_`nrjj n+_ j rn `nr.
._njjn. n+n.m_n, r+ ._nn .jl_j
_.n__r .l`nrj_. (Rescorla, 1988). j
._+jl. ._+._ +ln_lj_.ln.. t_rjnj_
n_.njn, ._. _.._. jt+.rj. ._.+n.l
._.`.n.n, n+_n .njnm __r _n__-
1_rn., _n_rj .r.rn.n.
informatiuloba
rj_r. __j_.+ ._jl., r+ `nrnmn
.l+_nj. ._.+j_j r m.+. _.n__r
.l`nrj_.n. jl _.+nl+. (Leon Kamin,
1969) ._jl., r+ .l`nrj_n n+_n (CS)
jnuj. nl_r+.n_n nj (nt. sur. 7.9).
suraTi
7.6
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saidan
viciT
informatiulobasac aqvs mniSvneloba
_.+nln __j_.n .rm_n nj _nrmtjn
2 ___n. jj`jrn+jl_n ___n `nr_j._
n_rmlj_. .tj_rnm_n tjn _._j-
r.n 1.rn rj__n _r (.l`nrj_n
n+_n) _n m._n_.l ..nj._ (.-
l_`nrjjn n+_n). .+n j+_j jj-
`jrn+jl _.j+.. _n_j_ jrmn .l`nr-
j_n n+_n nl.mj. .+_jr._ .l_-
`nrjj n+_ ___j rn .l`nrj_-
n n+_n +.._j_. 1.rn _. nl.m-
j. ._lr ___n _nl_j_.
+t_ 1.rn-nl.mj-_n m.lt_j_r., .l_
.+ ___n 1.rn .r +.._j_. _. .+n
j+_j _.+nl+. j.++. rn_j ___n nn
.l`nrj_. +t_ _j1j .l +t_
1.r1j. m_ `nrnmn .l+_nj. ._+.rnn.
_.n__rn .l`nrj_n ..tlj._,
+.nl _nrmtjn rn_j ___ jrml.nr._
_l_. j`._t. 1.r. _. _j1j, +.r.+ jj`j-
rn+jl_n _nrmtjn rj.nrj_ljl +t_
1.r1j _. .r. nl.mj1j, r. ._lr-
___n _nrmtj jrml.nrn rj.jn.
.jl_.m nl.mj. _. 1.r1j (Kamin, 1969).
suraTi
7.7
reskorlas procedura albaTobis demonstrirebisaTvis
SemTxveviTi SerCevisaTvis 5-wamiani zarebi (ganpirobebuli stimuli) da 5-wamiani Soki (ganu-
pirobebeli stimuli) eqsperimentis manZilze SemTxveviT, spontanurad iyo miwodebuli. pirobiTi
ganmtkicebis jgufis ZaRlebma gamoscades mxolod zarebi da Soki, romelic ukve mosalodneli
iyo zaris Semdeg. mxolod am jgufis ZaRlebma iswavles asociacia ganupirobebel da ganpirobebul
stimulebs Soris.
suraTi
7.8
pirobiTi ganmtkicebis roli
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi
reskorlam aCvena, rom ZaRlebi, romlebic pi-
robiTi ganmamtkicebeli-upirobo ganmamtkice-
belis pirobebSi iwvrTnebodnen, anu pirobiTi
ganmtkicebis kavSiriT, ufro metad xtebodnen
(SiSi metad iyo ganpirobebuli), vidre ZaRlebi
upirobod ganmtkicebis kavSiriT.
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_.+nl+. jj`jrn+jljn j_jjn .l`nr-
j_n n+_n informatiulobis _ljjn
.tl.. jj`jrn+jl_n _nrmtjn.m_n 1.rm.l
_._._nrj_+. .+_nj.+ .j_.. _._-
_.r. 1.r, rr .l_`nrjjn n+_n
++.._jj. _nrmtjnm_n nl.mj jnuj-
_. .r .rj_nj, r._.l n .r.l.nr _.+.-
jnm nl_r+.n. .r nuj_.. `nr_jn .l`n-
rj_n n+_n _l.r, j.+nr +jrj
nl_r+.n_., blokireba j_j.. _nrmtjn
._lr ___n.m_n 1.rn _. nl.mj
jrml.nr._ nl_r+.n_n nj, +.m .r .jl_.m
.r_n .+_nj. _._._nrj_n r+jn+j
+.m.lm.l, .+n+ jrm+. .r j.+nr. +jrj
nl_r+.n_.. nl_r+.n_. tln, r.+
_nl_j. .l`nrj_. j_j.1j tnr._
+.nl, r_j. .l`nrj_n n+_n _`nrn-
`nr_j. .rj+n .rj_ t_. +r._. n+_.
r. __r nljln_rn. _. _l_rj_n. n+_n,
+nm __r _n_n. +nn j+lj_n ..m.. m_
nl_.m, r+ _.rn .l`nrj_. +nn_m,
_l_. .r+._nlm unjrn, _t n+_n
_l .rj+n, .l unjrn, l.ln n+_n
_t n_.n.n (Kalat, 1974; Lubow et al., 1976).
t._n t_j., r+ _.n__rn .l`nrj_.
j_r._ __r rm_n +jj.ln1+n., _n_rj .+.
`.__n .r+n_jl_.. ljnr._rn n+_n
j_jj_r .l`nrj_ n+_._ njj_. +t_
+.nl, m_ n jrm_r_._ m.lt_j_rnn _.,
.+.m.l, nl_r+.n_n.. +_nm, .t. j_r.__j.
n+ t_rjnj_ n_.n.1j +n_+.rmm, r-
+jn _.n__rn .l`nrj_. _n_ r
.r_j.
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis
gamoyeneba
_.n__rn .l`nrj_n _l. _jt-
+.rj., ._nm j_j__n_rn jj_.. +..nm._,
r. rn .j_ +. j+nj. _. _`nr.j.m.
+nln_j.n, t_._.t_. ln_mnjrjjm.l _.+_n_j-
_j.n: _., rr jnuj. _.n__rn
suraTi
7.9
kaminis procedura
dablokvis efeqti-
saTvis
eqsperimentuli jgufis vir-
Txebs jer unda epasuxaT zarze
(CS
1
) Semdeg ki _ zarsa (CS
1
)
da sinaTleze (CS
2
), virTxebs
sakontrolo jgufSi unda
epasuxaT mxolod sust Suqsa
da zarze. roca Semowmda ganpi-
robebuloba mxolod zarze
da mxolod sinaTleze, marto
sakontrolo jgufis virTxebs
hqondaT reaqcia orive sti-
mulze. kaminis mixedviT, eqspe-
rimentulma virTxebma imitom
ar upasuxes sinaTles, rom is
aranair axal informacias ar
Seicavda ganupirobebeli sti-
mulis gamovlenis Sesaxeb;
zaris efeqtma dabloka sinaT-
lis efeqti.
blokireba (Blocking) fenomeni, romlis drosac
organizmi ar daiswavlis axal stimuls, radgan
axali stimuli warmodgenilia ukve arsebul
efeqtur signalTan erTad.
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.l`nrj_. .+_njjlm n+_ln_rn
__ljnn ..+_n_rj._.
emociebi da upiratesobebis miniWeba
._ntjlm +..nmn .nljj.m. _n+n
j.tj. .+ j+mt_j_.n .r.lnjr._ _._n._-
jm .n.n. j+.nljj +_n_.. (.l`nr-
j_n n+_n) _. .l.1__r_ +_jlj
rn (.l_`nrjjn n+_n +_jljn,
r+jn rj_jj_r rj.jnj n_j_jl). m_
_.r._ .___r+.__jnm, ._+l_j., r+ j_r
+_jl.1j _.j_ unjrn j+n_rn rj.jn., rn
+n1j1. tnr._ _jr _tlnm. jnuj. m_ .r.,
j _.n__rn .l`nrj_n j_jn nj?
.l_ntnm n_.njn (Rozin and Fallon, 1987; Rozin
at all 1986):
j_.+_nm m_ .r. ._r__j_j .__j, r+j-
. _r._ u._n .jj r.l _r+.
.j_?
_.j__nm m_ .r. jn. _. .jrn tl.r,
m__n .j.rn .j.rj n+ j_mn_.l r+j. j-
_+nm jjr. t.+n?
_.j__nm m_ .r. _.n _jl, r+jn
jrnn1j_n .r._.ln n_n_j?
m_ j_j n_.n.1j _`._tjm .r._nm.r
j+mt_j_.n, j n+. lnl._, r+ _.n__r+.
.l`nrj_.+ m._nn rn nm.+... _.-
n__r._ .l`nrj_n rj.jn.: j .1n1_-
r.. .l .tn_.m., j_jn. .j.+_j +n_j_n
_ln. m_ .+_njn.. _nl.n_.l _.n__r._
.l`nrj_n rj.jn. .r.. lnjr._ .jlnn
.1rn j_jn, u.n.l uljn. n lnjrn +n1j1-
j_jrnnm ._.jrm.
_.n__rn .l`nrj_n jrm-jrmn j_j-
.1j .jn_r._ j._nn .`jjn nn
.l`nrj_... n.j_nrn1+n .jn j.`1j
_l _l+. _. +n+. _j.+ r1.nl r.n-
ljr+. _.._._rj, r+ nn rj.jnjn _+j-
j. _l_. ._nm, rr ljnr._rn n-
+_n _.j_nj. r.n+j nn ++_rjm.l. .+
n_jn _..+_nj._ +.m ...rj jj`jrn+jln
`..r. .jr1j.
saidan
viciT
patara albertis SeZenili SiSi
_l+. _. r.nljr+. (1920) .jrn
_..nlj `..r. mjmrn _nrmtnm, r+jn
m._n_.l u.n.l +l_.. +.m mjmrn _nr-
mtn .+jl. _..j_nj ._jrn_ .l_`-
nrjj n+_m.l .__n __ln_.l
++_nl.rj t+._rm.l, r+jn .+_j_n
nj nmln _nr_n.1j .j_n _.rj+nm.
j_rm+n .l_`nrjjn rj.jn. _.
j+n_rn _nrjn .t_. +n1j1n _.._-
n.: .jrn nnm rj.nrj_. mjmrn
_nrmtn _.l.t_.1j ___j 7 _n j+_j. j+-
n_rn .l`nrj_. .l1.__. jj_nm
.l`nrj_.n, r._.l .jr+. n-
._. _nrmtn.m_n m._n .rn_j., +n.l
.jj_.. .+n j+_j .__n nn .l1.__.
.jrm_ j_n.l .lj1j ._n.1j, u._1j
_. .l. _._n ln_.1j _n. .jrn
_j_.+, r+jn +j__._ +_._. n+._j
.`n.n, ._. jj`jrn+jln .r_j_.,
+.l.+_j .nj_.l. nn, _n_rj +. n
+_tln_ljl, .+n+ .r._nl nn, r. j_n
jn. +. (Harris, 1979).
.t. lnn., r+ .l`nrj_n nn
u.n.l .+uj.. _rn ._.m.l jrm._ ._.-
+n.l jnuj. _.._nj_j _n_j, r.+ _nl_j.
rj.jn.. .l`nrj_n nn jnuj. .rj-
_j jn +.lun1j, +.nl. _n, r. .jnn
.l_`nrjjn n+_n ._.r._j ._+j-
lj_. .+_nj.n. +..nm._, +__j_rj+.
_.._._rj, r+ +jrj +_n +n_.l 15
n ._n j+_j, _jjr.l +j1__._rj _jr
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_n_j_ .jl_.m rj.jn. ._rmtn ln.l1j
+n _r +j1__._rj .ru._ ln
_t+_. _mn 100-_jr _.rj_nn 1.rn. j
.l.__mrj_n +jlnmn `.jrln, r+jn m._n
_r1j .l__ +.._j_. ._rmtj, .t.
.rujj unjrn j+njn .+_j_. _jj-
r.ljn (Edwards & Acker, 1962).
.nljrj., r+, m_ unjrn nn. .rm_n,
.l`nrj_. jnuj. ._nn .jl_j
ljnr._rn n+_n. _. .l_`nrjjn
n+_n +t_ jrmtj _.j_njnm. jrmn
r._+._n +_jl. jnuj. .l.`nrj_j
_n1n__r, j+n_r _. _ln_r rj.jnj j
jnuj. +mjn t_rj. .ruj_j. +..-
nm._, jrmn _jln +j.rn +un+j ._.rn.n +j_.
_jj.-j_tnn _r. .t. j_j _jr1j, r_j.
n ._jm.l 1n _. _n+_j., jjj. `.ln__rn
nn n+ _lj+_j, r+ 1_jr +.lj.l.. .jrj
_. j_j., .l.+ _n+. ._.n_j. jrmtj nn
+.lj.ln __.l. l.nn ._._. _. `nrn.tnm
j_j_nm _.j+t _n+n jj_j.+_j. +j-16 m._n
_l.t._m, r+ mjr.`j_j+. jn+_._j +__rl.n
1jn njmn .tn njn.m_n, r+jn
mnmj _.rj__ljl _.n__rn .l`nrj_-
n j_jj_r..
j_jn_j 1j+m +mtrnn .r lnl._, r+
+t_ _.rj_nmn rj.jnjn. _.n__r._
.l`nrj_n. `nrnjnm, j_lnjrjn. _.
.__rm_.ljn rj.jnjn jnuj. .l_ntnm,
rr _.n__r._ .l`nrj_n. t._n., r+
rj_.+n j+j+ljjn rj_ _.n__rn .l`n-
rj_n +jj.ln1+ jjr_ln.l, rr
_._jnm u... +..nm._, nnln .+j.rjjl
.n.nj m._n.lm `r__j. _. _lj. rn
(_nljn, _l.+jn _. ...): nnln n+j__ljjl,
r+ +.mn rj_.+jn _jr._rn jj+jljn,
+..nm._, jj_._rn, ._.+n.ljn. m_ n_.-
njn ._.jr._, n+j+j_jjl .l_`nrjn
n+_n. _. rj.jnn .+._jl._. +.m
.m_nn .j_m, r+ `r__jn m._nm._._ njj_.
.l`nrj_ n+_._, t +nn jn__n
`rjn .l`nrj_ rj.jn._. n+n.m_n,
r+ +_nunm _._jnmn j+njn +jn +..-
nmjn, ._+.rnn., _.__njr_jm n+ ++jlj1j,
r_n _.j_ _._jnmn .l_jn. _. j+njn
+1__._j., +..nm._, r. t.lrun_n
+1._rn j+_j .tn _r_l_jnm.
nivTierebebze damokidebulebis daswavla
.l_ntnm jrmn j+mt_j_.: +.l.jjl1j n`_j
_.n tj_.rn, r+j. +_._n .rjlnn
.jl_. `rnn. n___nn +n1j1._ l.r_n_n
1j_+jn _1. _...tjj, +.r.+ ._+l_., r+
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j _.n rj_.r_._ n_j_. .njnm __r
_n_ _1j, _n_rj +.l n___nn nl +nn_. .+
j+mt_j_.+ .._rn.j. +__j_rjn rr
jnuj_. .jm _1. +j_. r.ln1+n,
r+j. .+ ln_mnjrjn ._+._ _n_n
+n+_j. .jl_.?
`.__+. (1927) _. +_n.ljnm +n+. _j.+
n__+. (1957) ._+.nlj, r+ +n+_j.
l.r_n_jn +n+.rm jnuj. +.nl .l_nm.r_j,
r_j. ._.+n.ln j_j. .+n _.r+.-
_n_r +j+j_j.. m.l.+j_r_j +__j_.r+.
Sefard sigelma (Shepard Siegel) _.t_j. j n_jjn.
nn m_n_., r+ n .rj+, r+jn .+n-
jjlj. .+.n, .jj_ +. .l`nrj_ n-
+_._ n+ n_.nn.m_n, r+jn r.ln1+n
jnl.._+_jj. .+n _j_ j_jj. .+n
+n_jn. .+.n (.l_`nrjjn n+_n)
n_j_ .l.1__r_ _n1nn_r rj.jnj,
r.1j r.ln1+n rj.nrj .nl.._+_j_
.+j.1n _.+j.rjn +n1lnm (nt. m._n 3).
rj_ j.. .+ j+mt_j_.n .l_`nrjjn
rj.jn.. _rm. .l+._.n _+`jl.r_n
rj.jn. .l`nrj_n rj.jn. t_j.. j
lnl._, r+ .rj+n, r+jn, _j_jrn_,
.nrj_n. .+n .+jjlj.m.l (.l`nrj-
_n n+_n), r.ln1+n _n1nn_r._
.+1._j m._ (.l`nrj_n rj.jn.) .+n
+._ljn j_jjjn.m_n. +n+_j. l_j.
n+n+, r+ nl_n_n_n +njr +t+.rj_n .+.n
+jn. _+`jl.r_ rj.jn.1j, .l.+ _.njj.
r.n+j .tn _._jnmn j_jjn. +1.r_n _1.
lnl._, r+ n1r_j. _+`jl.r_n rj.jn..
nj+. j n_jjn .+._. .r.rn.n,
.+_+_._. r. _nrmtj +n+_j. .jrnln
+n+.rm.
saidan
viciT
narkotikul nivTierebebze
damokidebulebis ganpirobebulobis
aspeqtebi
jrm-jrm __j_.n nj+. _. +n+.
_jj+. .+n_nj _nrmtjn .jrnln
nljjnn +_nln jrm j+mt_j_.n (.l-
`nrj_n n+_n 1) _. _jjr1n
(_nn .j.rn) +jrjn (.l`nrj_n
n+_n 2) (Siegel et al., 1982). _rmln `nr_j
_.1.n j_j. _nrmt. .l__nm.r_. +n+_j-
. .jrnln +n+.rm. ._lr __j
j_j. _nrmt.+ +nn_ .jrnln _j_jrn_1j
_n_n, mnmj+n r_jr +jn _1.. _nrmtjn
l.tj_.r .jrnln ___j +n_j_n .jl_.,
t +jrj l.tj_.r .l`nrj_n-
.m_n juj_. _jjr1n. __.l._ljn
___n_.l +___. r_jr +jn (64) _nrmt.,
_n_rj `nr_jn_.l (32).
._.r.___, _nrmtjn, r+jn n_j_ljl
.jrnl, __r ++1._j_jn nj_ljl .+ `jl-
n_r._ .tn_.m n_.nn.m_n, r._.l
_ljj+. (.l`nrj_n n+_n 1) .+n_n.
njmn _n1nn_rn rj.jn. (.l`nrj_n
rj.jn. 1) r+j+. nl.._+_j. ._n. .+n
n`_r j_jj (Poulos & Cappell, 1991).
n+n .+.__j_._, nn_j `rj jnuj.
m_ .r. ._nn .jl_j ._.+n.ljn, nj+. _.
+n+. _jj+. .+_nmtj .jrnl1j _.+_n_j-
_ln, r+jn .r.jrmtj n___nn `nr.
nj_ljl +n_ln 1j_+jn _1n .+. .mn_.l
_n_ j+mt_j_.n .+.n +n_j_n nj .t.
_. _t .rj+n (Siegel, 1984). +n_tj_._._ n+n.,
r+ j .r.l.nr +l.j+j .r _.uj_, t._n
t_j., r+ _1., r+n +n+.rm. nl_n_n_
j+_._j_n .j_ +n+_j., jnuj. 1j_+j,
++.___nljj _1._ njj _t .rj+n. j
.l.n1n _j_lj., r+ +.l.jjl1j l.`_l _.
.r._j .__jmjn. .+.n rj_ n+ ._n.,
._. nn n`_j.
+n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ +j+_n __j_.
jtj_. .jrnl, _.n__rn .l`nrj_.
+ln_lj_.ln _+`ljln. t_._.t_. .+n
+n+.rm +n+_jn .1r_.n (Goodison & Siegel,
1995; Poulos & Cappell, 1991; Siegel, 1999). .j r+, nn_j
.jnjn, r+j. `.__n .__.
u._jn, 1.rjn _. ljrj_n .+j_.m.l
_._._nrjnm, _jt+.rj., ._tl.m 1njrmn
+jj.ln1+n ._.+n.ln l.r_n__ ln_mnjrjj1j
_.+_n_j_jn..
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis gamoyeneba
._rj_, 1980-n.l jn +__j_rj+. .._jmj
._+jl., r+ _.._n `rjj+. jnuj.
._jl. njlnl r.ln1+n n+_l_r nj+.1j.
nrn_._ _._._rj_n., r+ n+_l-
n_rn rj.jnjn .lntj_jn r._n .+-
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+_._j., r.m. jjru n+ _.lnj,
r+jn r.ln1+ _ljjl .rj_.. jj-
`jrn+jlj+. .l`nrj_.1j _.._._rj
.+ _.__ljn +_.r..
saidan
viciT
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba da
imunologiuri funqcia
rjr ._jr+. _. ln_. _.jl+. (Rob-
ert Ader and Nicholas Cohen, 1981) _nrmtj .-
._j .t.rnln (.l`nrj_n n+_n)
.nrj. n___.+n_m.l (.l_`n-
rjjn n+_n), .+.m.l, r+jn
._j n+_l_r nj+.. ._lr
___n n_j_. +t_ .t.rnl. +_n.-
ljnm, r. _nrmtjn rn_j ___ +nj
.t.rnln, n+ _nrmtjn, r+jn .t.-
rnln n___.+n_n .n.n. n_j_-
_., .r+n_. +j._ l._jn .lntj_jn
_t __rj_jn +n+.rm, _n_rj ._lr
___n _nrmtjn. .+_.r._, _.._nn
.n.n. ._+.rnn ._+l_. n+n.m_n,
r+ jj+nrjnl. n+_lnjn _. _nrmtjn
__r +j_._n .jt._. t_._.t_. _..-
_._jjn +n+.rm. _.._n j_jjn n+-
_jl._ unjrn nj, r+ 1njrmn _nrmt.
+___. +t_ .t.rnln tl.rn _.j_n
j+_j.
.jm+. j_jj+. jnuj. .__n._ +n_nj_.l
n+ _.__l.+_j, r+ ._nr. _.n__rn .l`nr-
j_n ._+_t_r. n+_l_rn nj+n j.l.r-
_lj._. __j_n .t.+. _jr+, fsiqoneiro-
imunologiam jn._. .jmn n`n j_jjn.
.+ __j_.n j_n _njn., jlr._rn
ljr__n nj+. _. n+_l_rn nj+. (Ader &
Cohen, 1993; Coe, 1999).
.+ .t.n _.rn +n1.ln., ._+.nl .t.n
jjln_., r+jn ._.j. +nj+ .l`nr-
j_., j_. n +j_n_.+jl_rn _1jn,
r+j. tnr._ jrn1_n _jr_nmn +_-
jljn .j_m. ._jr+. _. +n+. _j.+ .lln
_t+.l+., ._+.nlj, r+ +._.n lj_n +jlj
`.njlj, r+j. +_tlj .+jn, +.r.+
+__rl._ljl `.jmn, lj_. __r _n_t.l
j_l.r_l_.m lr+n _.rjn, _n_rj +.m,
r+jn .r n_j_ljl `.j .j (Suchman
& Ader, 1989). rr jju nljr_ .j
+jtl. +._.n lj_n `rj+.? `._tn _nnm
nl.+_j.rj m._n_.l, r+jn jtj_. l.r_-
n__n ln_mnjrjn +n+.rm +n+_j.. .r-
+n_nljm r_nl., r+jn _nm.r_j. .+n
rj_.r_._ +n_jn _r. .+n +n_jn
j rn_.n jnuj. .__nj_.m, rr .l`n-
rj_n n+_n, r+jn +.._j .l_`n-
rjj n+_ .+n +n_j.. +t_
m._._ .+ .j+. jnuj. j.+nr ntn
lj_.. .+_.r._, `.j, r+jn _r._
j+ln rn_., n_j_ ..rj r.l_
rj.jn..
n+n.m_n, r+ __j_n j_jn .+__rl.
+jm_._ njj, +__j_rjn _l_. _.r+_l_ljl,
fsiqoneiroimunologia (Psychoneuroimmunology)
kvlevis dargi, romelic swavlobs interaqcias
iseT fiziologiur procesebs Soris, rogo-
rebicaa reaqcia stresze da imunuri sistemis
funqcionireba.
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r+ .+n _.rj_nmn j_jjjn .r .+_nl-
_j. .l`nrj_n j_j._.
+__j_rj n+j_n .j_m, r+ jn+_._jjl
jjln_., r+jn .l._r _. .1r_n n+_l_r
rj.jnj _.n__rn .l`nrj_n +j_j-
nm.
saidan
viciT
imunuri reaqciis ganpirobebuli
gaumjobeseba
+jlnjrjn ___+. jj+l. .l`nrj_-
n n_.n., r+jn .t.rnln j+
_.j_n_. n1n+m.l, ln_mnjrj.m.l,
r+jn n_j_ rj.jn. _nrmtn n+_l_r
nj+.n. .+ `.r._n+.n .t.rnln .r_-
j_. .l`nrj_n n+_n r,
t n1n+n .l_`nrjjn n+_-
n.. _.j_nj. +t_ jrmtj +t_..
+n_tj_._._ .+n., r_j. _nrmtjn jrm
___ .t.rnlnm .1._j_n .+.n +n-
j, +.r.+ n1n+n .rjj, +.m r.-
ln1+j .jl_.m njmn_j unjrn n+_l_rn
rj.jn., rrn +jrj ___, r+j.
+t_ nn1n+n +nj_. (Alvarez-Borda
et al., 1995).
j jj+`jrn+jln m_..nlj.. n+n., r+
+t_ jrmn j`n1_n, ._. .l`nrj_n
n+_n .nrj_n nj .l_`nrjj
n+_m.l, ._+.rnn ._+l_. n+nm_n, r+
n+_l_rn rj.jn. +t_ .l`nrj_ n-
+_1j .r+nnj. .+_.r._, t._n t_j.
_.n__rn .l`nrj_n `jln. n+_l_rn
nj+n ..unjrj._.
_n_rj _njn. _. t_rj. .n_nmt._-
_nm, ..m u.n.l . r.+ n_nm _.n__rn
.l`nrj_n j.tj, m_ .r ._m_nm
_l__.l .r+_jl. `.__. _. +n u._j1j.
_n+j__ljm, r+ ___j ._+._ _.r._ .j.lnm
_.._n .+ .tj., r.m. _.._.m +nn
+ln_lj. mj_jl j_j__n_r t_rj.n.
j+_jn _jln .l_n ..ln njlj. _.._n
njmn .tj., r+n j.tj., ._.r.___,
+jn n_njrn.m, _n_rj _njnn __rn j-
._. _.njj_nm. m_ _j+j +.nl n_njrn.m
n+.1j, m_ rr _n jj_. _._n_j. _.
_._., ___j jrmn l.n_nm nl t.rm `jr.l_n
.l`nrj_n ._nmtn.
Sejameba
+. j+_j, r. `.__+. j+mt_j_nm ._+.nl.
_.n__rn .l`nrj_n unrnm._n `rnl-
n`jn, +mjn m._nn _.rjlnn _.rnjr. n+
`jn_n__r _._j _._m+, r+jn
.l`nrj_.1j .t_jljl ._jl.. _.n__r
.l`nrj_.n .l_`nrjjn n+_n
n_j_ rj_jj_r jj_., r+j. .l_`nrj-
jn `._tn, rj.jn. j_j. (unconditioned re-
sponse). +.l.+_j ljnr._rn, .l`nrj_n
n+_n .l_`nrjj n+_m.l jj_nj-
n j+_j, .l`nrj_n n+_n n_j_
.l`nrj_ rj.jn.. _rn _.jr _n_n
+ln_lj. .j_ .l`nrj_n rj.jnn juj-
ln.m_n. n+_n jljr.n1.n. +.nl .j_
._nn, r_j. .l`nrj_n n+_n
+._n .+_n1n.ljjn .l`nrj_ rj.jn.
n_j_. t_jjn ._rml. j.ujjn. nj,
r+ +.m ._..tl jljr.n1.n. _. jul
j.j_nn _. j_.j_nn .l`nrj_n n-
+_n .rj_., .lt_._j.. _.n__r._ .l`n-
rj_n rj.jnjn jujl. _.+_n_j_n. .l-
`nrj_ _. .l_`nrjj n+_j rn
_lnljl_r. _. nl_r+.n_ _.+_n_j_-
j.1j. t_rjnj_n +..nmjn _.n__rn
.l`nrj_n. _t__j. j+njn, l.r_-
n__ ln_mnjrjjn._+n +n+_jn. _.
_njljnrn+_lnn _jrjn.
operantuli ganpirobebulo-
ba: swavleba Sedegebis
Sesaxeb
_._r_l_jm _nlmj.rn: .nljj.m. _n+n
_.+m._r_. _. mj_jl ._nr_jnm ._jjnm mj_jln
._nn_.l. +j.rn, _nm.l jrm._. _j_rjm
_n+, j_nmtj.m, rr n+j+j_. _n++.. mj_jl
`._tm: +j _n._j, r+ .nljj.m. _n+1j
._.r _l_. .+_n_j. ..m, +.rm.n t.rm, +.r.+
r. .tn _.._.. j? `._t _n_j_ jrmtj
._._j._.rm XX .___ln _..jnn.
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efeqtis kanoni
_..tjnm n+._j _r, r. `.__n +_-
._. u._jm.l _.n__r .l`nrj_.1j,
eduard Torndaiki (Edward L. Thorndike, 1898)
.__nr_j_. _.j, r+j. _l_. j`_.m
.+._jn j_mn-.nrnlmjn_.l (sur. 7.10).
mrl_.n_+. +.j .+.j_jjl. _n_j m._nn _._-
_nr_jjn j_jjn _. _.__ljn. m.__.`nr_j._
_.jn nru_n.l +t_ _.j_j_jn nl.._+_j,
+.r.+, r._.l jrmtj +.m+. r+jn_. n+-
`__r+. +j+j_j.+ .+n_n. _.rn ._j.,
j_j. .r_+.jjn _. .+_._j.rn n+`_jn
.nt _. nl .+n. +t_ nnln, r+j.
jnuj. _.jn +njj_.l. ._r_j j_j.+_j
(Thorndike, 1898, _. 13).
r. n._j mrl_.n_n _.j+.? mrl_.n_n
.l.n1n +ntj__nm, _.._. nj .n.n.
n_.nn n+_. _. rj.jn. rn, r+j-
n n._. t_j+., .l_ n+_n-rj.jn.
_._nrn (S-R). .+_.r._, _.j+. n._j njmn
rj.jnn .+_jl., (+..nm._, _n._1j .l
__.lu1j _._r.) r+jn .l.1__r_n n+_-
n `nrjn (_.j_j_j. .nrnlmn) +nnj_.l
+.m ._r_j +n1l.+_j (++jl._rn m._n__-
j.). .nm_.nnljm, r+ S-R _._nrn _.._-
. m.l_.m.lnm +t_. _., .+.m.l, _n. _.
j_+n +jm_nm. j.`rn_._, n jj_jn,
r+jm. _._jnmn j_jn .jl_.m, .tnr_.,
nnln m.l_.m.l njjl _+nl.l_r rj.jnj._,
r_j. t_jn __._ t__j_. .nrnlmn.
mrl_.n_+. .+ _._nr jj_.. _. +n j_j
rn j_jjn _.lln __.: rj.jn. _.+._+.j_n-
jjn j_jnm nujl +j ..m. +n1ln
+n_j_n., _n_rj n rj.jn., r+jn .r.._-
r_j j_j n_j_.
qcevis eqsperimentuli analizi
_nljr+. .nm_n. mrl_.n_n jtj__j. n+n
m..1j, r+ .rj+ j_jjn unjr j_jj
.t_jl jj_.1j. +.l jn+_._. __j_n `rr.+.,
r+n +n1.ln nj n+_n .l`nrj_-
n nj+._rn _.rn.njn +nlj., n+ +jj.-
ln1+n., r+jn .l.`nrj .l.1__r_n
jj_n _n_ ..m. t_._.t_. .rj+
`nrjn.
bunebrivi monacemebi qcevis mecnie-
rebaSi gansazRvruli qcevis gamovlinebaa
gansazRvrul dros. eqperimentuli ana-
lizi ikvlevs albaTobas sixSiris an
reaqciis xarisxis terminebiT. eqsperimen-
tuli analizis amocanaa, aRmoaCinos yve-
la is cvladi, romelzec damokidebulia
reaqciis sixSire (Skinner, 1966, gv. 213-214).
_nljrn .l.n1n __r jj`jrn+jl_n nj,
_n_rj mjrn_n: mjrjn_jn tj+u__.lj-
jl _jrn_.njnm. _. nl..+jj_jjjnm
.__m.rn mjrnjn_.l, +.r.+ njmn j+`nrnjn,
rrn _nljrn nj, jjr_ln.l +t_
rj._r, _l_rj_ +l.j+j. nnln njjjl
jj`jrn+jln _ljjn +l.j+jn jr_jnm
_. .r .rn.l +n_.___ln r+jn+j mjrn..
n+n.m_n, r+ jj_. jj`jrn+jl_._ .j.l.-
n1jnl., _nljr+. .l._nm.r. operantuli gan-
pirobebulobis `rj__r.. nn +.ln`_nrj_.
r.ln1+n jj_n j_jnm n+n.m_n, r+ +n-
_j_n j_jjn _.jl.t.. operantulia ljn+njrn
suraTi
7.10
efeqtis kanoni (Law of effect) _ daswavlis Zi-
riTadi kanoni, romlis mixedviTac stimulis
Zala, gamoavlinos reaqcia, Zlierdeba, rodesac
reaqcias mohyveba jildo da sustdeba, rodesac
mas ar mohyveba jildo.
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jj_., r+jn SemuSavebulia r.ln1+n +njr
_. jnuj. _.t.n.m_j n+ _.__nr_j._n,
_l_rj_n ._jlnm, r.. .t_jl .rj+1j.
nj_.nj_nm, operantuli lnl._ garemoze
gavlenas, +nnm `jrnrj. (Skinner, 1938). `jr.l-
_n jj_. ar aRmocendeba .l.1__r_n n-
+_nm, rr j _.n__r .l`nrj_.n..
+rj_jn _jl_._jl, _nrmtjn jujjl .__j,
.__jn nrn.l, 1n ._.+n.ln .`.r._n.
tjj njjlj, 1 _n jl. j+n. .+ jj_.m.
..m. ++._.n jnuj. .n1.r_ .l
j+nr_j n+ j_jjn +ntj__nm, r. +.m
+.j_j.. +..nmn.m_n, m_ .__n ____lnm
.j.rj ._r_j _l.j +jm.l, .+-
+.__ nn __r +j n____lj. `jr.l_n
.l`nrj_. .+_.r._ _n t_._.t_.
`jr.l_n jj_n ..m. n+_jl._, r.+-
_jl._. nnln, _.jrn_._, .rj+ j_jjn
__ljnj._ _j_nljn.l.
m._nn .t.n jj`jrn+jl_n .l.n1n .-
.rujj._, _nljr+. jj+l. .`.r.n, r+n
+j_jnm. n ._lrj_. jj_n j_j.
+n +njr jj+lnn operantuli kabina .+.t_-
n. suraTze 7.11 _. l._jljn., .rjm_j, rr
__ljnlnrj n. r_j. _nrmt. .+n+_._j
jj_n n+ +jj.ln1+, r+jn jj`jrn+jl.r
.j_ .l.1__r_n, _nrmt. ._jr _n._ _.
.l.__ n_j .__j. j +jj.ln1+n .-
_.j. .uj_ +__j_.r, n__n n _.-
_jn, r+jn ._jl. .t_jljl _.._.1j
.l _._._j.1j. +..nm._, m__n _n._n
_._jrnm _nrmt. +t_ n+ j+mt_j_.n +nn_j
.__j, r. _.nl. j+__n (jn`nln
`rjnm, r+j. +_n.ljnm j_jtjnm), n
r._._ n._n, r+ _n._n _._jr.+_j _.-
nl. _l_. j+_.r.
`jr.l_ jj`jrn+jljn _n_ nljrj
n_j_ n `jrn_n, r+n .l+._.n
t_j jnuj. .l.1__r_n jj_n `.jrln
.t__j. +__j_rj+. .njrj `.jrln _. +nn
j_jn .+_jl. jj`jrn+jln .l+._.n.
j +jm_n. ._.j. +nj+_. _nljr,
.jr__n. `nrnmn .l+_njn j_jjn t_jn
jj_.1j.
`nrnmn .l+_nj. .rn +j.rn _._nrn
rj.jn.. _. .rj+ n+ _nj. rn,
r+j. j rj.jn. n_j_.
+..nm._, .r+_n_nlm jj`jrn+jln,
r+jn +rj_n +njr _nr_nn _jl__.
(rj.jn.) +.j_j. +.r_jn +n_j. (j-
..+nn _nj. .rj+n). j +j.rn _._nrn
.l_ `nrnmn .l+_nj., _j_jrn_, n_j_
_jl__n nljln_n .1r_.. n+n.m_n, r+
._1.r_m mxolod _jl__n jj_n ntnrj,
+.r_jn _l_. +n_._m mxolod _jl__n
j+_j. +n_j. _l_. +t_j +_.r._ _jl__n
.l.1__r_n `jrn_n j+_j _. .r. m._n
+nrn.jn. _. _.trn jj_jn j+_j.
_nljrn r+.1j _.jr_lnm, m.l.+j_r_j
n.j_nr._rn .l.n1n _n, jj_. .tl.
suraTi
7.11
operantuli kabina
sagangebo aparatSi Rilakze daWera iwvevs sakvebis
mowodebas virTxisTvis.
operantuli ganpirobebuloba (Operant condition-
ing) _ daswavlis forma, romelSic reaqciis
albaToba icvleba Sedegebis mixedviT.
operantuli qceva (Operant Behavior) _ organizmis
mier ganxorcielebuli qceva, romelic SeiZleba
mis mier garemoSi moxdenili TvalsaCino
cvlilebis terminebiT aRiweros.
pirobiTi ganmtkiceba (Reinforcement contingency)
_ myari kavSiri reaqciasa da garemos im cvli-
lebebs Soris, romlebsac es reaqcia iwvevs.
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`nrnmn .l+_njn _ljjn. +_nm, __r
.t ._jlm n+., m_ r. njl. ._+jlnn
.+ `nrnm .l+.+_njjm.l _._._nrjnm.
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba
_.___.m, jn`jrm n_j.+, r+ mj_jln _nrmt.
.n.n rj1j .rjlnlm. .jmn jj_n ntnrn
..1r_j._ ._nr. ganmamtkiceblis .+-
jjlj.. ganmamtkicebeli .rn ljn+njrn n+_n,
r+jn +j.r._.. jj_.m.l _._._nrj_n _.
1r_n .+ jj_n .+_jln ntnrj _rm.
.l+._.n. _._. .rn _.+_jn +n_j.
.r__j_ rj.jn.1j.
.l+.+_njjn j_jm_n j+`nrn_._..
.l.1__r_n n+ j_jjn +ntj__nm, r+j.
n jj_n ntnrn ..m.1j .t_jl. m_ mj_jl
nr_n_ .+j.r ._.tj_._m, ._+.jlm n-
+_m. .+ _.: (1) n+_n, r+n +n+.rm.
ljnr._r._ t.rm .ljnn: (2) n+_n,
r+jn gizidavT _. (3) n+_n, r+jn
aversiulia, .l_ _nm, m._n ..rn_m +.m.
t._n., r+ .+ n+_m. _.jn j+._jl.
.lt_._j_n njlj. mnmj_n nl_n_n_n.m_n.
n, m_ r. .rn +n+1n__jn _. r. ._jrn_n,
nl_n_n__._rn r.ln1+n jj_nm .ln.1__-
rj.. +..nm._, +.rj_n. +n_tj_._._ n+n., r+
+.rj_n .jrm_ j+rnj._ nm_j., 1njrmn
+. ._+j._ __.rn._ m_n. m_ .jm ._.+n.l
jm._.1jm +.rj_, _l_rj_ jj_.1j `._t._
+nn_jm `rnln`_._ .lt_._j_ j_j,
_n_rj +.nl, +.rj_n +j_.r_ r+ jm._.1m.
+_jl., r_j. jj_. ..rj n-
+_n +n_j. +.j_j., dadebiTi ganmtkiceba
j_j.. _nrmt. j+__n j_m, m__n .+ jj_n
j_jn njlj. .__jn +n_j.. ._.+n.ljn
__._. +.j_jn.l .lj__j, m__n .+n j_j._
+nn_jjl t.tn nn. _. .__rm_.lj.,
r., m._n +trn_, +.m n.+_lj. .ln_j. +_-
jl., r_j. jj_. ._jrn_n n+_n
.+rj. +.j_j., uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba
j_j.. +..nm._, ._.+n.ln, r+j. +.rj_n
.r _j_.r, .l.trnjj jj_., r+jn +.
..rn_j +.rj_n _.+.. jn .+jjlj. _n+n
_r n+n.m_n, r+ .r _.__j_jm, _.n__rn
+..nmn. _.rj_nmn .l+_njn j_jjn..
.+ j+mt_j_.n ._jrn_n n+_n. _._jj..
jn .+jjljnm _n _jl m._n_.l _nnjm
+..
+.lj.ln _._rmtjn __j_n nl.n, jr-
m_.r._, _.rj_nmn .l+.+_njn __ljn.
.r_j: +nn _.+.+nrjjn, j+._tjjn
t+n .jrj. jnuj., m_ +u_n __j_
._.n_jr.
n+n.m_n, r+ t._._ ._.rnm jrm+.lj-
mn.l _._jnmn _. _.rj_nmn .l+_nj.,
_._n+.t_rm j+_jn _.ll1+njrj.: rn_j
_._jnmn _. _.rj_nmn .l+_nj. zrdis
n+ rj.jnn ..m., r+jn nl _rj
+.m. _._jnmn .l+_nj. 1r_n rj.jnn
..m. ..rj n+_n +n_jnm,
t _.rj_nmn .l+_nj. ._jmj n+._j,
_l_ .`nrn`nr +jj.ln1+nm, ._jrn_n n-
+_n .+njnm, j+nrjnm .l j_jrtjnm.
._ntjlm, r+ _.n__r .l`nrj_.n
m_ .l_`nrjjn n+_n ._.r +_j_j.,
.l`nrj_n rj.jn. m.l_.m.l jrj.. nn_j
_.ll1+njrj. u..n. `jr.l_n .l`n-
rj_n j+mt_j_.n: m_ .l+.+_njjn
+nr_j. .l .jrm_ .+nj_n., ._nn
.j_ operantul Caqrobas. .+_.r._, m__n jj_.
._.r n_j_ +._lj j_jj. _. j_j, n
r_l_j. n+ _lj1j, r+j1j nj `jr.l_
.l`nrj_.+_j. .__m.r m._1j _.__nr_jn.
.r.. uljn, ._+_.nlm jj_jn, r+jn
.r__j_n `jrn_n .l+_nj_n nj _. j+_j
Caqra. m_ jln.m j+mt_j_., r+ jj_ln
.`.r.n __n ._jn. +lj. ._j_n.,
_jr n.`.r._n.m _. _.nrj.+m ._+.nm_n?
m__n .+ _r __n ._.r_j. ._+.n, mj_jl
t_. _r. .n+rjm n+._j jj_., r._.l +.l
jrmtj ___j +n.l. j_jn. +.r.+ ++._.n,
m__n mj_jln _. _j_j_ _.r__., j jj_.
.jrj..
ganmamtkicebeli (Reinforcer) _
dadebiTi ganmtkiceba (Positive reinforcement) _
uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba (Negative reinforcement)) _
iwvevs.
operatiuli Caqroba (Operant extinction
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dadebiTi da uaryofiTi dasja
..m nlm jj_n .jrn t_. jjln_..
_._.. damsjelia ljn+njrn n+_n,
r+jn _rm. .l+._.n .+nrj .+. m_
n+ rj.jn.. dasja .rn _.+_jn +n_j.,
r.. +.j_j. rj.jn.. _._jnmn _. _.rj_nmn
_._. nj_j j_nun. .l_.1__rm, rr
_._jnmn _. _.rj_nmn .l+_nj.. r_j.
jj_. +j_j. ._jrn_n n+_n, +_jl.
j_j. dadebiTi dasja (dadebiTi jnun.
_.n+.t_rm, rr r._., r. n_.n.
j+.j.). +..nm._, tjn __+jn jtj. n_j_
_n_n, r. _n +.1j ._rj ._+jlj_
jj_., .+n+ ++._.n l._j ._.r.__.,
r+ tj __+j tjnm jjtm. +_jl.,
r_j. jj_. +j_j. ..rj, ._r_jn
n+_n .+nj., uaryofiT dasjas __-
_jm (uaryofiTi jnun.m _.n+.t_rm,
rr r.n+j, r. .__j. n_.n.). .+_.r._,
r_j. +jn _n .__ n+nm_n, r+
+.l _..rj. `..r. u+., .__n ._, r+
+jrj_ u+. ._.r _l_. _..rj.. r+jn _._.
tln, r.+ ._.r nl_.m .nljj.m. _n+n
l.t_.?
+n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ _._. _. .l+_nj.
u.n.l .t +_+n ljjn., nnln +ln_lj-
_l._ .lt_.__jn.l jrm+.ljmn..l. .+.1j,
`nr_j rnn, n +n_.lnlj, r+ +.m t_._.t_.
jr+nljnm .__lnl._m. .l.1__rjn +ntj__nm,
_._. j_jm_n amcirebs jj_., .l_nj.
_n j_jm_n zrdis +.. +..nm._, 1njrm
._.+n.l ._tj m._n +_._j _n_nn, m_ +nn_
__jnln j+_jn .+jn. m._n _n_nn .rn
n+_n, r+jn _._jnm._ _n j._n _.j_n
jj_.. m_+., m._n _n_nn _r t.tn
tnr._ +n+.rm._ .+j _n_nn ..jr._.
.+n j_jjn .rn n+_n, r+jn _.rj-
_nm._ .l.+_nj .+n +n_j. (sur. 7.12).
diskriminaciuli stimuli da
ganzogadeba
l._j ._.r.__., jj_n ..mn j_.
j_jm_n _nl__j .l __nr_j_j. jnuj.
jj_n ..mn j_. _.__nr_j _l_rj_
_ljjn. +..nm._, tnr._ _nl_. ._1.r_m
n+n ..m., r+ .__n jl.r._ n__j.
._. m.tn .__jmnn .l+._.n.
_l_rj_n .n.njnm, _._n .l .l+_n-
jn +j_jnm .l.1__r_n n+_n,
r+jn nl _rj rj.jn. diskriminaciul
stimuls j+ln .+ jj_n _ljj. r.ln1+n
._, r+ r.n+j n+_n m.l_.rjnm
+n jj_. .l.1__r_n j_jjn .j_ .rj+1j.
+..nm._, j_.n +_.lj _jn .lmjn.
.l+_nj_n. j_n ._.__jm.: +.r.+ r_j.
.lmn. nmjn, .jmn jj_. jnuj. _.n._
.+. jnuj. j_j._ +.j_j _.rn+. .l
_j__rn j+mt_j_.. _nljr+. jn+_._. n+_n-
jj_.-j_jn _r+_., rr sampirobiani
albaToba (contigency, nt. cxrili 7.1) _. m_n_.,
r+ rj_ j _r+_. tln_. ._.+n.ln
j+j_jn _n_ l.n (Skinner, 1953). trnn 7.1
._jrnn., m_ rr jnuj. .+`nrn.l+.
..m.+ .tl. t_._.t_. r.+_jln+j n`n
jj_..
.r.rn_ `nrjn jj_n j_jjnm
+.ln`_nrjnm, _n_rn+nl.n_n n+_n
+n_jnm j_nun. _._lrm jj_..
+..nm._, +rj_ jnuj. +n_._m .__jn
_n_n _jl__n. +t_ +_.lj _jn _. .r.
nmjn _jn .lmjn j+mt_j_.n. +_.lj _jn
.+ j+mt_j_.n _n_rn+nl.n_n n+_n.,
r+jn .1__r._ n+ j+mt_j_., r. +rj_+.
_l_. ._jl_, t nmjn _jn .rn _n-
_rn+nl.n_n n+_n, r+jn .1__r._ n+
j+mt_j_., r. +rj_+. .r _l_. ._jl_.
r.ln1+n r._._ ._ `nrjn .rj_.,
rj.nrj rj_.r_._ +t_ jrm n+_1j
_. .r rj.nrj +jrj1j. .+`nrn.ln ..mn
_+`ljljn _lrnm j_nun. jj_.
_l_rj_ _ljjn .__.m.
damsjeli (Punisher) nebismieri stimuli, rome-
lic amcirebs reaqciis sixSires.
dadebiTi damsjeli (Positive Punishment) qcevas
mohyveba aversiuli stimuli, romelic amcirebs
qcevis albaTobas.
uaryofiTi damsjeli (Negative Punishment) qcevas
mohyveba sasurveli stimulis Camocileba, riTac
mcirdeba am qcevis albaToba.
diskriminaciuli stimuli (Discriminative Stimu-
lus) stimuli, romelic moaswavebs ganmtkicebas,
radgan konkretuli qceva dadebiTad iyo gan-
mtkicebuli.
sampirobiani albaToba (Three Term Coningency)
meqanizmi, romliTac organizmi swavlobs, rom
konkretuli stimulis SemTxvevaSi misi qceva
gavlenas moaxdens garemoze.
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r.ln1+n, .rjm_j, .l.1._j rj.jn.
t_. n+_1j, r+jn _n_rn+nl.n_n
n+_n +._n.. m__n jrmtj rj.jn.
.l+_n_. _n_rn+nl.n_n n+_nm, +._n
n+_n jnuj. njj _n_rn+nl.n_
n+_._ _. nn_j rj.jn. .+n_n. +..-
nm._, +rj_jn, r+jn ._rmlj, r+ _n_n
+t_ +_.lj _jn j+mt_j_.n _l_. j_jl_.m,
+.nl ._jl_._jl .lt_._j_n ln +_.lj _jn
j+mt_j_.n. .l.n_r._, _jl .l_.1._jm
+_.ln t_._.t_. lj _jln.l1j.
ganmtkicebis albaTobis gamoyeneba
m_ +1._ t.rm, r+ mj_jln _l. .+_._
.+njjlm, .nm_.nnljm j+_jn rj_jn:
rogor gansazRvravdiT im qcevas, romelic
gindaT, rom ganamtkicoT an CaaqroT?
.+n.m_n +n1.ln .+n_jm `jn_n__rn
jj_., r+n ntnrn j_. nl_.m.
r_j. .l+.+_njjn .r .rn.l `n-
rnmn, +.nl +.m l._jn j_jjn .j_m
jj_.1j. +..nm._, m__n +jn _.rn
.jnjnm_n nj_j .jj _n, rr
__n .jnjnm_n, .__n .r n._n
_.r._ +jj_., m_+., _._jnmn .l-
+_njn .+, juj. .n1.r_ t_.
jj_jn ntnrj (r. jj_jn jnuj. nj
j?).
rogor unda gansazRvroT konteqsti,
romelSic qceva adekvaturi an ara-
adekvaturia? _.t__jm, r+ n_n.m._
_nl_. jj_n j_j. .`jjn. _. .+_-
jln j_.. ._ntjlm +..nmn, r-
+jn +j _l__. .__n ._r-
_jn jj_n .1r_. _.n. .+ j+mt_j_.n
_l_. .l_.1__rm _n_rn+nl.n_n n-
+_n _. _n__nm, r.+_jl._ _.rm_ nj-
lj. ._r_jn rj.jn. .l1._j_n
+._ n+_1j. m_, +..nm._, .__+.
suraTi
7.12
operantuli ganpirobe-
buloba Tqvens
cxovrebaSi
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n._. _.n jl.r._ __+., .l1._-
_j. m_ .r. j jj_. t_. jrn1_
n_.njn?
gangimtkicebiaT Tu ara raime qceva Sem-
TxveviT? _.___.m, _rm r+jn+j jj_n
.jr.. .l.+ +n+.rm._m _._n +jj.ln1+,
rr jj_n j+nrjn ._.j.
(__r _._rnjnm jjn.n _njn.
_jl t_rj.n), _l_. j.++m, jnu-
n.m m_ .r. +ujlm .l+.+_njjn
.+ jj_nm_n. m_ jujm, +.tjrtjm,
r+ .+ .l+.+_njjn j1____nm +-
j+_n jj_. ..jrm. .r+n_nljm,
+..nm._, r+ .t..1r_. j+._nn ._-
jl _n_n r._jlnm .lr_+. ._nm-
tjm .__m.r m._: +j t+ .r .l_.+_nj
j .lr_+jn, r_j. 1j_+j j_r.__j.
_.jj__n +n _n_n? m_ .j., .lr_+n
j+nrj. .l+_njn j+nrjnm jnu-
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sampirobiani albaToba: damokidebuleba diskriminaciul stimuls, qcevasa da
Sedegs Soris
cxrili
7.1
diskriminaciuli
stimuli
Sedegi reaqcia
248
n.m. __jmjn., .jrn _+nlnrj. _._j-
nm .l+_nj.m.l.
jj_nmn .l.nn_jn .__ln.l, r+ ljn-
+njrn jj_., r+jn jnl.._+_jj. .jr.,
_jr _n_j_ jj_j+_j.rj. .l+_nj.. ljn+njrn
jj_., .+_njjl nnln, r. _l_. _l._rn .l
..n nj, jnuj. ._tl.m .l+_njnm.
+..nm._, _njn__rn .njn n+`+jn
1_jr n+n+ l.r_l_j., r+ ._.+n.ln n_j
j_r.__j., m.l.rul. _. m._n___j.
_j_jrn_n `._tn+jjn.l, r. .l+_n-
j.. _. +jn .r._jrn. j meoradi sargebeli
.l.+_nj nr.nl._r _., 1_jr, m_nm_j-
r_jn_ jj_.. m_ jn+lj_n.m, rr..
.l+_nj_n +rt_n jj_., +n_tj_._._
n+n., r+ +rt_ ._.+n.l _. .r _l_.,
nj +rt_n. r. mj+. _l_., j_ujjn., j_j-
m_n _._._nlm, r. .l+.+_njjn +j+j_j
.rj+_.l .+. m_ n+ jj_.1j. m_+., r_j.
jj_. t_j. +j._ .l l._j._ ..m_rn,
jnun.m ._jln jj_nmn .l.n1n ..-
rj. ._m.
rj_+jl_j_n., r+, r. jnuj. +j j+-
mt_j_.n, jj_n j._j._ .+_njjlm
_._jnmn .l+_nj.. _l.tm, rr jnuj.
._.+j+j_m t_._.t_. .ljn _. .jn_jn,
rr .l+.+_njjn.
gjeraT Tu ara, rom ,,gauw-
keplaoba bavSvs afuWebs~, anu
bavSvebi, romlebic zogjer
mainc ar gaiwkeplebian, sabo-
lood gafuWdebian? Tu Tqven
am gamonaTqvamis gjeraT, Tqven
emsgavsebiT amerikel mSobelTa
umetesobas. 991 amerikeli mSob-
lidan 35%-ma aRiara fizikuri
dasjis (magaliTad, mityepa,
Semortyma) gamoyeneba Tavis 1-2
wlis SvilebTan, xolo 94%
iyenebda fizikur dasjas Tavis
3-4 wlis asakis bavSvebTan (Stra-
us & Stewart;1999). mSobelTa sxva,
449-kacian jgufSi mSoblebis
93% TviTon isjebodnen bavSvo-
baSi fizikurad da 87% eTan-
xmeboda dasjis am formas (Bun-
tain-Ricklefs et al;1994). Tqven xedavT,
rom mityepa sakmaod xSirad
dasjis meTodia da adamianebi,
ZiriTadad, iyeneben mas, rogorc
dasjis formas, magram ra aris
dasjis am formis Sedegi?
mkvlevrebma daiwyes amaze
pasuxis gacema im SesaZlo kav-
Siris ZiebiT, rac mSoblebis
mier fizikuri dasjis gamoyene-
basa da bavSvis agresiul qce-
vas Soris iyo. xalxuri sib-
rZnis sawinaaRmdegod, bevri
Teoritikosis azriT, Tu mSob-
lebi iyeneben fizikur agresias
Svilebis winaaRmdeg, im Sem-
TxvevaSic ki, Tu is gamoiyeneba
araSesatyvisi qcevis Sesacvle-
lad, agresia gvevlineba bavSve-
bisaTvis qcevis modelad, rac
situaciurad sxva individebis
qcevis kontrolSi vlindeba. ase
rom, savaraudod, bavSvebi saku-
Tari mSoblebisgan swavloben
fizikuri agresiis gamoyenebas
(Cven ufro mets vityviT mode-
lirebiT swavlis Sesaxeb mo-
gvianebiT, TavSi ,,dakvirvebiT
swavla~). rogor gamovikvlioT
es hipoTeza?
erT-erT kvlevaSi, sadac in-
dianasa da tenesis 273 sabavSvo
baRis aRsazrdeli monawile-
obda, mSoblebs sTxoves, Se-
evsoT kiTxvari imis Sesaxeb,
Tu fizikuri dasjis ra for-
mebs iyenebdnen sakuTar bav-
SvebTan mimarTebaSi (Strassberg
et al;1994). aqcenti bavSvebis de-
debze iyo gakeTebuli. bavSvebis
6%-s hyavda dedebi, romlebic
arasodes iyenebdnen fizikur
dasjas. 68% bavSvebisa ityipe-
bodnen dedebis mier. danarCeni
26% ki ufro intensiurad is-
jeboda fizikurad, dedebi maT
an muStebiT urtyamdnen, an
mujlugunebs wahkravdnen
xolme.
dedebis gamokiTxvidan 6
Tvis Semdeg, daakvirdnen am
bavSvebis urTierTobas Tana-
tolebTan. mkvlevrebma daa-
fiqsires bavSvebis agresia
Tanatolebis mimarT. maga-
liTad, roca isini braz-
debodnen, dascinodnen an
scemdnen maT. TiToeuli bav-
Svi saaTobrivad iRebda qulas
agresiuli qcevisaTvis. rac
ufro intensiur dasjas axor-
cielebdnen mSoblebi, miT
ufro agresiulebi iyvnen maTi
Svilebi. es monacemebi gvar-
wmunebs, rom bavSvebi agre-
siul qcevas TavianTi mSob-
lebisgan daiswavlian. Tqven
SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom es
bavSvebi SeiZleba TavisTavad
iyvnen agresiulebi. sxva kvle-
va gviCvenebs, rom es ase ar
afuWebs Tu ara bavSvs dausjeloba?
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ganmamtkicebelTa Tvisebebi
.l+.+_njjn `jr.l_n .l`nrj_-
n jljrnn r_jrj._ jnuj. .nm_.
nnln _n.l .l nl.r_ljjl jj_.. .l+.+_n-
jj j_rn .nljrj _. _+`jj_rn
m_nj. .j_m. nnln jnuj. _.._n njljl
.+_njn j_j._ _. .r nj_ljl nn-
_r._ .l`nrj_n _., j.u., +_j_nll
.jn_j._ _. .r. r.n+j .lj._. 1 j+-
mt_j_.n, _j_n unjrn .l+.+_njjn, j.u-
., .r ._+l_j ._+.rnn n+n.m_n, r.m.
_+nl.l_rn jj_. jn_. (.jm j+mt_j_.n
_nj_nm, r+ jj_n j_jjn .r j_n. rj._rn
.l+.+_njjn).
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebi
r. .+ j_jj.l. +j_nljm, ._r.tjn pirve-
ladi ganmamtkicebeli _.t__.m, +..nm._,
j.n _. ._+jn, r+jm. .l+.+_nj_rn
m._nj_rj.ln _ljnm nj .l.1__r_n.
_rm. .l+._.n _ljrn_n n+_n .nr-
_. `nr_j._ .l+.+_njjm.l _. .t., r-
r pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli, nj _j_nlj.
`jr.l_n rj.jnjn _r. _.jrn_._,
._.+n.ln jj_n _+jj n1j ._jl. tnr._
aris ( Chess & Thomas; 1984).
savaraudod, simarTlis marcva-
li, SesaZloa, imaSic iyos, rom
,,cudi~ bavSvebi ufro xSirad
imsaxureben fizikur dasjas. es
kvleva cxadyofs, rom fizikuri
dasja ar gvaZlevs sasurvel
Sedegs da ver aswavlis ,,cud~
bavSvebs imas, Tu rogor gaxdnen
ukeTesebi (Mahoney et al; 2000).
Tu Cven jer kidev ver da-
garwmuneT, rom fizikuri dasja
araswori strategiaa mSoblebis
mxridan, modiT ganvixiloT ki-
dev erTi kvlevis Sedegebi.
analizi dafuZnebulia erT-er-
Ti mizanmimarTuli proeqtis
monacemebze, romelic ikvlev-
da 6002 amerikul ojaxs, raTa
SeeswavlaT maTi ojaxuri Zala-
dobis Sedegebi. am kvlevaSi
mecnierebi dainteresebulni
iyvnen gardatexis asakis bav-
Svebze ganxorcielebuli fizi-
kuri dasjis gavleniT maT
momaval cxovrebaze (Straus &
Kantor; 1994). Sedegebi sakmaod
dramatuli gamodga. mokled
rom vTqvaT, 50% aRiarebda, rom
maT fizikurad sjidnen Tine-
ijerobisas (58% _ biWi, 44% _
gogo). maT, visac sjidnen, mog-
vianebiT hqondaT problemebi.
isini Semdeg xvdebodnen risk
jgufebSi: depresia, suicidi,
alkoholizmi, sakuTari bav-
Svebis mimarT fizikuri Seu-
racxyofa, (kacebTan) colebis
cema. mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom
nebismieri fizikuri dasjis
gamoyenebis Sewyveta mniSvne-
lovan faqtorad gvevlineba
bavSvTa fizikuri Seuracxyofis,
depresiis, suicidis da alko-
holizmis pirvelad prevenci-
aSi~ (gv. 558).
Cven gvjera, konkretuli ma-
galiTebiT dagarwmuneT, rom bav-
Svebis gatyepa ar aris Sesa-
tyvisi an efeqturi aRzrdis
strategia. aRsaniSnavia, rom
Cveni mizani ar aris nebismieri
dasjis akrZalva. SesaZloa,
arsebobdes situaciebi, sadac
bavSvis arasasurveli qcevis
SemaCereblad mxolod dasja
gvevlineba. kvleva gviCvenebs,
rom dasja unda iTvaliswi-
nebdes garkveul pirobebs (Wal-
ters & Grusec, 1977).
dasja unda iyos:
swrafi da xanmokle;
unda gamoiyenoT imwamsve,
rogorc ki reaqcias aqvs
adgili;
intensivoba unda iyos li-
mitirebuli;
es unda iyos pasuxi spe-
cifikur arasasurvel
qcevaze da arasodes _
p i r o v n u l
maxasiaTebelze;
limitirebuli unda
iyos im situaciis
Sesatyvisad, sadac
reaqcias aqvs adgili;
Sedgebodes dasjisagan
da ara _ fizikuri
tkivilisagan.
ufrTxildiT: sakmaod xSi-
rad, mizezi, ris gamoc bevri
mSobeli dasjas iyenebs, aris
is, rom dauyovnebliv wydeba
bavSvis arasasurveli qceva.
mSobeli aRwevs ra Tavis
xanmokle mizans, imavdro-
ulad, bavSvis myiseuli reaq-
cia ganamtkicebs mSoblis
damsjelobiT qcevas (Grant &
Evans, 1994), magram Sedegi
aseTia _ ,,xanmokle sargebeli,
xangrZlivi tkivili~. mSob-
lebma moTmineba unda gamoi-
Cinon da Tavi Seikavon xanmok-
le ganmtkicebisagan sakuTari
Svilebis Soreuli interese-
bis gamo.
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t_._.t_. n`n `nrnmn .l+.+_njjn
.t_jl _. n_n.m._ nn_rn `nr_j._n
.l+.+_njjn. __n, lnljn, +t.r_._jrn
.++t._jn _n+nn, jr_jrn _.r__._jn
_. j_rn t_. n+ n+ `nrnm .l+.+_nj-
jm. rnt_n j_n, r+jn _jl jj_.
.l.1__r._jl.
_.jrn_._, ljn+njrn n+_n jnuj.
njj `nrnm .l+.+_nj._, m_ n `nr_j._
n+_ _._j_n_j.. jrm jj`jrn+jln
.+jjlj_n nj +.rn_n jjljn t_jm.
._jn _r.
+.._jj+. _. jj`jrn+jl.rj+. _.._-
nlj, r+ `nrnmn .l+.+_njjn __r +.r-
n_n .+.jjljjn. _. .njnm j_jj_rn..,
_n_rj `nr_j._n .l+.+_njjn. _nl.n_.l: (1)
r.+_jln+j `nr_j._n .l+.+_njjn j_j-
m_n.. _.n +.nl, r. ljn+njrn n+_n
.+_jl., r+j. +.._jjn ._lr-
j, j.u. .+jjlj_ njlj `nrnm
.l+.+_nj._: (2) r._._ jnuj. +.mn
.j+.: (3) nnln .__n._ ._...ln.: (4) +.mn
.l+_njn j_jjn __r r._n., r._.l n
_.+_n_j_n. .l+.+_njn +n_j.1j _. .r.
nn_r .l`nrj_.1j, rr j
`nr_j._n .l+.+_njn _r...
1njrm _.jj_j.n, +..nm._, _njn.-
rn_ .._._+j_n .l l.r_n_r _n`.l-
jrn, Jetonebis ekonomika .+ `rnln`j j+j.rj..
._r_jn jj_jn (+..nm._, +j_n_.+jln
+n_j.) _.r._ .ln+.rj. _. r. j jj_.
.+_nl_j., jjln .tnm .1_._rn .nj+.
++.t_rj `jrl.n +njr. +_n.ljnm, j
jjljn `.njl+. jnuj. ._._. t_.
n`n _n_1j .l `rn_njn.1j (Kazdin, 1994;
Martin& Pear,1999). .l+.+_njjm. j nj+.
.l.__mrjnm j_jj_rn. `.njln jj_n
+_n_nnrjnm_n m._n +_n jj_n m_.-
.1rnnm: .l.__mrjnm +ln_lj_.ln. +.mn
`1nn_rn n._rn _rmnjrmjn .1r_n
m_..1rnnm.
saidan
viciT
pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli
SimpanzeebisTvis
n+`.l1jj .._j `rj+n ._.-
j_j. jn+nn, rr `nrnmn .l-
+.+_njn .+jjljnm. j+_j jn+nn
jjljnm ..l._j. rr _n jjljn
.+l_., +.n+_lj+. +m+nljnm _.njj
+_.. .__m.rn ,,__n +.`_j._.
+.m +_n.ljnm jjum, ._.j_..m
jjljn jn+n1j (Cowles; 1937).
savaraudo aqtivobebi, rogorc
dadebiTi ganmamtkiceblebi
_.___.m, r+ mj_jl _rm .__ r._.
.._jmjnlm: .r nl_.m, +. ._._t._m .l
+njm jr _.r__._n _. .+n+ m._.1m
.rnj.: ,,r. .nl. _._.j. _..r_j,
jnun. _+`n_jr_n m.+.n nm.+.. mj_jl
+njr .+jjlj_n ,,_+`n_jr_n m.+.n
pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli (Primary reinforcers) _
biologiurad gansazRvruli ganmamtkicebeli
_ saWmeli da wyali.
pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli (Conditioned reinforc-
ers) klasikuri ganpirobebulobis mixedviT
yofili neitraluri stimuli, romelic ganmam-
tkiceblad iqca.
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+j+_ n_.n.n premakis principad _j_-
nlj., r+jn david premakma (David Premak)
1965 j ._+.nl.. `rj+._n +ntj__nm, __r
+j._ ..m_rn .jn_. (jj_., r+j. _j_
.rj+n .+_jln +jn ..m. .j_),
j.u., .+_njjlm l._j._ ..m_rn
jj_n .l+.+_nj._. m._n .jn __j_.n
`rj+._+. ._+.nl., r+ jnm _j`rn_nrj_+.
_nrmtj+. ._.r_n rn _.rn.jn
+n1lnm nrnn n._j +.nl, r. .+ .jn-
_. jn _.j_. +.j_j_. _., `nrnjnm,
._.r_nmn _j`rn_nrj_n _nrmtjn 1r_n_ljl
jn +n jj_.. `rj+._n +ntj__nm, .l+.+_n-
j._ r.ln1+nm_n +ln_lj_.ln ljn-
+njrn jj_. .l .jn_. jnuj. +_j_nl.
`rj+._n `rnln`n tnr._ .+njjlj. .l.__m-
rjnm .__m. nln_njn njmn jj_n
ntnrn ..1r_j._, rrn.. +_n_._ __-
+. _. _nl+j ._rn ++jl.. j_j+m ._jrnn.
jrmn _.n__rn j+mt_j_..
saidan
viciT
bavSvebi imuSaveben imisaTvis, rom
iTamaSon
...rj __j_., r+n _r. _.n
.+j_nn nj _rnmn nljr_.jn, r-
. .__jn +_n_._ _j_rj_ljl _._. _.
1_jr j+_.m 1.rn t+.. 1.rn t+.
+.j_j_. nlr_jn.: .njjnm _. nj-
_nrjm.+._jjn _._j_ljn_ .+t-
j_ljl _. _.r_ljl _.n, j_nr_ljl
_. jrm_ljl. r.+_jln+j _mn j+_jn
nl.n ._rmtnj_. +.m, r+ _.r_lj-
_nj_ljl m._n.lm ._nj1j. +_n.ljnm
.__j .uj__ljl jjlj _..n
ntnrn jj_n +.mj+.n_n +j._nlj-
nm_n. .__j jjljn ._.j.
.uj__., .rm_nj_ljl j_.rjnm +._.n
.jn_n jj_.n, rrn.. .m.+.-
jnm m.+.n. .+ n`n `rj__rnm _l-
rn j.lnl._._ .ltrnj_. r.+-
_jln+j __jn (homme et al,1963).
t_. n`n ._. `rr.+., ._. +.._j-
jn +njr tnr._ .+njjlj_. _._., j+.
_. j_nrnn, ._.r_..
.t. tj_._m, m_ rr jnuj. .+njjlm
`rj+._n `rnln`n _..n ntnrn jj_.n
.__jn ..rm._._. n._r._ .jn_rn
.__n.m_n .+t.l.jm.l m.+.n .l.+_nj
_._.jn jr_jn l._j._ .n.+_l
jj_.. +rt_n .__nm_n _n .t.n nln
._nmt_. jnuj. .+_njjlm t_. .__jm.l
m.+.n jj_n .l+.+_nj._. ljn+njrn
.jn_. jnuj. .+jjlj_ njlj .l+.+_n-
j._ _. j 1r_n n+n ..m., r+ +n_-
j_ njlj. n+ jj_n ntnrn +.j., r.
_l_rj_ j+mt_j_.n l._j._ ..m_rn..
ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilebi
r. t_j. +.nl, r. mj_jl .r nl_.m, r+
mj_jl nl._r t_j .l_+_nm r.n+j
_l_rj_n jj_.? .t..1r_. _nljr +_n.
m._n .r.rn.n jrmn __nrnm j_l. nj,
r+ .r .jl_. ._+.rnn __jnmn .l+.+_njjn
m._nn +r+jn _nrmtjn.m_n. n j_l+n.
._jmj_. _. _nrmtj ._+n l.jtj r._.
nljr_.nm .uj__.. +n_tj_._._ n+n., m_
r.+_jl_jr _.._jr_ljl nnln m.m _n._, +j
.__j _j_.r n_j_ljl. ._+l_., r+ _nrmtjn
__r +j._ rj.nrj_ljl .+ parcialur ganmam-
tkicebelTa formaze, _n_rj +__+n_+j+j_ .l-
+_nj.1j. rr _njrm, r. +__n_.m t-
_jj, r. nnln jj_n .jrn ._rmtn
nl.j ._+l_ljl _. +jn ._+jn ._.r nj?
n _nrmtjn, r+jm. jj_. __r n_n.m._
.l+_n_j_., .njnm nljln_r._ ._jr-
_ljl m.m _n._, _n_rj nnln, r+j.
.l+.+_njjn j_j _jr1j juj_.m.
_nljrn, r._., u.n.l +ln_lj_.l +n_.t-
__..
.+ `.rn._rn .l+.+_njn j_jj_r.+
+n_nj_.l. __j_.+_j .l+.+_njjm. .lt_.-
_j_n nljln_nm +n_jn j.tj (nt.
sur. 7.13). mj_jl m_nml .ln_n.m .l+.+_n-
jn .lt_._j_n j_jjn rn .__m.r
t_rj.n. r. mj_jl tj j_m _.n,
+.._jjn t.l nu.tjm _. t.l .r.. rj._r
t_rj.n .l .r.rn.n .l+.+_njjn
jnuj. +n_j_ njlj rr propor-
ciuli ganmamtkiceblis _r+. r.+_jln+j
_l_rj_n rj.jnn j+_j: .l ganmamtkicebeli
intervalebiT r. .l+_nj. _rn r._.
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nljr_.n j+_j .nj+.. mnmj_ j+mt_j_.n
jnuj. ._nn .jl_j _njnrj_ .l varia-
bilur .l+_nj.. .t. _jl _nnm parcialuri
ganmamtkiceblis efeqtis j.tj _. ._+l_.,
r+ `.rn._r._ .l+_nj_n jj_. +j._
.+uj. .jrn +n+.rm, _n_rj m.l+n+_j_r_._
.l+_nj_n (Bitterman, 1975). +_n _l.tm, t_.
r. .nljrj ._+jljn .._jmj +__j_rj+.
.l+.+_njjm. t_._.t_. trnjm.l _._._-
nrjnm.
fiqsirebuli proporciis (dozis)
cxrilebi
fiqsirebuli ganmamtkiceblis trnjn
.l+.+_njjn .nj+. +. j+_j, r. r-
.ln1+n .+._jl rj.jn.m. _njnrj_ _j-
l.. r. .l+_nj. +.j_j. jrmn rj.jn.,
trn j_j. _njnrj_n `r`rn.-1 (_`-
1: j .rn m.l+n+_j_r_._ .l+_njn trnn).
r. .l+.+_njjn +_j_ j_j 25-j
rj.jn., trn j_j. _`-25. _njnrj_n
`r`rnn trnjn nuj_. rj.jnn +._.
t.rnt, r._.l rj.jn.. _. .l+_nj. rn
`nr_.`nrn _rj.n... +rj_ j_un.,
.r__j_n _rn .l+._.n, n+_jln .__jn
+nn_, r.+_jln _l_., m_ ._+.rn._ tnr._
._jl_._. r. __r +._.n. `r`rn., +nm
+jn. `._1. mnmj_n .l+.+_njn j+_j.
.l+.+_njn +n._j._ +jn .`._t rj.j-
njn +n_jn +mt_lnm `r`rnn j+n-
rj.+ n+ j+mt_j_.n, r. t_jn ._rmln-
n _. ++1._j_n .r .rn .+n.m_n, jnuj.
+n_nj_.l .jr.+_j. j_rn ._.+n.ln .jn__jn
nl__rn.n _` trnj +n+.rm._: +.m +.l.+_j
_l_. .jn_l .jln .l.1__r_n r._jl-
., _n_rj _.+.nr .n_jjl.
variabiluri proporciis cxrili
variabiluri proporciis cxrilSi nl..r
.l.1__r_n. .l+.+_njjm. rn rj.j-
n.m. r._jl.. _`-10 trnn lnl._, r+
ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilebi
qcevis gansxvavebuli paternebi yalibdeba ganmamtki-
cebelTa oTxi cxrilis gamoyenebiT. grafikebze
arsebuli aRniSvnebi imaze miuTiTeben, Tu rodis
miewodeba ganmamtkicebeli.
ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilebi (
fiqsirebuli ganmamtkicebeli
verbaluri proporcia
fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrili (fixed-interval
schedule) ganmamtkicebelTa cxrili, romelSic
ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba fiqsirebuli drois
gasvlidan pirvelive sapasuxo reaqciisas.
cvalebadi intervalis cxrili (vaiable-interval
schedule) ganmamtkicebelTa cxrili, romelSic
ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba pirvelive pasuxisas
cvladi periodis gavlis Semdeg, romlis saSu-
aloc winaswar gansazRvrulia.
warmatebuli miaxloebebis mixedviT Seipingi
(shaiping by successive approximations) qceviTi
meTodi, romelic ganamtkicebs im reaqciebs,
romlebic warmatebulad uaxlovdebian da
maqsimalurad axlos arian sasurvel reaqcias-
Tan.
suraTi
7.13
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._._ j_j 10 rj.jn. +.j_j. .l+.+_n-
jjn, +.r.+ .l+_nj. jnuj. ._nn
.jl_j +t_ jrmn rj.jnn .l 20 rj.jnn
j+_j. .jmn .tnm .l+_nj_n jj_. ._+._
rj1njl_n. .jrn +n+.rm. _.___.m, mj_jl
+rj_m.l +_.. _.njjm _`-5 trnnm _.
j+_j ._.t_j_nm _`-110-1j. +rj_n ._jl_._ 12000
+.r_. ..mn _. .j .ruj_j. ..mjn
+.lun1j, .l+.+_njjm. .rjj _n. .1.r-
_n m.+.jn j_nun. _` trnjn _l-
r _.j_j+_j.rj_._ +n_nlnm. .+ `rnln`
j+j.rj. .m.+. +.lj.ljn `rnln`n +.n
+ljn ._jn j+_j .r nnm, r_n +nn_jm
j_j, r+j. jnm _. __._ ._jm _.
._jm +ljj. _` trnn .jjljm .+.ln
nl.j r_n +_. _n_. mj_jl _jr.m, r+
n j+_jn mj_jln rj.jnn m.l_.rm_n njlj.
_. .r. __r +_n.ljnm (Rachlin, 1990).
fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrili
r. .j+j _.j_ fiqsirebuli intervalis
cxrilTan, .l+.+_njjn +nj_j. `nr_jn
rj.jnn j+_j, .l_ _njnrj_n _rn ._n
j+_j. FI-10 trnn, +..nm._, r. _njjn
n_j .l+_nj., _l_. ._n_j 10 .+n, .l.+
+jrj rj.jn. .l+_n_j. rj.jn.m. r._j-
ln_. +n_tj_._._.
cvalebadi intervalis cxrili
cvalebadi intervalis cxrilSi ._.
nljr_.n nl..r .rn .l.1__r_n. +..n-
m._, n-20 trnn .l+.+_njjn +nj_j.,
._._, j_j 20 .+n jrmtj. j _r+.
n_j_ ._. nr._nm, +.r.+ u.n.l .n-
_rn jj_n _r+n .+j.nj.. .jr. .+
_r j.`rn_n _. u.n.l ljn.. jrm j+-
mt_j_.n +rj_+. 18 000-_jr ._jl_. `nr_jn 4
..mn .l+._.n +. j+_j, r. .l+_nj.
jj_. _. 168 ..mn _._nr_. .+ jj_n r_
.jr. (Ferster & Skiner, 1957). jnun.m .m_.-
m, r+ n-20 trnn .__m.r m._1j .j_m
.+_nn, m_ jn.m jjrn, r+jn
.r.rj_.r_._, +__lj._ n.rj_.m
_j_n_+j. j_j__j j+1._j_nm ++._.n
.__jmnn.m_n?
qcevis formireba (Seipingi)
jrm-jrm jj`jrn+jln _jl _n.`.r._jm _nrm-
tj1j, r+jn _n._ ._jr_ljl m.m ._+n
+n._j._. _n._n _._jr. _.._nn jj_...
m_ +. `jr.l_ _.+jr.n +_.m._jm, ..m,
.r _.._jr .tj_r m.m `l.l_r._. _nrmt.
l.._n .j_ m._nn m.mjn t_._.t_. 1nm
.+jjlj., +.r.+ .tj_rn t_. _r .r._j
.+_j_n.. rr _.._m _nrmt. jj_jn,
r+jn, ._.r.___, n_n.m._ _nl_jn.l?
mj_jl +n_njrjm .l+_njn 1., `n+._rn
.__jn, .l+.+_njjm. trnn .j_m (_`-1),
rr +_njjm .t.? n+n.m_n, r+ mj_jl
.._m .t.n rm_n jj_., _l_. .+njjlm
Seipingi warmatebuli miaxloebebis +ntj__nm.
.+ _r mj_jl .l.+_njm ljn+njr jj_.,
r+jn .r+.j_n. _. m.l. +n.tj_n
. +n1.lm.l.
j .j _jm_j.. _jr _l_. +.t_nlm _nrmtn
._+nm _j`rn_nrj. jrmn __n .l+._.n.
_j`rn_.nn .rjj ._+j+. jnuj. .r n+_-
., rr .l+.+_njj+.. j+_j mj_jl
nj+._r._ .m._jm .__j _.nln jrm
__mtjn nj, r+ _nrmt. +. tj_.__j. .t. mj_jl
jnun.m _.njm jn`nln n+nm, r+ .__jn
+n_jn ntnrj _.__._nrm _nrmtn
`jn_n__r jj_nm rj.jn., +..nm._, _.rn
.tj_rm.l +n_.. ._+jn _nrmt. +nj_j.
+t_ +.nl, r. n __r .t +n_n _.rn
.tj_rm.l. .l+.+_njjn _n n+ j+mt_j_.n
.nj+., m_ _nrmt. jtj. +., t ._+n
+n._j._ +.l _l_. .tj_r _.._nr. .+ _r
_nrmt. ._, r+ .tj_rn .+j_. +nm_n
.__jn ++.ln.. .j r+, SeipingisTvis mj_jl
_l_. .l.1__rm `rrjn j.`jn .+n1lj jj-
_n j.j_n._ _. .+njjlm _n_jrjlnrj_n
.l+_nj. mnmj_n j.`n _r+nrjn.m_n.
.t. .l_ntnm t_. j+mt_j_., r. jn`nl-
n .+jjlj_ njl. `..r. ._nn .__n
t_rjn `nrjn .._+_jj._.
saidan
viciT
qcevis formireba autist bavSvTan
`.njln 3 n n_n nj, r+j.
_.__j ._n1+n _n.l1n. +. .jl_.
lr+._rn n._rn _. _jr._rn
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jj_n _j_nnn. tnr._ .trnjj_.
.l_+j _. .__m.rn m._n _.+.1n.ljj
jj_j. _..r.jn `jr.nn j+_j +.l
_.rn mj_. .m_.jjn .rj.1j, r.
unjr +ln_lj_.ln nj +nn +tj__jn-
.m_n. `nr_j._ +. juj_. _.l_jn
.m.+. _j_nnln j+_j. .j r+,
._+jm.l .n.nn _l1j j t+. `nr-
nmn .l+_nj. .t_.. j+_j rjlnln
.ruj_. __ .m_.n .rmn.
m._n_.l _j_nnln n+_. +.nl, r. `..r.
.m_.n .r tjn n_j_., +.j j
t+. n+_. +. j+_j, r. .r tjn
j_l_j_., r. .__ j_jm.
.m_.j. lj-lj. n_n _n___jn_.
+.nl, r. +. m_.m.l .t +n.jl_.
.r. r.+_jln+j __nr.n .__+. _.nj
.r m._1j .++. _. +.j r._
+nr m_.j1j. rjlnln j+_j j.`1j
.__+. n._. .m_.n .rj. __jn
12 ..mn .l+._.n (Wolf et al., 1964).
.t. _.__r_l_jm _jl _nrmt.. _mj_.m, mj_jl
+nl_.m .._m _nrmt. .n.n rj1j
nrnn. rr j+. .l.trnjj_nm .+
j+mt_j_.n? r. jnuj. nj n +n.tj_n
jj_. . +n1.lm.l, r+j. mj_jl
_..jnn .l.+_nj_nm? j.u., mj_jl
m._n_.l .l.+_nm ._nr +n+.rm_jnm m._n
+nr_ljn jj_. _n. j+_j mj_jl _nrmt.
._+jn n+ j+mt_j_.n _l_. +njm, m_ n
+mj .l +n.r_lj ._nr +n+.rm_jnm.
r. .._jmj_nm .+n j+_j?
_.._n rn _r+. .l_ntnjm _.n-
__rn .l`nrj_. _. `jr.l_n .l`nr-
j_., r+jm. j_j.1j tnr._ njjljjl
_.._n. t_jjm.l. _j +jlnjrjn
.trnjj_ljl u._j1j, _.j1j, _nrmtj1j
_. +rj_j1j. ._.lnl._n., r+ ._.+n.ljn
+._ jj_. .trnjjjl. . _.+n,
+__j_rjn +n_n_ljl _.__l.+_j, r+ _.._.
j_r n_.n.n +_n_nnr_j. .r__j_n
.tjn nn_rn _. _ln_rn j.uj-
jnm. .t. _jl ._._.m n+ `rjjn
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.ltn_.1j, r+jn _.._n 1._ _.llj
j+.1__r._jl.
Sejameba
mrl_.n_n. _. _nljrn +njr ._+jlnn
`jr.l_n .l`nrj_n +jm_n_. +.rm._
r.ln1+n jj_n j_jj nj, r+ n+j+j_
unrj_ jj_.1j. _._jnmn _. _.rj_nmn .l+_n-
j. 1r_n jj_n .+_jln ..m..
.l+.t_._jj n+_1j +_.. .+nrj
jljr.n1.n. .+n1lj jj_n +n_+.. .l`nrj-
_n .l+.+_njjn .njnm _n_ ._jl.
.t_jl ._.+n.ln jj_.1j, _n_rj `nr_j._n .l+.+-
_njjn. `rj+._n `rnln`n _.+l, r+
+j._ ..mn .jn_. jnuj. njlj .+-
jjlj_n l._j._ ..mn .jn_n .l.+_n-
j._. .l+.+_njjm. t_._.t_. trnjn
rj.jn.m. .lt_._j_ `.jrlj .l.1__r._jl.
jn`nln +nmt_, r+ .+n1lj jj_.m.l
.r+.j_._ +n.tj. _n_jrjln._r._
njlj .l+_nj_n.
n jtj__j., r+ _.._n unrnm._n
`rnln`jn ._.+n.ljm.l _. t_jjm.l +._n.,
`nr_j._ nlnj+. _n_+. david iumma
(David Hume) 1748 j .+.jjl.. +.l mj_., r+
ljn+njrn mjrn., r+nm. _jl .jn
`jr.nj _tlnm ._.+n.ln, r._. _.+.jnm
+ln_lj. jnujl, m_ _l.t._m, r+ nn_j
_jl+jln +._._ .ntlj. j_j. _.l.rjl
t_jm.l. (Hume, 1748/1951, _.104).
.+ m_..1rnn +n+1n__jn n+.rn_j
_.+.mn ..ln .t_., r_j. 1960-n.l jn
_njj+. ._+.nlj t_._.t_. _.ll1-
+njrjjn _. j1____jn .l`nrj_n
.l1._j.m.l _._._nrjnm (Bailey & Bailey, 1993;
Garcia, 1993; Todd & Morris, 1992-1993). +j.+j m._n_.l
mj_jl ___j nlm n+ n_j., r+ t_jjn
.l_nm.rj. nj rj.jn. ._.rjln ._nrj.1j.
j_rn t_.. .tjj rn rj_ ._.`-
.nnm jnuj. .ntl.. 1_._ .jmn_j j_-
_n_rn `jr`jjn_nm ___jnm _.._n
_l.r (Leger, 1992). daswavlis biologiuri iZu-
leba .rn rj_ n j1____., r. .tj.
+j+__n_rjnm ._.jj+.. j nu_jjn jnuj.
.+jjlj_n njlj t_jm. jlr_, jj_nm
_. _ln_r _l.rm. +n+.rmj.n. .l_ntn._m
__j_n r _jr, r+jn t._j_, r+
jj_.-.rj+ _._nrn r.ln1+n jln`nm..
.l`nrj_n nlnlj_rn r.__. _. j+
._jrnnm ._..
instinqturi swrafva
t._n., nl.t._m t_jjn, r+jn
.m._.r njmj ._jmjjl. nr_n _. jj-
j_r.l1j. 1njrmn t_jn jn, `nl-
`l m.+., 1n +.lj.l. ..rj. jn
+.lun1j keler brelandi _. marion brelandi
njjlj_ljl `jr.l_n .l`nrj_n jj-
ln_j, r+ .+j_rml.m .m.nm t_._.t_.
.tjn t_jn. rj.l_j _jr_.m, r+
1._n `rnln`jn, r+jn .r.rn_n
__j_jn_.l .++_nl.rj_., rj._r._.
n+_._j_. _. ljn+njrn rj.jn. .l _n_
lnl.__. t_jn _lr .r.rnn
.rjm.
m_+., _rmln r._. j.`1j 1njrmn
t_jn __._ +jj_. njj_.. +..nm._,
jln n_rmlj_., r+ .j_ +lj., .j_
j_..n _. .+nm .+j+_._jnl. .__jn, +.r.+
jln +.nl_j .r n_j_. +lj. _. rn +ljn
._jn j+_j .l`nrj_. .jrm_
j_j_., .l_ jln .jrm_ ._.r n_j_.
+ljj. .+.njr_, n tjnm tjt.__. j_j.
+lj. jrm._, jln_. j_..n _. j+_j njn_.l
n_j_.. .rn m_ .r. j _l._rn? jlj tnr._
.t.n.mjm tjt_n. _. rjt_n jj_., r_j.
+.m .j_.rj .__j +n`_jjl lnj.rjn_.l.
.+n +._._, r_j. _rj _rmln_ljl, r.m.
.++_._j_n +ljjn _n_ j_..n .jj.r.m,
nnln unr jrn_ljl .+ +ljj, _jr _nlnm
jl.__ljl _. +jrj ..jrn ._j_ljl. nj_
n+n _nmt_., _l_. .nm_. m_ .r. t_jn
j jj_. _l._r._ .l .__nr_j._? _rjn
1_._ .j njj_n.l ._+n +`_jn., r._.l
jj_n j rj`jr_.rn +.m +j+__n_rjnm .j_m
+n_j_n.
.jm+. .+_nj.+ _..r+_l. rj.l_jn,
r+, +n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ r._. j.`.+_j
t_jj+. _.n._j `jr.l_n rj.jnjn,
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_.._nn jj_. nr.__n nlnlj_rn jj-
_n._jl _rm. .l+._.n. .+ jl_jln. +.m
instinqturi swrafva __j (Breland & Breland,
1951, 1961). t_jjn jj_. .r .ntlj. `jr.l_-
n `rnln`jnm, +.r.+ ._jnm ..jn t_j.,
m__n .+ jj_. .tjjnm_n _.+.t.n.mjjn
+j+__n_r_n jj_n `.jrljn _ljjn
.l_ntn._m. j jl_jln. _n jj_., r+jn
j+_._j_n. `jr.l_n .l`nrj_nm.
t_jm. ._jn __j_.m. _+jj. _-
__nrj_n nj j.j_n._ +n.__+n n+_-
jn.m_n nl..rn .ltn_n .__u_j1j
jrj_ rj.jnj1j. rj.l_jn mjrn. t._-
j_, r+ j_ujjn. _.._n j_j. .-
`jjn ._lrj.. jj_jn jnuj. +j-
l._j._ .__n._ j._jn nj, rr
t_jn _j_jrn_n, jljn__r._ _.`rr.-
+j_n rj.jn. .rj+1j. .l`nrj_. +.nl
njlj. j_jj_rn, r_j. .+n1lj rj.jn. n-
n_r._ .j_._rn. t_jn.m_n. +..nm._,
r. _nj.. ._nr n+nm_n, r+ _r+. +l-
j. j_..n .._? m_ j jj_. _.j_nj_
njlj. jn +n_j.m.l, +j_rj_n _rn
j_r._ r._._ _.n._n .+ r_nl..
gemos aversiiT daswavla
.+ nln ._rj+. r.+_jln+j ._n.rj. _l_.
.._jml: jrm-jrm +.m.l __j. 1.r._ _rn
trn. _. +_t__ _.+n .r+_jl.1j, t
+jrj 1_._ .jmn_j rj.jn. .j_ ``_rl1j.
_jl +un+j_ ._._ ._t_nm 1j+m .+m_nn
.__jn +n_jn j+_j. l._j ._.r.__., r+
_jl ._._ .+ .__jn .+ ._t_nm, m_+., .jmn
rj.jn. +.nl j+_r.. n+n.m_n, r+ ._tl.m
j _jl+jln, +n_+.rmm nj_ t_jj.
_.___.m, mj_jl mt_j, jn+_.m r.jn.
_ln ln_mnjrjjn _j_.nn.m_n. mj_jl
r+ jl_jm _nrmtn jj_n +j+__n_r_n
`.jrln, .+ _r _._rj._ _rmtn._ njlj_nm.
r_j. nnln .j_jn.l .t. .__j .l _rlj,
u.n.l _rmtnjl _. u.n.l `..r. r._j-
l. n_jjl ..nl_._. m__n j ln_mnjrj.
+.m .r._jr _._._j, j+_j _r_l_jn.l _.
+nnrm+j_jl. +.r.+, m_ jj`jrn+jln ._rm._m
njm ln_mnjrj., r+jn ._._ t_n _nrmtj,
+.nl nnln .+ ln_mnjrj. .r._r ._.r +nj_.-
rjn.l. .+ _jl+jl j_j. gemos aversiiT _.-
._.. .+ jljn__r _l.r .__jn .nl__.
_. _.._., r+jn .__jn. _._rmt _.
r+jn. jn__rn, _n_n _nrj_j. .j_.
.ntjljm tn__n rjl. rr .l, +nm_n
__nln j+ ._jrn_n .t_. +. j+_j, r. +.l
n+m_r.jn .+._..
j+ ._jrnnm _.._. u.1j unjrn +jj.-
ln1+n.. .lt_._jnm _.n__rn .l`nrj_n
t_. .`jjjn..l, j+ ._jrnnm _.._.
+t_ jrm_jr._n _.j_njnm t_j.. j_n-
_j. .l`nrj_n n+_n (.t.n .__jn/
_rljn) _. +nn j_jn (.l_`nrjn n+_-
n jj+jln, r+jn, _.jrn_._, n_j_
._._+j_. j_jn). j _j_j. _j+.rnn
rj. _n_n _rnmn nljr_.jn _r. (12
..mn _. +jn, _r, r+n _.j_n _nrmt.
n_j ln_mnjrj. _. ._._ t_j.). ._,
.lt_._jnm _.n__r._ .l`nrj_n .n-
.njn..l, r+jn ._+._ +jn_j., j+
._jrnnm _.._. +j.rn t_j. jrmn .+_nj-
n j+_j.. _n_j_ jrmtj, n+n.m_n, r+
._nm _.n__rn .l`nrj_n lr+.m.
_.r__j_jn, _l_. .nm_.nnlm n, m_ r._jl
_r.+._._ +nmt_jl j +jj.ln1+jn ._.rjl..
jon garsiam, _nj+., r+j+. `nr_j._
_.._njnr. j+ ._jrnnm _.._. .r.-
rn.n _. +n+. _j.+, rjr _nl+., j
_jl+jln .+njjlj n+n.m_n, r+ m_..nl
.jt._.m t_jjn +1._j_l. _l_rj_n
.n.njn _.._n.m_n. +__j_rj+. ._-
+.nlj, r+ 1njrmn .l`nrj_n n+_n-
.l_`nrjjn n+_n _+nl.njn jnuj.
_.n__r._ nj .l`nrj_n t_jm. _l-
_rj_ .tjjn.
daswavlis biologiuri iZuleba (Biological con-
straints on learning) nebismieri limiti organizmis
daswavlis SesaZleblobaze, romelic gansa-
zRvrulia erTi saxeobis individebis mem-
kvidruli sensorul-kognituri unarebiT.
instinqturi swrafva (Instinctual drift) _ daswav-
lili qcevis tendencia, droTa ganmavlobaSi
instinqtur qmedebaSi gadavides.
gemos aversiiT daswavla (Taste-aversion learning)
daswavlis biologiuri kanonzomiereba,
romelSic organizmi swavlobs avadmyofobis
gamomwvevi sakvebisagan Tavis aridebas.
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saidan
viciT
stimulisa da Sedegebis Tanxvdena
.rn.. _. _nln jj`jrn+jln `nr-
_j _.1.n _nrmtjn _jr jl_ljl
n_.n., r+jn +nn .__. n_j__.
.+ .l`nrj_ n+_: .t.rnlnm j1.-
_j_ j., t+._r _. unjr nl.mj.
+jrj _.1.n, r_j. _nrmtjn +n
_.__ljl, +.mn l.tj_.rn n_j_. +t_
_n j., t +jrj l.tj_.rn
t+._r, nl.mj _. __m. j.. j+_j
rn_j ___n _.nj: mnmj_n ___n
jrmn l.tj_.rn +t__. jjjr_n _n
1j+j+j_jn j_j, r. _n_n n_j__.,
t +jrj l.tj_.rn _n r._n.n_n
_.tn_jn j_j, r. n_j__. ._._+j_..
_. _nrj_.. jn n r._jl., r-
+jn _nrmtj+. `nr_j _.1.n _.nj,
j._.rj +jrj _.1.n _.j_n jn
r._jl.. r._jl. .rul._ +nr-
_j_., r_j. _rlj_.ln j.n .-
nr_j_. ._._+j_.m.l (j+ ._jrn.)
_. r_j. t+._rn _. nl.mj .nr-
_j_. _n_nm.l. m_+., jj_.n +t_
`..r. _nj. jnlnlj_. rn t_.
`nrn j+mt_j_.n: r_j. _rljn
+.._j_. _n_n, .l, r_j. unjrn
nl.mj, t+._rn _. j.n +.._j_.
._._+j_. (nt. sur. 7.14).
+n_j_n j_jjn t._j_, r+ _nrmtj
.j_m m.l_.jnn _l.rn, .n.n. _..+j.rl
_l_rj_ n+_. _. _l_rj_ j_j
rn (Garcia & Koelling, 1966). .l`nrj_n
1njrmn .`jjn, .jj_.l .++_nl.rj, _.+_n_j-
_n. .r. +.r n+_. _. jj_. rn
_._nr1j, .r.+j_ n+.1j, m_ rr _n`1nn.
._jl r.ln1+n jljn__r._ .+ n+_n
+n+.rm +j+_ .rj+n (Barker et al., 1978).
t_jj .j_m +j+__n_r_n _.n_n_.n. n+
n+_jn., r+jn jnuj. +.._j_j
._rmtj _. r+jn _n_. .+n+ jj`jrn-
+jl.rjn, r+jn j_jn.l .+ `.jrljn
_.r__j_., j_r _jr._jr +n._j_jl.
+__j_rj+. j+ ._jrnnm _.._n +jj.ln1-
+n `r.jn_.n ._+.l. ._j. n+n.m_n,
r+ _nj+. jj_nl t_rn t_., _l
.rn.+ _. +n+. _jj+. _..j_j ._ln
jn__rn trn, r+jn .t_j_n nj t_rn
j._n. jn__rn trnm _njn _.._.__ljl
_. .l__nm.r_.m 1n1_n ._ln trn +n+.rm.
.+n j+_j t_rn _.l.t_.1j nnln jj_n
+.n_r._ __.l ntj__ljl.
j+ ._jrnn jrm-jrmn j_j.1j jrn1_n
.`jjn m._ njl _nmn _.._._j_ `.njl-
jn, r+jn _j_.r _ujjl _j_jrn_
.__j jn+nmjr.`nn. _. +n.l .+_j_n
_nrj_n .+.
saidan
viciT
mkerdis simsivnis mqone pacientebSi
gemos arideba
22 j.n..l j+_.r+. ___+., r+j-
. _.+_n .jl_. +_jr_n _n _n.-
l1n, _n.+ .__m.rn __jnmn `rnrn-
jjn j.tj jn+nmjr.`nn r_. __rn
.l+._.n, r+jm. rn. _.j_n
.+n __nr. nj. j.j+. .+m_.j j_j.-
_jrn, r.. _.+_ljl 24 ..mn +.lun1j
suraTi
7.14
Tandayolili unarebi
garsias da kolingis kvlevebma (1966) aCvena, rom
virTxebs aqvT Tandayolili unari, gansazRvruli
stimuli daakavSiron gansazRvrul SedegTan.
virTxebi eridebodnen saxarins, roca is avad-
myofobas moaswavebda da ara Soks da piriqiT _
ferad wyalsac eridebodnen, radgan Soks moas-
wavebda da ar eridebodnen, rodesac mas avad-
myofoba mohyveboda.
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mjr.`n.+_j _. mjr.`nn j+_j. nnln
r.ljnrj. __jmj_ljl .__j. _. .+j
1-_.l (u.n.l .r+lj.) 9-+_j (u.n.l
+lj.). +__j_rjn ._jrnn .+_jl.
+.nl ._n.rj_ljl, m__n .__jn j_.j.
4 j_nm _.jj+_.. ._+l_., r+ j.jn
46- .l__nm.r_. ._jrn., _ +nrj,
jrmn .__jn +n+.rm. m_+., ._jrnjn,
r+jn l_j_. mjr.`nn `nr_jn rn
__nrn .l+._.n, t.l+_j nj. t._n
.t_., r+, _nrmtjn..l .lt_._jnm,
`.njljn .rj__ljl, r+ _nrj_.
mjr.`nn j_jn nj _. .r. .__jn., r+-
n j+_+n .nl__n. .l`nrj_n
._jrn. jrj_. (Jacobsen et al., 1993).
n+n .r__j_nm, r+ ._jrn. jnuj. _.n-
__r._ nj .l`nrj_n, +__j_rj j_un.m,
jn+_._l .+n j.+nrjjn ._.jjn (Ber-
stein, 1991). +..nm._, _nmn _.._._j_ .__j
.__jn jn+nmjr.`n.+_j +n._j. .+.m.l, +n_j-
_ _.l_jj .l l.jnl r_n._ `jn_n__rn
_rljn .jl_. .l_ ._jrn. rj_ .+ _rljn
+n+.rm j.n_j_.. .+_.r._, .__j jjum,
__._. j_.+.m .j_.rjn _rljn +jlj _.l_jn
.l l.jnln. +__j_rj+. ._+.nlj t_. .`jjjn
`.njljn, r. _.n__r._.. .l`nrj_n.
j_r `.njl _nrj_. jjj_. jn+nmjr.`nn
j.ln _.jj.+_j. n .rj+ _. .lj., r+j-
n nnln +__rl._ljl, .l`nrj_ n-
+_._ nj. (Tomoyasu et al., 1996). .+_.rn j_jjjn
.__u_jn ..l.n1j. +__j_rj +__rl.n
+jm_n_n j+_._jn ._.j. .uj_. _n_j_
jrmtj .l`nrj_.n .+_.rn ._jln
j_jjjn .__u_jn _l. +__j_rj ._.-
j. .uj_, jn+_.l .+._j j_jjjn .nl.._-
+_j +__rl...
.t. t._n t_j., r.+ _l_. nj_ljl m.l.+j_-
r_j jj_nmn .l.nn_jn j_r.__jnm rj.jnn
n+ n`jn +n+.rm, r+jn .+. m_ n+ .tj-
n.m_n __r j._jrnjn .rn.l _..._._
(Todd and Morris 1992). m_ mj_jl nl_.m +t_ u._
.._m trn_jn, +.nl _jr j_nm +n
jljn__r._ .l`nrj_ jj_nm `jln..
_jln _nn`nl. .r .rn r_j_nn, r.+_jl.-
_. _jr .r j_tjn_.rm _.._n njm _r+j,
r+jn _+._j _ln_r `rjj +nmt-
_jl. .t. rj_ .jmn .tn _.._. j_jtm.
Sejameba
nlnlj_rn r.__n _jl+jln _nt+,
r+ r.ln1+jn n+nnrj_ln .rn.l n+
m_..1rnnm, m_ r. _.n._n.l .tjn_.l
.++_nl.rj nlnljm. .+. j+ ._jrn.
n+_jl._ unjrn. 1njrm t_jm.l, r+ n
`jr+.ljl_._ _.n._j. .l`nrj_n
n+_n. _. .l_`nrjjn n+_n jrm-
_jr._n jj_njnm. _n. jn+nmjr.`n.1j +j_
._.+n.lm. _+jj. .ln_n .l`nrj_
j+ ._jrn.. +__j_rjn _njl, .+nll
_.n__r .l`nrj_.1j _.jr_lnn +j-
m_jn, r.m. m._n_.l .nnl, .l .._j+l j
._jrnjn.
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kogniciis gavlena
daswavlaze
rr ._nlnl., jj_n u.n.l _n_n `jjrn
jnuj. .ntl., rr _.._n +.rn_n
`rjn j_jn. l_j. _nmt_.: .rjjl m_
.r. _.._n njmn n`jn, r+j. __r
_+`jj_rn _ln_rn _l.rjn _nr_j.m?
kognicia .rn ljn+njrn _njn__rn .jn_.,
r+jn .rm_n. _ln ._.+_._jn. _.
.r+jln njm `rjjn, rrjn..:
.1r_lj., +jtnjrj., ._j+. _. +jj_jj.. .+n+
.t. .l_ntn._m _.._n njm _r+j,
r+jn .r jnuj. .ntl. +t_ _.-
n__rn .l `jr.l_n .l`nrj_nm. .jj_.l
.++_nl.rj, nm_j., r+ jj_., l.nrn_,
_ln_rn `rjjn j_jn..
cxovelTa kognicia
.+ m._n .l_ntnjm _.._n jjn _nr-
mtjn, u._jn _. +rj_jn +..nm1j.
+__j_rj+. _.._nlj, r+ .r. +t_ _.n-
__rn _. `jr.l_n .l`nrj_nm jnu-
j. t_._.t_. .tjjn _l.rjn .l1.-
_j. (Wasserman, 1993-1994). m._n j__nn mj-
rn.n .r1 _.r_nl+. .l.t._., r+ _ln_rn
_l.rjn n1r_j. _. _nm.r_j. t_jm. _n-
1n__r _r+.m.l jrm._. .+n+ .t. .l_ntn-
._m t_j_rn _.._n r, jrm m.+j_-
_._, n`, r+jn +n_mnmj t_jm. _ln-
_r _l.rj1j.
kognituri rukebi
edvard tolmeni (Edward Tolman, 1886-1959) nj
`nr_jn, _nl _.nj _ln_rn `rjjn
__j_. t_jjn t_._.t_. jj`jrn+jl_n
n_.njn .+ljnm, r+jn +jj.ln__rn,
jrmn-jrm1j .n.njn _jr .tln_. t_jn
jj_.. _..__nr_nm 7.15 suraTs. +jl+. _.
+n+. __jlj+. ._jlj, r+, r_j. .-
nrnlmn _nrj_n. m.__.`nr_jn nn_n,
_nrmtjn nj ._rj_n .+_njnm .nrj_jl
_+_j 1. .+_n.m_n, +n_tj_._._ n+n.,
r+ .r.l.nrn .l+_nj. .r +n__n.m (Tolman &
Honzik, 1930). m_+., _nrmtjn njj_ljl nj,
mnmj nnln j+rnj_ljl .l.1__r
kognitur rukas .nrnlmn 1j_tj_, l._._
n+n., r+ r+._ _.jjm .+._n ujl. _n.
_. j_+n +jm_nm (Edward Tolman, 1948).
+jln j_jj+. ._jl., r+ .l`nrj_.
jn._ .njnm __r +j, _n_rj _r._
.n.n_r _.j_nj.. n +n._ _.._.
_., j+_j, .+ _.._nn +..n .r+jl.
jj_nm _ljjn.
+jln r._nnnm .rujj_+. __j_.+
.+._nl. n_rrn_n +jtnjrjn ...rn
_l.rn njn, ___rjn, _nrmtjn, t_. t-
_jj. _. ._.+n.ljn _n (Tolman, 1948). _-
suraTi
7.15
kognituri rukebi labirinTebSi
siarulis daswavlisas
cdis pirebma upiratesoba pirdapir gzas (gza 1)
mianiWes labirinTSi, roca is Tavisufali iyo.
roca es gza daibloka A blokiT, isini meore
gzaze gadavidnen. roca gamoCnda B bloki, vir-
Txebma Cveulebriv mesame gza airCies. maTi qcevaa
aCvenebda, rom saWmlis mopovebis kognituri ruka
gaaCndaT.
cxovelTa kognicia (Animal cognition) cxovelebis
kognituri SesaZleblobebi; mkvlevrebi eZeben
kognituri unarebis ganviTarebas sxvadasxva
saxeobebSi, saxeobebis ierarqiis mixedviT, ada-
mianamde.
kognituri ruka (Cognitive map) fizikuri sivr-
cis gonebrivi reprezentacia.
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ln_rn r__n ..j._ j_r.__j. _l_. +n_.j-
nm n+ __ljnj, r+j. nnln j+.t_-
rjn.l:
t_jjn n_rrn_ +jtnjrj. njjljjl
.__m.rn .rj+ m_njjn .+.l._:
+.mm_n +ln_lj_.ln .+n1lj njjj-
n +n.lj._:
.rj+n .__m.rn r_nln _..j+._.
mj_jl jnun.m _.nl.tm _ln_rn r_-
_jn t_._.t_. __ljn. _rnl_jm. t_._.t_.
.tjjn. j _rnl_jjn nl.t._jl ._+j _.r-
m .rj.1j, +.r.+ _l.rn .j_m, 1_._ +n.ll
._+j ._nrjn j+mt_j_.n.
klarkis TxilCita Cempionia saWmlis
gadanaxvaSi. gvian zafxulSi es frinveli
marxavs 6000 fiWvis Tesls amerikis samxreT-
dasavleT nawilis mTebSi. isini marcvals
momaval gazafxulze eZeben, anu maSin,
rodesac damaluli sakvebi sWirdebaT
bartyebisaTvis (Shettleworth, 1993, gv. 180).
njn .r. +t_ _._rnl._jl jrm .l.-
1__r_ .rj+n, .r.+j_, m_._+.rm.m,
+.r_j _n .r jj_n.l, nnln +n.n _._jl
+.m l.n _. .l.1__r_n _rn j+_j
84 n1_nm r_l_jn.l .+ ._n1j (Kamil &
Balda, 1990). nnln _.r._ .ljjl n+ ._nj.,
._. ._rj .jl_.m +.r_jn, +.r.+ nnln
___j .rnjn.. njn n .tjjn, r+jn
_n_._ .rn.l _.+_n_j_ln ._.+._ .__j1j,
jj_nm +._. _.l.l +.mm.l j_j.1j .t+_+
.tjjm.l. _n. .r.l.nrn .lt_._j. jj_n
.r+.j_. rn .r.. .+ .tjnm_n,
r+jn .+.._n +.n_r._ .r.rn.n
n_rrn_ jj`jrn+jln +l.nj (Kamil et
al., 1997). .+.m.l, ._ntjlm, r+ .+ njn
jj_. .+.._n +.r_jn _.+._. .r..
.l+_nj_n. nnln +t_ n+ j+mt_j_.n
+n.ljjl ._.+._ .__j, m__n +.mn _ln-
_rn r__. jl.r_l_j..
konceptualuri qceva
_ln_rn r__jn, l.nrn_, jt+.rj. t-
_jj .rj+n rnjl.n.n, +.r.+ t_. r.
_ln_rn `rjjn _l_. .jl_jm t_jj
_. r.n _l_. njjlj_ljl +.m?
+j-11 m._n .__lnl._m, r+ +jj_jjn
_.jjn. .__jnm_n jrm-jrm +m._.r .+-
.l._ nm_j. .t.n cnebebisa _. kategoriebis
_.._.. +.r.+ ._+l_., r+ .__jn .r .rn.l
jrm._jrmn .rjjn, r+jm. .+ .+.ln
_.uj_. j_un.m. +__j_rj+. ._+.nlj, r+
+rj_j .j_m _ln_rn _l.rn, .+njjll
konceptualuri .lt_._jjn.
saidan
viciT
mtredebi gadawyvetilebebs
kategorizaciis struqturis mixedviT
iReben
j__.r_ _.jr+.l+. _. +n+. _jj+.
(1992) .r+__nlj +rj_j ._.+n.ljn,
j_._njn, +.lj.ljn _. _.+jn _jn.
j_jn +rj_nm_n mtn lj. _.j_nn
nj r __r _n_ _.jrn._ (sur. 7.16).
+..nm._, jrmn +rj_n +nn_j_. .__j,
m__n ln_.r _..rj.+_. l.rnl_n_jr
_n._ ._.+n.ln .l +.lj.ln _jljn
j+_j _. nmj _n._ j_._nn .l
_.+n _jljn j+_j. +rj_j+. n._j
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._j__._r._ rj.nrj. _. +.mn 80 rn
_jrn _n._ _rj.+_. ln_.r. _rmln
+jrj _.1.n +rj_ .t.n rj.jn. _l_.
jj+_._jnl. __r +nrj _.jrnn mn-
mj_n _r.mnm_n. .+_.r._, +rj_
_l_. _.jrj. +_.lj _n._nm_n ._.+n.ln
_r.mn +n_jn. _. mjmr1j _.+n
_ _jljn.. .+_jr._., +rj_jn
80-+. m._n ..rm_. .+.l..
+.r.+ r. t_j., r_j. +nj_j.m j_._nn
.l +.lj.ln _r.mn _. _j_m, .nrnl +_.lj, .l
mjmrn _n._n? +.m .r .j_m .l+_njn .r.l.nrn
.+_nj., j..+n._ _jl .r j_nun.
_.._n `rj1j _.__ulj_n jj_n nl.-
.r+jj_jj.. r. n1.+_nm mj_jl, m_ +._
n_.n.n ._+l_j_nm? ..m, jj`jrn+jln
`nr_j _.1.n mj_jl _.n._n_nm, r+ j_.-
_njn _. _.+jn jrm._ +n.1rj.. jj`jrn+jln
+jrj _.1.n _n n._n_nm, r+ _l_. .+-
.+j_._lm jrmn .l rn rj.jn. j_._nn mn-
mj_ _1j. r. .j+j _.+j1j +n_j_.,
mj_jl, ..m, nn_j rj.jn. jjlj_.m, r.
j_._n1j jl_.m. nn_j ._jmjjl +rj_jn.
jjn rn._jn 60-70 `rjln +.m
.+njjlj _.jrn1.nn +._n nl_r+.n..
dakvirvebiT daswavla
n+n.m_n, r+ _.._n .t. _r+.
._jlm, ..m, _.rn njlj. j_jtm ._nmt
._.+n.ljn _. _nrmtjn +njr .t.n .__jn
jrj_.m.l _._._nrjnm. _nrmtjn .njnm
_rmtnjn .rn.l .+ ._nmtm.l +n+.rmj.n,
_n_rj ._.+n.ljn, unrnm._._ n+ +n1j1n .+,
r+ ._n.m +ln_lj_.ln nl_r+.n. t_.
_nrmtjn..l. r. _jl, ._.+n.ljn, .t. .__j
_nl_._m, j_jm_n _.j_ _ljjn. j
_ljjn n+. _nt+, r+ _nnm, t_.
._.+n.lj+. ___j .nl_j _. +jl.m nn_j
.__jn. mj_jln ._+n _.+n jj_. t_.
._.+n.ljn _ln `.jrljnm.. .l+_nj_n.
j +..nmn _n_jlj, r+ ._.+n.lj j_un.m
_.n._l t_jn .+_nj.1j _.jr_lnm,
rnm_n. nnln _ln_r _l.rj .+njjljjl.
j..+n._, _jl __nm .__m.r jj_. t_jn
.+_njn +ntj__nm.
u.n.l tnr._, n._rn _.._. n+
n_.njn njl m._, ._. _.._. .r
.rn .+_j_n r._nn_n .l`nrj-
_n mjrnnm. ._.+n.ljn _r._ t_j1j
_.__nr_jnm ._jl, .l_, m_ ._.+n.ln _j_rj,
m_ rr _.n._. .l .t.n_. t_. r._.
jj_nm_n, _n nn_j jj_. .n+jr .l
jn_._ m._n. .+. dakvirvebiT daswavla .j_n..
..lnl._n., r+ _jln _lnn. _.__nr_jnm
_.._n. .r__j_ +_nlj .+n+_-
._j. r. +_j (._.+n.l, r+jn r._.
jj_. .trnjj) __j_rjm, _jl __njrm,
r+, m_ 1_._ n+. ._n+jrjm, r.. +_jn
._jmj, nn_j _n_ +n_n_jm .l nj_j
_._n_jnm. _+rn _nn j.u. __jm
njj_j, _n_rj __rn, r._.l +.l __rn
j_+j1j n._..
_.._n .+_.rn _l.rn, r.1j 1j+m nj
._.rn, ._+._ ++jn.ln.. ._.r.. ._nr n+
_n. _. j_+n +jm_n +r._.1n .+-
jjlj., r+ r.n+j _n._m. t_jn j_-
+jn +ntj__nm jnuj. _.__ljn ._jmj..
suraTi
7.16
kategoriebis swavla mtredebTan
wvrTnis pirveli faza mtredebs aswavlis,
Tu romeli cneba erTiandeba msxvil kate-
goriaSi. meore faza aswavlis axal reaqcias
kategoriis cnebebis naxevarze. testirebis
faza aCvenebs generalizacias, romelsac
adgili aqvs axali kategoriis cnebebTan
mimarTebaSi (es erTi magaliTia sxvadasxva
mtredebTan stimulisa da reaqciis sxvadasxva
kombinaciisa).
dakvirvebiT daswavla (Observational lerning)
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._.+n.ln +njr _.__nr_jnm _.._n _.-
n__r +..nmj ._nn .jl_. .jr .l-
__r. .r.rn.n. +. j+_j, r. .__j+.
_j_rj +1r_nn +_jn +njr m_nln j+.
_. j+j., +_n.ljnm +.m nn_j jj_. .+.+-
j_._lj. .+.m.l, t_. .__j+., r+jm. .r
_l.t._m j jj_., +._n .rjn. .r .+._nlj
(Bandura et al., 1963). __j_j+. ._jl., r+ .__jn
.rjn_n jj_n n+n.n. +.nl. _n .t_jl_ljl,
r. +_n`n_.n_r _n+n jj_. .__nr_j-
_ljl.
.+_.r._, _jl `rn._r (_.t+.rjn) _.
.lnn._r (_.1n.ljn) jj_. +_jj1j
_.__nr_jn j_j._ _._m. .+.m.l, _jl
.rj+ ._+._ j_rn +_jn .rj. .nl-
jrj., r. _._jn .l.1__r._jl n+., m_
r+jn +_jn +.t_jl ._jl. _jl1j?
__j_j+. ._jl. (Baldwin &Baldwin, 1973, Bandura,
1977), r+ +_jn .l.__mrjnm _n_n ._jln
+jlj., r.:
._nn .j_ jj_n j_jjn .l+_nj.:
+_jn ._nj+j. _._jnm._, +lm _.
jl_n.l:
.rj +._j. +_jn. _. _.+__nr_j-
n m_njj rn:
_.+__nr_jjn n_j _n_ +_jn
jj_.1j j_r.__jn +njj_n.m_n:
+_jn jj_. tn_n _. m_.n.j+n.
n t._._ .+nrj_. t_. +_jjn..l:
_.+__nr_jn _+`jjl_rn t.rnt1j.
_.+_n_j_n jj_n .+jj..
+n1j1m. .+ .+l.m_.n .jn.m_n, .r+-
n_nljm .__m.rn m._n +_jn n_.n.n _.
l.t._m, r. rn .j_ mnmj_ jrmj_ .+
nn_.l. +..nm._, .r+n_nljm, r+ _j_rjm
_n_.., _nl `.r._nm ._+t+. ._:
.l .ntjljm, rr jnuj. _nl+j+ n._
+._nn r__._.l j_r._ j_l. +t_
t_.m. _.__nr_jnm.
r._.l t.tn .j j_jj_r._ ._ +-
_jn..l, .__nn ..jn. jj_n1nn _n_n
l.nn r.+ +_. rj_ jj_nm ._jl.1j:
.t_jl m_ .r. ._jl. jj+.j_rjj1j n,
r.. _j_rjjl jj_n1rn _n_. _.
_._n .tnm? .l.__mrj_n j_r.__j. +njj.
u.._n _.jjn _jlj. jj_n1nnm
+__j., ._`.n_rj., j_r_., jrrn1+n
_. m_nm+__j. j_j._ _n .__jn _.
+1r_njn jj_.. tj _j m_ .r.
u.._n _jlj. u.._n n+n.n.?
_njn_rn __j_jn +ntj__nm, `._tn .+
_nmt_.1j _._jnmn. 1njrmn t.tnm_n,
.l.__mrjnm jjrmj_ .jn (Comstock &
Scharer, 1999). __j_n r.+_jln+j .mj_n
j+_j .+n__jm. .+n ._.j., r+nm.
jj_n1n. _.rj_nm ._jl. .t_jl +.j_rj-
n t_rj.1j (Smith & Donnerstein, 1998): `nr_j
rnn, u.._n j_rj. 1r_n .rjn_ jj_..
j .n.n. .l.__mrjnm +ln_lj_.ln.
.__jn.m_n .rjn_n _j_jn jujl.
u.._n ._rj_ .._n tn_nm, jnuj.
.lnn._r jj_.n ._.n1.r_ __r
_n.l_j .._n: +jrj, t_j. j_j__n_r
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t_rj.n u.._n .+_jln .r.rn
r._jlrn_n j_.j.. +.j_rjjn jnuj.
jn`jr n+., r+ m_nml. .r .t_j u..-
--_n +t_jr`n nl.+__njn: +j.+j, u.-
._n j_rj.+ jnuj. +n_nj_.l _jjl-
nn1.n.+_j j+n_r .n.. _. _nrj-
.+_j. .l_ntnm _njlnn1.nn .r.-
rn_n +..nmn.
saidan
viciT
mediaZaladoba cxovrebiseuli agresiis
mimarT tolerantobas ayalibebs
+jmtj _. +jt_mj __rn 42 __jln_.l
mnmj_n jnj_.lj jj`jrn+jl_ m.t-
n, ._. _l_. jj_rjnl.m .l u.._n
jljn.ln _n+n _.r.j _nn, .l
.r..rjn_n `r_n .l.t.. 1984
n 1._t_n n+`n._n_.l. .+ _.jj-
n j_rjn j+_j __jljn _.._jrj,
r+ .t. nnln l.t.__ljl l.+__n .+j,
r. _+._ ._._j_n nj _n_j1j _.
+.tj m.tn `.r.j_r._ t_j_..
nl.+__njn j nj _n_j.l.jrn, r+j-
n rn .__n (6 n) _jr m.+.
m.tn, t j+_j lj-lj. t_j.
jrm+.ljmn +n+.rm .rjn_n. __jlj
nlr_jn.n lj. _.rmj, +jujl.m jj-
`jrn+jl.rn, m__n j_m_j_ljl n+nm,
r.. _n_j1j _j_rj_ljl. __jlj+.,
r+j. _.r.j _nn .jl_.m
l.l.tn, r_jr __r +jt.l _j_rj .l.-
jr, _n_rj +.m, _nl n+`n_r m.+.j
_j_r.. .+_.r._, +__j_rj+. _..__lj, r+
u.._n jljn j_rj.+ .+n_n. +jn
jr.l. l.+__nn .rjnn +n+.rm
(Molitor & Hirsch, 1994).
mj_jl jnuj. n_njrm, r+ j.. .r.-
rn_n __j_n +nrj j_jjn, +.r.+ .r+n_-
nljm +mjn n+ u.._n ._jl., rnn j_rjn
._.j. .__j jj_n1nnm .j_m. .nm_.-
nnljm, r+ .__j+. jnuj., .rjm_j, n._-
l `rn._rn _. _.+t+.rj jj_., m__n
.+n +..nm jj_n1nnm l.t._jl (Rosenkoetter,
1999; Singer & Singer, 1990). jrn1_._ _l_. +n___-
jm n+ .1r, r+ .__jn ._jl jj_n-
1nn_.l n+., r.. _j_rjjl, .+n+ +jn
.l ++_jn _l_. 1r_l.__j .__n.m_n
`rr.+jn jrj_.1j.
_.__nr_jnm ._n .l.n1n ._jl r
_.ll1+njrj.: jj_.1j _n_ ._jl. .t_jl
.l+_nj. _., .rjm_j, ._.+n.ln _ln_rn
j.ujjn, r+j. nnln njjljjl jj-
_n j._j._. j +n_+. jj_n __j_.n
j_j.1j +u._rn ._+l_. (Bandura, 1986). +j-16
m._n _jl _l.t._m .r+.j_ mjr.`nn `rr.-
+j.
_.__r_l_jm .nljj.m. _n+n l.t_..
rr jnuj. jj_nm+. .l.n1+. .tl. mj_jln
.+_nj.?
m_ mj_jl _n+1j +jrn rj_n .+
.t_j_nm, j.n. _ljnj .l+_nj. _.j+rnjm:
m_ _nlmj.rn +t__nm n+n+, r+ j mj_jln
_j_n r_nl.., .j _ln_rn r__n ._jln
j_jjn jn+lj_.: m_ j+.nljj+. +_n_.+ mj_jl
j._m.m _. _.._njr.m +nrjn j_1j, j
_.n__rn .l`nrj_n j_jjn., +.r.+,
m_ mj_jln +_j., jn.+_l.m _n+nm,
_.+m._r_. n+nm, r+ ._.r._j +nl_j.m
.nljj.m. _n+n l.t_., j _._n j_jn..
+1._ t.rm _nlmj.rn _..r_lj._?
Sejameba
+__j_rj+. _.._n _ln_rn _r+jn
._+.nlj, r+jn _.n__rn _. `jr.l_n
.l`nrj_nm .r .ntlj.. _ln_rn r__jn
t_jj +j+j_jn. _. ._.rjln ._.j.
.uj_jl rm_ .rj+n. +rj_j j_un.m,
_.n._l _lj`_._r .lt_._jj1j _.j-
r_lnm .lt_._jn ._jmj., r. `jrj`-
_._r .l+.lt_._jj1j .r .rn _.+_n-
_j_n. jj_nmn _.._n j_jjn_.l
.++_nl.rj, ._.+n.ljn _. t_jjn ._jl
.t. jj_j t_rjnj_ nrulj1j _.j-
r_lnm. ._.+n.ljn `rn._r _. .ln-
n._r jj_j +_jnrjnm _.n._n.l.
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sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
daswavla
daswavla iwvevs Sedare-
biT mudmiv cvlilebas
qcvaSi an gamocdilebze
damyarebul qceviT po-
tenciaSi.
bihevioristebs sjeraT,
rom qcevaTa umetesoba
SesaZloa axsnil iqnes
daswavlis martivi pro-
cedurebiT.
maT aseve sjeraT, rom ne-
bismieri cocxali orga-
nizmisTvis daswavlis
erTnairi principebia ga-
mosadegi.
klasikuri ganpiro-
bebuloba: daswavlis
ganmsazRvreli
niSnebi
klasikur ganpirobebulo-
baSi pirveli wvlili
pavlovma Seitana Semdegi
aRmoCeniT: ganupirobe-
beli stimuli ganupi-
robebel reaqcias iwvevs.
ganupirobebel stimul-
Tan dawyvilebuli neit-
raluri stimuli gan-
pirobebul stimulad
gadaiqceva, romelic
Tavis mxriv iwvevs ganpi-
robebul reaqcias.
Caqrobas maSin aqvs ad-
gili, roca ganupirobebe-
li stimuli aRar mohyveba
ganpirobebul stimuls.
stimulis generalizacia
movlenaa, roca ganpiro-
bebuli stimulis msgavsi
stimuli iwvevs ganpiro-
bebul reaqcias.
ganmasxvavebeli daswavla
aviwroebs im ganpirobe-
buli stimulebis speqtrs,
romlebzec reagirebs
organizmi.
imisTvis, rom adgili hqondes
klasikur ganpirobebulobas,
saWiroa ganpirobebul da
ganupirobebel stimulTa
Soris uwyveti, informati-
uli kavSiris arseboba.
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
xsnis narkotikis mimarT
tolerantulobas da mraval
emociur reaqcias. igi aseve
gamoyenebul iqna imunuri
sistemis funqcionirebis
Sesacvlelad.
operantuli ganpiro-
bebuloba: swavleba
Sedegebis Sesaxeb
Torndaikma aCvena, rom kom-
fortuli, sasiamovno Sede-
gebis gamomwvev qcevebs aqvT
gameorebis tendencia.
skineris qceviT-analizuri
midgoba eyrdnoba ganmamtki-
ceblis ganpirobebulobiT
manipulirebas da qcevaze am
gavlenis Seswavlas.
qcevebis umetesoba dadebiTi
da uaryofiTi ganmtkicebis
Sedegad yalibdeba. da nak-
lebad yalibdeba dadebiTi
an uaryofiTi dasjis Sede-
gad.
konteqstualurad Sesatyvisi
qceva aixsneba Semdegi gan-
pirobebulobiT: ganmasxva-
vebeli stimuli qceva _
qcevis Sedegi.
pirveladi ganmamtkiceblebi
is stimulebia, romlebic
ganmamtkiceblad gvevline-
bian maSinac ki, roca or-
ganizms maTTan dakavSirebiT
aranairi gamocdileba ar
hqonia. ganpirobebuli gan-
mamtkiceblebi pirvelad
ganmamtkiceblebTan asocire-
biT formirdeba.
sacdeli aqtivobebi ise
funqcionirebs, rogorc
dadebiTi ganmtkiceba.DEGD
qcevaze gavlenas ganmam-
tkicebelTa Semdegi cxri-
lebi axdenen: fiqsirebuli
proporciis cxrili, vari-
abeluri proporciis cxri-
li, fiqsirebuli interva-
lis da variabeluri in-
tervalis cxrilebi.
kompleqsuri reaqciebi Se-
saZloa Seipingis Sedegad
iqnes daswavlili.
kvlevebis mixedviT daswav-
la SesaZloa konstruire-
bul iqnes saxeobis speci-
fikurobidan gamomdinare.
instiqtebma SeiZleba zog-
jer gadasZalos Sedegi-
ganmtkicebis procesi.
gemos aversiiT daswavlis
mixedviT, zogierTi saxeoba
genetikurad mzadaa asocia-
ciis zogierTi formebis-
Tvis.
kogniciis gavlena
daswavlaze
daswavlis zogierTi forma
ufro rTul, kompleqsur
procesebs asaxavs, vidre
klasikuri an operantuli
ganpirobebulobaa.
cxovelebi kognitur rukebs
SeimuSaveben da Semdeg maT
rTul garemoSi funqcio-
nirebisTvis iyeneben.
konceptualuri qceva sa-
Sualebas aZlevs cxovelebs,
generalizeba moaxdinon ga-
remos struqturis Sesaxeb.
qcevebi xan waxalisdeba da
xan isjeba. adamianebs da
cxovelebs dakvirvebiT
swavla SeuZliaT.
264
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ZiriTadi sakiTxebi
ganpirobebuloba
daswavla
klasikuri
ganpirobebuloba
refleqsi
ganupirobebeli stimuli
ganupirobebeli reaqcia
ganpirobebuli stimuli
ganpirobebuli reaqcia
SeZena
Caqroba
spontanuri aRdgena
stimulis generalizeba
stimulis diskriminacia
blokireba
efeqtis kanoni
operantuli
ganpirobebuloba
operantuli qceva
ganmamtkicebeli
dadebiTi ganmtkiceba
uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba
operantulobis Caqroba
damsjeli
dadebiTi damsjeli
uaryofiTi damsjeli
diskriminaciuli stimuli
pirveladi
ganmamtkicebeli
pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli
fiqsirebuli intervalis
cxrili
cvalebadi intervalis
cxrili
daswavlis biologiuri
iZuleba
instinqturi swrafva
265
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m e x s i e r e b a m e x s i e r e b a m e x s i e r e b a m e x s i e r e b a m e x s i e r e b a
8
ra aris mexsiereba
ebinghausi zomavs mex-
sierebas mexsierebis
tipebi mexsierebis
procesebi
sensoruli mexsiereba
xatiseburi mexsiereba
eqo-mexsiereba
xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa
mexsiereba
xanmokle mexsierebis
moculobis SezRudu-
loba muSa mexsiereba
xangrZlivi mexsiereba
kodireba da Senaxva
konteqsti da kodireba
mogonebis mimniSnebeli
kodirebis da aRdgenis
procesi arastruqtu-
ruli informaciis
daxsomebis gaumjobeseba
metamexsiereba
fsiqologia Cvens cxov-
rebaSi: rogor SeioZleba
mexsierebis gamokvlevebi
dagexmaroT gamocdebisTvis
mzadebaSi
xangrZlivi mexsierebis
struqturebi
mexsierebis struqturebi
mexsierebis struq-
turebis gamoyeneba
mogoneba, rogorc
rekonstruqciuli pro-
cesi
fsiqologiaXXI saukuneSi:
adamianis da kompiuteris
mexsiereba
mexsierebis biologiuri
aspeqtebi
engramis ZiebaSi
tvinis suraTi (ska-
nireba)
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
267
+jtnjrjn j.tj .+ m._n _nmt_n _.jjn
nl _.rn njlj., m_ .ntjljm r.n+j +_jl.
mj_jln t_rjn j_j.1j ._rj_n `jrn_n_.l.
r_n +t_. n? nj_j l.m._ .t_m j
+_jl., rr +.rl r.l_? mj_jl
+lj.1j +.t_nl. m_ .r. ._jl. nn_j
+_jln j.tj t_jn +l.mtr+.?
.t. .r+n_nljm, r. +t_j_., +__-
lj._ r+ ._+jnl.m, r+ _._.rjm +jtnjrj.
_. .r._jrn .t_m .r_n_.l - .r t.tn,
r+jm. nl_nm _. .r +_jljn, r+jn
m._ ._.t_.m: .r .t_m, rr .+nj_rj.
_j_.mj_jln: _.._nj_.m, r. t_j_. mj_jl
_.._jn __j1j, r_j. .mn n .t_nm.
mj_jln `nr_ljn_.l .r_n .+_.rn .+n
`nrjn mj_jln r.., mj_jln m_nmn_jl.
_.n_.rj. _. _jr nj_nm, _nl t.rm, r. .r+._-
jlm. _.___.m, _._.rjm .t.n m.j__njjn
_._njnrjn _l.rn. r. +__. mj_jl _.tj
.+_nj.? mj_jl t+ ._rn .rujj..
_jr jujm _. _jr .jj_n1n ._.j+n
.1r .njm. j_j._jrn r_n._ _l._
+j_jlj.m, mnmj j_j._jr `nr_j._ tj_._m
_. mnmj .r._j ._rj .r._nm.rn .1rn .r
jln.m m._n. rr _njrm, j.ujjn.
ljn+njrn +j+j_jn .ltrnjj. +jtnjrjn
.rjj?
m_ .+ ._nmtn j.tj ._rj .r._j n_njrn-
.m, j n+. lnl._, r+, rr .l, mj_jln
+jtnjrj. m._n __ljn. +_jln_r._ .r_j
_. r+ mj_jl mj_jl +jtnjrj. nj_j __jnm,
rr 1njrm tj_jrn_ `rjj, +..n-
m._, _lmj_n, .l ___-l.._n nj+j, r+j-
m. +j+j_j., lr+._r `nrjn, mj_jln l-
njrn .rj_n .rjj +n+_nl.rj. +.r.+ .j.,
nj_j, rr ___n _n_nn m_ .jrnn
j+mt_j_.n, mj_jl +jtnjrj. +.nl .jj_m
j_r.__j., m_ r._. .r.r._ t_j.,
r
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T
safexurze da daviwye lodini. rogorc Cans,
gazafxuli iyo, radgan Cveni saxlis win mdgom
maRal xes yvavilebis, WriWinis frTebis msgavsi,
bumbuli cvioda. uqaro amindi iyo, bumbuli
haerSi dafarfatebda da nel-nela ecemoda miwaze.
me kisermoRrecili da pirdaRebuli maT
moZraobas miwaze daSvebamde vadevnebdi Tvals
da xeli mqonda gawvdili, raTa erTi bumbuli
mainc dameWira, magram isini ostaturad uvlidnen
gverds Cems xels. ase mivacilebdi yovel
bumbuls miwamde da mere isev axali saswaulis
molodinSi zeviT mivapyrobdi xolme mzeras.
mze ealerseboda Cems oqrosfer Tmebs.
swored es molodini axali saswaulisa iyo
yvelaze tkbili mogoneba Cemi cxovrebis 65
wlis manZilze~.
avis avtobiografias marlon
brando Tavisi cxovrebis yvelaze
adreuli epizodis gaxsenebiT
iwyebs: rodesac Tvals vavleb Cemi cxovrebis
ganvlil wlebs da vcdilob gavixseno warsuli,
naTlad araferi magondeba da, mainc, im drois
Cemi pirveli mogoneba ukavSirdeba, asaks,
rodesac sul pawawina viyavi; im rodesac Tavis
asaks bavSvebi verc acnobiereben. maxsovs, er-
Txel diliT, Tvalebi rom gavaxile, nacrisfer
bind-bundSi mimovixede da mivxvdi, rom ermis
(brandos momvlels) jer kidev eZina. rogorRac
Cavicvi da nabij-nabij daviwye saxlis win
kibeze Casvla _ yovel safexurze marcxena fexs
vdgamdi da radgan sandlebis Sekvra ver
movaxerxe, fratun-fratuniT mivaRwie karis
zRurbls. Camovjeqi 32-e quCis win mzeSi, kibis
268
+..nm._, ._nj_j.m +.lj.ln .._jn, +ln-
_lj_.ln m.rn_n, `._tn .++_jn j_n-
mt_.1j, r+jn l.+__n._ n._jm _. n-
_nm. r. mj+. _l_., j j+mt_j_jn u.n.l _n.-
+_l_ .ln_j., +.r.+, nn _l_. ..ln-
jrm, r+ ._.+n.ln _nln ._._ nl_r+.n-
n 100 rnnl n nj_. +jtnjrjn_.l .r-
__j_n nl_r+.nn .+..l._ _n, _jr .+ _1.r-
+.1.rn +_n ._.tj__. _l_. +t_j. .+n-
+., .r _l_. .n__nr_jm, r+ 1_jr `._tn
._nrjn.+jr r._n .+.l. _jr tjrt_j..
_jln +n1.ln., .+ m._n .ntl.m, m_ rr
nt+jm .+_jl _. r.+ n_njjm 1_jr
n+., r. n_nm. _n._rjm j_j__n_r t_-
rj.n _.t+j.. _. _._njj.1j. .jlnm
_njnn +l.j+j +jtnjrjn t_._.t._.
_r+jn .rjn _. +_.n j.tj. _n+j-
__ljm, r+ +jtnjrjn j.tj +r._.rn-
t_.ln _.jn_rn +..n .ln j+_j mj_jl
_.r+_l_jnm, m_ r._jl .r._j_jrn_n r.+
.rn +jtnjrj..
_.: r.+_jl._. j m._n +jtnjrj.
jtj., +_nm, mj_jln +jtnjrj. m._n_.l_j ._rmm
.j+jn. _jl _nl_., r+ mj_jl _.nt+m rnt_n
37. .._jmjm j_j._jrn, r. ._nr. .+ rnt_n,
37-n _..t+j._. _n.t, j njlj. jn.
ra aris mexsiereba
mexsiereba .rn nl_r+.nn jl.t_n. _.
.__jln _l.rn. .+ m._n +jtnjrj. .l_ntn-
._m, rr informaciis gadamuSavebis jrm-
jrmn _r+.. +mjn _jln j_r.__j. +n+.rm_n
njlj. n+.1j, r+ ._jlm, m_ rr ._nj__j.
nl_r+.n. _jl +jtnjrj.n _. rr _._n-
j_j. n (t_. nj_jnm, rr j+_n nl_r-
+.n. +jtnjrjn nj+.n _. rr .+_n
.+ nj+n_.l). nl_r+.nn ._j___n. _. ._-
_jln `rjjn .ltn_. j.uj. +-
j+m, _..1_m, m_ r. .rn mexsiereba. _jl
_._njjm 1885 j .+j_jjlj_n `nr_jn
+jlnjr_n .+__j_nm +jtnjrjn j.tj,
j+_j _n .l_ntn._m m.l.+j_r_j +__j_.rm.
+njr .+j_n +jtnjrjn .lt_._j_ _r-
+j.
ebinghausi zomavs mexsierebas
r.+_jl._ rn. j+_jn _j_j.: +...
r._._ _._nj_j., m_ n .r .rn ..1rj_n
_. +n+.rmj.n +j_.lnn t_. +...m.l, t
j+_j .l+jrjjnm .r .rn .l+_nj_n.
t_. nj_jnm, m_ l.j.rj_._ _.n._nm
+..., r.+_jln+j __jn .+ +..n _n_n
l.nn _.._nj_j.m. j +ln_lj_.ln _.
_._rj._ .j_._rn _.__nr_j. jr+.lj
_nj, herman ebinghauss j__m_ln, r+j+.
.+_.r _.ll1+njrj.m. +mjn jrn. _.._nl.,
r.+., m._n +trn_, +n +njr +jtnjrjn .t.n
+jlnjr_n +n+.rm_jn jj+l. .l.`nr..
jnl.._n j _.__nr_jjn _.+.jnmn ._mn
nj +jtnjrjn j.._._ j+`nrn_n __j-
_jn _`nr.jn ._jlj._, +.r.+ .+nm_n
._njjn nj .t.n +jm_n. _. jnl-
.._+. rjnl_.j_ ..rm_. m._n .+ .+.l.
mexsiereba (Memory) _ informaciis kodirebis,
Senaxvisa da aRdgenis fsiqikuri unari.
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jj+l. +jtnjrjn __j_n +jm_jn. nn
njjlj_. _.1r +.r_j, r+jn rn m.l-
t+_ln. _. _.n jrmn t+_ln.l j_j_.,
+..nm._, ceg .l das. n .1rn.l +.r_jm.l
j_.rjnm, +..nm._, ZaR, _`nr.j. _.1r
+.r_j .ln_j_., r._.l m_n_., r+ .+nm
sufTa +jtnjrjn __j_. juj_., m._n__.
`nr_ljn ._rnl_jn .+_njn ._jljn.
_. .n.njn.l. jnl.._n .r. +t_ +__j-
_.rn nj, .r.+j_ _n `nrn .__m.r jj`j-
rn+jljn. nn m._n m._1j ..rj_. _j _.
m._n j_jj m_nml_j .++j_. (1+.__.).
_..t+jjn .+.l. .lt_._j_n nrun
+..n _.._.n +_+.rj_.. jnl.._n
n__j__. __. +jtnjrj., ._. .+.ln
_.t+j. +..n +jj.ln__r .l+jrj.1j nj
_.+_n_j_n.
jnl.._n m._n jj`jrn+jl njj_. _.1r
+.r_jn.l j_jlnn +_rn_n _nmt_nm,
`nr_jn +.r_n_.l +.r_.+_j (mnmj-
_n +.r_n _nmt_. 1_._ _._jlnn `jrn-
__nm tj_.). .+ `rj__r. n+jrj_.
+.l.+, .l.+ +_rn_n nn_j m.l.+n+_j_rnm ._-
_jl. juj_.. j __.l._ljn daswavlis
kriteriumad nm_j_.. .+n j+_j t.lrun_n
_rn +.lun1j nn `nr_jn +_rn_n.l .l-
t_._j_n +.r_jn.l j_jln +_rn_j
.__.. jnl.._n nj_ m.__.`nr_j
+_rn_ _r_l_j_. _. .l+jrjjn n+ r.-
_jl. 1+.__., r+jn ._nr nj .+ +_rn-
_n _j_+ (nn_j m.l+n+_j_rnm) .__jln-
.m_n. m_ +_rn_n .__jl. l._jn .l+jrj.
_nr_j_., _n_rj m._n_.l _..._._ nj
._nr, nm_j_., r+ nl_r+.n. Senaxuli
nj _. rj_ .+n .+ _._nr_. tj+jrj_
_.._. l._jn _r.
saidan
viciT
ebinghausis daviwyebis mrudi
m_ jnl.._ m._n_.l 12 .l+jrj.
_nr_j_. +_rn_n _..._._, t
9 .l+jrj. +r._.n __n j+_j tj-
+jrj_ _..._._, j_l+nn _j_nnjl-
n 25 njlj_. (12-93 .l_ 25). .+ `r-
j__rn .+jjljnm nn 1+.__. .lt_._j-
_ _rnm _.j_n +jtnjrj.n jl.-
t_n nl_r+.nn r._jl.. +r__n, r-
+jn +.l +nn_, .+.t_n. 8.1 suraTze.
rr tj_._m, +..n r._ _._njj.
._nn .j_ _.._n j+_j `nr_j
__jjn, t j+_j _._njjn j+`n
m.l_.m.l _j_. jnl.._n +r__n
n`_rn. __. +jtnjrj.1j ..rj_n
j_j. jj`jrn+jl_n +l.j+nm_n.
jnl.._n ._jlnm, _njjn r.+_jln-
+j .mj_n n +.lun1j jn._n_ljl _.1r
+.r_.m. _.t+jn _. +ljn `rjj.
+jtnjrjn .+, jujn_._.r._, __m. _r+n
j._n., +__j_rjn n+j__lj_ljl, r+
n`_n_ljl n+ unrnm._, .1n_r `rnln`j, r-
+jm. _.t+.rjnm. +jtnjrjn __r rm_n
`rjjn .tl. njlj_. j.ujjn. +__j_-
rjn __j+_j _njl .+ .1n_rn `rjjn
_._jl., m_+., .t. j_r.__j. .1rn.ln +..n
_.t+j.1j. ._..lnn nl_r+.nn n+ .tj-
.1j, r+j. j_j__n_r t_rj.n .j_
._nn.
mexsierebis tipebi
r_j. +jtnjrjn j.tj njjm _njr,
`nr_jn, r. +_nm m._n, .rn n n_.njn,
r+jn mj_jl njjljm mj_jl +jtnjrj. _
nljm mj_jl .j_.rj _n+, +jrj +_n
+n _.jjn m.rn_ _. ... _.jrn_._,
suraTi
8.1
ebinghausis daviwyebis mrudi
mrudze gamosaxulia uazro marcvalTa daxsomebis
raodenoba individTa mier ekonomiis meTodis gamoye-
nebiT 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi. mrudi swrafad eSveba
qveviT da Semdeg daaxloebiT erT doneze Cerdeba.
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+jtnjrjn jrm-jrmn _+ln_lj_.ljn __ljn.
n.., r+ mj_jl nl_n_n__._r m_ .1._j-
rn_ .r_ .+_nj.n j.ujjn .t_j
._nr nl_r+.nn lnjrn +unj., +.r.+
+jtnjrjn +ln_lj. .njnm __r +jn..
+.1j _.jr_lnm j.ujjn t_j. j_j_.rn
u.nt+j_n .rjj j_rn j_j__n_rn .j+n
jr_j.. +..nm._, r_j. j_.n +.lj.ln
._jm.l 1nt.rm, 1., +._.1njn j_n rn_j
+t.rj l.ln, _j_jrn_n. mj_jlm_n. j
+jtnjrjn +jrj +ln_lj_.ln __ljn.., r-
+jn lnjrjn ._rj_._ +j+j_j. +jt-
njrjn n`jn .ltn_n. n_jljm, m_ r-
r +_. +jtnjrj. .+ __ljnjn .l.tr-
njj._, tnr._ .r.lnjr _lj1j.
implicituri da eqsplicituri
mexsiereba
.l_ntnm suraTi 8.2. r. j_+.. _._j-
_n .+ _r.m1j? `nr_jn, r.+. ..__nr_.m,
t.n __r__jn. .+1.rj_n, +.r.+
.n_.l +_n j .l_.? mj_jl, ..m, .r
.+__nm mnmj_ ..l _. .r n_nmt._m:
j .+1.rj_n _l_. nj? .l j _.nljn
_l_. nj?
j +..nmn _.r._ _n_jlj .lt_._j.
mexsierebis gamoyenebis implicitur _. eq-
splicitur _l.rj rn. mj_jl +njr __r__n
j+lj_. n+`nn_rn +jtnjrjn __ljn. nj,
r._.l mj_jln +jtnjrjn `rjj+. .+1.-
rj_ j.tj _l. l.t.n nljr`rj.n.
j_j_.rn .l.__mrj_n u.nt+j_n .rjj
_.__._nr., +.r.+ .t. m_ _nmt._m: r. ._n.
.+1.rj_ .+ _r.m1j? .+ _nmt_.1j `._tn
..j+._ jj`nn_rn +jtnjrjn .+j+j_j.
_._nr_j.m. .nl_j.m _nmt_jn: rrn.
n`_rn .+1.rj_? r. ._n.? (.n_njrjm
l_.l1j .l .1j_r.1j?). .+rn._, r_j. ._nr
t_j. +jtnjrj.n jl.t_n nl_r+.nn .+-
jjlj., j jnuj. +t_j 1_jr n+`nn_r._
nl_r+.n. .+_n lnjrn u.nt+j_n
.rjj, 1_jr _n jj`nn_r._ nl_r+.nn
.+..l._ lnjrn u.nt+j_.. ._nr.
.jmn_j .lt_._j. .j_ ._nn .r. +t_
.r_n .__jln, .r.+j_ .t.n nl_r+.nn
+n_jn, .l_ ._j___n (__nrjn) `rjn.
.n_.l nnm, r. t_j. .+1.rj_n? r_j+j
_.n._n.m r. _l_. t_j_j .+1.rj_n,
.l rr _l_. .+nj_rj_j n? ..m, .r..
__r ._.r.__., r+ j _l. mj_jl .r.-
lnjr._ jnunljm _., `nrnjnm, .+1.rj_n
.rj_n j_rn .ln .tjn, ..m, jj`n-
n_r._ _.nt+jm. rr +j-11 m._n _l.t._m,
.n.njn _.+j.rj. nj_j. _. nl..r
rn .__.n, jj`nn_rn +jtnjrjn
`rjj1j _.jr_lnm t_j.. mj_jl _.n+.t-
_rjm nj_. macivari n+n+, r+ _j_.
suraTi
8.2
ra Secdomaa daSvebuli
am suraTze?
Tu baWia uceb gadmoxteba magi-
didan da Tqven gaifiqrebT _
`ra unda baWias samzareuloSi?~
amis mizezi Tqveni mexsierebis
procesebis mier samzareulos
situaciis aracnobieri gadamu-
Savebaa, romelic baWias samza-
reulosTvis zedmet elementad
miiCnevs.
mexsierebis eqsplicituri gamoyeneba (Explicit uses
of memoty) _ cnobieri Zalisxmeva mexsierebidan
informaciis aRdgenisa.
mexsierebis implicituri gamoyeneba (Umplicit uses
of memory) _ kodirebis da aRdgenis procesebis
gaucnobiereblad informaciis daxsomeba da
aRdgena.
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_n_..+ +n.jj_nl.m j_r.__j. .+ nj_.1j,
rr .+ _l_rj_n .ln .tj1j.
j .lt_._j. n+`nn_r _. jj`nn_r
+jtnjrj. rn u.n.l ._.rm_j +jtnj-
rjn j.tj j.._ ._nmtm. _n.`.1l
(Buchner & Wipich, 2000; Roediger, 1990). r._nn_._,
jnl.._n j+_j, +__j_.rm. _+r._j.
jj`nn_r +jtnjrj. jn._n_.. jj`jrn-
+jl.rjn, _j_jrn_, nl_r+.nn _.t-
+j. mt__ljl _n `nrj, t +jtnjrjn
mjrnjn +n1.ln nj, .jtl.m .+ `nrjn
_.t+jn _. _._njjn _.jjn _. _.ll-
1+njrj.ln. .t. _n, rr j+_+ .+ m._n
.ln. _l.t._m, jnj+l. +jm_jn n+`n-
n_rn +jtnjrjn j.._._.. .+rn._, .t.
__r __jm j_nun. ._nm +jtnjrjn
._nrjn _. .+jjljn +r._._jr_lj.. .t.
___j _nnm, r+ nl_r+.nn ._j___n _.
.__jln `rjjn +l.nj rr
jj`nn_rn, nj n+`nn_rn +jtnjrj. (Toth.,
et al., 1994). .t. .l_ntnm t_. _rnjrn_+n
.__u_j1j .+j_nn +jtnjrjn _r+jn.
deklaraciuli da proceduruli
mexsiereba
jnun.m _jl.? .., +n_nm, _.__nljm:
m_ _jl. .r jnun.m, +.nl mnmjn _..-
_._ljm. +jtnjrjn r+jn _r+.. `._tn-
+jjn .+ +j+j_jj1j? mj_jl jnuj. .t_m
_n_j, rr .__nm .+ +j+j_jj, +.r.+
.t. .+. j_j_.rn u.nt+j_n .rjj ._j-
mjm. 1j+m +j_.lnn jj`nn_rn _. n+-
`nn_rn +jtnjrjn j.tj +..nmjn
faqtebisa _. movlenebis _.t+j. jtj.,
r+j. deklaraciuli mexsiereba j_j.,
+.r.+, rr _tj_._m, _.j_ +jtnjrj. n+n.,
m_ rogor unda vimoqmedoT, .l gavakeToT r.n+j,
r. proceduruli mexsierebis _+`jjln...
r.+_jl._. .+ m._n _n_n l.nn _.jjn _.
+_jljn _.t+j. _. +lj. jtj.,
._nr. n+n .ltn_., m_ rr _nujlm r.n+j
._jmjn, .l r._. +j+j_jn jr_jn _l.r.
proceduruli mexsiereba +n+.rm_n. n+
1jn _.t+j.1j, r+jn r.n+j +j+j_jn
jr_j., .l r.n+j ._jmj. .l.`nrj.
n .__u_._ __j_ `jrj`_n, _ln_rn _.
+r_n _j_jn jujl.. `rj__r_n
+jtnjrjn mjrnjn j_j.1j tnr._ _.._n
_rn +n+_nl.rj.1j .+.t_njjl j_r.__j.
(Anderson, 1996, Anderson et al., 1999): rr t_j.
._._. .r__j_n .jn_n j.tj _j_.-
r.n_n _.jjn .+l.m_.n_.l nn_j .jn-
_n .r.lnjr, ._+._r jr_j.1j? .l
r.+ t_j., r+ _j_n .++_._jn j+_j
tnr._ _nulj_j. .+ _j_n .++_._jn
`rjn +j-l._j._ _j._rn .tjlj. _.
_j_.r.n_n _.jjn .__jl., r+jn, m._n
_r1j, .__u_._ _.j_ .+ _j_n j+_._j..
.+ _jl+jln m_..nl_ .r+._jl._
._.rnm j+_jn +.rn_n +j+j_j. - jj_l1j
l+rn ._rj_.. m._n_.l, r_j. jj_l1j
_.rj__. _n_nm, nt_j_.m j_jn n_rn
._rj_n nl _._njrj., .l_ +j+j_j_nm _j_.-
r.n_n _.jjnm:
m._n_.l _l_. .__rn_ 2,
j+_j _l_. .__rn_ 3,
j+_j nj_ 3
_. ...
+.r.+, m_ ._+._ tnr._ +nn.m .+ l+rn
._rj_., ___j ._.r .l.j_rjm jj_ln l+jr
lnjrj.n ._j_ n_rj._, .r.+j_
jrmn.l._, _r._j._, +jj.ln__r._ _rj_m l+jr.
.+ `rj codnis kompilacia j_j. (Ander-
son, 1987). `r.jn_n j_j._ mj_jl jnun.m
t_._.t_. +j+j_jjn m.l+n+_j_rnm j_-
deklaraciuli mexsiereba (Declarative memory) _
mimarTulia faqtebisa da movlenebis daxso-
mebaze.
proceduruli mexsiereba (Procedural memory) _
mimarTulia imaze, Tu rogor unda Sesruldes
moqmedeba; rogor, ra gziT unda moxdes per-
ceptuli, kognituri da motoruli Cvevebis
SeZena da gamoyeneba.
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jlnn ._+._ rm_n +j+j_j. lnjrjn
.rj_n .rjj j.r_m, +.r.+, .+._j _r,
mj_jl _jr ntjljm lnjr._ .+ +j+j_jn
._j_ +_jljj. m_ nj_ jj_ln +..-
nm _.__r_l_jnm, .r nj n_n.m._, jnuj.
jt__jm ._.+n.ln, r+j+. jnuj. _jr
.ntjl jj_ln l+jrn, .l.+ ._rj_n
n+n.n. .r .._jmj. _ln _+`n.n. n
+.t.n.mjjn., r+n .+ `rj__r_n
+jtnjrj. t_. _r+jn .r .jrj_.m. m_ _j+j
mj_jl +j (.l ljn+njr `nr_lj.)
__n.m mj_jlm_n +.lj.ln .rjn ._j.,
jnuj. +n.jnjm _n_j j_r.__j., r+
+n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ +jn m_nml jnuj.
u.n.l _.rn +u_jn nj_ljl, +.nl _jr juj
_.r._ _. r._ ._+j.m +.lj.ln +.rm_n-
m_n ._njj +j+j_j.m. m.l+n+_j_r..
mj_jl, ..m, n+nm_n. +nnjj_n.m j_r._-
_j., r+ _ln _+`n.n., 1_jr, j-
_+jn +n1j1n t_j.. +..nm._, m_ mj_jl
tnr._ nt_j.m _+`n_jr1j nln_r._ j_-
__. _., jnuj. nmj_., r+ ..__n +j__._n
t.rm, __._ j__tjnt.rm the- `rj+..
`rj__r_n +jtnjrjn .rjj t_rj.
_._rj._ .rm__j_., r._.l mnmj_n
+j+j_jn jr_j. j_j _jr1j l.n_-l.n_
+nj__.m _., +n_tj_._._ .+n., j_jm_n,
r_j. j_+nm _.j__._m, .__n._ ..rj_m
.+ j_+n +n1j1n __nl.r.. m_ +jj.ln__rn
j_+..
mexsierebis procesebi
+jtnjrjn ljn+njrn _r+. +nmt_ .+n
.tn +lj+_r +j+j_j.: ._j___. (__nrj.),
jl.t_. _. .__jl.. kodireba .rn nl_r+.nn
._.+_._jn `nr_jn ._jt_rn, r+jn nl-
_r+.nn +jtnjrjn nj+.n j+_.
j+.t_rj.. Senaxva ._._j nl_r+.n. .r__-
j_n _rn +.lun1j. aRdgena jl.t_n nl-
_r+.nn lnjrj.n .+.l., .l +n
.+jjlj. .r+._jl. +.rn_._ r+ _mj_.m,
__nrj. j+.j_ nl_r+.n. .._n (jl.t_.),
._._j +., .l.+ ._nrj. +nmt_, t
.__jl. .+.j_ n. .t. __r _r._ .l_n-
tnm mnmj_n +.m.ln.
kodireba ._.j. nuj_., r+ +jtnjrj.n
.rj .+j.rn .rj_n .ljn. _. +_jljn
j.tj warmodgenebi jnj+l.. +jtnjrjn
.r+_jl. _j_jrn_n .r+_jln .l.-
n_rn.. _mj_.m, +j +.nljrjj rrn. n ._-
_jmj ._j.rn, r+jn mj_jl _.._jn
__j1j +nn_jm (n_nt+j., r+ j ._j.rn
m.l .r .j_m). r. .._jmjm .+nm_n? mj_jl
._njrm .+ ln_m, +n m_njj. jnuj.
_._nt.m, .l n+n.n. .._jmm, rr njjljm.
j_j. j+mt_j_.n j njlj. rj._r._ .rj_n
+t_ .r+_jl.. +n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ .r
jrmn +.m.ln .r .rn rnnl.n n_jl_rn,
mnmj_n +.m.ln +.nl .r__j_ _l. _.-
__n .+ ._jrn j_j.1j +ln_lj_.l .`jj-
j1j. +jtnjrjn .r+_jljn 1_._ .j_j
+j+j_jjl. +.mn jl.t_n. .r_n .+-
_njn j_j.1j +ln_lj_.ln lnljn, r.
j.uj. _.uj_ ganviaxloT, warmovid-
ginoT .r_n .+_nj..
m_ nl_r+.n. ._j__nn. +jtnjrj.n, +nn
Senaxva _rn .r__j_n `jrn_n .l+._.n
+t_j.. jl.t_n `rjn m._n _nln r_j-
_rn t.l+_j _. t.lrun_n _njjn
t_j.. .+ m._n _l.t._m, m_ rr
_njl +__j_rjn _..1_l m._n _nln
n ._njn, ._. t_j. .t.n _. u_jn
nl_r+.nn jl.t_.. .r_. .+n., _l.t._m, r.
t_j. .+lj1nn .l.__mrj_ j+mt_j_.n,
r_j. nl_n_n_jn _.r._jl .t.n nl_r+.nn
jl.t_n _l.r.
aRdgena _n .nl.1_._rjm j_j. +n nl+rj
u.nt+j_.. .__jln `rj j_un. .+jn
_1r_l_jj ._rj ._j__nn nl_r+.nn
+nlj. _. .+.l.. jnun.m .ntjlm, r.
_rj nl jl.t_.: __nrj. m_ _j__nrj.?
.t. u.n.l .__nn. .+.1j `._tn, +.r.+ .j_j
r._._ .ntjljm, r. +n.1rj _j__nrjn
lj. _. .j_j _.r+_lj_n njljnm mj_jln
`._tn nrjn .+ ++jln_.l r.+_jln+j m_n
j+_j? ._nmtn, m_ rr .rn j.ujjn
jrmn nn `jn_n__rn nl_r+.nn .+.l.
+jtnjrj.n .rj_n _1.r+.1.rn r._jln
kodireba (Encoding) _ procesi, romlis saSua-
lebiTac mexsierebaSi formirdeba mentaluri
reprezentaciebi.
Senaxva (Storage) _ kodirebuli informaciis Se-
kaveba garkveuli drois manZilze.
aRdgena (Retrieval) _ Senaxuli informaciis aR-
dgena, amotana mexsierebidan.
273
nl_r+.nn_.l, __n_j nljrj n_j_ n+
_njm. rn, r+jm. +n1.ln .rn n+n
.r__j_., m_ rr +_. +jtnjrj. _. rr
jnuj. +nn ._+_jj..
+.rm.n., __nrjn, jl.t_n. _. .__jln,
rr _.+__n_jjn +lj+_rn `rjjn,
_.t.n.mj. j_.rjnm .__nn., +.r.+ .+ .+
`rj rn _rmnjrm+j+j_j. ._+._ rm_-
n.. +..nm._, n+n.m_n, r+ mj_jl +jt-
njrj.n _j_t_n ._j___. +t_j, ._nr., r+
vefxvis lj. jl_jm: .j_j, n+n.m_n, r+
+jtnjrj.n .__j j+_jn nl._._j.: n
njmn_j `.n.ln., rr jlj_nj .rl_n,
._nr., r+ mnmj_n nj_n +ln_lj.
._ntjlm, _l_. _n_jm nln_rn r.+.n_n
jjn, r+jn nj_j nl._._jj._ _r._,
_., j..+n ___r.m.l _._._nrj_
nl_r+.n.. _l_. ___jm, _jru_, m_
rrn `.n.ln nj jlj_nj .rl_n,
rj__n_rn +n j lnn +_..j.
.t. mj_jl ___j +1._ t.rm, __r _r+._
.jlm nl_r+.nn __nrjn, jl.t_n. _.
.__jln `rjj. j+_+ _jl t.l+_j
+jtnjrjn _r+j .l_ntn._m, jlr_n
+jtnjrjnm _._njjm _. t.lrun_n +jtnj-
rjn _r+j1j ._._.m (sur. 8.3): .ntlnm,
rr _nt+jm _. r.+ _._nj_j.. _jln
+n1.ln., r+ .+__.+_ ..lnjrm, m_ ._
_. rr njjljm mj_jl +jtnjrj.. _n+j__ljm,
r+ j mj_jln +jtnjrjn 1njrmn .`jjn
.+rj.n _.jt+.rj.m.
Sejameba
+jtnjrj. .l_.1__r._m, rr nl_r-
+.nn ._.+_._jn `rj. _njjn
jn._n.l +jtnjrjn nj+.n nl_r+.nn
j_.. _. .+_.. jnl.._n nj +jt-
njrjn `nr_jn +__j_.rn, r+j+. jj+l.
__j_n +jm_n. _. ._+.nl. _._njjn
nr._n __l_.+jl_rn _.ll1+njrj.ln. .rj-
+ljn jj`nn_rn _. n+`nn_rn
_r+jn. +jtnjrjn 1njrmn _r+. jn._
_j_.r.n_ +jtnjrj. _.jjn j.tj
_l.. 1njrmn _r+. _n `rj__r_
nl_r+.n. _l., rr jr__j j.
m_ n .+.l.. __nrjn, jl.t_n. _. .__jln
unrj_n `rjjn _+`jj_r._ +j+j_jjl
_. _jt+.rjn.l .t.n .+_njn jujl..
_. .+jjlj.n.
_._njm +jtnjrjn 1njrmn _r+n n-
_n _j+lr.nnm. 8.4 suraTze ._+._
rm_n _n1_._rn jl.. .+.t_n. mt_m,
++jl._r._ (_..tjnm 10 .+n .l+._-
.n) jtj_m +. _. j+_j __rjn _.._.rm.
.+n j+_j r.+_jln+j _nmt_. _.n_.+m
_r.mm.l _._._nrjnm:
suraTi
8.3
informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv mexsierebaSi da misi
aRdgena
mexsierebis TeoriebSi aRwerilia informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv
mexsierebaSi da iqidan misi cnobierebaSi amotana Tu gamoiyeneba. TeoriebSi
informaciis Tavdapirveli aRbeWdva miewereba sensorul da xangrZliv
mexsierebas; informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv mexsierebaSi _ Senaxvas,
xolo informaciis gadmosvla ukan _ muSa mexsierebaSi _ aRdgenas
sensoruli mexsiereba (Sensory memory) _
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1. r. n.r._n __nr._ `..r. n_ _r.mn
j_j_. l.nn?
2. r. ._jmj _.n _r.mn 1j_. l.nn
_.n?
3. _r.mn _.. +.r__jl. __mtjn j.
j. +.r__jl. tjn __nr._ m_ +.rtjl.n?
.+ _nmt_j1j `._tn ..j+._, ..m, _-
r.m1j tj+jrj_ _.tj__. +nl_j.m, .r.?
.j_lnjr_, .+_.rn, tj+jrj_ gadaxedvis
j.uj. ._j_n. mj_jl +jtnjrj.n.
_njjn _.r.__jl, r+ sensoruli
mexsiereba j_j jlr_ +_.. ..ln..
mnmj_n jlr_n +jtnjrj. .+_n1n.-
ljn _n1n__r m_nj. .+n, .l .+1j l._jn
_rn .l+._.n nl.t._. j +jtnjrj. _n_j_
__r ._.rmj .rj+_.l nl_r+.nn +n_jn
j.uj.. .+ .1rn l.mj.j_._ +tj__j-
nm _. +jlnm jlr_ +jtnjrj.1j ..-
rj_ r.+_jln+j .+__j_. +_nj_.lm.
+jtnjrjn +__j_rj+. jlr_ +jtnjrj.
jlr_ _jrn xatiseburi mexsiereba __j
(Naisser, 1967). t.nj_rn +jtnjrj. _+nrjn
_rn .l+._.n nl.t._ ._j+_n nl_r+.-
nn u.n.l _n_ r._jl.. t.nj_rn +jtnj-
rj., .l_ t.n _..tjnm .+n l.tj_.r
ruj_j.. `nr_j._ +.1j _.__nr_j. +t_.
jj`jrn+jln, ._. _n `nrj, j_r.l1j .+n
+jt_mj_n .l+._.n +n_j_n nl_r+.-
nn .__jl. j_.j_.m.
saidan
viciT
_r_ `jrnln (1969-1963) _n `nrj
.__n_. .j. _. n_rjn.l j_jln
.+ +_rn_
suraTi
8.4
ramdens daixsomebT am
scenidan?
aTi wamis ganmavlobaSi uyureT am
naxats, Semdeg furceli daafareT
da ecadeT, upasuxoT teqstSi
dasmul SekiTxvebs. Cveulebriv,
xatiseburi mexsiereba mxedvelo-
biTi velidan mcire xniT mxolod
wamier xats inaxavs.
xatiseburi mexsiereba (Iconic memory) _
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7 1 V F
X L 5 3
B 4 W 7
_n `nrj mt__ljl rn .lt_._j-
_n .+.ln jr_j.. masalis mTli-
anad aRdgenis j+mt_j_.n +.m _l_. ._j_-
nl.m +.jn+._rn r._jl., r.. ju-
j_ljl. _j_jrn_, .+ j+mt_j_.n _..t-
jnm mtn j_rn .__jl. t_j_..
_n `nrm. +jrj l.n masalis nawi-
lobriv aRdgenas mt__ljl, .l_ .+ _r
+.m +t_ jrmn +_rn_n _l_. ._j_nl.m.
+..n +n_jn j+_j .n+_. _..-
n, ._., .l +._.n jrnmn nl.n,
r+jn _n `nr +n_mnmj_., r+jn
+_rn_n _l_. ._j_nl.m. `jrnl+. _.._-
nl., r+ .l_rj_._ n+n., r+jn +_rn-
_n .__jl. +mt__ljl, _n `nrjn .+
+_rn_ r_._ ._._jl_ljl.
n+n .+, r+ _n `nrj 1_._ jjum
._j_nl.m jrnmn nl.n j..+nn ljn-
+njrn +_rn_n, `jrnl+. _..__l., r+ +mjn
+n_j_n nl_r+.n. t.nj_r +jtnjrj.n
._._n. j +n_mnmj .+ __.l._ljn _n_
+_.1j. .+._j _r, +..n r_n _.
l.nrn_n .__jln +jm_nm .lt_._j_n
r._jlnm +..n .__jl. _n_jlj, r+
nl_r+.nn r._n _._njj. t_j.: +..n
r_n .__jln +mt_ln j+mt_j_.n _n
`nrj .r jjum t.nj_r +jtnjrj.n
..t_n +mjn nl_r+.nn r_._ +lj..
j _._._r_. jj`jrn+jln, r+n _r.
jrnmn nl.n +n_j. +..n jj`1nnn
j+_j _l._ _._n.ljnm t_j_.. 8.5 suraTze
.l, r+ nljr_.n .t.lrun_j. l_n_.l
jrm .+.+_j .__jlnn j_rjn r._jl.
.+nrj. _njj+. 1_._ .+n.l.rnj
n _r, r+jn t.nj_rn +jtnjrjn_.l nl-
_r+.nn .. _nr_j. (Gegenfurtner & Sperling,
1993; Loftus et al., 1992). n+nm_n, r+ +.jn+._r._
. r.+ _.n_.r _jln +tj__jnmn .+-
j.r_.l, +jtnjrjn `rjj+. u.n.l r._._
_l_. ._.n.ll nl_r+.n. __r +j.r .._n.
.nm_.nnljm, r+ t.nj_rn +jtnjrj.
.r .rn _r._n_n +jtnjrjn nlln+n,
rr .+. jnuj. 1njrmn m_n_j. _-
r._n_n +jtnjrjn jjln__rn lj..
eideturi warmodgena: t.t, r+j. ..ln.
jn_j_rn .r+_jljn, j_un. __r _n_n
tln .l+._.n, _n_rj t.nj_r +jtnjrj.,
_j.jn ._._nl _r.mn mnmj ._nj_.+
_. ._jr +.. t.tn rj._r._ .__jn.,
r._.l _._jln njl., r+ .__m. rn 8,
t +1r_nm. rn 0-n. jn_jn_n (Neath,
1998). .r .rj +j-l._j._ _.+._+.j_nj-
jn mjrn., r+jn .tln_., m_ r.+ jrj.
.._m.l jrm._ jn_j_rn .r+_jljn (Crowder,
1992). +n_tj_._._ .+n., m_ mj_jl, .+ nln
+_nmt_jn, _.+.+m._rjjn _.n +._j
.l _j_n __jln t.rm, mj_jl l.+__n._
.r jjlj.m jn_j_rn .r+_jljn.
eqo-mexsiereba
jrj1j jlr_ +jtnjrj. eqo-mexsiereba
j_j.. jj +jtnjrj., nj_j rr t.n-
j_rn, +nrj tlnm nl.t._ __r +j nl_r-
suraTi
8.5
mogoneba nawilobrivi aRdgenis
meTodiT
uwyveti mrudi gviCvenebs nawilobrivi
aRdgenis meTodiT daxsomebuli masalis
saSualo raodenobas rogorc uSualod
miwodebis Semdeg, ise mogvianebiT. Sedare-
bisTvis, wyvetili xaziT mocemulia masa-
lis mogoneba sruli aRdgenis meTodiT
(sperlingi, 1960).
s
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+.n., _n_rj _._njj.+_j +nn .__jln _l.rn
..ln. ._.+n.l (Crowder & Morton, 1969; Darvin et al.,
1967). jj-+jtnjrj., t.nj_r +jtnjrj.m.l
j_.rjnm, 5-10 .+nm +jt.l ruj_j.. +nn
.jmn t.lrun_. jnuj. _rn jr.m.
m.l+n+_j_.rn _rmnjrm_._._nrjn 1j _.__-
_._nrm. +..nm._, r_j. __+jlm nl.-
_._j., j_jn jrn m.l+n+_j_.rn j+_.
t_j. _jl j_rn. jj-+jtnjrj. _jt+.rj.,
r+ j ._j_n jrjn +mn.lj._ jn_r..
jj-+jtnjrj.1j ..rj_+. .+__j_j+.
.+._nl. jlr_n +jtnjrjn +jrj +ln-
_lj_.ln m_nj.: .t._ j+_n nl_r+.n.
.__n._ .l_j_ln nl.. m_ _nl+j nj_.m.
+_rn_ n_nmt._m, j_jn .t.n nj_. ._..._-
nj nl. jj-+jtnjrj.n. +__j_rjn m._n-
_.l_j _.r+_lj_ln nj_ljl, r+ bgeraTa msgav-
seba .l.1__r._ nj_.m. .+_.r_l. jj-
+jtnjrjn_.l (Crowder, 1976), +.r.+ .t. ___j
_nnm, r+ .+n +n1j1n ++jljn +njr +jlnmn
.+_n1n.ljjn _.jrn1.n. jnuj. nj
(Ayres et al., 1979). .rj_.l +jlnmn nl_r+.nn
j+_n. mj_jl .+ .+_n1n.ljjn l._._n
l.nj._ _.j_. .t_jlm .l.1__r._m, r-
+jn jrjn jrmn.l_j. +mn.lj._. jj-
+jtnjrj. _.+_n_j_n. n+.1j, m_ rr ._-
__jm +jlnmn +_.nm j+_ .+-
_nj. (LeCompte & Watkins, 1995).
saidan
viciT
kategorizacia gavlenas axdens eqo-
mexsierebaze
__jlj1j ..r_. +jtnjrjn jj`j-
rn+jln, ._. +.m j_nmtj_.m .m.
+_rn_n, r+j. __njn +_j__..
__njn j_jm_n jrmn .tn nj _.
j_jr_., rr mtn _n_nln mee. jj-
`jrn+jln jrm jrn.n +l.nj _n
`nrjn _.r+_lj_ln nj_ljl, r+ j t+.
l.+__n._ t_.r j__m_l_., t +jrj
jrn.n _n _.r+_lj_ln nj_ljl, r+ .+
t+. ._.+n.ln .+j+_. (r., +.rm.,
.j nj). ._+l_., r+ __njn +t_
n+ j+mt_j_jn j_n_. jj-+jtnjrj.n,
m_ _n `nrjn m_n_ljl, r+ t+. ._.-
+n.ln nj (Neath et al., 1993).
j_r.__j. n+. +n.jnjm, r+ +j+j_n _n1n-
__rn .+_n1n.ljjn jrmn _. nn_j nj, +.r.+
+t_ +.nl nr__j_. jj-+jtnjrj., r_j.
_n `nrjn +_rn_n _. mee- _.jrn1.n.
.t_jl_ljl (.j. _. __nj. ._.+n.ln t+nm
._nmt_._ +nnlj__ljl). .+rn._, __nrjn
_. jl.t_n ___j _._rj ._jt_r1j +ln_lj.
.j_ nl_r+.nn ._.+_._j..
mj_jl, ..m, _._.+m _nmt_.: r.+ .j_
jlr_ +jtnjrj. rn unrnm._n ln.ln
.+jn +.lun1j ruj_j. _. .__n._ nr__j_..
.j+j n.., r+ j lnljn .rj+m.l _jl
_rmnjrm. ..t._. _jl1j +__+n_._ +j+j_j
.t.n +tj__jnmn _. +jlnmn .+_n1n.lj-
jn. j .t.n nl_r+.n. ._.+_._j. +n-
mt_. jlr_n +jtnjrjn t.lrun_.
._+.rnn. n+n.m_n, r+ .rj+ _.j._.
..t, +.r.+ .r n+_jl._ unjrn., r+ nl.._-
+_j. ._n .t. jlr_ m.j__n-
jj. _jl j+_+ +jtnjrjn ._.+_._jn
n+ .tjj .l_ntn._m, r+jn j.ujj
t_n.l __r t.lrun_n _rnm _.t+j..
Sejameba
jlr_n +jtnjrj. .rj+_.l nl_r+.nn
j+_. _1r_l_jj_. t.nj_rn +jtnjrj.
+tj__jnmn +jtnjrjn _r+.., r+jn
j.uj. _.uj_ _n_n r._jln
nl_r+.n. _+nrjn _rn +.lun1j j_nl.tm.
jj +jtnjrj. ..t._ .+_n1n.ljj, m_+.,
n __r _n_t.l ruj_j., _n_rj t.nj_rn
+jtnjrj., +. .t.n nl_r+.n. __r .__n._
.r__j_.
xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa
mexsiereba
.l.+ .+ m._n ._nmt_. _.njj_nm, mj_jl,
jnuj., .r n_nm, r+ t.nj_rn _. jj-
+jtnjrj. jl_.m, +.r.+ jnuj. n_nm
_n_j, r+ ..ln.m +jtnjrjn njmn _r+.,
eqo-mexsiereba (Echoic memory) _ mexsiereba,
277
r+jn +t_ t.l+_j _rnm nl_r+.nn
jl.t_. _1r_l_jj_. .l_ntnm u.n.l
_j_jrn_n j+mt_j_., r_j. .jj_l
nln .+n_nmtjm l.ln jj_ln l+jrn.
m_ j l+jrn _._._j_n., mj_jl nj_ _._nr_j.m
jj_ljn nln .tj__.. j +..nmn ..-
j t_n, m_ r.+ .+j_j +__j_rj+. +jt-
njrjn ._j _r+., r+j. xanmokle mex-
siereba __j.
mj_jl .r _l_. .r+n_nlm, r+ t.l+_j
+jtnjrj. `jn._rn ._nn., ._. _.t-
+j_n +... j_n: n +jj.ln1+n __r.,
r+jn j+jljnm j.ujj .r+_-
jl.m. ++r jj+.1j _jrn m._ (Covan, 1999:
Shiffrin, 1993), +.r.+ t.l+_j +jtnjrjn rj_r-
jn u.n.l _.j._n _. .r.+j.rn.. m_ j-
j_ln l+rn +..nm ._ntjljm, n+nm_n,
r+ .r _.._nj_jm nl_r+.n. (.+ j+mt_j_.n
jj_ln l+jrn), mj_jl ..lj 1+jn _l_.
+nn_m, r.m. __r .n+j__ ._j__m n. _jl
__r _.rm_ t.l+_j +jtnjrjn n+ n`n
j.ujj ._jlnm, r+jn jj`n-
n_rn +jtnjrjn .ltrnjj. _j
tj. .+. n+n+ ___.+m t.1, r+ n+`nn_rn
+jtnjrjn t.l+_j _r+jn j._. +__j_-
rj+. +t_ .t. _.njj (McKone & Trynes,
1999). nl..rn +l.j+jnm, n+`nn_r +jtnj-
rj.. jnuj. ..l_j t.l+_j _r+., .n-
_.l. nl_r+.n. n+`nn_rn +jtnjrjn
t.lrun_ _r+.n ._._..
.+._j j_jm._n _jl nl_r+.nn +jtnjrj.n
._.+_._jn _n_j_ jrm _r+. j_jtjnm,
r+jn .1rjn. _. jj_jn m.l+n+_j_.r _.
j_j_mnjr +n+_nl.rj. .l.1__r._. j
.rn muSa mexsiereba. rr _l.t._m, +_.
+jtnjrj. .+njjlj. njmn .+.ljn j.-
r_j._, rrn.. +jj_jj. _. +_j.
(Baddeley, 1986). _.___.m, mj_jl _nm, _.nt-
+m jj_ln l+jrn _. njjm _.ljrn
_. j._._n ujl., r.m. .njrm n. mj_jln
t.l+_j +jtnjrj. .uj_m j.uj.,
j.jrm jj_ln l+jrn mj_jl +jtnjrj.n,
+_. +jtnjrj. _n .rj_ _. njjlj n+ _njn__r
`jr.nj, r+jn tj j_jjl ujln
`rjn .r+.jnm _.r_j.. .ltn_.
t.l+_j +jtnjrj.1j ._rnm _._njm.
moculobis SezRuduloba
t.l+_j +jtnjrjn unrnm._n __ljn. jrm-
_jr._n ._j+nm nl_r+.nn __. ._j___..
lnjrj.n. +j-5 m._n .__lnljm, r+ j_r._-
_jn __ljn. .rj .+j.r_.l .r__j_ njj-
m. _. +_jl.m. jjjn... r.+_jl._. mj_jln
j_r.__jn +_. j1____n., n+_jl._,
j1____n njlj. t.l+_j +jtnjrj.n j+-
_n nl_r+.nn r._jl.. t.l+_j +jtnj-
rjn j1____ +_. j_r.__jn j1__-
__. .l.`nrj.
t.l+_j +jtnjrjn +_n _.._jl._
+__j_rj+. uSualo mexsierebis jn .+n-
jjlj. jnuj., _j._. mj_jl jnr_jn.m
+._n .+.l.:
jrmtj .n_nmtjm +j+_n n_rjn, t
j+_j .+jrjm nn_j m.l+n+_j_rnm, r.+-
_jl. jujm:
8 1 7 3 4 9 4 2 8 5
r.+_jln .+jrjm r._?
.t. .n_nmtjm .jn.l j+_.rn +_rn_n
_., .j_j, r.+_jl. jujm, ._._nljm nn_j
m.l+n+_j_rnm.
I M R S O F L P T Z B
r.+_jln ._._nljm r._?
m_ mj_jl t_. ._.+n.ljn.l .r .+nrj_nm,
_..tjnm t_mn_.l tr. jrmj_ ._._jlm.
jorj mileris (George Miller, 1976) +ntj__nm, ._.-
+n.ln ._._ nt+j _n_ (`_, .l +nl_
r) jrmj_, r+j. nn +.n_r n_r
__j_.. j _rj_j. j+mt_j_nmn jnm
.l.j_n n_rjn, .jn, +.r_jn,
nj_jn _. ljn+njr .1rn.l m_ l.l
+...1j.
__. +jtnjrjn jnm t.l+_j +jtnj-
rjn j.ujjn ._._.j_n., r._.l.
_n `nrj j.uj. .j_m, .+.ln
j.r_j._ t_. j.rjn .+njjll. .nt-
jljm, +..nm._, r+ jj-+jtnjrj. j.u-
j. .uj_m, t+.+._. ._nmt_n +..-
n_.l __jm _.nt+m r.+_jln+j j_rn
xanmokle mexsiereba (Short-term memory (STM) _ mex-
siereba,
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(m_ __njn .r jrm_n m.l). .rj _.jrjn,
r+jn .+nrjjl t.l+_j +jtnjrjn
+_. rn_.l mt.+_j _n (Crowder, 1976),
+.r.+ m_ +t_ j .rn n r._jl., rnm.
njjm nl_r+.nn jujl., +.nl r.+ .rn,
r+ tnr._ _jr .+lj_m mj_jln +jtnjrjn
.jm j1____.?
mniSvneloba
+n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ t.l+_j +jtnjrjn
+_. ._+._ j1____n., j +jtnjrj.
m._n __ljn. +.nl .r+.jnm .r_j rn
+n1j1n .+: `nr_jn, +. .j_ nl_r+.nn
.l+_njn j.uj. .l+jrjjn. _.
_.___jn ._.jnm _., +jrj, t.l+_j
+jtnjrjn_.l nl_r+.nn .+.l. u.n.l r.-
_._ t_j..
ganmeoreba
mj_jl, ..m, jn+lj_n.m, r+ .__jmj
1. mj_jln l.ln jrmtj .+_nmt_n jj-
_ln l+rn _.t+jn.m_n r.+_jl_jr+j +nn
lj.n (.l t+.+._.) .l+jrj... _.t+jn
.+ jjln_. SemaCerebeli ganmeoreba j_j..
r. +_n .l+jrjn .rjj nl_r+.n.,
_.r._ .l jrm-jrm +.t_nlnjr jj`jrn+jln.
saidan
viciT
xanmokle mexsierebaSi ganmeorebis
gareSe informaciis daviwyeba xdeba
_n `nrj __nmt._jl .+ m.lt+_.l,
+..nm._, F, C _. V-. +.m j m.lt+_ljn
.lt_._j_n _rnmn nljr_.n j+_j
_l_. ._._nll, r+n t.lrun_. 3-
_.l 18 .+.+_j +jrjj. .l+jrjn
m._n_.l ..nj._, __nrj.. _.
.__jl. rn .rm_n. tjn j+jn
.+.l. (distraqtori): _n `nrj .u-
j_jl .+lnl. rnt_ _. ._.jjl ____+.
_.nm_.l .+n .+_jnm +.l.+, .l.+
n+ .+n m.lt+_ln .__jln ln.l +n-
j+jl. jj`jrn+jln t_._.t_. m.lt+_ljn
_. .lt_._j_n _rnmn nljr_.jn
.+jjljnm +r._. _n `nr1j ..r_..
rr 8.6 suraTze .l, .__jlnn
+..n r._jl. _ __r n_j
._j___.. _. +lj. rn, _rn
1r_.m.l jrm._. .+n .+n j+_j ___j
._nn .jl_. _._njj., 18 .+n j+_j
_n _n `nrj ._.r._jrn .t__.m.
.l+jrjn j.ujn .r.rjn
j+mt_j_.n .__jlnn +..n r._jl.
+nr_j. _rn ._.m.l jrm._ (Pater-
son & Paterson, 1959).
j_jn .r._.+._+.j_njjn. n+n .+, r+
nl_r+.nn .l+jrj. .r +t_.. .r._.+._+.-
j_njjn. n+n+., r+ +t_. .+ nl_r+.-
nn _nr.jrn +...m.l nljr_jrjln.
(nljr_jrjln.1j _jl j+_+ _n+_jjm).
mj_jl, ..m, jn+lj_n.m, r+ r_j.
_j_j.1j `nr_lj. .ljl, n m._n .tj
_. _.r j_lj.m, r+jn tnr._ r._.__j
._nj_j.m. jrm-jrmn unrnm._n +n1j1n .+n.
n.., r+ ._nr. _r .+ .tjn. _. _.rn
.l+jrjn.m_n. .., ._jm, r_j. ..-
suraTi
8.6
xanmokle mexsiereba ganmeorebis
gareSe
rodesac intervali stimulis miwodebasa da
aRdgenas Soris sxva amocaniT aris Sevsebuli
(distraqtoriT), mexsierebis moculoba mcirdeba,
ramdenadac intervali izrdeba.
279
ljl ._.+n.l, +.l.+, .l.+ ._.r ..rujj-
_jm, .n+jrjm r.+_jl_jr+j +nn .tjn _.
_.rn.
.+rn._, j_nun. _._.__l.m, r+ .l+jrj.
_.jt+.rj.m, r.m. j_nl.r_lm nl_r+.n.
t.l+_j +jtnjrj.n. +.r.+, m_ j nl_r+.n.
._+._ rm_n., .l _n_n. ..+jrj._, +.nl
+n jl.r_lj.n _.___jn r.jn. _.jt-
+.rj.m.
dajgufeba (Chunking)
jgufi (Chank) .1rn +..rjjn nl_r+.nn
jrmj_n. (Anderson, 1996). j jrmj_n jnuj.
jrmn . .l jrmn n_rn, .l r.+_jln+j j_rn.l
j+_.rn ___n, nj_. _. nl._._j. _n nj.
+..nm._, n_rjn j m.l+n+_j_r. 1 9 8 4 mtn
jrmj_n.l j_j. _. m._n__._ __j.
t.l+_j +jtnjrjn +_.n. +.r.+ m_
mj_jl .+ n_rj ._nj_.+m, rr jn._
(1984 jn), .l _r_ r_jn nln 1984"
.m._r, +.nl j jrmn jrmj_n njlj. _. mj_jl
t.l+_j +jtnjrj.n t_. +..nm_n. _.r-
j.m ._nn. dajgufeba (Chunking), +._jn
.l t_. +.r.ln1jjn `rnln`n .__u_j1j,
_..t+jjn +..n `..r-`..r. ___j._
rj_l_n_r.nn .l t.lrun_ +jtnjrj.n
jl.t_ nl_r+.n.1j _.jr_lnm __r _n_n
___jn (patterns) jj+ln `rjn. (Baddeley, 1994).
r.+_jln jrmj_n.l j_j. n_rjn +_rn_n
19411917186518121776?
n+ j+mt_j_.n, m_ jrmj_._ .lntn._m
mnmj_ n_r, mj_jln `._tn njlj. 20, t
m_ .+ m.l+n+_j_r. ..l.njm .+jrn_n
jjrmj_ .jn nrn.n ++t_.rn +jn
+ntj__nm, `._tn njlj. 5. m_ mj_jl +jrj
r.jn. .nrj_m, jrmn m_.n ._._jnm.
u.n.l .n.__n_j.m nn_j ml+n+_j_rnm .+
+_rn_n .__jl., t m_ .+ +_rn_, rr
20 _.+__n_jjn jrmj_n.l j+.r .lntn-
._m, .r. m_ +nn m.l+n+_j_rnm, .r.+j_ r_._
.__jl.. _jr._rnm jujm.
mj_jln t.l+_j +jtnjrjn +_.
._nj._ .n1r_j., m_ mj_jl _n_n +_-
n +..n r.+_jln+j ___n .jrmn.ljn
1. +l.t._m. ln `nr_lj. S. F- (nn
.+jlnn +rjn nj) 84 n_rn _.t+j.
jju +.mn _n.lnn .rjln _rm. +ntj__nm
_.___jn .__u_j1j.
saidan
viciT
dajgufebis (Chanking) upiratesoba
S.F-i j+n _n_jlj +n lj.+.t_n-
.. r.+_jl._. n ruj _n.lnj1j
_.r_., +.l j.+ln., r+ +_rn_n j_rn
n_rn jnuj. _.___j_nj, rr
.rjln _r t_._.t_. _n.ln.1j. +..-
nm._, +.l +.t_nl. 34925614935 +_rn_n
j+_jn .tnm _j__nrj.: - 3:49,2 .rn
.rj_r_ _r; 56,14 .rn 10 +nn _n.l-
n.1j .rjln _r; 9,35 _nr_j. 2 +nn
.rjl.. j+_+ _..t+jjn +_rn_n
_..___j._ S.F. njjlj_., .rjm_j, .._,
_nrj.lnl._ m.rn_j, `jn._r n_-
rrn_ __j. .j_j, jju +. m._nn
t.lrun_n +jtnjrj. .+jjjljnl., r.m.
rujn, j+mt_j_nmn jnm _..j_n
j_rjn .1rn.l ___j._ .jjrmn.ljnl..
+.r.+, .+._j _r, S.F- .j1j ._.
+jtnjrj. .jl_., r._.l .r .jl_. .+-
+_._j_n .m. +_rn_n _.___jn
.r._nm.rn r.jn. (Chase & Ericsson, 1981;
Ericsson & Chase, 1982).
S.F-n +._._, mj_jl jnun.m, .t._
j+_n nl_r+.nn ._.r_j_rj. +.t-
_nlm mj_jln `nr_l_n .+_njn_.l .++-
_nl.rj (+..nm._, _.__._nrm n +jrjn,
.l l.mj._jn .._), .l _.__._nrm .t.n +...
mj_jl t.lrun_ +jtnjrj.n .rj_ __j.
+.nl. _n, r_j. mj_jl _jr jujnm mj_jl
t.lrun_ +jtnjrj.n .rj_n jjn,
+ln_ljjn m_ __jn .+jjlj., .+ r.-
jnnm .rj. +.nl j.ujjn.. jnu-
n.m _..___m rn+n, rnm+n, .l _rnmn
nljr_.jn +ntj__nm (+..nm._, 181379256460-
_.l +nn_jm 4 jrmj_: 181, 379, 256 _. 460).
j_j__n_rn .+_njn_.l mj_jl nnm, r+
.jmn _.___jn `rnln`n +_jln_r._ +_.
jj_ln l+rn _.+.t_rjn..
xanmokle mexsierebidan informaciis
aRdgena
.l+jrj.. _. _.___j.1j. _.+_n_j_n,
m_ rr ._nj__j. nl_r+.n., r.m. _1r_l-
_jj_n njlj +nn jl.t_., +.r.+ .+
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r.jn_n +n_+n .rjj ._+l_., r+
t.l+_j +jtnjrjn_.l +..n .__jl. u.n.l
j_jj_rn.. saul Stenbergis _.n__r .+_-
_j_.m. jrn.n (Saul Sternberg, 1966, 1969) .+jj-
lj_n nj .+.l., r+jn l.mjj__. n+
_n_ nr._j, r+nm. _n `nrjn t.l+_j
+jtnjrj.n j+_ nl_r+.n. ._.j_ljl.
saidan
viciT
xanmokle mexsierebidan masalis
efeqturi aRdgena
_n `nrj _n_n r._jlnm ..rj-
_n _jn mnmj_ _jr1j juj_.m
_..t+jjn +..., r+jn jrmn_.l
jj_.+_j jrmj_ +n.__., +..nm._,
n_rj 52946. _n_.l _.+_j j +...
n_j_. n+n +ntj__nm, m_ r+jn _.
r.+_jln n_rn nj +n_j_n. mnmj_n
.tn +..n +n_jn j+_j jljrn
+.nl_j m._.1_. jrm .+._j j
n_r, r+n j.tj. _n `nrj
_l_. jmj_.m, j_n_. m_ .r. j n_rn
__._ +n +njr ._j+_ +...n.
_.+_n_j_n _._n ln nr._j
nj. r.+_jl._ r._._ jju _n `nr
_.j_nr. tjn _n._1j, r+j1j ._ln-
l_n nj _n.t, r.m. _.j_._rjnl.,
r+ .t__., r+ j n_rn nj _..t-
+jj +...n _. _.j_nr. tjn _n._1j
._ln_lnm .r., r.m. j_jljnl., r+ _.r-
+_lj_n nj, r+ j n_rn +n_j_
n_rj rn .r nj. jljr+. _.nm-
_.. j _r _. ._+l_., r+ j_rn
+..n ._j___.. _. j+_j `._t _nr-
_j_. 400 +nn.+n, t 35 +nn.+n
.+ .+_n1n.ljn (n_rn) +jtnjrj.n
jl.t_ nl_r+.n.m.l j_.rj.. jrmn
.+n _nr_j. 30 .jm j_.rj.. rr
_tj_._m, t.l+_j +jtnjrjn_.l nl_r-
+.nn .__jl. .r._j_jrn_._ j_jj_rn
._+l_..
+n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ jljrn j_jjn
..tlj._ .lt_._.j_n mjrnjn nj j+-
m._.1j_n (Ratcliff, 1978. Townsend, 1971, 1990),
j_j. m.lt+_j., r+ t.l+_j +jtnjrjn_.l
nl_r+.nn .+.l. u.n.l r._._ t_j..
+_nm, ._._jmm .r__j_n _.__ljn .+ ._+-
jln_.l _. `.r.jn ._._m _n_ .+jlnjr
nnmj_.m.l. +j+_ nnmj_.n n-
ljn _n_n r._jl.. (._.j+j m.j__nj.m.
_n_n r._jl.), +.r.+, mj_jl_. .+_t.r_,
j_j _jr1j +t_ .+n nlnm .rjn
__j. .j_m (t.l+_j +jtnjrjn j1____n
+_.). _.___.m, r+ j_jn +_r_jn
nl u.n.l r._._ _nmt_ (t.l+_j
muSa mexsiereba (Working memory) _ mexsierebis
unari, romelic gamoiyeneba, rogorc iseTi
amocanebis Tanmxlebi, rogoricaa mizezobrioba
da metyveleba. Sedgeba fonologiuri yulfis,
sivrciT-vizualuri matricisa da centraluri
aRmasruleblisagan.
dajgufeba (Chunking) _ informaciis calkeul
wevrTa dajgufebis procesi msgavsebis an sxva
maorganizebeli principis safuZvelze.
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+jtnjrjn_.l nl_r+.nn .+.ln nr._j).
.jmn _l.rn .+ mj_jl +_jln_r._ n.rjjm
nnmj_nm _. n_n.m._ ..lnjrjm n-
nmj_.n +j+j_ .l.j .+n nln ..ln
j.tj. mj_jln t.l+_j +jtnjrj. +._
.+_. .r_j nl_r+.nn +n_j.. _.
j_jj_r .__jl. rn.
muSa mexsiereba
_jl .l.__mrjnm ._.+.t_njm j_r.__j.
t.l+_j +jtnjrj.1j _. n+ r1j, r+j.
t.l+_j +jtnjrj. .r_j .t.n nl_r-
+.nn jj`nn_r._ ._j___n `rjn. r-
r ._rj .__lnljm, mj_jl _nr_j.m _n_j_
njmn +jtnjrj., r+jn +__+n_ .jn_.n.
_. ljn+njr ++jln ljn+njrn mj_jln +j+j-
_jn .ltrnjjn j.uj. +j+m,
+jtnjrjn n+ _r+jn.l .lt_._jnm, r+j-
n _.jjn ._j___. __j_ .__u_._. .+._j
_r, ._njjn. +jtnjrjn m_..nl
j_jn .+_jl.+_j +n+_nl.rj `rjjn.
.t_m, ..m, .+ m._n _..jnn _jl mt_jm
_.jt+jnl.m rnt_n. jnun.m +nlm
j rnt_n? m_ jujnm +nn +lj., +..._.+j,
mj_jl .jn_r._ .r+n_nljm _.t+j_n
rnt_n j +jtnjrjn t_. __ljn... m_ _jl
mt_m, .._jmm r._. __r rm_n, +..-
nm._, ._.nrm _rmn jrmn tjn_.l
+jrjn _. `.r.j_r._ ____+. nm_.m .+n
.+_jnm 132-_.l, .+ j+mt_j_.n mj_jl +jt-
njrj. __r +j +mt_lj _jjljm. +__j_-
rj+. ...l.n1j +jtnjrjn n funqciebi,
r+jn j_j__n_r t_rj.n _nr_j.m
_. jj+lj mjrn. +_. +jtnjrjn j.tj,
._. j __.l._ljn _.n__rn t.l+_j +jtnj-
rjn _r+._ .lntnj (Healy & McNamara, 1996).
alan bedlim _. +n+. _jj+. (Alan Baddeley,
1986, 1992: Baddeley, Andrade, 2000) +_. +jtnjrj.n
.+n _+`ljln .+j_j:
fonologiuri sacavi: +.n t_j. jl.1j
(+jj_jj.1j) _.__ulj_n nl_r+.nn j+-
_. _. +nn .+jjlj.. _ln_rn .._n
l.nrn_ j+mt_j_. t.l+_j +jtnjrj.. r-
_j. _.t+jn +n1lnm n+jrjnm .+ _mn
++jln mj_jlm_n _l jj_ln l+jr,
.+ _r _ln_rn .._n +j+j_j.
jjr_lnm:
mxedvelobiT-sivrciTi sqema: n _l-
n_rn .._n +._ __ljn. .r_j, _l_
n_rnmn _. +tj__jnmn mj__njjn
+n+.rm. m_, +..nm._, _nl+j _nmt._m, r.+_jln
+jrtn. mj_jl .__nrn.n, mj_jl +tj__jnm-
n_rnmn jj+n j.ujj njjljm .__n-
rnn .r+._jl._ _. j+_j nm_nm +jr-
tjn r._jl.:
centraluri aRmasrulebeli .j t_j.
j_r.__j.1j _lrn _. _ln_rn ..-
_n_.l _. n_rnm-+tj__jnmn jj+n_.l
+n_j_n nl_r+.nn _r_nl.n.. j_jm_n,
r_j. .j_m .+.l., r+jn _njn__r `r-
jm. _r_nl.n. +nmt_, mj_jl jlr.-
_rn ._+.r_jn __ljn. jjr_lnm,
r+jn .r+.rm._ mj_jl _njn__r j.uj-
j .+.ln t_._.t_. .`jjn ._..-
j_j._ (.+ ._nmt +j-9 m._n _.__r_l_jnm).
t.l+_j +jtnjrjn +_. +jtnjrjn ljn
__r _.rm _ljjn jj_.l. .+_nj n+
+.1rj., r+ t.l+_j +jtnjrj. `rjn.
_. .r. _._rn ._nn. j+jljnmn .j+n.-
l., +..nm._, +jj_jjn `rjn m_
`rj+_rn n_.nn ._.j_jn +._n _-
ln_rn .jn., j_rn .lt_._j_n jj+jln
r._ _. m.l+n+_j_.r .+j+j_j. _. .rm_.
+nmt_. +_. +jtnjrj. jnun.m .lntnm,
rr ._njjn jj+jljn ..lj _.
t.l+_j +nn1.n.. m_ nl_.m, __jm _.._-
ratom aris informaciis aRdgena xanmokle
mexsierebidan biblioTekaSi wignis
monaxvis analogiuri?
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_nr_jm r+jn+j _n1n__r njj, jnun.m
__r +j._ .+__jmm n: +_. +jtnjrj.
mj_jln _njn__rn njjjn +jtnjrjn
.r+_jljn l.m._ ..t_. j_un.. +_.
+jtnjrj. _r_nl.n. _j_, .rjm_j, .+
njjjm.l _._._nrj_ .jn_j.
+jlnjrj+. _..+_nj, r+ +_. +jtnjrjn
+ntj__nm ._.+n.ljn nl_n_n__._r._ .l-
t_.__jn.l jrm+.ljmn.l (Daneman, Merikle, 1956;
Jenkins et. al., 1999). jrm-jrmn unrnm._n _rnjrn_+n
.+n _.._jl._ muSa mexsierebis moculobaa.
.+ +n1lnm, +__j_rjn _n `nrj nl._._j.m.
jrnn t+.+._. ._nmt_. _., j+_j, mnmj_n
nl._._jn nj_jn .__jl. mt_jl.
8.1 cxrilSi ._j._ .r+n_jlm r.+_jln+j
.jm nl._._j.. .+ .+.ln jr_j. .r
nj +.rn_n.. _._jlnn., r+ +.m, _nl ._.-
_ 4 .l +j jrmj_ nt+j, kargi mexsie-
rebis moculoba .j_m, t m_ 2,5 jrmj_ .l
l._j nt+j - mcire moculoba. j .lt_.-
_j_n .+.ljn .+jjljnm ..rj_n
+r._.n _n_.l .+j_.lnn ._. +l.j+n..
.j r+, 8.1 trnn +.lnn jn_.l .+.1j
+j .__m.rn m._n j.tj _jr._jr jnjm.
n+n .+, r+ +_. +jtnjrjn +_. n+n
.1+n., m_ m._nn t.l+_j _ln_rn `r-
jjn .+jjljn r. j.ujjn .j_
nl_n_n_, +jlnjrjn +. .lt_._j_ .+.-
lj1j j.u `._tm. `rl1nrjn.m_n
njjljjl.
saidan
viciT
muSa mexsierebis moculoba gavlenas
axdens teqstis daxsomebaze
+jlnjrj+. .+j_j nl_n_n_m. .+n
___n, r+jm..l mnmj_, j..+n._,
.jl_. +._.n, ._. _. _..n +jt-
njrjn +_.. mnmj_ _n `nr
mt__ljl .j_nmt.m +mtr. +_jlnjrn
u_jn .tn j.tj, jrmn +trn_,
+jn__jn _., +jrj +trn_, +u.r_jn
`1nnn_.l. +mtr.n ._jrnn .ljn
_. _.jjn ._jnm ._+.rnn nj rr
jrmn, nj +jrj `1nnn .l.+_nj._.
+..nm._, .tn +u_jj_ .t_r._
_`nrn`nr_j_. +ljjn u_jn _jj-
n.. +__j_rj .nljrjj_.m, r. ._jl.
+.t_jl_. +.m +jtnjrj.1j n `1nn.,
r+jn +.m +mtrn _nmt_n. .jl-
_.m. _n `nrj mt__ljl, r_jr ._j_-
nl.m +mtr. jrmtj m.__.`nr_jn
`1nnn +ntj__nm (+jn__jn .l +u.r_jn)
_. j+_j +jrj `1nnn .__u_j1j
(.t. .r+n_nlj, r+ t.r...). _n `nrj,
r+jm. +jtnjrjn _n_n +_.
.jl_.m, +jrj `1nnn_.l. ._+.
+..n .__jl. jjum, r. _jr juj
t_. _n `nrj+. (Lee-Sammons & Whitney,
1991).
+__j_rj+. _..__lj, r+ +nrj _. ._.
+_n +jtnjrjn +jlj _n `nrjn m._n-
_.l_j nrj_jl `1nn. _. .+ `1nnn_.l t_j.,
unrnm._._, +mtrn nl_r+.nn ._.+_._j..
_n_n +_n _n `nrj _n j_un.m rn_j
`1nnn .__u_j1j .+ nl_r+.nn ._.+_-
._j.. jj`jrn+jljn, r+jn +_. +jtnjr-
jn +_. n1+j., tj _j n+n
.r__j_., m_ r. .l.1__r._ +jtnjrjn j.u-
jjn .+jjljn nl_n_n__._r .lt_.-
_jj.
waikiTxeT es winadadebebi xmamaRla da Semdeg
scadeT gaixsenoT TiToeuli winadadebis bolo
sityvebi.
kaci patronobda gogonas, rodesac is skolis
moswavle iyo, xolo, roca studenti gaxda,
mosvenebas aRar aZlevda.
mas hqonda gawelili Tavis qala, romelic mis
mxrebze ise idga, rogorc msxali langarze.
cifruli eleqtronikis nawarmi mniSvnelovan
rols Seasrulebs Tqvens momavalSi.
taqsim auxvia miCiganis prospeqtze, saidanac tbis
sruli xedi iSleboda.
bolosdabolos, roca man Tvalebi gaaxila,
triumfis sxivic da gabrazebis Crdilic ukve
gamqraliyo.
wyaro: deinmeni & karpenteri, 1980.
muSa mexsierebis moculobis teqsti
cxrili
8.1
283
_.: +_. +jtnjrjn +njr t_j. mj_jln
_njn_rn .+j jjrj.. rj_ +nn
._.jnm j+_n _ljjn .t.n nl_r-
+.n., _.+__n_jn j`n1_jn jrm+.ljmm.l
_._._nrj. _. jrmn.l nl..r._ j__r.. n
.uj_m j.uj., _.j._n n_.nn
j..+n._, +__+n_._ .l..tm, j._m mj_jln
m.j__njjn m_ .r+_jljn _. .+__jmm
.rjnmn ++jljn ._.rn. j j_j._jrn
n+.rmj., r._.l +_. +jtnjrj. .+.rn
r m.+. j+_ nl_r+.n.. _. t.l-
run_ +jtnjrj. rn. .t. ._._n_jm _r-
n __r .+uj +jtnjrjn _r+jn .ltn-
_.1j.
Sejameba
t.l+_j +jtnjrjn __ljn. jj`nn_rn
.tnm nl_r+.nn `nr_j._n ._j___... t.l-
+_j +jtnjrj. rn_.l mt.+_j jrmj_ nj_.
.l+jrj. j_un. nl_r+.nn jjrj. t.l-
+_j +jtnjrj.n. +_. n1r_j., m_
nl_r+.n. .1rrn_ l.nj._ _.____j..
nl_r+.nn .+.l. t.l+_j +jtnjrjn_.l
r._._ t_j.. _.n__rn t.l+_j +jtnjrjn
lj. j_.. __r _.rm, +_. +jtnjrjn
lj.+. +_. +jtnjrjn .+n _+`ljln ..t._
._.+n.ln +njr .+_njn jujln +__+n_
`rj.
xangrZlivi mexsiereba:
kodireba da Senaxva
r.+_jl t.l nl.tj. nl_r+.n. +jtnjrj.n?
.l_ntnm 90 n j.n +jtnjrj., r+j.
m_.l.mn_ .t_ .l _r.ln_n 1906 j
++t_.rn +nnu_r. _. t.lu.rn, r+jn .+
+nnu_r. +.j_.. +. 1_._ .t_, m_ r.
.ln_n_., r_j. nn t_. .__jm.l jrm._
+nr_. j_rjm.l _n_n rj1jln +rjn
jnm .._j._. j+_j +.+. .rm+j__. .+ _j
+rj _. .t.+_. .t_r._1j n+ n+j_nm, r+
.t t.lurn.l ._..rjl_.. _jr._nm.r+.
j+_++. m.j__njj+. _jr ... n nn
_. _m_., r+jn .+ `..r. l.+ .ln._.,
r_j. tj_.__., m_ rr nlrj_. j..jn.
r_j. _njjn xangrZlivi mexsierebis
j.tj ._rjl, nnln _nt+jl, r+
_.t+j_n nl..rn _. m.j__nj. tnr._
jnuj. +mjn ntn +.lun1j .t__j
._.+n.l. .jj_.l .++_nl.rj, mjrn.+ _l_. .tl.
.r. +t_ n, m_ rr nl.tj. nl_r+.n.
_n_n tlnm, .r.+j_ nn, m_ rr j_un.
+jtnjrj. +nn .__jl.-.+jjlj.. xangrZlivi
mexsiereba jruljjn _. t.l+_j +jtnjrjn
1nm +n_j_n ljn+njrn .tn .+_njn
.._n.. +.n j_n +_jljn, nl_r+.n.,
j+njn, _j_jn, nj_jn, _.jrnjn, jjn
_. +_jjn. t.lrun_n +jtnjrj. nl.t._
`nr_ljn +mn.l _l. .+j.r. _. .__m.rn
m._n j.tj.
_njjnm_n lnn., r+ tnr._
__r .__nn. t.lrun_n _rnm _.t+j.,
m_ +n j.tj nl..r .r__j_n .1rn .j_.
nl..rn nl_r+.n. jt+.rj.m _. jrm_.rn
jj+n r m.+. j+_n nl_r+.nn
__jm .jnm_n. _.__ln .tnm +jtnjrjn
j.tj _jl j+_jn _l_. nmtr.m: mj_jln
+jtnjrj. .njnm __jmjn njlj., m_ n
`nrjn, r+jn nl_r+.nn ._j___. +t_.,
_.j+mt_j_. .l +.jn+._r._ m.lt__j. n+ `nrj,
r+jn +n .__jl. _nm. .+n j.tj
+_n.ljnm _n._rjm.
konteqsti da kodireba
+.l.+, .l.+ __nrj.. _. .__jl. rn
j..+n. j_jtj_jm, _nl_. .l_ntnm
_jl+jln, r+j. _ljjn _ __jjl.
t.tnm ._j_ m.tn _.nl.tjm `nr_lj.,
r+j. rulm, r+ l.+__n._ nlm,
+.r.+ _jr +nljn.m _nl .rn _. +t_
+j-l._j._ t.lrun_n _. 1r_nn.ln
_.__nr_jn j+_j .tjl_j.m +nn _nl...
n+.. .lnjrjm, r+ .n_nr_.m +nn +-
lj., r._.l +. ._rj t_. _ljjn jt__nm.
r. ._jmj _.n jrnjn .lj_nj.n
+.+.t_rj j.n mj_jln .__jmj +jrn
_j_j.1j? m_ jln.m mj_jl .+_nj.n
.jmn j+mt_j_., +nt__jnm r. +n.1rj.
xangrZlivi mexsiereba (Long-term memory) _
daxsomebis procesi, romelic uzrunvelyofs
informaciis Senaxvas da, Semdgom, nebismier
dros mis aRdgenas.
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__nrjn `jn_n__rn `rnln`n: - +jtnjrj.
j_j.1j j_jj_r._ +.nl +j+j_j, r_j.
.__jln `rjn _ljjn __nrjn _ljj-
j+mt_j_.. _l.tm, m_ rr +.t_nlj +jlnj-
rj+. .+ `rnln`n _j+lrnrj..
kodirebis specifikuroba
r. +ln_lj. .j_ _l_rj_ _ljjn
nl_r+.nn ._.? `nr_j._ jl_j __nl-
+. _. _l._ +`l+. 1973 j +.t_nlj
__nrjn `jn_n__rn +ln_ljn _j+l-
rnrj., r_j. +lj.. _. l. rn
_j_n _rmnjrm_.+_n_j_jn .nl.._+_j
j_jn +nn_j.
saidan
viciT
kodirebis specifikuroba gavlenas
axdens cnobasa da mogonebaze
_n `nrj mt_jl, _.n._l
nj_.m. +_rn_jn, +..nm._, vagoni
Savi, +.r.+, .+._j _r, ._rmtnjjl, r+
+.m _l_. _.nt+l j_nn +t_ +jrj
nj_.. jj`jrn+jln j+_j ._n.1j +.m
mt_jl nj_.1j TeTri mt m._n__.
.n.n.. j nj_. `jn._r._ .rn
jrj_n n+nm_n, r+ .+ .n.n.m.
rn nj_. Savi ._+l_j. .+n j+_j
_n `nrj mt_jl, nll .+ .n.n-
jn n nj_., r+jm. _.t+j. +.m
jj`jrn+jln `nr_j _.1.n j_njn_.l
+jmt_j_.m. _n `nrj+. +t_ 54-
n +lj. juj. t +.nl, r_j.
j_nn `nr_jn j_rn _._.tjj, 61
._._nlj.
r.+ nj +lj. __jmjn, _n_rj l.?
__nln _. +ln +ntj__nm, .+n +n1j1n
_ljjn j_... _n `nrjnm_n, r+-
j+. nj_. Savi _.nt+j vagonis _ljjn,
uljn nj +nn .__jl., r. _ljjn nj_.
TeTriT jn_... m__n .jm +ln_lj_.l
_nj. _ljjn j +nln+._rn _nj.
nuj_., .r+n_nljm j_j__n_r t_rj.n
.rj_n rm_n _ljjjn _.j._.
r.+_jl._ _n_ j_jj .+n_j_.
+jlnjrj+. juj +jtnjrj.1j _ljjn
._+._ unjrn ._jln jj`jrn+jl_n .+-
_j_.. jrm-jrm .jm jj`jrn+jln +j_nlm._jn
.__ljl nj_.m. +_rn_ 1__n l.`nr1j
_. j.j_j. j+_j _n n+._j nj_.m. j++j.
.+ r _ljjn (l.`nr1j _. j.j_j) t_j_..
._+l_., r+ _.t+jn j_jj_r. 50-nm
+jn nj, r_j. __nrj. _. .__jl. jrml.nr
`nrjn, jrm _ljjn t_j_., m_+., m_nm
+... .r._jrn .jrm .r .jl_. .r l.`nrm.l
_. .r j_nlm_.m.l (Gooden & Baddeleyi, 1975). .j_j,
_.t+j. __jmjn., m_ +..n .__jln. m.l-
+tjn +_n_. nn_j., r. _.t+jn. (Balch &
Lewis, 1996). .n jj`jrn+jln _.t+jn j_jj-
_r. __r +._.n nj, r_j. _._n
_ln _l1j t_j_. _.t+j. _. .__jl. (Schab,
1990). _l. _. _ljjn j_jj rn
_rmnjrm_._nr1j ..rj_+. jj`jrn+jlj+.
.+._nl., r+ j_j__n_r t_rj.n
.lt_._j_n _ln gansxvavebul ._jl. .t_jl
_ljjn j_jj1j.
kodirebis specifikuroba (Encoding specificity) _
es principi gulisxmobs, rom aRdgenili infor-
maciis raodenoba matulobs, Tu daxsomebis da
aRdgenis procesSi erTi da igive mimniSneblebi
moqmedeben.
rodesac quCaSi moZraobis wese-
bis daRvevis Semdeg SexvdebiT
am kacs, ratom ver cnobT? mas
xom wveulebaze SexvdiT?
285
saidan
viciT
mkveTri suni mimniSneblis rols
asrulebs
r+jn _ln. __r +ln_lj_.ln
+jtnjrjn _ljjn j_jjnm_n? .+
+n+.rm_jnm t_._.t_. _ljn .+jj-
ljnm r.+_jln+j jj`jrn+jln ..r_.. jrm
j+mt_j_.n j nj _n `nrjnm_n
r_n._ _t, __j_ _ln +..rjjn
osmantusi (.1n_rn .r+n +jl.rj_-
_jl_r_.ln +jl.rj: Herz, 1997, _. 375), _j_-
jrn_n, l.ln _ln, +.r.+ __j_
__j_nmn .r.rnnm_n (vanili) _.
.r.rnnm_n _j_n (fiWvis) _ln.
.n`mj1n +ntj__nm, +t_ rn _ln
+nn`jr_. j_r.__j. m._nn n.tnm.
_. __j_nm _. __nrjn `rjn
.jrm_j_.. .n`mj1. _._._r_.. +n_-
tj_._._ n+n., r+ __nrj.. _. .__jl.
rn 48 ..mn ._n_., _n `nrjn +ln_lj-
_l._ +j nj_. nt+j_ljl (20-
nj_n.ln +_rn_n_.l), r_j. .__jln
_r nn_j _ln nj m.tn, r. ._j__-
_n., +.r.+ j +t_ +.l_ _.
_.ln jtj_. (Herz, 1996).
.+ .+__j_jn l.m._ .+l_., r+ .r.
j_j_.rn _ln +l.nj _ljjn j_jj-
n. _ln +ln_lj. jnuj. t_._.t_.
_ljjn n_j_j. _nj_n +._.-
1n.n jnuj. _.ln+. m._nn u.., rr
_ljjn jj+jl+., _._.r.
rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti
_ljjn j_jjn _jl, .j_j, jnuj.
+jtnjrjn jrm-jrmn _.n__rn _.ll1+njrjn
rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqtis ..tlj._
.+_njjlm. _.___.m, mj_jl _l_. _.n._m
nj_.m. +_rn_n. m_ _jl mt_m, .ntjlm
m.l+n+_j_rnm j nj_jn, r._jl., r+j-
. mj_jl ._._jlm, j..+nn njlj. 8.7 suraTze
.+.t_n j_jn.: mj_jl +_jln_r._ ._._jlm
+_rn_n _..jnn_.l (dasawyisis efeqti) _.
_.l r.+_jln+j nj_. (daboloebis efeqti).
+_rn_n _. l.nn_.l _n jrmn-rn nj_.
..tjl_j.m. 8.7 _r.m1j .+.t_n _.ll-
1+njrj. 1._n. +jtnjrjn, rr Tavisu-
fali wesiT .__jlnn +..n +n+.rm (.nt-
jljm, r.+_jln nj_n .tjlj.. jujm),
nj nn_j TanmimdevrobiT aRdgenis nlr_jnn
j+mt_j_.n (.ntjljm nn_j m.l+n+_j_rnm,
r. m.l+n+_j_rnm. +n+nljm) _., .rjm_j,
t_._.t_. r._jln 6, 10, 15 nj_.m. +_rn_n
suraTi
8.7
mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti
mrudi gviCvenebs adgilmdebareobis efeqtis zogad kanonzomierebas. studentebs sTxoven, gaixsenon gansxvavebuli
sigrZis sityvaTa (6, 10, 15 sityva) mwkrivebi an seriuli aRdgenis wesiT (gaixseneT sityvebi imave TanmimdevrobiT,
ra TanmimdevrobiTac moismineT), an Tavisufali aRdgenis wesiT (gaixseneT, ramdensac SeZlebT). TiToeul mrudze
kargad Cans, rom daxsomeba ukeTesia dasawyisSi (dasawyisis efeqti) da boloSi (daboloebis efeqti).
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_.t+jn _r (Jahnke, 1965). +jlnjrj+. _.._-
nlj, r+ _..jnn _. _.jn j_jjn
j_r .j n_.n.n +j+j_j (Crowder,
1976: Neath, 1993). r. __j. __j? _.n_jrjm, r+
jrmn .+nm __r r._._ _`._tjm .+ _nmt_.1j
__nrn _..jnn _. , _n_rj _. __nr.n
(Koriat & Fischoff, 1974)?
+r__n .jmn _r+. +_rn_n j_rjn .l-
t_._j_n _ljj_._rn +ln_ljnm, mj_j-
ln t_rjnj_n .+_njn nl..rjn
.lt_._j_n +ln_ljnm _. t_. _.jrjnm
.ntlj. (Knoedler et al., 1999, Marks & Crowder, 1997:
Neath & Knoedler, 1994). _ljj_._rn .lt_.-
_jn ..j._ jnuj. _._.m _nmt_.: r.+_jl._
.lt_.__j_. n_.n. (_ljjn), r+jn
+j +n_n_j nl_r+.n., n+ n_.nn.l, r+j-
n +j _l_. .__._nl n? j_jr_jm _.-
jn j_jj1j. 8.8 suraTze +j+_n. _n1_.-
_rn .+__jmnn +..nmn. .r+n_nljm,
r+ _r.m1j mj_jl +..rjn n.l_. tj_._m.
mj_jln j_r.__j. n.l_.n 1j. (_r.mn
__.l. l.n1j) +n+.rm_n _. tj_._m, r+
n, .rn1l1j n.l_.jn ujjn mnm-
j _jrm_jn.l jrm+.ljm, m_+., m.l.r._ .rn.l
n_rjn _.rj_ln. _jl _n j_nun. _mj_.m,
r+ nl. l.nn .l.j_n n.l_.jn
_jj+. m_.n _. n mj_jln (n.l_.n -
.l) _ljjn.l .lt_._j_n.. .t. .r-
+n_nljm, r+ nl_.m, +nlm l.l.tn
.mn _nl_r.mn. .+ j+mt_j_.n n.l_.n
+._n n_.n. _.j_. _+r._j j+mt_j_.n,
mj_jl _r.m __jm .r+n_jlm, r._.l.
mj_jl .+j_m jrm+.ljmn .rj_n _r.mjn_.l
n+., r+jn __r .t .r_ +nj__m_lj..
.+ n_. m_ ._j_jnm, _. nl_r+.n. __jm
_.t+j._n .t_j., m_ +. __r .+___jm._m
(jrm+.ljmn .rj_n ._.r njlj.). j n_j. .m-
_.nnlj_n. 8.8 _r.m1j, ._. n.l_.jn
jrm+.ljmn.l m.l.r._ .rn.l _.rj_ln.
rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti (Serial position
effect) _ mexsierebidan informaciis aRdgenis pro-
cesis maxasiaTebeli, rodesac mwkrivis dasa-
wyisi da bolo wevrebis ukeT mogoneba xdeba,
vidre mwkrivis Sua wevrebisa.
dasawyisis efeqti (primacy effect) _ mwkrivis pirve-
li wevrebis ukeT daxsomeba.
daboloebis efeqti (recency effect) _ mwkrivis bolo
wevrebis ukeT daxsomeba.
konteqstualuri gamokveTa (contextual distinctive-
ness) _ Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac mwkri-
vis adgilmdebareobis efeqtze SeiZleba gavlena
moaxdinos konteqstma da gamokveTilma warsulma
gamocdilebam.
suraTi
8.8
konteqstis mixedviT
gansxvaveba
Tqven SegiZliaT Tqvens mex-
sierebaSi informacia mata-
reblis liandagis msgavsad
warmoidginoT. A nawilis ana-
logiurad, SegiZliaT ifiq-
roT, rom didi xnis win Tqvens
mexsierebaSi Semosuli in-
formacia erTmaneTzea mWid-
rod miwyobili, rogorc
moSorebiT ganlagebuli lian-
dagis `Spalebi~, B nawilSi
ki vxedavT, rom am efeqtis
acilebis erT-erTi gzaa adre
miRebuli es `Spalebi~ erTma-
neTisgan proporciulad da-
Sorebulad ganvalagoT. aseve,
SegiZliaT Zveli informacia
gamokveToT fsiqologiurad
gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebis
miniWebis gziT.
287
saidan
viciT
mwkrivis elementebis gamokveTa
n+n.m_n, r+ +..rjn n.l_.jn
m.l.r._ _.rj_n _._nl.tm, ._nr.,
n.l_.n ujjn m.l.r._ _._.rm
jrm+.ljm. .+.njr_, l._ _._nl.t._m.
+jlnjrj+. j n_. +jtnjrjn jj`j-
rn+jln .+njjlj, ...rj r. .l.n.
n_rj. _. _r rn. _n `nrj
mt__ljl, _.jt+jnl.m .m. +_rn_jn,
+.r.+ .lt_._j_n _rnmn nljr_.n
`nrjn. _rn j _nj. j+_j-
l.nr._ trnj_j_.: _n `nrj _l_.
.j_nmt.m j+mt_j_nmn rnt_jn .r__j-
_n r._jl., r+jn _+`n_jrn
j_r.l1j .j rn l_j_.. _j_jrn_
`nrjn, A l.nn +._._, 8.8 _r.m1j
r j_n _. rn n_rn l_j_.. `r-
`rn_ `nrjn _n (B l.nn +._._)
`nr_j j_n rn 4 n_rn nj, t
j_nj rn .r jrmn. .+n
j_j._ nl. n_rjn __r .+__jmnn
_l_. j_nnj nj_j, rr n.l_.n
j+mt_j_.n +rj_n ujn .l_. __r
r. +.rm., _n `nrjn __jm nt+j-
_ljl rj_ (._rj ._j+_) +.. n+
j+mt_j_.n, r_j. j j_rjn __jm
nj_ljl .+__jmnln (Neath & Crowder, 1990).
j jj`jrn+jln n+.1j +n_mnmj, r+ .l-
_.r_n _.jn j_jj ._nn .j_ n+n-
+, r+ +_rn_n j_rjn ___j ._+.-
_r._ .+__jmnn.. nn_j `rnln`nm jnuj.
._tl.m _..jnn j_jjn: j_j _jr1j mj_jl
r._. .t. njjm, .t. _ljj j+lnm. .+
.t. _ljjn `nr_jn r.+_jln+j +j+_..
.+__jmnn. .+rn._, _..jnn _. _.jn
j_jjn jnun.m .lntnm, rr jrmn _.
nn_j n.l_.n +n+.rm rn `1nn. mnm-
j_n mnm _.l.
mogonebis mimniSneblebi
r.+_jl._. _jl _.rujjm ._j___.. _.
+lj.1j ._.r, _r. mj_jln +jtnjrj.
._rmm +_..n. _j_jnm ._n+jrm
_.n__rn jj`jrn+jln +jtnjrj.1j _. .+n+
mt_m _.n+.t_rm nj_.m. r.+_jln+j j_nn.
.n+jrjm _. _.n._jm j j_njn +.l.+,
.l.+ jj_n_j .+_jr _j_+_ 1j`nr._ .r
nj_nm:
_.n l._n
j__n u_.n
_jn`j_n ..mn
m._n tj
_rmn .tn
j_rn ..ln
m_ mj_jl ___j _.n._jm nj_.m. j_njn,
.+ j _n_j_ __r .nljrj ._t_nm. .t.
__nr_j. Senaxvis intervali _r, r+n
.l+._.n _l_. jnl.tm nl_r+.n.
+jtnjrj.n. +_nm, _rn .j_.ln +n1lnm,
_n._rm 1njrm `rj__r.1j, r+j.
mj_jln +jtnjrjn j.++j._ .+_njjljm.
mj_jl jnuj. ._.j_nm, r+ .t_m, .l
.r .t_m r._. _. +jtnjrjn r+jn +jm-
_nm. .r _l_. j.++l, jrml.nr j_j
+nn_jm. j .r .rn .j. +..nm._, _jl _l.t._m,
r+ n+`nn_rn _. jj`nn_rn +jtnjrjn
jjn r_n._ .lt_._j_ j_jj _.u-
j_jl. _jr_jrnm .l_ntnm jj`nn_rn
+jtnjrjn rn +jm_n: +lj. _. l..
mogonebis _r t_j. ._rj +n_j_n
nl_r+.nn rj`r__jn.. r. .rn rnn ._n-
+_j.rjn j_jjn? j _nmt_. +ljn _nmt_...
cnobis _r _n n+n .lnjrj. t_j., r+
r._. +_jl. rj_ n.., r+jn mj_jl
._rj ._nj_nm (.nljm .l _.nl.tjm). r. j_j.
+tj__jnm jlr_ +jtnjrj.: (1) jj: (2)
jlr.+.: (3) t.n m_ (4) .r.j_n __n? j
_n ln _nmt_... l. _. +lj. mj_jl
j_j__n_r jj`nn_r +jtnjrj.. __._nr-
_j.. _rn+nl._rn `nr_ljn _.._jl._ `n-
n. +ljn +jm_ njjlj, r_j. _.1.r.-
j_ mt_ ._jr _. +nl r-
+j+j_n `jn_n__rn lnljn: r.+j _l._rn
mogoneba (Recall) _ aRdgenis meTodi, romlis
drosac individs moeTxoveba adre miwodebuli
informaciis reproduqcia.
cnoba (Recognition) _ aRdgenis meTodi, romlis
drosac individs moeTxoveba imis gacnobiereba,
rom raRac movlena swored isaa, romelic Tqven
adre aRiqviT (gaigoneT, an dainaxeT).
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t+ .r jlnljm m.__.+t+jn .rjl.n?
t, r_j. _.1.r.j_ __jljjl j__+n-
.lnm. _j _. r.+_jln+j rn _l_.
.+nl _l_rj_n m.__.+t+jn, .l m_nml
r+j+j_ __jljjl `nnn .lj_nj-
.n, +.nl l.m.l _.j_ .j+j.
.t. .+_njjlm j rn `rj__r., r.m.
j_.++m, m_ rr _.n+.t_rjm nj_.m.
j_njn r.+_jln+j _mn nl. _..r_jm
nj_.m. j_nn:
j__n ? _jn`j_n ? j_rn ?
jnun.m j.rnm n j_njn, r+jn
_.n._jm?
_.n .__n m._n tj _rmn .tn
_.n l._n m._n jl. _rmn +m.
_.n mn m._n _.r._n _rmn rj.
ln jn __r .__nn. m_ +ljn?
.j _l_. nj. .t. .+ j_jn .tl. +ljn
+n+lnljjn _.t+.rjnm _._m.
mogonebis mimniSneblebs __jjl n+ ._.-
jj, r+jn +jtnjrj.n .r__j_n nl-
_r+.nn +ujl.n jt+.rj.m. j +n+lnljjn
jnuj. +_n_j .rj+_.l, rr, _mj_.m,
`r__.n_n _nmt_jn (+jtnjrjn r+j
`rnln`j _.__._nrj_nm `jrnln _.
jljrn __j_j?), .l, jnuj., mj_jl
m_nml jj+l.m (._ +nl.t._ nn ._rj?). mj_jl
j_jm_n _nm, jj`nn_r._ .ntjlm.
.+. .r__j_n +n1lnm ._jmjm _. .+ +n1.l
tnr._ +ljn +n+lnljn ._.jnm
._j_m. .r _l_. .n__nr_jm, r+ .__nn njlj.
.tjlj. m_ uljn, _.+_n_j_n. +n+ln-
ljj1j. m_ mj_jln +j.rn _nmt._m, _nl
.rn n n+`jr.rn, _jr _nlj? mj_jl _l_.
.+nlm _n _nt+ (_.jrn_._, j
.+l.l. m.+.n njlj., +.r.+ m_ n_nmt._:
_nl nj _.__n_n j+_j n+`jr.rn? .+
_nmt_.1j mj_jl +.nl_j _`._tjm ljrln.
_.__r_l_jm nj_ +lj.. _. l..
+jtnjrjn rn_j jn +nmt_ +n+lnljj,
+.r.+ ln +n+lnljjn .njnm j_j-
n.ln.. +ljn j+mt_j_.n mj_jl +t_
+n+lnljj _l_. +njl_m, r._.l n +nnmn-
mjm nl_r+.n.1j. ln j+mt_j_.n _n l.tj-
_.rn .j+j ._jmj_n.. r_j. _j_rjm n-
j_.m. j_n m._n tj, mj_jl +t_ _n
.l .r. _l_. _`._tm _nmt_.: j .rn, ._rj
r. _l.tj (m_ _n._j?)? _n_rj +.nl, r_j.
`._tm: Tagvi ?: r. _l.tj (r. _n._j)?
rr tj_._m, ln jn +ln_lj_l._
.n.__njm, +.r.+ .t. .r+n_nljm, r+
.+n l._._ ._rj +j+_ j_nj .rj_._
.uj_m. r+jn. .+.m.l rn:
j__n ..mn j_rn l._n
j__n u_.n j_rn ..ln
.t. mj_jl _l_. nlm .r. rj_ n nj_.,
r+jn ._rj l.tjm, .r.+j_ +nn j..+nn
_ljjn (_jl nj_ ._ntjljm _ljjn
n_j.). m_ mj_jl tnr._ .n_jmjn.m +r._nmn
.rj_.ln jn, j_nlj.m, rrn njrn
jnuj. nj ln n_.n., +.r.+ _+r._j
j+mt_j_.n mj_jln ln j_jjn __jmjn
njlj., _n_rj +ljn, r._.l +ljn
+n+lnljjn ln j+mt_j_.n __r +n1.l-
+n+.rm_n.. .t. +ljn +n+lnljjn
1njrm t_. .`jj. ._jlm.
epizoduri da semantikuri mexsiereba
_jl ___j .__lnljm, r+ +jtnjrjn .lt_._j-
_n _r+jn .rj. mj_jl .j_m rr
n+`nn_rn _. jj`nn_rn, nj _j_.r.n-
_n _. `rj__r_n +jtnjrj.. _jl j_nun.
t_. .l1+nj. j+_n.lm, r+n +ntj_-
_nm. _j_.r.n_n +jtnjrjn _r+jn .+-
nj_. n+ +n+lnljjn .lt_._jn .__u-
_j1j, r+jn ._njjn. nl_r+.nn
+jtnjrjn_.l .+..l._. _.l._j+. _nj+.
endel tulvingma (Endel Tulving) 1972 j
`nr_j+. +n_mnm. _j_.r.n_n +jtnjrjn
epizodur _. semantikur _r+.1j.
epizoduri mexsiereba nl_n_n__._r._ nl.-
t._ `nr_ljn +njr .l_n +_jlj.
mogonebis mimniSneblebi (Retrieval cues) _ Signidan
an garedan momdinare stimulebi, romlebic gvex-
marebian mexsierebaSi garkveuli informaciis
moZebnaSi.
epizoduri mexsiereba (Episodic memories) _ xangr-
Zlivi mexsiereba avtobiografiuli xasiaTis
movlenebisTvis da im konteqstisTvis, sadac
es movlenebi xdeba.
semantikuri mexsiereba (Semantic memories) _ geneti-
kuri, kategoriuli mexsiereba, rogoricaa si-
tyvebis mniSvnelobebi da cnebebi.
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+..nm._, mj_jln j_j.1j j_lnjrn _.._jn
__j, .l `nr_jn _l. mj_jl j`n1__r +jtnj-
rj.n. jl.t_n. n+n.m_n, r+ .ntjlm
j. m_ n +_jl., mj_jl _nr_j.m +n+ln-
ljjn, r+jn n1_jjl .+ +_jln _r
r_n +t_. n, .l r. _ljjn .jl_. +.
._nn. nl_r+.nn __nrj.1j j_r._ .rn
_.+_n_j_n, jujm m_ .r. .+. m_ n+ +_-
jln .tjlj.. +..nm._, jujm, .ntjlm
mj_jl +njr _njn +j.mj_ .+tjt_n nn
rnmn .lt_.__j_. +jmjrm+jj_ _njn
.+tjt_n.l?
j_j._jrn, r. mj_jl nnm, m._n_.l .r__j_
_ljjm.l jrm._ j+_n, +.r.+ .rn nl-
_r+.n.m. .r__j_n r._jl., r+j.
_j `_m r_n._ .lt_._j_ _ljj-
jn. .+ .tn nl_r+.njn +jtnjrj.n +.mn
j..+n _r. m_ ._nm.l +n__m_ljn _.
+n+.rmjn .rjj .+_n. j semantikuri mex-
siereba _ 1._n, _.jrn_n +jtnjrj..,
rr, +..nm._, nj_jn m_ ljjn
+ln_ljjn. ._.+n.lm. _+r._jn.m_n
njmn _.jjn, rrn .rn E=MC
2
, .l `._tn
_nmt_.1j r+jn. ._r.ljmn _j_.j..jn?
`jn._r +nmnmj., m_ r_n, .l r. n-
_.n.n jnunl. +.l j _l., .r +nmt_.
r. mj+. _l_., j .r lnl._ n+., r+ mj_jln
j+.ln__rn +jtnjrj. j_jm_n .n+j_.. mj_jl
+_jln_r._ .lnjrjm, r+ jnuj. _..-
_nj_jm j_rn _.jn, r+jn ._.r __._nr_j.
n+ n_.n., r+jn n ._nj_nm m_ _.n-
._jm. .__jmj r.jn. n+ j+mt_j_.n,
r_j. _jr nljm j+.ln__rn +jtnjrjn_.l
nl_r+.n., n.., r+ +., rr j`n1__r,
nj +n__jm. m_ jj_nm mj_jl m._: _nn, r+
r+.jn n+`jr.rjn .tjjn _.._jmn
n_nn1.nn `j__rn _n._j, j _.jt-
+.rj.m .+l.tm +n+lnljjn, r+jn
+jtnjrj.n .+ mjmr .j. jn_jjl.
interferencia
r_j. mt_jm, _.j._.m j_n_.ln
.n.njn, _.jrn_._, j nj j`n1__rn
+jtnjrj.. _.___.m, .t. t_. .tn j`n1__rn
+jtnjrjn .+j+j_j. mt_m. _n_j_ jrmtj
._jm _.n._m nj_.m. j j_njn nj,
r+ _j_+_ jum .+_jr +.mn .l+jrj.:
_.n j_r_n
j__n rj
m._n j_rl.n
_jn`j_n .t_r._n
_rmn .__n
j_rn jln
rr +n_n .j+j? ..m, j.+lj__nm, r+
j_nn j_jn `nr_jn nj_. .t. nj_.m.l
.rn _._._nrj_n. uljn nj .+ .t.n j_n-
jn _.._.? rr _njrm, u_j._ _.._-
nn +lj. .t. __r .n_nr_j.m (..,
._jm)? rn_j j+mt_j_.n `._tn jrmn.
uljn.. j `..r. ._.r_n +n+lnljn
.t. .`jj1j interferenciaze +n_mnmj. nl-
jr_jrjln. ._nn .j_ +.nl, r_j. +n+-
lnljjn _jr +j+j_j j_jj_r._ _. _jr
._._jl j..+n nl_r+.n.. r. __r _n_n.
.+ `jn_n__r +n+lnljj1j j.u `._tm.
r._jl., +nm __r uljn. jrmn rn `._tn
.__jl. (Bower et al., 1994: Chandler & Gargano, 1995).
_jl ___j +nj_.ljm +..nmn j_j__n_rn
t_rjn_.l, r_j. mt_jm, .ljt_._jnl.m
_nn .+tjt_n j`n1_jn. +ljjn jr-
m+.ljmn .nrn., +t_. nljr_jrjln.. proaq-
pirovnulad mniSvnelovani movlenebi, maga-
liTad, wlebis manZilze unaxav megobarTan
Sexvedra, epizoduri mexsierebis kuTvnile-
baa. semantikuri mexsierebidan romeli in-
formacia Seedreba am SexvedriT gamowveul
sixaruls?
interferencia (Interference) _ mexsierebis fenomeni,
romelic maSin xdeba, rodesac mogonebis mimniS-
neblebi ver miuTiTeben efeqturad erT kon-
kretul movlenaze.
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tiuli interferencia (`r.jn_n j+_+1j
+j+j_n) lnl._, r+ nl_r+.n., r+jn
.r_n jnunljm, .uljj .t.n nl_r+.nn
._j___.. retroaqtiuli interferencia (rjr-
.jn_rn nl.1j +j+j_n) _n n+.1j +n_mnmj,
r+ .t.n nl_r+.n. tj _n u_jn nl_r-
+.nn .__jl.. nj_.m. j_njn, r+jn
mj_jl _.n._jm, rn_j .tn nljr_jrjln.
+n._. .j_j, rn_j .tn nljr_jrjln.m.l
jjlj.m .j+j, m_ tnr._ n_nm jj_ln
l+jr. m._n_.l jj_ln .t.n l+rn
_.t+j. n_nrm u_jn .+tj. t+j
(`r.jn_n nljr_jrjln.), +.r.+ r_j.
_. _.r._ _.n+.t_rjm .t.
l+jr, jnuj. ._+.nlm, r+ ._.r .t_m
u_jn, m_+., jn +.lun1j njjlj_nm +.
(rjr.jn_rn nljr_jrjln.).
rr +jtnjrjn j_rn +_jln, +.m
rn, nljr_jrjlnn j._., `nr_j._
jnl.._+. _.nj, r+jn m_nml .__.
_.1r +.r_.m. j_nj. +.l ._+.nl., r+
_.._nn 65 .r .t__.. 50 n j+_j.
._+l_., r+ lr__jjrln _ln_jrnjn
__jlj, r+j+. jnl.._n jj`jrn-
+jljn .n+jrj, nn_j j_jjn .jl_.m. n
+_rn_jn, r+jm. __jljn __r ._rj
.__jljl _. .+nm_n +r._._jr n+jrj-
_ljl, .__jln. .t._ l.._ +_rn_jn
jrj_.m (nljr_jrjln.) (Underwood, 1948, 1949).
._ntjlm, r. ___.+_nm _jl +__.+ t.1:
+ljnm_n ._.+j_jn. __nrj.. _.
.__jl. rn m.lt_j_r.. .+ m._n j+_+n
rn l.nn .ln. l.t._m, rr __._nr-
_j. l.njn jrm+.ljm +ljn .l.tr-
njj._: _ljjn, r+jn _nm,
.r_n +_jln .__jl., m_nml .+_n,
rr +ljn +n+lnljn j.r, t,
r_j. .r m.lt__j. __nrjn _ljjn +-
ljn _ljj, .__jln. j+.ln
+n+lnljj .r j_un. _. tj. _n _n
+jtnjrj.n .unjjn +_jln `_l..
kodirebis da aRdgenis
procesebi
_jl _l.tjm, r+ __nrjn _ljjn. _.
.__jln _ljjjn _rmnjrm_.+mt_j_. ._.+-
j_j r m.+. +jtnjrjnm_n. .t.
_._.1_m j _.__l. n+ `rjjn .ltn_nm,
r+jm. t.lrun_ +jtnjrj.n nl_r+.nn
+n_j. _. .__jl. j+j.rj.. _jl _l.t._m, r+ .+
j+mt_j_.n .__jmj j_jn +nn_j_., r._.l
__nrjn. _. .__jln `rjjn j+mt_j_.
jrm+.ljm.
gadamuSavebis doneebi
_._njm njn_.l, r+ nl_r+.nn ._.+_.-
_j. j_r.__jn _r+., r+j. mj_jl
nl_r+.nn __nrjn `rjn njjljm
._jl. .t_jl mj_jl +njr nl_r+.nn _.t-
+j.1j. gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoriis +ntj__nm,
r. __r _r+. _lj1j t_j. nl_r+.nn
._.+_._j., +nm __r __jm _..+.t_r_j. n
._.+n.l (Craik & Lockhart, 1972: Lockhart & Craik,
1990). m_ ._.+_._j. +..n .l.n1, j_.-
rjj, nljr`rj.n. _. t_. .tn ._.+_.-
_jj +n._, _.t+jn j_jjn __jmjn njlj..
._.+_._jn n_r+j tnr._ .ln.1__rj.,
rr +_jn .tjjn _..t+jjn
jj`jrn+jl_n +..n +n+.rm. .l_ntnm
nj_. yurZeni. _jl j_nun. mt_m, _n1n__r
_lj1j .r+.rmm +_j.: r. _jrn +jlnm
.rn j nj_. _.jrnn? .l rnm+. +n.jnm
j_r.__j. jrnm+j. n nj_. berZens? .l
+ln_lj.1j ..+.t_nm j_r.__j.: +..n-
m._, n+.1j, r+ n tnn.. ..m, j.+lnjm, r+
j_jn ++_j_l j_nmt_. .+ nj_n _ __r
_r+. ._.+_._j. +nmt_ +j nj_jm.l
_._._nrj. _nr_j.m (Lockhart & Craik, 1990).
._.+_._jn mjrnn l._n n.., r+ +j-
lnjrj j_jm_n .r j_un.m _..1_l,
m_ r.+ _.__m_ljm ._.+_._jn 1njrm
`rj zedapiruls _. 1njrm _n Rrmas.
.+ .tn ._.+_._jn j+mt_j_.n _n j_jjn
+n_mnmj, r+ `rjj, r+jm. njjljm
nl_r+.nn __nrjnm_n, ._jl. .j_m n+.1j,
jujm m_ .r. .+ nl_r+.nn .__jl..
.t. _n _l.t._m, r+ __nrjn _. .__jln
`rjj rn _.+mt_j_. .l.__mrjnm
+ln_lj_.l r .r_j n+`nn_r
+jtnjrj.n.
gadamuSaveba da implicituri mexsiereba
_jl ___j .__lnljm, r+ .lt_._j. jj`n-
n_r _. n+`nn_r +jtnjrj. rn _-
_nrjn _. .__jln .lt_._j.n +_+.rj
(Roediger, 1990: Schacter et al., 1993). t_. `nrjm.l
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jrm._, jrm-jrmn `nr.., +..nm._, r+ mj_jl
n+`nn_r._ jnun.m ._._nlm +...,
r+jn m._n_.l jj`nn_r._ jl_.m
._j__nn. .j t_j., r_j. .tjnm +n+.r-
m._m mj_jl .__jmj +j.r _. .tjn
..tjlj._ .r._nm.rn u.nt+j_. .r _nr-
_j.m. 1_._ .j_j n+`nn_rn +jtnjrjn
j_j.1j ._.r. .+_jl.m.l _.j_ .j+j,
r_j. n+`nn_rn __nrjn _. n+`nn-
_rn .__jln `rjjn _.+mt_j_. t_j.. .+.
gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba (Transfer-ap-
propriate pocessing) j_j.: _.t+jn j_jjn
j_j.1j +._.n., r_j. __nrjn `rjn
.r+j_n ._.+_._j. gadadis _. .+njjlj.
.__jln `rjjn (Roediger, 1989). m_ r.+_jl._
j_jj_rn. j ._.j., .+. r.+_jln+j +jm_n
._jrn .__u_j1j _l.t._m, r+jn n+`n-
n_r +jtnjrj.n .+njjlj.: j+_j _n
n_jljm, m_ rr t_j. __nrjn. _.
.__jln `rjjn _rmnjrmjm.lt+j..
.t. .l_ntnm n+`nn_rn +jtnjrjn
j++jn n`_rn jj`jrn+jln: +__j_rjn
__jlj nj_.m. +_rn_ .uj__ljl _.
mt__ljl 1-_.l (j_j.1j l._j._ .n.+_l)
5-+_j (j_j.1j +j._ .n.+_l) j_nm _..1j
jj_.jnl.m, m_ r.+_jl._ .n.+_l +ln-
_lj. .jl_. mnmj_ +.m.l (Rajaram &
Roediger, 1993). jj`jrn+jln .+ `nr_jn _.1n
j+_j _n `nrm. +jtnjrj. j+_jn mtn_.l
jrm-jrmn n+`nn_rn +jtnjrjn .+.lnm
++_j_. (_.___.m, jrm-jrm +_rn_n .rn
nj_. martorqa):
fragmentuli sityvis Sevseba. _n `nr
juj_. _r.+jl_n nj_. rt-rq-, r+jn
+.l m._n +_n `nr_jn_j nj_nm _l_.
j._.
sityvis fuZis Sevseba. _n `nr j_.j.
j._ nj_n __uj, +..nm._, mar______,
m._n +_n `nr_jn nj_nm.
sityvis identifikacia. _n `nrj +ln-
r1j juj_.m nj_.m. rnn njmn nr._nm,
r+ l.m._ mnmj_n ._j+. _jr jul, +.r.+
_l_. .+nll j nj_jn. .+ j+mt_j_.n jrm-
jrmn nj_. njlj. martorqa.
anagrama. _n `nrj juj_.m nn_j nj_.,
+.r.+ .rj_n .jnm, +..nm._, qatorarma
_. +.m _l_. _...tjl `nr_jn .1rn.ln nj_.,
r+jn m._n +__.m.
1_._ nj_j, rr martorqis j+mt_j_.n,
r `._t mnmj_ .+.l.1j .l.1__r._
._rj +n_j_n +_rn_n nj_jn. .+._j _r,
j_j.1j .j_r.__j n.., r+ jj`jrn+jl.rn
_n `nrn j_r.__j. `jn._r._ .r .r+.r-
m._ j..+n.1j ._rj +_rn_n .rj_
nj_j. _. .t.n .+.ln `._tj rn
rj_ .+n+ .rn +jtnjrj. n+`nn_rn.
n+`nn_rn +jtnjrjn j._.j._
+__j_rjn n+ _n `nrm. j_jj, r+j+.
.n.rj jj`jrn+jln `nr_jn ._n. _.
j._.j nj_jn .n.+_l-_n.+_l +ln_lj-
n +ntj__nm (+..nm._, martorqa) __.rj-
_ljl n+.m +l.j+j, _n. j `nr_jn ._n.
.r .__n.. suraTi 8.9 _n_jlj, m_ r. ._jl.
.t_jl n+`nn_rn +jtnjrj. nj_j1j:
`rjln _n_jlj, m_ r.+_jln nj_. ._._nlj
r._ _n `nrj+. n+ nj_jn_.l, r+jn
`nr_j._ +n_j_ +_rn_jn nj, n+.m.l
j_.rjnm, r+jn .+ +_rn_jn .r nj.
t_._.t_. _n `nrj nj_.m. t_._.t_.
+_rn_jn +nj_j_.. j_jn _._.jn
j+mt_j_.n tj_._m, r+ _`nr.j. ._rj l.l.t
nj_j jln_j.m, +.nl. _n, r_j. _n
`nrj +t_ .n.+_l-_n.+_l +ln_lj-
n +ntj__nm +jmt_j.m +.mn j_.j.. .+
_`nr.j. praimings (Priming) __jjl, r._.l
nl..r nj_n ._j+. mnmj .+1._j _.
tj _j j+_+n .+_njn +n_j..
+jtnjrjn 1njrmn .+.ln j+mt_j_.n
`r.n+nln j_jjn __nr.1j +jt.l ruj_j.
(Sloman et al., 1988).
.t. _.__r_l_jm __nrj.. _. .__jl.
rn m.lt__jln ._nmt. n+`nn_rn +jtnj-
rjn mtn_j jn +.n +j+_n nl_r+.nn
fizikuri +.t.n.mjjn m.lt_j_r. _n-
t+. t_. nj_jnm, r. `rjjn +j+j_j
gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoria (Levels-of-pro-
cessing theory) _ am Teoriis mixedviT, rac ufro
Rrma doneze xdeba informaciis gadamuSaveba,
miT ufro ukeT daamaxsovrdeba igi adamians.
gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba (Transfer-ap-
proptiate processing) _ Tvalsazrisi, romlis mi-
xedviTac mogoneba saukeTesoa, rodesac impli-
cituri kodirebis da implicituri aRdgenis
procesebis damTxveva xdeba.
praimingi (Priming) _ implicituri mexsierebis
Sefasebisas upiratesoba, romelic adre gagonil
sityvas, an nanax situacias eniWeba.
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martorqis __nrjn `rjn, nn_j `rjjn
.l.`nrjjl nj_n __un mar______
j_j., +.r.+ .rj t_. kategoriuli
asociaciis jn, r+jn +ln_lj., lj.
j__ulj. _. .r. _n1n__rn +.t.n.mjjn
m.lt_j_r.. _.___.m, .uj_m +nmn_rn
j+lnjjn _.r_l_ lj. _. mt_m,
_...tjm .+ _.jrnn n+_jln j+._jljn,
r.+_jl. jujm +_j _rn .l+._.n,
+.r.+ m_ mj_jl +nl_j.m mj_.m +.rrj.
n+n .+, r+ n ._rj +_j_ nj_.m.
+_rn_n (m_+., .lt_._j_ _ljjn) .+n-
_nmtjm, .j+j n+`nn_r +jtnjrj.m.l _jjlj..
m_ _n1n__rn +.t.n.mjjn _. +ln_lj-
n `r.n+nl1j _.+j.rj_ n+`nn_rn +jt-
njrjn r .lt_._j_ j .+_njjljm,
_l.t._m _._nr __nrj.. _. .__jl. rn.
saidan
viciT
praimings adgili aqvs, rodesac
gadamuSavebis formaTa Tanxvdena xdeba
+jtnjrjn +__j_rj+. ...rj jj`j-
rn+jln, r.m. j_jljnl.m, r+ n+`nn_rn
+jtnjrjn .lt_._j_ _r+.n .lt_.-
_j_n n`n ._.+_._j. .j_ ._nn.
_n `nrj juj_.m nj_.m. rnn
nlr_jnnm, r+ .l mniSvnelobis +ntj_-
_nm (.n.+_l nl..rn.. nj_. m_
_n.+_l), .l fizikuri +.t.n.mjjn
+ntj__nm (r.+_jl m.lt+_.l jn._ nj_.)
_.j+_._jnl.m +.... .ntjljm, r+
_.jrnn .n.nn jn +ln_lj-
. j__ulj.. j..+n._, +__j_.rm.
.n`mj1. n nj, r+ _.jrnn .n.-
nn jn `r.n+nl jjlj_. ._nn,
m_ j_jj+. .n`mj1. _.._._r.. .j_j,
_n1n__rn +.t.n.mjjn +ntj__nm +..-
n _.+_._j. `r.n+nln +_j_ +t_
n+ jjn, r+jn +..n _n1n__rn
+.t.n.mjjnm _.+_._j. _nt+
(Srinivas & Roediger, 1990).
.+ n`n __j_jn .._mjjl ._..ln
j..+nn ._.+_._jn j.tj m_..1rn:
m_ mj_jl nl_r+.nn __nrjnm_n ._.+_.-
_jn .r__j_ n`, +..nm._, _n1n__r .l
+ln_ljn +ntj__nm .l.n1 njjljm, +.nl
.+ nl_r+.nn .__jl. j_j.1j j_jj_rn njlj.,
m_ .+ _r .l.n1n nn_j n` .+njjljm
(Park & Gabrieli 1995: Rajaram et al., 1998: Weldon et al.,
1995). ._rj _jl .jmn .1rn .+_mj_nm: +lj.
j_j.1j j_jj_rn. +.nl, r_j. `nrjn,
r+jn +t_. nl_r+.nn __nrj., j+mt_j_.
`nrj, r+jn _l_. +t_j .__jl.. .+
m._n .+ .1rn _..._mjjn _.jjn .r-
+n_nljm. .t. _l.tm, rr jnuj. __n-
rjn. _. .__jln mjrnn j+_+n .+jjlj..
arastruqturuli informaciis
daxsomebis gaumjobeseba
.+ l.nn ._nmt_n j+_j mj_jl ___j _l_.
..l_jm .r__j_n .1rn n+n j.tj, m_
rr _l_. .n_+_jm j_j__n_rn +jt-
suraTi
8.9
impicituri mexsierebis
testze praimingi
praimingi gviCvenebs sxvadasxva amoca-
nebiT manipulirebas sakontrolo si-
tyvebze. gavlenis zogierTi implici-
turi testiT SesaZlebelia praimingis
gamovlena kviraze meti xnis Semdeg.
293
njrj. +jn _.n+.t_rm _. l._jn
_.n_njm. j_jm._n _njn. _jl t_-
rj.n _.jt+.rj.m, m_ rr .+njjlm j
_l. ._.m.l +n+.rmj.n. mj_jl ___j nnm,
r+ nl_r+.nn .__jl. j_j.1j __jm t_j.,
m_ +. nn_j _ljjn nljm, .l ._.+_.-
_jn nn_j n` njjljm, r+jn +..n
m.__.`nr_j._ ._j___n _r .+njjljm, +.r.+
.j .r__j_n._ .lt_._j_ _nm.rj.m.l
_.j_ .j+j _. .+n .j.n _jl _.jt+.rjnm.
.j+j jtj. .r.r_j_rnrj_ .l j+mt_j_nm
nl_r+.n..
.r+n_nljm, r+ +._.1n.n +_.m .+jn_-
_j._. mj_jl _l_. _.n+.t_rm _.+r._n r.+,
r.. +jn__jn mj_jl.l +nmt_: +_.lj
+.n_rn.l j. ._n .+_. .r_.n _.
_jt.+jn _l_.: n_jr.r_n.l +.+._. 2
.n rjj_., 6 .n 0,25 1+n tr.tln _.
._j._n ._tj_n. j n_.n. u.n.l .._
jj`jrn+jln n_.n., ._. mj_jl _.j_nj-
_n .n.njn _l_. _.j+.t_rjnl.m.
rr _.nt+jm nj_.m. j_njn, r+jn
nl. m._n nj .r+_jlnn? .+.l., ..m,
. julj.m, r._.l j_njn mj_jlm_n
.l.__mrj_ .1r +_j_n nj. +ln_lj-
. +_j_n nl_r+.nn _.t+j. uljn..
n+n.m_n, r+ .r jj.m, r+j +jn__j
r. +njm, ._nr. njmn .n.njn _.+j.rj.,
r+ j+mt_j_nm. +.jn+._r._ .+nrnt.
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba
._j___n .l.+_nj._ .+jjlj_
unrnm._ r.jn. gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba
j_j.. .+ jjln_n unrnm._n n_j. n.., r+,
r_j. nl_r+.nn ._j___n. +...
n+jrjm, .+nm +nn ._.+_._jn j.uj-
. n1r_j.. ._.+_._jn jrm-jrmn 1..
.r.j+mt_j_nmn, .1rn.ln .n.njn _.+j.rj.
nj_j rn. +..nm._, m_ nl_.m, _.n+.t-
_rm nj_.m. j_nn Tagvi xe, _l_.
.r+n_nlm tj1j .+u_r.n m._n, r+jn
juj j_j. +lj. __jmjn njlj., m_ nl_r-
+.nn ._j_ l.nj `..r. +mtrn
.tj +nj+m (Bower, 1972). jnun.m, +._.1nn
j+mt_j_.n r._._ +n_njrm +mtr., ._.
mnmj_ +jn__j m._nn +mt_ljnm ._n
+n_jl_nm (.+. `..r. `r.jn_. _nr_j.). mj_jl,
..m, +nt__nm _n_j, r+, .j_j, u.n.l _.rn
._.j.. mj_jln +mtrn +tj__jnmn
.r+_jljnm .+_n_rj.. +tj__jnmn
.r+_jljn u.n.l j_jj_rn. +ljnm_n,
r._.l jrm_r_._ r+.n __nrjn
_jr._rn _. +tj__jnmn j.uj.
nuj_. (Paivio, 1972).
._.+.+_._jjn .l+jrj., .j_j, j.uj-
. nuj_., _.n_.m mwkrivis Semdgomi
j_jjn..l. +..nm._, r_j. `._tn .j+n
rnn .l _r _j., tnr._ ._.+n.l .r .t_,
r. mj_. __._ +n+. nl.+rj_+.. m_ _j+j
jln.m n_.n., ._. rjn +j_ jrm-
_r_._ r.+_jln+j ._.+n.l .ljl, .__n._
..jn njlj. r. n_nt+j. .+ j_jjn. r.
jrj_. mj_jl `nr_.`nr +_+ j.? .+ j_jjn
+n1j1n .__m.rn .tjn, .l .__m.rn jln_ln
mj+.1j j_r.__jn ._..l.. (Bond et al., 1991).
.+n m._n_.l ..nj._ ._nr. ._.+.-
+_._jjn .l+jrj.. ._.n.ljm j_r.__j.
+`nr_.`nrj j.n .tj1j _. r. .nljm
n1., mj_nm nnln, rr +l. n1..
mnemonika
+jtnjrjn ._+_jjn j+_jn ._.j..
`jn._rn r.jnjn jj+l., r+jm.
mnemonikuri xerxi j_j. (jrul_n nj_n_.l
+nlj). +lj+ln_. +n._ rj_j, r+jn
tj _jjl _.jjn rujn +_rn_n ._j__-
_. l.l _. ._rj ._j__n nl_r+.n.m.l
_._._nrjn 1nm. j_rn +lj+ln__rn tjrtn +1.
+n+lnljj nuj_., r+jm. jrnn +.-
j._m j+mt_j_nmn nl_r+.n..
.l_ntnm lokusis meTodi, r+jn `nr-
_j._ jrujl+. r.r+. .+njjl.. __n
lnl._ ._n. __n +jm_n lnl._
nj_n m_ +_jln ._nn +ntj__nm _.t-
+j. _. .__jl., t r.rnm_n
t.lrun_n +tjljn ._j_n l.njn
l.l ._njm.l _._._nrj.. n+n.m_n, r+
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba (Elaborative rehearsal)
_ mexsierebis gazrdis meTodi, romliTac xdeba
dasamaxsovrebeli informaciis gamdidreba.
mnemonikuri xerxebi (Mnemonics) _ strategiebi
an saSualebebi, romlebic xels uwyoben
faqtebis grZeli mwkrivis aRbeWdvas nacnob
da adre aRbeWdil informaciasTan dakavSirebis
gziT.
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_.n+.t_rm, r. .j_m .+._jn _`jr+.r-
_jn_.l, lj.n nnln .mnm._ _l_. .l.-
.m n+ 1.1j, r+nm. nln_n +n_n-
t.rm. j+_j, +ljn. .+__nm +.m _.
.ntjljm (nt. sur. 8.10).
mimniSnebeli sityvis meTodi .._ __n
+jm_, m_+. .lt_._j. n.., r+ +_rn_n
j_rj +n+lnljj __._nrjm _. .r.
._nj. .+ +jm_nm_n n`_rn +n+lnljjn
.rnm+_n r_jn., ._. nj_jn n_rj
jrnm+j.. +..nm._: jrmn-__jrn: rn-rn,
.+n-_.+n _. t_. j+mt_j_nmn nl_r+.nn
_.t+jn .._jn nl_r+.nn njmn .tnm
_..j.., r+ +n+lnljj+. .n.__nl
.__jl..
metamexsiereba
_.___.m, njm n_.n.n t.rm, r+ r._.n
+lj. _nr_j.m. mj_jl ._jmjm j_j._jr,
r+ .+njjlm +n+lnljjn, r+jn
__nrjn n_.n. ..t._jl, +.r.+ +.nl
_jr._jr nljm. l.nrn_, n+n +n1j1n, r+
.jm u.nt+j_. .t+.rm +lj., mj_jln _.r-
+_lj_.., r+ mj_jl _m .+ nl_r+.n.,
+.r.+, .lnjrj_n m_ .j_m, r. .r+._-
jl mj_jln +jtnjrj.? nnm, m_ rr +_.
mj_jln +jtnjrj.? .l .n_.l nnm, r+ .+
nl_r+.n. _m? j metamexsierebis _nmt_j-
n.. +j.+jtnjrjn +m._.rn _nmt_..: r_n _.
r.+ nl.tj. +jtnjrj.n gancda imisa, rom
vici.
`nr_jn, _nl jn._. j .l_., nj
j.T. harti (J. T. Hart, 1965), r+j+. __j_. _.nj
n+nm, r+ __jlj __.+_. _nmt_j 1._n
metamexsiereba (Metamemory) _ implicituri an
eqsplicituri codna mexsierebis unarebis da
mexsierebis efeqturi strategiebis Sesaxeb;
mexsierebis Semecneba.
suraTi
4.2
lokusis meTodi
lokusis meTodSi Tqven akavSirebT
dasamaxsovrebel sityvas (magaliTad,
sayidlebiis siidan) nacnob adgi-
lebTan (magaliTad, institutidan
saxlisken mimaval gzaze).
295
yvelaze xSirad studentebi
mexsierebis Sesaxeb gamokvle-
vebis wakiTxvis Semdeg svamen
kiTxvas: _ rogor gamoviyeno
miRebuli informacia swrafad?~
rogor momexmareba es gamokv-
levebi momavali gamocdebis-
Tvis mzadebaSi?~ vnaxoT, ra
tipis rCevebi SeiZleba gamoviy-
vanoT am gamokvlevebidan:
kodirebis specifikuroba.
rogorc gaxsovT, kodirebis
specifikurobis principi gu-
lisxmobs, rom mogonebis
konteqsti, anu pirobebi, ro-
melSic mogoneba xdeba, daem-
Txves kodirebis konteqsts.
swavlis procesSi konteqsti
xSirad informaciis gan-
sxvavebul konteqstsac~ niS-
navs. Tu Tqven yovelTvis
erTsa da imave konteqstSi
swavlobT, gagiWirdebaT sxva
konteqstSi misi aRdgena. ase
magaliTad, Tu profesori
odnav sxvagvarad dagisvamT
kiTxvas, SeiZleba daibneT
da ver upasuxoT, amitom
Tqven swavlis procesSi
konteqstebi unda cvaloT.
gadaawyveT masala, dausviT
Tqvens Tavs sxvadasxva ki-
Txvebi, scadeT masalaSi axa-
li kombinaciebis Seqmna, mag-
ram Tu mainc SeferxdebiT
gamocdaze, scadeT gamoi-
yenoT rac SeiZleba meti
mimniSnebeli, raTa pirve-
ladi konteqsti aRadginoT:
_ es xom igivea, rac xan-
mokle mexsierebis leqciaze
movismine~;
mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis
efeqti. adgilmdebareobis
efeqtis mruds Tu gavixsenebT,
vnaxavT, rom masalis SuaSi
ganlagebuli informacia yve-
laze cudad gvamaxsovrdeba.
faqtobrivad, studentebs ufro
kargad axsovT leqciis dasawyi-
si da bolo, vidre Sua nawili
(Holen & Oaster, 1976; Jensen, 1962).
rodesac leqciaze xarT, eca-
deT, swored leqciis Sua na-
wils miaqcioT gansakuTre-
buli yuradReba. swavlis dros
Tqven ganskuTrebuli Zalis-
xmeva unda gamoiyenoT masalis
daswavlisaTvis, magram ecadeT,
rom masala yovelTvis erTi
da imave TanmimdevrobiT ar
iswavloT. imasac miaqcieT yu-
radReba, rom es Tavi mex-
sierebis Sesaxeb wignis SuaSia
ganlagebuli. Tu Tqven mTeli
wigni gaqvT Casabarebeli, maSin
mis swavlas meti Zalisxmeva
unda moaxmaroT, vidre dasa-
wyis, an bolo Tavebs;
da mnemonikuri xerxebi. zog-
jer, gamocdisTvis mzadebis
procesSi iseTi gancda giCn-
debaT, TiTqos daulagebel,
arastruqturirebul masalas
swavlobT. vTqvaT, Tqven swav-
lobT tvinis gansxvavebuli
nawilebis funqciebs. am Sem-
TxvevaSi Tqven TviTon unda
ipovoT masalis gadamuSavebis
efeqturi gza _ an mxedve-
lobiTi warmodgenebi daix-
mareT, an winadadebebSi Car-
TeT, an TiToeul cnebas pa-
tara istoria daukavSireT. am
wignis erT-erT avtors dRemde
axsovs Tavisi mnemonikuri
xerxi, romelic gamoiyena
fsiqologiis SesavalSi ven-
tramedialuri hipoTala-
musis, romlis abreviaturac
laTinurad aris VMH, da-
samaxsovreblad. es iyo Very
Much Hungry, magram rogorc
me-12 TavSi naxavT, es mnemo-
nikuri xerxi mas Semdeg ukve
aRar aris iseTi zusti.
ki xels SegiwyobT naswavli
kidev ufro ganamtkicoT;
metamexsiereba. am sferoSi
warmoebulma gamokvlevebma
gviCvena, rom adamianebi kar-
gad grZnoben, Tu ra ician
da ra _ ara. rodesac Tqven
gamocdaze xarT, sadac dro
SezRudulia, Tqven unda
miuSvaT Tqveni intuicia da
andoT mas drois ganawi-
leba. magaliTad, SegiZliaT
bileTis mTeli kiTxvebi
uceb gadaikiTxoT da naxoT,
rogor grZnobT, romeli
sakiTxi iciT ukeT. aris
iseTi gamocdebic, sadac
yvela kiTxvaze pasuxi saval-
debulo ki ara, SerCeviTia,
magram pasuxi siswrafes
moiTxovs. aqac Tqvens intu-
icias unda endoT da im
kiTxvebs unda upasuxoT,
romelTa pasuxis siswore-
Sic darwmunebuli xarT.
imedi gvaqvs, rom axla met-
naklebad gasagebia, Tu ro-
gor SeiZleba mexsierebaSi
Catarebuli gamokvlevebi
gamocdebisTvis warmatebiT
momzadebaSi dagexmaroT.
rogor SeiZleba mexsierebis gamokvlevebi
dagexmaroT gamocdebisTvis mzadebaSi
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.l.mjn_.l. +..nm._, j_nmtjnm: +1n
nj+.n r+jn `.lj.. j_j.1j _n_n? nnm
.+ _nmt_.1j `._tn? m_ .r nnm, rr +nj-
j_nm, r+j `._t .nrj__nm .+ n_.n.n:
+n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ .t. .r +.t_ `._tn,
_nn, r+ r.+_jln+j.r.r `._t rn
._nrj__n r. +._ _nmt_j __.+_. ..rn
m._n _n `nrj. `._tjn _.r+_lj_.
+.m 1-_.l, (._+._ _.r+_lj_n _.r, r+ _jr
._nrj_ r._ +r._nmn .rj_.ln_.l), 6-_j
j_jnm _l_. jj_.jnl.m (._jnm _.r+_-
lj_n _.r, r+ r._ ._nrj_). mj_jl rr
..l.nj_nm j_j? .n, j .jrl.n_jn:
.. `_ln
. _jljr.
. _j_.+n.
_. n_`njrn
m_ mj_jl j_r.__jnm _..__nr_jnm _.r+_lj-
_n _rul, r+ _nn .l_., +.nl
r `._t n+ j+mt_j_.n _...tjjm (_-
), m_ j_.j. njlj. 6, t +n ._lnl_.
l._jn ..m. jjlj., m_ j_.j. 1 njlj.
(.l_ `._tn r+ +n_n_m, r. mj+. _l_.,
_nmt_.m. _n_n r._jl.. ._nr). ..rn +ntj_-
_nm, _n. 1 j_nm .j_ m._nn _.r+_lj_.
j_.j_n, 30-nm l._j r `._tj nuj_.
+.nl, r_j. 6 j_. 75-n.l .r+.j.
_1r_l_jj_. j _.jjn +n_mnmj n+.1j, r+
_rul, r+ _nn .l_. jnuj. 1_n
nl_n_.rn nj.
+j.+jtnjrjn j.tj .+__j_jn +n+.r-
m_n. rr n+ `rjj1j, r+jn
_rul, r+ _nn .l_. n_j_jl, .j_j n+.1j,
m_ rr +nn_j_. j_.jn n1_j (Koriat &
Levy-Sadot, 1999; Metcalfe, 2000).
mimniSneblis nacnobobis hipoTezis +ntj_-
_nm, ._.+n.ljn m._nn _rul, r+ _nn
.l_n _r +n+lnljn l.l. j+j.-
rjn.l. +..nm._, r_j. j_nmtjn.l: r.
jrj_. jm._jl?, m_ mj_jl ._rj .nn.m +n
j.tj, jnuj. .nl_jm .1rn, r+ r.+_jln+j
.jrl.n_n_.l .+nlm +n .tj .l_ r
`._t (Metcalfe et. al., 1993: Reder & Ritter, 1992: Schwartz
& Metcalfe, 1992).
misawvdomobis hipoTezis +ntj__nm, ._.+n.ln
_n .r.r_n nl_r+.nn_.l rn `._-
tn __+.. .+rn._, m_ _nmt_.: r. jrj_.
jm._jl?, mj_jln .__n._ ._ur._ nl_r-
+.n., r+jn, mj_jln .1rnm, .+ _nmt_.1j
r `._tm.l .rn _._._nrj_n, mj_jl
.nl_j.m .l_., r+ r `._t .__n._
.+nlm (Koriat, 1993, 1995).
rn_j mjrn. ..ln. j+`nrn_n _.._mj.
_. rn_jn n_nt+j., r+ mj_jl jnun.m
jl_m mj_jl rul., r_j. _.r+_lj_n
t.rm, r+ nnm r._. (+_n.ljnm _jl
j_jtjnm ++n _jljj1j ..rj_ .+_-
_j_j, r+jn .+ 1._n jn_.l .+l._-
nj1j +n_mnmj).
mj_jl ___j .r__j_n _l. .j_m n+n
j.tj, m_ rr ._nj__j. _. rr .__j.
nl_r+.n. mj_jl +jtnjrj.n. mj_jl nnm,
m_ r. lnl._ ._j___n. _. .__jln n_.-
njn _.rn m.lt_j_r.. j+_j j_jm._n +jt-
njrjn `rjjn_.l ._._nl._jm +jtn-
jrjn nl..rj1j, .l_ n+.1j, m_ r. t_j.
+jtnjrj.n.
Sejameba
t.lrun_n +jtnjrjn mjrnj+. _l_. .tl.l,
m_ rr t_j. _ln jujl. _. jl.t_.
+jtnjrj.n +mjn t_rjn +.lun1j. __nrj-
n `jn_n__rn `rnln`n +ntj__nm, nl_r+.-
nn j_j.1j _.r._ .__jl. t_j. +.nl,
r_j. _ljjn, r+jn t_j. __nrj.,
j+mt_j_. .__jln `nrj. +_rn_n ._n-
+_j.rjn j_jj n_j_ mnmj_n m.j_-
_njn (nj_., +_jl. _. ..) +ljn
_ljjj rn .lt_._j..
mj_jl _.t+j_ +n+lnljjnm jujm.
l. tnr._ __r .__nn., _n_rj +lj.,
r._.l .+ j+mt_j_.n +n+lnljjn +j
nl_r+.n. jn._jl. j`n1__r +jtnjrj.n
_.t+j. ._j___n _ljjm.l +n+.rmj.n
t_j.. j+.ln__r +jtnjrj.n _n nl_r+.nn
._j___n .r__j_ j`n1_m.l +n+.rmj. _._.r-
_n.. nljr_jrjln. jnuj. nj `r.jn-
_rn, r_j. u_jn nl_r+.n. jrj_. _. tj
_n .tn ._j___., .l rjr.jn_rn,
r_j. .t.n nl_r+.n. jrj_. u_j.
nl_r+.nn ._.+_._jn mjrnn +ntj__nm,
nl_r+.nn __r _r+. ._.+_._j. +n __jmj
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_.t+j. n_j_. n+`nn_r +jtnjrj.1j
..rj_n __j_jn +ntj__nm, ._j___n _.
+ljn `rjjn _.+mt_j_. n_j_ `r.n+nl.
mj_jl jnun.m .n_+_jm +jtnjrj.
._.+.+_._jjn .l+jrjn _. +lj+ln__rn
tjrtjn _.t+.rjnm. +j.+jtnjrjnm_n `j-
n_n__rn +_jjn mj_jln +jtnjrjn j.tj
n`_rn _. 1_n..
xangrZlivi mexsierebis
struqturebi
.j.+_j _jl +njr +.ln j_j. +..nmn
mt__nm, r+ _.j+.t_rjnl.m .l ._j_nl.m
n1nrj_n .l jrm+.ljmm.l _.__._nrjjn
nl_r+.nn jrmj_jn. n, r.. mj_jl _+r._-
j j+mt_j_.n ._._jl_nm, organizebuli
codnis l.njn nj. .ntjljm, +..nm._,
r_j. mt_jm j+_j.m, nj m_ .r. yurZeni
tnn, mj_jl _.__njrj._ .jnm _._jnmn
`._tn, +.r.+ r. nj_nm avokadoze .l tyemalze?
.+ m._n _jl j_n._nm, m_ rr.. _._._-
nrj_n .+ n`n `._tn nuljjjn +jtnj-
rj.n nl_r+.nn r_j_rnrjn t.n.mm.l
_. 1jm.l: _n+_jjm, .rjm_j, n+n j.tj,
m_ rr jt+.rj.m +jtnjrj.n r.ln1j_n
_l. .+. m_ n+ nl_r+.nn r._._ .tjlj-
.n.
mexsierebis struqturebi
+jtnjrjn unrnm._n __ljn. +._n m.j_-
_njjn jrm+.ljmm.l _._._nrj.., r.m.
.rj+m.l _rmnjrmn `rjn jum +nn
.+jjlj. (.ntjljm +.rn_n .l.1__rj. +j-5
m._n ._j+n __ljnn j.tj). mj_jl t_rm
.+j.rn, r+jn ._j. _m_.._n nl_n_n-
__._rn m.j__njjnm _. +_jljnm,
r+jm. +__+n_n .trn_. _. +.mn nl_r+.nn
njm +nrj, +.rn_ jrmn._ _.j_.l.
_nr_j.m, r+n +.rm_.. jujm. .+._j
_r, mj_jl .r _nr_j.m .+j.rn .r__j_n
r_j_rn +.ujl._ j_j _jr1j lnj-
rjn .rm_.. rr n+`nn_rn +jtnjrjn
.ltn_n. _l.tjm, .r+__jljn., r+ j_j
_m, ljn+njrn .ln ._j+n. m_ +j+j_jn.,
.+_jm: j n .rn, r. .+1.rj_ ln_mj
+nj__m_lj.. .rj+m.l _rmnjrmn _j_j-
rn_n .+_njnm mj_jln +jtnjrjn r_j_-
r.n .rj+ r_j_rjn .n.tj.. .l_ntnm
+jtnjrjn r_j_r.m. _r+jn, r+jn
.+j.n_. mj_jln .rj+m.l j_j__n_rn
_rmnjrmn `rjn.
kategorizacia da cnebebi
_._njm +j-11 m._n .ltn_n +_jlnm
n+ ljrn_n u.nt+j_nm, r+jn ._nr.,
r.m. .__+. _.n+.t_r, +..nm._, nj_.
ZaRlis +ln_lj.. n+n.m_n, r+ j nj_.
+ln_ljn +..rjjn nj .__nm_n, +.
_l_. .jl_j _l.rn, _.n+.t_r j_j. n
n_.n., r+jn j nj_. .+njjlj. _.,
.rjm_j, nl_r+.n. _ljjn j.tj. .+ 1nm
.__n ._+.jl, r. .rn unrnm._n .rn:
j_n.ln .rj., r+j. mtn _jtn .j_, lnl._
ZaRls. .__+. _l_. jn+jl, r+ u._n
j_j. .r. jrm _l_rj_ t_j, .r.+j_
.+_.r t. .rj.m. +mj _.jrn..
nl_n_n__._rn .+_njn kategorizaciis
_l.rn jrmn _. nn_j jj_n .ltrnjj.
+n +n+.rm, .l jrmn _. nn_j .tjn _.rj+j_.
+.1r_lj r.ln1+n jrm-jrmn j_j.1j .1n-
_rn _. +ln_lj_.ln _l.rn. (Mervis & Rosch,
1981).
mj_jl +njr .+j_nn _.jrnjn lj.n
rj`rj1jl.n. cnebebi j_j.. lj. ZaRli,
+..nm._, j_j. .__n +njr u._m.l
_._._nrj_n t_rjnj_n .+_njn
+jtnjrj.n j_._nrj. _. jl.t_. (rr
+j-11 m._n _l.t._m, m_ .__ _jr _n_j_ .r .j_
_.1_j_n ZaRlis +ln_lj., j lj.
jnuj. njm lnlj. +n.__j, r+jn
+1r_nj+. jnuj. .+ ljnm_n j_..+_
.m_.l.). mj_jl jujlnn .j_m _.+r._n lj..
.j_m sagnebis _. qcevebis _.jrnjn, +..-
nm._, sakuWnao _. fexburTi. ljjn jnuj.
..t.__j Tvisebebs, +..nm._, wiTeli .l didi:
abstraqtul ideebs, +..nm._, WeSmariteba .l
siyvaruli: mimarTebebs, +..nm._, ufro Wkviani,
vidre. mnmj_n lj. mj_jl +njr .+j.rm.l
_rmnjrmnm jujlnn +mn.lj._ .+j.n-
j_n .+_njn rj`rj1jl.n...
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prototipebi
n+ u._j rn, r+jn mj_jl nl.t._m,
r+j .r+n_jlm, r_j. .n_nmt._m
nl._._j.: u._n tr._ u_.. jnun.m
_l_rj_n u._n _...tjm? m_ r+jn+j
n`_rn u._n .r+n_j.m, r+jn j_j.
l.l.tn u._jn ._. prototips .r-
+._jl? .l_ntnm jj`jrn+jln, r+jn
_._jt+.rj. .+ _nmt_.1j `._tn .j+.n.
saidan
viciT
prototipebis Camoyalibeba
_n `nrj __jlj_ljl ._j_n
._.+n.ln .tjjn _r.mj, r+jn
t_._.t_. t.rntnm .lt_.__j_ljl `r-
n`n.l (sur. 8.11): j+_j +.m ._jlj-
_ljl .tjjn +jrj ___. 1njrmn _r.-
mn ._rj nj +n_j_n, 1njrmn .t.n
nj _. .lt_.__j_. `rn`n.l. nj,
.rjm_j, `rn`n _r.mn, r+jn
.lt_.__j_. `nr_j._ +n_j_n `r-
n`n.l. _n `nrj j_.j_.m .+j-
lm, m_ r+jn _r.mn .jl_.m +.m
._rj +n_jn. l.l.tn.
_.r._ .+n__jm. .+n j_jn, r+jn
+j+_n. _r.m1j 8.1. _n `nrjn l-
_ljl j_j. n+ _r.m, r+jn ._rj
.jl_.m l.l.tn, +.nl. _n, r_j. +.m.l
`rn`m.l +t_ 25- .jl_.
+._j.. .t. _r.mj1j +n_mnmj_ljl,
r+ .t.n nj _. ln t.rntn `r-
n`m.l +n+.rmjnm .ln.1__rj_.. _n
`nrjn _., j_j.1j _.r+_lj_ln
nj_ljl .t.n `rn`n _l.n (Solso
& McCarthy, 1981).
.+ jj`jrn+jln _n `nrjn nj +j+j_j_ljl,
mnmj ..jrmn.lj j_j. .tj, r+jn _n
_l.t._m, r.m. `rn`_n _lr_jn jjj+l.m.
_.jrnjn, m._nn m_njjnm_rm, `r-
n`jn nj+lj. +mjn mj_jln .+_njn_.l,
.+n+ `rn`jn j_j _m jnuj.
n_j_j _. +_n_r_j_j .t.n _.jrnnm.
.jj_.l .++_nl.rj, +jlnjrjn +n_n_ljl n+
_.__l.+_j, r+ _l_rj_n _.jrnnm_n
`rn`n rj`rj1jl.n. lj.n jnuj.
.r jl_jm. __r ._.r.__., r+ `rn`n
m_nml ._j_ j1j+`.rjn, rr
._. r._. +j+j_j (Hintzman, 1986: Nosofsly
et al., 1992). +..nm._, j_j. u._n, r+jn _n
.+ ++jlnm_n nl.t._m, .j.nj `rn`_-
n u._n mj_jlj_ lj.. __r +jn, m_
mj_jl ._.+ .t_j_nm j_.n _. _.nl.tjm jrmn,
.l rn u._n, mj_jln `rn`n jnuj. _l._
jn_. _n_j.
n, r+ mj_jl .j_m _l.rn, njm _.jrn.,
rr, _mj_.m, u._n., `rn`n +_l.tm,
.uj_m j.uj. nlm _.jrnn +j-
l._j._ n`_rn .r++._jljn r. __r
+jn m_nj. .j_ .jrm _.jrnn ._j_
cnebebi (concepts) _ sagnebis, an ideebis saxe-
obebis, an kategoriebis mentaluri reprezen-
taciebi.
prototipi (Prototype) _ kategoriis yvelaze rep-
rezentaciuli magaliTi.
299
j_rj jrm+.ljmm.l, +nm __r n`_rln .rn.l
nnln. j _.r._ .l, +..nm._, _rnl_jn
_.jrnn .ltn_n.. rn .+ nm_j. j_._n
n`_r _rnl_j._, t nr.jj+., .l `nl_nln
.n`_r._? `._tn .ln.1__rj. n+ t.rntnm,
rnm. j j+lnjjn ._.l.l n+ _.jrnn
.r++._jlj, r+jm. mj_jl +jtnjrj.n
_rnl_jn _.jrn.n .jrmn.ljm. _.jrnn
j_rm. n`_r. _n, m_ rr jj..+j. r._.
mj_jl `rn`, j_j__n_rn t_rjn_.l
++_nl.rj. .+__j_j+. .+._nlj, r+
t.tn __r r._._ rj.nrj _.jrnn n`_r
.r++._jlj1j, _n_rj __j_1j. mj_jln
rj.jnn _r _nmt_.1j, .rn m_ .r. j_._n
_rnl_jn, __r r._n njlj., _n_rj n, r+
nr.jj+. _rnl_jn. (Rosch, 1976). _n_j_ jrmtj
_n+jrjm, r+ j j_jjn _.+_n_j_n. mj_jl
.+_nj.1j _rnl_jm. _.jrnn +n+.rm.
.+ j+mt_j_.n __r .__nn. j_._nm_n, rr
_rnl_jnm_n, ._nn `_l., _n_rj nr.jj-
+nm_n (m_, r. mj+. _l_., mj_jln t_rjn
+.lun1j _n_t.l .r nt_rnm nr.jj+jn
.rj+_.n).
ierarqiebi da bazisuri doneebi
ljjn _. +.mn `rn`jn _.+__n_j._
.r ._+jl_j.. rr suraTi 8.12 _n_jlj,
ljjn jnuj. .1rn.l r.ln1.nj._ .jr-
mn.l_jljl. njm _n_ _.jrn., rrn..
cxoveli, ..ln. j_j_.jrnjn frinveli _.
Tevzi, r+jn, m._n +trn_, +n._jl .tjj:
iadoni, siraqlema, zvigeni _. oraguli. m._n
+trn_, t_jn _.jrn. .rn j_j_.jrn.
__r _n_n _.jrnn. cocxali arsebebi.
ljjn _._._nrj_n. t_. .tn nl_r+.n.-
suraTi
8.11
prototipuli saxe da calkeuli saxeebi
B prototipebis, Zveli da axali saxeebis prototipuli Sefaseba
(A) saxis 75% emTxveva prototips, 50%-s aqvs gansxvavebuli Tmebi da Tvalebi, 25%-s mxolod Tvalebi aqvs
saerTo, dabolos, 0% aqvs saerTo prototipTan. (B) cdis pirebs sTxoven Seafason, aqvT Tu ara nanaxi adre
es saxe. yvelaze maRali darwmunebulobis xarisxi aris prototipis mimarT, romelic adre arasodes
unaxavT; daaxloebiT Tanabaria darwmunebulobis xarisxi adre nanaxi saxeebis mimarT; axali saxeebis
SemTxvevaSi cdis pirTa darwmunebulobis xarisxi klebulobda prototipisgan misi msgavsebis SemcirebasTan
erTad.
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300
m.l.: mj_jl +jtnjrj.n jl.t_n. _l. n+n
j.tj, r+ 1njrmn _rnl_jn n_+j_., 1n
.nn., 1n _n l.nl._rn n+..
rr _tj_._m, njr.rjnjn .r__j_n
._jt_rn .rj, r+j1j ._.+n.ljn __jm
+n.1rjjl njjj _. .t_jljl +.m _.j-
rn1.n.. +.m bazisur doneebs __jjl (Rosch,
1973, 1978). +..nm._, r_j. mj_jl .1.rn
jn__m _., jnun.m n_njrm +.1j,
rr tnn jrm-jrm .tj.1j, r+n
+ln_lj. u.n.l _.rm., .l rr ._-
r.l1j, r. `jn_n__rn _. _nr +ln_ljn...
rodesac kompiuterisa da
adamianis SesaZleblobebs
adareben, xSirad iseTi STa-
beWdileba rCeba, rom kompiu-
teri jobnis adamians. kom-
piuteris mexsierebas bevrad
meti aTasobiT da milio-
nobiT _ biti informaciis
Senaxva SeuZlia, vidre Cvens
mexsierebas, magram adamianis
mexsierebas erTi iseTi Tvi-
seba aqvs, romelic mis mexsie-
rebas ufro maRla ayenebs.
procesebi, romlebic SesaZ-
leblobas gvaZleven, movigo-
noT specifikuri informacia,
xSirad bevrad ufro efeqtu-
ria, vidre kompiuterSi Zebnis
procedura.davuSvaT, Tqvens
megobars Tqveni gamocda unda
am Tavis mixedviT da geki-
TxebaT: romelma mkvlevrebma
Semoitanes kodirebis speci-
fikurobis cneba?~ Tqven Se-
giZliaT gasceT swori pasuxi
(tulvingi da tomsoni), mcda-
ri pasuxi (soerlingi), an
TqvaT, rom ar iciT. albaT,
ar gindaT, gasceT iseTi pa-
suxi, romelsac araviTari kav-
Siri ar aqvs kiTxvasTan. ro-
gor ggoniaT, ra xdeba, ro-
desac am kiTxvaze pasuxis gace-
mis davalebas manqanas aZlevT?
pirveli veb-gverdi, romelsac
Google.com gvTavazobs, Sem-
degia: aris Tu ara HIV-is izo-
lacia miRweuli. meore mcde-
loba AskJeeves. com-s ukavSir-
deba. is gvTavazobs imis defi-
nicias, Tu ra aris cneba. ra-
tom aris kompiuteris mexsie-
rebidan es pasuxebi adamianis
mexsierebisgan gansxvavebuli?
Cven adamianis mexsierebis (mo-
gonebis) or Taviseburebas gamov-
yofT, romelic kompiuterTan
SedarebiT misi upiratesobis
ilustrirebas axdens.pirveli:
rogorc ukve gaecaniT, adamianis
mexsiereba efeqturad iyenebs
Sinaarsobriv mimniSneblebs,
romlebic saZiebel informa-
ciazea mimarTuli. is uzrun-
velyofs imas, rom aRdgenili
informaciis Sinaarsi kiTxvis
Sinaarss Seesabamebodes. kompiu-
teri ki, piriqiT, ar iTvalis-
winebs konteqsts da ufro si-
tyvis viwro mniSvnelobazea
orientirebuli. magaliTad, Tu
Cven kodirebis specifikuro-
bas~ veZebT Google. com-Si an
ASKJeeves-Si, TiToeuli maTgani
maSinve gadmogviSlis gverds,
romelzec iqneba pasuxi pirvel
kiTxvaze. kompiuterSi maZieb-
lisTvis kiTxvis nawilebs, rom-
lebic konteqstis dasazusteb-
lad iqneba mimarTuli (romelma
mkvlevrebma Semoitanes), aSkarad
uaryofiTi gavlena eqneba Ziebis
efeqturobaze. kompiuterSi bev-
ri pasuxis mosaZebnad Zalian
Znelia CarTo konteqsti ise, rom
kompiuterma gaurkveveli mimar-
TulebiT ar gagagzavnos. meore:
adamianis mexsierebas cnebebi
marTaven da ara sityvebi. ro-
desac Tqvens mexsierebaSi ko-
direbis specifikurobis Sesa-
xeb eZebT pasuxs, ar aqvs mniS-
vneloba ras ityviT, mkvle-
vars~ Tu eqspermentators~,
aRmomCens~ Tu Semqmnels~.
cneba aamoqmedebs TiToeul
sityvas, rogorc mimniSnebels.
kompiuters ki saqme mxolod
sityvebTan aqvs. magaliTad,
rodesac Cven Google.com-s
veubnebiT, Secvalos aRmom-
Ceni~ SemqmneliT~, is gvaZ-
levs bmuls mexsierebis Teo-
riaSi garkveuli gverdis mi-
TiTebiT. mkvlevris~ Secvla
eqsperimentatoriT~ gvaZlevs,
rogorc pirveli bmulis Sem-
TxvevaSi, gverds saTauriT:
talRebi, pulsi, neironuli
masis Teoria~. es patara eqspe-
rimenti kargad uCvenebs, Tu
kompiuteri, adamianis mexsie-
rebisgan gansxvavebiT, rogor
ufro metadaa damokidebuli
sityvebze, vidre cnebebze.axla
mainc Tu grZnobT mcireoden
upiratesobas kompiuterTan
SedarebiT? SegiZliaT, ramde-
nime wuTi dauTmoT imaze
fiqrs, Tu rogor SeiZleba
adamianis mexsierebis es Tvi-
sebebi kompiutersac gadasceT.
veb-gverdebi:
www.google.com
www.AskJeeves.com
adamianis da kompiuteris mexsiereba
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.1n_rn _lj _n .rn vaSli. mj_jl r+ ._jll
.+ njjn _r.mn _. _nmtl, r. .rn j,
mj_jl __r r._._ _`._tjm, r+ j _.n.
(_. .r. tnn r+jn+j _l_rj_n .tj.).
.1n_r _lj `rn`n .+_j_n +jn u..
.j_. mj_jl vaSlis lj.m.l +jn jtj. _.
.+_nj. .j_m, _n_rj +n `jn_n__r
_njm.l. mj_jl r+ _.jn .++j_.ln njm,
.1n_rn _lj .+ njr.rjn.n __r _..n
jjlj_.m.
sqemebi
_jl _l.tjm, r+ ljjn +jtnjrjn njr.r-
jn.n ._rjn __ljn. .r_jjl. +.m j rn
__r rm_ _+`jjjn .j_m. .ntjljm
_r.mn 8.2. .n_.l t__jnm nlnlj_r._, r+
._nn ._nn .r .rn .+1.rj_n? _jl ._rj
___j .__lnljm, r+ j `rjn n+`nn_r
+jtnjrj. j+j.rj., +.r.+ _jl .r _nmj_.+,
m_ +jtnjrjn r+jn r_j_r. nj .+nm_n
.+jjlj_n. __r 1_._ r+ _mj_.m, n,
r. mj_jl _nr_j.m, .rn njmn .tn rj`-
rj1jl.n. +jtnjrj.n, r+jn .+1.rj_
nl_n_n__._r lj. +.n_rn, __r_n .-
rjtn lnj.rn m_ .1j_rn j.tj _l.
..jrmn.lj __r _n_ r_j_r.n. sqema .rn
ljnmn .r, .l _l.m. _.jrn .ljn,
._.+n.ljn _. n_.nn j.tj. jj+jn .rn
_l.m. j__rjn, r+jn .rj+ r_j-
_rn j.tj rm_n .l1._jjn. ._j__nn.
mj_jl .j_m .+1.rj_ _. .n m.tn
jj+., .+.rr_ .jn +u_n _. `r_j-
rn, jjn_n. _. .l_jn jj+jn. jnun.m,
bazisuri done (Basic level) _ kategorizaciis done,
romelic yvelaze swrafad SeiZleba amovitanoT
mexsierebidan da gamoviyenoT yvelaze efeq-
turad.
sqemebi (Schemas) _ obieqtebis, xalxis, an situa-
ciis Sesaxeb konceptualuri CarCoebi, an cod-
nis klasterebi~, codnis erTeulebi, romlebic
moicaven garemos struqturebis Sesaxeb ganzo-
gadebebs.
suraTi
8.12
cnebaTa ierarqiulad organizebuli struqtura
kategoria cxoveli SeiZleba daiyos iseT qvekategoriebad, rogoricaa frinveli da Tevzi,
TiToeuli qvekategoria SeiZleba kidev daiyos. zogierTi informacia (aqvs kani) gaaCnia ierarqiis
yvela dones; sxva informacia (magaliTad, SeuZlia simRera) mxolod dabali donis cnebebs
SeiZleba hqondes (magaliTad, iadons).
302
r.+_jln+j _mn _._m+m _. _._njr_jm, m_ r.
_. rr .rn .+ _.jrnjn .l1._j_n.
jrmn r.+, r.. j.+lj__nm, n.., r+ mj_jln
jj+. .r +n._ mj_jln _.j._n .+_njn
j_j. nl_n_n__._r _j.. m_ `rn`n
_.jrnjn j.tj mj_jln .+_njjn
._.., jj+.n .r+_jlnn. .rj+n
n_.n.m. j.tj mj_jln .+_njjjn
._.. nj_j, rr `rn`jn, mj_jln
jj+jn _.j._n. _. t_rjnj_ +_j-
ljm.l jrm._ n_j. (Rumelhart et al., 1986). mj_jln
jj+. +t_ n+ _j.j +n._, r+j.
.l.__mrj_n j_r.__j. _._m+jm. +..nm._,
r_j. j_nmtjnm, r. .rn .r+_jlnn, r.
t.n. m_ jrn. mjmrn.l +lj.1j, __jljn
.r._j .+jl, r+ +.1j iremia .+t._n,
m_+., j .+.t_j. j_j. +lj.1j. (Rubin
& Kontis, 1983). .., j.++jm! .+rn._, mj_jln
jj+. nl.t._ 1_._ n+., r. SeamCnieT .rj+n.
.t. _n .l_ntnm j_j. n 1., r+jn
ljj _. jj+j njjljm.
mexsierebis struqturebis
gamoyeneba
+_nm, _l.tm, m_ rr +j+j_j +jtnj-
rjn 1njrmn r_j_r.. mj_jl+. jj+.+
j..uj. +.m, _jj+.lm +n+t__.-
rnj._nm, r+ ._nn ._nn .+1.rj_n .r
.rn. .t. .ntjljm +j-5 m._n, ._. .l_ntnjm,
m_ r. ._jl. .t_jl ._rnl_jn _l. r.1-
r_.ln _n_rn nljr`rj.n.1j. .t_m j
_n_r. (sur. 8.13)? r. tj_._m nt_ m_ ._n.?
_.___.m, _jl nl..r +.+1._jm n+nm_n,
r+ _.nl.t.__nm nt_, .l_ m_ mj_jl j_..+jm
l.t.n lnlj mj_jl jj+._r +_nlj
.+ lnljn +n+.rm, _.nl.t._m nt_. nn_j +t_j.
._nn +n+.rm., m_ jjlj.m ._nn +_nln.
_jl _njjljm +jtnjrj.n .rj_ nl_r+.n.,
r.m. ._.+.rmm +_nln.
mj_jl .j_m, .rjm_j, +jtnjrjn r_j_rjn,
r+jn ._jl. .t_jljl mj_jl ._j+.. _.
+lj.1j (Cantor & Mischel, 1979: Levy et al., 1999).
+..nm._, mj_jl, ..m, ___j jjlj.m _nn
jjn+n, .__ j._jn, j_njn _.
+._jjn ljjn. m_ mj_jlm_n _l `nr_-
lj.1j jj_n.l, r+ n jrm-jrmn .+ `r_jnn
.r++._jljn., mj_jln jrjn`_n .r+_-
jl. +n.jr +. _l_rj_ `nr_l_ +.t.n.-
mjj .l j..+n jj_j. n._rn _nj-
jn +njr _._jln njl., r+ jl. _.
nj_j. j_un.m, .r__j_n ._jl. +.t-
_nll .+ lj.m. nljr`jrl._r .+jjlj.1j.
j .+__j_. _n_jlj, r+ +jtnjrjn r_j-
_rj j_un.m, ._jl. +.t_nll .+j.r
j.tj mj_jl .1rm. +_j.1j: mj_jln .+j
.+_nj. .r_n .+_njnm .rn
j_jrnn _. j __.l._ljn _n mj_jl +-
_nlj ++._n +n+.rm. +.j, .j_j, l.t._m,
r+ tnr._ jrmn _. nn_j +n1j1nm, ljjn _.
jj+jn jnuj. tj _n_j 1_ +lj..
mogoneba, rogorc
rekonstruqiuli procesi
.t. .l_ntnm t_. +ln_lj_.ln ._.-
j., r+jn .+njjlj. +jtnjrjn r_j-
_r.. j_r j+mt_j_.n, r_j. mt_jl, +n-
lm .r__j_n nl_r+.n., mj_jl _jr .tjrtjm
.+.. .+n l._._, mj_jl rj_lr_jn. __jmjm
nl_r+.n. __r 1._n .tnm jl.t_n _-
ln_.l. rekonstruqciuli +jtnjrjn l.mj-
.j_._ .l_ntnm j+_jn .+n _nmt_.:
+j-3 m._n .rn m_ .r nj_. da~?
1991 jn jn._ m_ .r. 7 n_nn __j?
_lmj.__nm _nl 2.05 . _. 2.10 _m
rn?
mj_jl, ..m, .+n_j _nmt_. _._jnm `._t
.j+m j_j_.rn +jrjjn .rjj, +.r.+,
r. mj+. _l_., .+ +_jljn _l_rj_n j`n-
suraTi
8.13
cnobis iluzia
ixvi Tu kurdReli
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1__rn +jtnjrj. .r jjlj.m (n+ j+mt_j_jn
.+_jnm, m_, +..nm._, _nl+j 7 n_n .r
.rn _.._j_n _. +nm_n j .l.__mrj_n
__j.). .+ _nmt_j1j `._tn ..j+._ mj_jl
_l_. .+njjlm 1._n _l., r.m. rj_l-
r_jn. .__jmm +. _. n_.r.__m, r. jnu-
j. ++t_.rnj. rj_lr_jnn j `rjn
__r _j._r._ ._.rnm.
rekonstruqciuli mexsierebis sizuste
m_ ._.+n.ljn 1_jr _ln 1njrmn
.`jjn rj_lr_jn. .t_jljl 1_n +l.-
j+jn .__jln l._._, +.nl +._ljn.,
._+_.nlm j+mt_j_jn, r_j. rj_lr_n-
rj_n +ljn _.jjn .lt_._j_ njlj.
rj._rn _r.mn.l, .l_ +jtnjrjn j_+j
jjlj. ._nn. +jtnjrjn j_+n jrm-jrmn
j_j.1j m.+j__._n _j+lr.n. ._+._
u_jn.. _.n__r l.r+n +lj.: jj`jrn-
+jl_n _. n._rn _njnn .+__j-
_jn (1932) ser frederik bartleti n__j__.
._nmt, m_ rr +j+j_j .r_n .+_n-
j. .t._ jujlnn nl_r+.nn +lj.1j.
.rjn __jlj mt__., _.j+.t_rjnl.m
.lt_._j_n ___rn mj+_jjn _. jjl-
_jn. j_j.1j lnn. +nn +... _jn
ru..
.rj+. ._+.nl., r+ +nn __jljn
+njr .tjlj_n nl..rn .lt_.__j_. rn-
nl.n.l, .l_ n+n.l, r.. .__n_ljl _..+.t-
_rj._. nl..rn _.+.tnl_j. .+n .tn
rj_lr_jn_ `rj +n.__.:
donis daweva (leveling) +mtrn .+.r-
n_j.:
gamokveTa .r__j_n _j.jn .l.__m-
rj_n ._jj.:
asimilacia _j.jn j_. nj, r+
nnln __jmj j..+n.n +_nj_ljl .__m.r
_l.m.l.
.+rn._, _n `nrjn ntjlj_ljl +mtr.
_. +.mm_n _l nj_j m._nn ___rnm_n
_j_n nj_jnm _n_ljl: navi kanoes l.-
_._, Tevzaoba selapebze nadirobis +.n_r._.
.rjn _n `nrjn, .j_j, tnr._ _n_ljl
+mtrn nl..r., r.m. jj+nrjnl.m
1j_ljrn_n u.jn j.tj _r.1jn, r+jn
+.mn ___rnm_n .r nj _.+.t.n.mjjn.
+nj_ljl r. .rjn __., m.l.+j_r_j
+__j_rj+. jn._j +jtnjrjn _.r__j_jn
+r._._jr_lj., r+jm. ._nn .j_m
+ljn _lr_jn_n `rjjn .+jj-
ljn _r (Bergman & Roediger, 1999). +..nm._,
+__j_.rm. jrm+. ___+. .+._nl. _.ll1-
+njrj., r+j. .`ln `jrn j_jjn __.
(Owens et al., 1979). jrmn j`n1_n .+ .+__j_n
+..n_.l:
nensi mivida koqteilis wveulebaze. man
mimoixeda oTaxSi, raTa iq myofni SeeTva-
lierebina. igi sasaubrod miuaxlovda Tavis
profesors. man icoda, rac unda eTqva
misTvis, magram nerviulobda amaze. stumar-
Ta erTma jgufma Saradebis TamaSi daiwyo.
nensi zeviT avida cota mosamagreblad.
koniaki ki kargi iyo, magram mas ar aintere-
sebda, Tu raze saubrobda iq stumrebis
nawili. cota xnis Semdeg, sakmarisiao,
gadawyvita man da datova wveuleba.
.t. .r+n_nljm rr .lt_._j_._
._nj_.+m .+ l.j_j, m_ mj_jl _n `nrm.
rekonstruqciuli mexsiereba (Reconstructive
memory) _ mexsierebis konkretuli reprezen-
taciebis ararsebobis pirobebSi Senaxuli
codnis zogad tipebze dayrdnobiT informaciis
erTad ganlagebis procesi.
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+jrj ___n ._+l_jnm, r+jm. nl..r
j j._.n .._nmtj:
nensim gaRviZebisas isev sisuste igrZno
da gaukvirda, marTla fexmZimed iyo Tu
ara. rogor unda uTxras profesors, rac
dainaxa?
.t. tj.t. +n_r_l_nm `nr_j l.j_j
_. tj.t. .n_nmtjm. _n `nrjn.m_n .+
nl.nj_.n .rj. m_ .r.rj. ._.+-
j_jn +ln_lj. .j_ +.mn +jtnjrjn.m_n.
r_j. mt_m, +nll nl..rn, .l nll
l.j_jjn, nnln, r+jm. ._nmt_n .j_m
j._.n _., .jj_.l .++_nl.rj, m._n +_nm
.r.._r_jn _jt+un+n jj+., __r +j._
n+. ._._jljl .l nljl, r+jn ljln
_jt+un+. __._nr_j.. _n `nrm. +njr jj+n
.+jjlj. n_j_ nl..rn j..+n _. +.-
_lj _.+.tnl_j..
+.r.+ _l_. _.t__j _. +ln_lj_.ln..,
r+ rr +j-5 m._n, r_j. ._j+n n_-
1nj1j _._r_nm, _njj `rjjn
lr+._rn `jr.njn ._jlj._ tnr._
njmn `nrjn _. n_.njn +.j._m, r+jn
j_+j n_j_jl. nj_j, rr ._j+n n_-
1njn .r .nu_jjl rj._r._ _j_jn ._.,
+jtnjrjn n_1njn u.n.l n_n.m._ m_
jnnm tj j_j__n_r t_rj.. _.
.j+n.l.n.
+jtnjrjn j _.+.tnl_jjn jnun.m .ln-
tnm, rr _j_jrn_, u.n.l _.r._
++_._j `rjm. m.l+_j_n +_jl.. _.j-
rn_._, mj_jl _+r._j j+mt_j_.n .r__j_n
j`n1_n _j.jn .__jl. .r _n _nr_j.m,
+_jl.m. .rn .__jl. rj_lr_jnnm.
+_jln_r._ tjrt_j..
. _r._ j_jtm n+ m_..1rn, r+-
n +ntj__nm., _j.jn .__jl. j_jm_n
_jr tjrt_j.. n+n.m_n, r+ _l.tm, rr
j_un. rj_lr_jn. .ln._ +jtnjrj.+,
r.m. +jr +ljn ..l m_ +n1.l,
.+_njjlm citatebis j+mt_j_.. .rm_
n_n.mn. j+mt_j_., r_j. nl_.m mj_jln
nj_. m_ +tjlj. ..+_n_rm t_nn .+-
l.mj_.+nm, +..nm._, jnuj. mj_.m: .ntjljm,
_jln _njnn `r_jrn r+ _j_lj_.
_rj.n. +n1j1rn. .r lnl._.
r_j. _nl+j nj_n_.l n.. njjljm, mj_jl
.rj_m .`jjj, r+j. mj_jln +jtnjrj.
rj_lr_jn. __jmj (Clark & Gerrig, 1990) _.
jnun.m nj_.nj_nm +n.lm n, .l +nn
_j_..1rn ._+jm. .+ ._.j_jnj. mj_jl
mj_jln nj_n_.l .++_nl.rj n_jm. +__j_rj+.
_n_jlj, r+ +jtnjrjn .+jjlj. .+ +n1ljn
_.m.l jrm._ n_j..
saidan
viciT
miznebi gavlenas axdenen mexsierebaze
_n `nrj ._jlj_ljl _ml.tj_.rn
t.lrunn jl. _n_j_n+n_.l _.
mt__ljl _.j+.t_rjnl.m _n.n .+
l.j_jn_.l. +.m 45 _mn juj_.m, r.
._+.rnn nj n+n.m_n, r+ mnmj_
+.m.l ._+._ 1_._ ._j_nl. _n.-
n jjn. _n `nrjn r ___._ .j_j.
mnmj_ __jl _n.n nl..rn
t_. __jlnm_n _l_. ._.j., +.r.+
jrm ___ mt__ljl j +mtr.
+.jn+._r._ 1_n j_nnj (jjm.l
.t), t, +jrj ___ _n mt__ljl,
r. jnuj. .nljrj j_nnj +.mn
+l.mtrn. n _n`nrjn, r+j.
+.jn+._rn n1_nm .__jln nlr_j-
n. .jl_.m, 99-nm, nj_.nj_nm ._._-
jl_ljl _n. +.nl, r_j. +jrj
___n _n `nrj+. _n.n +t_
62 ._._nlj. +n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ rn_j
___n j_rj+. _n.n jjn u.n.l
_.r._ _.n+.t_rj, +jrj ___+., _r.-
_, .rn., r+ __r .nljrj njlj-
_., m_ j_j._jr .r _.+_. t_.
(Wadi, Klark, 1993).
j j_jn _n_jlj, r+ _jln nl_r+.nn
1_._ .__jl.1j _.t.r__n u.nt+j_. .rj-
+jj1j. _.+_n_j_n. m_ mj_jl m_nm, r+
_._j_n t.rm, 1_._ +nlm r. +t_.,
mj_jl .+. .._jmjm njj_r +l.j+
.r._jlm, .l ._n.rjm _. nj_nm, r+ .r .t_m.
1njrm t_rjnj_ n_.n.n, +.rm.,
._+.rnn. n+n _r. rj_lr_jn., r.
+t_. .l_ +j-l._j._ 1_n .__jl.. j mj_jln
._..j_jn.. +.r.+ .rj jrmn _jr, ._.
mj_jl __. `._tn+j. j_nrj.m n+n
305
.__jln n1_j1j, m_ r. +t_.. .l_ntnm
++n +jtnjrj..
mowmis mexsiereba
++j ..+.rm1j _j _n mj_.
n+.rmj _. +t_ n+.rmj. .+ m._n _jl
_l.t._m, r+ +jtnjrj. 1_n njlj. m_ +_.rn,
_.+_n_j_n. n+.1j, m_ rr .rn nl_r+.n.
._j__nn _. j+mt_j_. m_ .r. .__jln `nrjn
._j___n `nrj. _nl.n_.l _njj+.
nn.l, r+ ._.+n.lj+. jnuj. _jr mj_.l
n+.rmj +.nl. _n, r_j. j u.n.l _rm,
+.m j_r.__j. mowmis mexsierebaze ..+.t_nj
_. +nn j._. _.njj. +.mn +n1.ln .+un-
jnm_n tjjj. _. njmn +jm_n +ujl..,
r+jn ++n _jljn n1_j _1r_l-
_jj_.
.+ +n+.rm_jnm +ln_lj_.ln .+__j_jn
njl. ..rj_n elizabet loftusis _. +nn
_jjn +njr (Elizabeth Loftus et al., 1979, 1992).
+.mn .+__j_n unrnm._n _.__l. n nj, r+
++n +jtnjrj. (_jlj.) u.n.l .__n._
n_j_. Semdgomi informaciebis ._jlnm.
+..nm._, _n `nrj __jlj_ljl _n+, ._.
.__..r_. t_j_. - rn +.lj.l. jrm+.ljm
j_.tj_. _. mt__ljl, .lj.1__r.m +.lj.ljn
nj.rj (Loftus & Palmer, 1974). +.m jrm l.n
_nmt_. j+_jl.nr._ __.+_ljl: r.+_jl._
r._._ +ur._ljl +.lj.ljn Sejaxebisas?
t +jrj l.n _n j_nmtj_ljl: r. nj.-
rnm +ur._ljl +.lj.ljn, r_j. nnln jr-
m+.ljm Seejaxnen? `nr_j j_nmt_.1j _n
`nrjn `._tn ._._ 100_+/m nj, +jrj
_nmt_.1j _n 80_+/m. jrmn __nrn j+_j +.m
j_nmtj_ljl: _.nl.tjm .+t_rj_n +nljn?
nl.+__njn .+t_rj_n +nljn _n+n .r
nj. +n_tj_._._ .+n., `nr_jn ___n _n
`nrm. +j.+j_+. ._lnl., r+ _.nl.t. _n
l.+t_rj_jn, t +jrj ___n_.l _n +t_
14-+. _..._r. j. .+rn._, +_jln j+_+
nl_r+.n. .rjnmn ._jl. .j_ ++n
_jlj.1j.
+_jln j+_++. nl_r+.n.+ jnuj.
_..+.tnl_ ++n +jtnjrj. +.nl. _n, r-
_j. _n `nr .lnjrj_n .j_, r+
jj`jrn+jl.rn jnuj. j._ +n j_+.n
jj_.l.. n _jr .tjrtj m._nn +jtnjrjn
l.+__nn j.r .rj_.: _j_.r tj_._ .lt_.-
_j. +_jl.. _. +n j+_+ nl_r+.n.
rn (Johnson et al., 1993: Weingardt et al., 1995).
rr +._ljn nj, r_j. ._.+n.l
r.+_jl_jr+j .r__jljl +_.r nl_r+.n., nn
rj_ +. +nnlj_ __r l.+__n._ (Mitchell
& Zaragoza, 1996), m_+., .r__j_n nl.._+_j.
.rj .+ +_jln .tlnmn +jj.ln1+jn
_._jl.n (Lindsay, 1993: Loftus, 1992: Schreiber &
Sergent, 1998). j+_+n nl_r+.nn ._jlnm
++n _jljn j_n jl_jln. _._jln._
nm_j.. j .+__j_jn ._._rjjl n+ .1r,
r+ mj_jln +jtnjrj. n_j. rj_lr_jn.
.ln_n .r_n .+_njn t_._.t_.
jj+jljn ._jlnm.
_jl .l_ntnjm ._j___n, jl.t_n. _.
.__jln j_rn +ln_lj_.ln m._nj_rj..
_..r_, +jtnjrjn .+ __ljnjn nn_r
.__u_j .l_ntn._m.
Sejameba
+jtnjrjn unrnm._n __ljn.. +._n .+-
_njn jrm+.ljmm.l _._._nrj., r.m. .rj+n
__jm ._jr__jm. ljjn +jl._r _.jrnj
.r+._jljl. `rn`jn nj+lj. +mj _jl
.+_nj.1j _.jr_lnm _.jrnn j_rjn
.m_nm _., .+_jl._, j_jn .t.n j_rn
._j+.m.l jrm._ m_nml. n_j.. nj+lj.
jrm_.rn .1n_rn _lj, r+n _.t+.rjnm.
._.+n.ljn __jm .t_jljl _.jrn1.n. _. __jm
.n.1rjjl +_jlj. jj+j. _. _lj`_._r
.rjn .+_njn +1r_nn +l.__jmjn
_.ll1+njrjjn __jm .l, _n_rj ljjn.
r_j. nl_r+.nn 1_n .__jl. _jr
tjrt_j., +nn rj_lr_jn. t_j.. rj_lr_j-
x
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n.1j jj+. .t_jl ._jl.. +jlnjrj+. _n-
_jlj, r+ +jtnjrjn .+jjlj. _+_ln_.nn
+n1ln _nj.m.l jrm._ n_j.. ++n
_jlj. ._nj._ +nmt_ 1_ +jtnjrj.,
+.r.+ .+__j_j+. ._jl., r+ n +j_._n.
_.+.tnl_jjn._+n +_jln j+_+n nl_r-
+.nn ._jlnm.
mexsierebis biologiuri
aspeqtebi
_r., mt_m, .ntjlm rnt_n, r+jn
mj_jl +jtnjrjn j.tj m._n _.jjn. _l_.
_.j+.t_rjnl.m. jnun.m +nlm? r.+,
r. +n1lnm .n.rjm .jmn ._.r_n? n_njrjm
n+ _l.rn nn_r .__u_j1j, r+jn
j.uj. .uj_m, ljn+njrn nl_r+.n.
+l.tm _. +nlm. rr ._jmjm .+.?
._j___. +jtnjrj.n mj_jl _nln .r__j_
_njj _nt+. m_ mj_jl nl_.m, r+
j nl_r+.n., _ +nrj, .+ m._n +_j
_..+.t_r_jm, .+ _nj. `jr+.ljl_n
t.n.mn _l_. .jl_j. r_j+j _.n_.+m _nmt_.
mj_jln m._nm_n, m_ rr .rn j j.uj-
jn? _jln mt_ln +n1j1n, _.j+.t_rjnl.m
ljn+njrn rnt_n, rj_ j nj, .l_ n, r+
.jm, m_ r._jl _n_n +ln_lj. .j_
nn. +jtnjrjnm_n. .t. . __r
_r+._ .l_ntnm j ._nmtn.
engramis ZiebaSi
+_nm, ._ntjlm nln _..jnn mj_jl-
m_n +_j_n jn, __r 1_._, j_.-
++m mj_jln +jtnjrj.. 37 t+ n rnt_n.,
r+n _.+.t_rj. mt_jm. rr _l_.
.l_.1__rm, mj_jl _nln ._ ._nj__. n?
karl leSlim (Karl Lashly, 1929, 1950), r+j+.
jj+l. `nr_jn nln +jtnjrjn .l.+nn
j.tj, j ._nmtn engramis _nln +jtnjrjn
_n1n__rn .r++._jln unj. _.__._nr..
jn _nrm._j .nrnlmn ._. .._-
n_., j+_j +.m _nln ._j_ l.nj
.+__jm_. t+j _. .++j_. .nrnlmn l.-
._ jj_.. +.l _.._nl., r+ _nln _.1n.ljnm
.+_j_n +jtnjrjn _.r__j_. .+__jmnn
j_nn 1+n `r`rn_n nj. _.r__j_.
+nm __r unjrn nj, _nln r. __r _n_n
l.nn nj _.1n.lj_n. .+._j _r, +jtnj-
rj.1j ._jl. .r .t_jl_. n, m_ _nln r.
l.nn njlj_. _.1n.lj_n. jn +ntj__nm,
jlr.+. _nln jrm _l_rj_ _.ln _n .r
m.__j., .r.+j_ +mj _nl1j _rj_j..
jn+ n+n+ _jr ju jlr.+n _.-
n1.n., r+ +.rn_ n_.n.n +jtnjrjn
t_._.t_. _r+. jrm_r_._ +l.nj.
.nrnlmn ._. +n._ n_rnm, +tj__j-
nm _. jl_nm .+_n1n.ljj. ljnr-
+jlnjrjn +_njnm, rm_n, _+`jj_rn
nl_r+.nn _.t+j. +r._. ljnrl_ n-
j+.n. .l.nj_n +.nl, r_j. _n_rj-
_n _l. ._j ._.+_.__j. _nln +t-
_ j1____ _ljn _.n1_j. (Marko-
witsch, 2000: Rolls, 2000).
+jtnjrj. +n._ mt unrnm._ ljr__
r_j_r.:
naTxemi +ln_lj_.l r m.+.
`rj__r_n +jtnjrjnm_n, r+jn .l+j-
rj. ._nrj _. _.n__rn .l`nrjnm_n:
zoliani sxeuli nl. _nln _+`jj_rn
r_j_r.. _j_n .+j.njn. _. n+_n-
rj.jn. _._nrjn ._.r.__ .__u_jn.:
didi tvinis qerqi `._tn+jjn. jl-
r_n +jtnjrj. _. jruljj rn
.n.njn1j:
nuSisebri kompleqsi `._tn+jjn.
_.jjn, m.rn_jn, .tjjn _j_.r.n_
+jtnjrj.1j, .rjm_j, j+n_rn m.j__njjn
_.t+j.1j.
_nln t_. l.nj, rrn..: m..+_n,
.1._rn nl._nln _. `rj_rl._rn _r-
jjn, .rjm_j, ..ln.m ._.jjn +jtnjrjn
t_._.t_. n`n _r+nrjnm_n.
+j-3 m._n _nln .l.+n. .l_ntnjm. .t.
.l_ntnm n ljnr_njn_rn +jm_jn,
r+jn j.uj. _.uj_jl .+_n.lm
_.__ljn n+ rn j.tj, r+j. _nln
`jn_n__rn r_j_rjn .r_jjl +jtnjrjn
+_..n. _jl rn n`n .+__j_j j_jtjnm.
`nr_j rnn, _n._rjm _ljrn_ jj`j-
rn+jl1j, r+j. _nln _ljrn_n _.1n.lj-
engrama (Engram) _ mexsierebis fizikuri kvali
tvinSi.
307
n. _t__jnm, j+_j _n n+ .t. jjln__r
._.jj .__jrm, r+jm. +__j_rjn
_nln +n+_nl.rj +jtnjrjn `rjjn j.tj
_ln .._r+._j._ njjljjl.
amnezia
1960 j, ...jr u.jn r._.rjn .t.-
.1r_. jjln_n ln_n .. .nljn _.1n.ljn
+t_jr`n .t_., r.+. unrj_._ j_.. +nn
t_rj..
ln_n +.n_.m.l n__., +nn +j1jn _n
+nln._r_n ._.rn_. _.lnm m.+._..
+__lj._ ln_n .+_. _. j+rn._.
rj_ n+ _r, r_j. +n+. .+t.l.+. +njln.
_.l.. _.l. ln_n +.r__jl. lj +t__. _.
+ur.. +.rtjl. _nln +n+.rm_jnm .l.-
ru. .+ j+mt_j_.+ nn jrn1_._ _..1n.l..
j_j.1j +un+j `rj+. amnezia, t.lrun_n
_rnm +jtnjrjn _._.r_. nj. .+lj1nn .+
ln_ j_j._jrn ._j+nm.l._j ._nj_j.: nln
r.+_jln+j .1.n ._nmt_n j+_j `nr_jn
nl._._jjn ._.r .t_: .jj_n1n ._.-
j+n_.l .1rn _jr .+.j_, .l.+ rj_.+n
.l+._.n .jn_r._ .r +nlj _. .n-
+jrj rn_j _mn nl l.l.t.
+jlnjrjn .rjjl ln_n +._n `.njl-
jnm, r._.l _ljrn_ jj`jrn+jl._ m_n.l
.jm j+mt_j_j. ln_n +._n _nln _.1n.ljn
._nn _._._nrj.+ jj_n _j_nnm.l ._-
.j. +n. +__j_rj _.j_nl.m +jtnjrjn
t_._.t_. _r+jn +n+.rmj. _nln .r__j_
_ljm.l. m._n +trn_, ln_ _jr _n_j_ .t_
+j+j_jjn, .l_ .r. .j_ _.r__j_n `rj__-
r_n +jtnjrj., m_+., _j_.r.n_n +jtnj-
rj. ._.r __ljnlnrj. .j +..nm._, +.
.t_, rr _l_. ._rn t_._.t_. +...,
+.r.+ .r .t_ r. _+`ljljn. .+ l.rj_n.
jj`nn_rn +jtnjrjn _.r__j_n j _.jjn
l.m._ +n_mnmjjl n+.1j, r+ jj`nn_r _.
n+`nn_r +jtnjrj.n _nln .lt_._j_n
_ljn. .rm_n.
suraTi
4.16
tvinis struqtura ........
ii
amnezia (Amnesia) _ mexsierebis dakargva .........
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.t. .l_ntnm +jtnjrjn t_. _.j_.,
r+jn jnuj. .lt_._j_ .l.+n_r
r_j_r. _.___._nrm. .+__j_jn j-
_j._ ._+l_., r+ .n`_.+`n _.1n.ljn _r
jj`nn_rn +jtnjrj. nr__j_. _. .r.
n+`nn_rn (Squire, 1992).
saidan
viciT
amneziis dros implicituri mexsiereba
daculia
.+__j_.m.jrm jrn.n +l.nj-
_ljl _n `nrjn, r+jm. korsakovis
sindromis (jrln__n ._.n1+n)
j_j._ _.1n.lj_n .jl_.m .n`_.+`n.
rr .+lj1nn +jlj `.njljn, nj
_.l+rmjjn ___ .__n_ljl nj_.m.
+_rn_ _. mt__ljl, jj_.jnl.m j+-
n_rn m._..1rnnm, r+jn nj_. +-
l_.m _. r+jn .r.. +.mn +jtnj-
rjn j.++j._ njjlj_ljl r j.
jrm j+mt_j_.n _n `nrj juj_.m
nj_n _..jnn +.r_.n, r+jn
_l_. jj_m m._n +_n `nr_jn_j
nj_nm (j_jn jn), +jrj jn
_n +.r_.n +n+lnljn r m.+.-
_., r._.l _n `nr +.1j _.jr_lnm
_l_. +jljnl. j..+nn nj_. .-
_nmt_n +_rn_n_.l (+n+lnljnm +-
ljn jn). +n+lnljj jn .+lj1nn
+jlj `.njljn l._j nlj_ljl, _n_rj
_.l+rmjjn, +.r.+ nj_n j_jn
jn `.njljn _. _.l+rmjjn
+jtnjrjn +_. m.l..rn nj (Graf
et al., 1984).
j j_jn n+.1j +n_mnmj, r+ _r.__n
nl_r+nm .+_j_n _nln _.1n.lj. ._-
jl. .t_jl jj`nn_r +jtnjrj.1j, t
n+`nn_r +jtnjrj. __j._ _j.
+jlnjrj+. _.._nlj, r+ j ._jl. jnuj.
._+._ t.lrun_n nj (Cave & Squire, 1992).
.+__j_jnm n+`nn_rn +jtnjrj. 7 __n
j+_j .+_nl_.. .n`_.+`n +ln_lj_.ln
_.1n.ljn j+mt_j_.n n+`nn_rn +jtnjrj.
.r nr__j_..
n _.jjn, r+ _nln _.1n.ljn 1njrmn
_r+. .1n.lj jj`nn_r _. .r. n+`nn_r
+jtnjrj., j.uj. .uj_ _njj,
.+_nl, r+ +jtnjrjn j rn _r+. .l-
t_._j_ _.ll1+njrjj ._jl __nrjn.
_. .__jln `rjjn. .l_ntnm, +..nm._,
n 1jn, rnm. ._.+n.ljn .+j.rjjl .n.nj
njm nl._._j.m.l, rrn.. medicina
arCens enabluobas~. _jl ___j _nnm 1j+m
+j_.lnn .+__j_n_.l, r+ .+lj1nn +jlj
nl_n_n_jn nujljl _l. jj`nn_rn lnj-
rjn .rjj, +.r.+ r.+_jl._ j_un.m _ln
jujl. nj_j rn .n.n_rn _._nrjn
j.tj? jrmn `._tn, r+jn n+ nl_n_n_n
+l.j+j __._nr_j. (Rajaram, Coslett, 2000),
r+n nlnn.jn.. C.V. _. r+n .+lj1n.
.+_j_n. _n nn l.nn, _jru_,
+j_n._rn j+`r._rn n _.1n.ljnm,
.rn .r.. +n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ C.V. percep-
tul n+`nn_r +jtnjrj. ._jl_., +. .r
.jl_. konceptualuri n+`nn_rn +jtnjrj..
j j_jn +n_mnmj n+.1j, r+ jj`nn_rn
+jtnjrjn .rjj .r__j_n n`n .n.njn
jujl. j_ujjn.. .+ n`n .+__j_jn
j.uj. .uj_jl +jlnjrj, __jm
.__ljl +jtnjrjn nn_r .__u_j
_. +jtnjrjn `rjjn r.ln1.n..
tvinis suraTi (skanireba)
_njj+. _n_n _l. _..r_j
.l.+n.. _. +jtnjrj. rn _._nrn j.tj
.+lj1nn +jlj nl_n_n_j1j _.__nr_jn 1nm,
+.r.+ _nln ._._jn jjln_.+ j.ujjn
.t._. _.l+rmjn _n `nrjn +jtnjrjn
`rjjn j._. (Niberg, Cabeza, 2000) (jnu-
n.m ._.tj_m +j-3 m._, ._. ._.rn.
._._jn jjln_n j.tj). +..nm._, PET-
_.ln ._.jnm jl_j __nl+. _. +n+.
_jj+. (Nyberg et al., 1996; Tulving et al., 1994)
_.._nlj, r+ j`n1__rn nl_r+.nn __n-
rjn. _. .__jln _r _nln rn l.tj_.r-
_jr .lt_._j_n .jn_nm t.n.m_j.. j
.+__j_jn njmn_j., rr +jtnjrjn .l-
_.r_n .+__j_jn, n+ .lt_._jnm, r+
__nrjn. _. .__jln `rjn _n `nrm.
ntn +n+jj_n _.lnrj. t_j. PET-nm. .+
.+__j_jn .+_nl_. _nln unjrn
.jn_. +.rtjl. `rj_rl._r _rjjn
309
j`n1__rn nl_r+.nn __nrjn _r, t
+.r__jl. `rj_rl._r _rjjn _nln .u-
njrj_ .jn_. ._nn .jl_. j`n1__rn
nl_r+.nn .__jln _r. .+rn._, .l.+n_rn
t_.. .+_nl_. n+ _lj`_._rn t_.-
jn .r_., r+jn _ln_r+. _njj+.
._+.nlj.
__ljnl._rn +.ln_rn rj1l.lnm (fMRI)
.r+j_+. .+__j_j+. .+._nl. +jtnj-
rjn `jr.njn _nln .l.njn +ln_lj-
_.ln _j.jn (Gabrieli, 1996, 1997).
saidan
viciT
tvini da kodirebis operaciebi
+.ln_rn rj1l.lnm .+__j_n
_r _n `nrj +jtnjrjn jj`jrn+jl-
jn _.r_j_.m. +.m `rjjrnm
j_r.l1j +nj_j_.m nj_jn, r+j.
tj_.__ljl m._ 1j+m .r_jn _. j_.-
j_.m, mnmj_n nj_n j.tj rn
n`n +_j. j.r+jnl.m: seman-
tikuri: _ j nj_., (+..nm._, skami,
.l siyvaruli) ..r.j_n., m_ _l-
_rj_n? .l perceptuli _ j nj_.,
(+..nm._, ndoba .l nln) _.ljrnm
.rn _.jrnn, m_ +jlnm? __ljn-
l._rn +.ln_rn rj1l.lnm .+__j_.+
_n_jl., r+ +.rtjl. `rj_rl._rn
jjrjn +n_.+n (_rl._rn jjrjn
.r.+r_n _.ln) j+.ln__rn __nrj-
n __r +._. .jn_.n. .j_ ._nn,
_n_rj `jrj`_n __nrjn j+mt_j_.n
(Gabrieli et al., 1996).
+jlnjrjn _.r.__jl, r+ jjrjn .+ _ln
.jn_.n. j+.ln__rn __nrj. n_j_ +.rtjl.
l.tj_.r_jr +jj_jj.m.l _._nrn .+ (nt.
m._n 3).
r.+_jln+j .t.n .+__j_. _nln `jn_n-
__rn rjnljn j._. +nju__l., r+jm.
.jn_.n. .t.n +jtnjrjn .+j.njn _r
t_j. (Brewe et al., 1998; Wagner et al.,1998). .+
.+__j_jn _n `nrj +.rn_._ _l_.
jj_.jnl.m nj_jn .l n_jjjn (jljn).
(+..nm._, .r.j_n. m_ _l_rj_n. j.
m_ n nj_.). .+ .+.ln jr_jn _r
_n `nrj _.lnrj. __jmj_ljl +.ln_rn
rj1l.lnm, r.m. .+j_nl.m _nln .jn_n
_ljn. _.lnrj.+ ...rn r.+ __jl.: -
`rj_rl._rn jjrjn _. `.r..n`_.+`_n
(.n`_.+`m.l .t +_j.rj) jjrjn n _ljn
nj __jm .l.mj_n, r+jm. j..+nn
nj_jn m_ n_jjjn j_.j. __jm juj.
.+ .t. .+__j_jn .+l_. +jtnjrjn
j+_._jn `nr_jn `jrn_n nn_rn
.__u_jn.
_.lnrjn j_jjn _n_jlj, r+ t_._.t_.
_nn`nln +jlnjrj+. jrm._ _l_. n+_.l,
r.m. r_._ .__ljl +jtnjrjn `rjjn
_.ll1+njrjj. _njjn ._.+n.ln
+jtnjrjn j.tj +l.j+j +n`_jjl, r.
j+_+ ljnr_njjnm_n +.... _nln
j..+nn r_j_rjn ._+.jl._. .+._j _r,
_n1njn +l.j+jn _rjjn. __jmjjl
_njn_r mjrnj nl_r+.nn __nrjn,
jl.t_n. _. .__jln j.tj. .+ _jrn
++_._j +jlnjrjn .jrm u.nt+j_nm _n_
.r+.jj _1r_l_jj_jl +jtnjrjn `rj-
jn __j_.n.
Sejameba
_.r jn+, r+jn `nr_jn nj, _nl
jlr.+jn unj. _.nj, ._+.nl., r+ +jtnjrj.
+mj _nl +n._. _nln +r._.n r_j_r..
.rm_n ._n. _. +jtnjrjn `rjjn.
.+lj1nn +jlj `.njlj1j .+__j_j+.
_..+_n., r+ n+`nn_rn _. jj`nn_rn
`rjjn .ltrnjj.n .lt_._j_n
r_j_rjn +l.njjl. _nln _.lnrjn
jjln_. j.uj. nuj_. .ln.1__r
_.l+rmj ._.+n.lm.l +jtnjrjn `rjm.
nn_rn .__u_jn.
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310
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
ra aris mexsiereba
kognituri fsiqolo-
giis warmomadgenlebi
ganixilaven mexsierebas,
rogorc informaciis
gadamuSavebis process.
mexsiereba, romelic moi-
Txovs cnobier Zalisxme-
vas, aris eqsplicituri.
aracnobieri mexsiereba
implicituria.
deklaraciuli mexsie-
reba uzrunvelyofs faq-
tebis daxsomebas. proce-
duruli mexsiereba ki
unarebis SemuSavebas.
mexsierebas xSirad gani-
xilaven, rogorc kodi-
rebis, Senaxvis da aRdge-
nis samsafexurian pro-
cess.
sensoruli mexsierebis
sistema didi moculobis,
magram Zalian mcire xan-
grZlivobisaa.
mxedvelobiT vels wa-
mebis ganmavlobaSi aCe-
rebs.
eqo-mexsiereba smeniT gam-
Rizianeblebs inaxavs.
xanmokle mexsiereba
da muSa mexsiereba
xanmokle mexsierebas Se-
zRuduli moculoba aqvs
da swrafad qreba gan-
meorebis SesaZleblobis
ganmeoreba masalas xan-
mokle mexsierebaSi aCe-
rebs.
xanmokle mexsierebis mo-
culoba SeiZleba gaizardos
dasaxsomebeli wevrebis
azrian jgufebad dalagebis
Sedegad.
aRdgenis procesi xanmokle
mexsierebidan efeqturad
xorcieldeba.
muSa mexsierebis farTo gageba
xanmokle mexsierebas moi-
cavs.
muSa mexsierebis sami kompo-
nenti xels uwyobs gare samya-
rodan gamocdilebis yovel-
wuTier asaxvas.
xangrZlivi mexsiereba.
kodireba da aRdgena
xangrZlivi mexsiereba moi-
cavs Tqvens srul codnas
samyarosa da Tqveni Tavis
Sesaxeb; is TiTqmis ganu-
sazRvreli moculobisaa.
Tqveni gaxsenebis unaris
pirobaa kodirebisa da aR-
dgenis pirobebis damTxveva.
swavlisa da aRdgenis kon-
teqstebs Soris damTxveva
ganapirobebs aRdgenas.
adgilmdebareobis mrudis
Tavisebureba aixsneba kon-
teqstebs Soris gansxvavebiT.
mogonebis mimniSneblebi
xels uwyoben xangrZliv mex-
sierebaSi informaciis mo-
Zebnas.
epizodur mexsierebas iseTi
movlenebis daxsomebasTan
aqvs saqme, romlebic pi-
rovnebis subieqtur gamoc-
dilebaSi monawileobdnen.
semantikuri mexsiereba si-
tyvebisa da cnebebis ar-
sebiTi mniSvnelobebis Sesa-
xeb mexsierebaa.
interferencias maSin aqvs
adgili, rodesac mimniSneb-
lebs mxolod Sesabamis
informaciasTan (mexsiere-
basTan) ar mivyavarT.
rac ufro Rrmad aris gadamu-
Savebuli informacia, miT
ukeTesia daxsomeba.
implicituri mexsierebis-
Tvis mniSvneloba aqvs, rom
kodirebis da aRdgenis pro-
cesebi msgavsi iyos.
mexsiereba SeiZleba gavium-
jobesoT gadamamuSavebeli
ganmeorebiT da mnemonikuri
xerxebiT.
Cveulebriv, darwmunebu-
lobis gancdas zustad SeuZ-
lia mexsierebaSi infor-
maciis arsebobis winaswar-
metyveleba.
xangrZlivi mexsiere-
bis struqturebi
cnebebi aris azrovnebis-
Tvis mexsierebis saSeni
agurebi. maTi Camoyalibeba
xdeba, rodesac mexsiere-
baSi Camoyalibdeba saerTo
niSnebis mqone obieqtebis,
an azrTa jgufebi.
prototipi warmoadgens
cnebis saSualo egzem-
plars.
cnebebi xSirad ierarqi-
ulad arian dalagebulni
zogadidan kerZosaken.
sqema ufro zogadi kog-
nituri klasteria.
mexsierebis yvela es zogadi
struqtura gamoiyeneba axa-
li informaciis molodi-
nebisa da interpretaciis
konteqstisTvis.
mogoneba mxolod angariSi
ar aris, is rekonstruq-
ciuli da seleqciuri pro-
cesia.
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311
wina gamocdileba da
miznebi gavlenas axdens
mogonebaze.
axalma informaciam SeiZ-
leba Secvalos mogoneba
da amiT mowmis Cveneba
arasando gaxados, Tu mas
axali movlenis Semdgo-
mi informacia Seereva.
mexsierebis biolo-
giuri aspeqtebi
tvinis gansxvavebuli
struqturebi (hipokampis,
amigdalas, cerebelumis
da cerebruli korteq-
sis CarTviT) monawile-
oben sxvadasva tipis
mexsierebaSi.
eqsperimentebi amneziis
mqone pacientebze daex-
mara mkvlevrebs imis
garkvevaSi, Tu rogor
xdeba gansxvavebuli ti-
pis mexsierebis Camoya-
libeba da tvinSi maTi
ganawileba.
tvinis skanirebis teqnikam
udidesi roli Seasrula
mexsierebis kodirebis da
aRdgenis procesebSi tvi-
nis monawileobis Sesaxeb
codnis mopovebaSi.
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi
amnezia
bazisuri done
dajgufeba
cnebebi
konteqstis mixedviT
gansxvaveba
deklaraciuli mexsiereba
eqo-mexsiereba
gadamamuSavebeli
ganmeoreba
kodireba
kodirebis specifikuroba
engrama
epizoduri mexsiereba
mexsierebis eqsplicituri
gamoyeneba
mexsierebis implicituri
gamoyeneba
interferencia
gadamuSavebis doneebis
Teoria
xangrZlivi mexsiereba
mexsiereba
metamexsiereba
mnemonika
dasawyisis efeqti
praimingi
proceduruli mexsiereba
prototipi
mogoneba
mwkrivis daboloebis
efeqti
cnoba
rekonstruqciuli
mexsiereba
aRdgena
mimniSneblebi
sqemebi
semantikuri mexsiereba
adgilmdebareobis efeqti
xanmokle mexsiereba
sacavi
gadatanis Sesabamisi
gadamuSaveba
muSa mexsiereba
311
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k o g n i t u r i p r o c e s e b i k o g n i t u r i p r o c e s e b i k o g n i t u r i p r o c e s e b i k o g n i t u r i p r o c e s e b i k o g n i t u r i p r o c e s e b i
9
kognituri procesebis
Seswavla
fsiqikuri procesebis
aRmoCena
fsiqikuri procesebi da
resursebii
metyveleba
eqspresiuli metyveleba
impresiuli metyveleba
metyveleba, azrovneba
da kultura
fsiqologia Cvens cxov-
rebaSi: SeuZliaT Tu ara
cxovelebs enis Seswavla
vizualuri Semecneba
vizualuri
reprezentaciebis
gamoyeneba
verbaluri da
vizualuri
reprezentaciebis
kombinireba
problemis gadaWra da
azrovneba
problemis gadawyveta
deduqciuri azrovneba
induqciuri azrovneba
fsiqologiaXXI saukuneSi:
eqspert-sistemebi da medicina
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis
miReba
evristika da msjeloba
gadawyvetilebis miRebis
fsiqologia
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
313
r
odesac TojiniT vTamaSobdi, mi-
sis salivanma [elen keleris
maswavlebeli] xelze damawera
sityva `T-o-j-i-n-a~ (doll). me damainteresa TiTebis
am TamaSma da Sevecade gamemeorebina... ar vicodi,
rom vambobdi sityvas; saerTod ar vicodi, rom
sityva arsebobs, me ubralod TiTebiT vTa-
maSobdi.
erTxel, rodesac axali TojiniT vTamaSobdi,
misis salivanma aiRo Cemi Zveli Tojina, Camisva
kalTaSi da aso-aso miTxra `T-o-j-i-n-a~ da See-
cada mivexvedrebine, rom orive `T-o-j-i-n-a~ iyo.
manamde, cota xniT adre, veWidavebodiT sityvebs
`t-a-l-a-x-i~ da `w-y-a-l-i~. misis salivani cdi-
lobda, mivexvedrebine, rom `t-a-l-a-x-i~ aris
talaxi da `w-y-a-l-i~ aris wyali, magram me
kvlav mereoda es ori...
Cven saxlis garSemo biliks mivuyvebodiT da
mcenaris surneliT vtkbebodiT, romelic saxlis
kedlebs faravda. viRac wyals avsebda.
Cemma maswavlebelma xeli wylis nakadSi Cama-
yofina. roca erT xelze civi wylis nakadi
Semexo, man meore xelis gulze damawera sityva
`wyali~ jer nela, Semdeg ufro swrafad. me
wynarad vijeqi da mTeli gulisyuriT Sevig-
rZnobdi misis salivanis TiTebis moZraobas.
uecrad dameufla bundovani amaRelvebeli
gancda, TiTqos raRac daviwyebuli brundeboda;
da rogorRac enis saidumlos farda aexada. maSin
mivxvdi, rom `w-y-a-l-i~ aris is mSvenieri grili
raRac, xelebze rom mexeboda. am cocxalma si-
tyvam gamoafxizla Cemi suli, mianiWa mas sinaTle,
imedi, sixaruli da Tavisufleba. Tumca, siZne-
leebi amiT ar dasrulebula, magram es siZneleebi
ukve advilad gvardeboda.
es saxli swavlis dauokebeli surviliT
davtove. ukve yvelafers hqonda Tavisi saxeli
da TiToeuli axal azrs badebda. saxlSi dab-
runebisas yvela sagani, romelsac ki vexebodi,
sicocxliT iyo gamsWvaluli (Keller, 1902/1990,
gv.15-16).
jjl _jjrn ._nr._nn ,j+n t_-
rjn .+._n .+ l.j_jn ._rn ._jr
jln. _. .1rn .+__nujn +ln_lj_.l _j.-
j. jrmn n .._n jjl+. ._.n.l. ._r-
__j_jn _.._._j., r+n j_j._. +.l _._.r.
+tj__j. _. +jl.. .+n m_nm ._rj, .l.+ +.
_n_n jn j_r__j_., +n t_rj.n
.l_. .l. .n_.ln +nn +.._jjn.
.n_.l+. ju j_rnnj _jjrn j__n._n
_., rr ._rn ._lnl._, ._.j. +n.
.+j._. ,.1rn _.r_lj.m.l _._._nrj_n
+_j_.rj..
mj_jl, ..m, .r._r _._nr_jn.m .j t.-
_._ ._jj_.m .__m.rn kognituri procesebi. j
`rjjn, rr jn, lnjr +_+.rj.n
.l_j_jn_ +n+_nl.rj, +.r.+ ._.+n.ln-
.m_n j_+lj_jn rj.. +n_tj_._._ .+n.,
+jj_jjn. _. .r.j_n .1r_ljn _l.r
tnr._ .lntn._jl, rr ._.+n.l_rn j_n
.rjnm ln.l. m_+., r. _.r._ .+j.-
nj_n +tjlj. n`jr mj_jl _, .l
r_j. _jjjn_r nrn.n .++unjjn
r.+_jln+j .+tn1j .j _.l.._n .tln
_nr_1_ n_., _jl _.lnjrjm j+j-
ljnmn .jnn nljjj_._r rn_+_.
jr+nln Semecneba j+jljnmn `rjjn
j_j. _r+. .jrmn.lj. rr 9.1 suraTzea
l._jljn, _ln_rn `rjjn j._.
._.+n.ln _njn__rn t_rjn j._. _n-
t+ (+j-5 m._n .ltn_n. 9.1 _r.m1j
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._jrnn 1njrmn ._nmtn). _lnn. (j+j-
lj.) .jrmn.lj rr nl..rj, nj `r-
jj. nl..rjn +n.1rj. is, r. mj_jl
iciT ljjn, _.jjn, jjn, +ljjn:
,u._n u_u_+_.rn.: nmjn nl.mj lnl._
,_jj: ,.tn_.l ._j_n 18 n .._n. _ln-
_rn `rjjn ._.jnm mj_jl +.ln`_-
nrjm n+ _njn__rn nl..rjnm, r+jn
.rj .+j.r nljr`rj.nn. _. t_rjn-
j_n _nj+jn _r r.nl._rn ._.j_jn-
jn +n_jn ._.j. .uj_m.
_njn.n j+jlj. kognituri fsiqo-
logiis `jn.njn jn._n.l. .+n
.mj_n .l+._.n _ln_r _nj-
n.m.l jrm._ .+ ._nmtj1j +_._ljl ___j
.t.n nljr_nn`nl.r_n _jr kognitu-
ri mecnierebis .r++._jljn (nt. sur. 9.2).
_ln_rn +jlnjrj. ___nrj_n. t_._.t_.
++n_l._j _jrjn jrmn _. n+._j ._nmtn
nr_n_ .rj_ _l.1j. mnmj_n .+ _jr
.r++._jlj j.uj. .j_m, jrm+.ljm
+l.j+jn _. ._+jljn ._1n.rl. +j-8 m._n
mj_jl l.tjm, m_ rr.. j.ujjn, +jtnj-
rjn nn_rn .__u_jn j.tj t_._.-
t_. __j_jn .+jjljnm, +jtnjrjn mjrn-
jn _.t_j.: _ln_rn +jlnjrjn .rn _.r._
.+l_. +_.n `rjn. mjrnjn _+r._-
kognituri
fsiqologia
grZnoba ena inteleqti yuradReba mexsiereba
fiqri da
problemebis
gadaWra
suraTi
9.1
kognituri fsiqologiis sfero
kognituri fsiqologebi Seiswavlian umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqciebis Semdeg sakiTxebs: _ rogor xdeba
adamianis mier codnis SeZena da am codnis gamoyeneba garemos gagebisa da gardaqmnis mizniT.
suraTi
9.2
kognituri mecnierebis sfero
kognituri mecniereba warmoadgens filosofiis,
neiromecnierebis, lingvistikis, kognituri
fsiqologiis da kompiuteruli mecnierebis
(xelovnuri inteleqtis) rTul kombinacias.
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kognituri procesebi (Cognitive processes) iseTi
umaRlesi fsiqikuri procesebi, rogoricaa: aR-
qma, mexsiereba, metyveleba, problemis gadawyveta
da abstraqtuli azrovneba.
Semecneba (Cognition) codnis SeZenis procesi,
romelic moicavs yuradRebis miqcevas, gaxse-
nebas, azrovnebas; aseve, gulisxmobs procesebis
Sinaarss: cnebebs da STabeWdilebebs.
kognituri fsiqologia (Cognitive Psychology)
mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis umaRles fsi-
qikur procesebs yuradRebas, enis gamoyenebas,
aRqmas, problemis gadaWras da azrovnebas.
kognituri mecniereba (Cognitive science) in-
formaciis gadamuSavebis procesebisa da sis-
temebis kvlevis interdisciplinaruli sfero.
315
j., r+j. nl.+_j.rj m._n .l_ntn-
._m, t_._.t_. ++n_l._j `jn.njn
_rmnjrmm.l.+r+n j_j._.. jj+lnn.
j+jljn j._. _ln_rn `rjjn
__j_n +_j ._jrnm _._njjm rr _n-
jl +__j_rjn _ln_rn __ljnlnrjn
nl..ln `rjjn .1+_.: j+_j .l_ntn-
._m _ln_rn _njnn __j_n unrnm._
._nmtj, r+j. `r.jn__n .+jjlj.
.j_m: +jj_jj., _n1_._rn j+jlj., `r-
j+n ._._r., .1r_lj., +_j. _. ._.j_j-
njn +n_j..
kognituri procesebis
Seswavla
rr jnuj. j+jljn j._.? `nr_j-
n, r. m._n +n_.m, n.., r+ _ln_rn
`rjjn m._n _nlm.l.. _._._nrj_n. mj_jl
jnun.m _.nl.tm +.n j_n nl_r+.n.,
+..nm._, _r.1. ,_.+nrj_j _. _..__nr_jm j_j
_.rj_j: +.r.+ rr jnun.m +.t_nlm
n+ +j+j_jjn n_jln_n_.n., r+jn _r.1.
mj_jl rj.jn.m.l ._._nrj? rr jnun.m
.nm, r. +t_. .+ _.j_n r+jn
_ln_rn `rjjn. _. _njn__rn rj`rj1jl-
.njn .jn_.n. j__ulj. mj_jln rj.jn.? .+
m._n ._jrnn. n__rn .l.n1n n n`jn,
r+jm. .__u_j1j j.ujjn .t_.
_ln_rn _njnn +jlnjr_n j._..
fsiqikuri procesebis aRmoCena
_njn__rn `rjjn j._n jrm-jrmn
unrnm._n +jm_n. jnj+l. 1868 j ..l-
_njn _njn f. dondersis (F.C. Donders)
+njr. ,_njn__rn `rjjn nr._n j._-
n +n1lnm _l_jr+. jj+l. jj`jrn+jl_n
_._.jjn, r+jm. .r+.jnm jr_jn
_r j.ujjn .t_j_. ljrn_n ._j-
t_rjn .+j_. (Lachman et al., 1979). cxrilSi
9.1 +j+_n. jj`jrn+jln, r+jn _._n.
_l_jrn n_.. .l.+ _nmt_. ..rujj_jm,
mt_m, j.r_m mnmj_n _._.j..
r.+_jln t.ln _._nr_.m`nr_jn _._.jn
j.r_j._? .r+n_nljm, r+ mj_jl _l_.
.+m_.m ._jt_rjn, r+jn .n.rjm
_._.jn j.r_j._. .+l.m_.n _..t-
jnm .jmn njlj.:
a. gansazRvreT, niSani didia Tu patara;
b. Tu didia, daawereT Tavze s~.
r.+_jln t.ln _._nr_.m +jrj _._.jn
j.r_j._? .+ ._.r_n j.r_j._
__jljn _+r._j. l.tj_.rn _mnm +jn
.l _n_j_ __r +jn _r _nr_j.m. j ..jn
.t_j., rr _n ._njj ._jt_rj
.+_m_nm:
a. gansazRvreT niSani didia Tu patara;
b. gansazRvreT didi aso xmovania Tu
Tanxmovani;
dondersis fsikuri procesebis analizi
(qarTuli varianti)
CainiSneT TiToeul davalebaze daxarjuli
dro (wamebSi). davalebebi SeasruleT mocemuli
TanmimdevrobiT. imuSaveT SeZlebisdagvarad
swrafad.
davaleba 1: j_j. _n_._ _.jrn .
_..jrjm m._1j
iyo arabeTs rostevan,
mefe RmrTisagan sviani,
maRali, uxvi, mdabali,
laSqar-mravali ymiani
_r: __________
davaleba 2: _n_._ _.jrn t+_lj
_..jrjm m._1j _, t _n_._ _.jrn
m.lt+_lj
_r: ___________
davaleba 3: j_j. _n_._ _.jrn .
_..jrjm m._1j _
_r:__________
cxrili
9.1
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g. Tu Tanxmovania, daawereT Tavze s~, Tu
xmovania, daawereT v~.
.+_.r._, `nr_jn _._.jn_.l +jrj1j
._._n. _jl _._.+.jm rn ljrn_n
._jt_rn, r+jn j_nun. .l_.1__rm,
rr stimulTa kategorizacia (t+_.ln m_
m.lt+_.ln) _. pasuxis arCeva (_- m_ - _.jr.).
`nr_jn _._.j. n+_m. _.jrn1.nn
jrm ._jt_r +nmt_, +jrj _._.j. _n
.jmn _.jrn1.nn r ._jt_r _., .rjm_j,
r `._t rn .rj_.ln ._jmj.. _nl.n_.l
+jrj _._.j.n j_j._rn ._jmj. nj_m,
r. `nr_j _._.j.n .._jmjm _. _n_j_ +jn,
.+n+. +jrj _._.jn jr_jnm_n +jn
_r. ._nr. j nj _l_jrn +.1rjn
unrnm._n .rn: _.+.jnmn ljrn_n ._jt_rn
(`jr.n.) j_jm_n +j _r ._nrj
jr_jnm_n. ..m, .nljrjjm, r.+
j+_n.ljm +j.+j _._.j.. j jj`jrn+jln
..rjn ._njjn `rj__r... _jl _l_.
_._r+_l_jm, r+ `nr_jn _. +jrj _._.jn
jr_j.1j _.t.r__ _rj rn t_..
.r .rn .l`nrj_n n+nm, r+ v _.jr.
_nr_j. +jn _r, _n_rj s _.jr.. +j.+j
_._.j. __r l._jn _r _l_. _nr_j_j,
_n_rj +jrj (mj_jl j+mt_j_.n .j nj, .r.?)
m.__.`nr_j._ _l_jr n+j_n .jl_., r+
m._n `rj__r. t_._.t_. _njn__rn `rj-
jn t.lrun_n 1_n j_.jn.m_n .+n-
jjlj_.. +nn +jm_n .+jjljnm mj_jl jju-
m, .+j_m `nr_jn _._.jn jr_j-
n.m_n _.t.r__n _r +jrj _._.j.1j
_.t.r__n _rn.m_n _. .lj.1__r.m
_+_n _.jrn1.nn. _. `._tn .rj_n-
m_n ._nr _r. m_ mj_jl jj+lnm _._.j.,
r+jn +t_ n+_n _.jrn1.n.
._nrj (t `._tn .rj_. .r njlj. ._nr,
rr j _l_jr+. .._jm.), +.nl mj_jl
jnun.m +n.ln_m rnt_jn .r__j_n _r
._j_ `rj. .+_.r._, j.u., n-
+_n _.jrn1.n. _nr_j_j 100 +nn.+n
(.+n +j.j_n), t `._tn .rj_. 150
+nn.+n.
_ln_r _njn.n ++_._j `jn.n-
jn ._.r njjljjl .+_jn +jm_, r._.l.
ljn+njrn `rjn.m_n ._nr _r _.+_n_j-
_n. _._.jn _j.j1j. m_+., +__j_rjn
+n.j_jn.l _l_jrn unrnm._ n_.. nnln
tnr._ njjljjl reaqciis dros _rn t.l-
run_., r+jn _n `nr _nr_j. _l-
_rj_n _._.jn j.r_j._. _l_jrn
unrnm._n _j_j., r+ _.+.jnmn _njn__rn
`rjn ._nrj _.+.jnm _r, __._
__l_.+jl_r .l.+u__.r .r+._jl _ln_r
_njn.n ..rj_ __j_.m. _+jj.n.
_l.tm, rr .l_nm.r_. j +.1rj. __.l.-
_ljn 130 n .l+._.n.
fsiqikuri procesebi da
resursebi
_ln_r _njn.n ++_._j `jn.-
njn +njr njmn _+._jn _ln_rn `r-
jjn j+._jlj _+`ljlj._ (._j_
`rjj._) _.., rrn.. +jj_jj. _.
`rj+n ._._r., __jnm m.+. ..._.
mnmj_n __n .r+._jl .lt_._j_
_+`ljl (`rj, r+n .ltrnjj.
_l_. +t_j). .jn_n +n1.ln. .l.1__r
mnmj_n __n _r+. _. 1+. _. __jn nj
+.r jrm+.ljm, r+ +mn.ln `rjn
.ltrnj_j. _l_jrn _._.jjn mj_jl
l.t._m, r+ __jn jnuj. _.jj +_rn_n
(nt. sur. 9.3., l.nn A). jrm ._jt_r `nr_.`nr
+.j_j. +jrj. __jn +j._r_n .+jjlj.
._.j. _.uj_, _._nl.tm, r+ j.uj-
jn. r.+_jln+j `rjn jrm_r_n +n+_nl.-
rj. (l.nn B). j rn _r.mn .r+._jl
+j-5 m._n ._jrn seriul _. paralelur
procesebs rn .lt_._jn n_r.n..
mj_jl tj_._m, r+ _n1_._rn unj. 1njrm
j+mt_j_.n jnuj. .rn+.rm `.r.j_r._
rnn +j+_n j_j. jj+jln j++j.
j.ujjn. jrm_r_._, t t_. n`n
unj. +nmt_ mnmj_n jj+jln jrn_
._.+_._j.. j++j. _l_. +t_j .-._j,
jrmn+jrn +njjnm.
`rjjn `.r.j_rn m_ jrn_n +n+_n-
l.rjn n_jln_n_.nn +n1lnm _njjn
tnr._ njjljjl rj.jnn _r, m_+., 9.3
_r.mn +j-3 l.nn +j+_n +..nmn
_..r+_ljm, r+ j +jm_n j_jm_n .r
.+.rmj. .r+n_nljm, r+ _.j_ _._.j.,
r+jn, ._.r.___, r `rj +n._. m_
_jl _j_nlj. +t_ .+ `rjjn
+n+_nl.rjn _r, _jr._j .l_.1__r._m
317
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+.mn +n+_nl.rjn `jn_n_. 1_._, .l_ .r
_njljnm _.r+_lj_ln, m.l+n+_j_r_._
+n+_nl.rj j rn `rjn m_ jrm_r_._.
_ln_rn _njnn __j_n jrm-jrm +ln-
_lj_.l `rj+. .r+._jl _._.jn
njmn `nrjn jj+l., r+jn ._.j.
+nj+ jj`jrn+jl.r, .l.1__r _.+r._n
j.u _l_n_r.nn_.l _jn rn
_.rn.ln. ._.r_n +jrj _._.j.n (r+j-
n mj_jl .t.t.l .._jmjm) _jl j_nun.
_.r+_lj_jn _njm, r+ `rjjn jrn_n.,
r._.l jrmn .jn_. m.l+n+_j_r_._ +nmt_
j+_j .jn_.. +..nm._, mj_jl .r jnun.m
+.t_nlm rj.nrj. (+j+1._m s- .l _-
_..jr._), .l.+ .r .l.1__r._m, m_ rrn
_l_. nj `._tn.
mjrjn_jn `rjjn jrn_n _. `.r.-
j_rn +n+_nl.rjn .l.1__r. tnr._
.jn_.n .rm_ fsiqikur rj_rj1j +mt_-
ln t.rntn j_.jnm _njl. .r+n_nljm,
r+ +j.rm.l jrm._ +n_nt.rm .._jjn.
_j_jrn_, mj_jlm_n .__nn., n.rm `nr_.`nr
_. m.l n._rm .+ _r ._.._njn. _.
+jj_jjn `rjn `.r.j_r._ +n+_nl.rj:
+.r.+ r. +t_j., m_ +__lj._ r_.r1j
_jj _.nl.t._m? _jj rn 1n .._-
_j_._, j.ujjn., mj_jl jj_nm ._.rn.
.t. ._.._njn `rjn +nmt_ _.+.-
jnm rj_rj j+n j.+_._j._: +jj_j-
jn `rjn _n ++jl._r._ _jrt_j..
.+ +..nmn unrnm._n _._j. n.., r+
._.+n.lj ._.+_._jn SezRuduli rj_rjn
.j_m, r+jm. ._.l.nj. _l_. +t_j
t_._.t_. _._.j.1j (Kahneman, 1973; Navon &
suraTi
9.3
umaRlesi kognituri
procesebis analizi
kognituri fsiqologebi cdiloben, gan-
sazRvron im fsiqikuri procesebis iden-
turoba da organizacia, romlebic umaR-
lesi kognituri procesebis (maRali donis
kognituri aqtivobebis) saSen masalas
warmoadgenen;
(A) dondersis davalebis avtoriseuli
versia moiTxovs, rom, sul cota, 3 procesi
Tanmimdevrulad ganxorcieldes;
(B) zogierTi procesi mimdinareobs se-
riulad, anu Tanmimdevrulad; zogierTi
ki erTdroulad, erTmaneTis paralelurad;
(C) davalebis Sesrulebaze daxarjuli
dro yovelTvis ar aZlevs mkvlevrebs
saSualebas, gansazRvron procesebis para-
leluri Tu seriuli mimdinareoba.
seriuli procesebi (Serial processes) _ ori an
meti fsiqikuri procesi, romelic Tanmimdevru-
lad, erTmaneTis Semdeg mimdinareobs.
paraleluri procesebi (Parallel processes) _ ori
an meti fsiqikuri procesi, romelic erT-
droulad mimdinareobs.
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Gopher, 1979). .+ rj_rjn ._.l.nj.1j mj_jln
yuradRebaa `._tn+jjn. +j-5 m._n j_r.__j.
.ltn_n., rr `rjjn jrmn.,
r+jn ._.j. _.uj_ _l_rj_ n_.-
n.n .+_.rnm _jlm_n ._nr `jrj`_n
nl_r+.n.. .+ j+mt_j_.n jr+nln yuradReba
_nt+ jjjn.. m_+., ..r__j_n.,
r+jn _njn__rn `rjn _l_. njlj .+r-
j_n, rr ._.+_._jn rj_rn +n+_jn.
.j_j _l_. ._nlnl _n_j_ jrmn nrm_j
j_j. `rjn .r ._nrj jrml.nr rj_r.
_.jrn_._, _jl j_nun. .l_.1__rm,
._+._rn. `rjn m_ ._nrj _lr
(Shiffrin & Schneider, 1977). kontrolirebadi pro-
cesebi ._nrj j_r.__j., avtomaturi pro-
cesebi _n, rr jn .r.. jrm_r_._
jrm1j +jn _lrnrj._n `rjn .ltr-
njj. u.n.l rm_n., r._.l. nnln __r
+j rj_r +nmt_jl: ._+._rn `rjjn
jr_j. _n j.ujjn. t_. _._.jn
`.r.j_r._, +.n lnjrn .rm_n
.rjj.
j_j+m +j_.lnn. ._+._rn `rjjn
+..nmn. _..jnnm_n mt_m, j.r_m
9.2 cxrilSi +j+_n _._.j.. rm_n nj
m_ .r. A n., B n.m.l j_.rjnm?
saidan
viciT
Tqven ar SegiZliaT uaryoT ricxvebis
`mniSvneloba~
_n `nrj mt_j, jj_.jnl.m 9.2
trnn rnt_j rn .lt_._j.. +n-
_j_n j_jjn +ntj__nm, _n `nrj
j_r._ __r __nrm, r. rnt_jn .t
+_+ln .rn.l (+..nm._, 1-2) _n_rj +.nl,
r. +.m rn _n_n nljr_.n. (+..n-
m._, r_.-jrmn), .l_rj_._ n+n., m_ r.
_r+nm.. n_rjn +j+_n .r._nm
m_ nj_jnm. +n.jnjm j_r.__j., r+
`nr_j n.n +j+_n. .lt_._j_n
j_njn, r+jm. rn. +nrj nljr-
_.jn., t +jrj n.n +j+_ j_n-
j rn nljr_.n _n_n., .+n+
`nr_jn n. __r uljn _l_. j_nnj.
kontrolirebadi procesebi (Controlled processes)
_ procesebi, romlebic moiTxoven yuradRebas;
xSirad rTulia erTdroulad erTze meti
kontrolirebadi procesis erTd ganxorcieleba.
avtomaturi procesebi (Automatic processes) _
procesebi, romlebic ar moiTxoven yuradRebas,
maTi ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia sxva moqme-
debis paralelurad.
ricxvebis gadamuSaveba
dasviT raime niSani fizikurad gansxvavebuli
wyvilebis Tavze, iqneba es ricxvebis Tu sityvebis
wyvilebi (e.i. unda aRniSnoT 4-6 da oTxi-eqvsi).
SeecadeT, gansazRvroT, romeli sia ufro rTulia.
sia .
cxrili
9.2
8-8
2-1
ori-ori
erTi-erTi
cxra-rva
8-9
erTi-ori
1-1
1-2
9-9
cxra-cxra
ori-erTi
rva-rva
2-2
rva-cxra
9-8
1-1
2-9
cxra-erTi
2-2
cxra-ori
rva-ori
8-8
1-8
erTi-erTi
9-9
rva-rva
2-8
cxra-cxra
1-9
cxra-erTi
ori-ori
sia B.
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+.r.+, r.+ _l_. +jt_nl. rnt_jn
n.t_j ._jl. +.mn _n1n__rn +._-
jn .l.1__r.1j? jrmn-rn _. jrmn-
tr. _n1n__rn .lt_._j_n t.rntn
+ntj__nm mnmj+n n_jl_rn.. +__j_rjn
_.r.__jl, r+, r_j. tj_._m 2-1 .l
ori, u.._lj_r._ _njrm j..+n
r._jl.1j, +.nl. _n, r_j. j tj
_n _._.jn jr_j.. .+ _r
t_j. rnt_n +ln_ljn avtomaturi
j_.j., +n_tj_._._ n+n., r+, j .r
__nr_j. .l .r _nl_. (Dohaene & Akhavein,
1995).
.__n_.l, ..m, .t_m, rr j__j-
_nm r._jl. _. rnt_n ljj. .t.
_._nrn rnt_. _. r._jl. rn n+_jl._
._+._rn .t_., r+ +n.l m._n _._j_.
mnmj+n j_ujjn.. 1j+m +j_.lnn
_._.jn_.l .l, r+ ._+._rn `rjjn
+ln_lj_l._.. _.+_n_j_n +jtnjrjn
j_jj_r .+jjlj.1j (Logan, 1988,1992). njlj.
njjn 2 m_ ori ._j+_n +jtnjrj.n
._.+_._j. _1r_l_jj_ nl_r+.n. r.-
_jln j.tj.
.t. j nl_r+.n. _lrnrj._n _.
._+._rn `rjjn j.tj, .+_njjlm
jrm_r_n n.r_n. _. ._rn n_.nn
.l.tn_j._. r 1.1j n.r_n _r
rn +j+j_j. tj .r _n jrm+.ljm, r.
n+.1j +n_mnmj, r+ r 1.1j n.r_n _.
.`.r._n j_.rjnm ._+._rn .jn_jn.:
m_+., _jjn .+jlnm.l._j n_.n. n-
_j., r. .nu_jm 1n +r._.n _.rn.l-
n_.l .nrnm jrm-jrmn _l_. ._.j_nm,
.nm .t_n_jm _. r. mj_.m.
r._.l. mj_jl .r jnun.m rn_j +j+j-
_jn jrm_r_._ jr_j., mj_jln j_r._-
_j. CixSi eqceva (Pashler, 1992,4).
j +..nmn t._j_, r.+ t_j. _lr-
nrj._n _. ._+._rn `rjjn t.rntn
_. .r. 1_n _.jrnjn +ntj__nm .l.1__r..
`nrjn .rm_jn j+mt_j_.n n, r.
._+._rn nj, ___j j_r.__jn _lr
._nrj. .+_.r._, _ljjn_.l .++_nl.rj,
j. m_ n `rjn jnuj. +j-l._j j_r._-
_j. nmt__j.
.t. mj_jl t__jnm _njn__rn `rjjn
n_.. rm_n ..1r_l .+.ljn ._._rn
+n+_nl.rjn .tln +n1lnm, mjrjn_jn
_m._.1jl +_jj, r+jn _+nln-
rj_n. rr jrn_n _. `.r.j_rn, nj
_lrnrj._n _. ._+._rn `rjjn.
_ln_r-_njn_r __j_.m. _+r._jn
+n1.ln. njmn jj`jrn+jl_n n_.nn jj+l.,
r+jn _.._._rj .jmn +_jjn mnm-
j_n _+`ljln .rj.. .t., r_j.
___j l.mjn. _ln_r-_njn_rn __j_n
n_. _njn__rn `rjjn j._n., _r.
._._n_jm __r _l_rj_ ._nmtj1j. _jl
._.j. _jjlj., .l_ntnm _l_rj_n
_ln_rn `rjjn +_.n `rjn. _._n-
jjm +jj_jjn .+jjljnm.
Sejameba
_ln_r _njn.n _. _ln_r +jlnj-
rj.n ++_._j `jn.njn jn._n.l
_njn__r `rjj. _. r_j_rj, r+jn
._.j. .uj_ ._.+n.l, .+njjl jl.,
._._r. `rj+. _. +nn_ ._.j_jnj..
_l_jr+. `nr_j+. jj+l. _ln_rn _._.jn
._j_ j+._jlj `rjj._ ..l.n1jn
+jm_n. m.l.+j_r_j +__j_rjn _njn__rn
.jn_n _+`ljljn .l.1__rn +n1lnm
jn._n.l jrn_n _. `.r.j_rn `rjjn
_+`ljlj, t_._.t_. _ln ._+._r _.
_lrnrj._ `rjj.
metyveleba
_._.+j. _. _.r1j _n_. ._.__lj. _.r ._jm
_. nj .r._nl .rn: _._ j.+lnjm, r+ unr
_l_jrn _j_, _l_jrn _n __rjn., r+j-
1j jrn.: _.. t.n.1j.. r. j_lj.m j
jjnlj.? r. j_nun. j__.m, r+ j
jjnlj. ..jn .t_j mj_jlm_n? .+
j+mt_j_.n j_j.1j .__nn., +._m j.-
.+nn _ljjn. .r+n_nljm, r+ mj_jl .n-
__+ .jln t.rm _. nlr_jnj j_j-
m_n .jmn _l._rn .tnm n_jm. +.nl mj_jl
j_nlj.m, r+ _.. .rn mj_jln _l.jn,
320
t t.n.1j j_l. .ru ._n
lnl._, j.n. mj_jl _l_. .t_n_jm.
+.r.+ n+n.m_n, r+ _r.1. _.. t.n-
.1j. ..jn nj, _. .r .rn ._n-
jjn, .n__+ .jln njm. +. jnuj.
t_._.t_. +ln_lj. .jl_j.
.r+n_nljm, r+ mj_jln _.. t.n.1j
_.rn nl +t_ +.nl _j. _. j_j.m,
r. .rjm ._. _r. r_j. mj_jl mj_jln
_.tn r+jn+j j_r j_ljnm _.. t.n-
.1j., mj_jl _nt+m: jnun., _..
.rjm .__.?
.r+n_nljm, r+ mj_jl +j.r _r
+.lj.ln .+j_.l. _.rjtn_.l _. n, r._.l
.r nn, ._ .rn _... .+ _r mj_jl j_ljnm:
_.. t.n.1j. _. .+ nj_jn _nt+m,
r+ _.. ._rmtj .r j+_jrj. _. +. j_un.
+.lj.ln .+j_.l..
.r+n_nljm, r+ _rm j._nrm
mj_jln _.. _. mj_jln +jrn u._n. .+ _r
mj_jl .+m: _.. t.n.1j., rnm. +n_mnmjm,
r+ _.. n_jlj _. .r _r nrnn.
._jrn +..nmjn +j+_n. .lt_._j.
winadadebis azrsa _. mosaubris mier nagulis-
xmev azrs, .1rn rn (Grice, 1968). +jj_jjn
.+jjljn j._n. _njjn .jjl
._jmjjl rr `r__jn.1j (jj`rjn_n
+jj_jj.), nj +._rn +njr l._nt+j_n
.1rn .j.1j (n+`rjn_n +jj_jj.):
l._nt+j_n .1rn .+.mj+j._ r-
r njjlj +._rj r nj_j:
rr nj ++jljn +._rn +njr
l._nt+j_ .1r.
jtj_jm 9.4 suraTs _. jj._jm, r.+_jln+j
nj_nm ._jrm n. rn mj+. .`nrjm? .t.
.r+n_nljm, r+ nn_j _r.mn _l_. .__jrm
r+. ._.+n.l. r. j_n_nm? _nr_j.m m_
.r. +jrj j+mt_j_.n ljn __r +jn _.u._.?
jj`rjn_n +jj_jjn j._n. .jjln
eqspresiuli metyveleba (Lenguage production)
is, rasac adamianebi amboben, aniSneben an weren;
am Sinaarsebis gadmocemis procesi.
msmenelis gaTvaliswineba (Audience design) _
konkretul auditoriaze gaTvlili Sinaarsis
formirebis procesi.
suraTi
9.4
SegiZliaT aRuweroT suraTi Tqvens megobars?
ras SecvlidiT, Tqveni megobari rom brma
iyos?
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_jm_j. rr +jj_jjn `r__jn.1j (r.
nrj_jl ._.+n.ljn +j+_ ++jln .mj+j._),
nj, n+ `rjj1j, r+jn jjnljj,
.+l.mj_.+j __j_ .__u_._. +jj_jj. .r
_nt+ +t_ 1j`nr +jj_jj.: +jj_j-
j.., .rjm_j, jr. _. jjjnm ._.rn. .__n-
._ ..j._ .tj+u__.ljn .+jjlj_n.
nj_jn: mosaubre n, _nl +jj_jj .l_
jr .l .`.r._ (n_nt+j. jjjnm
.`.r._n) _. msmeneli n, _nl n+jl (nj).
msmenelis gaTvaliswineba
_jl j+m._.1jm, ._jjr.m 9.4 _r.mn
lr+._rn +tj__jn +jlj _. r+. ._.-
+n.lnm_n n+ +n1lnm, r+ .+l.mj_.+n _l_rj-
_n msmenelis .m_.nnljnm _.jj+.m.
ljn+njr j+mt_j_.n ._rn. _l_. .nm_.n-
nlm, _nl .rn mj_jln ++jljn _. n nl_r-
+.n., r+jn _l_. +n._m .__nrnn
j_rj (Clark, 1992, 1996). +..nm._, mj_jl, ..m,
1. raodenoba: Setyobineba unda iyos imdenad informaciuli, ramdenis moTxovnac aris. nu miawodebT imaze met
informacias, vidre mogeTxovebaT.
rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: Tqven unda ecadoT, gansazRvroT, realurad ra raodenobis informacia esaWiroeba Tqvens
msmenels. amisaTvis SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes winaswar imis gansazRvra, Tu ra icis msmenelma.
2. xarisxi: SeecadeT, ilaparakoT simarTle. ar TqvaT iseTi ram, rac mcdari ggoniaT da risi damadasturebeli
faqtebic ar gaqvT.
rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: rodesac Tqven laparakobT, msmeneli elodeba Tqven mier miwodebuli informaciis
dadasturebas. TiToeuli gamonaTqvamis dagegmvis dros mofiqrebuli unda gqondeT misi damadasturebeli
faqtebi.
3. mimarTeba: Tanmimdevruloba.
rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: rodesac raimes ambobT, darwmunebuli unda iyoT, rom msmenelisaTvis gasagebia kavSiri
Tqven mier miwodebul Setyobinebasa da manamde miwodebul informacias Soris. Tu cvliT saubris Tema anu
Tqven mier Camoyalibebuli azri pirdapir kavSirSi ar aris wina informaciasTan, Tqven unda auxsnaT, ris
Sesaxeb saubrobT.
4. stili: ilaparakeT zustad da garkveviT; moerideT orazrovani frazebis gamoyenebas. teqsti agebul unda iqnes
mokle da gamarTuli winadadebebiT.
rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: Tqven valdebuli xarT ilaparakoT SeZlebisdagvarad garkveviT, Tumca, ara xarT dazRveuli
Secdomebisagan. rogorc yuradRebiani da gulisxmieri mosaubre, unda darwmundeT, rom msmenelebma sworad
gaiges, risi Tqmac gsurdaT.
5. Cans Tu ara qvemoT mocemul dialogSi, ramdenad iyenebs daTo graisis aqsiomebs?
graisis aqsiomebi eqspresiuli metyvelebis Sesaxeb
cxrili
9.3
ras amboben? ra SeiZleba ifiqros daTom?
giorgi: yofilxar niu-iorkSi?
daTo: erTxel, 1992 wels.
giorgi: wasvlas vapireb, magram meSinia ar
gamZarcvon.
daTo: Cemi azriT, iq bevri usafrTxo adgilia.
giorgi: sastumro rogori iyo?
daTo: RamiT ar davrCenilvarT.
giorgi: ar ginda, erTad wavideT?
daTo: ar vici, unda vnaxo, ramdenad SevZleb
wamosvlas.
giorgi: aa . . .
daTo: hm
ar vici ratom mekiTxeba, amitom, albaT, ufro meti
unda vuTxra, vidre, ubralod `ho~.
ver vetyvi, rom sanerviulo araferi aqvs, mainc ar
damijerebs. ra SeiZleba vuTxra iseTi, rac
simarTles hgavs da Tanac daamSvidebs?
Tu vetyvi, rom sastumroSi ar gavCerebulvar,
SeiZleba ifiqros, rom sxvagan gavaTie Rame. iseTi
ram unda vuTxra, rac gasagebs gaxdis, ratom ar
SemiZlia kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema.
wasvla ar minda, magram ar minda uaris Tqma uxeSad
gamomivides. mixvdeba giorgi, rom Tavs varideb?
(Tavis daZvrenas vcdilob)
gaeba maxeSi.
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m._n .1r._ .r +n_.m _nl+j _mtr.m, r+
,_.. t.n.1j., m_ +.l .r nn, r+ _..
t.n.1j +t_ +.nl _j., r_j. .rjm
._. _r. ++jljn .m_.nnljn jn,
r+jn TanamSromlobis princips j+j.rj.,
`nr_j._ _n_+. h. pol graisma (H. Paul
Grice) j+n.l.. r.nn m.l.+r+n `rnl-
n` .lntn._, rr +._rn nlr_jn.,
.+l.mj_.+n .. +n+_nl.rj ._rn `nrjn.
_. +ln_ljn +ntj__nm.
.+ nlr_jnn .rn ..j._ r.n+. .+.-
j.n. mtn .jn+., r+j. _nt+njrn
_. j_r.__jn.ln +._rjjn njjljjl. 9.3. cxril-
Si .r+_jlnn. mnmj_n .jn+. _. jmt-
1_n _n.n, ._. l._jljn. +jj_jjn
_r ._jrnn .jn+jn ._jl. `._tjn
jrj_.1j. rr 9.3 trnn_.l .l, _.r
+._rj _l_. jju, .m_., m_ r.
jnuj. n_j _. .n +n+. ++jlj+..
.+_.r._, mj_jl .r jj_nm mj_jl +j.r: __j
.jjnm.l jrm._ _._n, m_ _.r+_lj_n
.r. t.rm, r+ +.l nn, _nl .rn .jjn. .r_.
.+n., mj_jlm_n _. mj_jln +jrnm_n l.l
j_j. .jj rn +t_ jrm .tjljm .+
_ljjn (._n._ t_.m.l jrm._ .r
.t_.m): .l_ saerTo codnaSi .rj _nl+j
.jjn, r+jn lnn. rr mj_jlm_n,
nj mj_jln +jrn.m_n. herbert klarks _.
jjmrnl +.r. (Herbert Klark, Kethrine Marshal, 1981)
+n.ln.m, r+ .jrm _l. nl_r+.nn .+
j.r jjr_l.:
jgufis wevroba t_._.t_. n_n_n __-
_n j_rjn j+_j_ +_jj njjljjl,
r. .1rn jjr_l. ___n j_rjn .jrm
.+_nj. _. ..jn. +nn j_rjnm_n:
lingvisturi Tanaarseboba ._rn.
._.+n.ljn ___j .ltn_ nl_r+.n. (nl.
._rjn _r) +nnlj_jl .jrm _ln
l.n._:
fizikuri Tanaarseboba r. +._rj
_. ++jljn _n1n__r._ jrm n_.n.n n+j_j-
n.l _. jtj. .j_m jrm. _. n+._j njjjm.l.
j _nt+ rr ._rn .rj+ (n_rj,
r+jn ._.rn +n+_nl.rj), nj +.m
.rj++j_ ._.+n.lj.
.+rn._, r_j. mj_jl .tjljm .jjn:
+j __j .jjnm.l jrm._ _._n, j.u.,
..jn nj n+n+, r+ mj_jl _. mj_jln
+j.rn +nrj ___n j_rjn t.rm, r+j.
.jjn +nj__m_lj. (___n j_r.), .l,
j.u. n+n+, r+ ._rj mj_jl ___j ._lnljm
.jjn .rj. (nl_n_rn m.l..rj.),
.l, _., n+n+, r+ .jjn nj_j _. m.tn
(_n1n__rn m.l..rj.).
saidan
viciT
eqspresiul metyvelebaze gavlenas axdens
jgufis wevroba
jj`jrn+jl_`nrjn +__j_rjn
__jlj mt__ljl, jjr_jnl.m
j_.rjn _._.j. nj, r+ nl..r .r.-
_jr j_lj_ljl. jj`jrn+jl.r nl
jj .l.1__r_n m.l+n+_j_rnm 16 _n.
.r.mn (4X4) ln_-nr_n tj_jnm _. +.
nj _l_. ._jjr. _r.mjn, r+ _n `nrj
rn m.l+n+_j_rnm _.j.jnl.m nnln.
jj`jrn+jl.rn _. _n `nrn jrm+.ljm
_jr tj_.__ljl, m_+., +.m .jl_.m ._rn
j.uj.. jj`jrn+jl.r r._._
jju .lj.1__r., nl_. m_ .r. .`.
ln_-nr_. r_j. nnln ln_-nr_n +t_-
rjj j._rj_ljl .r.mjn ._.-
jr._, nnln __r +j._ njjlj_ljl .__-
m.r .tjj: j .rn nn_r`n jl.,
_n_rj 1._ +.t.n.mjj: j .rn
+._.n jl. .+__mt. .t_r._nm (Clark,
1987).
__r _._rnjnm .l_ntnm ___n
j_r.. .r+n_nljm, r+ _nl+j `nr_j._
t__jnm. m_ mj_jl _rm, r+ j_r.__jn.ln _.
_nt+njrn +._rj njm, `nr_j rnn _l_.
..r__nm r. .1._j. (___) j__m_ln
nn. .+_.r._, +._rj .`.r._n _r nm_.n-
nlj m._n +_nl ++jljn j.tj (m_
r. njlj. +nm_n ..jn). ._.+n.lj j_un.m
mnmj+n 1_._ .l.1__rl, r. jnuj.
n_ljl .__m.rn ___n j_rj+., m_+.,
jl_jln. .j_m _.__.l, r+ t_jnm_n.
lnn. n, r. m_nml nn.l (Fussel & Kraus,
1992). ++jljn _ln 1_n .l.1__r. j.u-
jj t_n jj`rjn_n +jj_jjn ._j_-
_._r rj_.n..
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_..__nr_nm, m_ r.+_jl._ _j._rn nl_r-
+.n. _l_. +n._m j_.n ._.+n.l, r+jn
1n +n._j. mt_m. .uj_m m_ .r.
_l_rj_ _nmt_j (+..nm._, nnm, ._ .rn
+jrn.?), _nm m_ .r. +nn .+_n_.l
_. +jj_jjn_.l .++_nl.rj, .l.1__rm,
.n_.l .rn nn _. r.+_jl._ _._rnjnm _l_.
.__jrm 1..
_jl .l_ntnjm jj`rjn_n +jj_jj.
jjnljn _lj1j. rr _l.tjm, .+l.-
mj_.+n _r+nrj. _.+_n_j_n. ++jlj1j,
r+j. j._rjnm. .t. .l_ntnm _njn-
__rn `rjjn, r+jn ._.j. .uj_m,
.+mj_.m .1rn.
metyveleba da Secdomebi
nl_.m .tjn .nmj_.m? ._ntjlm _...
`_ljrn (Reverend W.A. Spooner) j_r_n
_ln_jrnjn_.l, r+n .tjn +ntj__nm.,
rn .l +jn nj_n `nr_jn +.r_jn ._.-
l._j. spunerizmi j_.. rn_jrjl_ `_ljr+.
j .tjn .+.rmn.l._ _.n+.t_r.. 1.r+.
__jl j+jrn ._jln j+mt_j_.n _r.1n
You have wasted the whole term (jl +mjn j+j-
rn .._nlj) l._._ j_lj_.: You have
tasted the whole worm (jl +mjn +.n j_.+j)
(waste ._jl.: taste j+ .nl__., term
j+jrn). `_ljrn1+n +jj_jjn j_+jn
jrm-jrmn .tj.., r+j. ._rn _r
___jm. j j_+jn ..j t_n .1rn .+m-
j+n _.j+_n `rj. rr 9.4 cxrilidan
.l, .+l.mj_.+n _.j+_. r.+_jln+j jrm+.-
ljmn.l .lt_._j_ _lj1j t_j., r+jm..l
mnmj_1j jnuj. .+_nl_j +jj_jjn
j_+jn (Bock&levet, 1994; Rapp&Goldrick, 2000).
...rn., +.r.+ ._jrnn j_+jn, rr
.l, .r _l_. nj j+mt_j_nmn nnln ..jn
t_j., m_ ._nm_.nnljm .._r jln
r_j_r.. +._rj+ jnuj. ._..l._
j_jn `nr_jn .jn tips of the slung
l._._ slips of the sung-n., +.r.+ .r._j
nj_n tlips of the sung, r._.l. .+ j+mt_j_.n
nr__j_. nln_rn jln +.rmjrn jn,
r+n +ntj__nm. nj_n m._n .r._j
_t__j. tl(Fromkin, 1980).
+jj_jjn mjrn_n +_jjn .jn.
_n_n +ln_lj. jln_j. +jj_jjn j_+j,
.+n+ +__j_rjn .r j+n_.rjn.l ._lnl_-
n j_+jn +t_ _ljrn_ `nrjn
_.__nr_jnm _. +.mn ._l_t_nm. +.m jn._j
jj`jrn+jl_ `nrjn +jj_jjn j_+j-
n tj_l_r._ .+_j_n t_._.t_. tjrtjn
(Bock, 1996).
.+ jjln_n .+jjljnm j.ujjn .t_.
+jlnn jj`rjn_n +jj_jjn .__u_._
+_j.rj rr `rjjn, nj rj`rj1jl-
.njn +j-l._jn .j..
procesebi. .ntjljm +j-6 m._n .ltn-
_n tj_l_r._ jj+lnn `rj_n`1nn_n
`_ljrn1+n. j jjln_. _n `nrj _nuj,
.`.r._n _r _.__.l `_ljrn1+nj_n j-
_+jn (baars, 1992). _n `nrj mt_jl, .n_n-
mtl _.j_nj_ nj_.m. n., r+j.
+._n _lj+._rn r_j_r. .j_m:
_1n-__n
._n-_.rn
n-_ln
j_n-_jtn
j+_j _n mt_jl, t+.+._. mj_.l _jrn-
jrn. rn j+mt_j_jn 1njrmn _n `nrn
+.l.+_j ._nmt_n nj_jn ._jlnm .+
jrn-_jrn.
Secdomebi gamonaTqvamis dagegmvaSi
dagegmvis doneebi:
mosaubrem unda airCios sityvebi, romlebic
saukeTesod gamoxataven mis azrs.
Tu mosaubres enaze ori sityva adgas, magaliTad,
`movifiqre~ da `movigone~, SeiZleba Tqvas _
`movifone~.
mosaubrem arCeuli sityvebi sworad unda daalagos
da gaaerTianos winadadebaSi.
radgan adamiani gegmavs gamonaTqvams, rogorc mTlian
erTeuls, SesaZloa, moxdes sityvebis gadanacvleba.
cxviridan sisxli wamskda sisxlidan cxviri
wamskda.
lamazi gogos kaba gogos lamazi kaba.
mosaubrem bgerebi unda gaaerTianos sityvebSi,
romelTa Tqmasac apirebs.
radganac adamianebi gamonaTqvams winaswar gegmaven,
SeiZleba moxdes bgeraTa gadanacvleba.
cali xeli xali celi.
cxrili
9.4
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.+ jjln_jn .+jjljnm +__j_rj ._.-
j. juj_.m, jn._l +._rn +njr j-
_+jn _._jn ..m.1j +j+j_n _.jrjn.
+..nm._, `_ljrn1+n +._n j_+jn
..m. n1r_j., r_j. jrjn ._.._-
nj. rj._r nj_j _.uj_ (Baars et al.,
1975; Stemberger, 1992): .+_.r._, _jrn-jrn- +.n-
_r._ jrn-_jrn- mj+n ..m. __r +jn.,
_n_rj, +..nm._, n-j+.rn- +.n_r._
j+n-.rn- mj+n ..m.. +._n j_jjn
._.r.__ t_n, r+ +jj_jj.n .rm_n
1njrmn _ln_rn `rjn _1r_l_jj_
_ln_rn j_+n .+_jl. _. .rj..
j `rjjn .r _.uj_jl njmn j_+jn
_._jn __j., r+jn _l_rj_n
jln.m_n +n__jjn _. .r.rj._rn nj_jn
.+mj+. _nt+.
reprezentaciebi. jrm-jrmn jj`jrn+jln
_r _n `nrj mt__ljl j_n-j_n._
.j_nmt.m n_n+._rn .+mj+jn, +..nm._,
shoot the breeze raise the roof (j_rn .`.r._n
._r1._rn .jt_.): rn .+n j+_j _n mt_-
_ljl, r. jnuj. r._._ .jtjljnl.m jrm-
jrmn. _rn j1____n `nrjn _n `nrjn
1njrm j+mt_j_.n _rj__ljl rn _r.1n
nj_j _. nu.t_ljl shoot the roof. j_+n
_._jn ..m. .+ j+mt_j_.n __r _n_n.,
_n_rj 1j+m ._jrn j+mt_j_.n, r._.l
r .+l.mj_.+ jrml.nrn +ln_lj. .j_. j
j_jjn +n_mnmj, r+ jrml.nrn +ln_ljn
+jlj n_n+jnm rj`rj1jl.njn jrm+.ljmm.l
.rn +jtnjrj.n _._._nrj_n: r_j.
._.+n.ln .`nrj mj_. jrmn n_n+., +._n
+ln_ljn +jlj n_n+n rj`rj1jl.n_+.
_._nr+. jnuj. .l.`nr _+nlnrj_n
j_+n ._+jlj. (Cutling & Bock, 1977).
_jl .l_ntnjm 1njrmn _.jrn, r+jn
.l.`nrj .+. m_ n+ .+l.mj_.+n .r+mj+.
_. 1njrmn `rjn, r+jn tj _j
+.m .jn_n1.n.. .t. _n j_jtm ++jljj,
r+jn +._rn +njr l._nt+j_ .1r
njjl.
impresiuli metyveleba
.r+n_nljm, r+ +._rj .+: ,_..
t.n.1j.. mj_jl ___j nnm, r+, _ljjn_.l
.++_nl.rj, .+ .+l.mj_.+n .+jjlj.
jnuj. jrm+.ljmn.l .lt_._j_n .1rn
.+.t.._. mj_jl, rr ++jljn, rr
.nrj_m +t_ jrm .1r? +jj_jjn .j.1j
._.r r.1r_.ln +ln_ljn `rj+n
__r _j._rn .ltn_nm _._njjm.
orazrovnebis daZleva
r. lnl._ nj_. bari? m._n, ..m, +nn
rn +ln_lj. +.nl +n_n_.m: jrmn,
r+jn _._._nrj_n. +n.m+j+j_j.m.l
(._-.+j_rlj .j+n.l.m.l) _. +jrj,
r+jn _._._nrj_n. _._jm.l. .r+n_-
nljm, r+ _nl+j j_lj.m: ,+. .j_ .rn,
rr t__jnm, r. n_nt+j. .+ _l_rj_
j+mt_j_.n? mj_jl _l_. jum .+ r +ln_lj-
. rn .rj_n jjn__rn r.1r_ljn
_.uj_.. m_ _._njr_jnm, ._+.jlm, r+ 1-
njrmn _ln_rn `rjn .+jjljnm, _ljj-
n_.l .++_nl.rj _nm nj_n r.1r_-
ljn _.uj_.. rn j.tj ._r_nm +.l.+_j
.+_. n.r._j1j m_ ..rm ._nj1j.
j _.rm _ljjn _l_. _.jt+.rm nj_n
rn +ln_ljn_.l jrm-jrmn .rj_.n, +.r.+
rr?
.l.+ .+ _nmt_.1j `._t ._j+_jm, ..lm
r.1r_ljn _n_j_ jrm n`. r. lnl._ j
nl._._j.: ,lnl _. nrn _j_. ._.j
_.t+.rj.. mj_jl jnuj. .nm +nn +t_
jrmn +ln_lj., +.r.+ .+ j+mt_j_.n .j+j
_.j_ r_j_r_ r.1r_lj.m.l. (Akmajian
et al., 1990) (nt. suraTi 9.5). nl_njn nl._._j-
n r_j_rn .n_r.n_ tnr._ njjljjl
_n.r.+j. I l.nn .r+_jlnn. nl._.-
_jn ,_.. t.n.1j. .l.n1n. .+ nl._.-
_jn r_j_r. u.n.l +.rn_n.. II _. III
l.nn _n .r+_jlnn. nl._._jn ,lnl
_. nrn _j_. ._.j _.t+.rj. rn
.lt_._j_n +ln_ljn j_.rjnm rm_n
r_j_r.. II l.nn ._jmj_n .l.n1n
+ntj__nm, _r.1. ,lnl _. nrn jtj. _j_.,
jrm ._.+n.l rn .__n _j_. ._.j
_.t+.rj.. III l.nn .r+_jlnn .l.n1n
+ntj__nm, nl._._j.n .+j_nn. rn j_j+-
_j.rj ,lnl _. ,nrn _j_., j.n. r
._.+n.l ._.j _.t+.rj.. r+jn +ln_lj-
nm njm nl._._j., r_j. +. `nr_j._
_nmt_m? rr tj_._m, .+ j+mt_j_.n
nl._._j. rn +ln_lj. .j_ _. _jl __-
325
r_l_jnm nn_j _nmt_., r+jn jjn__rn
r.1r_ljn _r .l_.: rr .l.1__r._
_ljjn jrmn +ln_ljn .+rj_. rn .l
+jn j.u _.rn.ln_.l?
_.__r_l_jm jjn__r r.1r_lj. (nj_n
r.1r_lj.), .l_ntnm j+_jn nl._._j.:
.l. j_._nn .j_.
r. .rn .+ j+mt_j_.n j_._nn? .r+n_nljm,
r+ m._n jjn_ln .j_m. j_._nn +ln_lj-
., ..m, .jmn njlj.:
.l.1__rj. 1: +jl.rj.
.l.1__rj. 2: nl_jjn_rn _.._._j..
.+ nl._._jnm ._+j+_n nl_r+.n. .r
_.uj_ ._.j., j.u rn +ln_lj-
n_.l ._nrnm jrm-jrmn. rr __j_n
j_jjn ._._rj, .jmn n`n nl._._jn
._nmt_n j+_j +jtnjrjnm_n +n.__+n
t_j. nj_n rn_j +ln_lj. (Vu et al., 1998).
_l_rj_ n_.n.n nj_n +ln_ljn
.l.1__rn.m_n ._nr. _ljjn .m_.n-
nlj., +.r.+ rr _jt+.rj. n +ln_ljn
.rj_.n? __j_jn +ntj__nm ._+l_., r+
_ljjn _1r_l_jj_ .1rn .jn r.+_jln+j
(n`n) ._.j. (Vu et al., 1998, 2000). .l_ntnm
j+_jn +..nmjn:
1. .l. ._._.. j_._nnm:
2. .l. _rj__. j_._nj:
3. .l. _jr +_.. +. j_._nn .j_.
`nr_j nl._._j.n 1+ln +ntj__nm, j.u-
. .l_.1__rm, r. +ln_ljnm.. .+jj-
lj_n yvavili, nj_j, rr +jrj nl._.-
_j.n. +j.+j nl._._jn `nr_j l.nn ._j-
rnn. n_.n., r+jn j+ln _ljj +jrj
nl._._jnm_n ,j_._nn .j_. j +..nmjn
_n_jlj, r+ mj_jl nm_.nnljm +nlnljn
t_._.t_. n`. _ljjn +ntj__nm ++jljn
++jl._r._ .l.1__r._ r.1r_.ln nj_n
+ln_lj. (Binder & Morris, 1995; Sereno, 1995).
r_j_r_n r.1r_ljn _.uj_. _ljjn
+ntj__nm t_j. (MacDonald, 1993; Shapiro et al., 1993;
Trueswell, 1996). jrm+.ljmn.l .lt_._j_ .jm
r.+.n__ r_j_rj rn r._n .rj_n
j.uj. _ljjn nuj_..
+_nm, _jl +..nm _.__r_l_jm, r+jn
`nr_j._ .l_ntnjm _. r+jn ._+._
suraTi
9.5
winadadebis
struqtura
winadadebis gramatikuli
struqturis TvalsaCino
ilustraciis mizniT, lin-
gvistebi xSirad iyeneben
diagramebs. I struqtura
warmoadgens winadadebis _
`kata xaliCazea~ _ struqtu-
rul analizs; II da III struq-
tura ki gviCvenebs, rom
winadadeba _ `ninos da gior-
gis dedas gadasces dax-
mareba~ _ ori erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavebuli struqturuli
analiziT SeiZleba iyos war-
modgenili. vis gadasces
daxmareba? or adamians Tu
erTs?
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_l.tjm, r+ nj_.nj_nm _jrn. .t
_._nrn. nj_jn `nr_.`nr +ln_lj-
.m.l. nn_j .+l.mj_.+n .r.`nr-
_.`nrn _jrn. +. .r_._ +ln_lj.
.ln_j. .t. .+_njjlm 1j+m ._ln-
l_n +_jjn jjn__rn r.1r_ljn
n_r.nn +n1lnm. m_ +_nmt_jn nl_r-
+.n. nj_.nj_nm .+_._j _l.l-
_rn rnn (m.l+n+_j_rn) +ntj__nm,
+.nl +._ljn., r+ m.__.`nr_j._
nn jj_j. .+l.mj_.+n `nr_.`nrn +ln-
_ljn .j.. m_ j 1. .r_+.jjn
._+l_j., +_nmt_jn .+l.mj_.+n t_.
+ln_lj. .lntn._ (Crice 1975; 1978;
Searle, 1979a). .+ +_jn +ntj__nm, +mt_ln
_. .r_._n .+l.mj_.+n .j. __r
+jn _r _nr_j., _n_rj `nr_.`nrn .+-
l.mj_.+n. +_nmt_jnm_n _n __r .__nn.
.r_._n .+l.mj_.+n .j., _n_rj
`nr_.`nrn. __j_jn .__u_j1j _._-
nl_., r+ +_nmt_jjn __r r._._
njjl .r_._ +mt_l., _n_rj nn_j
.+l.mj_.+n `nr_.`nr +ln_lj. (Gibbs,
1986).
ra gvesmis
r.1r_ljn _.uj_n j.tj ._rn.
.jjln ._._jmjm n+.1j, m_ r. _njm. .t.
j_r.__j. ._.+.t_njm l.mj_.+n .j.1j,
j..+n._, _nmt_. .j _.__.+m: r_n l_j.
+jtnjrj.n reprezentaciebi _r.1n m_
+mn.ln jjn .jn _r? +..nm._, r.
nl.tj. +jtnjrj.n, r_j. mj_jl .njm
___j l.l _r.1.: ,_.. t.n.1j.. __j_jn
.__u_j1j _._nl_., r+ +ln_ljn +jlj
rj`rj1jl.njn .r+_jlnn. .1n_rn
jrmj_jnm, r+j. propoziciebs __jjl
(Clark & Clark, 1877; Kintsh, 1974). `r`1nn.
.+l.mj_.+n unrnm._n .1rn.. nl._._jn
,_.. t.n.1j. unrnm._n .1rn n.., r+
r._. j_ r._..1j. .+ _r.1n ._nmt_n.
mj_jl .+j_m `r`1nn. ze _. _nm,
.nm katasa _. xaliCas rn .rj_n
+n+.rmj., r+jn .+t._n. .+ `r`1nnnm.
`r`1nnjn .jr. tnr._ .j t_j.: ze
(kata, xaliCa). +r._.n .+l.mj_.+n jrm1j +j
`r`1nn. jn._. .l_ntnm j+_jn
orazrovani gamonaTqvamis pirdapiri
da sarkastuli interpretacia
pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT naxmari gamonaTqvami
marta dis saxlSi mivida stumrad. gareT yinavda da
marta Zalian bednieri iyo, rom saxlamde miaRwia. man
uTxra das: Seni saxli Zalian myudroa, ra mSvenieria
aq da rogor Tbila~.
sarkastuli moTxovna
tonis amxanagi, romelTanac cxovrobs igi, yovelTvis
Rias tovebs misaRebi oTxis fanjaras, maSinac ki,
rodesac gareT yinavs. tonis mravaljeradi Txovna
daeketa fanjara uSedego iyo; erTxel fanjara Ria
iyo, tonis ar sjeroda, rom mis amxanags ar scioda da
uTxra amxanags: ra mSvenieria aq da rogor Tbila~.
cxrili
9.5
r.1r_.ln.: ,_.. t.n.1j.. .+ j+mt_j_.n
r.1r_lj. .l`nrj_n. m._._ nl..rnm
_. .r. ._j_n nj_jnm .l nl._._jn
r_j_rnm. +__j_rj+. ._+.nlj, r+ _l-
jjn +ntj__nm ._.jn _.lln .+ j+-
mt_j_.n +j+j_j (Gibbs, 1994).
j_nun. _._.__l.m, r+ +jj_jjn
`rjn ._.+n.ln r.1r_ljn _..uj_._
j_jj_r._ njjlj _ljj. .+ _r r_n
jm.lt+j_.. l.mj_.+. _. ++jljn +njr
.j_ .1r rn. +jj_jjn `rjn
.ltn_n. _jl .+_j._nm j.. ++jljn
.m_.nnlj. `rjjn, r+jm. ._.j-
nm. +._rj +n+_nl.rj n_.nn j.j_n
.+l.mj_.+ nrj_. n+`rjn_n +jj_jjn
.l.n1n .__u_j1j _._nl_., r+ ++jlj
.j_ +_nln, r+ +._rj r._ +jj_jj.
.+rn._, ++jljn.m_n +n1.ljlnn., l.m-
j_.+n _r.1. .n.1r _ljjn_.l .++_nl.rj.
saidan
viciT
konteqsti gvexmareba arapirdapiri
mniSvnelobis gagebaSi
.l_ntnm .+l.mj_.+n: .j +_jlnjrn.
_. mn.. r. lnl._ j? rr 9.5
trnn_.l .l, j.ujjn., .+ n`n
+.rn_ .+l.mj_.+j t_._.t_. nrnn
jmt1_nm t_._.t_. .1rn +n_.ln_m. _jl
327
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a
nl._._j.: ,_.. _j_rj_. m._, r+jn ju_r.
.tn j_j. .j `nr_jn j+._jljn `r`-
1nn.. qveS (Tagvi, taxti). .jj_.l _.jm:
SeZvra [(m._n, qveS (m._n, .tn)|: ._
_n +n_n_jm: uyurebda |_.., SeZvra (m._n, qveS
(m._n, .tn))|.
qveS (m._n, .tn)
SeZvra |m._n, qveS (m._n, .tn)|
uyurebda |_.., SeZvra (m._n, qveS (m._n,
.tn))|
rr j_nun. j_.++m, r+ +ln_lj-
n _njn__rn `r`1nnjn +.rm. .j
+_.? +jj_jjn _njnn _jrn
..rj_n 1njrmn __j_. +n1l._ n.t.__.,
j_jljnl. `r`1nn_n rj`rj1jl.njn
rn +jj_jjn .j.n (Kintsch, 1974). rr
__j_jn .__u_j1j _._nl_., m_ _r.1.n
rn nj_. j__m_ln jrm. _. n+._j `r`1nn.,
+jtnjrj.n +.mn .r+_jl. t_j. jrm_r_-
._, +.nl. _n, r_j. nnln jrm._ .r _.l.l
nl._._j.n.
saidan
viciT
propoziciebi qmnian mexsierebis
struqturas
.l_ntnm nl._._j.: +._1j_+n,
._. +j_j .ln_jlj_., +j_.l ._..-
j_rj_.. +n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ .+ nl.-
_._j.n mavzoleumi _. moedani jrm+.lj-
mn.l _.rj_n., `r`1nn_n .l.-
n1n _._njrjnlj, r+ nnln +jtnj-
rj.n jrm._ _l_. jn_rn `r`1n-
n.n gadahyurebda (mavzoleumi, moedani).
.+ .l.n1n j.++j._ +__j_rj+.
_n `nrj .r__nlj nj_jn .+-
l.m_.n _. mt_j, .lj.1__r.m, nj m_
.r. mnmj_n nj_. nl._._j.n.
1njrm _n `nr .+l.m_.n mavzo-
leumi __._ moednis j+_j +nj_.,
1 _n t_. `r`1nnn_.l .+_j_n
nj_n j+_j. `._tn _n.t, nj
+._1j_+n .njnm r._._ +_n_.
n+ j+mt_j_.n, r_j. .+l.m_.n
mavzoleumi __._ moednis j+_j nj
+j+_n, _n_rj +.nl, r_j. +. t_.
`r`1nnn_.l .+_j_n nj_. _u__.
nl. j j_jn t._j_, r+ ljjn
+._1j_+n _. +j_.ln jrm._ nj
.r+_jlnn +jtnjrj.n (Ratclif &McKoon,
1978).
r_n+j jn+lj_n.m, r+ u.n.l uljn.
_nl+j l.mj_.+n zustad _.+.t_rj.? j.u.,
n_n.m 1_._ (nj_.nj_nm) _.j+.t_-
rjnl.m r.n+j _r.1. _n+n_.l _. .tn _.-
r_lj_ ._+njln.m, r+ .jj_.l +t_
1._n .1rn .t_m. j +..nmn +n_mnmj,
m_ r.+ .r .rn r_j_nn nj_.nj_nm
_.+.t_rj.. n+n+, r+ jrm-jrmn unrnm._n
`jr.n., r+j. mj_jln +jj_jj. .tr-
njj, `r`1nnjn .+j_. _nt+,
t `r`1nnjn 1_n m.l+n+_j_r.
r._._ n_.rj. _jl +jtnjrj.n (+..nm._,
_.. +n_j_ m._ m._n ._rn _..).
+jtnjrj.n jl.t_n j_j. `r`1nn. .r
._+jl_j. 1_._ +n_j_n nl_r+.nn
.__u_j1j. ++jljjn t.r_j1jn j_j.
daskvniT .tjrtjjl, n__rn _._j_jn ._jmj.
j.ujjn. +jtnjrj.n .rj_n nl_r+.-
nn .__u_j1j. .l_ntnm rn nl._._j.:
+j ._l_nrn +n__n_.r mj.m.l j.t_j_-
r._.
nn j+`nr_., r+ +njn_n l.+t_.r.
n+n.m_n, r+ j nl._._j. .nm, ._nr.,
_ ., rn _.__ln ._jmj.. mj_jl _l_.
..r__nm, _nl .rn ,nn +jrj nl._._j.n
_. rr .rn +._.1n.n ._. _._._nrj_n
_.`nrj.m.l, r+ njn_n.l l.+t_.r. +j.rn,
_nl j nl._._j. nmtr.m, _mj_.m, _.r+_lj-
_n., r+ mj_jl jnun.m .+ rn ++jln
.m_.nnlj.. mj_jl .r._j jj_n.l: ,+j
+n__n_.r ._l_nrn mj.m.l j.t_j_r._:
nn mj. __nt+ j+`nr_., r+ +njn_n
l.+t_.r _. ._l_nr .rn +._.1n., ._.
j+rnjn l.+t_rjn njn_j.. +._rj j_j-
m_n m_n, r+ ++jljn m._nm._._, _.r.__nm
._jmj _.__lj +n_j_n nl_r+.nn_.l.
_.+r._n .+__j_. +nju__l. n+n .r__j_.,
m_ r. .tn _.__lj ._jmjjl ++jljjn rj_-
daskvna (Inference) _ xarveziani informaciis
Sevseba arsebuli mtkicebulebebis an rwmenis
da Teoriis safuZvelze.
328
.r_._ (Gerrig, 1993; Graesser et al., 1994; McKoon &
Ratcliff, 1992). ._+l_., r+ ljn+njrn .+l.m-
j_.+n j+mt_j_.n `jln_rn _.__ljn
r._jl. j_1___._n.. +..nm._, _nl.n_.l
mj_jl nnm, r+ mj. .rn ._.+n.ln, mj_jl jnu-
n.m .n_njrm, r+ +. .j_ _n, __nun,
_n_jn _. ... +.r.+ mj_jl, ..m, j m._n
.1r._ .r +n_.m +.nl, r_j. _nl+j j_lj.m:
,+j ._l_nrn +n__n_.r mj.m.l j.t_j_r._.
__j_jn .__u_j1j _._nl_., r+ ++jljjn
._+. n_rmtnnm j_n_jn.l _.__ljn ._j-
mj.. .l_ntnm j+_jn nl._._j.: ,.rjn-
jjr+. _._r. _.n.
r_j. _n `nrj j_nmtj_ljl, r. n.r._n
n_nt+j_. .+ nl._._j.n, _+r._j.+
._lnl., r+ j nj _.l.. m_+., __j_n
j_jjn +ntj__nm _._nl_., r+ .+ _. +._n
n`n nl._._jjn _nmt_n _ljrn_ `nrjn
._.+n.lj m._n .r +_nm lj. ,_.l. (Dosher
& Corbett, 1982). __j_n .jmn j_jjn ._._rj,
r+ ._+._ .l_ _.__ljn ._jmj. _n .r
t_j. ._+._r._, +..nm._, _n_.. _._rj
_.lnm. _.__ljn _+jj., r+j. mj_jl
._jmjm, _..tjnm njmn_j., rr nl.
nl._._jn j+mt_j_.n, r+jn _nt+
+n+.rmjn _.+j.rj. ,mj.. _. l._..tj
,nn- rn _. ,._l_nr. _. ,l.+t_.r
rn. .jmn _.__ljn ._.j. .uj_m,
.+njjlm n+ nl_r+.nn rj`rj1jl.n.,
r+j. +._rj ._+j+m.
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Tqven, ra Tqma unda, gina-
xavT filmi, an satelevizio
Sou, sadac cxovelebi Cveu-
lebriv saubroben adamianeb-
Tan. gaxsovT mister edi _
molaparake cxeni? SesaZle-
belia es realur cxovrebaSi?
am sakiTxis kvleva gasuli
saukunis 20-iani wlebidan
daiwyo; fsiqologebma scades
SimpanzeebisaTvis eswavlebi-
naT laparaki. radganac Sim-
panzeebs ar gaaCniaT lapara-
kisaTvis Sesaferisi sametyve-
lo aparati, mkvlevrebi iZu-
lebulni gaxdnen, komuni-
kaciis damyarebis sxva meTo-
debi moeZebnaT. magaliTad,
Simpanzes, saxelad vaSos, as-
wavles amerikuli niSnebis
enis gamartivebuli varianti
(Gardner & Gardner, 1969); Sim-
panzes, saxelad saras ki daas-
wavles simboloebiT manipu-
lacia (simboloebi aRniS-
navdnen iseT cnebebs, rogo-
ricaa, magaliTad, vaSli, mi-
cema) (Premark, 1971). am eqsperi-
mentebis Sedegebma azrTa sxva-
dasxvaoba warmoSva (Seidenberg &
Pebitto, 1979). kritikosebi dainte-
resdnen Semdegi sakiTxebiT:
Simpanzeebis mier simboloebis
an Jestebis SemTxveviTi kombi-
naciebis (magaliTad, vaSo bo-
diSi, Sen meti daleva) gamo-
yeneba aris Tu ara metyvelebis
azriani gamoyeneba. aseve, mniS-
vnelobaTa umetesoba, rac mie-
wereba maimunis gamonaTqvams,
xom ar Cndeba adamianis da
ara maimunis TavSi.
ukanaskneli wlebis ganmav-
lobaSi siu sevij-rumbaum (Sue
Savage-Rumbaugh, 1998) da misma
kolegebma Caatares kvleva,
romlis Sedegadac gamoikveTa
SeuZliaT Tu ara cxovelebs enis Seswavla
329
+jj_jjn .ltn_.+ _n_jl., r.+_jln r.+
j._nrj. +._rj, r.m. .r+mj_. rn
nl._._j. j..+n _r _. ++jlj, r.m.
r._ .n +._rn +njr l._nt+j_n
.1rn. _jl, rr jn, .+. .r _.lnjrjm.
rr ln.m, _.r._ .rn .j_n mj_jln
_ln_rn `rjjn +_.n +jj.ln1+jn?
metyveleba, azrovneba da
kultura
m_ ._m, .l nnm _t jl.? m_ .j.,
rr ln.m, r jl.1j mj_jl .lt_._j_._
fiqrobT? .t_jl m_ .r. ._jl. jl. .1r_-
lj.1j? j n _nmt_.., r+j. +__j_rjn
.r.jrm1n .lntn._jl. j _nmt_. r+ __r
_l_rj_n nj, ..lm _r-nl_n_r
+..nm. .r+n_nljm, r+ .__+. _.nl.t.,
rr nr. +.+.+n+. _rmn. m_ .__n
nln_rjl_.ln., nj_.: Daddy threw the ball
,+.+.+ nr. _rmn, t m_ .__n m_rj_-
jl_.ln., +.nl nj_. Topu babam atti. rr
_njrm, .+ nl._._jjn jrmn _. nn_j .1rn.
+j+_n _. +t_ nj_jn. .lt_._j_n?
j +m._ .j .r .rn: -ti __njn m_rj_n
nl._._jn n +n_m_mj, r+ +._rj
+_jln m_nm+tn_jn.: r. +._rj
.ln .j_j., +.nl nl._._j. mis __njnm
+m._r_j., .l_ njlj_. atmis. nln_r jl.1j
+._rj ._.+n.ljn .+j.r .r j_jl n+
ufro zusti monacemebi Simpan-
zeebis metyvelebis unaris Se-
saxeb. sevij-rumbau, ZiriTadad,
bonobos jiSis Simpanzeebze
muSaobda, romlebic, evolu-
ciuri TvalsazrisiT, ufro
axlos arian adamianTan, vidre
Cveulebrivi Simpanzeebi. aRsa-
niSnavia, rom bonobos jiSis
orma maimunma, kinzim da muli-
kam kvlevis procesSi spon-
tanurad aiTvises plastma-
sisagan damzadebuli simbolo-
ebis mniSvneloba; maT ar
dasWirdaT rTuli treningi.
isini simboloebis mniSvne-
lobebs avtomaturad daeuf-
lnen adamianebsa da bonobos
jiSis maimunebs Soris komuni-
kaciis procesze dakvirvebisas.
garda amisa, maT esmiT zogier-
Ti inglisuri sityvis mniS-
vneloba, magaliTad, kanzas
SeuZlia sityvis gagonebaze
dados misi Sesabamisi simbo-
lo an foto. mkvlevrebma
bonobosa da Simpanzes jiSis
ori maimunisaTvis Seqmnes
pirobebi, sadac maimunebi
metyvelebis iseT gamocdi-
lebas iRebdnen, rogorc ada-
miani enis adreuli aTvisebis
periodSi (ix. Tavi 11). kvlevis
safuZvelze dadginda, rom
Simpanze-panpanzesac ki SeuZlia
zogierTi inglisuri sityvis
mniSvnelobis daufleba, Tumca,
bonobos jiSis maimuns panba-
niSas bevrad ufro meti sityvis
daswavlis unari aqvs (Brake &
Savage-Rumbaugh, 1995).
bonobos jiSis maimunebze mi-
Rebuli Sedegebi gasaocaria,
Tumca, metyvelebis unarisa da
sityvis ubralod gamoyenebas
Soris didi gansxvavebaa. gavix-
senoT e.w. msmenelTa gaTvalis-
wineba. SeuZliaT cxovelebs in-
formaciis Secvla auditoriaze
morgebis mizniT? mkvlevrebma
gadawyvites, pasuxi gaecaT am
kiTxvaze. doroTi Cenim da ro-
bert seifarsTma (Dorothy Cheney,
Robert Seyfarth, 1990) didi kvleva
Caatares. isini vervetis jiSis
maimunebis komunikaciur unarebs
swavlobdnen. sxvadasxva tipis
saSiSroebis, magaliTad, leo-
pardis, arwivis an gvelis moax-
loebis dros es maimunebi
gansxvavebul xmebs gamoscemen.
maT auditoriidan gamomdinare
SeuZliaT xmis Secvla _
mdedri maimunebi saSiSroebis
dros ufro maRali sixSiris
xmebs gamoscemen, roca Tavis
STamomaval maimunebTan
erTad arian, vidre sxvebTan.
vervetis jiSis maimunebs ar
SeuZliaT msmenelis codnis
gaTvaliswineba da, aqedan
gamomdinare, xmis Secvla:
eqsperimentul pirobebSi
Seqmnili saSiSroebis Sem-
TxvevaSi deda vervetebi
erTsa da imave xmebs gamos-
cemen marto yofnis drosac
da maSinac, roca maTi STam-
omavali safrTxis momaswave-
beli movlenis TviTmxilve-
lia. mkvlevrebma daadgines,
rom adamiani erTaderTi
cocxali arsebaa, romelsac
SeuZlia sxvisi codnis gaT-
valiswineba da, Sesabamisad,
qcevis Secvla (Povinelli &
Prince, 1998).
rogorc naxeT, Simpanzesa
da bonobos jiSis maimunebs
gaaCniaT adamianis msgavsi
metyvelebisaTvis aucile-
beli zogierTi, magram ara
yvela unari.
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330
+_jljn +ntj__nm, r+jn .__m.rn
m_.nm ntnj _. r+jn t_. j.rjn_.l..
lnn (Slobin, 1982; Slobin & Aksu, 1982). j.u-
jjn. m_ .r., r+ rn jln .lt_._j_+.
r.+.n__+. +mt_lj+. ._jl. +.t_nl
.1r_ljn n1j? m_rj_n _. nln_rn
jln j+mt_j_.n .+ _nmt_.1j `._tn _ln..
t+ .r _rm ...rm __j_.? j .lt_._j.
..j t_n .1r_lj.1j jln `jln_rn
1j._jln ._nmtnm _.nljrjj..
.+ ._nmtn +jlnjr_n j._. edvard
sepirma (Edward Sapir) _. +n+. __jl+. benjamen
lii uorfma (Benjamin Lee Whort) _.njj. _r-
nl_n_rn __j_jn .__u_j1j +n_j_
j_jj1j _.jr_lnm ._rj+. _..__lj, r+
jl.n .lt_._jjn .1rn .lt_._jj
.l.`nrj. j`nrn ._lnl._:
Cven vxedavT da gansxvavebulad gan-
vicdiT movlenebs, radganac Cveni sazo-
gadoebis enobrivi Cvevebi interpretaciis
gansazRvruli arCevanisadmi gangvawyobs~
(Sapir, 1941/1964, gv. 69)
j`nr+. _. _r_+. j _.__l. +.m +njr ..-
rj_n __j_jn j_jjn .__u_j1j .._jmj.
_r_+. .+.j.n. rn .n`mj1., r+jn
sepir-uorfis hipoTezis .tjnm.. lnn (nt.
Brown, 1976).
lingvisturi fardobiToba jlj rn
.rj_n r_j_r_n .lt_._jjn .n.tj.
.+ jlj1j +.`.r._j nl_n_n_jn .lt_._j_
.r.nl_n_r _ln_r _l.rj1j.
lingvisturi determinizmi jln r_j-
_r. unjr ._jl. .t_jl _., j.u.,
+mn.l._. .l.1__r.__j .+ jl.1j +.`.r._j
nl_n_n_jn +njr .+j.r ._j+.. _. .1r_lj..
.+ rn .n`mj1n_.l nl_n_rn _jjr-
+nln1+n j_.rjnm __r unjrn., r._.l n
.+_nj, r+ jl., _.jrn_._, .l.1__r._
.1r_lj.. m.l.+j_r_j +jlnjrj+. _nj-
j+., nl_nj+. _. .lmr`j+.
.r.jrm1n ._j __j_n 1_n +jm_jn
jj+l. .+ .n`mj1n ._..++j._ (Gumperz &
Levinson, 1996).
.l_ntnm .1r_lj.1j jln ._jln jrm-
jrmn .`jjn. j.u., .n__nr_jm, r+ t_.-
_.t_. jl.n _jrm. _..tjjn .lt_._j_n
r._jl... nl_n_rn .l.n1n .__u_j1j
_._nl_., r+ nln_r jl.n _jrm. 11 _..-
tjj.. (._n, mjmrn, nmjn, j_nmjn, +_.lj,
_r_n, j._n_jrn, +j.+_n, _.r_n_jrn, ._n-
_jrn, l.rn_jrn), t 1njrm jl.n,
+..nm._, `.`_. .t. _nlj.1j +t_rjm. jl.n,
r+j. dani j_j., _jrm. rn _..tjj.
.rj Savi _. TeTri (+_jn _. _n.) (Berlin &
Kay, 1969). _r_n +nnlj_, r+ ._.+n.ln ,.+j.r
+n_rn jln .__u_j1j ._n_jrjlnrj
(1956 _. 213): +__j_rjn _.r.__jl, r+ _jrm.
_..tjjn r._jl. (2 .l 11), j.u.,
._jl. .t_jl_j t_._.t_. jl.1j +._rj
._.+n.ljn +njr _jrjn _.n_n_.nn _l.-
rj1j.
j+_+n __j_jn j_jjn .l.n1n .__u-
_j1j _._nl_., r+ t_._.t_. jl.1j +.`.r._j
._.+n.ljn jrml.nr._ .r_jjl _jrjn _.n-
_n_.nn _._.jj. j +l.j+jn j__j_j
.jjljjl +_nj. nl_n_rn _jjr+nln1+n
j.tj, m_+., +__j_rjn +.nl n1n.rjjl .1r
j_.rjnm _n ._jln j.tj +jj_j-
j.n .lt._jj _ln_rn .lt_._jjn
_j_ m.l.
saidan
viciT
metyveleba gavlenas axdens ferebis
klasifikaciaze
+__j_rj+. _n `nrj mt_j, jj-
++jnl.m .+n _jrn nrn. _jrjn ._j-
_n nj _r_n_.l +_.lj+_j `jjr_
_n.`.1ln. _n `nrj j_.j_.m, .lj-
.1__r.m, .+n j_jrn_.l j_j.1j +j._
r+jn .lt_.__j_. _.l.rjln rn..l.
_n `nrm. jrmn ___n .r+_jlnn
nj nln_rjl_.ln nl_n_n_jnm (nln-
_r jl.n .rj +_.ln. _. _r_n
jjn__r._ .lt_._j_n jrmj_jn),
t +jrj r_njm +jjn_.n +t_-
rjn nl_n_n_jnm, r+jn .r.._+.r.
jl.1j .`.r._jl. .+ jl.n _r_n. _.
+_.lj j_jrn ._.lnl._ .rj
+t_ jrmn nj_. Siyoname. +__j_rjn
_.r.___ljl, r+, m_ j`nr-_r_n
.n`mj1. +.rm.n., +.nl nln_rjl_.ln
nl_n_n_jn juj_ljl _r_n. _. +_.-
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ln 1__.rm.l .t+j_n j_jrn .rj_.,
r._.l. nln_r jl.n .rj nj_j-
n mwvane (green) _. lurji (blue): t
n+n .+, r+ .r.._+.r. jl.n .jmn
.lt_._j_n jrmj_jn .r .rj, .+
jl.1j +.`.r._j _n `nrjn _jr juj-
_ljl +.1__rj j_jrjn .rj_. (Key
& Kempton, 1984, p.68). +n_j_n j_jjn
._._rj j`nr-_r_n .n`mj1.: _jrm.
rn._n j.tj +_jn _r nln-
_rjl_.ln _n `nrjn .rj_jl t_._.t_.
j_jrj, .r.._+.r. jl.1j +.`.r._j
nl_n_n_jn _n _jr..
+_nn .m.nm jl.., r+jm. rn
_.+r._n .nljrj .lt_._j.., rr j
m_rj_n _. nln_rn jljn +..nm1j
n_jljm. j..+n._, .rj _.+r._n ._nmtn
(.n`mj1.), r+jn j+_+ __j_. ._nrj
(gerrig &Banaji, 1994; Hunt & aGnoli, 1991; Smith, 1996).
._.r.__., r+ .1r_lj.1j .r .n.tj. jlj
rn .rj_n j_rn njmn jjn__rn _.
r.+.n__n .lt_._j., rrn.., .lt_._j.
nj_j. _. r_j_rj rn. +n_tj_._._
n+n., r+ _jl ___r_n .lt_._jjn .__j-
rjm _njn. _. t_rj.n, +n1.lj-
lnn njlj., ._nm_.nnlm nl_n_rn
_.r_nmn. _. _jjr+nln1+n ._nmtjn. m_
._nm_.nnljm, r+ j_r n_.n.n .l-
t_._j_n ___rn .r++._jljn jr-
m+.ljmn..l .lt_._j_ jlj1j .`.r._jl,
j_nun. _.__.m ._nmtn ___r_ .lt_.-
_j1j +jj_jjn ._jln j.tj.
.t. nj_jn ._.jnm .1rn ._.j+n
._nmtn_.l ._._n_jm n+ `nrjn .ltn_.1j,
._. +ln_lj. _n1_._r t.1j .rn
_.+_n_j_n.
Sejameba
._rn. ._.+n.ljn _njl, nj_ljl
_nt+njrjn _. j_r.__jn.ljn. j..+nn
++jljn .rj. .jrm _ln .m_.-
nnlj. +nmt_. `_ljrn1+n _. +jj_jjn
t_. j_+jn j.ujj t_n rn
_r.1jn. _. .+l.mj_.+jn _.j+_n. _.
jrjn `rjjn +j-l._j .j..
r.1r_.ln nj_jn, r_j_rjn. _. .+-
l.mj_.+jn ..j._, +ln_ljjn j.u
_.rn.ljn_.l rn .rj_.ln .._jmj._
++jljjn njjljjl _ljj. _njn__rn
rj`rj1jl.njn `r`1nnjn .rj+ j.n-
_j.. +n_j_n nl_r+.nn..l __r +jn
..j._, ++jljj _t_j.m _.__ljn
._jmj., r+jn .r ..rjjl j+mt_j_nm
t.n.m. j`nr-_r_n .n`mj1n m.l.t+._, jljn,
r+j1j ._.+n.ljn .`.r._jl, .l.1__-
r._jl ._.+n.ln +njr .+j.r ._j+.. _. ..1-
rj.. .+ .n`mj1n 1njrmn _.+._._rjjn
_.jn _jrj1j ..rj_ jj`jrn+jljn
.+_nl_.. +__j_rjn nl.j __._ _. jlj
rn .rj_n _.+r._n .lt_._jn j._n
._nmtn, r+jn, j.u., ._jl. .t_jl_j
.1r_lj.1j.
vizualuri Semecneba
9.6 suraTze +j+_n. nl._._jn _..
t.n.1j. rj`rj1jl.nn rn ln+_n. r-
+jn. mj_jlm_n __r +n._jn? m_ nl._._j.
nl_n_r `r`1nnj1j _.jr_lnm .n.1-
rjm, rn_j rn. rn_j _r.m1j _..
t.n..1j.. +n_tj_._._ .+n., mj_jlm_n, ..m,
__r +n._jn A _.rn.ln., r._.l .+ nl.-
_._jn .jn. ._.r.__., r+ 1_._ .+
_r.mn j..+nn jl. .r+n_j.m (Searle,
1979b). r. _njrm +jrj _r.mn j.tj?
. _l._rn., .r.? .j ln.m, _.. ._...
_.jj+.. j _m_. n+n+ l_j., r+ mj_jl
jnun.m n_.n. .n.1rm _r.mj1j _.j-
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r_lnm _. 1_._ .r+n_nlm, r. jnuj.
+t_j. .+ l.nn _jl .1r_lj.1j _n1_._rn
t.jn. _. `rjjn ._jl. .l_ntn._m.
vizualuri reprezentaciebis
gamoyeneba
_.rn. nl .r+_jln .__u_j1j
._jmj_ _.+r._ +ln_lj_.l ._+jl.
(Shepard, 1978). .ntjljm _. .. _j__j (_jl nn
___j _.tjljm +j-6 m._n), r+j+. jl1n
jn+n_rn .j_j. ._+.nl.. +_.n _r
_j__j tnr._ _n_., .r+j_nl. +j__._j
.+jn, r+jn +j__.m. jrm _.__n
jrmn.l_j_ljl. jl1n r_.n +.l n1+.rn
._+.nl., r. _jn+._.r+. +j__.m.
_.__+. .__m.r ___ `nrn .._ _. rj j_r..
+.n_ _.r._jn, r+j+. +.lnn1+n _.+r._n
m_nj. ._+.nl., l._j._ jr__j_. +.mj+.-
n_.n, +.r.+ t_jn .r+_jljn .jl_.
+.ln_rn m_njjn j.tj. rr .+jl,
.jr .nl.nln +mn.l._ _n1_._rn t.jn
jr+nljnm .1r_lj_. _. +t_ +.m1j
_.jr_lnm ._jmj_n ._+jljn j+_j
._+j+_. +.m +.mj+.n__rn n+jn. _.
nj_jn ._.jnm.
j +..nmjn n+n.m_n +_n.ljm, r+
mj_jl _n1_._rn t.jnm .1r_lj. ._m,
m_+., +.mnm +.ln`_.nn _l.r j_j_.rn
+_jn .rjj rj_.r_._ njjljm.
.l_ntnm _.n__rn jj`jrn+jln, ._. _n
`nrj mt__ljl, +jt_nl.m _n1_._rn t.jn
.r+_jl.n _.rn.j..
saidan
viciT
gonebaSi rotacia fizikuri rotaciis
msgavsia
_n `nrj +nj_j_.m t_._.t_.
__mtnm _.trnn .mnl_rn . R-. _.
+nn .r_nj_rn .n (r__n ) ln+_jn
(nt. sur 9.7). . +n_jnm.l._j _n `nr
j_.j_., .lj.1__r. +n_j_n ln+_n
R nj, m_ +nn .r_nj_n .n. ._+l_.,
r+ ._.j_jnjn +n_j.1j _.t.r__n
_r _. _.trnn __mtn n_n_j `nr_.`nr-
`r`rn_ _._nrn. r. __r +j._
.rn +r_lj_n r._j+., +nm __r +jn
_r _nr_j. +n n_jln_n_.n.. +n_j_n
j_jjn ++, r+, _n `nrjn _njl,
.r+n_nll _n_r. _. +.rn.l n _jrn-
_._r +_+.rj.+_j .r__j_n _njnrj_-
n nj.rnm, rn j+_j. n_jjl ._.j_jn-
j.. r.nn nj.rn jrml.nrn +._jlj-
jn +n_mnmj, r+ lj.n r.n. _n1n-
__rn r.nn +._n `rjn. (Shepard&
Cooper, 1982).
._.+n.ljn u.n.l tnr._ njjljjl lj.n
r.nn _l.r. rr +j-5 m._n l.tjm, tnr._
.ljn ._j+. mj_jlm_n _ln __mtn_.l
nt_j.m. lj.n r.n. ._.j. .uj_m,
j_.m .ln ._j+_n t.n _. +.rm
t., r+jn mj_jl +jtnjrj.n nl.tj.
(Srinivas, 1995; Tarr, 1994; Tarr&Rinker, 1989). +..nm._,
9.6 _r.m1j +j+_n _n_rn ._j+n. mj_jl,
..m, _..rn.jm _n_r., r.m. .+jlm
n, rr _.. (.l njlj m._n +.rn.jm?).
_n1_._rn t.jn .+jjlj. jnun.m,
.rjm_j, 1njrmn n`n _nmt_j1j `._tn
.j+n +n1lnm. .r+n_nljm, r+ j_nmtjn.l:
_n .m.+. _rmn __r _n_n. m_ `nl-
suraTi
9.6
vizualuri reprezentaciebi
aris Tu ara orive kata xaliCaze?
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`ln? m_ mj_jl .r .t_m, jnun.m
jrm_r_._ .r+n_nlm +.mn _n1_._rn
t.jn. .ln t.n .jmn .+jjljn j+mt_j-
_.n, +. j_rn .jrm .j_ rj._r._ ._j+_
..lm.l.
saidan
viciT
vizualuri xatebis skanireba
jrm-jrmn __j_n _r _n `nrj
mt__ljl, _.j+.t_rjnl.m rm_n _n-
_r., _jru_, +rn.ln l._n (nt. sur 9.8).
j+_j mt__ljl, .r+j_nl.m m_..n-
l_ _. j_r.__j. jjjrjnl.m jrm-jrm
_j.1j, +..nm._, ur._.1j: j+_j mt_-
_ljl, .r+j_nl.m l._n _n_j_ jrmn _j-
.n, +..nm._, .j.rj +nl. .l __1..
._+l_., r+ __1n _..l.t._ (.r+._-
jl._) _n `nrj __r +jn _r _nr
.t.. ur._.m.l, _n_rj __1.. rj.jnn
_rj rn .lt_._j. ._._rj, r+
._.+n.ljn nj_j .m_.njrjjl _n1_._r
t.j, rr rj._r .lj (Kosslyn,
1980).
.l_ntnm j+_jn `rj+.:
warmoidgineT, rom gaqvT carieli, didi
furceli da gadakeceT is Suaze (miiRebT
or gverds), kidev gadakeceT Suaze (oTxi
gverdi) da ganagrZeT ase, sanam 50-jer ar
suraTi
9.7
sxvadasxva kuTxiT daxrili
`R~, romelic warmodgenis
Sesafaseblad gamoiyenes
cdis pirebs SemTxveviTi Tanmimdevro-
biT miewodebodaT figurebi da
moeTxovebodaT, rac SeiZleba swrafad
ganesazRvraT, ra iyo miwodebuli _
`R~ Tu misi sarkiseburi asli. rac
ufro metad iyo figura gadaxrili
vertikaluri mdgomareobidan, miT
ufro meti iyo reaqciis dro.
suraTi
9.8
warmodgenis vizualuri
skanireba
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gadakecavT. rogor ggoniaT, ra sisqis
iqneba Tqveni qaRaldi (Adams, 1986)?
`._tn .jmn.: _..tjnm 50 +nnln +nn
(2
50
x 0.028 _n_+n j._._n njj), _..tjnm
_j_.+nn_.l +1j+_j +.lunn l.tj_.rn. mj_jl,
..m, __r l._jn jl.m. mj_jln .r+_jl.
._.n_nrm. .r+._jln nl_r+.nnm.
verbaluri da vizualuri
reprezentaciebis kombinireba
_jl, unrnm._._, j_r.__j. ._.+.t_njm
_n1_._rn rj`rj1jl.njn n+ n`j1j, r-
+jm. .+j.nj. t_j. .rj+n .rj_n
_n1_._rn n+_n +jtnjrj.n t.n .tnm
._..lnm, .l +nn .r+_jln j+mt_j_.n
+jtnjrjn_.l .+.lnm. _n1_._r t.j mj_jl
tnr._ j+lnm _jr._rn nl_r+.nn .__u_j-
1j. +..nm._, +n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ rj._r._
.r._j nl.t._m, mj_jl jnun.m .r+n_n-
lm _.., r+j. .+n ___n .j_. _jr._rn
nl_r+.n. ._.j. .uj_m, jj+l.m _n1_.-
_rn rj`rj1jl.n.. .l.__mrjnm +ln_lj-
_.ln. _jr._rn nl_r+.nn t._.ln .r-
+_jln _l.rn +t._r_n njr._rn _nmt_n
_r, r+jn n_rnm _j.j jn._.
.l_ntnm l.j_jn +mtrn_.l: .l1r.-
t_n_.l +__j.+_j:
mdelo sididiT CogburTis ori kortis
zomis iyo, sqeli balaxiTa da xavsiT
dafaruli. misi erTi nawili SroSanebiT
iyo mofenili, garSemortymuli xeebis qveS
ki enZelebi mimofantuliyo. mdelos erT
mxares mayvliTa da ayvavebuli vardebis
ekliani buCqnariT dafaruli patara gora-
ki esazRvreboda. bondi gars uvlida
goraks da daJinebiT iyureboda buCqebs
Soris, magram iq araferi Canda, garda
gorakis miwiani zedapirisa (Flemming, 1959
gv. 19-20).
._jm, .r+j_nl.m jl. _. _.t+.rj-
_nm l_ ._rmtn +ujl.n? (n +. n`_n).
_nmt_n _r, ._jrnn _j.jn .r+_jln
+n1lnm, jnun.m sivrciTi fsiqikuri modeli
jj+l.m (Zwaan & Radvansky,1998). +__j_rjn
.r.jrmtj _.nljrj_ljl, m_ rr ..t._
n_rnmn _njn__rn +_jn rj._rn n_rnmn
.+_njn lnlj (Rinck et al., 1997).
.r+n_nljm, r+ _nmt_m .nljrj
l.j_j +mtrn_.l:
operaSi megobrebTan erTad sxedxarT.
Tqveni mosvlis mizania, SexvdeT da
esaubroT maRali wris warmomadgenlebs
da saintereso adamianebs. axla dgaxarT
eleganturi aivnis moajirTan, romelic
parters gadahyurebs. zustad Tqven ukan,
Tvalis simaRleze, aivnis kedelze Cuqur-
Tmebiani lampa kidia. lampis fexi, rome-
lic kedelzea mimagrebuli, mTlianad
mooqrovilia (Franklin&Tvresky, 1990, gv. 65).
jrn_ jj`jrn+jljn _n `nrjn (+_nmt_j-
jn) jjj .__ljl, r+jn
_j._r._ nj ._jrnn _.+__nr_jn .rj+
.rj_n .ljn .l.j. (Franklin & Tvresky,
1990). +__j_rj _r_.m j_jljnl.m, r+ -
lj.n .r+_jlnn .rj_n njjjn
n_rjn .l.j. .l.1__r._ .+ n_rn
j.tj nl_r+.nn +jtnjrjn_.l .+.ln n-
r._j. (sur. 9.9.) _n `nrjn __r r._._
`._tjl _nmt_.1j: r. .rn mj_jl nl, _n_rj
_nmt_.1j: r. .rn mj_jl __.l, +n_tj_._._ n+n.,
r+ mnmj_n njjn jrml.nrn n1_nm nj
._jrnn.
.+ j_jjn .j. u.n.l .__nn., m_
_.__jm, r+ _nmt_n _r ._+jlj_n
rj`rj1jl.njn ._.j. .uj_m +t__jm
jl.1j: mj_jl jnun.m _jr._rn .+_n-
j. .r_.j+l.m _n1_._r n_rnm .+_n-
j._.
1._._, mj_jl .rj+ .rj_ .+j.r1j
_njrn _r, mnmj+n j_jm_n nt_j.m nl-
_r+.nn _n1_._rn _. _jr._rn rj`rj1jl-
.njn j_jrj.. m_ nl_.m _.r+_l_jm .+.n,
._jm +_n r__n _.t._.. rr .`nrjm
.+n ._jmj.? 1njrmn r.+ mj_jlm_n ln-
n. _n1_._rn .+_njnm, +..nm._, mj_jl
_..tjnm nnm ._rn_n _lnljln +t.1_-
., r._.l. n l.l.tn .j_m. mj_jln l.t.n
1njrmn _j.n _n _jr._r nl_r+.n.
jjr_l., .l_, jnuj. .t__jm, r+ n.`ln.
r.+_jln+j __lu_n..l j_j., m_+.,
jnuj. .r n_jm, ._ _l_. _.t.m n.
jrm-jrmn .+__j_n _r, r+jn 49
j_jj.l.n ..r_., 79 j..jn +.t_rjj 4000
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__jl mt_j, _.jt..m +_n r__.
(Saarinen, 1987). __j_n +n1.ln nj n+n _._jl.,
m_ rrn. ___r.m. rn t_.. +_n
_n1_.n1.nn +ntj__nm: n +_n_n tjjj-
.. n.t.__. +n1l._.
__j_n .__u_j1j _._nl_., r+ _+r._j
j+mt_j_.n .r+.t_n +_n ___n-
rj_n. j_r`.1j j_r`. +j+_n. l.t.n
jlrn, t +n .rj+ .l.j_n.
t_._.t_. j_jjljn. j j.ujjn. .l`nr-
j_n nj n+nm, r+ .___ljjn .l+._.n
jr._nn .tj+u__.ljjn .r+_jln
r__j1j j_r`. r__n jlrn.. m_+., _._nj-
nr_. ___r.1j rnjlnrj_n r__jn. 9.10
da 9.11 suraTebze .r+_jlnn. n_.n _.
._r.n.n +t_rjn __jljn +njr
_.t._n r__jn. j r__jn _n_jlj, m_ r.
t_j., r. _jr._rn `jr`jjn_. j+n .tn
_l_. nj jlrn ._jl. .t_jl _n1_._r
rj`rj1jl.n.1j.
.+ l.nn _l.tjm, r+ _jln _n1_._rn
`rjjn _. rj`rj1jl.njn j._j _jr._r
_l.rj. nl_r+.nn +n_jn j rn n`n
j_j__n_r._ ._+jlj_n +mt_ljn. _.
.+.ljn ._._rn _.+.jnm ._.jj
.r+._jl. .t. _n .l_ntnm n _jrjn,
._. t_j. _n1_._rn _. _jr._rn rj`rj1jl-
.njn .+jjlj. `rj+_rn n_.nn
_.uj_n _r. j ._nmtjn.: problemis gadaWra
_. azrovneba.
Sejameba
._.+n.lj j_un.m _n1_._rn rj`rj1jl-
.njn .+jjlj. .ln lj.n r.nn-
.m_n. ._.+n.ljn .r+_jln t.j .m_.nj-
rjjl nj, rr rj._r .lj. _n1_._rn
_. _jr._rn nl_r+.nn j_jrjnm ._.+n.lj
j_un.m r_j_nn _njn__rn rj`rj1jl.-
njn jj+l..
problemebis gadaWra da
azrovneba
.r+n_nljm jrmn _j_jrn_n t_rjnj_-
n n_.n.: mj_jl j+mt_j_nm .j_j.m mj_jln
.tn, m.tn .l +.lj.ln _.rn _. .rjm _.rnm.
rr +njj_nm .+ j+mt_j_.n? +n_njrjm,
m_ r. ,,ljrn_ l.n_j ._._.+_nm .+
`rj+n _..uj_._. j ,,ljrn_n l.n_jn
._nj._ _nt+ _ln_r `rjj,
r+jn problemis gadwyvetasa _. azrovnebas
.l.`nrjjl. _..t_n +n1ln +n._j_._ j
problemis gadawyveta (Problem solving) _ azrov-
nebis procesi, romelic mimarTulia konkre-
tuli problemis gadawyvetaze, romelic sawyisi
momentidan miznis miRwevamde mimdinareobs
mTeli rigi fsiqikuri operaciebis saSualebiT.
msjeloba (Reasoning) _ azrovnebis procesi,
rodesac vaskvniT faqtebis erTobliobaze day-
rdnobiT; mocemul mizanze an obieqtze mimar-
Tuli azrovnebis procesi.
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suraTi
9.9
336
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rn_j .jn. ._nrj +j+_n .t.n
nl_r+.nn _._._nrj. +jtnjrj.n .rj_
nl_r+.n.m.l. _jl .l_ntn._m `rj+n
._.j_jn t_._.t_. .`jj. _. .1r_ljn
r _r+. _j__jn_r. _. nl__jn_r.
problemis gadawyveta
,,r. .rj.., r+jn _nnm mt _jt1j
_._n, _.__n. r1j, t +1n ._n
j+_j .+1j? jrul_n +nmnn m.l.t+._,
r+. .rj.+ _nlj+. mjj t.t .+
.+.ln .+tl. _ru.l., t .l.+ _nl+j +n
.+tl. juj_., t.tn +nn nr.l_n ++.r-
m_jn j_j nt_rj_.. n_n`+. .+.ln
jj+jljn +j._rjn .+nl _n., _.__j
_. +_trn ._.+n.ln t_rjn t_._.t_.
`jrn_j .r+._jl. .__n tt._ n.r_n
_.jj.+_j, .+_jl._, nn mt1j _._n: +1r_nn
._.+n.ln _n r _jt1j, t +t_j_.n
._.+n.ln, +n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ r _jt1j _._n,
n.r_n. j._.r_jl. njjlj, j.n. .+ _jt1j
_._n. n_n`n `._tn nj ,,._.+n.ln.
suraTi
9.10
suraTi
9.11
yuradReba miaqcieT _ msof-
lio avstraliaze centri-
rebulad aris warmodgenili.
axla vin aris qvemoT?
337
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m_+., _jln j_j__n_rn `rj+jn .r
.rn n_n`n .+.l.._nm rm_n, +.r.+
`rj+n ._._r. j_j__n_rn t_rjn
unrnm._n l.nn.. mj_jl .+__+jnm .j_jnm
`rj+j, r+jm. ._.j_j. nt_j.m:
rr +_.tjrtm .+_.. _. +_.jjn
jr_j. _rn .l.1__r_ `jrn_n:
rr +n_._nm .r+.j. .._rj.1j:
rr ._j_nm _rmnjrm. .r.._r_j
`nr_lj.m.l _. ... +r._.n `rj+. _._._-
nrj_n. rj._r _l.. _. mj_jlm_n ._nr
nl_r+.n. rn .l_.m.l. r_j. `r-
j+. j_jm, mj_jl .+nrjm .+ .l_. ._nr
nl_r+.nn +`_jnm. `rj+n _.uj_n
.rn __jm ..j._, jj._jm ._._r.m 9.12
suraTze +j+_n `rj+jn. _njn_rn
__j_n j_jjn .l. ._.j. +j+m,
l.mjn .r+_jl. jnj+l.m `rj+n ._.-
j_jn m._nj_rjjn j.tj_., j.u.,
mj_jlm_n .nljrj rj_jn +nn_m, r+-
jn _._.jn jr_jn ._+_jj.n
_.jt+.rj.m.
problemuri situacia
rr .l.1__r._m `rj+. rj._r
t_rjnj_ `nrjn? _j_jrn_, mj_jl
.lnjrjm .lt_._j. mj_jl .rj_ +_-
+.rj.. _. ._r_j +n1.l rn. +..nm._,
+.jrn._r ._nr_j. .ln_nm _. __n _l.
_rm: mj_jlm_n lnn., .rjm_j, r. jnu-
n.m (.l nl_.m) .._jmm `rj+n _..u-
j_._. +..nm._, mj_jl jj_jnm jm._jnm
r.n+j .+.t_rn _l. _. .r _.njjm _nn
j_r_.. problemis _r+._rn .l.1__r.
.+ jj+jl +n._ (Newell & Simon, 1972).
`rj+. .ln.1__rj.:
1. Tavdapirveli mdgomareobiT .r.r_n
nl_r+.n. .l .r._.+._+.j_njjn `nrjn:
2. mizniT nl_r+.n. .l `nrjn mj_jl-
m_n ._r_jn .rj+ j.tj:
3. operaciaTa TanmimdevrobiT n ._.-
r.__ ._jt_rjn, r+j. .n_nm +j+_-
n +_+.rjjn_.l ._r_jn +n1ln +n._-
j_._.
.+ .+n jj+jln jrmnnm .ln.1_-
_rj. problemuri situacia. n_r.nn +n1lnm
`rj+n ._.j_j. j_nun. j_._.rm
.nrnlmn 1n `_l. (`rj+_rn n_.n.),
r+jn .jnn jrnn_.l (m.__.`nr_jn
+_+.rj.) ._r_j jrn.+_j ._.._n-
j. (+n1.ln) _nt+. .+ _r mj_jl
nt_j.m _.._jn `jr.njn .ltrnjj..
`rj+jn ._._rn. .jnn nuljjjn
_+r._j. n+ j+mt_j_.n l_j., m_ .+ .+n
jj+jln_.l r+jn+j .r .rn ._+.rn._
.l.1__r_n (Simon, 1973). kargad gansazRvruli
problema .tj+u__.ljn +j+_ `rj+.
.._, r+jn .r__j_nm.. .r+_jlnn
.jnn +_+.rj., +n1.ln _. `jr.njn,
r+jn +n1ln +n._j_._.. ._nr. mj_jln
.+.l.., +nt__jm, m_ rr .+njjlm `j-
r.njn `._tn +n._j._. __._ .l.1__r_n
`rj+. _n .tn _n1.nln jj+l., r+.ln
_.jr. .l n_n +__rl.n +jm_n ._+-
jl. .._, ._. l.m._ .r .rn .+j_nn
.jnn +_+.rj., +n1.ln _. `jr.njn. .jm
j+mt_j_.n, `nr_j rnn, ._nr. `rj+n
.rn 1_n .l.1__r. +nn .jnn +_-
problemuri situacia (Problem space) _ elementebi,
romlebic qmnian problemas: sawyisi mdgomareoba
_ arasruli informacia an pirovnebisaTvis
aradamakmayofilebeli pirobebi; mizani _ in-
formacia an mdgomareoba, romelsac eswrafvis
adamiani; operaciebis erToblioba _ pirovnebis
mier sawyisi mdgomareobidan sasurvel miznamde
misaRwevad gavlili safexurebi.
338
+.rjn, n_j._rn ._.j_jn _. +n1ln +n_-
j_n j.u ._.jjn _._jl..
rr mj_jln .+_njn_.l nnm, +.nl.
_n, r_j. .jnn +_+.rj. _. .
+n1.ln _.r._ .rn .l.1__r_n, +.nl uljn.
rn `jr.njn (+j+j_jjn) +ujl. +n1ln
+n._j_._. m_ mj_jln .+_njn_.l .nt-
jljm +.mj+.n_n .__jmn, _.r+_l_jnm,
r+ j +.rm. .j.. +..nm._, +.._jj+.
+.m _r+_. x
2
+x-12=0 _. mt_.m, .l.1_-
_rm x-n +ln_lj.. r. ._jmjm .+n.m_n?
.+ .jr_n .+.ln ._..j_j._ jnun.m
.+njjlm algoriTmi m.l+n+_j_r_n, .-
_jt_rjrn_n `rj__r., r+jn j_jm_n
_.uj_ r `._t (_l_rj_n n`n `r-
j+jn ._.._rj._). m_ .jr_ jj
r._ .+njjljm, ._nj._ +nn_jm x-n
r +ln_lj. (j.n. 3 _. -4). .rnm+n
._jn __n _._njjn j+mt_j_.n _.jt-
+.rj.m. m_ mj_jl m.l+n+_j_rnm _nm t_.-
_.t_. _.rn.lj (+..nm._, 1, 2, 3; 1, 2, 4),
.._j ._nj._ +n.ljm, m_+., .+nm_n,
j.u., u.n.l _n_n _r _._nr_jm. .-
rnm+n .+jjlj. __r j_jj_rn. _.r._
.l.1__r_n `rj+n ._.._rj._, ._.
l.m._ .rn .+j_nn .jnn +_+.rj.
(A) SegiZliaT daakavSiroT yvela wertili erTmaneTTan oTxi swori xazis
gavlebiT ise, rom kalami furclidan ar aiRoT?
(B) 6 futis simaRlis milSi romelic fizikis laboratoriaSi iatakzea
mimagrebuli, Caagdes 3 cali ping-pongis burTi. rogor amoiRebdiT burTebs
milidan?
(C) Wadrakis dafas ori mopirdapire kuTxidan moaciles TiTo ujra, darCa
62 ujra. Tqven gaqvT 31 cali dominos koWi, TiToeuli or ujras faravs.
scadeT mTlianad dafaroT Wadrakis zedapiri dominos koWebiT?
(D) Werze erTmaneTis daSorebiT ori Tokia Camokidebuli ise, rom, Tu
xels erTi Tokis bolos mokidebT, meores veRar miwvdebiT. Tqven gevalebaT
miwvdeT meore Tokis bolos da gadaabaT isini erTmaneTs?
(E) Tqven gaqvT sanTeli, Wikartebi da asanTis Rerebi asanTis yuTSi.
daamagreT anTebuli sanTeli karze.
(F) gadasawyveti gaqvT `3 wylis qilis~ problema. SegiZliaT mxolod 3
qilis gamoyenebiT (wylis raodenoba gansazRvruli ar aris) miiRoT yovel
konkretul SemTxvevaSi wylis gansazRvruli raodenoba?
SegiZliaT gadaWraT es problemebi? (nawili I)
scadeT amocanebis amoxsna (pasuxebi mocemulia suraTze 9.13. nu naxavT
pasuxebs, sanam TviTon ar ecdebiT am problemebis gadawyvetas.)
suraTi
9.12
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_. +n1.ln, _n_rj __._ .l.1__r_n `rj+n
j+mt_j_.n.
r_j. .rnm+n .+jjlj. j_uj-
jn., ._.+n.ljn tnr._ njjljjl evristikul
+jm_j. _. r.jnj, r+jn j__ulj.
`r.jn__ .j+n.l.. _. .+_nj..
.r+n_nljm, r+ _nmt_m _jjjn_ .n-
__+ +__jn j.tj _. _rm ..r-
__nm, _nl +_. +_n_.rn _+jr.ln. mj_jl,
j.u., .+rntm, r+ nn __r+. +.t_r+.
+_., r._.l mj_jln .+_njnm +n.ln.m,
r+ ._rn .r +n+.rm.__. nl..rn .jm
.l._r .l_nm.rj.. rr j+_j _l.t._m,
j_rnn_. .r+._jl msjelobisa _. gadawyve-
tilebis miRebis +ln_lj_.l .`jj.
+__j_rjn _.nljrj_ljl `rj+_r n_.-
n.n ._.+n.ljn +njr .rnm+n. _. j_rn-
n_n .+jjljnm. .1r_ljn ._jt_rjn
j.._._ nnln tnr._ +n+.rm.__ljl xmama-
Rali fiqris meTods, r+jn _njrn _jr.-
n1.n. _nt+ (Ericson & Simon, 1993).
+..nm._, +__j_rj+. ._.j_nj, jj._.m
n _njn__rn `rjjn, r+jm. ._.jnm.
_n `nrjn j_j_ljl _._r._n _._n `r-
j+. (_r.mn 9.10, l.nn C) (Kaplan & Simon,
1990). j_j+m +j+_n. jrm-jrmn _n `nrn
t+.+._.n _njrn j+n .l.jrn, ._. nn
._jmj +ln_lj_.l _.__l., r+ `rj+n
._._r. j_ujjn., m_ nn __j +t_
_jrn_._r._ .l .rn1l._r._ _...j
(_._. _.r_n_jrn _. ._n __rjn .jl_.).
,,...ase carieli adgili rCeba... es mok-
lea,uhhh... vardisferi ufro metia, vidre
Savi;imisaTvis, rom Sevavso, saWiroa
SevaerTo ori vardisferi, magram amas ver
vizam imitom, rom isini diagonalzea... es
ixureba? .... (Kaplan & Simon, 1990 gv. 388).
_n `nrn +nt__., r+ +n1.l _jr +n._j__.,
m_ _+nlj _ .rn1l._r._ .l _jr-
n_._r._ _...j_.. tnr._ +__j_rjn _n
`nrm. .1r_ljn .l.jrj `rj+n ._._rn
+_jn .+._. jrn._ njjljjl (Simon,
1979, 1989).
problemis gadaWris gaumjobeseba
r. _n tj `rj+n ._.j_j.? m_
.+njjljm mj_jl j_j__n_r .+_nj.,
jnuj. +nt_n_jm _.__l.+_j, r+ _.+r._n r.+
.rn jrm_r_._ ..m_.nnljjn. `r-
j+n ._.j_jn `rjj1j _.__nr_j. 1_-
._ n+._j _.__l.+_j +n_j._.rm. tnr._ `r-
j+n ._._r. .uljj n, r+ +nn ._.j_jn
ljrn_n +mt_ljn ._j+.j. ._.+_._jn
.rj_ rj_rj (Kotovsky et al., 1985; Kotovsky &
Simon, 1990). `rj+n _..uj_._ ._nr. +mjn
rnn m.l+n+_j_r_n `jr.njn _.j+_.. m_
+j+j_j.m. j rnn .l m_nml j+.n +j+_n
mnmj_n +j+j_j. +j._ rm_n., j.u.,
_jr _n _.nl.tm .jnn +_+.rjn_.l .-
+n1l.+_j +n._j_n 1.. rr jnun.m
.+ j.u `rj+n ._._r.?
`rj+n ._.j_jn ._+_jjn.m_n
_n_n +ln_lj. .j_ mj_jln rj_rjn
j..+nn, rj._r._ .ltrnjj._n j+n
j+_._j..
m_ mj_jl rj_.r_._ nt_j.m jrmn n`n
`rj+jn ._._r., +.nl +n1.ljlnn njlj.
_.j__m _.uj_n `rjn .+jjlj_
_+`ljlj, r. .l.`nrj `rjn ._+.-
n1.n. _. l._j u.nt+j_. (Kotovsky et al.,
1985). _.___.m, .jn +u_._ +_.m ln_-
nr_n _. j_j__n_r._ nt_j.m +.lj.ljnm
._._j_n j_jn `n_n ..mn _r +ur...
jnun.m j..jn t__.t_. +l.__jmn .l-
t_._j_n .`._t rj.jnjn .+n+_._m.
.j r+, m_ _rm. .l+._.n ._.j_jnjn
+1. _+`ljljn jjlj.m, mj_jl +mj j_r._-
_j. 1. +n.`jrm. +..nm._, +1._r +nn
.j_.ln ._n1j_j ._..t_j_nljm +1._rn
._._r, j+_j _n jujm +mjn mj_jln
j_r.__j. +ur..1j ._.n.lm.
..lm .r_n .+_njn .+jn
.+jjljn jrm-jrm .__jmj +..nm. +_-
algoriTmi (Algorithm) _ Tanmimdevruli, safe-
xureobrivi procedura, romlis saSualebiTac
vpoulobT swor pasuxs konkretuli tipis
problemis gadasaWrelad.
evristika (Heuristics) _ kognituri strategia an
,,praqtikuli meTodi~ romelic xSirad gamoi-
yeneba rogorc Semoklebuli gza rTuli amo-
canis gadasaWrelad.
xmamaRali fiqris meTodi (Think-aloud protocols)
_
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n j+`nl, .rn _.`.r_ j_un. _._r._n
_n_rjn .+jn.ln .l.jn `1nnjn
.l.1__r. _. mnmj_ j+mt_j_.n .+_nn
r.jnn .+jjlj., r. +. ._.j. .uj_
jrm_r_._ r.+_jln+j `ljln _..+.rt
(Gobet & Simon, 1996).
rn j+mt_j_.n ..rj rj`rj1jl.nn
`_l. `rj+n r_n._ .t. _rnn ..1-
rjn ._.j. nuj_.. .n_nmtjm 9.6 cxrilSi
+j+_n .+.l.. rr .`nrjm .+ .+.ln
.+tl.? _._njr_nm, .l.+ _nmt_. ..ruj-
j_jm. m_ mj_jl .+ `rj+n +._.rj._
+.mj+.n__rn tjrtjn .+jjlj. ._jm, .r-
+.j. _jr +n._j__nm. .+ j+mt_j_.n __jmjn
njlj. .r+n_nlm rn jrn, r+jm..l jrmn
+mn _jrn_.l .+_n, +jrj _n - ._n (Adams,
1986). nnln t+ jrm jrnn jt__jn.l jr-
m+.ljm (nt. sur. 9.14)? .t. rn jrn j_.jm
jrmnm. .1rrn_._ j jrmn _. nn_j., j.n. .+.l.
_.+_nj_n.. .+.ln .jm .+.rn_j.
_1r_l_jj_ rn _n1_._rn _. .r. _jr-
._rn .l +.mj+.n__rn rj`rj1jl.nn .+-
jjlj.. m_ 9.12 _r.m1j +j+_ .+.lj
._.tj_._m, _n_j_ jrmtj _.r+_l_jnm `r-
j+_rn n_.nn ._j__._rn rj`rj1jl.nn
+ln_lj.n. mj_jl _l_. +nt__jm, r+ +nn_.l
`nl-`ln _rmjn .+._j._ .r .rn ._nr
+nn j_j_.. jrm.+.ljmn..l +rjnm
.+_n_j_n m_n jn j.jrmj._
suraTi
9.13
SegiZliaT gadaWraT es problemebi? (nawili II)
aq mocemulia amocanebis amoxsnis gza. Tqven rogor amoxseniT? radgan
pasuxebi naTelia, SegviZlia visaubroT imaze, Tu ra arTulebs am
amocanebs.
gamocana `beri~
erT diliT, zustad mzis amosvlisas budisti
beri iwyebs asvlas maRal mTaze. mTis biliki
viwroa, daaxloebiT erTi Tu ori nabijis siganis.
spiraliviT daklaknili biliki mTis mwverva-
lisaken miemarTeba. beri xSirad Cerdeba dasasve-
neblad, Wams gamxmar xils da taZarSi mzis
Casvlamde cota xniT adre midis. ramdenime dRis
marxvisa da meditaciis Semdeg, isev mzis amos-
vlisas, beri igive bilikiT mTidan qvemoT eSveba,
isev xSirad Cerdeba Sesasveneblad. qvemoT Camos-
vlisas misi siarulis saSualo siCqare bevrad
aRemateba qvemodan zemoT asvlis siCqares. daam-
tkiceT, rom bilikze aris wert-ili, sadac beri
zustad erTsa da imave dros imyofeboda asvli-
sasac da Camosvlisasac
(pasuxi ix. sur. 9.14-ze).
cxrili
9.6
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_n ._nr. j_r.__j. +n.jnm m_n j_j,
n.._1j +j_ jrm-jrm ..l _. .+njjlm n,
rr n+un+j. .lmj_n .lmn _.r1j _..-
+.rj._ _n ._njjn. ..lmn __n
.+njjlm, rr .l_.n, t .lmjn
_l_. .+njjlm, jrmn +trn_, rr n.r._n,
t, +jrj +trn_, ..ln, r+jn _l_.
+n.+.rm _.r1j. rn `rj+. __ljn-
l._rn rnn_n _jl+jln n_r.n.. (nt.
sur. 9.13) (Duncker, 1945; Maier, 1931). funqcionaluri
rigidoba tj _n .ln r._nn_._
+n_j_n m_njjn __jjj_. _. +nn
.t.n m_njjn m_ __ljnn _.l.t_., rnm.
_.rj_nm ._jl. .t_jl `rj+n ._._r.1j.
r_j. `rj+_r n_.n.n ._+l_jnm,
`nr_j rnn, _.___nr_nm, rr .r+n_jlm
+.: t+ .r .rj +nn ..1rjn .l _.uj_n
.lt_._j_n .l __jmjn 1jn? m_ nj_jn
.r _jnm, jj._jm, j `rj+. l.t.n
.tnm .r+n_nlm. +nl_jm mj_jln _.rn.ljn
l.tjm, m_ r+jn __ljnn j_.. j.uj-
jn .t.n _+nl.nn +n._j._.
r_j. r.n+j `rj+n ._._r. _nm,
rr jn, mj_jl _njrm, .l_ .1r_ljm.
j_j+m .l_ntn._m .1r_ljn jrm-jrm _r+.,
r+j. _j__jn_rn .1r_lj. j_j..
deduqciuri azrovneba
.r+n_nljm, r+ +n_nt.rm rjr.ln _.
__n ._.t_. mj_jln jrm._jrmn ._rj_n
.r.mnm American Express .`nrjm. rj_._m
rjr.ln _. j_nmtjnm: jnuj. mj_jl
rjr.ln ._rj-_n .r.mnm, American Ex-
press, .rj.? rjrln +j`.rlj `.-
_tm: _jl j_j. unrnm._ ._rj_n .r.m
_n_jm. .+ `._tn j+_j jnun.m _..__l.m,
r+ nnln mj_jl ._rj_n .-r.m. +nn_jjl.
r.+? .+ j+mt_j_.n j_nun. _ntj+u__.-
ljm nn1+nm (rn nl._._jn_.l ._j-
mj_n n__rn _.__lnm), r+jn jrujl+.
_n_+. .rnjj+ 2000 n nl +_.:
wanamZRvari 1. rjr.ln n_j j_j. unrnm._
._rj_n .r.m:
wanamZRvari 2. American Express .rn unrnm._n
._rj_n .-r.mn:
daskvna: rjr.ln +nn_j .r.m American
Express.
.rnjj n__j__., m_ r. n__rn +n+.r-
mj. .rj_. nl._._jj rn, r+jn
realur _.__l.+_j +n_nj_.l_.. deduqciuri
azrovneba n__rn jjn r._ .+jjlj.
_nt+. _jl ._rj_n .r.mn +..nmn
+_nj_.ljm, r.m. _j_jljnl., r+ _.j_
n__rn _.__ln ._jmjn _l.rn, r+j.
n__rn, _j__jn_rn +_nj_jn _r+.
..ln.. +n_tj_._._ .+n., _njjn n__j_jl,
funqcionaluri rigidoba (Functional fixedness)
sagnis tradiciuli xedvis Secvlis da axali
funqciis danaxvis da misi efeqturad gamoyenebis
unaris arqona.
deduqciuri azrovneba (Deductive reasoning)
azrovnebis forma, romelic ori an meti
wanamZRvridan logikuri daskvnis gakeTebis
unars gulisxmobs.
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suraTi
9.14
gamocana `beri~-s
amoxsna
A suraTze naCvenebia ori
beri. erTi moZraobs qve-
modan zemoT, meore _
zemodan qvemoT. B suraTze
warmodgenilia maTi Sex-
vedris adgili dRis erTsa
da imave momentSi. axla
SecvaleT ori beri erTiT;
amocana damtkicebulia.
342
_.j_ m_ .r. _j__jn_rn .1r_ljn _r+.-
_rn jjn (Schaeken et al., 2000). j +.._rn
__j_. _._njrjnlj, r+, j.u., +.rm.
._.ln. 1._n n__rn .1r_ljn _l.rn,
+.r.+ rj._r .+j.rn _j__jn_r .1r_lj.1j
._jl. .t_jl `jn_n__rn _l. .+j.r
j.tj _. _l_rj_ `rj+.m.l _._._n-
rj_n rj`rj1jl.n_n rj_rjn.
+_nm, j +_j. j_j+m +j+_ _.__l.1j
.l_._rm _. _l.tm, m_ r. ._jl. .t_jl
_l. _j__jn_r .1r_lj.1j. .l_ntnm
j+_jn nn1+n:
wanamZRvari 1. j_j._jr, r.. .j_ ur._.,
_nr_j. jl1nln:
wanamZRvari 2. ._+nj _nr_j.m jl-
1nln:
daskvna: ._+nj .j_m ur._..
rr _njrm, rn. j _.__l.? n_n
jjn m.l.t+._ .r., r._.l `nr_jn
.l.+u__.rn _n._ _j n+ _.j, r+ 1njrm
..l, r+j. .r. .j_ ur._., .rjm_j,
_nr_j. jl1nln. nuljj n.., r+ n, r.
.r.rn. n__r `rj+.n, .r .rn ._n-
jjn, r+ +_.rn nj rj._r t_rj.n.
j.n., m_ mj_jl +t_ `nr_j _. +jrj
.l.+u__.rn +j+_ nl_r+.n. _m _.
mj_jl +. .lntn._m _r._, rr _r-
+._rn n_n ._.r_n, +.nl j _.__l.
+_.rn.. +n_tj_._._ .+n., r_j. _n `nrjn
+_jjl, .++_nl.rj m_ .r. _.__l.
n__r._ rn .l.+u_-_rn_.l, nnln _._jnmn
`._tn_jl __r +.nl ntrjn.l, r_j. _.__l.
._+n jtj., _n_rj, r_j. r.n+j _.1r
jr+nln .+njjlj. (Markovitz & Nantel, 1989).
.jmn j_jn rwmenis efeqtis l.mj +..nm
.r+._jl. r+jln j_jjn _nt+, r+
._.+n.ljn _j+.rn._ +nnlj_jl n+ _.__lj,
r+jm.m_n. j_un.m rj._rn .+j.r
+n._jn +_jn _lr_nrj. (.j.), t
+_.r._ m_n.l n+ _.__lj, r+jm.m_n.
.+n ._jmj. __nrm (Evans et al., 1983; Janis & Frick,
1943; Newstead et al., 1992).
m_ .rj njmn _.+._jrjjn _.__l.,
r+jn jj..+j. ._.+n.ln lj.n `r-
j+n rj`rj1jl.n., j _.__l. _j+.rn._
+nnlj_.. ._+nn j+mt_j_.n, _l. ._-
+njn j.tj .uljj .+ _.__ln _.r-
j_.. m_+., r. +l.njj +nj 1_._
j .l.+u__rjn _. mt_j, .j_jmjnl.m _.__l.,
_..tjnm l.tj_.r+. ju r._ .lj.1__r.,
r+ .+ _r+_nrjnm r _.__l. _jr .+n-
.l_.. .+rn._, _l., j.u., __r l._jn
._jl. .jl_j mj_jln .__m.rn .1r_ljn
`rjj1j, _n_rj mj_jl +njr t_nn _.__ljn
j_.j.1j (Rips, 1990).
n__rn .1r_ljn njmn _r+._rn nl-
r_jnjn, r+jn .j .rn ._jrnn,
.+nrj r+jln ._jl. _.__l.1j (Evans et
al., 1994).
.1r_ljn _l.r .+_nj. ._+_jj.
.+.n _..r+_lj._ j._.rjm, m_ r-r
.r_jm jrm. _. n+._j _._.j. .r.j_n
.1r_ljn ._.jnm _. .+j.r j.tj
rj._rn _ln .+jjljnm.
.r+n_nljm, r+ jrm rnn _..j_n.
4 .r.mn, r+jm..l mnmj_1j jrn. A,
D, 4", 7" nj, rr j 9.15 suraTzea .r-
+_jlnn. r+jn .r.mn _l_. ._+.r_lm,
r+ j.++m jn: m_ .r.mn jrm +t.rj
t+_.ln., +n +jrj +t.rj njlj. _n rnt_n
rwmenis efeqti (elief-bias effect) situacia,
romelsac pirovnebis codna, ganwyoba, Rire-
bulebebi amaxinjebs da romelic cvlis az-
rovnebis process, aiZulebs mas miiRos mcdari
argumentebi.
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(Jihnson-Laird & Wason, 1977). r. n1.+_nm? _+r._-
j. _njr, r+ _l_. ._+.r_l .r.mn
A r. rn. _. .r.mn 4", r. .r.rn..
+j+_n jn +_.rn _..+_nj._
.r._nm.rn +ln_lj. .r .j_ .r.m 4", .+n+
+n ._+r_lj. .1rn .r .j_ (t__jnm, r.+?):
mj_jl _l_. ._+.r_lm .r.mn 7" _. m_
l.t._m, r+ +n +jrj +t.rj +j+_n. t+_.ln,
.+_n, r+ jn .r .rn rn.
.+ _._.j. veisonis seleqciis davalebas
(Wason selection task) __jjl, r+jn j__j_j
.jjlj ._.+n.ln j_jj_r._ .1r_ljn _l.r.
j lj.n_rn .1rn j+_+ +_n_nnrj_ njl.
rn +n+.rm_jnm. `nr_jn: +__j_rj+. .+m-
j_j _.r.__n, r+, j.u., _n `nrjn .r.-
mjn j.++j._ njjljjl .r._j__jn_r
r.jn., rn .+ nnln __r adastureben,
_n_rj uaryofen jn ..t_n +n+.rmjn
.l1._j.. +n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ .+ r.-
jn. +_.r _j__jn_r .1r_lj.+_j +n_j._.rm,
rj._r n_.n.n n +n1.ljlnn. +n+.rmj-
jn j.._._ _. ._.j_jnjn +n._j._
(Oaksford, Chater, 1994; Oaksford et al., 1997).
+jrj: _j__jn_rn .1r_ljn .+jjlj.
__r j_jj_rn., r_j. _n `nrj ._.j.
.j_m, r+ _jnln _._.jn jr_jn _r
.+njjll .+j.r j.tj rj._rn _l.
(Holyoak & Spellman, 1993). .r+n-_nljm, mj_jl
mt_j 9.13 _r.mn j_j_. rnn +j+_
.r.mj1j n__rn _._.jn jr_j.. _l_.
j.++m jn: m_ ++t+.rjjn .`nrj
._._rn .+jn _.j_., nn 18 n
+.nl _l_. nj (CHeng & Holyoak, 1985).
.+ j+mt_j_.n, ..m, +.nl_j +nt__nm, r+jn
.r.mjn _l_. ._+.r_lm: 17" _. __n
_.j_.. rj._r t_rj.n +._n `rj+n
_r jnun.m azrovnebis pragmatuli sqema
.+njjlm. rr +j-8 m._n .__jrjm, jj+jn
.+j.nj. t_j. .+_njn j_j._. mj_jl
._ru._jn _n_n .+_nj. .j_m. .ntjljm
n _r, r_j. j_lj_ljl: jj_n1r
_jr _j_rj, .l.+ .nl. _._.j. .r j.-
r_j. .jmn n`n nljr.jnjn `rjn
mj_jl n+_._jm ln_r_ jj+.. rj._r
t_rjnj_ n_.n.n, ._. jrm+.ljmm.l
_._nrn. .._n _. +., t_j. .+ jj+n .jn_.n.,
t `nrnm n_.n.n, r+jn _ rn-
t_j. _. t+_lj ._._nrj, jj+n .jn_.n.
.r t_j.. .+n+ .jmn `nrnmn n`n _._.-
jjn .r nuj_. _j__jn_rn .1r_ljn _l.rn
.m.l.__ j_.jn ._.j..
._.lnl._n., r+ __.l._ljn __j_jn j-
_j._ .l_. ._ru._jn `rjn jj+jn
jujln .1rn .jrl.n_n n_j..
1j+m ._jrnn _._.jn 3 n .._n
.__jn.m_n +_n_nnrj_n _.rn.ln ..-
rjn _r ._+l_., r+ +.m _.r._ j_un.m
jn .j., m_ r. .rn lj._.rm_n _. r.
._ru._n. j j_jjn ._.r.__ t_n, r+
._ru._n n_.nn ..1rj., j.u., m.l-
_.jnn nj (Cummins, 1996). r._.l n .r
.rn _.+_n_j_n n._r lr+j1j, j.u-
abstraqtuli da sagnobrivi azrovneba
Tqven gevalebaT gadmoabrunoT zeda rigSi mocemuli baraTebidan is baraTebi,
romelTa saSualebiTac SeamowmebT wess: `Tu baraTis erT mxares mocemulia
xmovani, mis meore mxares iqneba luwi ricxvi~. qveda rigSi mocemuli
baraTebidan unda gadmoabrunoT is baraTebi, romlebic saSualebas mogcemT,
SeamowmoT Semdegi wesi: `Tu momxmarebeli apirebs alkoholuri sasmelis
dalevas, igi 18 wlis mainc unda iyos~. rogorc wesi, cdis pirebi meore
suraTi
9.15
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., .r+._jl_j jljn__rn nl_r+.nn
l.n, r+jn +j+__n_rjnm ._.jj+. ._.-
+n.l, rr n._r .rj. (Cummins, 1999).
.+ l.nn _..jnn .__jrjm n_.n.,
.n_.l. mj_jl r _j__jn_r _.__l.
._jmj_nm ._rj_n .r.mn .+jjljn
j.tj. .+_t.r_, t_rj.n .rj _.+r._n
j+mt_j_., r_j. j_ujjn. rn _.__ln
._jmj., ._+._ .l_ .l.+u__rjn_.l. _n.
.t., .l_ntn._m .+ +..nmn .t. _jrn.,
r+jn mj_jl.l .lt_._j_n _r+n .1-
r_lj. +nmt_.
induqciuri azrovneba
.r+n_nljm .jmn n_.n.: +nt_j_nm
rjr.ln _. +t_ +.nl ..tjl_.m,
jj++jnl.m, .j_m m_ .r. ._+.rnn l.__n
__n. ._+.nljm, r+ mj_jln ._rj_n .r.mn
American Express .+jjlj. +nj_m, +.r.+
rjrln .rjm .r .rn .lt._j. rjr.ln
._rj_n .r.mnm .rjn m..1j.
rjrln _.l_rjn_.l +.l _.r._ .+_n
++t+.rjjn. +jln_n _n tj_._m, r+ _.jn
._+._ +._.n.. +tj__j.n n_jm r. mj_jl
.rj++j_m. +._. +.jrn._r +_+.rj.,
+j+_ n_.n.1j _.__nr_j. ._njrjnljm,
r+ j rjr.ln +nn_j mj_jl ._rj_n
.r.m. j .rn _j__jn_rn _.__l., r._.l.
n mj_jl _.r.__ j+j.rj. _. .r. n__r
.l.+u__.r. mj_jln _.__l. _n nl__jn_rn .1-
r_ljn ln+_n., r_j. .1r_lj. _nt+
._.r.__ (_. .r. .l_) _.__lj +j+_
n_.n.1j _.jr_lnm.
_jl ___j j+m._.1jm nl__jn_rn .1r_-
ljn r.+_jln+j ln+_n. +j-5 _. +j-8 m._jn
_l.tjm, r+ ._.+n.ljn .r_n _.r_n nl-
_r+.n. njjljjl .+j. _. ++._n .l.-
1__rn +n1lnm. mj_jl nl__jn_r .1r_lj.
j+_j j+mt_j_jn njjljm: ..jrn ``_rln
_rljn .__u_j1j .__lnm, r+ _n_.
``_rl ._jmj: nl__jn_r .1r_lj. njjljm,
m_ _.jm.lt+jnm .1r, r+ .jn .+ __rj1j
_jr._ .r ._nl.r_j. (.l m_ n._nm, mj_jln
_l. .r ._nl.r_j. jnrjn _r).
_., .+ m._n .l_ntnjm _.__ln n-
`jn, r+jn ._.+n.ln ._rn_.l .++-
_nl.rjjl. mj_jln _.r.__n, r+ nn l.+__n._
+._.n rn .r++._jljn., +nn +jj_jjn
+.ljrn_.l .++_nl.rj, nl__jn_rn .1r_ljn
ln+_ .r+._jl.
rj._r t_rj.n `rj+n ._._rn
_l.rn tnr._ nl__jn_r .1r_lj.1j. _.+_n-
_j_n. _.__r_l_jm nj_ _jl +..nm. mj_jl
j+mt_j_nm .j_j.m _.rn _. .rjm _.rnm.
r. +n+j+j_jm .+ j+mt_j_.n? .r_n .jm
_r +n_j_n ._.j_jnjn .tjlj.
`nr_jn +n1.ljlnn l.n_n.. .+ `rj
problemis analogiuri gadawyveta j_j.. .+
_r mj_jl njjm .+j _. .r_ n_.nj
rn .jrm unj. (Holyoak & Nisbett, 1988;
Holyoak & Thagard, 1997). ,_.rn ._j_n _. .rjm
_.rjln .r_n .+_njn .__u_j1j
jnuj. ..tjl_jm 1._n jn ,njmn
._.+n.ljn +ujl., r+jm. .j_m .._jn.
.+ jnm jn.r._j_n, mj_jl njjm .+ ._.+n.-
ljn .+j_. _. _njr, m_ rr n`_m
nnln (Ross & Kenedy, 1990), rnm_n. jnuj.
_._nr_jm n+ +jm_n .tjlj., r+jn mj_jln
+jrjn +.ujl._ jn+_._jm. .+ `rj+n
._._r. n+n+ j.__nj.m, r+ mj_jl ___j
+nj_njm .r_n .+_njn .+jjlj.
nl__jn_rn .1r_lj. ._.j. .uj_m,
.+njjlm .+_nn +jm_jn _. r._._
._._r.m .t.n `rj+jn.
`rj+n .l.n_rn ._.j_jn j.tj
__j_j tnr._ ..l+.l.mj +ln_lj.
.j_m (Kolodnery, 1977), +..nm._, mj_jln +.mj+.-
n_n. _. ._ljn+jj_j +jlnjrjn +.._-
jjn .ljl r.+_jln+j .+.l. m._nn
.+l.tlnm. .+.ljn ___j _.+_._j_n `._-
tjnm +j+_n. .tj+u__.ljjn. j+_+
mj_jl nt_j.m +._n n`n .+.ljn .+tl.,
r+j., ._.r.___, _.uj_m. .jmn +n_+.
j+j.rj. n+ +.1rj., r+ mj_jl .+njjljm
nl__jn_r .1r_lj. _. jujm u_jn +jm-
_jn .+jjlj. .t.n `rj+jn _..uj_._.
+__j_rjn jj._ljl, .lj.1__r.m n `nrjn,
r+jn +._jjn .r_n .+_njn
+.jn+._r._ .+jjlj. juj_ljl (Lorett &
Anderson, 1994; Novick & Holyoak, 1991). 1._n
_.__l., r+jn +.m .+n.lj, _nt+,
induqciuri azrovneba (Inductive reasoning)
azrovnebis forma, romelic misawvdom mtkice-
bulebaze da warsul gamocdilebaze dayrdno-
biT garkveuli albaTobiT daskvnis gakeTebas
gulisxmobs.
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r+ +._jj .l.nn +.ujl._ tnr._
_.t+.rj. _nr_j.m. n+n.m_n, r+ +._j+
ju .t. `rj+.n u_jn `rj+n
+ln_ljn _.l.t_., tnr._ ._nr. _.+.jnmn
.t.nj. +nlnljn. _. +n+.rm_jn
+nj+. (Ross & Kennedy, 1990). +_nm .l_ntnm
+..nmn.
saidan
viciT
msgavsebebis mosaZebnad adamianebs
xSirad daxmareba sWirdebaT
_..__nr_nm 9.16 suraTis I l.nn +-
j+_ _n_r.. .r+n_nljm, r+ _n_..+
+nn 1j_. _.l ..t. j.n. r.
+n+.rm_jnm ._. jn l._._n +nn
j_j_. _.l .+_n j+_j? jnu-
n.m .+njjlm +jrj l.nn +j+_n
ln+_jn. .l_ntnm _l._ j_nn
_.rn.ln. .r+n_nljm, r+ _n_..+ +nn
m._n .ln _..+.r.. _n j r.+j?
_n `nrj `nr_j._ mt__ljl, _.jt..m
jn l._._n +n+.rm_j., r+nm.,
+.mn .1rnm, j.n ._n__. +nn_.l .+-
_n j+_j. j+_+ mt__ljl, .+jrn.m
n _r.mn, r+jn j_j.1j +j._ ..__.
+.m l.t.. jrm-jrm jj`jrn+jln, ._.
`nrjn .r nj +j+_n .ln, _n
`nrm. +t_ 30-+. .. rn `._tn
(f _.rn.ln), t .ln j+.ln
j+_j j rnt_n 75-+_j .n1.r_.. r.
.l.`nrj .+ .lt_._j.? rr .l,
.r_n .+_njn jj`nn_rn jt-
jljn. (+..nm._, .ntjljm, rr
.+_n jn l._._n .rj._n +nn_.l),
_n `nrjn njjjl nl__jn_r .1r_lj.,
m_+., .+ jtjljn .rjj nnln _njrjl,
r+ +n.+n_rn _n1n_n _.lln_.l .++-
_nl.rj, +nn_.l .+_n j+_j jn
l._._n .l.ru nr__.r_ +ur..
(Catrambone et al., 1995).
.+ jj`jrn+jln _.r._ .l, r+ ._.+n.ljn
_+r._j. `rj+n ._._rn. _nr_j.
jtjlj. (+nmnmj.), r+ .+njjll nl__jn_rn
.1r_lj..
mj_jl jnuj. .r +lm, r+ .jmn jt-
jlj. tnr._ ._njjn. +.._jjn
_. .tj+u__.ljjn n_n.m._ nuj_n.l .jm
+nlnljj. r. _l_. jl.m? jj._jm, mj_jl
m_nml, jujn_._.r._, +ujlm _l_rj_n
.l.n.: jj._jm, .l.1__rm `rj+n
r_j_r. _. .+njjlm +._n r_j_rn
+jlj, mj_jlm_n ___j l.ln `rj+n
_.uj_n +jm_n.
r. __r 1_._ _. r._ .j_m .j_n
u_jn `rj+n _+`ljljn _. r_j_r.,
+nm __r .__nn. u_j _. .t. `rj+j
rn +._jn _.l.t_. _. ._.j_jnjn
+jm_n +rj.. +.l.+_j _n jnun.m, jl_m
_nj-jj`jrn+jl.rj _. +.m +njr
+n_j_n j_jjn +.._jj _. .tj-
+u__.lj ._rj ._1n.rm.
suraTi
9.16
ra mimarTulebiT wava
wyali
warmoidgineT, rom suraTis pir-
vel nawilSi daxatuli mowyo-
bilobidan gamodis wylis nakadi.
rogor ggoniaT, ra mimarTulebiT
wava wyali? daxateT. Semdeg ki,
meore nawilSi warmodgenili
nimuSebidan airCieT erT-erTi,
romelic yvelaze metad hgavs
Tqvens naxats.
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nl__jn_r .1r_lj.m.l _._._nrjnm _n_j_
jrmn r.+ _l_. .__lnlm. tnr._ j.ujjn.
j_jj_rn ._.j_jnjn .l+jrjnm .+-
jjlj., +.r.+ rn j+mt_j_jn, r. u_j _.
.t. n_.n. rn _rnn__n .lt_._j..,
.r_1j _.+_n_j_j.+ jnuj. tjn
j_. .t.n `rj+n _.uj_.. 9.12
_r.m1j ._jrnn jn jnjn .+.l. .+n
_.n__r +..nm .r+._jl. .+ j+mt_j_.n
.r_ .+_nj.1j _.+_n_j_jn .+
jnuj. .+.l. .jrm_ _jr .+tl.m (Luchins,
1942). `nr_jn rn .+.ln F l.nn mj_jl
._+.jlm, r+ `._tn +n._j._ .rj
1._n _r+_. B-A-2(C). _ljrn_n., r+ +j.+j
.+.ln .+tln. nj_ jj_jnm +n .+-
jjlj. _. l.t._m, r+ .+ _r+_nm +j.+j
.+.l. .r .+ntlj.. .+ j+mt_j_.n _l_.
.._m A jn. _. ._+.t.m n+_jln, r+
jn_ C jn., rn j+_j. _.rj.m jn
._nr r._jl.. m_ mj_jl _jr +nt__nm, j
rr _l_. .j_jmjnl.m _. .+.ln .+-
.tlj._ `nr_j _r+_. njjlj_nm, j n+.
lnl._, r+ jjj+l.m n+ .+_nn jn
.+jjljn _njn__rn .lj., r+j+. .r-
+.j. +n.l.m. ganwyoba - j .rn _njn__rn
.jn_n, .1r_ljn m_ _j_n nl+rjn
+_+.rj., r+j. .r__j_n `nrjn
1j+j+j_jnm j_un. ._j+n. _. `rj+n
._._rn t.rntn. _. nr._n .1r_.. m_+.,
+.nl, r_j. .1r_ljn. _. +j+j_jn u_jn
tjrtjn .t. n_.n.n .r .rn `r__jn_n,
+.m j_un.m _njn__rn .jjn j_jrtj. _.
_.+.tnl_j.. r_j. `rj+_r n_.n.1j
_njrn _r .n_j_jnm, _.ntnjm __.l _. ._nmtjm
.__m.r m._ .r_n .r+.j. t+ .r
.l.`nrj mj_jln tj__n j1____.?
`rj+n ._._rn. .nm_.nnljm `r-
j+_rn n_.njn. _. +.mn _.uj_n r.
jnuj. _.rm `jjrn, r. __r j+j+j-
_jnm .t_n _.uj_n `rj.
.+ l.nn _jl `rj+n ._.j_jn. _.
.1r_ljn t_._.t_. n`jn _. _l_rj_n
j.`jn .l_ntnjm, r+jn rj._r `nrjn
+j+j_jn ._+_jjn +n1lnm _l_. .n.rm.
.+ m._n l.nn _jl n+._j r.jn.
+n_+.rm._m. _jl .__jrjm 1njrmn +ln_-
lj_.ln __j_n j_jjn, r+jn _._._n-
rj_n. .l_n. _. ._.j_jnjn +n_jn
`rjjm.l: .rjm_j j+m._.1jm, m_ rr
_l_. .+njjlm j j_jjn mj_jlm_n +ln_lj-
_.l n_.n.n.
Sejameba
`rj+_rn n_.n. +n._ m.__.`nr_j
+_+.rj., +n1.l _. +mj rn `jr.nj,
r+jm. ._.jnm. m.__.`nr_jn +_-
+.rjn_.l nl_n_n_n ._j_ +n1.l. `rj+n
_.uj_. __r j_jj_rn., r. ._.+n.ljn
._.j_jnjn _+`ljlj .+_n.l _.
..rj rj`rj1jl.nj `_jl. _j__j-
n_rn .1r_ljn .+jjljnm .l_ _.__lj
_n_jm. __j_n j_jjn .__u_j1j _._nl_.,
r+ ._.+n.ljn j_jm_n .r .rn.l m.l+n+_j_-
r_ln _j__jn_rn .1r_ljn _r. +..nm._,
nnln j___jn.l r+jln ._jlnm, m_+.,
._ru._jn n_.n.n _j__jn_rn .1r_lj-
n j_jj_r. n+.j.
nl__jn_rn .1r_lj. .r_n .+_njn
jljr.n1.n. +nmt_. nl__jn. _n_n
.+jjlj. .j_ .l.n_rn `rj+n ._._rn
_r, r_j. ._.+n.ljn _njl, n`_l
+nn .l.n_rn u_jn `rj+., r+n _.u-
j_n 1jn +.mm_n ___j lnn..
msjeloba da
gadawyvetilebis miReba
+_jn. _. ._.j_jnjn +n_jn
j.tj ._.r mj_jln j_j__n_rn .+-
_njn jrm-jrmn j_j.1j _n_n _j+.rnjnm
_._njjm: mj_jl t_rm .+j.rn, r+jn
._j. gaurkvevlobiT. ._.nt_nm m_ .r. 9
_.r n+ _n+n .l.t._._, r+jn jnuj.
.l +jlm .l .r.? .+_n nl mj_jln
.l.jrjn ._. .+_nljm m_ .tj-
+u__.lj tj.t. ._._nmt_.? +1._ t.rm
m_ .r. .j.m t.lrun_ _rmnjrmjn? r._.l
++._n j.tj +t_ _.r.__n jnun.m
fsiqikuri ganwyoba (Mental set) _ axali prob-
lemis dasaZlevad wina problemis daZlevis
stilis, saSualebis gamoyenebis tendencia.
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Tu odesme gqoniaT seri-
ozuli samedicino konsulta-
cia eqimTan, Tavad yofil-
xarT im situaciis monawile,
roca individis msjelobasa
da problemis gadaWris unars
udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs.
Tqvens janmrTelobaze pa-
suxismgebelma pirma unda
moaxdinos Tqven mier CamoT-
vlili simptomebis erTob-
liobis (paternis) identifi-
kacia da daadginos daavadebis
gamomwvevi mizezi; miRebuli
daskvnis safuZvelze indi-
vidma samoqmedo gegma unda
SeimuSavos. am procesSi mo-
cemuli sirTuleebidan gamom-
dinare, warmoidgineT raoden
Znelia zustad Tqveni daava-
debis simptomebis aRwera ise,
rom sxvebisaTvis gasagebi
iyos. swored amitom kognitur
mecnierebaTa mimdevrebi ram-
denime welia muSaoben kompi-
uterul programebze, romle-
bic mniSvnelovan daxmarebas
uwevs eqimebsa da janmrTe-
lobis dacvis personals
diagnostikasa da mkuranlo-
bis dagegmvaSi.
am programebs ,,eqspert-
sistemebs~ uwodeben, rom-
lebic profesionalTa mier
problemebis gadaWris simu-
laciaa, arsebuli codnis
gaTvaliswinebiT. sistema
MYCIN, romelic SemuSavebul
iqna 1970-ian wlebSi, safuZ-
vlad daedo mecnierul kvle-
vaTa did nawils am sferoSi.
igi Seiqmna, rogorc infeq-
ciur daavadebaTa diagnos-
tikisa da mkurnalobis dam-
xmare saSualeba (Shortliffe,
1976). am programis muSaoba
eyrdnoba ,,Tu maSin~ wesebs,
romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba
wanamZRvrebisa da am sferoSi
momuSave specialistebis evris-
tikul codnaze (magaliTad,
praqtikaze) damyarebuli das-
kvnebis dakavSireba. realuri
samedicino diagnozis msgavsad,
MYCIN sistemis saSualebiT
SesaZlebelia wanamZRvrebisa
(magaliTad, pacientis sisxlis
analizis pasuxis) da konkre-
tuli daskvnis (magaliTad,
diagnozis an mkurnalobis
rekomendaciebis) dakavSireba.
programas, aseve, SeuZlia gviC-
venos (moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi),
Tu rogor mivida igi saboloo
daskvnamde. miuxedavad imisa, rom
es sistema arasodes gamouye-
nebiaT praqtikaSi, Tanamedrove
mkvlevrebis mier Seqmnili
msgavsi programebi inarCuneben
igive princips rekomenda-
ciebis garda momxmarebels
miawodon informacia azrov-
nebis procesebis~ Sesaxeb (Chae,
1998; Hudson & Cohen, 2000).
faqtia, rom am programebis
SesaZlebloba daadginos
daavadebis gamomwvevi mizezebi,
mkurnalobis procesis warma-
tebis mniSvnelovani komponen-
tia. warmoidgineT, magaliTad,
eqimi, romelic iyenebs samedi-
cino eqspert-sistemas. rogorc
eqimma, Tqven SeiZleba ar
aRiaroT, rom romelime kompi-
uterul programas SeuZlia
Tqvenze ukeTesad gansazRvros
daavadeba da Secvalos Tqveni
codna da mravalwliani gamoc-
dileba, Tumca, mniSvnelovania
imis gaTvaliswineba, rom eq-
eqspert-sistemebi da medicina
spert-sistemebi erTad uyris
Tavs ama Tu im sferoSi dagro-
vil codnas. aseTi tipis sis-
temebSi mocemulia ara mxo-
lod faqtebi, aramed maT am
faqtebze dayrdnobiT SeuZ-
liaT azrovneba~. mecnierebi
cdiloben iseTi sistemebis
Seqmnas, romlebic uzrunvel-
yofen axsnas, Tu ratom unda
daakavSiros momxmarebelma
(janmrTelobis dacvis mu-
Sakma) faqtebis garkveuli
erToblioba konkretul das-
kvnebTan (Chandrasckaran& Mittal,
1999).
axla pacientis TvaliT
SevxedoT am yvelafers. ram-
denadac XXI saukuneSi eq-
spert-sistemebis mniSvne-
lovni gaumjobeseba xdeba,
Tqven SeiZleba SexvdeT eqims,
romelic Seitans Tqvens kon-
kretul monacemebs kompi-
uterSi da sakuTari codnis
garda eqspert-sistemaSi mo-
cemul codnasac gaiTvalis-
winebs.
veb-gverdebi:
http://smi.stanford.edu es
aris stenfordis samedicino
informatikis veb-gverdi, sa-
dac ganTavsebulia infor-
macia mkvlevarTa jgufis
Sesaxeb, romlebmac ganaxor-
cieles mTeli rigi proeq-
tebi medicinasa da eqsper-
tul sistemebTan dakavSi-
rebiT.
www.cis.upenn.edu/~traumaid
TraumAID~ aris programa,
romelic Seiqmna kritikul
situaciaSi eqimTa dasax-
mareblad. veb-gverdze ganTav-
sebulia eqspert-sistemebis
sademonstracio versiebi.
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_. r._.l mnmj+n .r._j ..ln.m r_n
_l. .r_n j.tj, mj_jl u.n.l n_n.m._
jnuj. njm _.r+_lj_n, r+ r._
n+_jjm, .l rn ._.j_jnj. +nn_jm.
.+_.r._, +_jn. _. ._.j_jnjn
+n_jn `rjjn _l_. _1r_l_jj__ljl
.l_.1__rjn j+nrj.. _ln_rn
_njnn jrm-jrmn __uj+_jjn herbert
saimoni (Herbert Simon) jr: ,,n+ rm_ .rj+m.l
j_.rjnm, r+jn ._.+n.l _t_j. t_rj.,
+nn .1r_ljn u.. +j._ +_ru.j_n..
n _l_. _._+.j_n_j `rj+jn ,,._+._
_.rn ._.j_jnm. _. +j+j_jjn ,,._+._
_.rn j+nm (1979, _. 3). .jj_.l .++_nl.rj,
.n+ln _.r.__, r+ .1r_ljn `rjjn
n+.rmj. SezRuduli racionalurobiT. j.u-
., mj_jln +_ja _. ._.j_jnj. .r
nj j_jm_n +.jn+._r._ _.rn _. r.n-
l._rn, r. .l`nrj_n. j1____n
rj_rjn njm n_.n.n .+jjljnm,
r+jn r._ +j+j_j. +nmt_.
.l.+ j1____n r.nl._rn j_jjn
__r _j._r .l.n11j ._._n__jm, .l_n-
tnm .lt_._j. +_j.. _. ._.j_j-
njn +n_jn `rjj rn. msjelobis
`rjn mj_jl .j.njm +.1rjj, .+-
.j_m _.__ljn _. .t_jlm ._.+n.ljn. _.
+_jljn _rnn__ j_.j.: tnr._ mj_jl
+_jm `l.l_r._, +n_.nn .rjj.
gadawyvetilebis miReba _n r.+_jln+j .jrl.-
n_n_.l jrm-jrmn .+rj_., j.u _.rn.l-
jn jjjn.. _. _.rj_. _nt+.
+_j. _. ._.j_jnjn +n_j. r _rmnjr-
m_._._nrj_ `rj .r+._jl. +..nm._,
jnuj. _n_.. jt__jm _j_j.1j _.
t.l+_j ._rn. _. j__n j+_j j ._.+n.ln
.m_.m .nljrj, ___n.l, `.n.l _.
_r_j `nr_lj._. j+_j mj_jl jnuj.
._.j_nm, r+ _.l.rjln _r _j_j.1j
...rm +.m.l jrm._ _. _.mj_.m jt_j_r.
++._.n __nrn.m_n: ._.j_jnjn +n_j.
+_n_r_ __._nr_j. jj_nm +j+j_j.. _.__-
r_l_jm .1r_ljn .+ rn n`n __j_..
evristika da msjeloba
r+jn. +_jn .__jmj 1.? .r+n_-
nljm, r+ mj_jl j_nmtjn.l: +jl.m m_
.r. _n+n? .+ _nmt_.1j .`._t_ mj_jl +nj_m
trnn j_j., r+n jrm +t.rj ._lnl._m,
m_ r. +jl.m _n+n, t, +jrj +t.rj
r. .r +jl.m _. l.t._m, r+jn _jn
.+n_.m __r rujn. n+n.m_n, r+ mj_jln
j_.j. __r 1_n nj, mj_jl _.r._ _l_.
.l-_.lm j_jn _j_jn nn mnmj_
+t.rj, +.mn +ln_ljn .m_.nnljnm
(+..nm._, mj_jlm_n jnuj. __r +ln_lj-
_.ln nj ,,+.tnn jr_j. (`_jn
+t.rj), _n_rj ,,.t+_.ljn j_jjjn (+nl_jn
+t.rj). m_ +mj .+ `rj__r. .n_nm, mj_jl
jnun.m _.r+_lj_n njm +_j.n,
+.r.+ j +t_ ._.r_n., r+j.
n_n.m._ ._jmjm. rj._r t_rjn mj_jl __r
tnr._ _. r._._ nj_m +_j.. mj_jl .r
.j_m _r, .l_. ._+.rnn nl_r+.n. .+_.rn
_r+._rn `rj__rn.m_n. r. ._jmjm .+n
l._._? .+ _nmt_.1j `._tn .j+. `nr_j._
amos tverskim _. daniel kanemanma ._j (Amos
Tversky & Daniel Kahneman). nnln .+_nj_ljl, r+
+_j. jjr_l. .l.n1n __r j_rnn__,
_n_rj _r+._r +jm_j. rr 1j+m nj
._lnl_n, j_rnn_. .r+._jl .r.+jlnjr_,
`r.jn__ +jm_, r+jn .+nrj +_jn
(._.j_jnjn +n_jn) nrm_j.
r. j+mt_j_.n njjljjl ._.+n.ljn .+ `r.j-
n__, .+_nj.1j _.+j.rj_ +jm_j?
rr j_j+m l.t._m, +__j_rjn _`nr.j.
.ln_jjl n+ .rj+ `nrjn ._jr., ._.
._lnl_n +jm_jn .+jjlj. .l.`nrj
j_+n _._j.. .+ jj`jrn+jljn n_.
.jmn.: rr ._j+n n_1njn j._nm
jnuj. ._j+n _ljn .j. _. +jtnjrjn
j._. +jtnjrjn _.r__j_jn j._nm,
.j_j j.ujjn. +_jn `rjjn
j._. +_.rn +_jjn j._nm
(Kahneman, 1991). rr +jtnjrjn, ._j+n. _.
t_. _njn__rn `rjjn j+mt_j_.n, .+ _r-
. jrm+.ljmn .r _l_. .jrnm +jm_n _.
msjeloba (Judjment) _ procesi, romlis saSua-
lebiTac adamianebi ayalibeben mosazrebebs,
akeTeben daskvnebs da axdenen adamianebis an
movlenebis kritikul Sefasebas xelmisawvdom
masalaze dayrdnobiT; fsiqikuri aqtivobis Se-
degi.
gadawyvetilebis miReba (Decision making) _ alter-
nativebs Soris arCevis procesi, SesaZlo varian-
tebis seleqcia da uaryofa.
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_.__l.. +n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ ._j+. .r .rn
r_j_nn _. _njj j_un.m _..r-
+_ll mj_jln ._j+n +_.r.n, _j_j1j _jr
n_nm: j..+n._, +n_tj_._._ j_rnn__n
+_jjn .+ ._+jlj_n j_+jn.,
mj_jl .r j_.tjnm _ln_rn j1____n .-
rnjrj.
lnl._ m_ .r. j n+., r+ mj_jl r_n._
_+_r_._ rulm m._, r. .jmn n`n
j_+j __jm? .+ j+mt_j_.n ._j+.m.l
j_.rj. .r__j_n._ .r.._j__._rn.. ._j+n
n_1njn _+r._j. .r .rn _l.1j _.+-
_n_j_n. mj_jl j_jm_n +1._ t.rm, ._n.rm
+n_jr-.njrn n_1nn (nt. m._n 5) t.1jn
nrujm. t_._.t_.., +n_tj_._._ n+n., r+
nnm, nnln jrmn nrun.ln .rn.l, t, m_
nnm, r+ mj_jl .+_nj.1j _.+j.rj_n
+_j. 1j_.`nr_ t.n.m ..rj, j-
nun.m m._n_.l .nnm 1njrmn n`n
j_+.. nljjj_._rn _l.rjn .r .l.`n-
rjjl j_+jn m._n_.l .nj. (1njrm
j+mt_j_jn u.n.l ___n.ln ._.+n.ljn _n
__jjl j_+j), `jn_n__rn rjlnljn
._.jnm j.ujjn. +_jn ._+_-
jj.. .+ l.nn _jl rj_ .+ _l.rjn
j_jj_rn 1r_n r.+_jln+j ._.j. .l-
_ntn._m. _.__r_l_jm j_rnn_n .+ n`:
+n.__+., rj`rj1jl._. _. __1n
j_rnn_..
misawvdomobis evristika
mt_m, +n_njrm `._tn u.n.l +.rn_
_nmt_.1j (_jln .1rnm, l._j._ +._ljn.
rn `._tn _. .+n+ .r m._.1m rm_
.+.l., r.m. _tjrt_ +_+.rj.n .r
._.r_jm). .r+n_nljm, r+ j_.j.m +-
mtrn `..r. +l.__jmn ._nmt_.: rr
ln.m, .+ l._jjn r+jn nj_. njlj. __r
+jn: nj_., r+jn njj. . ,,_-mn
(+..nm._, _..m.), m_ nj_., ._. . ,,_
+j.+j ._n1j.? (+..nm._, l._ru.n). m_ mj_jl
_jr_n. _. _.lj+.ln _n `nrjn +._._
_njrm (Amos Tversky & Daniel Kahneman 1973), +.nl
mj_jl _..__lnm, r+ ,,_ __r +j._ _t__j.
nj_n _..jnn, _n_rj _.n. rj._r._ _n
,,_ r_jr __r tnr._ _t__j. nj_n _.n
(nln_r jl.n).
r.+ .ln. ._.+n.ljn _+r._j., r+
,,_ . __r tnr._ _t__j. nj_n m._n?
j `._tn .l`nrj_n. +jtnjrj.n .rj_n
tj+n.__+n nl_r+.nnm. .njnm .__nn.
n+ nj_jn +_njrj., r+jn ,,_-mn njj.,
_n_rj n+ nj_jn., r+jn ,,_ +j.+j
._n1j.. .+ j+mt_j_.n mj_jl _.__l.1j,
rr .l, ._jl. .t_jl misawvdomobis
j_rnn_. _ mj_jln _.__l. j+j.rj. n+ nl_r-
+.n., r+jn __r +n.__+n. +jtnjrjn-
.m_n _. _+r._j j+mt_j_.n r _.__l.+_j
+n_j._.rm, .+n+ .lntnj., rr rn.
m_, +..nm._, mj_jl _njrm, r+ _nln
__r _._rmt., _n_rj `.r._nm t+., mj_jln
_.__l. j+j.rj. +n.__+n j_rnn_..
`rj+jn .r+nj+lj. +t_ n+ j+mt_j_.n,
r.: (1) +jtnjrj.n jl_jln_rn nl_r+.nn
.jn_.n. t_j.: (2) +jtnjrj.n jl.t_n
nl_r+.n. .r .rn 1_n. .l_ntnm .+
j.u `rj+jn +..nmn.
.+.l., r+jn _n `nrj _ .
j+_jn nj_jn r._jln .l.1__r.
j_.j.m, +n.__+.1j _.__ulj_n .r.rn
+_jn (_.__ln) _.r +..nm .r+._jl.
+jtnjrj.n nj_jn r.ln1.nn_.l .++-
_nl.rj, j_r._ __r .__nn. nj_jn .tjlj.,
r. .l.1__r_n. +.mn `nr_jn .. .l_n-
tnm j_j__n_rn t_rjnm_n _.+.t.-
n.mjjn _n_j_ jrmn +_j..
saidan
viciT
guneba-ganwyobileba gavlenas axdens
mexsierebis xelmisawvdomobaze
+__j_rj _r_.m j_jljnl.m, m_ r.
1j._jl. jnuj. +.t_nl _lj.-
.ljnj.+ ._.+n.ln +_j.1j. _n
`nrj j_.j_.m, .j_nmt.m .n.+_l
_. _n.+_l nl_r+.n., r. .l.`nr-
j_. j..+nn _lj.-.ljnjn
jj+l.. j+_j _n mt__ljl _._jnmn _.
_.rj_nmn +_jljn, +..nm._, .n.-
+_l ._.+ _. +_n_lj_n _rnn
xelmisawvdomobis evristika (Availability heuris-
tic) _ daskvna, romelic efuZneba mexsierebaSi
Tavisuflad xelmisawvdom informacias.
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.tjlj. _., .j_j, +._n +_jljn
.l+jrjn ..mn .l.1__r. _.t-
jn jj_n m_n .l+._.n. +n_j_n
j_jjn .l.n1n .__u_j1j _._nl_.,
r+ .r_n +_jljn .tjlj.1j
._jl. .t_jl _lj.-.ljnj.,
t .+ __.l._ljn j..+nn +-
ljjn .l.1__r._ ++._n j.tj
+_j.. _.r _lj.-.ljnj.1j
+j_n _n `nrjn ntjlj_ljl .n.+_l
+_jlj _. _njr_ljl, r+ ++._.n
__r +jn .n.+_l _. l._jn _n.-
+_l +_jl. +t_j_. (MacLeod &
Campbell, 1992).
.+ jj`jrn+jlnm l._jljn., m_ r. ._jl.
.t_jl +_j.1j +jtnjrjn.m_n tj+n.-
__+n nl_r+.nn n`n. +ln_lj_.l .++._
._nmtj1j +_jn. _l_. .nm_.nnlm
_lj.-.ljnjn ._jl. mj_jlm_n +n.-
__+ nl_r+.n.1j _. ._nmtm .__m.r m._:
,,.rn m_ .r. r.n+j `jn_n__rn j+ _lj.-
.ljnj.n, r. ._jl. +.t_jl +jt-
njrjn_.l .+.ln nl_r+.n.1j?
+n.__+.m.l, rr +_jn j_rn-
n_.m.l, _._._nrj_n +jrj nrm_j m._
njl n+ j+mt_j_.n, r. +.1j ._jl. .t_jl
+jtnjrj.n .rj_n nl_r+.n.. jrm-jrmn
__j_n _r jn._n_ljl _._nr jj-
_n1rn j_rj.. _. jjrmj_n .jn
+.tjn ._. _jmn__jn j_.j.
rn (OGuinn & Shrum, 1997). ._.+n.ljn, r+jn
__r tnr._ _j_rjjl _nl.nn. _. _..n~
n`n jrn.j, _njrjl, r+ j_r .+jrn_j
_n..tn .j_ jj_n1rn .l .j_. +.+.-
t_rjjn. +__j_rjn .1rnm, j _rj.n. n+nm
.ntlj., r+ .jj_n1n `rr.+jn j+ln
_jmn__jn .r.rj._r .r+_jl., r+jn
.__n._ +n.__+n. +__+n_n +.j_rjn.m_n.
.l_ntnm +jrj +..nmn: ._.+n.ln +_j.
t_._.t_. j_jjln +.tjn j.tj (Brown
& Siegler, 1992). jnun.m m_ .r. .l..m j
mtn j_jj.l. +.tjn r._jln +ntj__nm
+nrj_.l _n_n_jl:
a. SvedeTi
b. indonezia
c. israeli
d. nigeria
__j_jn .__u_j1j _._nl_., r+, r.
__r +jn nn ._.+n.l+. j_jjln j.tj, +nm
__r +._.n. +n +njr ``_.nn r._jln
j_.j.. .r_. .+n., +ln_lj_.ln _rj.n..
j_jjljn j.tj _l.. _. n+. rn, m_
r.+_jl_jr nj n l.tjljn ,,ln_ nr_ .n+-n
.njn +n+_nl.rj j (t_.m. rn, rn
`._tn.: nr.jn, _j_jmn, lnjrn., nl_lj1n..
jnj_.l.m m_ .r. j_+.n +n.__+.+)?
rr .l, uljn. jl_m mj_jl _ln_r
`rjj, r._.l +.+j_n. mj_jlm_n t.r_j1n.ln
+l.j+jn +_j. _1r_l_jj_. +n_tj-
_._._ .+n., +ln_lj_.ln _.__ln .+.l.+_j,
nl_r+.nn j.r ._.++jnm mj_jl jnu-
n.m m._n _.._nm +n.__+n ._jl..
_.r+_lj_n t.rm, r+ r.. _njrm, mj_jl-
m_n l.+__n._ lnn.?
reprezentaciuli evristika
r_j. +_j. reprezentaciul evris-
tikas jjr_l., mj_jl nm_.nnljm _.jrnn
.rjnm lnlj. +..nm._, m_ ..ln .l
+_jl. .+ m_ n+ _.jrnn.m_n _.+.t.-
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n.mjjn lnlnm t.n.m_j., +nn .+ _.jrn-
n._+n +n__m_lj. t_j.. j_rnn_n j n`n
l.ln _l_. nj mj_jlm_n. n _nt+
.r_n .+_njn .__u_j1j +_jn
.j. +j+_, +._ `nrjn, r. nl__j-
n_rn _.__ln .r .r+._jl.
_rmnjrmjm.lt+j_n +.t.n.mjjn. _.
_.jrnjn j.tj nl_r+.nn .rjn
_r, +n1.ljlnn. +_jn .j. +._-
jn +ntj__nm. .+rn._, ._.j_jnjn +n_j-
n., j__jm m_ .r. _.r_n `rn njm
.t. .tj.n, rrn. `.r._nm t+.,
+n1.ljlnn njlj. .l.1__rm, m_ r.+_jl._
.._ n `r_ .tj.m. n+ _.jrn.,
r+jn ._rj n1n_.__.m. m_+., rr
j_j+m l.t._m, +._j.+ jnuj. j_+.n
jnj_.lm, m_ +nn ._jlnm j_r.__j. .r
+n.jj_m t_. +ln_lj_.l nl_r+.n. (Kahne-
mean & Tversky, 1973).
.l_ntnm, +..nm._, 9.17. _r.m1j +j+_-
n .r+.j_n n_rnn _.t.n.mj.. .nm_.-
nnljm 1j+m ._jrnn jj`jrn+jln j_j-
jn mj_jl j_j__n_r t_rj.n. l_ ,.+j_n-
_jnm j_j.1j n`_r rj`rj1jl._ .rj_.l,
.l.+ .r jn._nm j_j. _.l.rjln .jr-
l.n_n r_j_r..
saidan
viciT
reprezentatuloba gavlenas axdens
msjelobaze
jrm-jrm jj`jrn+jln _n `nrj +nj-
_j_.m 9.17 _r.m1j +j+_n `._-
tjn .+l.m_.n _. juj_.m 45 _-
.rn +jn j.uj.. .+n.m_n
+.m rn `._tn.m_n _l_. +njln_jnl.m
n_rn ,1". mj_jl r+j _.rn.l .+nr-
j__nm? m_ mj_jl nj_j _njrm, rr
+l.njm. _+r._j., mj_jl _._.r._m
45 _.r, r._.l mj_jln `._tn njlj.
,_rmn _. .r. ,_rmnm m.+.jn.
9.17 _r.mn j_j_. l.nn_.l .l, m_
r.+ _jr njlj. _rmn _.rn _ln.
n j_n ,_rmnm m.+.jn _.jrn.n.
_n `nrjn .1rnm, _rmn __jmjn
`._tn., r._.l +. .j_ `r_n m.+.n
j_j. n m_nj., r+j. n_rnn
nm.+.j_. (_`nr.j. +n.ln_j_.). rj`-
rj1jl._.1j _.__ulj_n j +_j-
. +l.njj _nuj, __jjjl
t_. n`n nl_r+.n., _jru_, _.jrnn
r_j_r.. .+ `._tn .+rj_n j+mt_j-
_.n +j_n m.lt. 45 _.rn. (Bar-Hille
& Neter, 1993).
.l_ntnm rj`rj1jl._n +jrj +..-
nmn, r+j., .rjm_j j_un. ._jl. +.t-
_nl mj_jl +njr _._j_ _lj1j. .r+n_-
nljm, j.uj. juj_.m, +l.nj.
+nn_m ..rjn .m.+.j.n. ..+.r__j._
reprezentaciuli evristika -(Representativeness
heuristic) kognituri strategia, romelic
miakuTvnebs obieqts garkveul kategorias, am
kategoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ramdenime
niSnis safuZvelze.
warmatebul ierusalimel iurists, kolegebis
azriT, axirebuli xasiaTi aqvs, ris gamoc ar
SeuZlia jgufSi muSaoba. warmatebul karieras
isini mis konkurentunarianobasa da energiulobas
ukavSireben. igi gamxdari, saSualo simaRlis ada-
miania; yuradRebas aqcevs sakuTar garegnobas da
aris amayi. kviraSi ramdenime saaTs uTmobs Tavisi
sayvareli sportis saxeobas. sportis romeli sa-
xeobiTaa igi dakavebuli?
a. swrafi siaruliT
b. burTis TamaSiT
c. CogburTiT
d. msubuqi aTletizmiT da mindvris TamaSebiT
savaraudod
sworia ufro metis
momcveli kategoria.
reprezentaciuli evristikis
gamoyeneba
reprezentaciuli evristikis gavleniT umrav-
lesoba miiCnevs, rom advokatis sayvareli
sporti CogburTia, Tumca, rogorc suraTzea
naCvenebi, ufro sworia `burTiT TamaSebis~
dasaxeleba, radgan igi CogburTsac moicavs.
suraTi
9.17
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mj_jl _l_. j.rnm .+ +j+_ rnt_n
n_rm. rn m.l+n+_j_r., .l_ .+ n_rjn_.l
r+j1j _nr, mj_jln .1rnm, _ln _._j.?
859 101 333
574 948 772
m_ mj_jl +m.+.jjn _+r._j. .._t.rm,
m._ ..rn_jm n+ rnt_j, r+jn n_rjn
+jr_j., r._.l l._j ._.r.__., r+ j
rnt_jn j+mt_j_nmn m.l+n+_j_rn rj`rj1jl-
._n nj. nl.+__njn .+n_rn.ln rn-
t_jn 27-, ._. mnmj_n n_rn ._j_n.
j+mt_j_nm._ _n.`.1ln_.l 0-_.l 9-n .m_nm,
jjlj. .l+jrjnmn n_rjn. +n_tj_._._ .+n.,
.m.+.j.n Indiana pick-3" 15 __n .l+._.n
+l.njm. +t_ 12.6-+. .nrn. rnt_n
.l+jrj._n n_rjnm (Holtgraves & Skeel, 1992).
n+n .+, r+ .1.r_n m.+.jn n_.njn
_+r._j. nl..r +_njrj_n., _+_jn.,
+.m n_rmtnnm +j_n_m. _+jjn._, ._.-
+n.lj n+j_n .j_m, r+ rj`rj1jl._n +ntj-
__nm _. .r. rj._r ..m.1j _.jr_lnm
.._jmjjl ++jn.l .rj_.l.
Ruza amoRebulia!~
j_rnn_n +j.+j _r+n ..l._, ._jm
.1r_ljn jj`jrn+jln ..rj.. _.njjm
j_j+m +j+_n +..nmn .+tl. _. 5 .+n
j+_j _.jrjm +n.tjnmn `._tn.
1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 = _____
5 .+n mj_jl, ..m, jujm r.+_jln+j
+j+j_jn jr_j. _. +nn_jm .r.r_
`._t, j.u., 24-, j+_j _n .+nj_.lm
. `._t.
.t. ._jm j+_jn +..nmn .+tl.:
8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = _____
n+ j+mt_j_.n _n, m_ mj_jl j.+lj_m, r+
j .`nrn`nr +n+.rm_jnm _..j_n nn_j
rnt_jn., l.t._m, r+ +n_j_n j_jn ._+._
.lt._j_n njlj.. ..m, +..nmn .+tl.
_.njjm j+_jn +j+j_jn jr_jnm - 8 X 7
_. +nn_jm 56-: j+_j, jj_jnm 56-n 6-1j
.+r._j., r. ___j ._+._ _n_ rnt_
.uj_m. j+_jn +j+j_jn jr_jnm mj_jl
nj_ l.nrn_ `._t +nn_jm _. .l.rum
+..nmn .+tl.. _jr_n _. _.lj+.ln (Amos
Tversky & Daniel Kahneman, 1974) jj`jrn+jln +l.-
njj .uj__ljl n_jl_rn `rj+n r
_.rn.l. `nr_jn _.rn.ln j+mt_j_.n `._-
tjn +j_n.l. j._jl_. 512-, t +jrj _.-
rn.n j+mt_j_.n 2,250- (rn `._tn. 40320).
rr .l, l.nrn_n j_.j. (5 .+n
.l+._.n jr_j_n +j+j_jjn `._tn)
._jl. .t_jl . j_.j.1j: r. __r
_n_n. l.nrn_n (.r.r_n) `._tn, +nm __r
_n_n. . j_.j..
.+ +.rn_n +..nmn .+tlnm _jl _._..-
_mjm __1n j_jjn .rj.. r.n+j +_jln
.l j_jn j.tj +_j., r+jn j+j.rj.
Ruzis~ evristikas, ._+.rnn .r .rn. +nn
.+jjlj. .l.`nrj j_jn rj._rn +ln-
_ljn ._._.j. .l _jrj_.j.. __1n
j_rnn_n .+jjlj. +n1.ljlnn .r .rn,
r. m.__.`nr_jn j_.j. jn._ +j+_n
+_jn.m_n _j+.rn._ rjj_.l_r nl-
_r+.n.. +n_tj_._._ .+n., n+ j+mt_j_.n
_n, r. +j+_n nl_r+.n. ._.r._ l._j._
+ln_lj_.ln .l .jrm_ _.rj., ._.-
+n.ljn __1n j_jjn unjr 1j._jl.
.ln_n.l.
saidan
viciT
SemTxveviTi `Ruza~ cvlis Sefasebas
jrm-jrm jj`jrn+jln __jlj +n.-
ln_j `nrnmn .n_jln_n_.n l+rjn
(1,928-_.l 1,935-+_j), r+jn nlr_jnn
+ntj__nm _l_. ._.jjr.m m._n _nmt_.-
rj1j (._lr ___n __jljn
.r n_j_ljl l+rj). .+ rnt_1j __jl-
jn j_r.__jn ..+.t_nj._ t_._.-
t_. ._.j. (+..nm._, mt__ljl
._jlnl.m, nj m_ .r. n 1,940-1j +jn)
+n+.rm.__ljl, +.r.+ .n_jln_n_.n l-
+jrn l.m._ nj .l.1__r_n, rr
t_. ljn+njrn `._tnm_n nrjj_.l_rn.
+_n.ljnm, __jlj mt__ljl, jj_.-
jnl.m ._nrn_ .nl_r+.n r_-
Ruzis~ evristika (Anchoring Heuristics) zogier-
Ti movlenis an Sedegis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb
msjelobisas misi sawyisi mniSvnelobis gada-
faseba an verSefaseba.
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r.n +j+_ jjn+m. rnt_n. `._tj1j
._.r. ._jl. +.t_nl. .__r._
nrjj_.l_r+., `nrnm+. __1.+. __jl-
jn, r+j+. j_r.__j. ..+.t_nj
`nrnm .n_jln_n_.n l+rj1j, _nj-
rjl, r+ r_r.n +j+_n jjn+jn
r._jl. _n_n. 631, _n_rj ._lr
___n __jljn 219. n+ j+mt_j_.n
_n, r. __jlj `jn._r._ ._rmtn-
j_ljl, r+ .n_jln_n_.n l+jr+.
jnuj. ._jl. +.t_nl j_.j.1j,
+.mn j_.j. .njnm +._.n nj (539),
_n_rj ._lr ___n .jrmn.lj_
__jlm. +njr +nj+_n j_.j. (219)
(Wilson et al., 1996.).
j __.l._ljn j_jjn l.+__n._ n+.t_-
rjjl j_r.__j.: ._rmtnj. _n .r ._+l_.
._+.rnn. .+jn__jjn u.n.l tnr._ njjljjl
__1n j_jj, r. _njl _..r+_ll,
njn_m `r__jn.. +..nm._, mj_jl .`nrjm
.t.n +.l_ln jn__.. .+jn__j+. jnu-
j. nmtr.m: ,,mj_jl _.r.__m 1 000 .l 2 000
_.rn ._.t_., .r.? +. j+_j, r. +._.
_.1j .ljjnm, rj._rn _.n (+..nm._
599, 99 _.rn) ___j +n1.ljln._ j_jlj.m.
__njrm, .+ l.nn ._nmt_. _.jt+.rj.m,
m._n_.l .nnm __1n _.rj_nmn ._jl.:
r. +m._.rn., mj_jl ._rmtnj_n t.rm,
r+ nl_.tj__j. .+nnlm.
+_jn. mj_jl njjljm j_rnn_n njm
.tjj, rrn..: tj+n.__+., rj`rj1jl-
.n_. _. __1., r._.l _+r._j j+-
mt_j_.n nnln j_jj_rn _. +n._jn +_jn
j.uj. .uj_m. n_.nn ._r__j_-
n_.l _. mj_jln j1____n rj_rjn_.l
.++_nl.rj, mj_jl, .r__j_n._, +.jn+_+
._jmjm. _jl n_jljm, r+ j_rnn_.+ jnuj.
j_+.+_j +nnj_.lm. +ln_lj_.ln _.__ln
._jmjn _r jj._jm .+njjlm j _l.
_. j.++m .__m.rn .1r_ljn `rjjn.
.l.__mrjnm _rnn__._ +n__jjnm t_jn
j.u +_j., nl..rn .l1r.t_nm 1j-
._jl. +.t_nll mj_jl +_j.1j. .t.
.l_ntnm ._._jnjn +n_j., r. tnr._
rj_ .+ +_jn .__u_j1j t_j..
gadawyvetilebis miRebis
fsiqologia
.r+n_jlm ._.j_jnjn +n_j.1j
_njn_rn _.jrjn ._jln m_..nl
+..nm. .l_ntnm `rj+., r+jn
+j+_n. 9.7 cxrilis `nr_j l.nn. .n_n-
mtjm nlr_jn. _. .nrnjm A .l B _.rn.ln.
.t. .+ `rj+n +jrj l.nn .r+_jln
_.rn.l .j.lnm. t+ .r j_n_nm .rj_.l?
jj`jrn+jl_ `nrjn __jljn _nmt_-
_ljl .+ `rj+n jrm-jrm _jrn. (Shafir,
1993). r. +.m `nr_j l.nn j_nmtj_ljl,
m_ r+j _.rn.l .+_nlj_ljl, __jljn
67 nr_j_. B _.rn.l, t, r_j. __jl-
j mt__ljl, .j_j+jnl.m .rj_.ln, j
+._jljjn 52-+_j jj+_. (48 ._j+j B _.rn-
.l). r.+ .rn j _nj. _l._rn? m_
j_r.__jnm ._.tj_._m `rj+n rn_j _jrn.,
l.t._m, r+ +.m rn .r._nm.rn .lt_._j. .r
.rn. jrmn jtj__nm, mj_jl jnuj. n_njrm,
r+ +._+. nl_r+.n.+ n+._j ._.j_jn-
j.+_j _l_. +nnj_.lm, +.r.+ ._.+n.ljn .j
.r njj_n.l. rr .l, ,,_`nr.jn
+nln_jn j+mt_j_.n ._.+n.lm. j_r.__j.
_ljlrnrj_n. .rj_.ln `1nn_r +t.rjj1j
mj_jl .r_jm ._.r. _.+.+_njj ._mj
r._.n ..rj_ +.nl, r. ,,._j+jn
+mt_ln j+mt_j_.n j_r.__jn _ljlrn-
rj. .rj_.ln lj.n_r .`jjj1j t_j.
mj_jl .r_jm nl_r+.n. r._.n nl.._+_j.
.+n+, j.u., mj_jln ._.j_jnj.
jn_..
.jmn rt.1_.ln +..nmn _n_jlj, r+
._.j_jnjn +n_j.1j _n_ ._jl. .t_jl
_nmt_n _r+_nrj. (Solvic, 1995), rj_ .+n+
._nr. ._.j_jnjn +n_jn _njn_rn
.`jjjn _l.. mj_jl _l_. jjum mj_jln
._.j_jnjn j++j., r.m. _.r+_l_jm,
jj_j+_j.rj. m_ .r. n _j._r .l.n1. .+
j+mt_j_.n mj_jl jnun.m ._nmtm .__m.r
m._: ,,rr jn_j_. j+n .rj_.ln .+. m_
n+ _.rn.ln _.rj_n _. .r. .rj_n j+-
mt_j_.n? m_ r+jn+j _l_rj_ .rj_.l
jrm j+mt_j_.n .ln_jm _`nr.j., t
+jrj j+mt_j_.n _.rj_m, j n+. lnl._,
r+ +. .j_ rr _._jnmn, nj _.rj_nmn
m
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+t.rjjn. _._nm _nmt_.: ,+n._jn. m_
.r. j .rj_.ln? j mj_jln _rnn__n .1r_ljn
_l.rjn .l_nm.rjn +ln_lj_.l ._jt_r
.r+._jl.
arCevanis forma
._.j_jnjn +n_jn jrm-jrm j_j.1j
_ljrn_ 1. n+n .l.1__r. .r+._jl, m_
r+jn .rj_.ln +_n.l __n_j .rjj,
.l _+nrj _.l._.r. .j r+, m_ j+m._.1jjl
5 .l 10 _.r, j_j_.rn jj+.ln .rjj
+nt__jnm, r+ __jmjn. 10 _.rn .rj_..
n_.n. .rm_j n, r+ .rjn _. _.l.-
_.rn ._j+. tnr._ _.+_n_j_n. n+.1j, m_
r. formiTaa .rj_.ln +j+_n. forma .r+._-
jl .rj_.ln _j._r ._jr.. .r+n_nljm,
r+ j_nmtjn.l: ,r.+_jl._ ..t.rj_.m tj-
_.n .1r_. 1 000 _.rnm? m_ mj_jl .r
j_j_nm tj_.n ++.j., j _n_n +n_j_.
njlj. _. u.n.l ..j_lnjrjm, +.r.+ +.l.+_j
m_ r.+_jln+j_jr j`nr_ljl tj_.n 10 000
_.rnm .1r_., +.nl rr t.n.m1j _._-
jnm? _jr._ jnuj. njmn .l_. _.j__-
m, mnmj __n _._.rjm, r._.l 1 000
_.rn .njnm l._jn., _n_rj mj_jl j-
_nm: m_+., rn_j j+mt_j_.n 1 000 _.rnm
+j +nn_j_nm jn._n njj_r._, mj_jl
1_._ jrml.nr +_+.rj.n njlj_nm, +.r.+
_njn_rn j_jjn u.n.l .lt_._j_n..
.n, r.+ .rn +ln_lj_.ln orientirebi
._.j_jnjn +n_jn. (Kahneman, 1992). r.
.l_ntn._m +j._ _. r. _.l._.r._,
l.nrn_, .ln.1__rj. +_nljnm 1 000
_.rn .l 10 000 _.rn ++.j. r+j1j
rnjlnrj_n. ._.+n.ln (.+ j+mt_j_.n ._.-
j_jnj. jnuj. jtj_j .+.t_rn _.r-
jl.).
.t. .l_ntnm j_.rjnm rm_n +..-
nmn, r+jn ,_r+nrj. __r +ln_lj-
_.l ._jl. .t_jl ._.j_jnjn +n-
_j.1j. 9.8 cxrilSi mj_jl _n_n n+n_ln
+__rl.n +jm_n .rj_. j_.j.m
`jr.n. .l r._nmjr.`n.. `nr_j._ .n_nmtjm
,gadarCenis~ _r+nm .r+_jlnn `rj+.
_. .nrnjm +__rl.n r.jn.: j+_j _n
,sikvdilianobis _r+nm ._+j+_n nn_j
fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gavlena gadawyvetilebis miRebaze
cxrili
9.7
nawili 1: upiratesobis miniWeba nawili 2: uaryofa
1. warmoidgineT, rom sagazafxulo Svebulebis
dros apirebT erTi kviriT sadme Tbil
adgilas wasvlas. Tqven gaqvT ori arCevani,
romelic iafi gijdebaT. turistul bro-
SuraSi am ori adgilis Sesaxeb mocemuli
informacia sakmaod mwiria. mocemul infor-
maciaze dayrdnobiT, romel adgils amoir-
CevdiT dasasveneblad?
adgili A saSualo amindi
saSualo sanapiro
saSualo donis sastumro
wylis zomieri temperatura
RamiT zomieri garToba
adgili B bevri mzis sxivebi
brwyinvale sanapiroebi da
marjnis rifebi
ultraTanamedrove sastumro
Zalian civi wyali
Zalian Zlieri qari
RamiT aranairi garToba
2. warmoidgineT, rom sagazafxulo Svebulebis dros
apirebT erTi kviriT sadme Tbil adgilas wasvlas.
Tqven gaqvT ori arCevani, romelic iafi gijdebaT.
Tqven orive dajavSnuli gaqvT, magram erT-erTi
unda gaauqmoT. turistul broSuraSi am ori adgi-
lis Sesaxeb mocemuli informacia sakmaod mwiria.
mocemul informaciaze dayrdnobiT romeli adgi-
lis javSans gaauqmebdiT?
adgili A saSualo amindi
saSualo sanapiro
saSualo donis sastumro
wylis zomieri temperatura
RamiT zomieri garToba
adgili B bevri mzis sxivebi
brwyinvale sanapiroebi da
marjnis rifebi
ultraTanamedrove sastumro
Zalian civi wyali
Zalian Zlieri qari
RamiT aranairi garToba
forma (Frame) arCevanis gansakuTrebuli aRwera.
gadawyvetilebis miRebaze da arCevanis gake-
Tebaze gavlenas axdens arCevanis formulireba,
misi ama Tu im kuTxiT warmodgena.
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`rj+. _. l.tjm, j_nm m_ .r. mj_jl
.rj_.l. j_r.__j. +n.jnjm, r+ +l.j+jn
njj_r._ jrmn _. nn_j., .lt_._j. +t_
.nn__rn +l.j+jn ._jr.n., r+jn
+__rl.n mnmj_n +jm_n.m_n ._.rjln
.l n___nn.ln jr+nljnm.. .r+_jlnn.
_n `nrjn +njr +__rl.n +jm_n .rj-
_.1j +ln_lj_.l ._jl. .t_jl +j.1j _.
_.l._.r1j ___nrj.. `rj+n ,gadarCenis~
_r+nm +n_jn j+mt_j_.n r._nmjr.`n.
_n `nrm. 18 nrj_, ,n___nn.ln __mtnm
+n_jn j+mt_j_.n _n 44. ,_r+nrjn
j j_jjn jrml.nr ._jl. .t_jl ._.j_j-
njn +n_j.1j _nln__rn `.njljn, .-
nn_n +_lj n1lj __jljn. _. .+-
_nn jjn+jn ___jn (McNeil et al., 1982).
j +..nmn +ln_lj_.ln. n+_jl._, r.+-
_jl._. +.n ..t_n. mj_jln rj._rn t_-
rjn.m_n _.+.t.n.mjjn ._r__j_..
saidan
viciT
msjeloba cudi saqmianobis Sesaxeb
.r+n_nljm, r+ mj_jl mt_jl, +-
l.nj. +nn_m _nn`nl.r_ _+n-
n.n, r+j+. _l_. ._.j_n, m_ r.
m.ltnm _.._.rn+ _+`.ln., r+jn rj_-
.+n ._.jnm +_.r nl_r+.n.
._rjj_.. +.t_jl m_ .r. ._jl.
._nmtn +n_jn _r+. mj_jl ._.-
j_jnj.1j? jj`jrn+jln _+`.lnn
.j+n.l. .r+_jlnn nj jrm j+-
mt_j_.n dadebiTi __mtnm (+..nm._,
,,20-n. n+n .ln, r+ r.ln1.n.+ .r
n_. rj_.+.n +_.rn nl_r+.nn
j.tj), t, +jrj j+mt_j_.n - nega-
tiuri __mtnm (+..nm._, ,80-n. n+n
.ln, r+ r.ln1.n.+ n_. rj_.+.n
+_.rn nl_r+.nn j.tj). tj_._m, r+
rn_j .lt._j. 1_._ jrmn _. nn_j
nl_r+.n. _._j? _n `nrjn,
r+jn _nmt__ljl `1nn_rn
__mtnm +n_j_ .lt._j., nuj_ljl
_..tjnm 40,153 _.rn _jln
_.rn+n rj_+jl_.n. +.nl, r. lj.-
n_rn _r+nm +n_j_n .lt._jn
._nmt_n j+_j +.mn rj_+jl_.n. nj
_..tjnm 78,968 _.rn _jln _.-
rn+. (Dunegenm 1996). rr tj_._m,
r.+_jln+j nj_.+ +ln_lj_.ln ._jl.
njln. ._.j_jnjn +n_j.1j.
rr j_nun. .jmn j_jjn .__m.r
t_rj.n .+jjlj.? rj._r .+j.rn
._.j_jnjn +n_j. nt_j.m, r+jn
++._n j.tj mj_jl .__m.r .l t_jn
+.1rj. (_.r.__) jjr_l.. .jm j+mt_j_jn,
._jm `rj+n rr +jn, nj .jn
__mtnm .ltn_.. .r+n_nljm, +..nm._, r+
formirebis (gadmocemis) efeqti
operacia. 100 adamianidan postoperaciul periodSi
jer kidev cocxalia 90, erTi wlis Semdeg 68, xolo
xuTi wlis Semdeg _ mxolod 34.
radioTerapia. radioTerapiiT mkurnalobis procesSi
100 adamianidan yvela cocxali rCeba; erTi wlis Semdeg
cocxalia 77 adamiani, xolo xuTi wlis Semdeg 22.
mkurnalobis romel meTods airCevdiT: operacias Tu
radioTerapias?
cxrili
9.8
gadarCena
sikvdilianoba
operacia. 100 adamianidan operaciis dros an mis Sem-
dgom periodSi iRupeba 10 adamiani, operaciidan erTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi 32, xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ki
66.
radioTerapia. radioTerapiiT mkurnalobis procesSi
100 adamianidan arc erTi ar daRupula; mkurnalobidan
erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi daiRupa 23 adamiani, 5 wlis
ganmavlobaSi ki 78.
mkurnalobis romel meTods airCevdiT: operacias Tu
radioTerapias?
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mj_jl .t.n +.lj.ln jn__. .`nrjm. .+jn__jn
jj_j., j_j._jrn .r+n_nlm +jn
__mtnm: ,jjlln- 78- j_jmj. .r _nr_j.
`nr_jn n .l+._.n! mj_jl jnun.m
+n +njr +_j_n nl_r+.nn `jrj_r.1n-
rj.: ,,22- j._nrj. j_jmj. `nr_j j!
_n m_ .r. .t.n _r+_nrj. mj_jl +njr
n_.nn ._j+.? j ._.r_n., r+jn rj.-
_r t_rj.n .+._j.m.
+.lj.ln .+jn__jn j+mt_j_. n+ n_.nn
.__jmj +..nmn., r_j. _n_. _n
nl_r+.nn njmn _r+nm +_j., r+jn
._.j. +nj+ +., ._r_jn ._jl.
+.t_nl mj_jl ._.j_jnj.1j. .jmn r.+
nj+._r._ t_j. _jl t_rj.n. +..nm._,
j_jm_n, .rj_ljn +.tjn., rn +n-
l.._+_jj _.l_n_.n _n .__m.rn m._n.
_. t_._.t_. ._nmtjn j.tj nl_r+.n.
.r+._nl nj, r+ .++rj_jm. n+`.mn.
_.n+.t_r. jrm+. _.l_n_.+. jnuj. mj_.:
,_m_n, r+ _l_. ._.ruj n+ `nn_n
..rj., r+j. __j+_j .r+.j. +.j_ :
`ljl j_un. +n .nl.._+_j_ mj_.,
r+ ,,+. jnln. .t.n n_jjn. jrmn _.l_n_.n
jnuj. .+_j: ,,j `nn_. j_l+n_r
._+._.+_j +n_nj_.l. +nn `ljln _n
jnuj. jjnl.._+_j: ,,j `nn_. .1n.l.
.rj+.m_n. tnr j+mt_j_.n rn_j +.rm.
.+ jrmn _. nn_j `nn_. jnuj.
j_l+n_n.m_n _.rn ._+l_j, +.r.+ .rj-
+m_n .1n.l. .jm _r _r+n _.+._jrj-
. +ln_lj_l._ .l.1__r._ ._.+n.ln
nr._n. (Tversky & Kahneman, 1981; Vaughan & Seifert,
1992). .+_.r._, ._.j_jnjn +n_j.1j
.+l.mj_.+n _r+_nrjn ._jln _l.
_.jt+.rj.m n+n .j.n, m_ r. .l.`nrj
+._ n_.njn jrm+.ljmn..l r._n_._r._
.lt_._j_n ._.j_jnjjn +n_j.. m_
mj_jl t_. ._.+n.ljn jj_n .jn _r_nn
.j_m, jj._jm n_njrm n+.1j, m_ rr
+.t_nlj .+ ._.+n.lj+. ._.j_jnjn _r-
+nrj..
gadawyvetilebisTvis Tavis arideba
(aversia)
.r+n_nljm, r+ mj_jl _n_n r+n j+_j
t_._.t_. __mtnm j._.jm .jrl.n_jn. r.
+t_j. j+_j? jnuj. ._+.nlm, r+ .r
nl_.m ._.j_jnjn +n_j.. 9.9. cxrilSi
._jrnn. njmn `nrjn, r+j+. jnuj.
.+n_nl ._.j_jnjn +n_jn _r_nn
_._.r_.. .l_ntnm A l.nn +j+_n
n_.n., r. .nrj__nm? +__j_rj+. ._+.nlj,
r+ +t_ _n `nrm. 34 .+, r+
+n_n.l, .l.+ __r +j nl_r+.n. .r
+nn_jjl (Tversky & Shafir, 1992): .t. .l_ntnm
B l.nn ._jrnn _l._ j_nn n_.n..
_rm m_ .r. mj_jln .rj_.ln j_.? nl.+-
__njn _n `nrm. 46, _nl j _.rn.ln
.n_nmt., .+, r+ _.n_n, .l.+ _.+.jnm
nl_r+.n. .r +nn_j. r. t_j.? (rr -
ln.m, r.+?) _j_jrn_, mj_jl jnm, r+ .t.n
.jrl.n_n _.+.j. j.+nrj t_. .jr-
l.n_n t_j_rnm n. m_ +..nm._, `n-
n__r .rjl.1j j+_n +j.+j _.l_n_.n, ._.-
r.__., r+ nn t+jn .r__j_ r._jl.
..rm+j_ `nr_j r: m_+., .+ j+mt_j_.n
+j.+j j.ujn .jl. 12-nm 1r_n jrm-
jrmn `nr_jn .rj_.ln t_j_rnm n. r. t_j.?
gadawyvetilebis aversia
A. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven `sidipleeris~ yidvas
apirebT, magram gadawyvetili ar gaqvT, Tu romeli
modeli iyidoT. maRaziaSi, sadac gamocxadebulia
erTdRiani fasdakleba. isini gTavazoben popu-
laruli firmis _ SONY-s `sidipleers~ sul raRac
99 dolarad, rac sakmaod iafia mis Tavdapirvel
fasTan SedarebiT. rogor moiqceviT?
1. iyidiT SONY-s `sidipleers~.
daicdiT, sanam ar gaerkveviT sxva modelebSi.
cxrili
9.9
B. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven `sidipleeris~ yidvas
apirebT, magram gadawyvetili ar gaqvT, romeli
modeli iyidoT. maRaziaSi, sadac gamocxadebulia
erTdRiani fasdakleba, gTavazoben popularul
firmis _ SONY-s `sidipleers~ sul raRac 99
dolarad da umaRlesi xarisxis AIWA `sidipleers~
159 dolarad. orive modelis fasi bevrad ufro
dabalia maT Tavdapirvel fasTan SedarebiT. rogor
moiqceviT?
1. iyidiT AIWA -s `sidipleers~.
2. iyidiT SONY-s `sidipleers~.
daicdiT, sanam ar gaerkveviT sxva modelebSi.
gadawyvetilebisTvis Tavis arideba (aversia)
(Decision aversion) _ gadawyvetilebis miRebisagan
Tavis aridebis tendencia; rac ufro rTulia
gadawyvetilebis miReba, miT metia misgan gan-
ridebis albaToba.
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.jmn j_jn j.ujjn. n+ j+mt_j_.n,
r. uljn. ._.j_jnjn +n_j.. r_j.
_n `nrj +nj_j_.m `rj+n njmn
_.rn.ln, ._. +.m _.+.jnm, _..t.rntn.ln
,n_n`jjrn .rj_n j.uj. .j_m,
+l.njm. +t_ 24 .+, r+ _.n_n.l,
.l.+ .t. nl_r+.n. .r +nn_jjl. .+ +._j-
ljn j+nrj. (_. .r. .1r_.) n+nm .ntlj.,
r+ ,ln .rj_. .__nn., m_+., .rj_.ln
._jmj. ,ln j_.rjnm n.__.n.l +_j.
_. _+._jn t.rntn ,.n_. rn rm_n..
__r +.tjrtjjn., ._.__m ._.j_jn-
jn +n_j. _. _._j_m .t. nl_r+.n..
+n_tj_._._ nl_n_n__._rn .lt_._jjn.,
._.+n.lm. _+r._jn.m_n _.+.t.n.mjjn.
._.j_jnjn +n_jn m._n_.l .njn
._+._ unjrn jl_jln., r. .l`nrj_n.
r.+_jln+j _njn_rn _.jrn 1j+j+j_jnm
(Bettie et al., 1994):
._.+n.lj .r _j_.rm njmn ._.j_jnjn
+n_j., r+n j_j._. 1 jjlj. +jn
._r_jn _jmn__j., 1 _n l._jn:
._.+n.lj j_un.m, nl..r .l__rnl,
rr nl.ljjl, m_ +.m +njr ._jmj_n .rj_.ln
__r __n ._+l_j., _n_rj n, r+jn +.m
.r .._jmj:
._.+n.lj .r _rm, `._tn+jjln nj_ljl
n+ ._.j_jnj.1j, r+j. jnuj. __n
j_jn .jl_j:
._.+n.lj .r +lm ._.j_jnjn
+n_j. t_jn +.n_r._.
n+ `nrjn .l.1__rn +n1lnm, r+jn
._.+n.ljn eZeben gadawyvetilebas, j_nun.
.+ __.l._ljn _j_jn .`nrn`nr _r+_-
nrj.. r.+_jl._. ._.+n.lj .r _j_.rm
._.j_jnjn +n_j., nnln __jm ruljl
m._, m_ .+. +.m +.n_r._ t_. .._jmj. j
j_jm_n _l_. .nm_.nnlm. jj._jm,
m_nml ._.j_nm mj_jlm_n +ln_lj_.ln
`rj+jn. l_ _..r+_ljm .__m.r m._ n+.n,
r+ u.n.l rm_n `rj+n nl.j _.t.rm
_. .r jnun.m ._.j_jnjn +n_j..
unrnm._._ njlnjm mj_jl _ln_r `rjj1j
_.+j.rj_n +_jjn n+j_n _. .+njjljm
nnln j._jrnn .rj_.ln .._jmj._!
.+ m._n _..jnn _jl +_n.ljm n..
jjl _jjrn `_n_.nn_.l , , .1rn
_.r_ljnm .l_nn +_j_.rj.: j+_j
.l_ntnjm t_._.t_. _ln_rn `rjn
+jj_jj., _n1_._rn j+jlj., `rj+n
._._r., .1r_lj., +_j. _. ._j_jnjn
+n_j. _. _n+j__ljm, r+ mj_jl _._njr_jnm
n+ nt.r_1j, r+j. j _l.rjn .ln_jm.
jj._jm, n.rjm jjl _jjrn .+_n-
jnm _. .r +j`jrm mj_jl j+jljnm `r-
jj, rr m._nm._._ .rj_: n_njrjm
mj_jln .1r_ljn j.tj, _..._mjm mj_jln
.r_+jljn _. ... mj_jl ..t._m ._.+n.l_rn
j_n .r.
Sejameba
+_j.1j ..rj_n .+__j_jn _n-
_jlj, r+ ._.+n.ljn __r tnr._ jjr_ln.l
j_rnn__ _. .r. _r+._r .l.n1. j_rn-
n_n tj+n.__+. _nt+, r+
._.+n.ljn ._jmjjl _.__l. n+ nl_r+.nn
.__u_j1j, r+jn m._n__._ +n.__+n.
+jtnjrj.n. j_rnn_n rj`rj1jl._n
+ntj__nm, _.__l. j+j.rj. .+. m_ n+ .ln .l
+_jln .+. m_ n+ _.jrnn .rjnmn ln-
ljn .l.1__r.. ,__1n j_rnn_n +ntj__nm,
._.+n.ljn +_jn j_.jn _.1_j.
.jnn n_n_n_.l .++_nl.rj t_j.. _nmt_n
_r+. ._jl. .t_jl ._.j_jnjn +n_j.1j.
+__j_rjn m_n.l, r+ ._.j_jnjn
nrm_j .l.`nrj ._.j_jnjn._+n
.ln`.n_r _.+_n_j_j..
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sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
kogniciis Seswavla
kognitur fsiqologiaSi
momuSave specialistebi
Seiswavlian fsiqikur
procesebs da struqtu-
rebs, r+jn .__u-
_._ __j_ ._.+n.ln
._j+n, +jj_jjn, .1-
r_ljn, `rj+n .-
_._rn, +_jn. _.
._.j_jnjn +n_jn
_l.rj.
im fsiqikuri procesebis
gamoyofis mizniT, rom-
lebic rTuli amocanis
Sesrulebas udevs safuZ-
vlad, mkvlevrebi mimar-
Taven reaqciis drois
gazomvas.
metyveleba
adamianebs SeuZliaT az-
ris gamoTqma da naTqva-
mis gageba.
gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsis
gansazRvra xdeba audito-
riis gaTvaliswinebiT.
metyvelebis Secdomebi
naTels hfens metyvele-
bis dagegmvis bevr pro-
cess.
gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsis
gageba orazrovnebis
daZleva xdeba konteq-
stis mixedviT.
mniSvnelobis mexsiere-
baSi Senaxuli reprezen-
taciebi efuZneba propo-
ziciebs, xolo maTi Sev-
seba xdeba daskvniT (vara-
udiT).
ena, romelzec adamianebi
laparakoben, SesaZloa
gavlenas axdendes maT az-
rovnebaze.
vizualuri kognicia
SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnes
propoziciuli reprezenta-
ciebis Sesavsebad.
garemos vizualuri aspeq-
tebis gaazrebis saSualebas
gvaZlevs.
adamianebi qmnian vizualur
reprezentaciebs, romlebSic
gaerTianebulia rogorc
verbaluri, ise vizualuri
informacia.
problemis gadaWra da
azrovneba
adamianebma unda gansazRvron
sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani
da is operaciebi, romlebic
saSualebas miscemT, sawyisi
mdgomareobidan miaRwion
mizans.
logikur wesebze damyare-
buli wanamZRvrebis safuZ-
velze gakeTebuli daskvna
deduqciuri azrovnebaa.
induqciuri azrovneba gulis-
xmobs daskvnis gakeTebas
xdomilebis albaTobis gaT-
valiswinebiT.
msjeloba da
gadawyvetilebis miReba
msjeloba da gadawyvetile-
bis miReba, ZiriTadad, efuZ-
neba evristikas, romelic
adamians gadawyvetilebis
swrafad miRebis saSualebas
aZlevs.
misawvdomobis, reprezenta-
tulobisa da Ruzis efeq-
tis~ arasworma gamoyenebam
SeiZleba SecdomaSi Segviy-
vanos. gadawyvetilebis
miRebaze gavlenas axdens
arCevanis SesaZlo varian-
tebis formireba.
fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis
gamo adamianebi avlenen
rTuli gadawyvetilebis
miRebis ganridebis tenden-
cias.
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi
._+._rn `rjjn
.1r_lj.
.rnm+n
._.j_jnjn ._jrn.
._.j_jnjn +n_j.
_j__jn_rn .1r_lj.
j_rnn_.
jj`rjn_n +jj_jj.
_.r.__n
nl__jn_rn .1r_lj.
_ln_rn `rjjn
_ln_rn _njn.
_ln_rn +jlnjrjjn
_lrnrj._n `rjjn
+n.__+n j_rnn_.
++jljn .m_.nnlj.
+_j.
`.r.j_rn `rjjn
`rj+n ._._r.
`rj+_rn n_.n.
rj`rj1jl.n_n j_rnn_.
jrn_n `rjjn
_r+.
__ljnl._rn rnn_.
_njn__rn .lj.
__1n j_rnn_.
j+jlj.
t+.+._.n _njrn j+n
._+._rn `rjjn
.1r_lj.
.rnm+n
._.j_jnjn ._jrn.
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359
i n teleq ti da i n teleq ti s Sefas eba i n teleq ti da i n teleq ti s Sefas eba i n teleq ti da i n teleq ti s Sefas eba i n teleq ti da i n teleq ti s Sefas eba i n teleq ti da i n teleq ti s Sefas eba
10
ra aris Sefaseba
Sefasebis istoria
formaluri Sefasebis
ZiriTadi niSnebi
inteleqtis Sefaseba
inteleqtis testebis
istoriuli safuZvlebi
IQ testebi
fsiqologia XXi saukeneSi:
Sefaseba internebtiT
inteleqtis Teoriebi
inteleqtis fsiqomet-
riuli Teoria
sternbergis inteleqtis
triarqiuli Teoria
gardneris mravlobiTi
inteleqti da emociuri
inteleqti
inteleqtis politika
jgufuri Sedarebebis
istoria
memkvidreobiToba da IQ
garemo da IQ
kultura da IQ testebis
validoba
SemoqmedebiToba
kreatulobis Sefaseba
da kavSiri inteleqtTan
gansakuTrebuli
kreatuloba da
SeSliloba
Sefaseba da sazogadoeba
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
360
l..r+jn, ,mj_jl ._.r._j +__nm
u._j .+ j..jn, jjnn .jlrn ._r_n
(Henry Alford, 1993) 1njrm n+ j. _. .+_.
._jr, r+jn +.l j+._n.ln .+.t_rn
ujln. .n.r.. ljn+njrn.m_n, _n. _n_n
1. .__n. .+.t_rn unj.n, +nm_n _.r._
l.ln njlj. ._r_n +njr ._jrnn n_+-
rn_n j+mt_j_jn. _.+jnr._jjn mnmj_n
_.l_n_.n ,j.ujn .l..1__r._
t_._.t_. j njjljjl. 1_jr u.n.l uljn.
j. _. .+_. rn _._nrn _.l.t_.,
m_+., mnmj+n j_jm_n .rjjl jj`jrjn,
r+jn .r+_ljjl _+`.ln., r+ jn 1+._
rjj_.l_r .lt_._jj _.l_n_.j rn.
m_ mj_jl .-n .n1.r_jm, ._.r.__., r+
mj_jln ,j.ujjn j_r._ __r ._rj
.1+nnj, _n_rj .+.t_r _.njj_nm
_+jj _jn +.._jjn _. ._+nlnr.-
rjn mj_jln t_rjn ._rj_ `jrn_n
_njl mj_jln inteleqtis .1+_.. j_j.1j
tnr._ +n1.ln n+n .l.1__r.., m_ ._.
_._.jjn r.+_jl._ jj..+j. +._jjn
nljjj_._r j.ujj, r. +.m
.r__j_ +mt_lj _jjlj, m_+., rr
mj_jl, ..m, ___j jlnljm, ._.+n.ln t_rj.1j
nljjjn jnrjn ._jl. ._. m.tn
_.rj n_j..
.+ m._n nljjjn j_.jn .__u_j.
_. .+jjlj. j_n._nm. +n+_ntn._m n+
_n, r+jn _njj+. nljjjn
_jrn nl_n_n__._rn .lt_._jjn .j.n
jn.lj. .j_j, _n+_jjm .1rm. n+ t_._.-
t_..1j, r+jn ._nj._ ._+jl_j.,
r_j. ._.+n.ljn .+ .lt_._jjn .tl.
dizaineri, Tqven SeiZleba testis Sesruleba
dagavalon.
imis dadgenis mizniT, Tu zustad ras moiTxo-
ven damqiraveblebi da profesiuli organiza-
ciebi TavianTi TanamSromlebisa da wevrebisgan
da, sxvaTa Soris, imis dasadgenad, Tu ra saxis
samuSaos Seveferebi me yvelaze metad, ocda-
TerTmeti samsaxurebrivi Tu praqtikuli testi
gaviare. testebis klasifikacia metad mraval-
ferovani iyo _ barmenebisaTvis, safosto manqanis
meqanikosebisaTvis, radiodiqtorebisaTvis, samog-
zauro agentebisaTvis, geologebisaTvis, sagareo
uwyebaTa moxeleTaTvis da federaluri gamoZi-
ebis biuros agentebisaTvis.
Cemi Sedegebi yovelTvis ar iyo damaimedebeli.
me Tavi gavarTvi mxolod sam tests.
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dre, naklebad rTul droSi, imi-
saTvis, rom xeloba geswavlaT
da saqmianoba dagewyoT, ucvleli
gza Segirdidan ostatamde unda gagevloT. Tqven
bunebrivi procesis Sedegad gaxdebodiT sando
xelosani da ar dagWirdebodaT nerviuloba
imis gamo, rom gamxdariyaviT `serTificirebuli~
da ori nomeri fanqriT SemogexazaT pasuxebi
`WeSmaritia~ an `mcdaria~ fsiqologiuri tes-
tis punqtze _ `me upiratesobas vaniWeb maRal
qalebs~. ara, mWedeli imitom iyo mWedeli, rom
ubralod mWedeli iyo; meduqne vaWrobda, Tvle-
bis ostati ki Tvlebs Wedavda. dRevandel,
superracionalur da postindustriul samya-
roSi Cven ricxvebs ufro vendobiT, vidre gamoc-
dilebas, amitom nebismier Semosavlian sferoSi
muSaobisaTvis _ iqneba es iuristi Tu interieris
a
361
njjjl. _jln j_r.__jn jlrn njlj., m_
rr +_. nljjjn jjn, r. t_n
ljn+njr j _.rn._ _. r.+ .rn, r+
nnln j_jm_n .r .r_jjl n+ .j+j,
r+nm_n. .rn.l .l__m_lnln. _.,
_._.r_jm `nr._n .l.jrnm, r+jn
.l_ntn._m _njn_rn j_.jn r
.1._j.n.
_jl _njn_rn j_.jn 1._n .+-
jjljn +_j +n+tn_nm _._njjm.
ra aris Sefaseba
fsiqologiuri Sefaseba _nt+ nl_n-
_n_m. _l.rjn, jj_jn. _. `nr_l_n
+.t.n.mjjn j._.j._ 1_._ _._j-
lnn `rj__rjn .+jjlj.. _njn_rn
j_.j. tnr._ .lntnj., rr indivi-
dualuri gansxvavebebis .1+_., r._.l j_.-
j.m. _+r._j. ._jl, m_ rnmn .lt_._-
_j., .l j+._j. nl_n_n_n t_j +j+_n
lnln +ntj__nm. _njn_rn jnrjn
unrnm._n +.t.n.mjjn _j._r .ltn_.+_j
+_j_ +n+_ntnm j_.jn nrn.. j
nrn_n jj__rn _.jt+.rj.m, .nm
j_.jn rr .rjjn, nj j1____jn:
.j_j, tj jnjm, j._.m .+ ._nmtn
nr_n_ .rj_n 1njrmn _._..
Sefasebis istoria
j_.jnm_n .l__m_lnn _r+._rn
jjn. _. +jm_n_jn .l_nm.rj. j_.rjnm
.t.n .j+j. _..__r _njn.n, r+jn
_.rm .`.rj11j +t_ 1990-n.ln jn
_..jnn .+_n_.. m_+., _n_n tlnm ._rj,
_n_rj _..__rn _njn. _.njj_. ._.+n.l-
m. j._.jjn jjn .+lj., j_.jn
+jm_jn ___j .rj_. .ln__r nljmn.
_.jrn_._, nljmn 4000 n nl .+njj-
lj_. ._+._ _.t_jnn `rr.+. .tj+n_
.+j..j .+.t_rn +n._jn +tjjjn
jnrjn.m_n. .tj+n_ +tjjj m._n.l-
mn _+`jjl_rn .+_jl. j_j +j.+j
j +jmt_j_.m 1j`nr .+_.1j. rn
.m.n n j+_j, ..ln _nl.nn _r, jrnmn
jjn .tj+n_ .+j..j .+.t_rn
_.jnr._j_n +tjjjn _+`jjl_rn
.+._jl._ .+njjlj_. njm _jrjn,
rrn.. n_rn`r__jln., .+tj_r .j+j,
.rl+n. (.l ._-.+j_rlj .j+j) _.
jr._n.. +nln _nl.nn `jrn_n (_. .
._-nm 1368-1664.) .tj+n_ +tjjjn jrj_.
.+._jt_rn.ln njj_rn jrj_n `rj__r.n
+n_j_n _jjn .__u_j1j t_j_.. `nr_j
j.`1j .+_jn ._nrn_ _lj1j .r_j_..
n+ ._.+n.ljn 4, r+jn .r+.jnm ..rj-
_ljl .+_j, .+_n +jrj j.`1j ._._n_-
ljl, .l_ tr. __n. _. _.+n .l+._.n
jr_ljl l.r__j_j _.n__r l..r+jj1j.
+t_ 5- n+.m.l, _nl ..rj_. .+ .+_.,
__j. juj_., ._nj jnrjn .
j.`1j, r+jn j_jjln _j_.j..jn .r_j_..
1800-n.ln jn _..jnn nljmn .rj_-
n jrj_n `rj__r. rn.ljn _n`+.-
jn _. +nnljrjn .__nr_j_ljl _. ._jr_ljl.
u.n.l +.j rn.ljmn, +_n.ljnm _n .+jrn-
_.n, .tj+n_n .+j..j .+.t_rn `jr-
l.n jrj_n.m_n _.ljrn njl. nl_rn
nj+n +_n_nnrj_n _jrnjn (Wiggins,1973).
nljjjn jnrjn .l_nm.rjn nrn.-
n jrm-jrmn +m._.rn ._nn __nr._ nlnj
fsiqologiuri Sefaseba (Psychological assessment)
_ individTa unarebis, qcevisa da pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebis Sesafasebelad arsebuli gan-
sazRvruli procedurebi.
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.rn_r., ser frensis galtons (Sir Francis
Galton). +nn nln ,jlnn +j+__n_rjnm.
1869 j .+j_jjl_., r+j+. +ln_lj_.ln
._jl. +.t_nl. jnrjn +jm_jn,
mjrnjn. _. `r.jn_n j+_+ .l_nm.rj.1j.
.ln, r+jn .r1 _.r_nln l.mj._n
nj, ._.+n.ln jj_n j._n. +nn j__n-
n mjrnn .+jjlj. _n_.. +. .nljrj-
j_., m_ rr _. r.+ .lt_.__jn.l
._.+n.ljn jrm+.ljmn..l +.mm_n _.+.t.n.mj-
jn _l.rjn +ntj__nm: .rjm_j, .__nr_j_.
n, r+ 1njrmn ._.+n.ln ln_njrn _. .r+.j-
_n nj, rr m_nml, t 1njrmn _n
.r..
.ln nj `nr_jn, r+j+. .+.jjl.
mtn +ln_lj_.ln n_j. nljjjn j_.jn
j.tj. `nr_jn +ntj__nm nljjjn +ntj__nm
.lt_._j. r._jlrn_n. _. nljjjn
t.rntn jr+nljnm ._njrj.. t_. nj_jnm
r+ _mj_.m, +.m rn .lt_._jn _.._njnrj-
._ r._jlrn_n +ln_ljjn jnuj.
+njln_ ._.+n.ljn nljjjn _ljj. +jrj,
._.+n.lj rn nljjjn +ntj__nm .lt_.-
_jjn zaris formis mruds, .l_ lr+._r
.l.nj. j+ln. 1.rn _r+n +r__1j ._.+n.l-
m. _+r._jn +._jljjn .l.njn _.
l.nn r__j. _. +t_ +nrj l.nn.
+m._j_n .l.njn __n__rj jlnn
_. +jl._rn _j_nnn ._+ln_lj jrn-
jm.l .t (1.rn _r+n +r__ +_n.ljnm
_.__r_l_jnm). +j.+j, nljjjn, .l_ lj-
rn_n _l.rjn .1+_. j.ujjn. njj_rn
jjnm, r+jm. mnmj_ _nmt_. +t_
jrmn rn `._tn .j_. +jmtj, jn rn
___n +._jljj rn .rj_n +n+.rmjn
1_._ .l.1__r. jnuj. .nn__rn
`rj__rnm, r+j. .l+. korelacia
__. _. r+jn __j__jnm korelaciis
.tjnm.. lnn.
.+_t.r_, .ln +r._.n n_j. +ln_lj-
_.ln _.+.mn .l._ nj.. +..nm._, +.
+n.l_., r+ jln. +j+__n_rjnm ._.jj-
+_.. +nn .1rnm, ..ln, .l ,n_n._j
+j+__n_rjnmn., t ._1r_. +nln+._rn
._jl. .j_ nljjj1j. +nn .1rnm, nljjjn
_.r_nlnj_ .tj.m. j_j.m.l _., .r__j_-
n._, +r._r _nrj_jjm.l .rn _._._n-
rj_n. .ln _n_. .1._jrn_n
`nn_. jljn__r._ ,_.rjn (nl_jrnr_n)
_. ,.__jmj (_`jrnr_n) ._.+n.ln lj.1j
_.j__uljnl.. +.l .+.j.n. evgenikuri +u-
r.., r+jn, j__n_rn mjrnn .+jj-
ljnm, ._.+n.lm. +_+n ._+_jj. __jr_.
+t.r _. _._jnm._ nj .ljnn n-
n_r._ _`jrnr_n ._.+n.ljn .+r._jn.
_. nl_jrnr_n ._.+n.ljn +trn_.l m.++._-
.1j _.rn mj+n._+n. .ln jr_.: ,.rj-
+.1rj., tnr j+mt_j_.n ._+._
_.__u_, nl_jrnr_n r.n m.l_.m.lnm
._.jl_jn n_jn ._+.rmjn j.tj
(Galton, 1883/1907, _. 200).
j ._.+.m +.1rjjn +_n.ljnm n+
._.+n.lj+. .+mj_j, r+jn m_n_ljl,
r+ nljjj_._rn (_`jrnr_n) r..
l._j._ nljjj_.jn (nl_jrnrjn) t.r_-
1j _l_. .+r.__j. .+ n_jjn _.+_jm. rn
nj_ljl .+jrn_jn _njjn _.r_n (Goddard)
_. jr+jln (Terman), r+jm. mjrnj.
+_n.ljnm .l_ntn._m. .j_j, _n._rjm
l.nn _nj.rn, .__ .njrn mjrnn
j.tj.. .r_. .+n., .+ m._n _l.t._m, r+ j
jn.r_n n_jjn __j. .j_._rn..
jr _rjln .l+. .__u_jn ._j.r.
nljjjn m.l.+j_r_j j_.j.. .t. .l_n-
tnm _r+._rn j_.jn.m_n _.+.t.n.-
mjjn m._nj_rjjn.
formaluri Sefasebis
ZiriTadi niSnebi
formaluri Sefasebis procedura, r+jn
_nt+ nl_n_n_jn _.n_n_.n., .l +.m
jrj_., .+ +mt_l. _l_. ._+.j_nj_j.
j_.jn nlr_+jln _l_. nj (1) .l_, (2)
_.n__rn _. (3) .l_.rn1nrj_n. m_
j_.jn nlr_+jln .+ +mt_lj .r ._+.-
j_nj, +.nl +n_j_n j_jjn .l_ .r
njlj.. +n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ nl.+_j.rj m._n
nljjjn j_.j. jjtj., _r+._rn
j_.jn j_j+m ._jrnn `rj__r. j_j.
.tn _njn_rn jnrjn _r .+n-
formaluri Sefaseba (Formal assessment) _ sis-
tematuri procedurebi da gazomvebi, romelic
gavarjiSebuli profesionalebis mier gamoiyene-
ba individebis funqcionirebis, unarebis, qce-
vebis (Cvevebis) an fsiqikuri mdgomareobis Sesas-
wavlad.
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jjlj.. n+n.m_n, r+ .+ `rnln`jn _.rm
.+jjlj. ..jn .t_j, .l_ntn._m +..n-
mj rr nljjjn jnrjn_.l, nj
_njn_rn j_.jn t_. _jrjn_.l.
sandooba
sandooba _n_jlj, j. m_ n j_.jn
nlr_+jln r.+_jl._ nuj_. .l_ +l.j+j.
m_ _nnm ..1.l.n .+_jr .nljnm _.
..rn .+_jr_j t_._.t_. j_j n_jljm,
n_njrjm, r+ n .r +_.. mj_jl jnun.m
mj_.m, r+ n .r .rn .l_, _nl.n_.l _jr
n_jm +j.r +._jljj: m_ .l_j rn
_.r._ _.l.jr_jnm, +.nl, _ljrn_n., ._.r
jjlj.m +_nln n+n., r+ .rn jrm.
_. n+._j l. ._jlj. .1+_n +jm_jn
+t_ n+ j+mt_j_.n jnuj. .nm_.
.l__ .l .r..l__, m_ __jn _.rj.
..1+n n_n_j.
jn .l_n _.._jl._ ._njjn.
test-retestuli sandoobis .l.1__r.. j .rn
_rj.n. 1+., r+jn .rj jrm. _.
n+._j _n `nr1j, jrmn _. nn_j jn t_._.t_.
_r ..rjn j_j._ +n_j_ +._jljj
rn. r_n._ .l_ jn _rj.nn
_j_nnjln. 1.00, r. lnl._ n+., r+ rn_j
j+mt_j_.n jrml.nr +._jljj _n_jm. m_
_n `nrj+. `nr_jn jnrjn. +nn_j
j_j.1j +._.n, .l _..n j_jn, +.nl nn_j
+nn_jjl +jrj jnrjn j_j._.. r_n._
.r..l_ jn +._jljj rn _rj.nn
_j_nnjln 0.00-n n., r. lnl._ n+.,
r+ .r.l.nrn _rmnjrm_._nrn .r .rj
`nr_jn _. +jrj jnrjn +._jljj
rn. .jm j+mt_j_.n, m_ _n `nr+.
`nr_j._ _+._jn j_jn +nn_, +jrj_
jnuj. r_n._ .lt_._j_n j_jn ._jl.
_rj.nn _j_nnjln 1r_.m.l (n_j._r
1.00-m.l +n.tj.m.l) jrm._ jn .l_.
n1r_j..
.l_n j_.jn _n_j_ rn 1. .rj.
`nr_jn, jrmn _. n+._j jn l._._ _n
`nr jn _rmnjrmj+_j, paralelur
formebs .uj_jl. `.r.j_rn _r+jn .+jj-
lj. .+nrj .+.ljn _.+.t_rjn ._jln
j.uj.. _. nl_n_n_n _r_n, m.l.+n+-
_j_r_n .l_j jrmn jn_.l +jrj1j ._.-
_n.. .l_n +jrj .1+n Sinagani SeTan-
xmebulobaa, r+jn jrmn _. nn_j jn
`._tjn j..+n. _nt+. +..nm._,
j_nun. jrm+.ljm j_._.rm _n _. _jln
_._.jjn jr_jn j_j._ +n_j_n
j_jn. .l_ jn mnmj_n l.nn.m_n
jrml.nrn j_jn +nn_j.. .+ j+mt_j_.n jnu-
j. nmj_., r+ jn nl..ln jm.lt+j_-
n +._.n _lnm t.nm_j., r. SuaSi gax-
leCvis sandoobis +jm_nm +nn_j_..
_+jj j+mt_j_.n .l_ _l_. nj .r.
+.r m._n_.m._._ .1+n nlr_+jln, .r.+j_
.+ nlr_+jln .+jjljn +jm_jn. _.___.m,
sandooba (Reliability) _ xarisxi, romelic uzrun-
velyofs erTnair qulebs testis nebismier dros
gamoyenebisas, instrumentis mier qulebis sta-
bilurobas an konsistenturobas.
test-retestuli sandooba (Test-retest reliability) _
erTi da igive cdis pirze erTi da igive tes-
tis sxvadasxva dros Catarebis Sedegad miRebul
qulebs Soris arsebuli korelaciis sazomi.
paraleluri formebi (Parallel forms) _ testis
sxvadasxva versiis gamoyeneba testis sandoobis
Sesafaseblad; formebis Secvla amcirebs
pirdapiri gamoyenebis, damaxsovrebis efeqts
an individis survils, gamoavlinos konsisten-
turoba erTi da igive amocanis mimarT.
Sinagani SeTanxmebuloba (Internal consistency) _
sandoobis sazomi. testis sxvadasxva nawilebis,
rogoricaa kenti da luwi punqtebi, Sesru-
lebaSi miRebuli qulebis msgavsebis xarisxi.
SuaSi gaxleCvis sandooba (Split-half consistency)
_ testis ekvivalenturi naxevrebis SesrulebaSi
miRebuli qulebis Sedareba.
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+__j_rj ._. m.tn .__jn _.__nr_j.
_r_.m +.mn .rjn_n m.+.n _ln j.-
_.j._. .+n.m_n +.m jnuj. jjj+l.m
__nrj_n jj+., r+jn .m.l._ .lt_.-
_jn _._jln ._.j. +nj+_.. j jj+.
+.nl njlj_. .l_, m_ nn_j .__j1j t_jn
..r+j_ljl _.__nr_j. _. nn_j j_.j.
+nj+_ljl. rj_ .+n+ ._njjn. n+
._.+n.ljn ++1._j., r+jm. j+_+n
_njn_rn j_.jn .ltrnjj. +_-
j_m. nnln ._nj._ _l_. __ljl .m.l.-
_ _r+nm .lt_._jn _._jln nj+jn
.+jjljn _l.rj.
validoba
jn validoba .rn n, m_ r. t.rntnm
1+._ jn n+., rnn .1+_. _r jj`jr.
nljjjn _.n__rn jn 1+._ .+ +.t.n.mj-
j _. jr_jn nl..r+jj_jjn
._.j. nuj_. n+ n_.njn, r+jn
+ln_lj_.l r nljjjn .r_j. _rj.-
_n _.n__rn .1+nm +n_j_n j_jn
rj._r _rj._. _n_jlj _. .r. t._n
_l.r .l _lj.-.ljnj.. 1._._, _.n-
_. ..t._ jn +njr n+ jj_jn. m_
j_jjn 1_n `rl1nrjn j.uj.,
r+jn _._._nrj_n. jn +n1.lm.l, .l
+n _r+.m.l. .rj _.n_n .+n unrn-
m._n n`n: m_..nl _.n_., _.n_.
_rnjrn_+n +ntj__nm _. _lr_j_n _.-
n_..
_.n_n `nr_jn n`n jn nl..r
jjr_l.. m_ jn .+.ljn __._ __._-
nr_j. nljrjn ..l, +.nl j ..ln.
TvalsaCino validoba. .jm jjn u.n.l
`nr_.`nr _. +.rn_._ .rn +j+_n n _nmt_jn,
r+jn +.m j+j+ljj .nljrjj_.m.
+..nm._, r.+_jl._ ._j_j_n t.rm? t.rm
m_ .r. _rj._n? ._.+n.ln.l, r+jn
jnrj.n +l.nj, jn.l, r+ n u.1j
1_._ _. `.nl._ _`._tj jn _.+_
j_nmt_j. .+_t.r_, m_..nl _.n_.
tnr._ .r .rn ._+.rnn 1_n .1+_nm_n.
`nr_jn rnn, ._.+n.ljn jnuj. .r.1_._
._nj_.+_ljl .__m.r m._, .l jnuj. .r n_ljl,
t_jm.l j_.rjn. rr j._.l .__m.rn
m._n. +jrj, r_j. jn ._+._ 1_._
1+._ .+. m_ n+ +.t.n.mjj, n j+r_-
jj +.mm_n ._r_jn m.j__njn
+t_jln ._.j. .uj_. .l_ntnm
_njn__rn `rj+jn +jlj .`n.n1n-
rj_n `.njljn _.n__rn j+mt_j_., r+j-
m. .r _r_.m _nln_n l.ln, +jrnj_n
.rj+_.l ._..
saidan
viciT
pacientebi manipulireben
fsiqiatrebis SefasebebiT
_njn.rn_n _nln_n `jrl.n
n1_rjlnnm _n_n tln .l+._.n
_.._._j_ `.njlj j_nmtj_.,
r.+_jl._ +un+j nj +.mn +_+.rj..
r_j. +.m j_nmtj_ljl, nj_ljl m_ .r.
nnln n+_jl._ _.r._, r+ .jrm `...n
._.jj_.l.m, `.njljn, unrnm._._,
_._jnm j_.j. nuj_ljl. m_+.,
r_j. nljr_n_ .nl.rn_.l
.jrnm_n +1.n j_.j. n.t.__.
+n1l._, +.nl +.mn `._tn _.rj_nmn nj,
validoba (Validity) gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad
zomavs testi imas, ris gasazomadac iyo mi-
wodebuli.
TvalsaCino validoba (Face validity) _ xarisxi,
Tu ramdenad aris testis amocanebi uSualod
dakavSirebuli gasazom cvladTan
validoba kriteriumis mixedviT (Criterion valigity)
_ xarisxi, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba gansazRv-
ruli kriteriumis mixedviT miRebuli testis
Sedegebi Sesafasebeli maxasiaTeblis zogierT
sxva kriteriums.
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_nl.n_.l +.m .r _r_.m ._.. n+
_njn.rj+., r+jn `.njljn
nljr_n_ j_jj ._.+j_ljl, .r._jrn
n_ljl nljr_n_ +n1ln jj`jrn+jl_n
_.rn.nn j.tj, .+n+ n+ `.njljn
+_+.rj. __r +un+j_ ._.j_ljl,
r+jn __r lj.n_r j_.j.
nuj_ljl _. .+nm +.m .nl.rn_.l
._j.1j _.r .+_ljl. .+rn._,
`.njlj+. j_.jn ._r_jn j_jn
+nn_j. _njn.rjn j_.j.1j jnuj.
n+ +.1rj.+. n+j+j_., r+, m_ _nl+j
_njn.rn_ _nln_.n _r_. _.rjl.,
+.nl +nn +_+.rj. +un+j _l_. j_nnj
(Braginsky & Braginsky,1967).
.+ +..nmn_.l .l, r+ jn j+j+ljj-
n .r _l_. _.jjr_ll +t_ m_..nl _.n-
_n +jlj .1+. .t. .l_ntnm _.n-
_n t_. n`jn, r+jn j.ujj t_n.l
1njrmn j1____n _.uj_..
jn kriteriumis mixedviT validobis
(lnn., .j_j, rr prognostuli vali-
doba) +n._j_._ _njjn jrm+.ljm
._.rjjl _n `nrjn +njr jrm jn +n_j-
_ j_j. _. t_. (n+._j `.r.+jrm.l _._._-
nrj_n) .l_.rn .l kriteriumis +ntj_-
_nm +n_j_ j_j. +..nm._, m_ jn
+n1.ln. _j_n .r+.j_n `rl1nrj-
., +.nl _j_n +n_j_n lnljn j..+nn
_rnjrn_+n njlj.. m_ jn j_jn _rj-
nrj _j_n lnljm.l, +.nl jn _.n-
__rn. _rnjrn_+n +ntj__nm. jn ._rjn
unrnm._n .+.l. j..+nn .1+_._n _rnj-
rn_+n `_l... m_ jrmtj ___j l._jljn. j-
_.jn nlr_+jln _rnjrn_+n +ntj__nm
_.n_., +.nl +__j_rjn .l__ +nnlj_jl
+. _. _n_j_ .+njjljjl j+_+n `rl1nrj-
n.m_n. rj_ .+ n_nm nmt_ _j_n
+n+_jn _+nn. SAT-n j_j. .r_n SAT-
n j_jn _._jnm._ _rjnrj_. _j_n
._n 1njrm .`jjm.l, .+n+ ._+nln-
r.n. +.m1j _.jr_lnm _j_n mj_jln
++._.n _.rnjrn `rl1nrj. jju.
`nrjn, r+jn jn _.n__rn., jn-
uj. u.1j `jn_n__rn nj, .+n+ j_jm_n
._nr. jn +n+.rm _.n_. _nmt_.: ,rnm_n
.rn n +_j_n, rnm_n.. _.n__rn? m_
_j_nlj., _n_j_ r+j _rnjrn_+jm.l _-
rjnrj .l .r _rjnrj +j+_n jn,
+.nl r.n+j .tn _.l.t_. j_ujm _rnjrn-
_+jn, +.mn .jn _lj_nj. m_ ._.+n.ln
jj_n nrm_jn. _mj_.m, j+lnm j .+j_n-
nl _.__jn __jljn rjm.l .+-
_._jn _l.rn ..1+._: j+_j ._+.jlm,
r+ .+ jn +n_j_n j_jn _rjnrj
__jljn +njr +j._nljn `rjn .r-
+j+lnn rj_n n_.njn _.uj_n _l-
.rm.l. .+.m.l, _.r.___nm, r+ jn, .j_j,
_rj.n.n njlj. n+ rj_n n_.njn
_.uj_n _l.rm.l, r+jm. ._..t_. _j_m
__jlj ._.__jjn .+j_nnl _.t+.rj-
n .+.t_rn +_.n., m_+. j _.r.__n .r
_.n_._r_.m. _nl.n_.l l.nrn_ .ln.-
1__r. jn _.n_., r._. .t.n jnj_jm
mj_jl jn j.tj: (.) r. `nrjn. n _.n-
__rn _. () +nn .jn _lj_nn j.tj
t_._.t_. _.jrnn rjr .lt_._j_
j_jj.+_j +n_j._.rm. .+n j+_j jn _-
rjjnrj. ._jmjm nj, r+ +.n nm_.nnljm
._.__jjn .+j_nnl _.t+.rjn .+.t_r-
n +_.nm_n `jn_n__r rjrj.
_._njr_nm n+ _._nrn j.tj, r+jn
.l_.. _. _.n_. rn .rj. .l-
_. n1+j. n+nm, m_ r.+_jl._ _rjnrj
jn .__m.r m._m.l (t_._.t_. _r .+jj-
ljn.), t _.n_. n+nm, m_ r. t.rnt-
nm _rjnrj jn r.n+j .rj.l _.jrm.l
(t_. jn, jj_nmn _rnjrn_+n .l jj`jrn
j_.j.). _j_jrn_, m_ jn .r .rn .l_,
n .r _.n__rn., r._.l m_ jn _jr
nl..r+jj_jj .__m.rn m._n j.tj, n
_jr nnl..r+jj_jj _jr._jr t_.. +..n-
m._, m_ mj_jl _.n jrm __j .rjn_n
jn ..r_. _. +n_j_n j_jn .r ._+l-
_. _rj.n.n +jrj __j ..rj_n `.r.j-
_rn _r+n j_jm.l (.r..l_n +..n-
mn), l._j._ ._.r.__., r+ r+jn+j __j
+n_j_n j_jjn +ntj__nm nmj_., m_ r+j-
n __jln t__. .l _.+.m_. j_j.1j
tnr._ ._ __nr.. _. .+ rn
jn j_j1j _.jr_lnm jrml.nr nl..r-
+jj_jj.. _n _jr ._._jmj_nm! +jrj +trn_,
._jnm j.ujjn., r+ jn nj .l_,
+.r.+ .r._.n__rn. +..nm._, m_ nljjj-
n .1+._ +1r_nn ._.+n.ln n+._n
.+jjlj. ._._j_jm, ..m, n._ +nt__j-
r
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nm, r.+ jnuj., r+ j .1+n nj .l_,
+.r.+ .r._.n__rn.
normebi da standartizacia
.+rn._, _.j_ .l_ _. _.n__rn jn,
+.r.+ t_._.t_. jn j_jjn nljr`rj-
.nn.m_n nj_ __nr_j. normebi. +..nm._,
_j`rjn_n t.rntn .+_jlnm_n +-
_j_ jn 18 j_. +nn_jm. rr _njrm,
r. lnl._ j? r.+_jl._ _j`rjn_n t.rm
+__j._, ._._ m_ .jrm_ .r t.rm
_j`rjn_n? +n_j_n j_jn +ln_ljn
..j._, n t_. __jljn n`_r j_j,
.l_ .nn__r normebs _l_. j_.r_j. j-
n lr+jn ._nr. n+n.m_n, r+ .nm,
_j_jrn_, r. _n.`.1ln l.n_j. mj_jln
.._n. _. jjn __jljn +njr +n_j_n
j_jn _. rrn. +.mn .._.j_n j_..
j jj+ln _ljj, r+jn j.ujjn
njlj. mj_jln _j`rjn_n t.rntn nljr-
`rjnrj..
m_ mj_jl _l.rjn jn .n_jmjn.m, j-
n lr+j. l.t.__nm. jn lr+jn
n_jljm, m_ r.+_jl._ jj..+j. mj_jln j_jn
t_jn j_j _. jt+.rj.m n+n _._jl.n,
m_ r.+_jl._ .t.. mj_jln j_jn normatiuli
populaciis j_jm.l. nl_n_n_n j_jn
nljr`rj.nn.m_n j_j.1j .+._jn.
___n lr+jn _l., r_j. j._.rjjn
___n jnrj_n nl_n_n_jn njmn unrnm._n
m_njjnm t.n.m_j., rrn..: .._n,
n._rn _.n, ___r. _. .+_nj..
n+n.m_n, r+ lr+j .1rn .jl_j, ._nr.,
r+ jrmn _. nn_j jn j_j. _n `nr+.
jrml.nr, .l_.rn1nrj_ `nrjn j.-
r_. standartizacia .rn jnrjn
+jm_n_n jrml.nr._, jrml.nr `nrjn
.+jjlj. j_j. _n `nrn +n+.rm. .l-
_.rn1.nn ._nj. u.1j m_..nl.,
+.r.+ `r.jn_.n +nn _._. j_jm_n .r
tjrt_j.. 1 +jn _r juj_., 1 __r
l.mjn _. _j._rn nlr_jn.: 1 .j_
j_nmt_n _.+n __j. .l_. +j._ +n_n-
rj_jn .rn.l _._.jn __jm jr_jnm_n.
.l_ntnm jrm-jrmn _jl.ln .+_nj.:
ielis universitetis magistraturaSi
swavlisas saSualo skolis moswavleebSi
gamocdebTan dakavSirebuli SfoTvis donis
gasazomad skalas viyenebdi. testirebis
dawyebamde erT-erTma maswavlebelma Tavis
moswavleebs uTxra: `Tqven es mSvenieri
mamakaci axal TamaSs geTamaSebaT, romelic
kiTxvebis dasmas gulisxmobs. es TamaSi
Cven gagvamxiarulebs~. meore maswavlebelma
ki Tavis moswavleebs ase mimarTa: ìelis
universitetidan mosuli es fsiqologi
apirebs testis Catarebas im mizniT, rom
gaigos, Tu ras fiqrobT. imedi maqvs, kargad
SeasrulebT da aCvenebT, Tu ramdenad
kargia Cveni klasi~ (Zimbardo, personal com-
munication, 1958).
juj_nm .+ rn _.n .__jn j_jn
`nr_.`nr j_.rj., r+jn jrmn jnm njl.
+n_j_n? .+ _nmt_.1j `._tn _.rj_nmn., _nl.-
n_.l jn .r .+njjlj .l_.rn1nrj_n
_r+nm. .+ j+mt_j_.n +jrj _.n .__jn
normebi (Norms) _ standartizirebulia indi-
videbis didi jgufebis gazomvis safuZvelze.
normebi saWiroa imisaTvis, rom SevadaroT
individisa da ama Tu im gansazRvruli jgufis
normebi.
standartizacia (Stanradtization) testirebis
erTnairi procedurebis nakrebi TiToeuli cdis
pirisaTvis, iqneba es interviu, eqsperimenti
Tu monacemebis registracia.
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j_jn .+_jm.l _._._nrj_n _m_n
jn __r +._.n nj (..m, j r_n._
.r n__nrm). r_j. j_.jn `rj__rjn
l.m._ .r .rn +j+_n +nmnmjjn jn
..rjn. _. +n_j_n j_jn _.m_n 1.,
+.nl .ulj_j. jn j_jjn +ln_lj-
jn nljr`rj.n. .l n+.1j ._.rn, m_ r.
+n+.rmj.n. j j_jjn ljn+njr lr+.n_n
j_jjm.l.
.t. .l_ntnjm 1njrmn n+ ._nmtm..ln,
r+jn ._j_jm +__j_rj, r_j. nnln
j+ln.l j _. _njl .l.1__rl nl.+-
__njn 1+._ m_ .r. jn n+., rnn .1+-
_. _rm. nnln _.r+_lj_jn _l_. nj_ljl
jn .l_.. _. _.n_.n: +.m, .j_j,
_l_. _.._nll jnrjn .l_.r_n
`nrjn, +t_ .+n j_j._ +n_j_ lr+j
.j_ .1rn. ljn+njrn jn j_jn _l_.
j_._j .l_n. _. _.n_n jr+nljnm.
.j_j, _l_. j_._j jr_jn lr+jn _.
.l_.rn1.nn `nrjn, r+jn jn
..r_..
.t. +1._ _.rm, r+ _.__r_l_jm nljjj-
n .1+_..
Sejameba
_njn_rn j_.j. ___nrj_n. nl-
_n_n__._r .lt_._jj1j, .j_j, n+n j._-
.1j, m_ rnmn .lt_.__j. .l .._ jrmn nl_n-
_n_n t_j. j_.jn _r+jn .ln__r nljmn
jnj+l.. _..__r .+j.rn `nr_j._ _rjln
.l+. jj+l. _. .+njjl. mjrn. nljjjn
jnrjn j.tj. .+_t.r_, +._j j__m_ln
+nmn nn_r._ ,.__jmj (_`jrnr_n)
_. ,_.rjn (nl_jrnr_n) ._.+n.ljn j.tj.
jjn .+jjlj._n., m_: (.) nnln _.n__rn.,
.l_ t_._.t_. _r .+ jn jr_jn.
jrmn _. nn_j ._.+n.ln jrm. _. n+._j j_j
n_j _. () nuj_. .l_, 1_ nl_r+.n.
n+ _lr_jn j.tj, rn ..1+._. jnj+l..
.j_j, +ln_lj_.ln., r+ jn ..rjn
`rj__r. nj .l_.rn1nrj_n _. +n-
_j_n j_jn j_.r_j j..+nn ``_.nn
lr+..
inteleqtis Sefaseba
r.+_jl._ lnjrn t.rm mj_jl .l mj_jln
+jrjn? .+ _nmt_.1j `._tn .j+. inteleqtis
.l.1__rnm _l_. _.njm. j .__nn .+.l.
.r .rn, +.r.+ nljjjn +__j_.rm. 52-_.n.ln
___n +.nl jm.lt+_. .jm 1._ .l.1__rj-
.1j: ,nljjjn .rn u.1j 1._n ljrn_n
j.uj., r+jn, t_. _+`ljljm.l
jrm._, +n._ n__rn +_jn, _.j+_n,
`rj+.m. ._._rn, .r.j_n .1r_ljn,
rm_n n_jjn __+n, r._._ _.._n.
_. .+_njn +n_jn _l.r (Gottfredson,1997a,
_.13). j.ujjn .+ _.rm `jjr m_
._nm_.nnljm, +.nl_j l.mjn .t_j., r.+
.rn nljjjn .1+_. _.+.mn ..ln. n, m_
rr .t_jljl mjrjn_jn nljjjn _.
_+._jn _njn__rn __ljnjn _lj`_.n-
1j., +ln_lj_l._ .l.1__r._ n+ tjrt,
rnm. nnln +n .1+_. _njl (Sternberg,
1994). 1njrm _nj +n.ln., r+ ._.+n.ln
nljjjn jnuj. r._jlrn_._ .ln.-
1__r _. _.j_.ln njlj jrm .r__j_ j_.1j:
t_jn .+_njjl, r+ nljjjn +r._.n
_+`ljln.l j_j., r+jn .-._j
_l_. .n1+: .rn.l njmjn, r+jn
.+jl, r+ nl.+__njn .rj nljjjn
r.+_jln+j .lt_._j_n .tj, r. .+_njn
t_._.t_. _jr jj..+j..
.+ j_jm._n .__jrm, m_ rr __._nr_j.
nljjjn jjn nljjjn t_._.t_.
_lj_nj. _._njm nrn_n _ljjn
.ltn_nm, r+jn ._+jl_. nljjjn._+n
_. +nn .1+_n._+n nljrjn.
inteleqtis testebis
istoriuli safuZvlebi
1905 j .+j_jjl_. nljjjn .__j_n
`nr_jn j+j_nmn jn. alfred bine (Alfred
Binet) .+jt+._r. ._r.ljmn .t.t .l.m-
jn +nlnrn +_j., jjj+l.m __r j_jj-
inteleqti (Intelligence) _ gamocdilebidan sar-
geblis miRebisa da garemos Sesaxeb mocemuli
informaciis farglebis garRvevis zogadi
unari.
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_rn .._ +jm_jn .l_nm.rj.n j_jr-
tjjn +jlj .__jn.m_n. nlj _. +nn _j.
mj_n n+ln (Theophil Simon) _njr_ljl, r+
.._ `rr.+n j._jl._ ._njjn
nj .__jn nljjj_._rn _l.rn .1+_..
+.l ._. nljjjn njj_rn jn
j+_._j., r+j. .+njjlj_ljl .l_nm.-
rj.n j_jrtjjn +jlj .__jn _.n-
_nnrjn.m_n _. lr+._rn +._jjn.l
+.m .+.rj_._. nn n+j__lj_., r+ .+_.rn
jn .rj. ._.j. +nj+_. _.,
l._j._ _.jr_l_. +.._jjm. +njr
+._jm. ._+._ _njj_r _. tnr._
jl_jln_r j_.jj.
nljjj_._rn .jn_n r._jlrn_n
+._jljn .+.m_j._ .l_ ..1+._ nlj+
j._nl. .._1j rnjlnrj_n .+.ljn, .l_
j_rn _._.jjn, r+jm. +ntj__nm.
j.ujjn njlj_. _n_n r._jlnm
.__jn `._tj _rmnjrmj_.rj.. jn
j..ln _._.jjn jrj_. nj t_j_., r+
j.ujjn j_nnj mnmj_ +.m.l1j .j-
+_n `._tn njj_r._ r._ .l .r.r._
+nlj_.: _._.jjn nl..rrn_n m_..1rnnm
+r._._jr_.ln _. .__jn ..rj `nrjn
m._nj_rjjn ._jln.l +.jn+._r._
m._n__.n _l_. j_nnj _. _._.jn
jr_jn. _l_. j_.j_nj .r. +..n
+jj.ln__rn _.t+jn, .r.+j_ +_jn. _.
_.__ljn ._jmjn _l.rn (Binet, 1911).
jnrj. t_._.t_. .._n .__j ._.r-
_.m _. _._nl_. mnmj_n .._n lr+._r._
.l_nm.rj_n .__jnm_n n`_rn ._.
j_.. j+_j mnmj_n _l_rj_n .__n
jr_j. j._.rj .+ .._n t_. .__jn
._. +._jljj. jn j_jjn .+n.t.
._. .._n jr+nljnm, ._. lr+._r._
.l_nm.rj_n .__jn _l_rj_ j_.
n_j_ljl. .+ .1+ ljrn_n .._n j_..
+..nm._, r_j. .__n +njr +n_j_n j_.
__j. t_mn n .__m. ___n ._.
j_., .+ .__n gonebrivi asaki njlj. 5,
.l_rj_._ n+n., m_ rrn. +nn qronolo-
giuri asaki, .l_ _.._jn_.l ._n jn
r._jl..
nlj +n_+. mtn +ln_lj_.ln ln.l-
m_njnm t.n.m_j.. `nr_jn, +.l .+ jn
j_jn .n.1r., rr nljjjn +n+_nl.rj
.l_nm.rj_n j_.j. _. .r. rr
nl..ln nljjjn .1+n: +jrj, +. jn
j_jn n+ .__jn .+._jl._ .+jjlj.
_r_., r+jn `jn._r _.t+.rj. ._nr-
jjl _. .r. +.mn n+.n1.nnm_n.: +j.+j,
nn t.1 __.+_., r+ _.r_n. _. .l_nm.rjn
`nrj j_un. nljjj1j 1j+j+j_j. _.
.l_nm.rj.n j_jrtjjn +jlj .__jn
nljjjn n+ _jrjn _._jl. _n_.,
r+jn `jn._rn .l.mjn _.t+.rjnm
._+_j_j_. .+ .__jn j.ujjn.
_., +.l jn j+`nrn_._ .. j.r_.
+l.j+jn, r+ jl.t. r.+_jl._ _.n__rn nj
jj+lnn jn _. .r __n. +nn _._._nrj.
nljjjn r+jn+j _l_rj_ mjrn.m.l.
nljjjn jn j+_._j.n nlj .r-
+.j.+ _n_n ._jl. +.t_nl. jjrmj_
.jn, ._. nrn_n +_jljn. _.
n._r-`nn__rn u.jn _ln_._r+. _+-
nl.n.+ .l.`nr. nljrjn ljrn_n _l.rjn
.1+_n._+n. XX .___ln _..jnn.m_n
jjrmj_ .jn ntj jj__. _.
____.. ._rn j_l+n__rn, n._rn
_. `nn__rn _nm.rjjn .+ j_jj.l.n
+nnlnm j+nr.ln j_n_.. .j_jm.
.l.mjn .t.+. _.ll+. _jn +._j-
jnm .._. j+nr.ln +1r_njn. _. _n
+._jjn n_jln_nnrjn, ___+jlnrjn.
_. _.n_nnrjnm_n ._nr nj j_.jn
+jm_n_jn (Chapman,1988). `nr_jn +_n +n
_.jjn j+_j +nnlnm +t.nj .j+.rm.
.+_j_n `_ljjn._jl. rj_r_nrjn .+.t_rn
m.l.+r+j _.+r._n +_r_jn_.l _l_.
.+jrn.m nnln, _nl r._._ juj_. .t.n
+..n .m_nj. _. _nl `jn._rn .+jm._r
__rjn ._n j+_j .r+.jnm ..rm+j__.
m._ +jm._rn .+_.. .+n.m_n nljjj_.-
_rn _l.rjn .t.n, .r._jr._rn, ____rn
jjn 1.7 +nnl1j +j .t._j_m.l .+n-
jjlj. .+jln _njm. ___n, r+jn
j_n_ljl _n jr+jln (Lewis Terman), j__.r_
mrl_.n_n (Edward Thorndik) _. rjr njr_n
gonebrivi asaki (Mental age) _ bines inteleqtis
sazomis mixedviT aris asaki, romelSic bavSvis
inteleqtualuri aqtioba im saSualo asakiT
gamoixateba, romelSic normaluri ganviTarebis
bavSvebi gansazRvrul qulas iReben.
qronologiuri asaki (Chronological age) _ in-
dividis dabadebidan gasuli Tveebisa da wlebis
raodenoba.
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(Robert Yerkis), .+jt+._rljl +n jn ..l-
j _nm.rj. _. j jjn _ r._. jrm
m_jn jj+lj (Lennon,1985).
.+ _.rm+..n.ln jnrjn `rr.+n
j_j._ .+jrn_n .1._jn.m_n +n._jn
.t_. .1rn, r+ nljjjn jj j_un.m
._.+n.lm. _n_jrjlnrj. n_jrn _l.rn.
_. t_. n._r._ +ln_lj_.ln +.t.n.mj-
jn +ntj__nm, r.+. tjn j_j +.m _.rm
.+jjlj. _j. _. ..r+jn. j_.j.
.lntnj_., rr j._r .1._j.n
jrnn j.ln ._.j.. .j_j, j nj ._+._
n._n, _j+_r.n_n tjrtn n+ ._.+n.lm. .+_n_j-
rjlnrjn., _n. .l.mjn_.l _. .+tj_r
+jm._rm. rjlnln_.l .r__j_n _ln +n_j.
jju. nljjjn _.rm+..n.ln jn-
rjn .+jjljn ..nj._ +__j_rjn
u.. .r n_rj_ljl _. _.rm .+jjljn
+jlj j_r `rj__rj j+ln_ljl.
IQ testebi
+n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ nlj+ nljjjn .l-
_.rn1j_n .1+_. ._r.ljmn _.nj, _
+.j .+ .j+jn .+j_.ln `1nnjn .-n
_njj+. _.n_._j. +.m jn+_._j, .rjm_j,
IQ, .l_ nljjjn _j_nnjln. IQ nljjjn
rntrn_n, .l_.rn1j_n .1+n.. .+j.+._
_.rm_ .+njjlj. nl_n_n__._rn .+jjlj-
nm_n +_j_n IQ-jn rn ___n:
jl_r_-nlj. (Stanford-Binet) _. _jjjrn
_.jn (Wechsler).
stenford-bines inteleqtis skala
luis termenma (Lewis Terman), jl_r_n
_ln_jrnjn ._.r _n j_n+. ._+nln-
r.r+., _nrj_._ _.._.. nljjjn
.1+_n nljj_n +jm_n +ln_lj..
.m.nm .__n.m_n .+ jn +n_jnm
+.l +.t_nl. nlj jn ._.`nrj. .-n
_n +._jjn.m_n, .l_.rn1j. ._-
_jm. jn .+jjlj. _. jn+_._. .._rn_n
lr+jn. 1916 j +.l .+.j_jjl. nlj jn
jl_r_nj_n rj_n1nrj_n _.rn.ln,
r+jn, _j_jrn_, +ntjlnj., rr jl-
_r_-nlj nljjjn _.. (Terman, 1916).
.+ .t.n jnm jr+jl+. .__u_jn +.+1._.
njmn ljnm_n, rrn.. inteleqtis
koeficienti, .l_ IQ (jr+nln, r+jn 1914
j jrl+. j+n.l.). IQ .rn ljrn_n
.._n j_.r_j. jrln_r .._m.l, .+r._-
j_n 100-1j:
IQ ljrn_n .._n jrln_rn
.._n
100
.__, r+n jrln_rn .._n 8 jn.
_. r+n jn j_j+. ._jl. ljrn_n
.._n 10 jn, IQ 125 (10:8100125) jjlj., t
nn_j jrln_rn .._n .__, r+j+.
jn 6 n .__n _lj1j j.r_., IQ 75
(6:810075) jjlj.: nl_n_n_j, r+j+.
j.r_j m._nn .._n.m_n j..+nn
ljrn_n jn, IQ 100 jjlj.m. .+rn._, 100
j_. ._. IQ-._ njl. +nlj_n.
sjl_r_-nlj .t.n jn +.j ._.nj.
_nln__rn _njnn, _njmjr.`nn _.
.._ _l_nrjn .l_.r_ nlr_-
+jl._. j jn jn._ +mj rn _jj,
r+jn _l_rj_ ljrn_ .._1j. +r-
j_n _. r+jm. +nrj rj_n1n.m. ._-
.r_.m 1937, 1960 _. 1972 jn, r.m.
+n_j_nj .+n +n1.ln: (1) +nrj_.ln
.__jn. _. u.1j lnjrn 1r_.r_jn IQ-
n ..1+._ ._.rmj_nj jn _n.`.1ln:
(2) .l.tj_nj jjn__rn +.r.n `_ljjn,
r+jm. nrm_j .1._j.n ++t_.r
_nj.m. __._.__. n_j.: (3) .l.tj-
_nj lr+jn. _. .._n j..+nn ._.
j_jn (Terman&Merril,1937,1960,1972.). jl_r_-
nlj jn __.l._ljn, +j-4 .+j+. (Torndike
et al.,1986) jn _.n_n ._+_jjn +n1.l
j+.t_rj., r+jm. _1r_l_jj_ IQ- 1_
.1+_. rr jr_jn lr+._rn r.ln
+jlj nl_n_n_jn.m_n, nj, ,_njn__rn __ljn-
lnrjn `rj+jn +jlj, .l ln_njrn nl_n_n-
_jn.m_n (Laurent et al.,1992).
+n.jnjm j_r.__j., r+ IQ j_jn ___j ._.r
+nn_j. ljrn_n .._n jrln_r .._1j
.j_nm. m_ j __j .n.rjm, mj_jln j_jn
inteleqtis koeficienti (IQ) (Intelligence quotient)
_ indeqsi, romelic miRebulia inteleqtis
standartizebuli testebidan; pirvelad IQ
gamoiTvleboda individis gonebrivi asakis
qronologiur asakze gayofiT da Semdeg 100-ze
gamravlebiT; amJamad pirdapir gamoiTvleba,
rogorc IQ testis qula.
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j_.+_j. _. `nr_.`nr +t_j. +.mn j_.rj.
mj_jln .._n t_. ._.+n.lm. j_jm.l. 100-n
n IQ .rn ,._. _. _n_jlj, r+
mj_jln .._n ._.+n.lm. 50 __r _.. j_j
.r_j (nt. sur. 10.1). 90-. _. 110- rn
+m._j_n j_jn ,lr+.., t +.m1j +jn
(120 _. 1j+m) ,_+._jn. r_j. 18 .+_j
.._n nl_n_n_jn .r_jjl _.n__r IQ j_j
70-_.l 75-+_j, .l __r j_j+m, nnln gonebrivi
CamorCenilobis jrm-jrm _rnjrn_+ jj..-
+jn.l, +.r.+, rr 10.1 cxrilSia l._jljn,
ljrn_._ .+rjlnj._ r+ .nm_.l,
nl_n_n_j+. t_rjnj_ .+.ljm.l _._._n-
rj_n ._.`.n_rn _j_jn jujln j1__-
__n _l.rn _l_. .+._nll (American Asso-
ciation on Mental Retardation AAMR,1992). ._rj_
jn IQ j_jn +__jn, 1+njrn, unjrn _.
_r+. ljrn_n .+rjlnn _.n_nnrjn-
.m_n .+njjlj_. (nt. _r. 10.1.), +.r.+,
._.`.n_r _j_j1j m.l.+j_r_j jtj__j.+
jj`jrj .+ jr+nlnn _.rj_. __.rl.t.
njmn __r 1_n ._jrjn ..rj_,
rrn.. ,ljrn_n .+rjlnn +jlj
`nr_lj., r+jn jjjln_r +t.r_._jr.
._nrj n._rn _l.rjn. _. .__m.rn
m._n +.rm_n _jrjn, .l ,ljrn_n .+rj-
lnn +jlj `nr_lj., r+jn _+_ln_-
.n.. _. n._r _j_jn +nrj +t.r_._jr.
._nrj (American Association on Mental Retarda-
tion AAMR,1992. _.34).
veqsleris inteleqtis skala
david veqsleri (David Wechsler), r+jn ln_
nr_n j_n_ .`n.n +_._., m_n_.,
r+ +1r_nm. nljjjn .1+_n `rj__r.
l._j._ _l_. j_nnj _jr._r _j_jj1j
_.+_n_j_n. 1939 j +.l .+.j_jjl. _jjjr-
j_n_ nljjjn _.., r+jn _jr.-
_rn _jjn _+nlnrj_n nj .r._jr.-
_r, .l_ `r.jn__n jr_jn _jjm.l.
.+rn._, +mn.ln IQ j_jn .r_., ._.+n.lj
_.+.jnm +nj.m +.mn _jr._rn _. .r._jr.-
_rn IQ-n _.+__n_jjn j_.jjn. 1955 j,
+nrj_jln _njjn j+_j, j jj_..
.tj_j. _. ,_jjjrn nljjjn _..
+1r_nm.m_n WAIS j_., t __j__j-
nm +nn ._.nl__n _jrn. lnn., r-
r WAIS-R (Wechsler, 1981).
WAIS-R-n jj_n _jr._rn _jn.: nl_r-
+nrj_., jjn__rn +.r.n, .j., .rnm+jn-
__n _l.rjn, +._jjn (.l.1__r., m_ r.+
.rn rn ..ln +._n) _. rnt_jn rnn
(jj`jrn+jl.rn +njr .r+mj+_ rnt_m.
jrnn .+jrj.). j jjn .rn rr
jrnnmn, nj 1j`nrn. `r.jn__n jr_-
gonebrivi CamorCeniloba (Mental retardation) _
rodesac individebis IQ qulebi meryeobs 70-
75-mde intervalSi an masze naklebia, aseve,
rodesac SezRudulia cxovrebiseuli amoca-
nebis gadasaWreli adaptaciuri Cvevebis Se-
muSavebis unari.
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jn t_mn _jn +n._ +..nm +.ln-
`_nrj., `r.jn__._ .r .rn nj_jn. +..-
nm._, ___rjn .jn jn nl_n_n_
.r.mj1j .+.t_n ln+_n .+jrj. j_.j.,
rnm_n. nn ___rjn _jr._ +t.rjj _.-
_.j jrm+.ljm. n_rjn-n+jn jn
+j+_n. .._jn, r+jn 9 n+ 9
n_r _._.j _. .+.l. +jrj _jr_1j
+m._j_n n+jn.m_n j..+nn
n_rjn +njr.n +_+.rj. `r.jn__n
jr_jn _.l.rjl jjn j_n _r.mjn
_..j., _r.mjn _.r_j. _. njjn
.j.. m_ .n.rjm WAIS-R-, mjrm+jn_j
_jn _l_. j.r_m _. .+n .tn j_.
_jr._rn IQ, jr_jn IQ _. +mn.ln,
.l_ r_n _.n IQ +nn_m. 10.2 cxrilSi
+j+_n. +..nmjn n+n., m_ r. n`n
_nmt_j jt__jnm WAIS-R-n. WAIS-R .l__m-
_lnn. 18 _. +jn n ._.+n.ljn.m_n, +.r.+
+._n jjn j+_._j_n. .__jn.m_n.
(sur. 10.2). _jjjrn nljjjn _.. .__j-
n.m_n +j.+j .+j+. (WISC-III; Wechsler,
1991) +rj_n. 6-_.l 17 .+_j .__j1j _.
_jjjrn _.+_jn _. _.jjnmn _.jn
.__jn nljjjn _.. ._.nl__n.
(WPPSI-R, Wechsler, 1989) 4-_.l 6.5 n ._-
_jn.m_n. rn_j jn rj_n1nj+.
+... __r _jr.__.ln, m.l.+j_r_j _. ._-
_jn.m_n .n.+_l .t._.. rn_j j+.
_..+_n., r+ .l_ _. _.n__r .1+
.r+._jl (Little,1992; Sattler& Atkinson,1993).
WAIS-R, WISC-III _. WPPSI-R j+ln.l nljjjn
jjn _.t, r+jn _.uj_ _jr._r
IQ-, jr_jn IQ- _. r_n _.n IQ- j_j
.._rn_ _lj1j. .r_. .+n., nnln _.__n.l
_jjn j_.rj._ j_j, r. ._.j.
.uj_ +__j_rj m_.n .._j_ll __r
`jn_n__rn nljjj_._rn _l.rjn _rn
.l_nm.rj.. .+n .+ _jjjrn _.jn
.l.__mrjnm _nrj_n., r_j. jrmn _.
nn_j nl_n_n_n jnrj. .lt_._j_ .._n
._n, +..nm._, r_j. +n+_nl.rj .l-
t_._j_n .._-..l+.l.mj `rr.-
+jn j_j._ .__n +njr +n_j_n .r+.jn
+lnrnln.
gonebrivi CamorCenilovbis diagnozi
cxrili
10.1
gonebrivi CamorCenilobis diagnozis dasma SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu:
individis IQ aris daaxloebiT 70-75 an ufro dabali;
dasturdeba mniSvnelovani unarSezRuduloba 2, an meti saadaptacio unaris sferoSi; es sferoebia:
komunikacia _ lingvisturi da aralingvisturi (magaliTad, saxis gamometyveleba) saSualebebiT
informaciis gagebisa da gamoxatvis unarTan dakavSirebuli Cvevebi;
Tavis movla _ tualetis, kvebis, Cacmis, higienis da garegnobaze zrunvis Cvevebi;
saojaxo yofa _ saxlSi funqcionirebis Cvevebi, rogoric aris saojaxo meurneobis gaZRola da
yoveldRiuri saqmianobis dagegmva;
socialuri _ sxva adamianebTan socialuri urTierTobis unarebi;
komunaluri resursebiT sargebloba _ komunaluri resursebiT sargeblobis unari, rogoric aris
sasursaTo maRaziaSi sayidlebze siaruli da sazogadoebrivi transportis gamoyeneba;
sakuTari Tavis marTva _ gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da daxmarebis moZiebasTan dakavSirebuli unar-
Cvevebi;
janmrTeloba da usafrTxoeba _ sakuTari janmrTelobisa da usafrTxoebis SenarCunebasTan dakav-
Sirebuli Cvevebi;
funqcionaluri mimarTulebis codna _ akademiuri sagnebis aTvisebasTan dakavSirebuli unarebi
(rogoric aris kiTxva da maTematika), rasac wvlili Seaqvs damoukidebeli cxovrebisas miznis ganxor-
cielebaSi;
Tavisufali dro (mocaleoba) _ Tavisufali drois gamoyenebisa da dasvenebis interesebTan
dakavSirebuli unar-Cvevebi;
samuSao _ nawilobrivi an sruli datvirTviT muSaobasTan dakavSirebuli unarebi.
CamorCeniloba vlindeba 18 wlamde asakSi.
wyaro: American Association on Mental Retardation AAMR, 1992,p24,40-41.
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Sejameba
nljjjn m.l.+j_r_j jnrj. .m._j
n_j ._rj_ nlj +_jn_.l, r+j.
n njmn +._jjn .+._jl._ .tr-
njj_., r+jn _.n ._n. _.+.-
jnm _.t+.rj. ._nrj_ljl. nlj+ .+.jjl.
nl._._j., r+ mnmj_n .__n _.n-
_nnrj_n j_nnj +nn ljrn_n .._n
+ntj__nm. IQ j_jn .+nm_j., rr
__ljn. ljrn_n .._n .j_nn jrl-
n_r .._1j. _n jr+jl+. _. _._n_ _jjjr+.
IQ- .t.n ..1+n nlr_+jljn jn+_._j.
inteleqtis Teoriebi
_jl .l_ntnjm nljjjn .1+_n 1n-
jrmn tjrtn. .+j.+._ mj_jl ___j jnun.m ._nmtm
.__m.r m._: _.._jl m_ .r. j jjn
j_jn_j n+., r.. nj_. nljjjn _n-
t+? _.._jl m_ .r. j jjn j_j. n+
_l.r, r., mj_jln .1rnm, mj_jln_j nljjj
WAIS-R testis analogiuri sakiTxebi
da problemebi
cxrili
10.2
verbaluri subtesti
Sesrulebis subtesti
informirebuloba vin dawera `didi geTsbi~?
gageba ras niSnavs, roca
adamianebi amboben: `feri
fersa - madli RmerTsa~.
ariTmetika Tu kinos bileTSi 8.5
dolari gadaixade da
batibutSi - 2.5 dolari,
maSin ocdolarianidan
xurda ramdeni unda
dagibrunon?
msgavseba riTi hgavs erTmaneTs
TviTmfrinavi da wyalqveSa
navi?
ricxvTa rigi gaimeore Semdegi ricxvebi:
3 2 7 5 9
leqsikur maragi ras niSnavs `paeqroba~?
ricxobrivi simbolo eqsperimentatori cdis pirs
awvdis gasaRebs, romelic
ricxvebs (magaliTad, 1, 2, 3)
simboloebs (magaliTad, ,
, ) uTanadebs. cdis piri
sqemis Sesavsebad iyenebs
gasaRebs, romelzec mxolod
ricxvebi an simboloebia
mocemuli.
suraTis dasruleba cdis piri aTvalierebs
suraTs da ambobs, ra aklia
mas (magaliTad, cxeni
fafaris gareSe)
kuburebis nimuSi cdis piri iyenebs kuburebs,
rom gamomcdelis mier
mowodebuli nimuSi
gaimeoros.
suraTebis dalageba cdis piri alagebs muyaos
suraTebis serias iseTi
TanmimdevrobiT, TiTqos
moTxrobas hyveba;
obieqtis ageba
eqsperimentatori awvdis
cdis pirs muyaos firfi-
tebis nawilebs, romelic
cdis pirma ise unda daa-
lagos, rom nacnobi sagnis
suraTi miiRos.
suraTi
10.2
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j._jl? .+ ._nmtjn ..1rj.n r+ _.jt+.-
rm, nljjjn mjrnj .l_ntn._m. mnmj-
_n mjrnn .ln. ._nmtjm .__m.r m._:
+tjrtj_._ nrul_ljl m_ .r. m._ +nn
++trjjn, m_ +.mn nljjjn ..1+._ IQ-
.+njjlj_ljl.
inteleqtis fsiqometruli
Teoriebi
nljjjn _nj+jr_n mjrnjn, unrn-
m._._, n+._j _n_n_r _jn .r+n_., r-
+j+. IQ jj +n. _...+n. fsiqometria
inteleqtis Sesaxeb Tavis
wakiTxvis Semdeg studentebs
xSirad uCndebaT interesi
imisa, Tu Tavad rogor gaar-
Tmeven Tavs IQ testebs. Cvens
droSi sakamaod advilia
ewvioT romelime veb-gverds,
amoirCioT testi da miiRoT
garkveuli qulebi. niSnavs Tu
ara rames miRebuli qulebi?
am kiTxvas pasuxs im zogierTi
cnebis mimoxilviT gavcemT,
romelsac am TavSi gaecaniT.
analizisaTvis monacemebi
dagvWirda da Cvens megobars,
romelsac pirobiTad poin-
deqsters vuwodebT, CvenTvis
internetSi mudmivad arsebuli
ramdenime IQ-testis gakeTeba
vTxoveT. mis mier gaxsnil
pirvelive veb-gverdze oTxi
sxvadasxva testi ido, ramac
sandoobis Sefasebis SesaZ-
lebloba mogvca. gavixsenoT,
rom sandooba konsistentiu-
robas exeba: gvaZlevs Tu ara
msgavs qulebs is testebi,
romlebic iTvleba rom, faq-
tobrivad, erTsa da imave rames
zomavs. poindeqsterma Semdegi
qulebi miiRo: 116, 117, 129 da
130. Tu 10.1 suraTs davubrun-
debiT, vnaxavT, rom misi qu-
lebi saSualoze maRalia (ra
kargia poindeqsterisaTis!),
magram miRebuli qulebidan
ori mas `sakmaod normaluris~
kategoriaSi aTavsebs, ori ki _
sazRvris marjvniv, `maRalin-
teleqtualebSi~. aqedan gamom-
dinare, SeiZleba vivaraudoT,
rom testis Sedegebi ar aris
gansakuTrebiT sando.
Tu testebi ar aris sando,
isini verc validuri iqneba. da-
vuSvaT, rom Cven SemTxvevaSi
testebi sando iyo. ganvixiloT
yvela SemTxveva, rodesac da-
veWvdebodiT maT validobaSi:
poindeqsteris qulebi gamoTv-
lili iyo misi Sedegis (20 ki-
Txvaze miRebuli swori pasuxe-
bis raodenoba) im individebis
SedegebTan SedarebiT, vinc masze
adre iyo am saitze da Seasrula
is testebi. qulebis 10.1 suraTze
mocemuli zaris formis ganawi-
lebaze gadataniT veb-gverdi IQ-
s afasebs. ra problemasTan
gvaqvs aq saqme? pirveli, Cven ar
gvaqvs safuZveli gvjerodes, rom
veb-gverdze Sesul adamianTa
saSualo IQ (gazomili tradi-
ciuli, sando arainternetuli
testiT) 100-is (wesiT, rogorc
unda iyos) toli iqneba. iqneb
adgili hqonda TviTSerCevas im
adamianebis mxridan, vinc veb-
gverdze mocemuli testi Seas-
rula? meore, Cven araviTari
safuZveli ar gvaqvs vivaraudoT,
rom testi yvelam erTnair stan-
Sefaseba internetiT
dartul pirobebSi gaakeTa.
magaliTad, testSi Sedis
kiTxvebi, romlebic leqsikur
marags saWiroebs. rogor
SeiZleba viyoT darwmunebuli,
rom vinmem Tavisi qulebis
gazrdis mizniT Cveulebrivi
an eleqtronuli leqsikoniT
ar isargebla (`Sexede dediko,
yovelTvis vambobdi, rom
geniosi var!~)?
interneti TqvenTvis uz-
runvelyofs rogorc IQ-is,
ise sxva unarebisa da pirov-
nuli konstruqtis Sefasebis
uamrav SesaZleblobas. Tqven
unda gamoiyenoT am TavSi
miRebuli codna imisTvis, rom
frTxilad SeafasoT interne-
tiT miRebuli qulebis sando-
oba da validoba.
amasobaSi, poindeqsteri
internetSi mocemuli IQ-
testebis daJinebul momxmareb-
lad gadaiqca. èvropul IQ-
testebze~ misma saukeTeso
qulam 159-s miaRwia. igi ir-
wmuneba, rom 159 qula IQ-is
validuri sazomia. Tqvenc
darwunebuli xarT amaSi?
veb-gverdebi:
www.2h.com/Tests/iq.phtml _
veb-gverdi, sadac didi rao-
denobiT testebia mocemuli;
www.majon.com/iq.html --_
mravali testi erT saitze.
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_njnn _.rn., r+jn _njn__rn __lj-
njn jnrj. j+.t_rj.. +n +r._. .`jj
rn.. `nr_ljn _n.ln__rn j_.j.,
nljjjn j_.j. _. .ljjn .1+_..
.+rn._, _nj+jr_n +n_+jn +_n_r
_._nrn. jnrjn +jm_jm.l. j mjrnjn
n__j_ .nn__r +n+.rmjj _l.rjn
.lt_._j_ .1+j rn, +..nm._, WAIS-
R-n 11 _j rn _. j+_j .+ +n+.rmj.m.
.__u_j1j ._.+n.ln nljjjn j.tj
_.__ljn .+.j_. jjln_., r+jn .+n.m_n
j_j.1j tnr._ .+njjlj., _.jr_n .l.n1n
j_j.. j .rn .nn__rn `rj__r.,
r+jn `.r.+jrjn, _.jrjn. _. _.j-
rjn __r +nrj r._jln n_jln_nnrj.
.t_jl _.+__n_jj _._m. __r _n_n
jrmnn nlnm. _.jr_n .l.n1n
+n1.ln .__j_n _lj_nn unrnm._n _nj-
n_rn `.r.+jrjn _._jl... t._n., .n-
n__rn `rj__r. +t_ .nn__r
+__+n_j ._jl: .+ +__+n_jn .tl. _. +.mn
_.._mj. ___j _njjn .j+j..
Carlz spirmenma (Charles Spearman) `nr_j+.
.+njjl. _.jr_n .l.n1n nljjjn __j-
_n _jrn, r. ._+._ m.+j__._n nj. +.l
._+.nl., r+ nl_n_n_m. +njr nljjjn
t_._.t_._.rn jjn jr_jn j_j._
+n_j_n j_jn _.r._ _rjnrj jrm+.ljm-
m.l. .jj_.l .++_nl.rj, +.l _..__l., r+
.rj 1._n nljjjn _.jrn, .l_
_.jrn g, r+jn ljrn_n .jnn .ltr-
njj. __j_ .__u_._ (Spearman,1927). j_jn
._j_n _jr, .j_j, _._._nrj_n. m._n
`jn_n__r _l.rm.l, r.. `nr+jl+. s __..
+..nm._, jjn__r _. .rnm+jn__ jn
+n_j_n j_jjn _.+_n_j_n. rr
1._ nljjj1j, nj .+ _jr.m_n _.+.t.n.-
mjj `jn_n__r _l.rj1j.
raimond ketelma (Raymond Cattel, 1963) _.j-
r_n .l.n1n __r +nl._j jjln_n .+jjlj-
nm _.._nl., r+ 1._n nljjjn jnuj.
_.nj r, j_.rjnm _.+__n_jj _+`ljl._,
r+j. +.l _rn.n1j_n _. __n__rn
nljjjn __.. kristalizebuli inteleqti
+n._ nl_n_n_n +njr ___j .m_nj_ _l.
_. .+ _ln .1r_.-.+jjljn _l.r: n
n1+j. jjn__rn, .rnm+jn__n _. 1._n
nl_r+nrj_n jjnm. fluiduri inte-
leqti rm_n +n+.rmjjn tj__n. _. `r-
j+jn ._._rn _l.rn.: n n1+j. ___rjn
ln+_n. _. n_rrn_n _n1_.n1.nn jj-
nm, r+jn `rj+n ._.._rj._ ._nr
_l_rn nl_r+.n. _.__lnm +nn_j.. m_.-
.nl _rn.n1j_n nljjjn ._.j.
.uj_m, _.r._ ..rm_.m m._n t_rjn
+n+_nl.rj, _l_rj_ .+_j_j: __n__rn
nljjjn _n jt+.rj.m, njrnn +nn.lm .t.,
.r.j_ `rj+j1j.
joi pol gilfordma (J.P.Guilford, 1961) _.j-
r_n .l.n1n nljjjm.l _._._nrj_n
+r._.n .+.ln +mt_l.m. j.._._ .+-
njjl.. inteleqtis struqturis +nj_ +_jn
.+j_nn. nljjj_._rn .+.ljn .+n
ln.l-m_nj.: Sinaarsi, .l_ nl_r+.nn n`n:
produqti, .l_ _r+., r+nm. nl_r+.n.
.rn .r+_jlnn _. operacia jr_j_n
ljrn_n +j+j_jjn n`n.
rr 10.3 _r.mn _n_jlj, .+ +_jn
+j+_n. t_mn .tn nl..rn: +tj__jnmn,
+jlnmn, n+_rn, j+.ln__rn _. jj_nmn:
jj_n .tn `r__jn: jrmj_jn, _.jn,
+n+.rmjjn, nj+jn, r.l_r+.njn _.
n+`n_.njn: t_mn .tn `jr.n.: j_.j.,
_l_jrjl_n `r__jn., _n_jrjl_n `r-
__jn., +jtnjrj. _. j+jlj.. nljjjn
+njr jr_j_n mnmj_n .+.l. jnuj.
.ln.1__r +.n ._j_n nl..rn, `r-
__jjn _. `jr.njn +ntj__nm. .r_. .+n.,
n_r_n _njr, r+ j_jn _+nl.n.
nl..rn-`r__jn-`jr.n. (j_jn +nrj __n
+_jn) .lt_._j_ ljrn_ _l.r .r+._-
jl. +..nm._, rr l._jljn. 10.2 _r.m1j,
fsiqometria (Psychometrics) _ fsiqologiis dar-
gi, romelic gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis testi-
rebaSi specializirdeba.
g _ spirmenis mixedviT, zogadi inteleqtis
faqtori, romelic safuZvlad udevs yovelgvar
inteleqtualur aqtiobas.
kristalizebuli inteleqti (Cristallized intelli-
gence) _ inteleqtis komponenti, romelSic
Sedis pirovnebis mier SeZenili codna da am
codnis gazrda-gamoyenebis unari; izomeba leq-
sikuri maragis, ariTmetikuli da zogadi infor-
mirebulobis testebiT.
fluiduri inteleqti (Fluid intelligence) _ inte-
leqtis komponenti, romelic moicavs rTuli
mimarTebebis danaxvisa da problemebis gadaWris
unars.
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jjn__rn jn ._jl j+.ln__rn nl..rn
+jlj jrmj_jn j+jljn _l.r, t
.j__. l+rn _.._. jj_nmn nj+jn
+jtnjrj. ._nrj.
j mjrn_n +_jn jn+n_r jj+jlm. `jrn-
__n nj+n .l.n_rn.. .+_.rn nj+._-
rn jj+n +j_jnm nljjjn _.jrjn,
jn+n_rn jj+jljn +._._, j.ujjn. +.m
._+jl.+_j njljl `_nrj_n. 1961 j,
r_j. n_r_+. j +_jn .r+._nl.,
lnn nj _..tjnm 40 nljjj_._rn
_l.rn. +. j+_j +__j_rj+. 100-1j +jn _l.rn
._jrj, r. n_r_n nljjjn _lj_nn
`rln__r _l.r1j +jj_jj (Guilford, 1985).
n_r_n j+_j +r._.+. _nj+.
.._.rm_. nljjjn _lj_n. n+n.m_n,
r+ +.m mjrnj __r +jn r.+ +j_., _n_rj
r._nn_n IQ jjn +ntj__nm .+_jlnn
j.ujjn.. .+j.+._ .l_ntn._m r
mjrn., r+jn n_j. IQ-n _.rj.
sternbergis inteleqtis
triarqiuli Teoria
robert sternbergic (Robert Sternberg, 1985, 1988)
t.1 __.+ `rj+jn ._._r.n _ln_rn
`rjjn +ln_lj., rr +nn __r
1._n nljjjn mjrnn l.n. jrljrn
.j.nj rn.rjn_ .+l.nn.l mj-
rn..+n +njr +_j_n nljjjn .+n
.tj _+`ljl_rn, j+`nrn_n _. _ljj_-
._rn j_jj_rn jr_jn _.t.n.mjn
.lt_._j_ tjrtj .r+._jl.
komponenturi inteleqti .ln.1__rj. _+-
`ljljn, .l_ ..1r_l `rjjn +j_j-
nm, r+jn .__u_._ __j_ .1r_lj.
_. `rj+jn ._.j_j.. jrljrn ..-
tjj .+n n`n _+`ljl, r+jm. jl-
r._rn +ln_lj. .j_m nl_r+.nn ._.+_-
._j.n: (1) _ln jujln _+`ljljn .t.n
_.jjn _..._._: (2) jr_jn _+`ljl-
jn `rj+n ._._rn r.jnjn. _.
jjln_n.m_n: (3) +j._ln_rn _+`ljljn
r.jnjn jrj_n. _. .r+.jn._jl ++.-
_.n `rjn +lnrnln.m_n. .t. mj_jln
_+`ljl_rn nljjjn ..+j+j_j._
__r, r+ ._m 10.3- cxrilSi +j+_n
._.r_n jr_j..
rr .+tjlnm .l.r.+jn? .l.r.+jn
.+.tlj._, unrnm._._, jr_jn _+`lj-
ljn _. +j._ln_rn _+`ljljn .+-
jjlj. _._nr_j.m. jr_jn _+`ljljn
n _+`ljljn., r+jm. ._.jnm.
lj.n .jnm +.ln`_nrj. jnun.m:
+j._ln_rn _+`ljljn ._.j_jnjn
+.ujln r.jnjn .rjn ._.j.
suraTi
10.3
inteleqtis struqtura
inteleqtis struqtuis am modelSi j. p. gil-
fordi (J. P. Guilford) gamoyofs inteleqtualuri
amocanebis sam maxasiaTebels _ Sinaarss, anu
informaciis tips; produqts, anu formas
romliTac warmodgenilia informacia da
operacias, anu ganxorcielebuli gonebrivi
aqtivobis tips. inteleqtis mier Sesrulebuli
TiToeuli amocana SeiZleba dadgindes masSi
CarTuli Sinaarsis, produqtebis da opera-
ciebis mixedviT. magaliTad, leqsikuri testi
adgens semantikuri Sinaarsis mqone erTeu-
lebis Semecnebis unars.
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nuj_.. .l_ntnm .l.r.+. T-R-H-O-S. rr
.r_.j+lnm +. SHORT-._? _..jnnm_n ._-
_jmj r.jn. njlj. m.lt+_.lm. jm.l-
t+jjn +nl__., r+jn tnrn. nln_r
jl.n, rrn.. S-H _. T-H. r.jnjn
jrj_. +j._ln_r _+`ljlj ._nrj,
+.mn .ltrnjj. _n jr_jn _+`ljl-
j. j_r.__j. +n.jnjm, r+ _.rn r.jn.
1_jr .r .+.rmj. .l_ntnm .l.r.+. T-
N-K-H-G-I. j_r ._.+n.l __nr .+ .l.r.+n
.+tl., r._.l K-N .r .rn n _+nl.n.,
r+nm. nln_rn nj_jn tnr._ njj.,
t T-H tnrn..mj_jl t+ _n_t.l _n-
_nm .+ .l.r.+n njm nj_._ .r_.j+l.,
r+jn T-H-nm njj.?
t_._.t_. .+.ln j+._jlj _+`ljlj._
_.nm +__j_rj j_un.m, 1_._ .l.-
1__rl `rjjn, r+jn .lt_._j_n IQ-
n +jlj nl_n_n_jn +njr jn +n_j_
j_jj rn t_.. .l.`nrjjl. +..-
nm._, +__j_rj+. jnuj. ._+.nll, r+
+._.n IQ-n +jlj +._jm. +j._ln_rn
_+`ljln +.m .r__j_n n`n `rj+n
._.._rj._ .lt_._j_n r.jnjn
jrj_. _.rl.t, _..n IQ-n +jlj m.l.-
jn.l .lt_._jnm.
empiriuli inteleqti _nt+ ._.+n.ln
_l.r, ._+_.__j r __n__rj. .t. _.
r_nl_ `rj+j. .r+n_nljm, +..nm._,
r+ ._.+n.lm. ___n ._.rnn j+_j +un+j
+_+.rj.n ._+l_.. mj_jl _l_. jl_m
___n n+ j_rn lnjrj., r+jn j_j.1j
r._._ juj nln_jl +n+._.n 1n +uj-
l.. t_. _nm.rj.n mj_jl lnjr._ _l_. +nn-
lnm n+ ._.+n.ln jj_., r+j. r_nl_n
.+.ljn ._+._rn jr_j. j_un.. m_,
+..nm._, ._.+n.lm. ___n j_j__n_r._ jrm.
_. n+._j .+.lj .r_j, mj_jl1j j_j.1j
_n_ m.j__nj. n ._.+n.ln +.t_jl, r-
+jn .+.ljn .r+.jnm jr_j. ,.t.n
n_jjn _+nrjn r._jlnm +.tjrtj.
konteqstualuri inteleqti ljn+njr n`n
.j+n `r.jn__ +_.rj.n _nl_j.. n .t.
_. .lt_._j_ _nm.rjjm.l (_ljjjm.l)
._.`nrjn, j.j_nn n_.njn jrj_n.
_. mj_jln +mt_lnjjn j..+nn j_jj_rn
.rj+ jj+ln _l.r _nt+. _ljj_-
._rn nljjjn n.., r.. ._.+n.ljn ,.jj-
jn. _. ,.j+n ._ __jjl. .+__-
j_j+. ._jl., r+ ._.+n.lj jnuj. .jl_jm
+._.n _ljj_._rn nljjjn +._.n IQ-
.rjj.
saidan
viciT
konteqstualuri inteleqti ipodromze
IQ-. _. nl._jnm r.n tjljn
.r+.j. rn +n+.rmjn _.._jl._
+__j_rj+. n`_r+n +__+n_n _njljn
j.rnj. 30-_.n.ln ___n _.nj jj`jr-
j._ _. .r.jj`jrj._, +.mn nl..r-
+jj_jjn .__u_j1j, m_ r+j tjlj
jjlj_. .+.r__jn .__jmj .ln.
+n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ rn_j ___n IQ
._. 100-n _.rjn nj _. mnmj+n
.r._nm.rn _rj.n. .r .rj_. IQ-.
_. jj`jr. rn, jj`jrj+. j+-
mt_j_.m. 93-n r._ _...tjj `nr_j
._n1j ._n tjln, .r.jj`jrj+. _n
j+mt_j_.m. +t_ 33-n. +__j_rj+.
nn ._jlj, r+ jj`jrjn m._n.lm 1_
j_.jj n+ tjrtnm .r_j_ljl, r+jn
rm_ .nn__r `rj__rj ...__.
(Ceci & Liker, 1986).
amoxsna mocemulia am Tavis bolos.
komponenturi inteleqtis gamoyenebis
unari
qvemoT mocemulia anagramebi, areuli sityvebis sia.
rac SeiZleba swrafad moZebneT TiToeuli anagramis
amoxsna (Sternberg,1986).
1. H-U-L-A-G __________
2. P-T-T-M-E __________
3. T-R-H-O-S __________
4. T-N-K-H-G-I __________
5. T-E-W-I-R __________
6. L-L-A-O-W __________
7. R-I-D-E-V __________
8. O-C-C-H-U __________
9. T-E-N-R-E __________
10. C-I-B-A-S __________
cxrili
10.3
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_nl.n_.l mnmj_n tjln, +mjn rnn `.r.-
+jrjn +ntj__nm (_j_n nr._j, +n_j_n
`rn1jn, .rjln .`.rj1n +_+.rj., +tj_rn
_l.rn.l. _. ...), _._jn .lt_._j_
_+nl.n. .r+._jl, jj`jrjn .r+.j.
+._n n_.njn _r. .+jrj. _jr
+njjrj.: __r ._.r.__., r+ +.m .l__n-
m.r_.m m.+j__._n _l.rjn, r+jn +.m
.rj+ `jn_n__r._ j._.j..
jrljrn rn.rjn_ mjrn.n ._n.rj-
_n., r+ IQ j_jn nljjj_._r jj_.
_jr ..t._jl r_._ _. l.._n. n+.1j +jn
._jmj., _n_rj nl_n_n_jnm_n +._.n _.
_..n IQ-n n.rnjjn +nln_j..._.___.m,
+__j_rj+. .nj, r+ ,.r.lnjr ._.+n.lj
.r__j_n .+.ljn n+n+ _ulj_j.m, r+
_jr .tjrtjjl +mjn rjj_.l_rn nl_r+.nn
__nrj.. .jmn ._.+n.ljn jujjl ,ln_r_
jr_j., m__n .+ _l_rj_ _+`ljl
.n_.r_njjl. .+rn._, ._jnm j.ujjn.
_+`ljl_rn nljjjn .unjrj.. jrl-
jr, .rjm_j, +n.ln., r+ ._.+n.lj j_un.m
j+`nrn_n _. _ljj_._rn nljjjn
._+_jj. (Sternberg, 1986). m_ j.j_n._
.njjl jj_n .__u_._ +_j.rj _+`ljl_r
`rj, +__j_rjn jujjl njmn jjln_jn
jj+l., r+jm. +j_jnm. mnmj_n
._.+n.ln j_jn jnuj. ,ln_r_._ .+-
nj_rj_j.
gardneris mravlobiTi
inteleqti da emociuri
inteleqti
hovard gardnerma (Howard Gardnner, 1983,1999)
j+_m._.1. mjrn., r+jn nljjjn
ljn nl..rn n_j. IQ jjn .m_.-
nnlj_ _l.rj. .r_ljrn .+j_ nl-
jjjn +r._. .tj., r+jn ._.+n.ln
.+_njn _.rm `jjr +n._. mnmj_
.+ _l.r .lt_._j_n _nrj_j. jln_j.
._.+n.lm. .1._jjn n+n +ntj__nm, m_
r. +nnlj_ ._nr_, ..rj_ _. _.j_._
+j+_n .1._j.. rr 10.4 cxrilSia
l._jljn, nn nljjjn r_. .tj .+j_.
.r_ljrn .+_nj, r+ _..__rn .1-
._j. nl. `.l1j .jjlj `nr_jn rn .tn
nljjj, t .r._..__r .1._j.n
tnr._ t_. .tjjn. _nrj_n. +..nm._,
+n_rlj1n.n, _.rnln __lu_1j, +j1__._r
_l_. jju _n_ +.lunj1j 1__.l. r__n
.rjj, +t_ n_rrn_n nljjjn. _.
tj_jrn_n _nljmjn__rn nljjjn .+-
jjljnm. j _l.rjn .+ .1._j.n __r
_., _n_rj _._j_jn ___+jln j_jl..
.n __lu_1j, ._. .rn_n .r+_jl.
j_j__n_rn t_rjn l.nn., ..ljn
_. +_n_._rn nljjjn, r+jn rm_n
.j__. njmjn _r_nlnrj.n +l.nj,
.l.__mrjnm _._.j_n.. nljr`jrl._r
emociuri inteleqti (Emotional intelligence) _ inte-
leqtis tipi, romelSic Sedis Semdegi unarebi:
emociaTa zusti da Sesatyvisi aRqma, gageba da
gamoxatva; azrovnebis gasaioleblad emociebis
gamoyeneba; emociis gageba da analizi; emociuri
codnis efeqturad gamoyeneba da sakuTari
emociebis regulireba rogorc emociuri, ise _
inteleqtualuri zrdis xelSesawyobad.
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nljjj __r .+j_.ln ._nn __nr._
_jjn_n_r .1._j.n, rrn.. n.-
`ln., ._. .jjlnrj_n. m.l.+r+.
_. _+_l._rn t_rj., _n_rj njm nl_n_n__.-
n_r .1._j.n, rrn.. . (Tri-
andis,1990).
nljjjn .+ .tj.m. j._.j._ j._.-
_n. _. _.ljrn jjn +.rn_n r._jlrn_n
.1+jn .r.._+.rnn.. nljjjn .r_lj-
rnj_n mjrn. +nmt_, r+ +. _..__nr_ljl
_. j._.l +mj rn t_rjnj_ n_.njn
_., .j_j, t_rjnj_ +nrj j`n1_jn,
r+jn nljjjn r._nn_ jjn.
+j+_n.
jn +__j_rj+. nljjjn njmn
n`n __j_. _.njj, rrn.. j+n_rn
nljjjn, r+jn .r_ljrnj_ nljr`jr-
l._rn _. nlr.`jrl._rn nljjjn
ljj __._nr_j. (nt. cxrili 10.4). j+n_rn
nljjjn .ln.1__rj., rr mtn unrn-
m._n _+`ljln +jlj nljjjn (Mayer &
Salovely, 1007; Mayer et al., 2000). j _+`ljljn.:
j+njn 1_._ _. j.j_n._ ._j+n,
j_.jn _. .+t._n _l.rn:
.1r_ljn ..nj._ j+njn .+-
jjljn _l.rn:
j+njn .jn. _ .l.n1n, .rjm_j,
j+n_rn _ln j_jj_r._ .+jjljn _l.rn:
j+n_rn _. nljjj_._rn 1r_n tjj-
.j._ .__m.rn j+njn rj_nrjn _l.rn.
.+ .l.1__rj.n ..t_n. .t.n m_..1-
rnn j+njn `1nn_rn rn j.tj nlj-
jjn __ljnlnrj.m.l +n+.rmj.n j+-
nj j_un.m .1r_lj. __r lnjrn .t.-
_l, ._.+n.lj j_un.m lnjr._ .n.1rl
.__m.rn _. t_.m. j+njn.
.l_ntnm n_.n., r_j. +.._jjn
mj_jl _. __.+ j_nmt_.: ,r. jrj_. .+-
_ u_j._? +n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ +n tj_._,
gardneris inteleqtis rva saxe
cxrili
10.4
inteleqti saboloo statusi ZiriTadi komponentebi
logikur-
maTematikuri
lingvisturi
sabunebismetyvelo
musikaluri
sivrcobrivi
sxeulebriv-
kinesTetikuri
pirovnebaTSorisi
Sidapirovnuli
mecnieri
maTematikosi
poeti
Jurnalisti
biologi
bunebrivi garemos
mkvlevari
kompozitori
mevioline
navigatori
moqandake
mocekvave
aTleti
fsiqoTerapevti
saqonlis gasaRebis
muSaki
sakuTari Tavis
detalurad mcodne
pirovneba
logikuri da ricxobrivi paternebisadmi
mgrZnobeloba da maTi garCevis unari, msje-
lobis grZeli jaWvis agebis unari.
sityvaTa bgerebis, riTmebisa da mniSvnelo-
bebisadmi mgrZnobeloba; enis gansxvavebuli
funqciebisadmi mgrZnobeloba.
mgrZnobeloba cxovelTa saxeobebs Siris
gansxvavebebisadmi; cocxal arsebebTan
saTuTad mopyrobis unari.
ritmis, simaRlis da tembris Seqmnisa da
dafasebis unari; musikaluri gamomsa-
xvelobebis formebis codna
vizualur-sivrcobrivi samyaros zustad
aRqmis da sakuTari sawyisi aRqmebis
transformirebis unari.
sakuTari sxeulebrivi moZraobebis marTvis
da obieqtebTan marjved urTierTobis unari.
sxva adamianTa guneba-ganwyobilebis, tempera-
mentis, motivebis da survilebis garCevisa da
maTze Sesatyvisi reagirebis unarebi.
sakuTari grZnobebis misawvdomoba da maT
Soris sxvaobis povnis unari da maT Sesaty-
visad qcevis warmarTva; sakuTari Zlieri da
susti mxareebis, survilebisa da gonebrivi
SesaZleblobebis codna.
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`.+j.+ tjn .nn., nn ._nn_.l .+nu.tj
`._t ,_l.lnl`n. mj_jl j+nm, r+
`.+j. .r.1j_n., r._.l ++. +. ,_n_j.
..rm_.. mj_jl jnuj. m_n_jm, r+ +
.j_ +._.n IQ, +.r.+ .r. EQ IQ-n j+n_rn
rj_n (Goleman,1995). _jl +njr `.+j. rul-
jn .j. EQ-n jrm-jrmn +..nmn.. +__j_-
rjn j__ljl .1+n nlr_+jljn jj+l.,
r+jn, +.mn r+jlnm, EQ-n .l_ _.
_.n__rn .1+jn njlj..
saidan
viciT
EQ-is gazomva
503 +1r_nn. _. 229 +1.r_n..l
j+_.r+. jrj_.+ j._ ,+r._._.j-
rn.ln j+n_rn nljjjn _..,
r+jn nl_n_n_jn..l j+n_r `r-
j+.m. jrnn ._._rn njmn _.rn.ljn
.r+_jl. +nmt_, rrn.. +-
j+_n n_.nnm ._ur_n j+njn
_._jl.. +l.njm. `._tjn j_._.
rr jj`jrm. +_jjm.l, nj j_j.
n+ ._.+n.ln jrm__.l +_jjm.l
+n+.rmj.n, r+j+. _.. j._j. EQ-
n j_jn +t_ 1+njr _rj.n.n
nj IQ-n j_jm.l rr +1r_njm.l,
nj +1.r_jm.l. j ._._rj, r+ EQ
1+._ IQ-i r._nn_n .1+jn.l
.lt_._j_ _l.rj. +1r_njn __r
+._. j_j n_jjl, _n_rj +1.r_jn,
r. +jj_jj n+.1j, r+ EQ +ln-
_lj_.ln .rj+j_n _+`ljln.. _.-
, j+n_rn nljjjn .+ .t. _.-
.1j j.j j+njn ._j+.n .njnm
_n_n _`nr.j. .jl_.m, _n_rj +.+._.j
(Mayer et al., 1999).
mj_jln .1rnm, r.+ _l_. .jl_jm j.j
+.+._.j1j __r +._.n EQ? t+ .r _njrm,
r+ .+. _lj. (j.n j__n_rn ++1._j.
.r__j_n rjn.m_n) .l ._1r_. (j.m.
n.n1.n. +j._ j+n_r .rjj._) .l.j
(Brody,1997; Eisenberg et al., Lafrance&Banaji,1992)?
nljjjn jnrjn _. nljjjn mj-
rnjn +n+tn_.+ .__u_jn +.+1._. n+ .1-
._jrn_n _nm.rjjn .ltn_n.m_n, r.
nljjjn mj+. j_jl ._. t_n.
Sejameba
.r1 `nr+jl +n.l_., r+ nljjjn
j_j. 1._n _l.rn..l, r+j. +.l __.
g _. t_._.t_. _jr j..+n._ `jn_n__rn
_l.rjn..l, r+n ._lnl. s-nm. t_.
_nj+jrn_+. +__j_rj+. nljjjn t_.
+_jljjn __j_. ._j.
jrljr+. .+mj_. _.r.__n, r+ ._.+n.lj
.+n .tn nljjjn .j_m: _+`ljl_rn,
j+`nrn_n _. _ljj_._rn. .r_ljr+. ..-
_.rm_. nljjjn .l.1__rj. _. +.n r_.
n`n nljjjn ..jrmn.l., r+jn IQ-n
r._nn_n jjnm .+_jln _l.rj
n_j.. j+n_rn nljjjn ..t._ nl_n_n-
_n _l.r, j_jj_r._ .+njjl _. .n
j+njn.
inteleqtis politika
_jl _l.tjm, r+ nljjjn m.l.+j_r_j
_lj_njn jnl.._+_jj. IQ-n jn
+n_j_ j_j. _. `nr_ljn nljjj
rn .rj_ +_n_r _._nr, +.r.+ _..__r
.1._j.n IQ jjn +.nl rj. nlj-
jjn j_j.1j ._rjj_ .1+._. IQ
jnrjn ._rjj_n. _. IQ j_jn
tj+n.__+n .+ .__nn. t_._.t_.
___jn j_.rj. +.mn ,._. IQ-n
+ntj__nm. .-n .jmn jmln__rn _. r.rn_n
____rn j_.rjjn tnr._ .+njjlj_.,
rr _+nrj.m. .r++._jljn m.l-
nn jljn__rn .r.r__._ljn _.+._.-
_rjjn ._mn. _jl +_j_ +n+_ntn._m
IQ jjn j_.m. .+jjljn `r.jn_.
1njrmn ___n ljrn_n .r.r__._ljn
+._jlj._. j+_j .l_ntn._m ._nmt _lj.
m_ ._1r_., .l_ r. .rn nljjjn _. nljjj-
n jjn jr_j.n _ljnm +ln_j_n
_. r. ._1r_n j_jn. mj_jl l.t._m, r+
_njn.n j `nn__r._ j_j.1j _.j-
EQ IQ-s oreuli _ emociuri inteleqti.
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._n ._nmtn., _nl.n_.l .j+nr.n __jn,
.l.mjn rj_rjn. _. t_. ._nmtjn
jnuj. .n n+.1j, m_ rr .rn nljr-
`rjnrj_n ____rn IQ-n +l.j+jn.
jgufuri Sedarebebis istoria
1990-n.ln jn _.jnn _njn henri
godardi (Henry Goddard) .+_nj_., r+ j_j.
j+nr.l _l_. ._.r_j ljrn_n _l.rjn
jnrj. _. +.m, _n. ,_njn__rn _j_jjn
._+.l_j., ,jrj_nm .j_ru. j_jj.l.n
j+_.. .+_.r jtj__jj m._nn _nn
j.l. jju j+nr.lm. 1njrmn ___n
j_jj.l.n j_jn._+n +r_n l.nl._rn
_.+_n_j_jn jj+l.n (Cronbach,1975;
McPherson,1985; Sokal,1987). +.rm., 1924 j
_lrj+. +nn_ .jn, r+jn 1___.__.
j+nr.n. _. j+nr.ljn.m_n .jj_.
nljjjn jjn ._. ln_ nr_n
l._.__rn_j, .l jnn __lu_1j +t_j_-
rnm.l._j. jr.j, n.nj, r_ _. t_.
jr_ljn j+nr.lm. _n_n l.nn IQ jjn
.__u_j1j _.n_nnrj_ njl., rr
,___._n. 1njrm+. _nj+. j .-
nn__rn +l.j+jn n+n ._m._ +nnln., r+
j+nr.ljn .+trjmn _. ._+._jmn j_r`n_.l
jljn__r._ __r _.. ._jt_r1j n+j_j_-
ljl, _n_rj r_njm _. _.._jmj_r`_n
.r++._n j+nr.ljn (Ruch,1937). m_+.,
j ,.r.r__._.ln ___jn j_j.1j __._
nl_ljl _+nl.l_r jl. _. ___r.,
r+j. jjr_l. IQ jjn, r._.l. .t.n
._jn nj_ljl (r.+_jln+j .mj_n n j+_j
IQ jjn .+_jlnn j ____rn t_.jn
+mn.l._ .jr., +.r.+ mjrn. nljjjn
_jrn r.rn_n t_.jn j.tj .l.-
ru_. .rj.).
_.r_n _. t_jn (1917) _..n IQ-n jmln__r
.r++._.m.l _r. _._._nrj.1j r
._n_ljl. _.. IQ-m.l _._._nrj_ _.rj_nm
m_njj +.m +r._rn __nr., _njn__rn
_j_jj_r. _. .+r._rn n._rn jj_.
_._+.j. +.mn m_..1rnn _.._mj. __n
rj`_.nn +jlj rn _.tn jukis ojaxisa
_. kilikakis ojaxis _nln__rn j._n_.l
++_nl.rj_.. .+ _.tn r.+_jln+j m.n
j._. mnmj_. ._jlj_., r+ _.t_r
jljn _.mjnn __n mjn _n._
_j_jj_r m.++._. +_j+_.. _.r_+.
nn_j _..__l. _nn_._m. _.tn _nln__rn j-
._n_.l.. +.m _.t_r tj .jl_. jrmn ,_.rn
mjn _. +jrj ,__n mjn +t.rjjn (.+
.+__j_.n _.t .tjn _.r_+. j.rj_.,
r. jrul_._ _.r-__ lnl._). +.rnl _n-
n_._, rj__n_rn +n _.rn_., .r.-
_.llnjrn _.jn .j.__. j.m.l, r+jn ._jrn
m.l.t+._, ljrn_._ .+rjlnn nj. +.m+.
_._nr+., . _.+n, 480 m.++._.n +_..
_.r_+. .jj_.l 143 ,_j_jj_r._, 46 _n
,lr+._r._ +nnln.. _.tn _.l.rjln j_rjn-
.m_n _n ._+.nl., r+ +.mm_n _j_n r.+
nj _.l.._n, ._.n1+n, _njn__rn .n-
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jn _. _.ll_.r__j_n j+mt_j_jn. .+n .-
`nrn`nr_, r_j. +.rnl _nn_._+. +jrj_
,_.r j.m.l njrnl., .+ _._nr+. +_. 496
m.++._.n, .n_.l. +t_ .+n njl.
,_j_jj_r._ ._n.rj_n. _.r_+. nn l.t.,
r+ .+ +._.t.rnt_.ln _._nrn +r._.n
m.++._.n ,.+jlnn ._.+n.ln .t_. (Godard,
1914). nn +n_n_. n+ .1r.+_j, r+ +j+__n_rj-
nm.+ _._jnmn +trn_.l .l.1__r. nl-
jjjn, jln.. _. .+jln., t
_.rj_nmn +trn_.l _jn__jl., ._.-
n1+n, jj_._rn .+r.., ljrn_n
.+rjln. _. n_.._j _n (McPherson,1985).
saidan
viciT
genetikurad arasrulfasovani ojaxebi
njnlj_ljl, r+ (_.jj_n 1875
n_.l) +__j_ njl. ln_ nr_n .n
,___n ntn +jlj _.tjn 2000-1j
+jn j_rn, r._.l. .+ _.t _.+j.rj_n
.jl_. ljrn_ .l_nm.rj.n .+rjl-
nn, _.ll_.r__j_n. _. _.l.._n
.+.rt_nl rj_r_n. .+ _.tn 458 j_r+.
_jr ju _.n ._. ljrn_n
_l.rjn .rjln .+. 171 _rn+nl._rn
.r_n ._.+n.ln ._+l_., t +.mn
.l.mj. .j_nm j_rn ,.t._n,
m._._j_n _. +ju._n nj. _..__lj, r+
+j+__n_rjnm. .+ .nljn _.tn j_r-
m. .+.rt_nl .l_nm.rjn .+j_.ln _.j-
rn nj.
jljn__rn .r.r__._ljn _.r_nj_n
.r_+jln j+_+ .l.+_n.n+ _.j+., r+
`nr_jn +_n +n _r .r+n.n .+-
jjlj_ nljjjn jjn ._r-.+jrn_jjn
_. t_. r.rn_n _+nrjjn l._j j_j
n_j_ljl, _n_rj mjmr_.ln.ln _+r._j.. _n
jr+jl+., r+j+. _n_._ j_j tjn .-n
IQ jnrj., u.1j .r.+jlnjr_n _+jl.rn
.__jm. +l.j+j, r+jn +nn_j _.t+.rjnm
.-n +t_rjn r.rn_n _+nrjjn.l
jr__.:
`maTi siClunge, rogorc Cans, rasobr-
ivia... amJamad ar Cans raime SesaZlebloba,
davarwmunoTsazogadoeba, rom maT ar unda
mieceT reproduqciis ufleba, Tumca, ev-
genikis TvalsazrisiT, maTi araCveuleb-
rivad swrafi gamravlebis gamo, isini seri-
ozul problemas qmnian (Terman,1916, gv. 91-
92).
.tjjn jn_.., +.r.+ `rj+. nn_j
_.r.. __j. jjrmj_ .jn ._r-
.+jrn_jjn _. .mnljn .l_.rn1j_
nljjjn jjn, ._._, __r _..
j_j n_jjl, _n_rj .1njn .+jrn_jjn _.
mjmr_.ln.ljn. t._n., j_j. ___n .rn.l
nl_n_n_jn, r+jm. IQ j_jn _+._j (_.
__.j) `_ jj..+j.. rr.. j.u-
jjn IQ-n j_jn .jmn ____rn .l-
t_._jjn nljr`rjnrj.? jjrmj_ .jn
_. _n_ rn.ljmn .rj_n r._nnn
+ntj__nm, j .lt_._jjn jljn__r .r.r_-
_._lj. (_lj.) +njjrj.. +. j+_j, r.
IQ-n +._jljjn jljn__rn .lt_._jjn
rj._r.1j _n+_jjm, .l_ntn._m +jrj
j.uj., r+n +ntj__nm, .rj+
`nrjn l.nr_.r. (._1r_.) +ln_lj_.l
._jl. .t_jl IQ-1j. mnmj_n .tln .l +.mn
_+nl.nn _.._mj. +ln_lj_.ln n.-
_rn, j_l+n__rn _. `nn__rn j_jjn
+.j_j..
memkvidreobiToba da IQ
rr j_un.m +__j_rj nljjjn
jljn__rn .l.1__r_n t.rntn _._jl.?
.+ _nmt_.1j ljn+njrn `._tn +__j_rjn.l
nljjjn nl_jj._ .r__j_n .1+n jrj_.
+nmt_. .+rn._, ._nmtn n _n .r.., .t_jl
m_ .r. +j+__n_rjnm. nljjj1j ._jl.,
.r.+j_ n, _+jj j+mt_j_.n, +._n. m_ .r.
_.t_r tjm. nlnm IQ +._jljjn. .+ _l_rj_
_nmt_.1j `._tn ..j+._, +__j_rj _nr_j.m
.jrm jljn. _. .jrm .rj+ ._jl.m.
jrm+.ljmn.l .l._j_j.. .+nm_n +_j-
_n jrm-jrmn +jm_n. n_jl_rn (+l1n-
_rn) _. .r.n_jl_rn (_n1n_rn) j_`jn
_. t_._.t_. _ln jljn__rn ._._.r_n
l.mj._m. __ljnlnrjn j_.rj.. 10.3 suraTze
.r+_jlnn. nl_n_n_m. IQ-n j_.m. rn
_rj.njn +.mn jljn__rn l.mj.n _lj-
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jn +ntj__nm (Plomin & Petrill,1997). rr tj_._m,
r. __r _n_n. jljn__rn +._j., +nm +jn.
IQ-n +._j. (.+ +l.j+jn j_r.__j. _l_.
+n.jnm n+., r+ .rj+ 1j._jl. jrm._
.1r_nm. IQ-n _n_n +._jn .tnm.
.+_nl_.).
+__j_rjn .+_.r j_jj IQ-n memkvidre-
obiTobis j._.j._ njjljjl. r+jn+j ln.l-
m_njn, +..nm._, nljjjn memkvidreobiT
gadacemis SesaZlebloba n+ ln.l-m_njn j-
_rn j_jn _.rn.nn j_.r_j. j+j.rj.,
r. jnuj. jljn__r _.jrj +njjr.
j +._jljjn +nn_j. +j+_n ``_.nn
(+..nm._, _j_n __jljn, .l _njn__r._
_.._._j_n ._.+n.ljn) j_j. j_rn j_n
_.rn.nn .+m_nm_. j+_j n+n _._jlnm,
m_ +mn.ln _.rn.nn_.l r. nn .j_ jljn__r,
.l_ +j+__n_rjnm _.jrj. j jljn__rn
._._.r_n t_._.t_. _ln +jlj ._.+n.lm.
j_.rjnm _jm_j.. +__j_rjn, r+j+. IQ-
n +j+__n_rjnm ._.j+n j.tj ..rj_n
+r._.n .+__j_. jn._j, .__ln.l, r+
IQ j_jn _.rn.nn _..tjnm 50 jljn-
__rn l._rjnm.. .+_j_n (Grigorenko, 2000;
Neisser et al., 1996; Plomin & Petrill, 1997), +.r.+ j_j.1j
.nljrj, ..m, n.., r+ +j+__n_rjmn
nn imatebs t_rjn .l+._.n: +j+__n_-
rjnm. _..tjnm 40- __j. 4-6 n
.__jm.l, m_+. _..tjnm 60-+_j n1r_j.
._rj_ +1.r_.n _. _..tjnm 80-
suraTi
10.4
memkvidreobiToba da I
am suraTze warmodgenilia korelaciebi erTad gazrdili (erTsa da imave garemoSi), identuri (monozigoturi)
da araidenturi (dizigoturi) tyupebis IQ qulaTa Soris. Sedarebis mizniT suraTze, agreTve, mocemulia
siblingebis (debisa da Zmebis) da biologiuri da arabiologiuri mSoblebisa da Svilebis monacemebi.
monacemebi aCvenebs orive faqtoris _ genetikuris (ricxvebi, romlebic weria `genetikuri naTesaobis~
qveS, azusteben genetikuri masalis gadafarvas) da garemos (ricxvebi, miwerili saerTo Sinauri garemos
qveS, aCveneben, garemo igive iyo [1] Tu gansxvavebuli [0]), mniSvnelobas. magaliTad, identuri tyupebi
aCveneben ufro maRal korelacias IQ-s Soris, vidre araidenturi tyupebi, anu saxezea genetikuri
gavlena, magram orive tipis tyupebi avlenen ufro maRal korelaciebs, rodesac isini erTad arian
gazrdili, anu saxezea garemos gavlena.
memkvidreobiTobis Sefaseba (Heritability estimate)
_ mocemuli Tvisebis an qcevis memkvidre-
obiTobis xarisxis statistikuri Sefaseba
dadgenili im individTa mixedviT, romlebic
icvlebian maTi genetikuri msgavsebis xarisxiT.
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._j_ __r +1r_njm.l! j_r .___nr_.
j j_jn, r._.l, nl_n_r._, .._n +.j.m.l
jrm._ .rj+ _ __r +jn _. .r. l._jn
._jl. _l_. .jl_j. nl_nn.m.l .+ j_..+
j_j +__j_rjn .jm .tl. .uj_jl: ,j.u-
jjn., jljn__rn _n`1nnjn _nnujjl
n+ .rj+_jl, r+jn _jln jljn__rn
+n_rj_njjn .jjlnrj. .t_jl _. j_j._
t_rjn .l+._.n ++.j_ +j+__n_-
r_. _n_jm (Plomin & Petrill,1997. _. 51).
__._ _.__r_l_jm n+ jrn j_rn
j_jn t_.. ._r-.+jrn_jj. _. mjmr-
_.ln.l .+jrn_jj rn .n_.l. jljn__rn
.l.n1n nl.._+_jrn_n t_j.. +n_tj_._._
n+n., r+ r.+_jln+j .mj_n n nl.m j
t_.. IQ-n 15 j_. j._jl_., mjmr_.ln.lm.
_. .__.ln.lm. j_jn .r__j_n _rn j+_j
jrm+.ljm _._.t__.. .j r+, m.l.+j_r_j
nl_n_.rjn +ntj__nm, t_.. 7-10 j_. rn
m.__j. (Nisbett, 1995, 1998, Williams & Ceci, 1997),
m_+., t_.n j+nrj. .rj+ ._jl.1j
+n_mnmj. j t_.. j_r ._.+n.l +.nl
._njrjnlj, r+ r.j rn _._uj_jn
jljn__rn .lt_._jjn .rj (Hernnstein
&Murrey, 1994), +.r.+, +.nl. _n, m_ IQ +j+__n_-
rjnmn., ..t._ _n j t_.. _..j_n.l
___n j+._. nl_n_n_m. jljn__r .r.r_-
_._lj.? `._tn jrm+ln_lj_.ln. ,.r.!
+j+__n_rjnm. jrmn _l_rj_n ___n
SigniT .ltrnjj_ .1+_. j__ulj.. n
.r .+_j. ___m.rnn .lt_._jjn
nljr`rjnrjnm_n, .l_rj_._ n+n., m_
r.+_jl._ _n_n. +.m rn .lt_._j. njj_rn
jn +l.j+jn +ntj__nm. +j+__n_rjn
+._jljjn nl_n_n_m. +j+_n ``_.nn
j.tj +t_ .._.j_ .r+_jl.m.
rnt_ .lj__m_lj.. +.nl. _n, r. nnm,
r+ n+._j, +..nm._, +j+__n_rjnmn
+._.n +._jljnm t.n.m_j. (_..tjnm
90), +.nl _jr .l.1__r._m n+., m_ r.+_jl._..
mj_jln n+._j jljn__r._ .l`nrj_n.
nn_j .r_+jln .+_j. IQ-.m_n: -+n_tj_._._
nljjjn +j+__n_rjnmn +._.n +._jlj-
jn., _jr .l_.1__r._m _l_rj_n nl_n-
_n_n IQ-n, .l ___m.rn ._. IQ-n
jljn_n ._jl.. n _.jn, r+ IQ jn
jrmn r.rn_n m_ jmln__rn ___n l._j
j_j n_j, _n_rj +jrj, .r _l_. lnl.__j
n+., r+ .+ ___j rn .lt_._j. jljn-
__rn .r+n.. +.nl. _n, r_j. +j+__n_-
rjnmn +._jljjn (r+jn ___n nj
_._jlnn) IQ j_jn.m_n +._.n..
+jrj +n1j1n, m_ r.+ .r jnuj. jljn-
__rn l._rjn r_._ nj `._tn+jjn ___-
m.rn t_..1j, .+ .lt_._j.m. SefardebiT
n_n_j jtj.. ._. .lt_._jn +n_tj_._._,
.rj +ln_lj_.ln m.lt_j_r. mnmj_n
___n j_jn .l.nj.n: ___j rn
.lt_._j., mnmj_ ___n nl_n_n_jn
j_j rn .lt_._jjm.l j_.rjnm, +nrj.
(Loehlin, 2000: Suzuki&Valencia, 1997). 1._._,
.lt_._jjn t_._.t_. r.rn_n ___n jl_r
l._rjn _+ln_lj. jrmn _. nn_j ___n
j_rj rn .rj_ jljn__r .lt_._jj-
m.l j_.rjnm (Could, 1981; Zuckerman, 1990). +jn,
.-n r.. tnr._ __r n._rn _lr_j-
n., _n_rj nn_rn. .l_ntnm _n
j.lnl._n .t..1r_. +m.+.n .njr ___n
(Tiger Woods) j+mt_j_., r+j. tnr._ ._-
rn_j .+jrn_j._ +ntjlnjjl _. .+nm _.rj
`nrjn .jjljjl +., m_+., +nn rj._rn
.r++._. .njnm rm_n. (+nn nl.`-
rjn mjmr_.ln.ln, .__.ln.ln, .n, nljn _.
._nrn_n .+jrn_jjn nj_ljl). ___n j.-
lnl._n +..nmn. n+n., m_ r.+_jl._ .r
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jj.j_nj. .1._jrn_n jtj__j.
nn_r rj... .jm j+mt_j_.n .rj
jrn1_n ._rmtj, r+ t_._.t_. .1.-
_jrn_._ .+n_l_n ___jn .lt_._jjn
IQ-n +ntj__nm .ltn_ njlj, rr n-
n_rn _.jrjnm .l`nrj_n .lt_._j-
jn (Suzuki & Valencia, 1997).
+__j_rj+. .+l.tj .+ jtj__jn __j-
_jn ._.jnm j++jn 1jn. jj`jrn+jln
+l.nj_ljl .__.ln.ln .+jrn_jjn, r+j-
m. mjmr_.ln.ln .+jrn_jn .l j_r`jn +-
jn .j.__.m. .-n ._n +.tjn 20-30
j_.j_n., rr j_r`_n .r++._n
+jlj, r. jrj_n jrnljn j_jn.. j+ln
m_ .r. .lt_._j. IQ-n n, m_ r.+_jl._ .rn
_._nrm_n j_r`_n jlnm ,._n nl_n_n_n?
n+ m_..1rnn +ntj__nm, r+jn jlj
j_jn_j j_j__mtj_._ +nnlj_, j _n
_nm.rj., m_+., +l.j+jn _n_jljjl, r+
+j+__n_rjnm +n_j_ j_r`jn__.. _.
IQ- rn _rj.n. u.1j _n. (+r._.-
rnt_.l __j_jn j +._jljjn +t_ 0.15-
j._jl). j .+.rmn.ln. j_j. j+mt_j_.n,
.l_rj_._ n+n., m_ r+jn +.t.n.mjjn
_.ln _jrn m_ ntn ___n .+njjlj.
r.rn_n ._rj_n +._jlj._. n+ jr+.ljn
.__jn IQ +._jljjn j_.rj.+, r+jm.
+.+jn .__.ln.ln _. mjmr_.ln.ln .+tj_rjn
nj_ljl, .r .+._nl. .lt_._j. +.m rn.
.+.m.l._j, ,.__.ln.ln-mjmr_.ln.ln _._nrn
j_j._ .jln .__j r_. j_nm +._.n
j_jn .jl_.m n+ j+mt_j_jn, r_j. _j_.
nj mjmr_.ln.ln. .+ .lt_._jn ._.r.__ .tl.
n.., r+ _j_. __r +j._ +l.nj .__n
nljjj_._rn n.n1.nn `rjn, _n_rj
+.+. _., t._n., j .lt_._j. .r _l_. +njjr
jljn__r _.jr, r._.l _nn jljn__rn
+l.j+jn rn_j +n jljn_nm..
.l`nrj_n (Loehlin, 2000; Nisbert,1998).
jljn_. +ln_lj_.l r .r_j nl_n-
_n_n IQ-i _r+nrj.n, nj_j rr +n j_r
t_. +.t.n.mjj. _. _l.r1j. +n_tj_._._ .+n.,
_jl _.+_njm, r+ r.rn_ _. jmln__r
___j rn IQ-n +ntj__nm .rj_n .l-
t_._jjn +j+__n_rjnm .tl. j_ujjn..
n ._njjn, +.r.+ .r.._+.rnn `nr..
.+_.rn +._jljjn +n._j._. .t. .l_n-
tnm, m_ r. r jnuj. .r_j_j .-
rj+ `nrjn IQ-n +._jljjn .jmn
j_jjn .rj.n.
garemo da IQ
_nl.n_.l +j+__n_rjnmn +._jljjn 1.0-
1j l._jn., _.__lnm, r+ ljn+njrn nl_n_n_n
IQ-1j +t_ jljn__rn +j+__n_rj. .r .rn
`._tn+jjn. .rj+ IQ-1j _l_. .t_jl_j
._jl.. rr jnuj. .l_.1__rm, .rj-
+ r+jn .`jjn. IQ-m_n +ln_lj_.ln?
.rj+ r+jn +.t.n.mjjn +j+j_j IQ
jn +._.n j_jn +n_jn j.uj.1j
(Beiser & Gotowiec, 2000; Ceci, 1999; Rowe, 1997; Suzuki &
Valencia, 1997.)? .rj+ .r+._jl n+_m.
rm_ (_+`jj_r) l._rj, r+jn n_j.
+r._.n .l1+njn +ntj__nm rr _n1n-
__rn, nj n._rn m_..1rnnm _. jnu-
j. .lt_._j_._ ._nj+j_j ._.+n.ljn
+njr. ._njjn .r .rn, r+ jrmn _. nn_j
_.tn .__jn jrml.nr _rnn__ (.rjnmn
+ln_ljn +jlj) _njn_r .rj+n
n+j_j_ljl. .ntjljm, rr n1r_j_nm
mj_jl _.tn: m_ j._m _.-u+., .jj__ljl m_
.r. +.m jrml.nr j_r.__j. +jn? n_j-
_. m_ .r. rj_n `nrjn _rm. .l+._-
.n? jn_.. m_ .r. mj_jln _.tn _nl.l-
_rn j.ujjn? .l t+ .r jn_.. mj_jln
+jn _.t_rn +_+.rj.? l.mjn., r+
.rj+ j_rn _+`ljln.l j_j. _. j
_+`ljljn +__+n_._ _rmnjrmj+j_jjl _.
n_jn.l _rm. .l+._.n. .jj_.l .++_n-
l.rj, ._+._ rm_n. _njjn.m_n n+n
.l.1__r., m_ nl.+__njn r. .tn .rj+
`nrjn 1r_l_., rjn, n_.rnj, _.l+rmj-
., +n _. .. .t_jl ._jl. IQ-1j.
_+r._j j+mt_j_.n +__j_.rm. j_r.__jn
jlrn nj .rj+ __r ._rn .1+jn,
njmjn, rrn.., +..nm._, _.tn n-
j_l+n__rn ._n. jrm-jrm _.rm+..n.l
ln___r __j_.n, r+jn 26 000-1j +jn
.__n jn._j, .__n IQ-n .__jmj
nl..r+jj_jn 4 n .._n _.tn nj_-
l+n__rn ._n _. _j_n .l.mjn _lj
nj, r. jrml.nr._ _j+.rnn ._+l_. ._rn-
_jn, .+jrn_jn _. _.__.njn .__jn.m_n
(Broman et al., 1975). .l.n_r._, 10.5 suraTze
l._jljn. n._rn _.n 1._n ._jl.
IQ-1j.
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r.+ +j+j_j n._rn _.n IQ-1j?
n+_n_rj, nj_j rr n_.._j, j_un.
nljjj_._r __ljnlnrj.1j t_._t_._.rn
._jln +t_jl.. +.m.l j_j.1j ._.r. _.l-
+rmjn _. .l.mjn _1r_l_jj_n
`nrjn.. r_n _r _+. _.l+rmj-
.+ _. _.._jn. +nrj l.+ jnuj.
+ln_lj_l._ .l.`nr .__n _.j_jnmj_n
nljjjn. _.._ _.tjn _.._j_n .__jn
tnr._ __._ n__jjn.l, j_rn +.m.ln _.n
+njrn +n_n, .+n+ l._j._ .tjrtj _._.-
jj1j _ljlr.n.. .+.m.l._j, _.rnn
_.tjn .ln_n.l nljn, j_rl.-.1jmjn,
_+`n_jrjn _. t_. n+ ln_mjn l._j.,
r+jn tj _jjl ._.+n.ln ljrn_
.l_nm.rj.. ,rnjl.n. ._.rjl.1j l._j
_r. _. jljrn. __j _.rn +j,
.l.__mrjnm _n +.rtjj, r+ nm.+.l
.__jm.l _. +.t_nll +.mn nljjj_._rn
n+_.n., r., m._n +trn_, u.1j _.rj_nm._
+j+j_j .__jn +njr njmn _._.jjn
jr_j.1j, rrn.. .l_.r_n IQ
jjn.
_., ._nr_j.n +t_rjn ._.+n.ljn
.r__j_ _._ ..rjjl _jl .1._j.n
nj_j, rr +_n _+r._j j_jj.l.n,
r.rn_._ njm .+jl_r .1._j.n _n,
rrn n.`ln... +..nm._, _r._.+nln .+
.1._jn j_j.1j _..n _.n j_rn
IQ, t_. n.`ljjm.l j_.rjnm, 15 j_nm
_..n. (Ogbu, 1987). n+ ___n n._r+.
_._+., r+j. nl_n_n_n +nj__m_lj., jnuj.
_.rj_nm._ n+j+j_ +n m_nm_.r+_lj_-
.1j _. .r.tj.jrjn ._jl. +.t_nl
jn j_jj. _. ._ +n_j_j1j, .+n+
.__jn tj.jrj `nrjn .1r_n j+-
mt_j_.n m_..nl _l_. nj .rj+ __.
._jl. IQ-1j.
suraTi
10.5
memkvidreobas, garemosa da I-s Soris
arsebuli urTierTdamokidebulebaa
grafikze asaxulia memkvidreobisa da garemos wvlili
IQ qulebSi. mamebs da vaJebs hqondaT erTnairi IQ-
ebi (memkvidreobiTobis gavlena), magram rogorc
mamebis, ise vaJebis IQ dakavSirebuli iyo socialur
klasTan (garemos gavlena).
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saidan
viciT
garemos gavlena IQ-ze
+__j_rjn .__ljl .__jn r
___, r+jn l._njn nj_ljl 2 n
.._n ._. _.n mjmr_.ln.ln +-
jn +njr (Moore, 1986). jrmn ___n
.__jn (9 .__n) rn_j nn_rn
+jn .__.ln.ln nj, t +jrj __-
_n .__j (14 .__n) jrmn nn_rn
+jn .__.ln.ln .j.__.m, +jrj _n
mjmr_.ln.ln. 7-_.l 10 .+_j .._n
_jjjrn nljjjn _.n .+jjljnm
._.j_ljl mnmj_n .__n IQ-.
n+ .__jn ._. IQ, r+j.
rn_j +jn .__.ln.ln .j.__.m, 108.7
nj, t jrj_n .__jn IQ 107.2.
rr l._jljn. 10.6 suraTze, j +._jlj-
jn ._.1j +._.n. ._rn_jn .+jrn-
_jjn.m_n (Lynn,1996).
_l_. ._nlnl, r+ nl_n_n__._r .lt_._j-
. j+ln .r. r.., .r.+j_ j_l+n__rn, _.l-
+rmjn _. .l.mjn _1r_l_jj_n
rj_rjn, r+jn, rr _jl .1._j.n,
nj j_r t_. j_jj.l.n, _._._nrj_n. r.rn_
+n__m_lj_.m.l.
`r.jn__._, __.l._ljn 30 n .l+._-
.n +__j_rjn .+ j_jn .tj+n_jrn_
_lj1j .l1._j. _njl. `rr.+. ,Head
Start _j_jr._r+. +m._r.+ `nr_j._ 1965 j
_.._nl.l.. n .l__m_lnn nj ,+nrj j.u-
jjn +jlj _.tjn .__jn _n1n__rn
_.l+rmjn, .l_nm.rjn, n._rn,
..l+.l.mj _. j+n_rn +_+.rjn
.._+_jj._: .r_. .+n., `jn._rn
+t.r_.+_jrn .+.t_rjn ._.jnm 1r_n_.
_.tjn j.uj., j1r_l.m .__m.r
_nj1j (Kassebaum, 1994, _. 123). Head Start `r-
r.+n .rn nj .r. .__jn ._.j_.l. `rn_nj-
nrj_ `nrjn, .r.+j_ n+ `nrjn ._+-
_jj., r+jn nnln _.n._ljl _. n1r_j-
_ljl. ._lnl_n `rr.+n +ntj__nm, .__jn
n_jjl `jn._r _.+_j .l.mj.,
j_j__j lr+._r._ n__jjn.l, +.mn +jn
n_jjl _.l+rmj.m.l _. .__n ._1r_.m.l
_._._nrj_ rj_j. .+ `rr.+n j_jj_rn
`nr_jn j_.jjn ___nrj_n nj nljjj-
n jjn _. +n_j_n t_. .1+jn +ntj_-
_nm +n_j_n j_jjn ._+_jj.1j. _.j-
rn_._, `rr.+.n .rm_n_.l _ r.+_jln+j
__nrn j+_j .__jn IQ 10 j_nm .n1.r_..
.+_t.r_, `rr.+n _._jn j+_j, +.mn
IQ +._jljjn nj_ +nr_j_. (Barnett, 1998;
Zigler&Muenchow, 1992; Zigler&Styfco, 1994). .+
+_jn_.l j.ujjn. rn _.__ln .+.l.:
IQ-1j jnuj. ._jl. +.t_nl .rj++, +.r.+
tj.jrjn .rj+ `nrjn _l_. nj t.l-
run_n. ljn+njr j+mt_j_.n, Head Start `r-
r.+n j_.rjnm _n.l_j+. j_.jj+.
._..t. m.__.`nr_jn _nr nljrjn +t_
IQ-n +n+.rm.
suraTi
10.6
naSvilebi bavSvebis I qulebi
saSualo klasis TeTrkaniani ojaxebis mier naS-
vileb Savkanian da Sereuli rasis bavSvebs hqon-
daT saSualoze maRali IQ, radgan bavSvebi arian
im jgufebis wevrebi, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTe-
belia saSualoze dabali Sedegebi. miRebuli mo-
nacemebi aCveneben garemo pirobebis gavlenas IQ-
ze.
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empiriuli literaturidan... viRebT
rogorc karg, ise _ cud ambebs. cudi
ambavi isaa, rom arc Head Start-s da arc
nebismier sxva skolamdel programas ar
SeuZlia bavSvebis dacva siRatakis daman-
greveli zemoqmedebisagan. adreul inter-
vencias ubralod ar SeuZlia cxovrebis
cudi pirobebis, aradamakmayifolebeli
kvebisa da jandacvis, uaryofiTi roluri
modelebisa da dabali donis skolebis
daZleva. dadebiTi mxare ki isaa, rom pro-
gramebs SeuZlia bavSvebis momzadeba
skolisaTvis da, Sesabamisad, amiT exmare-
ba maT daZlevisa da adaptaciis unarebis
ganviTarebaSi, rac SesaZleblobas mis-
cems maT, cxovrebaSi miaRwion saukeTe-
sos Tu ara, ukeTes Sedegebs mainc
(Zigler&Styfco,1994, gv.129).
m_ _jl .+_njjljm nljjjn __r _.rm
.l.1__rj., r+jn n_j. _r._
_jr._r _. .r._jr._r _._.jj nlj-
jjn jjn, .rj+ _.jrjn ._jl.
__r l.mjn .t_j.. tj.jrjn, +t.r_.+_jrn
.rj+ +ln_lj_l._ .l.1__r._ .r+.jj
nljjj_._r, ._ +n_j_j. _. n_.-
n_r ._.`.n.n.
kultura da IQ testebis
validoba
._.+n.ljn, ..m, l._j._ n1r_lj_ljl IQ
j_j1j, r+ .r nm_.nnlj_ljl j+_j ..r-
j `rl1: +r._.rnt_.l+. __j_j+.
._jl., r+ IQ j_j ._+._ _.n__r._
j_un.m njmn ._nmtjn `rl1nrj., r-
rn.. ._ lnljn, `r_jn_n .-
_n _. .__m.rn m._n .r+jln t.rntn
+r._. t_._.t_. .+_.1j (Brody, 1997b;
Gottfredson, 1997b). .+ j_jjn_.l .++_nl.rj, IQ
jjn _.n__r._ 1+._ nljjj_._r
j.ujj, r+jn u.n.l +ln_lj-
_.ln. nl_n_n_n +njr t_._.t_. .tn .r+.j-
n +n_j_nm_n: j _n, m._n +trn_, +j._
_nrj_n. _..__rn ___rjn.m_n IQ-
n ._.jnm .1+nn nljjjn __.
._jl. .t_jl .r+.j.1j. .lt_._jj+. IQ-
n, .j_j, jnuj. n+j+j_ ._._j+n_r +-
rj.. _. .+_. jr_jn t.rnt1j
.r.`nr_.`nrn 1nm, j_. r. nl_n_n_n
+n_jn _. r+jljn. nnln, _n. +._.n IQ
.j_m, __r +j._ +._ljn., r+ .r+.-
j_ln nj_ljl _.n, .t_ljl ._n._+n
__r +n_nrj_ln, rnjlnrj_ln +n_j_.-
1j _. `n+n_r._ _j_rl .__m.r j.uj-
j, r+ m._ ..rm+j_jl ljn+njr nuljj.
.j_j, .__j, r+jm. _..n IQ .j_m,
jnuj. ,m.l _j__j _..n _ln _jn
_. `rr.+jn, r.+., jnuj., .r__j_n._,
n+j+j_ +.m m_nm_.r+_lj_.1j __jl-
n `jrn_n _n. .+_.r._, IQ-+. jnuj.
.ln._ .rj+ ._jl., +.r.+, .+._j _r,
IQ-, m._n +trn_, j_un. .t.n .rj+ `nr-
jn rr __jmjn, nj _.rjn jj+l..
.+_.r._, IQ-j_.j. jnuj. .j_njr
.t_j .__n.m_n _. .l.1__r +nn j_n
nljjjn .__n unrnm._n jljn__rn _l.-
rjn _nn +n_tj_._._.
+n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ _._._r_. IQ jjn
_.n_. +.mn unrnm._n +n+.rm_jnm .+jj-
ljn.m_n, j_rn _.+__nr_jjn _jr _n_j_
j__j_j .jjlj +.m _.n_. t_._.t_.
___r_n _. r.rn_n ___jn j_.rjn.
(Greenfield, 1997; Samuda, 1998; Serpell, 2000). jjn
_. jnrjn +r._.n _r+. jnuj. .r
m.lt__j_j nljjjn ___r_ .j.,
.l .m.l._ jj_.. .l_ntnm _.n _.r-
j_nmn j_.jn jrmn +..nmn:
rodesac laTinoamerikeli warmoSobis
emigranti mSoblebis bavSvebi amerikul
skolaSi wavidnen, isini gagebaze ufro
metad iyvnen orientirebulni, vidre _
laparakze; maswavleblis avtoritetis
pativiscemaze, vidre _ sakuTari azrebis
gamoxatvaze, rasac maTi uaryofiTi akade-
miuri Sefaseba mohyva. maSasadame, erT
kulturaSi Rirebuli komunikaciis for-
ma _ pativiscemiT mosmena _ gaxda uary-
ofiTi Sefasebis safuZveli iseTi sko-
lis pirobebSi, sadac TviTdajerebuli,
mtkice laparaki komunikaciis Rirebul
formad aris miCneuli.
.+ j+nr.l+. .__j+. _l_. n._l, m_
rr +njljl .+jrn__ _.n nj, r+
_..r+_ll +.._jjn m._n.lm lnjrj.n.
jrm-jrmn .l_.r_n `nr. n+n., r+ IQ
jj n_rmtnnm j_n_jn.l, +.mn jl_jln-
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_r.., r+jn +n+.rm_n. t_._.t_.
___rn j_rjn nl.._+_j, .l ..rj_.
_rnn_jn ._lnl._jl, r+ ___j rn
.lt_._jj IQ j_jn n_j_ nj+._rn
+n_jruj. jn _nmt_jn, r. +.m .r.-
_.n__r. _. _.+.rm t_n _+nrjjm.l
+n+.rmj.n. +.nl. _n, r_j. jjn
j_jln. .m_.nnlj_n. ___r_n
_.jrn, +.n +.nl _t__j. r.rn_n
t.r_j1jn (Neisser et al., 1996). _.jrn_._, j
._nmtn jnuj. jn _ljj __r
__._nr_j_j, _n_rj jn nl..r. klaud
stili (Claude Steel, 1997; Steel & Aronson, 1995, 1998)
._lnl.__., r+ ._.+n.ljn +njr _l.rjn
jjn jr_j.1j ._jl. .t_jl ste-
reotipuli muqara (lnn, .rjm_j, jrj-
n`_n +j_._n .tj_jnm) ._rmtj
n+n., r+ jnuj. _._._r_j lj.n_rn
jrjn`n .r__j_n ___n j.tj. _.__
nn .+__j_jn +ntj__nm, n+n r+jl.+,
r+ n_.n.n +j+j_j _.rj_nmn jrj-
n`n, jnuj. .+n_n n+ __n +._jljn
+n_j., r+jn jrjn`n +n.1rj_..
saidan
viciT
stereotipuli muqaris moqmedeba
jrm-jrm __j_.n .+._jn __rn
.__.ln.ln _. mjmr_.ln.ln __jljn
_n_ljl j`._t.m +.nr._r.n
+n._j .l_.r_ jn j+._.n
_nmt_jn +._n u.1j rm_n _nmt_j-
nm_n, r+jn jln _.r._ _l.
+nmt__.. __jljn l.tj_.r _mtrj,
r+ .+ _nmt_j1j .j+_n `._tjn
+ntj__nm n+_jj_ljl +.mn nljjj_.-
_rn _l.rjn j.tj, +jrj l.tj_.r+.
_n n_., r+ .+ jj`jrn+jlnm .+.ln
._._rn `rjn .rm_ _njn_r
_.jrj n__j__ljl. jrjn`_n
+_j.rn mjrnn +ntj__nm, j_.rjnm
_..n j_jjn _l_. .jl_.m n+ _-
_jlj, r+jm. n_.n.+ j_j+l.
jrjn`_n +_j.r., .l_ `nr_jn ___n
(+.m n_ljl, r+ _._j_. nlj-
jj_._rn j.ujjn) .__.ln.l
__jlj. rr 10.7 suraTis A l.n1j
tj_._m, +n_j_+. j_jj+. j `rl1n
_.._._r.. r_j. .__.ln.ln __jljn
_.r+_lj_ln nj_ljl, r+ jn +n_j_-
n j_jn +ntj__nm _nl+j +.mn nljjj-
n j.tj jju j+_j., nnln _._.-
jj _.rj._ .r_j_ljl (Steel &
Aronson, 1995). jrjn`_n +_j.rnm
.+_j_n n_. +_. ljn+njr
___n, r+n +n+.rm. .rj .r.-
r__._ljn jrjn`n. +..nm._,
jrjn`n +ntj__nm, j.j, +.+._.jm.l
j_.rjnm, +.mj+.n_n .m_njn l._jn
_l.rn .j_m. rr 10.7 _r.mn B l.n1j
.l, rm_+. +.mj+.n__r+. j+. jjn
+ntj__nm .lt_._j_n j_jjn +t_
+.nl ._jl., r_j. __jlj j_lj-
_ljl, r+ .jmn .lt_._jjn jnuj.
j_nnj (Steel, 1997), .l_ j1j +_.n
_.jj.+_j. r_j. __jljn .l-
njrj_ljl m._n.lm jjrn_ .lt_.-
_j_., __jlj j_lj_ljl, r+
.r_n .jm+. j+. ._jl. jjn
+ntj__nm .lt_._j.. rj_ nn_j +t_.
.+ __jljn j+mt_j_.n.
j_r.__j. +n.jnjm, r+ mnmj_ .+ __j_.n
+ln_lj_.ln., m_ rr ._.j n_.n.
jn j+r_jjn. +t_ n+ j+mt_j_.n,
r_j. ._.+n.lj _jr.m, r+ n_.n. jtj.
jrjn`, +..nm._, r_j. +n.ln.m, r+
nljjjn .+ jnm +.mn jrjn`_._
__n j_jjn .+_nl_j., +.m +njr _._.j-
jn jr_j. _.rj_j.. j.ujjn. m_
.r. IQ-n .1+_. jrjn`_n +_j.rn ._+j-
ljn .rjj? m_ j j_ujjn., +__j_rjn
_jr._j jujjl nljjj_._rn _l.rjn
._j__._r._ j_.j..
_., _n_j_ jrmn +.1rj. nljjjn-
. _. ___rn j.tj. 1._._, .-n __-
_r. nl_n_n__._rn .lt_._jjn .tln.
jl_jln_rn. _. .+ .lt_._jjn jljn__rn
_.jrnm .tln_jl ntrj.. harold stivenson-
ma _. +n+. _jj+. (Harold Stevenson, 1993)
r.+_jln+j jn _._m+j nljn, n.`ljn _.
stereotipuli muqara (Stereotype threat) _ safrTxe
imisa, rom SeiZleba dadasturdes negatiuri
stereotipi garkveuli jgufis Sesaxeb.
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.+jrn_jn .__jn +.mj+.n__rn +n_j_jn
__j_.. 1980 j .1njn .__jn .rul-
._ _ln_ljl m._n.lm .+jrn_j m.l.j.
1990 j j nljr_.n jl.r_lj_n nj:
,nljn .__jn +t_ 4.1- _. n.`ljn
.__jn 10.3- .jl_. njmn_j _..n j_j-
n, rrn ._. .+jrn_j .__. ln-
l._ m_ .r. j n+., r+ .1njn .__jn jlj-
n__rn _`nr.jnm t.n.m_jn.l? _.jrn-
_._, __r +._ljn nj, r+ ._.+n.ljn
.-n .+ _nmt_. _._jnm._ _`._tj_ljl. r_j-
. n_jlln _. +nn _jjn mt__ljl
.1nj _. .+jrn_j __jlj, +.._jj
_. +j +njmnmjnl.m, m_ r. __r +ln-
_lj_.ln nj +.mm_n: ,j_nm._ +j._nlj.
m_ ,m.l_.jnn lnjrj., .1njn rj`l-
_jljn .jjl ,j_nm._ +j._nlj.1j
._jmj_ljl, .+jrn_jn rj`l_jljn _n ,m.l-
_.jn lnjrj.1j. .t. tj_._m, m_ rr
jnuj., r+ .+ jtj__jj+. .+jrn_jjn
+nnj_.l _.__l.+_j, r+ .1njjn jljn__rn
_`nr.jnm _l_. t.n.m_j_ljl +.mj+.n_n
.m_nj.n. _nl.n_.l .jmn r+jl. .tj+n_
`nn_.1j .n.tj., +..nm._, r. m.lt..
._nr n+n.m_n, r+ .+jrn_jjn _.j__l
+.mj+.n_. +.nl, r_j. .r .j_m .+ .ln
j._n _l.rn. u.n.l +ln_lj_.ln. 1_-
n +jlnjr_n +l.j+jn ..l.n1j., r.m.
.ln.1__r, rnn j_.. j.ujjn lj-
rn_n j.ujjn .+_jl.n _. rnn
.r..
Sejameba
_.r_+. tjn j_j 1njrmn r.rn_n
_. jmln__rn ___jn jljn__rn nl_jrn_-
n ._n.rjn .r_+.jjn r._nnn _.+__n-
_rj.. jj_n jljn__r+. .l.n1+. IQ-n
suraTi
10.7
stereotipuli muqara
stereotipul muqaras adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac adamianebi Tvlian, rom negatiuri
stereotipebi marTebulia mimdinare testirebis pirobebSi. (A) erT kvlevaSi swavloben
stereotips: afro-amerikelebs dabali qulebi aqvT inteleqtis testebSi. cdis pirebis
_ Savkaniani da TeTri studentis _ naxevarma icoda, rom testi diagnostikuri iyo da
zomavda maT inteleqtualur SesaZleblobas. cdis pirebis meore naxevars ar hqonda es
informacia. jgufSi, romelmac icoda, rom testi diagnostikuri iyo, maTi Sesruleba
uaresdeboda (mosalodnel SesrulebaSi ukve arsebuli gansxvavebebis gamosaricxad
gamoiyeneboda cdis pirTa SAT qulebi). (B) meore kvlevaSi swavlobdnen stereotips:
qalebi dabal qulebs iReben matematikis gamocdebze. cdis pirebis _ qali da mamakaci
studentebis naxevars eubnebodnen, rom maTematikis testma wina SemTxvevaSi aCvena gen-
deruli gansxvavebebi SedegebSi. cdis pirebis meore naxevari aseT informacias ar
Rebulobda. rodesac qalebi fiqrobdnen, rom testma SeiZleba genderuli TvalsazrisiT
gansxvavebuli Sedegebi aCvenos, maSin maTi Sesruleba uaresdeboda.
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+r._.rnt_.ln jljn__rn _+`ljln ._jl..
m_+., IQ-n .1+_. tnr._ `nn__rn j_-
jrn _._r._, IQ-n +ntj__nm +n_j_n r.-
rn_n .lt_._jjn .+. +__j_rj+. _.._-
nlj .rj+ _.jrjn, r+jn +ln_lj-
_.l ._jl. .t_jljl IQ-1j. +n_tj_._._ n+n.,
r+ IQ- ._+._ _.n__r._ j_un. njmn
t_rjnj_n j_jjn `rl1nrj., rr-
n.. .r+.jjn _.. _. .+.t_rn, +nn
.1+_jn jnuj. .r._.n__rn nj t_._.t_.
r.rn_n _. ___r_n ___jn j+mt_j_.-
n. +..nm._, 1njrmn ___n nljjj_-
._rn j.ujjn .1+_n. jrjn`_-
n +_j.rn 1j+j+j_j. .ln_n.
SemoqmedebiToba
.l.+ nljjjn. _. +nn .1+_n mj+.
_._.r_jm, +n__r_l_jm njm ._nmt,
rrn.. kreatuloba, .l_ j+j+j_jnm..
_rj._. .rn njmn n_jjn jljrnrjn.
_. `r__jjn jj+ln _l.rn, r+jn .t.n
_. aqtualuria +j+_ `nrjn (Sternbeg &
Lubart, 1999). .l_ntnm rn .+ljn
+..nmn. j +jj.ln1+n .t.n nj, r._.l _l
.++lj.+_j .r._n _l.t._, m_ r. .rjn
+n_j. jnuj_. .rj_n .ljn.l. j
.+lj. `nrjn ._j__._rn nj, r._.l
u.1j t._n nj +nn .+jjljn j.uj..
`nrjm.l j.j_nn .rjj, .t.n n_jjn
tnr._ _l._r._ _. _._n_ ._nj+j..
_rj._. ljrn_n j.ujjn._+n
+nu__ln m._n .l_ntn._m, _nl.n_.l j_rn
._.+n.ln ._n.rj nljjj. _. _rj._.
rn +_n_r _._nrn .rj.. .+ _.r.__n
_..+_nj._, _`nr_jj j_n., j+j+j_j-
nmn _l.rjn j_.j. _l_. j_ju, t
j+_j _rj._.. _. nljjj rn
_._nrn _._jl.. .+rn._, _jr .l_ntn._m
+jm_j, r+jm. ._.jnm n_jjn .l `r-
__jjn _._j., rr j+j+j_jnmn _.
j_.++jm nljjjm.l +.m _._nr, j+_j
.l_ntn._m .l.__mrj_n (.l __j_)
_rj._n `nrj _. +.m _._nr jn-
.m.l. _l.t._m, r. jnuj. _n._m
.l.__mrj_n j+j+j_jnmn _l.rjnm _._n-
_j_n ._.+n.ljn..l.
kreatulobis Sefaseba da
kavSiri inteleqtTan
rr jnuj. n+n .l.1__r., ._.+n.ljn
(j_.rjnm) _rj._jn .rn.l m_ .r.? j_rn
+n_+. divergentul azrovnebaze ___nr_j.,
r+jn .ln.1__rj., rr `rj+n
t_._.t_._.rn __j_ ._.j_jn _l.rn.
_nmt_jn, r+jjn 1+._jl _n_jrjl_
.1r_lj., ._.j. .uj_jl jn
j+r_jj l.m._ .+._nl sxartn _.
moqnili .1r_lj. (Torrance, 1974; Wallah & Kogan,
1965):
_...tjjm j_j. ..ln, r+jn, mj_jln
.1rnm, mt__mtj_n.:
.+n _mn .l+._.n _...tjjm r.
jnuj. +jn mjmrn _jrn, ._+j._ _.rnn
.ljn:
_...tjjm ._rn .+jjljn j_j.
j.u _.rn.ln, r. m._n .1r._ +n_.m.
`._tjn _._j. njmn .l1+njjn +ntj_-
_nm, rrn.. (1) sisxarte .lt_._j_n
n_jjn .jrm r._jl.: (2) unikaluroba
n+ n_jjn r._jl., r+jn j..+n
jrj_.n .r._n .+_mj_.+ _. (3) uCveuloba
n+ n_jjn r._jl., r+jn .+mj_.
+j+_n jrj_n, _mj_.m, 5-1j l._j+.
(Runco,1991).
r_j. _rj._. .+ 1nm ._.jjl,
j.ujjn. +n_j_n +._jljn j_.rj.
t_. .1+jm.l _. +.m rn _._nrn _._jl..
tnr._ +__j_rjn ._.j_ljl _._nr _n_jrjl-
_n .1r_ljn .1+j. _. IQ- rn.
.tj1j. 1._n _r.mn: r .1+ rn .r-
j _n .l 1+njrn _rj.n., r_j.
IQ .rn 120 j_.+_j, 120 j_.1j 1j+m _n
_rj.n. +nr_j. (Sternberg & OHara, 1999).
r.+ _l_. t_j_j .j? jrm-jrmn +__j_.rn
_njr r+ ,nljjjn .r__j_n _lj
kreatuloba (Creativity) iseTi ideebis generi-
rebisa da produqtebis Seqmnis unari, romlebic
axali da aqtualuria mocemul pirobebSi.
divergentuli azrovneba (Divergent thinking) _
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nuj_. j+j+j_jnmn .+j+j_jn j.uj-
., +.r.+ .r .t_jl +n n+_.n. (Perkins,
1998, _. 319). t_. nj_jnm, nljjjn .l.-
1__r_n _lj ._.j. .uj_ `nr_lj.,
nj _rj._n, +.r.+ +.l jnuj. _jr .+n-
jjl j j.uj..
j+j+j_jnmn .1r_ljn +__j_rjn tnr._
._lnl._jl, r+ _n_jrjl_n .1r_ljn
jjn u.n.l +_n_r_ __._nr_j. nljjjn
jnrjn r._nn.. _. m_nml IQ jj
(r.+. jnuj. .tl. +._.n _rj.n. 120
IQ- _.rjn) (Lubart,1994). _rnjrn_+nm
_rj._n-.r._rj._n ._.+n.lm. j_.jn
.lt_._j_ +n_+. .r+._jl +.m +njr
.l.1__r_n j+j+j_jnmn `r__jn
l.t.n, jjn .l `..r. +mtrn jj+l..
jj`jrj j_un.m j._.l mnmj_n `r-
__jn _rj._n t.rntn. .+__j_j+.
._jl., r+ jj`jrjn ._+._ jrm__.lln
.rn.l `r__jn _rj._n j_.jn.
(Amabile, 1983). +.m jnuj. ._+._ 1_._
j._.l ._.+n.ljn l._jn .l +jn _rj._n
+ntj__nm.
gansakuTrebuli kreatuloba
da SeSliloba
.rjjl .l.__mrj_n ._.+n.ljn,
r+jn j+j+j_jnmn j.lj
.r+._jljl. _nl .tjl_j.m, r. mt_jl
.l.__mrjnm j+j+j_jnmn ._.+n.ln _..tj-
j.? ._.r.__., r+ mj_jln `._tn, l.n-
rn_, _.+_n_j_n njlj. n+ _jr1j,
r+jn +__.jm _., l.nrn_, mj_jl
`rnrnjj1j. _njj+. jnuj. _...tj-
l 1n+_l_ _rn_n: _jrjrnm, +_n_nm .l
j__nm _.nljrjj_+. ._.+n.lj+. jnuj.
_...tjl `. `n_., nr r._nl_n .l
+.r. r...+n. j.ujjn. m_ .r. .jmn
nl_n_n_jn `nr_ljj rn n+ .jrm
+.t.n.mjjn ._+jl., r+jn .l.__m-
rj_n j+j+j_jnmn nl..r+jj_jjn
._.j. +_j+? ._.r_ .r_ljr+. (Howard
Gardner, 1993) .nrn. n nl_n_n_jn, r+jm.
jjr.r_nl.r_n _l.rjn _jl +njr ._rj
.ltn_n nljjjn r_. n`n rjj_.l_rn
nj. +.m rn nj_ljl _rn_n, `n_., r._nl_n
_. r...+n. .r_ljrn .l.n1+. ._.j. +n.
+., jjj+l. n`_rn j+j+j_n t_rjnj_n
.+_njn `rrjn, r+j. +.l E.C.
__..
E.C. aRebs problemuri sferosa da
gansakuTrebuli interesebis samefos kars,
romelic mas gaukvalav gzaze ayenebs. es
aris uaRresad sapasuxismgeblo momenti.
am wuTidan E.C. izolirebulia Tanato-
lebisgan da, ZiriTadad, damoukideblad
unda imuSaos. is grZnobs, rom raRac
aRmoCenis zRvarze imyofeba, romelic jer
TviTonac ar aqvs gaazrebuli. am kritikul
suraTi
10.8
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momentSi E.C. miiltvis rogorc kognituri,
ise _ emociuri mxardaWerisken, amiT is
Tavisi mdgomareobis SenarCunebas axerxebs.
amgvari mxardaWeris gareSe igi SeiZleba
Zalisa da energiisagan daicalos (Gardner,
1993, gv. 361).
.+ `..jn _..r_ .r_ljrn +ntjlnj
n`_r j+j+j_m. jrm-jrm j_j.1j 1._
jrjn` +.mn t_rj. j.1__rj., 1_jr
_n _nt+ jn.. n_j. n+n j.tj,
r+ __n_jn j+j+j_jnm. +_n_r_ __._-
nr_j. jn., _n_n tln nrn. .j_
_. `.ln .tj __._nr_j. (Kessel, 1989).
j_.rjnm m.l.+j_r_j `jrn_n _rj`jnln (1921)
._lnl.__., r+ ,+.ln._._r-_j`rjn_n nnjnm
j`jrnn, .l_ n`.r_n .nn +jlj
nl_n_n_jn +.ln._._r _.1.n j+ln.l .1rn
m._n__._ _nljn
1
`nrj, r. tj _j
_n_ j+j+j_jnm.. rr +j-15 m._n
_l.t._m, +.ln. t.n.m_j. t.lrun_n .1ljn
`jrn_jnm. ._.+n.l .+._j_n .ljnj.
.j_ _. jj`.ln_rn jj_nm, m._j__._jnm
t.n.m_j.. .rj +.1rj., r+ tj_ljn.
_. ._+.ln.r_n +jlnjrjjn +r._.n
.+jlnn +__.j rj_ _lj.-.ljnjn
.jmn .nnm t.n.m_j. (Keiger,1993), +.r.+,
rr _l_. .l.1__rl +__j_rj+., n+j+j_.
m_ .r. _njn__r+. _.._._j.+ .+ nl_n_n_jn
.1r_ljn rj._r `rj1j?
saidan
viciT
kreatuloba da mania
._lnl_ _nmt_.1j `._tn ..j+._
_rj._n +__j_.r+. robert veisbergma
(Robert Weisberg, 1994, 1996) jn._. _+-
`1nr rjr _+.ln j+j+j_j.,
r+j. n`.r_n .nn _n.-
l1n .jl_.. .r__j_n +l.j+jn +.ln..
_. j+j+j_jnm. rn l._.r.__j_n
_._nrn ..rj_ +jj_jj. _+.l+.
.njnm +jn l..r+jn jj+l. +.ln.-
_._rn _.1n jn (._._ 12.3),
_n_rj _j`rjn_ _.1.n (._._ 2.7),
m_+., j _._nrn .njnm _n nj
l..r+jjn t.rntn j_.jn.. +.ln.-
_._r `jrn_n jj+lnn l..r+jjn
t.rntnm .r _ln_. _j`rjn_ `jrn_n
jj+ln l..r+jj.
_jnjrn __j_. _._njrjnlj, r+ j-
n. (.+_jlnn +.lnn .tnm) +ln_-
lj_l._ 1j+j+j_j +n_.n.1j. nl_n_n_n
n+rnj +.lnn j+j_. _. j_r j+ln.
m_ `nr_lj. .r__j_n ..lnm .+nrj_.,
.+ `jrn_n jj+lnn 1njrmn, +.r.+ .r.
j_j., l..r+jn rjnl_.j njlj., m_+.,
t.rntnm .r njlj. t_. `jrn_jn jj+ln
l..r+jj1j __jmjn. nrn_n j+mt_j_jn
j_r.__jnm j._.+, r+jn j+j+j_j-
nm.. _. jn. rn .rj_ .r-
__j_n t.rntn _._nr1j +jj_jj, jj`jrn
albert rotenbergi (Albert Rothengerg) +nnj_.l.
_.__l.+_j, r+ ,+_.rn _. r+.ln_n. j-
tj__j., r+n +ntj__nm., mnmj, ._.+n.ljn
m_nml _l_. _.n.l_l, r+ jul t_jn
+_t.rjn. _. .l__n .j. (Rothenberg, 1990,
_.164).
+. +jrj, r. ._.+n.l+. +nn_ nl_r+.n.
.l.__mrj_ _rj._n j.tj, r. jnu-
1
Free flowing though processes.
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j. n._ +.l .jj_.l. mj_jl jnuj.
+n.um rn_n .j_n +_j; _._rj._ _rj.-
_n ._.+n.ljn +1._ .rn.l _._ljl ,.___.._
1.1j. .j_j, jnun.m .n1n.rm ++1._jn
+_jn. .l.__mrj_n _rj._nm _._n-
_j_n ._.+n.ljn j _m+jl n+ _jrn
_.tj_lj., r+jn .__jmjln njljn.l
(Weisberg,1986). j.ujjn. .n1n.rm nl..ln
+n_.nn +_jn (Pattern of intrinsic motivation).
j+j+j_jnmn ._.+n.ljn _+_nlj_ .r_j-
jl +j+_ _._.jj, r._.l n.+_lj. _.
_+.j_nj. .ln_jm n, r.. nnln j+ln.l
(Collins & Amabile, 1999). m_ mj_jl t_rj.n
jujm .+ .+n +_jn .__m.r m._1j
+rj., +.nl +.tjrtjm mj_jln j+j+j_jnmn
_l.rjn +j._ .+_jl..
.t. ___j nnm n tjrtjn, r+jm. ._.-
jnm _njjn ._.jjl _. tln.l nl_n-
_n__._r .lt_._jj, r+jjn .rjjl
nljjj. _. _rj._. rn, m_+.,
_j__jn., nnm, r+ ._.+n.ln ..j._ .n-
jnm +jn. ._nr, _n_rj _l. +nn nljjj-
_.n. _. j+j+j_jnmn t.rntn j-
.tj. j+_j j_jm._n .l_ntn._m n+ tjrtj,
r+nm. _njjn n_jjl nl_r+.n. n+
`nr_l_n m_njjn _n.`.1ln j.tj, r+-
jn mnmj_n nl_n_n_n _ln_._r.
.l.1__r._.
Sejameba
_rj._. _n_jrjl_n .1r_ljn j-
jnm n1+j.. 1njrmn jtj__jn .nl.._-
+_j_, .r _._._r_. +_n_r _._nrn j+j-
+j_jnm.. _. jn. rn, m_+.,
j+j+j_jnm. +nmt_ .r__j_n rn_n
.j_., ++1._j.. _. +n_.n..
Sefaseba da sazogadoeba
_njn_rn j_.jn unrnm._n +n1.ln
._.+n.ljn 1_._ j_.j.., r. jj`jrjn
+njr ._jmj_ jujn_._.r._ _j_
_.__jn .n.tj.. .+ +n1ln +n_j_. j.ujj-
n. +.._jjn, _.+jnr._jjn _. t_.
j+_.jjn _njj_rn _.__ljn __r
njj_rn .1+jnm j_nm, r+jn
._+._ 1j_+nj_lnm, __.+nm.. .j_n _.
_n.. _rnn__n j_.jn.m_n. rj_ .+
+n1.l+. +n. _...+n ._rj_ nlj `nljr_
r+.. nlj _. t_j +n.l_.m, r+ jnrj.
tj j_j_. .1._jn _j+_r.n1.n.
_. j.+nrj_. jjn, r.n, jr_ljn, `rn_nj-
njn, .l _n1n__rn .rjln j+mt_j_nm
_rnjrn_+j1j _.__ulj_ ._.j_jnjj,
m_+., .+ .+._j_n +n1ljn +n_tj_._._,
_njn.n .r .rj j_.j.1j __r
._.+.m _jr. `j+n_. unrnm._ .+ jmn__r
._nmt jtj.: (1) j1j _.__ulj_n ._.j_jn-
jjn .+.rmn.l., (2) .l.mjn
j._.jjn jjn _.rnn.l.. _. (3)
jn j_jn .+jjlj. nl_n_n_jn
.r__j_ _.jrnjn .jrmn.ljn +n1lnm.
jnrjn `rjn _rnn_jn ._lnl._jl,
r+ 1njrmjnm_n jnrjn .1_._rn, .l
_.rj_nmn j_jjn __r +jn., _n_rj
t_jn.m_n (Bond, 1995). .1_._rn ._+._
+._.n., +..nm._, r_j. jn, r+j1j
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_+nrj.m. ___j+. _..n j_jn +nn_j,
.r .uj_ +.m .r__j_ .+_.jn jr_jn
__j.. 1njrm j..jn .tj+n_ .+-
j..j .+.t_rn _.+.j._ +_.n
_..jj._, +_r_j+. _l_. .n.r _jr._rn
jn _. .r. __r ._j__._rn _n1n__rn
_l.rjn jn. +__j_.r _nn.+ jl_n (Will-
iam Banks) +ntj__nm, .+ r.jnn +n1.ln t_.-
_.t_. _+nrjjn .+_.j1j .r_._j..
(1990). 1_jr _+nrj.m. .r++._jljn
jn __ j_jj nuj_ljl, r._.l +.mn
j_jjn .r..m.l._ lr+jn +ntj__nm _.-
_j_.. .r_. .+n., jrmn ___n _.l_n_.-
jn.m_n j+mt_j_nm _._jlnn .+_jn
j_jn jnuj. t_jn +n+.rm njlj .+jjlj-
_n jrj_n j.tj ._.j_jnjn +n_j-
n. +.nl, r_j. rj._r._ __r _..n
.+_jn j_. njlj_. .+.rmn.ln _., j.-
.+n._, .+_.1j _.jnr._j.m.l _._._nrjnm
+n_j_n ._.j_jnj. rn njlj_.. ._.-
lnl._n. nn, r+ jnrj.1j ._._.rj_n
_.jr_l. _._rjn ._+._r jrj_.
.l.`nrj, m_+., 1_jr .1._j. jnu-
j. __r +j_n _.rj, m_ .+_.
._jrnjn ._.+n.lm. +mt_lnjjn. _.
_l.rjn .m_.nnljnm +_n_nnr_j..
+jrj jmn__r ._nmt .r+._jl n, r+
jnrj. .r. +t_ __jljn j_.j.
.t_jl, .r.+j_ .l.mjn _r+nrj.n
.r__j_ r .r_j. ._ nj+n
t.rnt. _. +.._jjm. j_jj_r.1j tnr._
+_jjl n+.1j _.jr_lnm, m_ r.+_jl._
.r+.jnm .r_jjl +.mn +._jjn +n_j_n
.l_.r_ jj. m_nm +.._jjm.
tj_.jn _n jnuj. _.+_n_j_n nj
jjn j_jj1j, r.+. _jn tjn j_j
m._nm.m.l _._._nrj_ _.l_.j.
+..nm._ `+._n (Potomac, Maryland) _.jjnmn
_n _nrjjrn ._._., r_j. .+._.r._-
_. +_nj_jjn n+n j.tj, r+ jn
j_jjn ._+_jjn +n1lnm _n +jt_mj-
_.jj+. njmn .tn _.t+.rj. +nn_j, r-
rn.. _.+.jnmn _r _. jn tj+jrj_
jr_j. (Thomas & Wingert, 2000). j _.jjn
m_nml +._jj+. .+._nlj, r+jm.
+j _mtrj, r+ _.n +.m m._nm_rn
jj_n .ltrnjj. mt_j. .__jn .j-
_ln nj_ljl __rjn jj_nm _. +j
+.mn jj_n .tl. mt__ljl. .__jn .+_.rn
_.+_n_j_j. +n_mnmj n+.1j, m_ r.+_jl._
.nn jnuj. nj, r_j. jn j_jjn
.l.mj.1j __r +ln_lj_.ln t_j..
+j.+j jmn__rn `rj+. n.., r+ jn
j_jjn jnuj. j__j n.rnj._ njj.
._.+n.ljn ._+._ tnr._ ._nj_.+jl .__m.r
m._ 110-n n IQ-n +jlj nl_n_n_j._, .l B
j_n +n+_j __jlj._, mnmj j +._jlj-
jn, .l j_jn +.m _1j .jrn.m. .+_.rn
n.rnjjn jnuj. +.mn nl_n _.+.r_-
j._ njj, r._.l ._.+n.ljn n_jrjjl, r+
+.mn ljrn_n _. `nr_l_n +.t.n.mjjn
_njnrj_n _. __jn.: r+ +.m .r j_u-
n.m .__m.rn j.ujjn ._+_jj.:
jn +n_j_+. _..+. j_j+. jnuj.
_.rj_nm._ n+j+j_ +.m +n_.n.1j _.
j._ m_nmj_jj_rn .l_.. .r__j_n
___jn .r.r__._l._ +nlj_. IQ +l.j-
+jn +nt_j_nm jnrjn _n_j_ jrmn _.rj_nmn
j_jn.. nnln, _nl .j ._.r_ .rn.l ,_.__.-
+_jn, n_jrjjl n+., r.. ,jj`jrjn
.+jl +.m j.tj. .+n+ _. _. .l.mj.
.r +n.ln.m +.mn t_rjn ._+_jjn
._.j._.
jjn j_jjn._+n tjj_tjjn .-
_n +nln_jn .jmn jl_jln. _rj_j.
rr .1._jrn_, nj `nr_l_ _lj1j.
r_j. jn j_jjn nl_n_n_n `nr_l_n
m_njjn, +_+.rjjn, .r.._.`nrj_n,
_l_njn. _. `.mnn n.rnj._ njj_.,
._.+n.ljn .l.__mrj_n .__jn ,.r.lr-
+._r.1j __r njjjl _njr, _n_rj .l.m-
jn nj+.1j, r+jn ._nrj `rr.+jn
n+_.r +_n_nnrj., r+ mnmj_ +._j1j
+rj_n nj. n.rnjj nl. `.l1j _j_n.l-
_rn `nr_ljljn __r .+j._, _n_rj +.mn
.rj+ _n__ljn_rn .`jjjn. njm nl_n_n-
__.n_r .1._jjn, rrn, +..-
nm._, .+jrn_n jjrmj_n .jn., ._.+n.-
ljn _+r._j. +1._ .rn ._.+n.ln .r+.j.
_. .r_+.j. .r.r._ +n.jr +. _.,
.+._j _r, .m.l.__ .r j._. .rj+
`nrjn 1j._jl.. _jl __nt._m ._.+n.l
.r_+.jn.m_n _. .+nm .1._jn
_.l.._ _.+__jjm. _jl _.jjm `nr_lj.
.r+.jn.m_n _. .+n+. .r _._n.rjm
t_._.t_. .1._jrn_ ._jl., r+j+.
j.ujjn .t._. +nn .r+.j.. _jl _l_.
_._n.rm, m_ rrjn .rn.l ._.+n.ljn .+j.+._,
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r. n+n j_jn., m_ ._ n+j_j_ljl, ._
.+j.n_ljl _. r. +n+_nl.rj n_.n. .t_jl
._jl. +.m jj_.1j.
j m._n _nl_. _n 1n+.r_ `nr._n j-
rnnm _._.r_m, r+jn jnuj. m.-
ljn j.r_ njj n+ __jljn.m_n,
r+jn _.r._ _jr .rm+j_jl m._ njj_r
jj:
miuxedavad Cemi, rogorc profesionali
fsiqologis, warmatebuli karierisa, Cem
mier mravali wlis win gakeTebulma tes-
tebma sul sxva ram iwinaswarmetyvela.
miuxedavad imisa, rom warCinebuli kursdam-
Tavrebuli viyavi, romelmac umaRlesi
akademiuri moswrebiT (Summa Cum Laude)
davamTavre, erTaderTi Sefaseba (niSani)
C miviRe fsiqologiis SesavalSi, sadac
gamocda mxolod mravaljeradi arCevanis
testiT Catarda. Tavdapirvelad uari
miTxres ielis universitetSi staJirebaze.,
Semdeg rezervSi Camricxes da bolos
uxalisod mimiRes. es, nawilobriv, gamowve-
uli iyo imiT, rom Cemi maTematikis qulebi
fsiqologiis fakultetis mier dawesebul
zRvarze naklebi iyo, magram mogvianebiT
aRmovaCine, rom es nawilobriv gamowveuli
iyo imiTac, rom profesor-maswavleblebma
Cemi pasuxebisa da sxva mtkicebulebebis
mixedviT, romelic naxes Cems gancxadebasa
da testebSi, ivaraudes, rom zangi viyavi.
am monacemebma uaryofiTad imoqmeda maT
daskvnebze Cemi SesaZleblobis _ mimeRwia
warmatebisaTvis fsiqologiaSi _ Sesaxeb.
sabednierod, zogierTi maTgani mzad iyo
CemTvis Sansis mosacemad, rodesac maT
mier dafinansebuli kandidati (gordon
boueri, amJamad cnobili fsiqologi)
sxvagan wavida staJirebaze.
warmatebebi karierasa da cxovrebaSi
gacilebiT mets moiTxovs, vidre mxolod
standartizebuli testebiT gazomili
unarebi, SesaZleblobebi da maxasiaTeb-
lebia. miuxedavad imisa, rom testebs
SeuZliaT imis prognozireba, Tu saSualod
ramdenad kargi Sedegi eqnebaT adamianebs,
nebismieri mocemuli individis SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba adgili hqondes Secdomas.
adamianebma SeiZleba uaryon testis qu-
lebis pesimisturi prognozi, rodesac
mizandasaxulobiT, warmosaxviT, imediT,
pirovnuli siamayiT da intensiuri Zalis-
xmeviT gaaumjobeseben TavianT monacemebs.
albaT, metad mniSvnelovania, gjerodeT
sakuTari Tavis, vidre _ testis Sedegebis.
Sejameba
+n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ _njn_rn j-
nrj. tnr j+mt_j_.n ..rj. nl_n_n-
_n.m_n, _jr _n_j_ .rn jjn _`._tn-
+j_ .+jjljn j+mt_j_jn. _rnn_j
._tjm njmn ._nmtjn, rrn.. jn
j_jj1j _.__ulj_n ._.j_jnjjn
.+.rmn.l., jjn _.rnn.l. ..l+.l.m-
j `r.jn_n j._.j._ _. jjn
j_jjn .+jjlj. ._.+n.lm. .r__j_ _.j-
rnj._ _.t.rntjn.m_n.
ra aris Sefaseba
fsiqologiur Sefasebas
xangrZlivi istoria aqvs
da dasabams antikuri
CineTidan iRebs. am sferoSi
mniSvnelovani wvlili
Seitana ser frensis gal-
tonma.
Sefasebis instrumenti unda
iyos sando, validuri da
standartizirebuli. sando
sazomi gvaZlevs Sesabamis
Sedegebs. validuri sazomi
afasebs im Tvisebebs, romelTa
gasazomadac Seiqmna testi.
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
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396
standartizirebuli testis
Catareba da Sedegebis Seja-
meba yovelTvis erTi da
igive gziT xdeba. normebis
arseboba saSualebas gvaZ-
levs, SevadaroT pirovnebis
qulebi igive asakis, sqesis
da kulturis individTa
saSualo maCvenebels.
inteleqtis Sefaseba
XX saukunis oTxmocda-
aTiani wlebis dasawyisSi
safrangeTSi alfred binem
safuZveli Cauyara inte-
leqtis obieqturi testi-
rebis ganviTarebas. qulebi
mocemuli iyo gonebrivi
asakis terminebiT da bav-
Svebis funqcionirebis ar-
sebul dones asaxavda.
aSS-Si termenma Seqmna sten-
ford-bines inteleqtis ska-
la da moaxdina IQ-is cnebis
popularizacia.
veqslerma Seqmna specia-
luri inteleqtis testebi
mozrdilebisTvis, skolam-
deli da saskolo asakis
bavSvebisaTvis.
inteleqtis Teoriebi
IQ-is fsiqometriulma ana-
lizma aCvena, rom zogierT
ZiriTad unars, rogoricaa
inteleqtis fluiduri da
kristaluri aspeqti, gar-
kveuli wvlili Seaqvs IQ
qulebSi.
Tanamedrove Teoriebi Za-
lian farTod ganixilaven
da zomaven inteleqts,
msjeloben ra im unarebsa
da insaitebze, romelTac
adamianebi sxvadasxva amo-
canis gadasaWrelad iyene-
ben.
stenbergi ganasxvavebs inte-
leqtis komponentur, empi-
riul da konteqstualur
aspeqtebs.
gardnerma daadgina inte-
leqtis rva tipi, romelic
moicavs da scildeba kidec
standartuli IQ sazomebiT
gazomvad inteleqtis for-
mebs. Tanamedrove kvlevebi
fokusirebulia emociur in-
teleqtze.
inteleqtis politika
Tavdapirvelad inteleqtis
testebi eTnikuri da rasob-
rivi jgufebis Sesaxeb uar-
yofiTi gancxadebebis gasake-
Teblad gamoiyeneboda.
IQ-is maRali memkvidreo-
biTobis gamo zogierTi
mkvlevari garkveuli rasob-
rivi da kulturuli jgufe-
bis dabal Sedegebs maT
Tandayolil arasrulfa-
sovnebas miawers.
araxelsayreli garemo piro-
bebiT da stereotipuli muqa-
riT aixsneba zogierTi jgu-
fis dabali IQ qulebi. gamok-
vleva aCvenebs, rom jgufuri
gansxvavebebi SeiZleba ganpi-
robebuli iyos garemo faq-
torebiT.
SemoqmedebiToba
xSir SemTxvevaSi kreatulo-
bis Sefaseba divergentuli
azrovnebis testebis saSua-
lebiT xdeba.
gansakuTrebiT kreatuli ada-
mianebi midian riskze, gadian
momzadebas da uaRresad mo-
tivirebulni arian.
ar dadasturda kavSiri krea-
tulobasa da SeSlilobas
Soris.
Sefaseba da
sazogadoeba
miuxedavad imisa, rom teste-
bi xSirad sasargeblod
gamoiyeneba momavali Sesru-
lebis winaswarmetyvele-
bisaTvis, maTi Sedegebi ar
unda ganapirobebdes indi-
vidis ganviTarebisa da
cvlilebebis ganxorciele-
bis SesaZleblobis SezRud-
vas.
rodesac Sefasebis Sedegebi
momavalSi gavlenas axdens
individis cxovrebaze, gamo-
yenebuli teqnikebi unda
iyos sando da validuri
rogorc am individTan, ise
_ gamoyenebis mizanTan
mimarTebaSi.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
qronologiuri asaki
kreatuloba
kriteriumis validoba
kristalizebuli inteleqti
divergentuli azrovneba
emociuri inteleqti
TvalsaCino validoba
fluiduri inteleqti
formaluri Sefaseba
memkvidreobiTobis
maCvenebeli
inteleqti
inteleqtis koeficienti (IQ)
Sinagani SeTanxmebuloba
gonebrivi asaki
gonebrivi CamorCeniloba
normebi
paraleluri formebi
prognozirebadi validuroba
fsiqologiuri Sefaseba
fsiqometria
sandooba
SuaSi gaxleCvis sandooba
standartizeba
stereotipuli muqara
test-retestuli sandooba
validoba
10.3 cxrilSi mocemuli anagramis gadawyveta
1. Laugh
2. Tempt
3. Short
4. Knight
5. Write
6. Allow
7. Drive
8. Cough
9. Enter
10. Basic
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a da m i a n i s g a n v i Ta re b a cx ov re b i s m a n Z i lze a da m i a n i s g a n v i Ta re b a cx ov re b i s m a n Z i lze a da m i a n i s g a n v i Ta re b a cx ov re b i s m a n Z i lze a da m i a n i s g a n v i Ta re b a cx ov re b i s m a n Z i lze a da m i a n i s g a n v i Ta re b a cx ov re b i s m a n Z i lze
11
ganviTarebis Seswavla da axsna
ganviTarebis aRwera ganvi-
Tarebis axsna
fizikuri ganviTareba cxovrebis
manZilze
ganviTareba Canasaxisa da
adreuli bavSvobis periodSi
fizikuri ganviTareba mozar-
dobaSi fizikuri cvlile-
bebi mozrdilobaSi
kognituri ganviTareba cxovrebis
manZilze
piaJes aRmoCenebi kognituri
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb adre-
uli kognituri ganviTarebis
Tanamedrove midgomebi
kognituri ganviTareba moz-
rdilobaSi
enis aTviseba
sityvebisa da metyvelebis
aRqma sityvebis mniSvnelo-
baTa daswavla gramatikis
Seswavla
socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis
manZilze
eriksonis fsiqosocialuri
stadiebi socialuri gan-
viTareba bavSvobaSi soci-
aluri ganviTareba mozar-
dobaSi socialuri ganvi-
Tareba mozrdilobaSi
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: ra
gavlenas axdens baga-baRi bavSvis
ganviTarebaze
genderuli ganviTareba
sqesi da genderi genderuli
rolebis aTviseba
moraluri ganviTareba
moraluri gansjis stadiebi
kolbergis mixedviT gende-
robisa da kulturis gavlena
moralur gansjaze viswav-
loT sworad da warmate-
bulad dabereba
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
398
fiqrob, rom Cemnair bavSvobas yve-
la inatrebda. mamaCemi eqimi iyo
da deda _ sadazRvevo agenti. Tan-
daTan finansuri mdgomareoba umjobesdeboda
da es yvelas moswonda, magram aravis rCeboda
dro ojaxisaTvis. gesmiT risi Tqma minda? mama
cdilobda eSova fuli da eyida dedasTvis
mersedesi~, gvelis tyavis fexsacmeli da sxva
msgavsi ram, magram ojaxisTvis aravis ecala.
ase rom, Tqven warmoidgineT, me, ZiriTadad,
garemosgan vswavlobdi yvelafers. vswavlobdi
mezobeli bavSvebisagan.
vinaidan ojaxisTvis dro aravis hqonda, me
yvela araswori saqcielisaTvis visjebodi, mag-
ram arasodes viRebdi Seqebas kargi qcevis gamo.
es mudam ase iyo. maS, Caidine raime onavroba,
rom migtyepon. samagierod, yuradRebas mainc
miiqcev ramiT.
is, rac me minda, rom gavakeTo, Cemi sakuTari
skolis gaxsnaa. aTi wlis Semdeg Cems Tavs
skolaSi vxedav, magram ara Cveulebriv saklaso
oTaxSi, aramed skolaSi, romelSic ar iqneba
asaxuli Cveni politikuri da ekonomikuri siste-
mis mankierebani. es sistema xom viRacaze upi-
ratesobis mopovebas gulisxmobs.
Cemi skola ubralod Tanasworuflebiani
maswavleblebis skola iqneba _ TeTrkaniani,
Savkaniani, laTino-amerikeli, Cineli, nebis-
mieri, radgan es yvelaferi sulier aRzevebas
da Tavisuflebas emsaxureba. araviTari komer-
cia. fuliT SeiZleba iyido didi mersedesi~
da vila, magram Tu Seni suli daukmayofilebe-
lia, Sen mainc ubeduri pirovneba xar.
v
j .rn ..l.n +t_rjn 16 n ._r-
.+jrn_jn, _jrnn, nj_jn. ._.r.., r+
+_jlj+., r+jm. +nn .r_n .l.`nrj,
+nn .++._ +nr._jjn .l.`nrj (Good-
millie, 1993, _. 28-29). rr +n_n_. _jrnn .jm
_.__l.+_j? rr _nm.r_j_. +nn .1r_lj.
jn .l+._.n? +j-11 m._n _jl j_j-
_jnm, ._n.1rm n+ u..m. +j+j_j., r+jn
nl_n_n_m. t_rj. +mjn ntn +.lun1j
.j.njjl.
.r+n_nljm, r+ tjn .t.nn
n_nr._m. r.+_jl._ 1_._ jnun.m .l.-
1__rm, rrn njlj. nn jrmn n j+_j?
t_mn n j+_j? mt_m+jn? r+_..mn?
.+_..mn? mt+_..mn? mj_jln nl..r-
+jj_jj., ..m, 1._n. _. _l_rj_n
l.1._ _.j__ulj.. .__n, ..m, l.+__n._
n._n jl., +.r.+ n jnuj. nj .l .r
nj ln_njrn +jr.n. mj_jln nl..r+jj_j-
j., .j_j, jnuj. m.l_.jnn. _. .rj+
`nrjn .m_.nnlj. _.j__ul: m_ rn_j
+jn ln_njrn +jr.n nj, mj_jl jnuj.
n_njrm, r+ .__n, .j_j, njr._r_n
ln_nm njlj. _._n_j_n. .__ r+ .l.m-
j. +_n_r_ .rj+_.n .jl_. +n_j_n,
mj_jl jnuj. j_njr.m, r+ +nn ._._j+n_rn
+rj. ._.._.rj_. +jn.. .+ m._n
_jl .__jrm .l_nm.rjn _njnn mj-
rnj, r+jn ._.j. _.uj_, nj+_-
r._ ._n.1rm, m_ r. n`n `rl1n ._jmj.
j_nun. .t.nn ++._n j.tj.
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ganviTarebis fsiqologia .rn _njnn
_jr, r+jn jn._n _njj ._.+n.-
ln _n1n__r _. _njn_r __ljnlnrj.n
..t_n_.l ntn +_j. .l_nm.rjn
_njjn .+.l.., ..r__nl, rr _.
r.+ n_jn.l r.ln1+jn _rn .l+._-
.n _. aRweron _. axsnan j _njjn.
+__j_rjn ._jl _rn `jrn_j, r+jm.
.l+._.n `nr_j._ njl m._ t_._.t_.
_l.rjn _. __ljnjn _. .__nr_jn.l, m_ rr
n_j. j _l.rjn. unrnm._n nl.`nr.. n,
r+ ._.+n.ln _njn__rn __ljnlnrj., n.-
_rn _rmnjrmjn _. t_. .nt_ ._-
njjn .`jjjn _nm.r_j. _. n_j. +mjn
t_rjn .l+._.n. cxrili 11.1 +n.tjnm
_n_jlj ntn unrnm._ `jrn_j.
.+ m._n .r+n_jlm, m_ rr n__j_jl
+__j_rjn .l_nm.rj. _. rr .r+._jljl
n+ mjrnj, r+jm. ._.jnm. _njl
_rm. .l+._.n ++t_.rn _njjn
.tl.. j+_j mj_jl t_rjnj_ .+_n-
jj t_._.t_. _jrj._ _._j_m _.
mnmj_n +.m.ln .m_.nnljnm .l_ntn-
._m .l_nm.rj.. m._n _..jnn _jl j_r._-
_j. _n1n__r, _ln_r _. jlrn_ .l_nm.-
rj.1j j_.jrjm. j+_j _n j_r.__j. ._.+.t-
_njm n._rn _rmnjrmjn _.j._
_lj.1j ntn .l+._.n _., .j_j, n+
`jn_n__r .+.lj1j, r+jm. nl.j ._.-
+n.ljn _jn.l t_rjn .r__j_ j.`j1j.
.t. ._.r__nm, r. lnl._ .l_nm.rjn j-
._..
ganviTarebis Seswavla da
axsna
.r+n_nljm, r+ mt_jm j_j. n+ _n-
jn nn j_jl., r+jn, mj_jln .1rnm,
jrmn n .l+._.n .ln._jm. r.
.jr_nm .+ n.n? t+ .r .jrmjm _n1n__rn
._.l._jn .t. `rr.+.n? .l t+ .r
.l__rlj_t.rm r.n+j _.._._jn..l? t+ .r
.jln.m r.n+j .t.n .n .l nljrjn? +j.r-
m. .t.n rj t+ .r jnujln.m? _nl+j .l.__m-
rjnm t+ .r _._.t__nm? r_j. .l_nm.-
rj. .__jrm, _jl +n _lj`_.n1.n.
cvlilebis jr+nljnm _.t_jlm. _jl mt_jm
.__m.r t_rj.n ++t_.r _njj1j
_njrn, r.m. _._jl.t_jnl., r+ _nj. mnm-
j+n j_jm_n lnl._ _+`r+n. tnr._
._.+n.ljn t_rj. .lntn._jl, rr, un-
rnm._._, SeZenis `rj (__jmjn._jl _.)
.__.n _., `nrnjnm, dakargvis `rj (_.-
l._.r, _.rjn._jl _.) t.l_.1+_ .._n.
.l_nm.rjn _jlj_n `jr`jjn_. .jjl
n+.1j ._jmj, r+ arCevanebi _., j..+n._,
+jjn _. _.l._.rjn .l_nm.rjn j_j. j.`
.t.n.mj (Dixon 1999: Uttal & Perlmutter, 1989).
+..nm._, r_j. ._.+n.ljn t_rjn m.l.+-
1._r nrj_jl, nnln m+jl _.rm .rj_.ln
._.j., +.r.+ nujljl _._rmtj.. r_j.
._.+n.ljn jr_jn.l _. `jln.1j ._n.l, nnln
m+jl ._, +.r.+ nujljl m._n__. _r.
.rjm_j, _n_n +ln_l.. .j_ n+., r+
.l_nm.rj. .r .lntnm, rr pasiuri
`rjn. mj_jl _.nl.t._m, r+ .l_nm.rjn j_rn
_nj. nl_n_n_n.l .rj+n aqtiur .rm_.
+nmt_ (Bronfenbenner, 1999: Bronfenbenner & Ceci,
1994).
ganviTarebis safexurebi
safexuri asaki
cxrili
11.1
Canasaxovani
(prenataluri)
Cvili bavSvoba
adreuli bavSvoba
gviani bavSvoba
mozardoba
axalgazrdoba
1
mowifuloba
xnovani
dabadebis wina periodi
dabadebidan 18 Tvemde
daaxloebiT 18 Tvidan 6 wlamde
daaxloebiT 6 wlidan 13 wlamde
daaxloebiT 65 wlidan zeviT
1
cxrilSi mocemuli Semdegi sami kategoria erTian-
deba ufro did kategoriaSi da ewodeba mozrdiloba.
originaluri teqstis mixedviT aris: mozrdiloba,
sadac Sedis: (1) adreuli mozrdiloba _ aq: axal-
gazrdoba, (2) Suaxnis mozrdiloba _ aq: mowifuloba
da (3) gviani mozrdiloba _ aq: xnovani. (mTargmnelis
SeniSvna)
ganviTarebis fsiqologia (Developmental psychol-
ogy) _ fsiqologiis dargi, romelic swavlobs
fizikuri da fsiqologiuri procesebis urTi-
erTqmedebas da ganviTarebis stadiebs mTeli
cxovrebis manZilze ganviTarebis poziciidan.
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.t., _l.tm, rr ._jrjl +__j_rjn .l-
_nm.rjn _njj.
ganviTarebis aRwera
n+n.m_n, r+ .__jrm _nj., `nr_jn
..rj l.n_n njlj., _._._nlm, m_ r.
.r+._jl _. rr .+nj_rj. ._.
._.+n.ln .r__j_ .._n .rjln, ljrn_n
j.ujjn _. t_. _.jrjn +ntj__nm.
normatiuli kvlevebi _njl, ._jrl _l_rj-
_n .._n, .l .l_nm.rjn _l_rj_n j.`n
+.t.n.mjjn. t_._.t_. .._n nl_n_n_m. n-
j+._rn jnrjn 1nm, +__j_rjn ._jljl
.l_nm.rjn m_.n.j+ m_njj. j_r ._.+n-
.l1j _.__nr_jn .__u_j1j j +l.j+jn _1r_l-
_jj_jl normebs .l_nm.rjn, .l +n_j_n
.l_.r_ `.jrlj, r+jn _n_n r._j-
lnm ._.+n.lj1j _.__nr_jnm .rn +n_j_n.
lr+.n_n .l_.rjn ._.jnm _nj-
jn jrm+.ljmn.l +n_l._jl qronologiur
asaks _ `nr_ljn _.._jn_.l ._n m_jjn.
m_ jn r._jl. _. ganviTarebis asaks
jrln_r .._, r_j. ._.+n.ljn _+r._-
j. ._jl _n1n__rn _. ljrn_n .l_nm.-
rjn .r__j_ _lj. .+n n .__n, r+j-
n +jj_jj, rr ._. 5 n .__n,
nm_j., r+ +jj_jjn .l_nm.rjn +ntj__nm
n 5 n... lr+jn _1r_l_jj_ .l_.r_
.1n, r+n .__u_j1j j.ujjn t_j.
nl_n_n_jn. _. ___jn _rmnjrmj_.rj..
_nj.m. j.u +jj.ln1+n ..j._
.l_nm.rjn _njjn __j_n r.+_jln+j
+_j njjljjl. longituduri meTodis .+-
jjljn. jrmn _. nn_j nl_n_n_jn +r._.n
n .l+._.n nj+._rn _.__nr_jn.
_. jnrjn j_j n+j_jn.l. +..nm._,
+__j_rj j_un.m r.+_jln+j m_n .l+._-
.n __nr.n r.+_jl_jr+j n__nl jrmn _.
nn_j .__jn, r.m., r. jnuj. 1_._
_.._njnrl n ++jln, r. mnmj_n .__n
+1. r.jnn .+jjlj. _.njj .rnm+j-
n__n .+.ljn ._..j_j._ (Siegler & Crowley,
1991). _njn ++jln .+j_nm +__j_rj
j_un.m __jmj._ _.nl.tl, m_, _jru_, r.
_rj nl .+. m_ n+ _nj.. +__j_rjn
ln___r +jm_, .j_j, tnr._ njjljjl
individualuri gansxvavebebis j.._._.
t_._.t_. ._.+n.ln t_rjn +n+.rm_jn.
_. j_jjn __jm ..j._ +__j_rj+. jnu-
j. j._.l +mjn rnn j.u +n1j1rn_n
_.jrjn., r+jn t_rjn ._rj_
`jrn_n +j+j_j _. l.tl, r. ._jl. .t_jl
j _.jrjn ._j_n nl_n_n_n t_rj.1j.
ruj_._n.ln .+__j_n _`nr.j. n..,
r+, _nl.n_.l _n `nrjn, unrnm._._, jrm_.r
nn._r-j_l+n__r `nrjn jrm. _. n+._j
n._r-j_l+n__r `jrn_n t_rjl,
j_ujm .._m.l _._._nrj_n _njjn
_._njnrj. _. nnln .r ._jrj_. n._rn
`nrjn _.j._.n (Schaie, 1989). .+ +jm_n
+nl_n _n n.., r+ .l1._j. jnuj. ._jm-
_j +t_ n+._j _.r.1j, .l_ __j_.n .r-
m_n _njjjn .l.n_r `jrn_n _..-
_j_ ._.+n.lj1j. .+.m.l._j, ln___rn
__j_jn u_nrn __j., r._.l uljn. _n
`nrj1j _.__nr_j. _rn t.lrun_n +l.__j-
mjn +.lun1j _., m.l., +l.j+jn .__n._
jnuj. _.n_.r _n `nrm. __j_n_.l .-
_n .l ._nl.rjn .+.
.l_nm.rjn __j_.m. _+r._j. j. . jva-
redini Seswavlis meTods njjlj, ._. t_.-
_.t_. jrln_rn .._n +jlj _n `nrm.
___j1j jrm_r_._ _.__nr_j. t_j. _.
_rmnjrmj_.rj.. j_j._, +__j_.r j_un.
_..__l. n+ jj_nmn .lt_._jjn m..1j,
r+jn, j.u., _._._nrj_n nj
.._rn_ _njjm.l. +..nm._, +__j_rj+.
n+n j.._._, m_ rr _1r_l_jj_jl
jrm+.ljmnm_n +jrjn n._r +t.r_.-
_jr., +.m jnuj. jrml.nrn .r.rn_n
_._.jjn +njl 11, 15 19 n +1.r_m.
normatiuli kvleva (normative investigation) _
gulisxmobs gansazRvruli asakisa Tu ganvi-
Tarebis safexurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvi-
sebebis aRweras.
qronologiuri asaki (chronological age) _ indi-
vidis dabadebidan gasuli Tveebis an wlebis
raodenoba.
ganviTarebis asaki (developmental age) _ qrono-
logiuri asaki, romlis drosac bavSvebis umrav-
lesoba amJRavnebs fizikuri Tu gonebrivi
ganviTarebis garkveul dones.
longituduri meTodi (longitudinal design) _ kvle-
vis meTodi, romlis drosac erTsa da imave
cdis pirebze warmoebs ganmeorebiTi dakvirveba
droTa ganmavlobaSi, zogjer mravali wlis
manZilze.
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wyvilebs (Denton & Zarbatany, 1996). jvaredini
Seswavlis meTodis nakli momdinareobs iqidan,
rom erTmaneTs sxvadasxva qronologiuri asakis
individebi dardeba. asakobrivi cvlilebebis
Sefasebisas gaugebrobas qmnis sxvadasxva Taobaze
moqmedi gansxvavebuli socialur-politikuri
pirobebi. Sesabamisad, 10 da 18 wlis individTa
SerCevebis SedarebiTi Seswavlisas, romelic
axla tardeba, SeiZleba gairkves, rom es ada-
mianebi gansxvavdebian TavianTi Tanatolebisgan,
romlebic 1970-ian wlebSi gaizardnen, rogorc
epoqis, ise _ ganviTarebis stadiebis Tavisebu-
rebebiT.
TiToeuli meTodologia asakis matebasTan
dakavSirebuli cvlilebis aRweris saSualebas
iZleva, magram rogor xdeba cvlilebis mTliani
paternis axsna? axla am sakiTxs ganvixilavT.
ganviTarebis axsna
TiTqmis yvela bavSvi eufleba enas, Tumca,
TiToeuli bavSvi amas odnav gansxvavebulad
akeTebs. marTalia, mozardTa umravlesoba ufro
jvaredini Seswavlis meTodi (cross-sectional de-
sign) _ kvlevis meTodi, romelic gulisxmobs
sxvadasxva asakis adamianTa jgufebze dakvir-
vebasa da erTmaneTTan Sedarebas.
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racionalurad azrovnebs, vidre maTze umcro-
sebi, magram gvxvdebian iseTebic, romlebic Ta-
vianT Tanatolebze ukeT azrovneben. ganviTare-
bis asaxsnelad aucilebelia rogorc cvli-
lebaTa universaluri, saerTo aspeqtebis, aseve,
TiToeuli individisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
specifikuri, unikaluri aspeqtebis gaTvalis-
wineba.
ganviTarebis Teoriebs Soris yvelaze mkveTri
gansvla bavSvobaSi mimdinare cvlilebebs ukav-
Sirdeba. sakiTxi isaa, Tu rogor jobia axal-
Sobilsa da, vTqvaT, 10 wlis bavSvs Soris ar-
sebuli mkveTri siRrmiseuli ganxvavebebis axsna:
ramdenad aris aseTi ganviTareba ganpirobebuli
memkvidreobiT (bunebiT) da ramdenad _ daswavlis
SedegiT (garemo)? didi xania, rac filosofosebi,
fsiqologebi da pedagogebi Tandayolili-
SeZenilis dapirispirebaze, memkvidreobiTobisa
da daswavlis fardobiT mniSvnelovnebaze
kamaToben. erT mxares arian isini, visac mianCia,
rom adamiani yovelgvari codnisa da SesaZ-
leblobebis gareSe ibadeba da rom gamocdileba,
daswavlis formiT, waruSlel kvals tovebs
axalSobilis Camouyalibebeli gonebis sufTa
dafaze (laTinurad tabula rasa). es mosazreba,
romelic britanelma filosofosma jon lokma
(John Locke) wamoayena, empirizmis saxeliT aris
cnobili. adamianis ganviTareba gamocdilebas
miewereba. empiristebs miaCniaT, rom adamianis
ganviTarebas aRzrda warmarTavs. mecnierTa
Soric, vinc ar eTanxmeboda maT, iyo frangi
filosofosi Jan-Jak ruso (Jean-Jacques Rousseau).
is nativistur poziciaze idga da Tvlida, rom
buneba, anu evoluciuri memkvidreoba, romelsac
flobs TiToeuli bavSvi, misi ganviTarebis sqemas
ganapirobebs.
empiricistebsa da nativistebs Soris kamaTi
gamwvavda, rodesac 1798 wels safrangeTSi, sofel
aveironis maxloblad tyeSi ipoves, savaraudod,
cxovelebis gazrdili biWi. iTvleboda, rom am
12 wlis velur bavSvSi, romelic cnobili gaxda,
rogorc veluri biWi aveironidan, imaleboda
pasuxebi adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb arsebiT
kiTxvebze: SeeZlo ki am bavSvs mas Semdeg, rac
bavSvoba adamianTan kontaqtis gareSe gaatara,
namdvili adamiani gamxdariyo?
axalgazrda eqimma, Jan mark itardma (Jean Marc
Itard) rTuli amocanis Sesruleba daisaxa miznad
_ aRezarda da civilizaciisTvis eziarebina
veluri biWi, romelsac man viqtori daarqva.
Tavidan itardis intensiuri swavlebis programa
warmatebuli Canda. viqtori mosiyvarule da
zrdilobian bavSvad iqca da miTiTebebis
Sesrulebac iswavla. Tumca, xuTi wlis Semdeg
progresi SeCerda da itardi iZulebuli gaxda,
Seewyvita eqsperimenti (Itard, 1802/1962). ra gaxda
warumateblobis mizezi: buneba Tu aRzrda?
SesaZloa, Cvili viqtori imitom miatoves bedis
anabara, rom ar viTardeboda. Tu marTlac es
iyo mizezi, nebismieri varjiSi mxolod garkveul
farglebSi iqneboda Sedegiani. Tu es ase ar
iyo, daexmareboda Tu ara swavlebis Tanamedrove
meTodebi biWs ufro srulad ganviTarebaSi, vidre
es itardis meTodebma SeZlo (Harlen Lane, 1976,
1986)? erT-erTi specialisti, romelmac viqtoris
istoria Seiswavla, fiqrobs, rom es SemTxveva
naTlad gviCvenebs adreuli socialuri kontaq-
tebis gadamwyvet rols komunikaciur da gonebriv
ganviTarebaSi.
dResdReobiT mkvlevrebi bunebisa da aRzrdis
gavlenis Sesaswavlad mTel rig meTodebs floben
da aRar sWirdebaT bunebis iseTi samwuxaro
eqsperimentebis gamoyeneba, rogoric viqtoris
SemTxveva iyo. Cven viciT, rom lokisa da rusos
ukiduresi poziciebi usamarTloa adamianis
qcevis mravalferovnebis mimarT. TiTqmis nebis-
mieri rTuli qceva ganpirobebulia rogorc
individualuri biologiuri memkvidreobiT, ise
_ piradi gamocdilebiT. Cveni survilia, bunebisa
da aRzrdis urTierTqmedebas aseT WrilSi
SexedoT: memkvidreobiToba uzrunvelyofs poten-
cials; gamocdileba gansazRvravs am potencialis
ganxorcielebis mimarTulebas. wimandebare TavSi
davinaxavT, Tu rogor viTardeba da realizdeba
potenciali unikaluri adamianebis cxovrebaSi.
Sejameba
ganviTarebis fsiqologebi gvTavazoben Teo-
riebs, raTa axsnan, Tu rogor da ratom icvlebian
adamianebi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi. calkeuli
asakisa da grZelvadiani ganviTarebis etapebis
buneba-aRzrdis dapirispireba (nature-nurture con-
troversy) _ kamaTi qcevisa da ganviTarebis gan-
sazRvraSi Tandayolilisa (bunebis) da SeZenili
gamocdilebis (aRzrdis) fardobiTi mniSvne-
lovnebis Sesaxeb.
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403
Taviseburebebis aRsawerad mkvlevrebi normatiul
kvlevebs iyeneben. longituduri kvlevebi in-
dividebis erT garkveul jgufs xangrZlivi drois
manZilze Seiswavlian; jvaredini meTodebi sxva-
dasxva asakobriv jgufebs erTdroulad ikvleven.
filosofosebi da fsiqologebi odiTganve
kamaTobdnen ganviTarebis cvlilebebis gan-
sazRvraSi Tandayolilisa da SeZenilis far-
dobiT mniSvnelovnebaze. dResdReobiT mkvle-
varTa umravlesoba ganviTarebas ganixilavs,
rogorc bunebisa da aRzrdis urTierTqmedebas.
fizikuri ganviTareba
cxovrebis manZilze
ganviTarebis mravali tipi, romelsac am TavSi
aRvwerT, dasadgenad da gansasazRvrad garkveul
specialur codnas moiTxovs. magaliTad, Tqven
SeiZleba verc ki SegemCniaT socialuri
ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani momentebi manam, sanam
aq ar waikiTxavdiT maT Sesaxeb. Tumca, adamianis
ganviTarebaze saubars im sferos ganxilviT
daviwyebT, sadac cvlilebebi xSirad Zalze
TvalsaCinoa: esaa fizikuri ganviTareba. ueW-
velia, rom Tqven uzarmazari fizikuri cvli-
lebebi ganicadeT mas Semdeg, rac am qveyanas
moevlineT. es cvlilebebi Tqveni cxovrebis
bolomde gagrZeldeba. vinaidan fizikuri
cvlilebebi uamravia, Cven mxolod im cvlile-
bebze SevaCerebT yuradRebas, romlebic fsiqo-
logiur ganviTarebaze zemoqmedeben.
ganviTareba Canasaxisa da
adreuli bavSvobis periodSi
Tqven cxovrebas unikaluri genetikuri po-
tencialiT iwyebT: Casaxvis momentSi mamakacis
spermatozoidma gaanayofiera qalis kvercx-
ujredi da warmoiqmna erTi ujredi _ zigota;
Tqven dedisgan miiReT yvela normaluri ada-
mianis sxeulis ujredisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
46 qromosomis erTi naxevari, mamisagan ki _
meore naxevari. am qveTavSi detalurad ganvi-
xilavT fizikur ganviTarebas Canasaxovan
periodSi _ Casaxvis momentidan dabadebis momen-
tamde. agreTve, aRvwerT zogierT sensorul
SesaZleblobas, romelsac bavSvi ker kidev
dabadebamde flobs. dasasrul, visaubrebT
bavSvobis asakis mniSvnelovan fizikur cvli-
lebebze.
fizikuri ganviTareba saSvilosnoSi
nebismieri bavSvis yvelaze adreuli funqcio-
nirebis formaa guliscema. guliscema iwyeba
Canasaxovan periodSi, dabadebamde, roca embrioni
3 kviris da 20 mm sigrZisaa. reaqcia stimulaciaze
6 kviris asakSi SeiniSneba, roca embrioni jer
ar aris 2,5 sm sigrZis. spontanuri moZraobebi
SeimCneva 8 kviris asakSi (Carmichael, 1970; Humprey,
1970).
8 kviris Semdeg ganviTarebad embrions nayofi
(fetusi) ewodeba. Casaxvidan daaxloebiT 16 kviris
Semdeg deda nayofis moZraobebs grZnobs. am
droisaTvis nayofi daaxloebiT 23 sm sigrZisaa
(dabadebisas saSualo sigrZe 50 sm-ia). vinaidan
Tavis tvini muclad yofnis dros izrdeba, is
wuTSi 250 000 axal neirons warmoqmnis.
dabadebis momentisaTvis maTi ricxvi 100
miliardze mets aRwevs (Cowan, 1979). adamianebSi
da sxva mraval ZuZumwovarSi ujredebis es
gavrceleba da neironebis migracia Sesabamisi
ganviTarebasTan erTad, nayofis Tavis
tvini wuTSi axal 250 000 neirons
warmoSobs. ramdenad unda iyos Tavis
tvini ganviTarebuli bavSvis dabade-
bisas?
fizikuri ganviTareba (physical development) _
Casaxvidan mTeli cxovrebis manZilze mimdinare
sxeulebrivi cvlilebebi, momwifeba da zrda.
zigota (zygote) _ erTi ujredi, romelic
warmoiqmneba spermatozoidis mier kvercx-
ujredis ganayofierebis Sedegad.
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adgilebisken swored Canasaxovan periodSi xdeba,
maSin, roca aqsonebisa da dendritebis gan-
totebis ganviTarebis procesebi, ZiriTadad,
dabadebis Semdeg iwyeba (Kolb, 1989). suraTi 11.1
gviCvenebs Tavis tvinis ganviTarebis Tanmim-
devrobas 25 dRidan 9 Tvemde.
orsulobis pirveli Tveebis ganmavlobaSi
iseT faqtorebs, rogoricaa araswori kveba,
infeqcia, radiacia an narkotikebis moxmareba,
bavSvis sxeulis struqturisa da organoebis
normaluri ganviTarebis darRveva SeiZleba
mohyves. magaliTad, rodesac Casaxvidan ori an
oTxi kviris Semdeg deda wiTuriT inficirdeba,
50%-ia imis albaToba, rom bavSvze es iseTi
uaryofiTi Sedegebis saxiT aisaxeba, rogoricaa
gonebrivi CamorCeniloba, mxedvelobis dazia-
neba, gulis defeqtebi, an siyrue. Tu inficireba
sxva dros xdeba, maSin arasasurveli efeqtis
albaToba mniSvnelovnad naklebia (22% _ meore
Tveze, 8% _ mesameze) (Murata, 1992). aseve, dedebi,
suraTi
11,1
adamianis tvinis
ganviTareba
cxra Tvis manZilze, ro-
melic dabadebas uswrebs
win, tvinSi srulad grov-
deba 100 miliard neironze
meti.
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405
romlebic senzitiur periodSi, anu, rodesac
nayofi gansakuTrebiT mowyvladia, garkveul
nivTierebebs moixmaren, magaliTad, alkohols,
TavianT jer ardabadebul Svilebs tvinis da
sxva organoebis Tu sxeulis nawilebis dazia-
nebis riskis winaSe ayeneben (Goodlet & Johnson,
1999; Jacobson, 1993; Roebuck, 1999). magaliTad, saxis
anomaliebis ganviTareba yvelaze xSirad orsu-
lobis pirveli ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi dedis
mier alkoholis moxmarebis Sedegia (Coles, 1994).
garda amisa, sigaretis mweveli dedebic riskis
qveS ayeneben TavianT Svilebs, gansakuTrebiT
orsulobis meore naxevarSi. orsulobis dros
moweva zrdis mkvdrad Sobis, naadrevad mSobia-
robis da bavSvis nakluli woniT dabadebis
risks. faqtobrivad, im qalebs, romlebic orsu-
lobis dros iZulebulni arian, CaisunTqon
Tambaqos kvamli, aseve, SeiZleba hyavdeT
naklebwoniani bavSvebi (Dejin-Karllson et al., 1998).
orsulobisas zogierTma nivTierebam praqti-
kulad nebismier dros SeiZleba miayenos ziani
nayofs. magaliTad, kokaini placentaSi aRwevs
da Canasaxis ganviTarebis Seferxeba SeuZlia.
mozrdilebSi kokaini sisxlZarRvebis Seviwro-
vebas iwvevs. orsul qalebSi kokaini aferxebs
placentaSi sisxlis moZraobas da nayofis
JangbadiT momaragebas. Jangbadis seriozuli
SimSilis Sedegad SeiZleba gaskdes kidec na-
yofis Tavis tvinis sisxlZarRvebi. aseTma pre-
natalurma insultebma SeiZleba samudamo fsi-
qikuri arasrulfasovneba gamoiwvios (Chasnoff,
1998; Koren, 1998). kvleva aCvenebs, rom kokaini
yvelaze metad Tavis tvinis im sistemebs azianebs,
romlebic yuradRebis marTvaze ageben pasuxs:
bavSvebi, romlebmac muclad yofnisas kokainis
zemoqmedeba ganicades, SeiZleba mTeli cxov-
rebis manZilze uSedegod ewinaaRmdegebodnen
maTTvis uintereso mxedvelobiT da smeniT da
gamRizianeblebze yuradRebis gadatanas.
am magaliTebiT gvsurda, gveCvenebina, rom
sxeulsa da tvins bavSvis dabadebamdec ki
ayalibebs bunebisa da garemos urTierTqmedeba.
bavSvebi momarTulni arian
gadarCenisaTvis
ra SesaZleblobebia Cadebuli sxeulsa da
tvinSi dabadebisas? Cven miveCvieT azrs, rom
axalSobili sruliad umweo da ususuria.
biheviorizmis fuZemdebeli jon uotsoni aR-
werda Cvils, rogorc sicocxlisunarian,
mofarTxale xorcis naWers, romelsac ramdenime
martivi reaqciis ganxorcieleba SeuZlia~. Tu
es marTalia, albaT, gagikvirdebaT imis gageba,
rom dabadebidan ramdenime wamSi axalSobili
grZnobis organoebiT informaciis miRebis da
masze reagirebis gasaocar unars avlens. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom bavSvebi momarTulebi arian ga-
darCenisaTvis~ da kargad arian adaptirebulni,
raTa reagireba moaxdinon maTze mzrunvel
mozrdilebze da imoqmedon irgvliv myof
adamianebze.
magaliTad, Cvilebs dabadebamdec SeuZliaT
bgerebis gagoneba, Sesabamisad, isini mzad arian
dabadebis Semdeg garkveul bgerebze reagire-
bisTvis. axalSobilebs, sxva qalebis xmebze
metad, dedis xmis mosmena urCevniaT, rac
gvafiqrebinebs, rom muclad yofnisas isini
dedis xmis cnobas swavloben (Decasper & Fifer,
1980). mkvlevrebma isic daasabuTes, rom axalSo-
bilebi TavianTi dedebis imgvarad Secvlil
xmas cnoben, rogoric bunebrivad aRwevs
saSvilosnoSi, anu dedis sxeulis qsovilebis
gavlis Sedegad Secvlils (anu zogierTi
sixSiris bgerebi ifiltreba) (Spence & Decasper,
1987; Spence & Freeman, 1996). ase rom, axalSobilebi
cnoben im xmebs, romlebic axlosaa maT Cana-
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saxovan gamocdilebasTan. samwuxarod, maT
mamebisagan arasakmarisi bgeriTi gamocdileba
aqvT: axalSobilebi saerTod ar aqceven yurad-
Rebas mamis xmas (Decasper & Prescott, 1984). oTxi
Tvis asakSic ki, axalSobilebi mamis xmas ver
arCeven ucxo mamakacis xmisagan (Ward & Cooper,
1999).
Cvilebi TiTqmis dabadebisTanave iwyeben
mxedvelobiT sistemebis gamoyenebasac: daba-
debidan sul ramdenime wuTSi bavSvs ukve Ria
aqvs Tvalebi, Tavs abrunebs xmis mimarTulebiT
da cnobismoyvareobiT eZebs am xmis wyaros.
miuxedavad amisa, Cvilis mxedveloba sustadaa
ganviTarebuli, sxva SegrZnebebTan SedarebiT.
mozrdilTa mxedvelobis simaxvile daaxloebiT
40-jer ukeTesia, vidre axalSobilebisa (Sireteanu,
1999). mxedvelobis simaxvile swrafad umjobes-
deba bavSvis sicocxlis pirveli 6 Tvis gan-
mavlobaSi. axalSobilebi, agreTve, cudad
aRiqvamen samyaros sam ganzomilebaSi: mxolod
4 Tvis asakSi SeuZliaT maT orive TvaliT
miRebuli informaciis Sejereba da siRrmisa
da manZilis aRqma. kargi mxedveloba _ kontras-
tis aRqma, mxedvelobis simaxvile da ferebis
garCeva _ Tvalis receptoruli velis centrSi
uamravi fotoreceptoruli ujredis funqcioni-
rebas da Tvalis optikis saTanadod ganviTarebas
moiTxovs (ix. Tavi 4). mravali am komponentTagani
mosamwifebelia Cvilis mxedvelobis sistemaSi.
kargi mxedvelobisaTvis, aseve, saWiroa, rom Tavis
tvinis vizualur qerqSi arsebul uamrav neirons
Soris urTierTqmedeba vizualur gamocdilebas
Seesabamebodes (Maurer, 1999). dabadebisas
neironebs Soris arasakmarisi urTierTqmedebaa.
bavSvebs kargi mxedvelobis gareSec SeuZliaT
garkveuli gamRizianeblebis erTmaneTisagan
garCeva. mkvlevarTa Soris erT-erTi pirvelTagani
_ robert fanci (Robert Fantz, 1963) akvirdeboda
rom 4 Tvis bavSvebs ukonturo obieqtebze metad
konturiani obieqtebis yureba erCivnaT, martiv
obieqtebze metad _ rTulis da arasworad
ganlagebuli nakvTebis mqone saxeebze metad _
mTliani, Cveulebrivi saxeebis. ufro gviandelma
kvlevebma cxadyo, rom bavSvebi dabadebidanve
adamianis saxeebs metad aniWeben upiratesobas,
vidre vizualurad msgavs gamosaxulebebs (Valenza
et al., 1996). faqtobrivad, 4 dRis asakSi
axalSobilebi cnoben dedis saxes.
saidan
viciT
axalSobilebi da maTi dedebis saxeebi
oTxi dRis Cvilebi moaTavses qafovani
masaliT damzadebul specialur savar-
ZelSi, romelic usafrTxod iWerda bavSvs
da, amasTan, Tavis aqeT-iqiT trialis
saSualebas aZlevda. savarZlebis win
moTavsebuli iyo nacrisferi ekrani, ro-
melzec amoWrili iyo ori sarkmeli.
eqsperimentis dros erT sarkmelSi dedis
saxe Canda, meoreSi ki _ ucnobi adamianis
(ucnobi qali ise iyo SerCeuli, rom
bundovnad hgavda dedas). dedasa da ucnob
qals eZleodaT instruqcia, rom See-
narCunebinaT saxis neitraluri gamome-
tyveleba da ar elaparakaT an emoZravaT.
aRmoCnda, rom cdis ganmavlobaSi bavSvebi
orjer met xans uyurebdnen TavianT dedebs,
vidre ucnobebs (Pascalis, 1995).
es Sedegi gviCvenebs, rom bavSvebi Zalze
adreul asakSive floben mniSvnelovan infor-
macias garemos Sesaxeb: es aris dedis saxis
nakvTebi. axla xedavT, Tu ratom vuwodeT Cvilebs
`gadarCenisaTvis momarTulebi~.
rogorc ki bavSvebi garemoSi moZraobas
daiwyeben, isini swrafad iZenen sxva perceptul
unarebs. magaliTad, eleonor gibsonisa (Eleanor
Gibson) da riCard uolqis (Richard Walk) kla-
sikurma kvlevam (1960) aCvena, Tu rogor
reagirebdnen bavSvebi siRrmis Sesaxeb infor-
maciaze. kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli iyo mowyobiloba,
romelsac vizualur ufskruls uwodeben. es
iyo gluvi SuSis zedapiris SuaSi moTavsebuli
gaumWvirvale sibrtye. didi da mcire siRrmeebis
Sesaqmnelad gamoiyeneboda kubokruli qsovili,
rogorc naCvenebia suraTze 11.2. Tavdapirvel
eqsperimentSi gibsonma da uolqma aCvenes, rom
bavSvebi yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe mixoxaven
SuSis SuaSi mdebare sibrtyidan mcire siRrmis
mimarTulebiT, magram uars amboben didi
siRrmisken wasvlaze.
Semdgomma kvlevebma aCvena, rom siRrmis SiSi
xoxvis gamocdilebidan momdinareobda: bavSvebs,
romelTac ukve dawyebuli hqondaT xoxva,
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eSinodaT siRrmis, xolo maT Tanatolebs, rom-
lebic jer ar xoxavdnen _ ar eSinodaT (Cam-
pos, 1992). amgvarad, simaRlis SiSi ar aris
sruliad Tandayolili, aramed viTardeba maSin,
rodesac bavSvi Tavad iwyebs garemos Seswavlas.
zrda da momwifeba bavSvobaSi
axalSobilebi saocrad swrafad icvlebian,
Tumca, rogorc 11.3 suraTzea naCvenebi, fizikuri
zrdis tempi erTnairi ar aris yvela fizikuri
struqturisaTvis. Tqven, albaT, SegimCneviaT,
rom patarebi Tavkombalebs hgvanan. dabadebisas
bavSvis Tavi ukve mozrdilis Tavis zomis
TiTqmis 60%-s, xolo sakuTari sxeulis sigrZis
meoTxeds Seadgens (Bayley, 1956). dabadebidan eqvs
suraTi
11.2
vizualuri ufskruli
rodesac bavSvi mis irgvliv garemoSi xoxvis gamoc-
dilebas iRebs, igi vizualuri ufskrulis~ Rrma
mxaris SiSs avlens.
suraTi
11.3
sicocxlis pirveli ori aTwleulis
ganmavlobaSi zrdis modeli
sicocxlis pirveli wlis ganmavlobaSi Zalian swra-
fad izrdeba neironTa raodenoba. es procesi bevrad
swrafad mimdinareobs, vidre zogadi fizikuri zrda.
amis sapirispirod, sqesobrivi momwifeba ar xdeba
mozardobis periodamde.
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TveSi Cvilis sxeulis wona ormagdeba, xolo
erT weliwadSi _ sammagdeba. ori wlis asakSi
bavSvis tani misi saboloo (mozrdilobis dros
miRweuli) sigrZis naxevars udris. mozardobamde
genitaliebi mcireoden cvlilebas ganicdian
da Semdeg ki swrafad viTardebian zrdasrulis
proporciebamde.
bavSvTa umravlesobisaTvis fizikur zrdas
Tan sdevs motoruli unarebis momwifeba.
momwifeba aris maTTvis Cveul garemoSi saxeo-
bebis warmomadgenelTa tipuri zrdis procesi.
momwifebis Cveuli Tanmimdevroba, romelsac
axalSobili gadis, ganpirobebulia Tandayo-
lili biologiuri maxasiaTeblebisa da garemo
faqtorebis urTierTqmedebiT. magaliTad, ro-
gorc 11.4 suraTzea mocemuli, gadaadgilebis
unaris ganviTarebisas bavSvi specialuri var-
jiSis gareSe swavlobs siaruls. es Tanmimdev-
roba saerToa bavSvebis umravlesobisTvis,
umciresobam ki SeiZleba gamotovos romelime
safexuri an sakuTari originaluri Tanmimdev-
robiT ganviTardes. miuxedavad amisa, im kultu-
rebSi, sadac naklebi fizikuri stimulacia
aqvT, bavSvebi siaruls SedarebiT gvian iwyeben.
magaliTad, amerikeli indielebi bavSvebs mWid-
rod Sekrul zurgze mosakidebeli artaxiT
atareben, romelic aferxebs siarulis swavlas,
Tumca, rogorc ki bavSvi ganTavisufldeba misgan,
igi lokomociis ganviTarebis zustad igive
safexurebs gaivlis. amrigad, SeiZleba vTqvaT,
rom yvela janmrTel axalSobils fizikuri
ganviTarebis erTnairi potenciali aqvs.
suraTi
11.4
moZraobis unars ganviTarebis Tanmimdevroba
siarulis unaris ganviTareba ar moiTxovs specialur swavlebas. is TavisiT viTardeba garkveuli
TanmimdevrobiT, rac Cveni saxeobis yvela fizikurad normalurad ganviTarebuli wevrebisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli. im kulturebSi, sadac bavSvebis stimulirebas adreul asakSi axdenen, patarebi
siaruls ufro adre iwyeben (Shirley, 1931).
momwifeba (maturation) _ ganviTarebis ganmavlo-
baSi memkvidreobis uwyveti gavlena; saxeobe-
bisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, asakTan dakavSirebuli
fizikuri da qceviTi cvlilebebi.
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409
mozardobaSi
bavSvobis dasrulebis pirveli konkretuli
maCvenebelia pubertatis energiis mozRvaveba.
gogonebSi daaxloebiT 10 wlis asakisTvis da
biWebSi daaxloebiT 12 wlis asakisTvis zrdis
hormonebi sisxlSi gadasvlas iwyebs. ramdenime
wlis ganmavlobaSi mozardi SeiZleba weli-
wadSi 7-14-sm-iT gaizardos da sagrZnoblad moi-
matos wonaSi. mozardis sxeuli erTbaSad ar
aRwevs mozrdilis proporciebs. Tavdapirvelad
zrdasrulis zomamde izrdeba fexis terfebi
da xelis mtevnebi, Semdeg _ Tavad xelebi da
fexebi, xolo torsi yvelaze nela viTardeba.
amgvarad, individis sxeulis forma mozardobis
ganmavlobaSi ramdenjerme icvleba.
energiis mozRvavebis dawyebidan ori-sami
wlis Semdeg dgeba pubertati, anu sqesobrivi
simwife (laTinuri sityva pubertas niSnavs
TmebiT dafaruls~ da miuTiTebs fexebsa da
xelebze, iRliebsa da genitalur areebSi Tmis
safaris ganviTarebaze). biWebisTvis sqesobrivi
momwifeba cocxali spermis warmoebiT, xolo
gogonebisTvis _ menarqeTi, anu menstruaciiT
iwyeba. aSS-Si menarqes saSualo asaki 12-13 welia,
Tumca, misi dawyeba normis farglebSi mosa-
lodnelia 11-dan 15 wlamde periodSi. biWebSi
cocxali spermis warmoeba pirvelad, saSualod,
12-14 wlis asakSi xdeba, Tumca, aqac SesaZlebelia
droSi variacia. am fizikur cvlilebebs xSirad
Tan sdevs sakuTari seqsualuri SegrZnebebis
gacnobiereba. seqsualuri motivaciis warmoqmnas
me-12 TavSi ganvixilavT.
sqesobriv momwifebasTan dakavSirebuli
fizikuri cvlilebebi gavlenas axdens mozardis
fsiqologiuri ganviTarebis sxva aspeqtebze. es
cvlilebebi xSirad ubiZgebs mas, rom didi
yuradReba dauTmos sakuTar garegnobas. uzar-
mazari fizikuri cvlilebebi da gaZlierebuli
aqcenti Tanatolebis mxridan aRiarebaze in-
dividis mier sakuTari sxeulis xatiT dainte-
resebas, sakuTari garegnobis subieqtur xedvas
aZlierebs. aTi sxvadasxva qveynis mozardebze
Catarebuli kvlevis monacemebma (maT Soris iyo
aSS, bangaladeSi, TurqeTi da taivani) cxadyo,
rom gogonebis 38% da biWebis 27% sakuTar Tavs
uSnod da aramimzidvelad Tvlis (Offer et al.,
1988). moWarbebulma wuxilma sakuTar garegnobasa
da socialuri me-s sxva aspetebze zogierTi
mozardi gogona SeiZleba TviTgvemamde miiyvanos
(Striegel-Moore & Cachelin, 1999). fizikur srulyofi-
lebaze TavianTi araswori warmodgenis Sesaba-
misi formebis miRwevis mcdelobiT mozardma
gogonebma SeiZleba seriozuli kvebiTi aSli-
loba ganiviTaron, rogoricaa anoreqsia, rac
SimSilobas gulisxmobs, da bulimia, romelic
sakvebis usazRvro raodenobiT STanTqmasa da
Semdeg kuW-nawlavis iZulebiT gawmendas ukavSir-
deba (me-12 TavSi ufro dawvrilebiT gavarCevT
kvebiT aSlilobebs). sabednierod, am problemaTa
gamwvavebis periodi adreul mozardobaSi mTavr-
deba. mozardebi TandaTanobiT eCvevian TavianT
garegnobas.
mozardobis periodis dasrulebis Semdeg
Tqveni sxeuli erTxel kidev aRwevs cxovrebis
pubertati (puberty) _ sqesobrivi momwifebis
miRweva. misi maCvenebeli gogonebTan aris
menarqes (pirveli menstruacia), xolo biWebTan
_ cocxali spermis warmoebisa da eakulaciis
unari.
menarqe (menarche) _ menstrualuri ciklis da-
wyeba.
sxeulis xati (body image) _ sakuTari sxeulis
garegnobis subieqturi aRqma.
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410
im xanas, rodesac biologiuri cvlilebebi
SedarebiT naklebad xdeba. Tqven SegiZliaT
Tavad imoqmedoT sakuTar sxeulze sxvadasxva
saSualebebiT _ dietiTa da varjiSiT. cvli-
lebebis Semdegi nakadi, romelic asakis moma-
tebis Sedegia, mowifulobasa da xnovanobaze
(anu zrdasrulobis Sua da bolo periodze)
modis.
fizikuri cvlilebebi
mozrdilobaSi
asakis matebasTan dakavSirebuli yvelaze
SesamCnevi zogierTi cvlileba fizikur gareg-
nobasa da SesaZleblobebs exeba. asakis moma-
tebasTan erTad kanze naoWebi Cndeba, Tma
Txeldeba da WaRaravdeba, simaRle ki 2-5 sm-iT
iklebs. aseve, mcirdeba SegrZnebis organoebis
mgrZnobeloba. es cvlilebebi moulodnelad
ar Cndeba 65 wlis asakSi. isini TandaTanobiT,
axalgazrdobidanve viTardeba. sanam asakTan
dakavSirebul zogad cvlilebebs aRvwerdeT,
ufro zogadi xasiaTis mosazrebas gamovTqvamT:
mravali fizikuri cvlileba ara asakis, aramed
umoqmedobis Sedegia; gamokvlevebi adasturebs
sayovelTaod cnobil andazas: Tu ar gamoiyeneb,
dakargav~. xanSiSesuli adamianebi, romlebic
sistematurad varjiSoben (an iwyeben varjiSs),
SedarebiT nakleb siZneleebs awydebian, romel-
sac xSirad xnovanebis gardauval Sedegad miiC-
neven (aRsaniSnavia, rom Cven zustad imave
daskvnamde mivalT mowifulobis da xnovanebis
kognituri da socialuri aspeqtebis ganxil-
visas). modiT, axla is, TiTqmis gardauvali,
cvlilebebi ganvixiloT, romlebic xSirad
zemoqmedeben imaze, Tu ras da rogor fiqroben
zrdasruli adamianebi sakuTar cxovrebaze.
mxedveloba
65 wels gadacilebul adamianTa umravlesoba
grZnobs mxedvelobis funqciis garkveul
Sesustebas (Carter, 1982; Pitts, 1982). asakTan erTad
adamianis Tvalis broli yviTldeba da naklebad
elastiuri xdeba. iTvleba, rom brolis
gayviTlebis gamo zogierT xanSiSesuls uWirs
ferebis garCeva. zogierTi moxucisTvis
gansakuTrebiT Znelad gasarCevi xdeba dabali
talRis sigrZis ferebi _ iisferis, lurjisa
da mwvanis sxvadasxva elferi. brolis sixistem
SeiZleba gaaZnelos axlos myofi obieqtebis
danaxva. aseve, is gavlenas axdens sibnelesTan
adaptaciaze, rac asakovan adamianebs RamiT xedvis
problemas uqmnis. mxedvelobis cvlilebebis
umravlesoba koreqtirdeba linzebiT.
smena
smenis dakargva gavrcelebuli movlenaa 60
wlis da ufrosi asakis adamianebSi. Cveulebriv,
asakovan adamianebs uWirT maRali sixSiris bge-
rebis aRqma (Corso, 1977). es gauareseba, Cveulebriv,
mamakacebTan ufro metad vlindeba, vidre qa-
lebTan. moxucebs SeiZleba didi dro dasWirdeT
sxvisi laparakis gasagebad, gansakuTrebiT
maRali tonalobis xmis SemTxvevaSi. (ucnauria,
magram asakis matebasTan erTad adamianis xma
wvrildeba xmis iogebis gaxistebis Sedegad).
smenis Sesusteba SeiZleba TandaTanobiT da
individisTvis SeumCnevlad xdebodes, sanam
ukidures formas ar miiRebs. amasTan, maSinac
ki, rodesac adamianebi xvdebian, rom yruvdebian,
maT SeiZleba uaryon es faqti, radgan smenis
dakargva daberebis arasasurvel niSnad iTvleba.
smenis dakargvis zogierTi fsiqologiuri as-
peqtis daZleva sasmeni aparatis daxmarebiT SeiZ-
leba. agreTve, unda vicodeT, rom asakis mate-
basTan erTad, an moxucebTan urTierTobisas
gvexmareba dabali toniT saubari, mkafiod
metyveleba da fonuri xmauris Semcireba.
reproduqciuli da sqesobrivi
funqcionireba
Cven vnaxeT, rom sqesobrivi simwife repro-
duqciuli funqcionirebis dasawyiss niSnavs.
Sua da xanSiSesul asakSi reproduqciis SesaZ-
lebloba iklebs. daaxloebiT 50 wlisTvis
qalebis umravlesobas menopauza, anu mestru-
aciisa da ovulaciis Sewyveta axasiaTebs.
mamakacebi naklebad mkveTri cvlilebebiT
xasiaTdebian, Tumca, 40 wlis Semdeg sicocxlis-
unariani spermis raodenoba mcirdeba, 60 wlis
Semdeg ki saTesle siTxis moculoba iklebs.
ra Tqma unda, es cvlilebebi, ZiriTadad,
reproduqcias exeba. asakis momateba da fizikuri
cvlilebebi aucileblobiT ar iwvevs seqsua-
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411
luri gamocdilebis sxva aspeqtebis gauaresebas
(Levine, 1998; Levy, 1994). sinamdvileSi, seqsi cxov-
rebis erT-erTi jansaRi siamovnebaa, romelsac
SeuZlia asakovani adamianis cxovrebis xarisxis
gaumjobeseba, radgan is aRmgnebia, xels uwyobs
fizikur varjiSs, fantaziis stimulirebas ax-
dens da socialuri urTierTqmedebis sasico-
cxlo mniSvnelobis mqone formas warmoadgens.
Cven ukve mokled mimovixileT adamianis
fizikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTadi momentebi. axla
vnaxoT, rogor yalibdeba warmodgena gare
samyaros Sesaxeb.
Sejameba
bavSvebi amqveynad sensoruli unarebiT
ibadebian, rac maT informaciis miRebisa da
socialuri urTierTobebis ganviTarebis
saSualebas aZlevs. fizikur zrdas, Cveulebriv,
motoruli unarebis momwifeba axlavs Tan.
mozardobis periodSi individebi pubertatis
xanas gadian. isini xSirad zedmet yuradRebas
uTmoben sakuari sxeulis xats. zrdasrulobis
periodis zogierTi fizikuri cvlileba ara
daberebis fizikuri procesis, aramed funqciebis
gamouyeneblobis, umoqmedobis Sedegia. Tumca,
asakis matebasTan erTad, adamianTa umravlesobas
aReniSneba cvlilebebi mxedvelobaSi, smenasa
da sqesobriv funqciebSi.
kognituri ganviTareba
cxovrebis manZilze
rogor icvleba cxovrebis manZilze indi-
vidis mier fizikuri da socialuri garemos
gageba? kognituri ganviTareba Seiswavlis go-
nebriv procesebsa da produqtebs, romlebic
warmoiqmneba da icvleba droTa ganmavlobaSi.
vinaidan mkvlevrebi gansakuTrebiT aRfrTo-
vanebulni iyvnen kognituri SesaZleblobebis
Zalze adreuli ganviTarebiT, ZiriTad yurad-
Rebas kognituri ganviTarebis adreul stadiebs
davuTmobT, Tumca, zogierT im aRmoCenasac
aRvwerT, romelic mozrdilobis wlebs ukav-
Sirdeba.
kognituri ganviTarebis ganxilvas Sveica-
rieli fsiqologis _ Jan piaJes novatoruli
naSromis aRweriT daviwyebT.
piaJes aRmoCenebi kognituri
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb
TiTqmis 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi Jan piaJe (Jean
Piaget, 1929, 1954, 1977) aviTarebda Teoriebs imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor azrovneben, fiqroben da
wyveten amocanebs bavSvebi. piaJes interesi
kognituri ganviTarebisadmi, albaT, misma
kognituri ganviTareba (cognitive development) _
Semecnebis procesis ganviTareba, romelic
moicavs warmosaxvas, aRqmas, azrovnebasa da
amocanis gadawyvetas.
sqemebi (schemes) _ piaJes termini im kognituri
struqturebis aRsaniSnad, romelic viTardeba
bavSvis mier samyaros interpretirebasa da
garemosadmi adaptaciasTan erTad.
asimilacia (assimilation) _ piaJes mixedviT, pro-
cesi, romlis drosac axali kognituri ele-
mentebi ergeba Zvel elementebs an modi-
ficirdeba, raTa ufro gamartivdes morgebis
procesi; asimilacia xorcieldeba akomoda-
ciasTan erTad.
akomodacia (accomodation) _ piaJes mixedviT, ukve
arsebuli kognituri struqturebis modifi-
cirebis an gadastruqturebis procesi, raTa
gaadvildes axali informaciis morgeba ukve
arsebulTan; akomodacia xorcieldeba asimila-
ciasTan erTad.
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412
sakuTarma inteleqtualurad aqtiurma bavSvobam
ganapiroba. man 10 wlis asakSi gamoaqveyna pir-
veli statia, 14 wlis asakSi ki muzeumis ku-
ratoris Tanamdeboba SesTavazes (Brainerd, 1996).
adreuli gonebrivi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb kom-
pleqsuri Teoriebis SesamuSaveblad piaJe sa-
kuTar SvilebTan da sxva bavSvebTan inter-
viuirebasa da martiv demonstraciebs iyenebda.
mas ainteresebda ara im informaciis moculoba,
romelsac bavSvebi flobdnen, aramed is, Tu
rogor azrovnebdnen isini da rogor icvleboda
fizikuri realobis Sinagani reprezentaciebi
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva stadiaze.
asakobrivi cvlilebebis elementebi
gonebriv struqturebs, romelTa saSualebi-
Tac adamiani samyaros interpretirebas axdens,
piaJem sqemebi uwoda. sqemebi asakobrivi cvli-
lebebis elementebi _ samSeneblo agurebia~.
Cvilis pirvelad sqemebs piaJem sensomotoruli
inteleqti uwoda. es aris azrovnebis struq-
turebi da programebi, romlebic iseT sen-
somotorul Tanmimdevrobas warmarTavs, ro-
goricaa: wova, yureba, taceba, xelis kvra. praq-
tikasTan erTad, elementaruli sqemebi erTian-
deba, integrirdeba da nawildeba qcevis TandaTa-
nobiT garTulebad mravalferovan paternebSi.
aseTi paternis magaliTia, rodesac sasurveli
sagnis xelSi asaRebad bavSvi xels kravs
arasasurvel sagans, romelic efarebas mas. piaJes
mixedviT, kognituri zrdisTvis aucilebelia
ori bazisuri procesis erToblivi muSaoba
asimilacia da akomodacia. asimilaciiT xdeba
garemodan momdinare axali informaciis modifi-
cireba, raTa es ukanaskneli SesabamisobaSi
movides ukve nacnob gamocdilebasTan. Semosuli
sensoruli informaciis struqturizaciisTvis
bavSvi mimarTavs arsebul sqemebs. akomodaciis
SemTxvevaSi ki, piriqiT, axali informaciis ufro
srulad asaxsnelad gadastruqturdeba an
modificirdeba bavSvis ukve arsebuli sqemebi.
warmoidgineT, rogor unda SeZlos bavSvma
dedis ZuZus wovidan jer boTlis sawovaras
wovaze, Semdeg siTxis sawrupiT Sewovaze da
bolos finjnidan dalevaze gadasvla. Tavda-
pirveli woviTi reaqcia Tandayolili ref-
leqsia, magram is ise unda modificirdes, rom
bavSvis tuCebi moergos dedis kertis zomasa
da formas. boTlTan adaptaciis procesSi Cvili
jer kidev iyenebs ucvleli Tanmimdevrobis
mraval komponents (asimilacia), magram man,
adrindelTan SedarebiT, gansxvavebulad unda
moiqcios pirSi boTlis sawovara da ise Sei-
wovos sakvebi; amasTan, boTlis gansxvavebuli
kuTxiT daWerac unda iswavlos (akomodacia).
boTlidan sawrupze da Semdeg finjanze gadas-
vlis nabijebi ufro met akomodacias saWiroebs,
Tumca, kvlav eyrdnoba manamde SeZenil unarebs.
piaJe kognitur ganviTarebas asimilaciisa da
akomodaciis swored aseTi monacvleobis Se-
degad miiCnevs. asimilaciisa da akomodaciis
balansirebuli gamoyeneba saSualebas aZlevs
bavSvs, rom misi qceva da codna naklebad iyos
damokidebuli konkretul garegan realobaze
da metad daeyrdnos abstraqtul azrovnebas.
kognituri ganviTarebis stadiebi
piaJes miaCnda, rom bavSvis kognituri ganvi-
Tareba SeiZleba oTx Tanmimdevrul, calkeul
stadiad daiyos (ix. cxrili 11.2). iTvleba, rom
yvela bavSi erTi da igive TanmimdevrobiT gadis
am stadiebs, Tumca, zog bavSvs SeiZleba meti
dro dasWirdes romelime konkretuli stadiis
gasavlelad, zogs ki _ naklebi.
sensomotoruli stadia. sensomotoruli
stadia dabadebidan daaxloebiT 2 wlamde
grZeldeba. pirvel TveebSi Cvilis qcevis umetesi
nawili Tandayolil sqemaTa SezRudul erTob-
liobas efuZneba, rogoricaa: wova, yureba, taceba
da xelis kvra. pirveli wlis ganmavlobaSi
sensomotoruli unarebi umjobesdeba, kombi-
nirebuli, koordinirebuli xdeba da erTiandeba
(magaliTad, wova da taceba, yureba da mani-
pulireba). Cvilis mier sakuTari moqmedebis
garemoze asaxvis aRmoCenasTan erTad, es unarebi
TandaTan ufro mravalferovani xdeba.
Cvilobis periodis yvelaze mniSvnelovani
kognituri SenaZenia iseTi obieqtebis mentaluri
reprezentaciebis Seqmnis unari, romelTanac
bavSvs ar aqvs uSualo sensomotoruli kontaqti.
obieqtTa mudmivoba niSnavs bavSvis mier imis
gagebas, rom sagnebi arseboben da moqmedeben
misi qcevisa da mis mier maTi arsebobis gac-
nobierebisgan damoukideblad. sicocxlis
pirvel TveebSi bavSvebi sagnebs Tvals ayoleben,
magram, rodesac sagnebi maTi mxedvelobis
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413
velidan qrebian, isini TiTqos bavSvis gonebi-
danac uCinardebian. Tumca, daaxloebiT 3 Tvis
asakSi bavSvebi im adgils isev uyureben, sadac
sagani gaqra. 8-dan 12 Tvemde bavSvebi iwyeben
gamqrali sagnis Zebnas. 2 wlis asakisaTvis
bavSvebi ukve darwmunebulni arian, rom sagnebi
maTi mxedvelobis velis miRmac arseboben (Flavell,
1985).
winaoperaciuli stadia. winaoperaciuli
stadia daaxloebiT 2-dan 7 wlis asakamde grZel-
deba. ganviTarebis am periodSi didi kognituri
winsvlaa fizikur mocemulobas moklebuli obi-
eqtebis gonebaSi warmodgenis gaumjobesebuli
unari. am SenaZenis gamoklebiT, winaoperaciul
stadias piaJe aRwers imis mixedviT, Tu risi
gakeTeba ar SeuZliaT bavSvebs. ase magaliTad,
piaJes miaCnda, rom patara bavSvebis winaopera-
ciuli azrovneba egocentrizmiT, anu bavSvis
mier sxva adamianis Tvalsazrisis gaziarebis
unaris arqoniT xasiaTdeba. Tqven, albaT,
SeginiSnavT egocentrizmis gamovlineba, Tu
gagonili gaqvT, rogor elaparakebian ori wlis
bavSvebi sxva bavSvebs. am asakis bavSvebi xSirad
sakuTar TavTan ufro laparakoben, vidre garSe-
momyofebTan.
garda amisa, winaoperaciul stadiaze bavSvebi
xasiaTdebian centraciiT obieqtebis percep-
tulad gamokveTil Tvisebebze yuradRebis
miqcevis tendenciiT. centraciis TvalsaCino
magaliTia piaJes klasikuri eqsperimenti, sadac
man aCvena, rom bavSvs ar SeuZlia imis gageba,
rom siTxis moculoba ar icvleba WurWlis
zomisa da formis cvlasTan erTad.
saidan
viciT
piaJe gviCvenebs centracias
rodesac Tanabari moculobis limonaTs
asxamen or erTnair WiqaSi, 5 da 7 wlis
bavSvebi adastureben, rom Wiqebi Tanabari
odenobis siTxes Seicaven. Tumca, rodesac
limonaTs erT-erTi Wiqidan viwro, maRal
WurWelSi gadaasxamen, maTi azrebi gan-
sxvavebuli xdeba. 5 wlis bavSvebma ician,
rom maRal WiqaSi igive limonaTi asxia,
Tumca, amboben, rom is axla meti gaxda. 7
wlisani ki sworad amtkiceben, rom maT
raodenobebs Soris sxvaoba ar aris.
piaJe gviCvenebs, rom patara bavSvebi fokusi-
rebuli arian percepturad gamokveTil erT
Tvisebaze _ WiqaSi Casxmuli limonaTis doneze.
didi bavSvebi iTvaliswineben orives _ simaR-
les da siganes _ da sworad askvnian, rom
rasac xedaven, ar aris realoba.
konkretuli operaciebis stadia. konkre-
tuli operaciebis stadia daaxloebiT 7-dan 11
piJes kognituri ganviTarebis
safexurebi
stadia/asaki
cxrili
11.1
sensomotoruli (0-2)
operaciamdeli (2-7)
konkretuli
operaciebis (7-11)
formaluri
operaciebis (11!)
bavSvi cxovrebas iwyebs mcire
raodenobis sensomotoruli
TanmimdevrobiT. mas uviTardeba
obieqtis mudmivoba da
simboluri azrovnebis
sawyisebi.
bavSvis azrovneba xasiaTdeba
egocentrizmiTa da
centraciiT. mas uumjobesdeba
simboluri azrovnebis
gamoyenebis unari.
bavSvi wvdeba konservaciis
gagebas. mas SeuZlia azrovneba
konkretul fizikur sagnebTan
mimarTebaSi.
bavSvs uviTardeba abstraq-
tuli da hipoTeturi
azrovnebis unari.
maxasiaTeblebi da
ZiriTadi miRwevebi
obieqtTa mudmivoba (object permanence) _ mixvedra
imisa, rom sagnebi arseboben individis mier
amis gacnobierebisa da individis moqmedebisgan
damoukideblad; Cvilobis asakis mniSvnelovani
kognituri SenaZeni.
egocentrizmi (egocentrism) _ kognituri ganvi-
Tarebis winaoperaciul stadiaze patara bavSvis
mier sxva adamianis Tvalsazrisis gaziarebis
unaris arqona.
centracia (centration) _ kognituri ganviTarebis
winaoperaciuli stadiis dasawyisisaTvis dama-
xasiaTebeli azrovnebis paterni, romelic xa-
siaTdeba bavSvis mier erTdroulad ori per-
ceptuli faqtoris gaTvaliswinebis unaris ar-
qoniT.
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wlamde grZeldeba. am stadiaze bavSvs ukve
SeuZlia gonebrivi operaciebis _ gonebaSi
ganxorcielebuli moqmedebebis _ Sesruleba,
romlidanac saTaves iRebs logikuri azrovneba.
winaoperaciul da konkretuli operaciebis sta-
diebs xSirad upirispireben erTmaneTs, radganac
konkretuli operaciebis stadiaze bavSvebi
axerxeben imas, rasac ver axerxebdnen wina-
operaciul stadiaze. konkretuli operaciebi
bavSvs fizikuri moqmedebis gonebriviT Canac-
vlebis saSualebas aZlevs. magaliTad, Tu bavSvi
xedavs, rom adami lindaze maRalia, xolo
mogvianebiT xedavs, rom linda taniaze maRalia,
bavSvs SeuZlia daaskvnas, rom am samidan adami
yvelaze maRalia _ am sami individis fizikurad
datolebisa da gadawyobis gareSe. Tumca, bavSvs
jer kidev ar SeuZlia saTanado daskvnis
gakeTeba (adami yvelaze maRalia~), Tu problema
mxolod sityvierad aris aRwerili. uSualo,
fizikuri dakvirvebis gareSe fardobiTi simaR-
lis gansazRvris (da msgavsi problemebis gada-
wyvetis) unaris arqona gvafiqrebinebs, rom
abstraqtuli azrovneba jer kidev momwifebis
stadiazea konkretuli operaciebis periodSi.
limonaTis eqsperimenti gviCvenebs konkre-
tuli operaciebis stadiis kidev erT maxasia-
Tebels. 7 wlis bavSvebs ukve aTvisebuli aqvT
is, rasac piaJe konservacias, anu Senaxvas uwo-
debs. maT ician, rom, Tu araferi emateba an
araferi akldeba, sagnis fizikuri Tvisebebi
ar icvleba maSinac ki, rodesac icvleba misi
garegnuli saxe. 11.5 suraTze mocemulia piaJes
cdis magaliTebi, romelic sxvadasxva ganzo-
milebaSi konservacias Seexeba. erT-erTi axlad
SeZenili operacia, romlis gamoyenebac SeuZ-
liaT bavSvebs konservaciaze amocanebis Ses-
rulebisas, aris Seqcevadoba. es aris bavSvis
mier imis gageba, rom fizikuri moqmedebebi da
gonebrivi operaciebi SeiZleba Seqcevadi iyos.
konservacia (conservation) _ piaJes mixedviT,
gaazreba imisa, rom, Tu araferi emateba an
araferi akldeba, sagnis fizikuri Tvisebebi
ar icvleba maSinac ki, rodesac icvleba misi
garegnuli saxe.
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bavSvma SeiZleba daaskvnas, rom raodenoba ver
Seicvleboda, radganac, Tu fizikur moqmedebas
SevaqcevT _ limonaTs ukan gadavasxamT sawyis
WurWelSi _ orive moculoba isev erTnairi
gamoCndeba.
formaluri operaciebis stadia. forma-
luri operaciebis stadia daaxloebiT 11 wlis
asakidan iwyeba. kognituri ganviTarebis am bolo
stadiaze bavSvis azrovneba abstraqtuli xdeba.
mozardebs SeuZliaT imis danaxva, rom maT mier
aRqmuli konkretuli realoba mxolod erT-
erTi variantia realobis ramdenime SesaZlo
warmosaxvidan da SeuZliaT WeSmaritebis, samar-
Tlianobisa da yofierebis siRrmiseul sakiTxeb-
ze fiqri da msjeloba. isini problemebs sis-
temurad wyveten: mas Semdeg, rac miaRweven
formaluri operaciebis stadias, bavSvebs,
mecnieris msgavsad, SeuZliaT, Tanmimdevrulad
scadon TiToeuli SesaZlebloba. garda amisa,
maT ukve SeuZliaT gaumjobesebuli deduqciuri
azrovnebis im tipebis gamoyeneba, romelzec me-
9 TavSi visaubreT. TavianTi umcrosi da-
Zmebisgan gansxvavebiT, mozardebs SeuZliaT
abstraqtuli wanamZRvrebidan (Tu A, maSin B~
da ara B~) msjelobiT mividnen logikur
daskvnamde (ara A~).
adreuli kognituri ganviTa-
rebis Tanamedrove midgomebi
piaJes Teoria kognituri ganviTarebis gagebis
klasikur aTvlis wertilad rCeba (Flavell, 1996;
Lourenco & Machado, 1996; Scholnik et al., 1999); Tumca,
Tanamedrove mkvlevrebma bavSvis kognituri una-
suraTi
11.3
konservaciis testi
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rebis Seswavlis ufro moqnili meTodebi Seimu-
Saves. axla vnaxoT, Tu rogor daxvewes mra-
valferovanma axalma kreatulma meTodebma piaJes
daskvnebi bavSvis SesaZleblobebis Taobaze.
bavSvis ganviTarebis sensomotoruli
stadiis gadaxedva
piaJes Tanaxmad, obieqtTa mudmivobis gancdis
ganviTareba 2 wlis bavSvis umTavresi miRwevaa.
Tumca, kvlevis Tanamedrove meTodebi gva-
fiqrebinebs, rom 3 Tvis bavSvebs da, SesaZloa,
ufro patarebsac ki, ukve ganviTarebuli aqvT
am cnebis zogierTi aspeqti. rogorc Cans, maT
esmiT ZiriTadi principi _ erTi myari sagani
ver gaivlis meore myar saganSi. es mniSvnelovani
aRmoCena mkvlevar rene baiarJans ekuTvnis (Rene
Baillargeon, 1987a, 1987b; Baillargeon & DeVos, 1991). mis
erT-erT cdaSi Cvilma bavSvebma gakvirveba gamo-
xates, rodesac Tvali gaadevnes movlenaTa
SeuZlebel Tanmimdevrobas.
saidan
viciT
Cvilebi Tvals adevneben SeuZlebel
movlenebs
Cvilebi isxdnen farTo sademonstracio
yuTis
1
win. pirdapir maT win moTavsebuli
iyo patara ekrani. am ekranis marcxniv
mdebareobda daxrili sibrtye. Cvilebi
xedavdnen Semdeg movlenas: ekrani zemoT
iweoda (ise, rom maT SeeZloT imis danaxva,
rom ekranis miRma araferi iyo) da isev
eSveboda. Semdeg daxril sibrtyeze gor-
deboda patara vagoni, sademonstracio
yuTis gavliT, siCqaris Semcirebis gareSe,
uCinardeboda ekranis ukan, Semdeg gamoC-
ndeboda ekranis meore mxridan da sabo-
lood gamodioda sademonstracio yuTis
marjvena mxares (ix. sur. 11.6).
mas Semdeg, rac Cvilebi mieCvivnen am
movlenas, maT naxes movlenaTa ganviTarebis
ori testuri, sacdeli varianti: miCvevaSi
aisaxeba reaqciis Sesusteba, rodesac sti-
muli mravaljer meordeba. orive sacdel
movlenaSi ekrani zemoT iweoda da sademon-
stracio yuTSi Cvilebi xedavdnen kubs,
amasTan, gansxvavdeboda misi adgilmdeba-
reoba. SesaZlebel movlenaSi kubi moTav-
sebuli iyo sademonstracio yuTis ukana
kedlisken, im bilikis miRma, sadac vagons
unda gaevlo; amitom vagons Tavisuflad
SeeZlo sademonstracio yuTis gavliT
gagoreba. SeuZlebel movlenaSi kubi
moTavsebuli iyo bilikis Sua nawilze
ise, rom momaval vagons gzas gadauRobavda.
miuxedavad amisa, movlenis ganviTarebisas
Cvilebi xedavdnen, rom vagoni daubrko-
1
display box zemodan gaxsnili da/an erTi kedlis
gareSe yuTi, romelic gamoiyeneba savaWro darbazSi
gasayidi nivTebis dasawyobad. SeiZleba iTargmnos,
rogorc daxli~ (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
suraTi
11.6
SeCvevisa da testuri
movlenebis sqematuri
reprezentacia
SeCvevis fazaze mcirdeba Cvilis
interesi movlenis mimarT. sacdel
SemTxvevaSi maTi interesi ganaxlda
SeuZlebeli movleniT.
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leblad gadioda sadmonstracio yuTs.
isini SeuZlebel~ movlenas SedarebiT
didxans adevnebdnen Tvals, rac gvafiqre-
binebs, rom is akvirvebda maT _ arRvevda
maTTvis ukve Cveul warmodgenas movlenis
mimdinareobis Sesaxeb (Baillargeon, 1986).
Cvili bavSvebis gakvirvebas ver miviCnevT
imis dasturad, rom maT srulad aiTvises
obieqtTa mudmivobis cneba. maT SeiZleba mxolod
icodnen, rom raRac ar aris wesrigSi, imis
codnis gareSe, Tu ra aris es raRac (Loureno &
Machado, 1996). miuxedavad amisa, baiarJanis kvleva
gvafiqrebinebs, rom Zalze patara bavSvebic ki
floben fizikuri samyaros Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan
codnas.
bavSvis ganviTarebis winaoperaciuli
stadiis gadaxedva
gavixsenoT, rom piaJes azriT, winaoperaciul
stadiaze bavSvis azrovnebas egocentrizmi
axasiaTebs. Tumca, mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom
bavSvebi SeiZleba saTanadod mgrZnobiareni
iyvnen sxvebis mimarT. magaliTad, bavSvebs sakmaod
kargad esmiT, ra ician maT da ra ician sxvebma.
saidan
viciT
patara bavSvebis codna sxvebis codnis
Sesaxeb
4-5 wlis bavSvebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT
6 Tvis Cvilis (anas), 4 wlis bavSvisa
(maris) da mozrdilis (siuzenis) codna.
TiToeuli individis Sesaxeb bavSvebs
ekiTxebodnen: icis Tu ara man, rogor
gamoiyureba cxoveli, romelsac spilos
eZaxian?~ da icis Tu ara man, rogor
gamoiyureba cxoveli, romelsac lemurs
eZaxian?~ bavSvebi axerxebdnen, eTqvaT, vis
ra ecodineboda: Cvils ar ecodineboda
spilos Sesaxeb, magram bavSvs ecodineboda;
arc Cvils da arc bavSvs ar ecodinebodaT
lemuris Sesaxeb; mozrdils ki orives
Sesaxeb ecodineboda. am paternis mixedviT,
bavSvebi ar msjeloben mxolod sakuTari
codnis safuZvelze (magaliTad, is, rom
maT ician spilos Sesaxeb, magram ara _
lemuris Sesaxeb). isini aucileblobiT
ar azrovneben egocentrulad (Taylor et al.,
1991).
bavSvebs komunikaciis formis Secvlac SeuZ-
liaT msmenelis tipis mixedviT. 2 wlis bavSvTan
saTamaSos Sesaxeb saubrisas 4 wlis bavSvi ufro
mokle da martiv gamoTqmebs iyenebs, vidre
TanatolTan an mozrdilTan (Shatz & Gelman, 1973).
aseTi tipis adaptacia kvlav migviTiTebs, rom
egocentrizms Tavisi sazRvrebi aqvs.
bavSvebis sayrdeni Teoriebi
piaJes Teoria im stadiebis irgvliv aris
agebuli, romlis drosac bavSvis azrovnebaSi
umniSvnelovanesi cvlilebebi xdeba. mogvianebiT
mkvlevrebma ganixiles idea imis Sesaxeb, rom
cvlilebebi ramdenime ZiriTadi sferodan TiTo-
eulSi gancalkevebulad, erTmaneTisgan damou-
kideblad xdeba, imis Sesabamisad, Tu ramdenad
aqvs bavSvs ganviTarebuli sayrdeni Teoriebi
_ sawyisi struqturebi, romliTac isini cdi-
loben samyarosTan urTierTobiT miRebuli
gamocdilebis axsnas (Carey, 1985; Wellman & Gelman,
1992; Wellman & Inagaki, 1997). magaliTad, isini
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sakuTar gamocdilebebs fsiqikuri mdgomare-
obebis Tvisebebis Sesaxeb gonebis TeoriaSi,
anu gulubryvilo fsiqologiaSi agroveben. ase
ukeT SeuZliaT sakuTari da sxvaTa azrovnebis
procesebis gageba.
mkvlevrebma Seiswavles zogadmecnieruli
warmodgenebis ganviTareba, magaliTad, rogor
gadaaqvT bavSvebs biologiuri Tvisebebi erTi
saxeobidan meoreze. rodesac 4 wlis bavSvebs
ekiTxebodnen, dasaxelebuli cxovelebidan
romels eZina, an hqonda Zvlebi, isini msjelobas
yvelaze xSirad adamianTan cxovelis msgavsebaze
afuZnebdnen (Carey, 1985). magaliTad, 4 wlis
bavSvebis umravlesobam es Tvisebebi (Zili~
da Zvlebis qona~) ZaRls ufro miakuTvna, vidre
Tevzs, Tevzs ki _ ufro metad, vidre _ mwerebs.
droTa ganmavlobaSi bavSvebma adamianTan
msgavsebaze dafuZnebuli Teoria unda Secvalon
TeoriiT, romelic cxovelTa samyaroSi ufro
gamokveTilis struqturis arsebobas aRiarebs;
magaliTad, maT unda aiTvison formaluri
gansxvaveba xerxemlianTa da uxerxemloTa Soris,
raTa gansazRvron, ra tipis cxovelebs aqvT
Zvlebi. aseve, 3 da 4 wlis bavSvebs esmiT, rom
is, rac obieqtebis SigniTaa, zemoqmedebs maT
funqciaze, Tumca, maT jer zustad ar ician, ra
aris SigniT (Wellman & Gelman, 1991). amgvarad,
miuxedavad imisa, rom 3 da 4 wlis bavSvebma
zustad ar ician, ra aris ZaRlSi, isini sru-
liad darwmunebulni arian, rom ZaRli Sewyvets
ZaRlad yofnas, Tu yvelafers amovacliT, rac
SigniT aqvs. Tu SevxedavT TiToeul sferoSi
dagrovil codnas, vnaxavT, rom bavSvebi qmnian
zogad Teorias da Semdeg maTi warmatebuli
daxvewisaTvis axali gamocdilebis farTo
diapazons iyeneben.
socialuri da kulturuli gavlena
kognitur ganviTarebaze
piaJes TeoriaSi kognituri ganviTareba,
ZiriTadad, bavSvis Sinagani momwifebis pro-
duqtia. garemo Zalze mcirediT zemoqmedebs
bavSvis kognituri unarebis ganviTarebaze. Tum-
ca, Tanamedrove mkvlevrebma daiwyes kongitur
ganviTarebaSi socialuri urTierTqmedebebis
rolis Seswavla. am kvlevaTa umravlesoba
saTaves iRebs rusi fsiqologis lev vigotskis
(Lev Vigotsky) Teoriebidan. vigotski Tvlida, rom
bavSvebi internalizaciis procesiT viTar-
debian: isini codnas socialuri garemodan is-
rutaven, romelic seriozurad aisaxeba maTi
kognituri unarebis ganviTarebaze.
socialurma Teoriam, romelic pirvelad
vigotskim SemogvTavaza, dadastureba pova ganvi-
Tarebis kros-kulturul kvlevebSi. vinaidan
piaJes Teoriam asakobrivi ganviTarebis saki-
TxebiT dakavebul fsiqologTa yuradReba miip-
yro, bevri maTgani cdilobda, rom piaJes mier
mofiqrebuli davalebebi gansxvavebul kultu-
rebSi bavSvebis kognituri ganviTarebis Sesas-
wavlad gamoeyenebina (Rogoff & Chavajay, 1995). am
kvlevebma TandaTanobiT eWvqveS daayena piaJes
mtkicebulebaTa universaluroba, ramdenadac,
magaliTad, mraval kulturaSi adamianebma ver
aCvenes, rom kognitur ganviTarebaSi miRweuli
hqondaT formaluri operaciebis stadiisTvis.
mogvianebiT piaJem Tavad gamoTqva mosazreba,
rom mis mier formalur operaciebad wodebuli
specifikuri miRwevebi, SesaZloa, bavSvis mier
miRebul garkveuli tipis mecnierul ganaT-
lebaze ufro metad aris damokidebuli, vidre
kognituri ganviTarebis biologiurad deter-
mirebuli stadiebis Tanmimdevrobaze (Loureno
& Machado, 1996).
internalizaciis vigotskiseuli cneba im
gavlenis axsnaSi gvexmareba, romelsac kultu-
ruli garemo axdens adamianis kognitur gan-
viTarebaze. bavSvis SemecnebiTi unarebi ise
viTardeba, rom mas mocemul kulturaSi dafa-
sebuli funqciebis Sesruleba SeeZlos (Serpell
& Boykin, 1994; Serpell, 2000). piaJem, magaliTad, Seqmna
iseTi amocanebi, sadac asaxaulia misi sakuTari
warmodgena saTanado da sasargeblo kognitur
moqmedebebze. sxva kulturebs urCevniaT, rom
maTma bavSvebma sxva mimarTulebiT miaRwion
warmatebas. piaJes bavSvebi rom imis mixedviT
SeefasebinaT, Tu ramdenad kargad aiTvises maT
is rTuli kognituri unarebi, romelic Zafis
dasagrexad aris saWiro, isini, albaT, gonebrivad
sayrdeni Teoriebi (foundational theories) _ sawyisi
struqturebi, romliTac isini cdiloben
samyarosTan urTierTobiT miRebuli gamocdi-
lebis axsnas.
internalizacia (internalization) _ vigotskis mi-
xedviT, bavSvebis mier socialuri konteqstidan
codnas Sesrutvis, aTvisebis procesi.
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CamorCenilebis STabeWdilebas datovebdnen,
gvatemalas maias tomis bavSvebTan SedarebiT
(Rogoff, 1990). kognituri ganviTarebis kros-kul-
turul kvlevebs araerTxel daudasturebia is
faqti, rom skola did rols asrulebs imaSi,
Tu rogor warmatebas miaRweven bavSvebi piaJes
amocanebis SesrulebaSi (Rogoff & Chavajay, 1995).
aseTi aRmoCenebi fsiqologebma kognitur gan-
viTarebaSi garemosa da bunebis rolis gansa-
sazRvrad unda gamoiyenon.
asakobrivi cvlilebebi, romelzec axlaxan
visaubreT, Zalze STambeWdavia. ioli SesamCnevia,
rom 12 wlis mozardi iseT kognitur SesaZ-
leblobebs flobs, razec erTi wlis pataras
warmodgenac ki ar aqvs. axla ki gadavinacvloT
SedarebiT naklebad SesamCnev cvlilebebze,
romlebic mozrdilobis periodisTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli.
mozrdilobaSi
rodesac vakvirdebodiT, rogor viTardeboda
kognituri unarebi bavSvobidan mozardobisken,
SevamCnieT, rom am dros mimdinare cvlilebebi,
Cveulebriv, ukeTesobisken Secvlas~ niSnavda.
rodesac gviani mozrdilobis periods, anu
xnovanebas vaRwevT, kulturuli stereotipebi
migviTiTeben, rom cvlileba~ uaresisken Sec-
vlas~ gulisxmobs (Parr & Seigert, 1993). miuxedavad
imisa, rom adamianebs sjeraT, rom mowifulobas
da xnovanebas zogadi gauareseba moaqvs, isini
am periodisgan mainc moelian garkveuli saxis
dadebiT Zvrebs (Dixon, 1999). danakargebisa da
SenaZenebis urTierTmonacvleobis saCveneblad,
vnaxoT, ra TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba am pe-
riodSi inteleqti da mexsiereba.
inteleqti
naklebad moipoveba janmrTel xandazmulTa
zogadi kognituri unarebis gauaresebis Sesaxeb
mosazrebis damadasturebeli monacemebi. mosax-
leobis mxolod daaxloebiT 5%-s aReniSneba
kognituri funqcionirebis seriozuli gaua-
reseba. rodesac xnovanebis gamo xdeba kognituri
funqcionirebis gauareseba, es, rogorc wesi,
mxolod zogierT unars exeba. Tu inteleqts
komponentebad davyofT, romelic aerTianebs,
erTi mxriv, verbalur SesaZleblobebs (krista-
lizebuli inteleqti) da, meore mxriv, swrafad
da safuZvlianad swavlis unarebs (fluiduri
inteleqti), vnaxavT, rom fluiduri inteleqti
mniSvnelovnad uaresdeba asakTan erTad (Baltes
& Staudinger, 1993). es cvlileba, didwilad,
informaciis gadamuSavebis procesebis siswrafis
zogad Semcirebas ukavSirdeba: mniSvnelovnad
mcirdeba iseTi inteleqtualuri amocanebis
Sesrulebis unari drois mokle periodSi, ro-
melic mravali kognituri procesis monawile-
obas saWiroebs, asakovan adamianebs sagrZnoblad
uWirT (Salthouse, 1996).
magram yvela cvlileba ar aris mimarTuli
funqcionirebis gauaresebisken. magaliTad, dRes-
dReobiT fsiqologebi asakTan erTad SeZenili
sibrZnis _ cxovrebis ZiriTad sferoebSi
gamocdilebis _ Seswavlas cdiloben. sibrZne
gulisxmobs mdidari cxovrebiseuli gamocdi-
lebidan momdinare kompetenturobas cxovrebis
fundamentur sferoebSi (Baltes & Staudinger, 2000).
11.3 cxrilSi mocemulia codnis zogierTi tipi,
romelic sibrZnes gansazRvravs (Smith & Baltes,
1990). SegiZliaT, naxoT, rom codnis TiToeuli
es forma xangrZlivi da Sinaarsiani cxovrebis
manZilze grovdeba. garda amisa, sibereSi ada-
mianebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmane-
Tisagan inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis
mixedviT. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom xandazmulebi,
romlebic garemosgan Zlieri stimulaciisken
iswrafvian, metad arian midrekilni kognituri
unarebis maRali donis SenarCunebisken.
sibrZnis maxasiaTeblebi
cxrili
11.3
mdidari faqtobrivi codna. cxovrebiseuli piro-
bebisa da situaciebis Sesaxeb zogadi da konkretuli
codna.
mdidari proceduruli codna. cxovrebiseuli sa-
kiTxebis Sesaxeb rCevebisa da gansjis strategiebis
zogadi da specifikuri codna.
cxovrebiseuli konteqstualizmi. cxovrebiseuli
situaciebis da droSi (ganviTarebaSi) ganfenili
urTierTobebis Sesaxeb codna.
ganusazRvreloba. cxovrebis SedarebiTi ganusazR-
vrelobisa da araprognozirebadobis da maTTan gam-
klavebis gzebis codna.
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saidan
viciT
rodesac profesorebi berdebian
kaliforniis berklis universitetis
60-dan 71 wlamde 22 asakovani profeso-
risagan Semdgari jgufi inteleqtualuri
funqcionirebis TvalsazrisiT Sedarda
axalgazrda kolegebis (30-dan 59 wlamde)
jgufs da maTive asakis xandazmulTa sakon-
trolo jgufs. profesorebma Seasrules
mTeli rigi gansxvavebuli testebisa, rom-
lebic kognituri funqcionirebis sxva-
dasxva aspeqts Seexeboda. zogierT testSi
(magaliTad, asociaciuri wyvilebis das-
wavlis testSi) xandazmulma profesorebma
asakTan dakavSirebuli gauaresebis tipuri
paterni aCvenes. Tumca, sxva testebi maT
iseve Seasrules, rogorc maTma axalgazrda
kolegebma. magaliTad, maT erTnairad
SeZles audio-CanaweriT miwodebuli mo-
Txrobebis mosmena da maTi Sinaarsis aR-
dgena. asakovani individebis sakontrolo
jgufma am amocanis Sesrulebisas asakTan
dakavSirebuli tipuri~ gauareseba gamoav-
lina. rogor SegviZlia avxsnaT asakovan
profesorebTan SenarCunebuli kognituri
unarebis arseboba? mkvlevrebis azriT,
profesorebis saqmianoba, romelic maTgan
intensiur gonebriv aqtivobas moiTxovs,
SesaZloa, icavdes maT siberisTvis tipuri
zogierTi danakargisgan (Shimamura et al., 1995).
kvlevis aseTma Sedegma profesoroba xom ar
mogandomaT? sxva kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom ar Rirs
aseT ukiduresobaSi gadavardna. mniSvnelovani
daskvna isaa, rom aucilebelia vamuSaoT da
vavarjiSoT goneba. uorner Saim (Warner Schaie)
da misma kolegebma aCvenes, rom gavarjiSebis
programebis saSualebiT xandazmul adamianebs
zogierTi kognituri unaris gauaresebis Tavidan
acilebac ki SeuZliaT (Schaie, 1994; Schaie & Willis,
1986). rogorc Cans, inteleqtualuri SesaZleb-
lobebis ukmarisoba, romelic ar aris dakav-
Sirebuli informaciis gadamuSavebis siswra-
fesTan, SesaZloa, ginpirobebuli iyos umoq-
medobiT da ara _ daberebiT (Hultsch et al., 1999).
kidev erTxel mivediT daskvnamde: gamoiyene an
dakarge~ (an ivarjiSe mis ukan dasabruneblad)
saTanado mowodebaa brZeni asakovani adamiani-
saTvis.
rogor unda gaumklavdnen warmatebulad
xandazmuli adamianebi asakis matebis Tanmxleb
gardauval cvlilebebs? warmatebuli dabereba
SeiZleba moiazrebdes SenaZenebidan maqsimaluri
sargeblis miRebasa da xandazmulobis Tanmxle-
bi gardauvali danakargebis zemoqmedebis SeZ-
lebisdagvarad Semcirebas. warmatebuli dabe-
rebis es strategia, romelic fsiqologebma
pol baltesma (Paul Baltes) da margaret baltesma
(Margaret Baltes) SemogvTavazes, cnobilia saxel-
wodebiT seleqciuri optimizacia kompensaciiT
(Baltes et al., 1992; Freund & Baltes, 1998). seleqciuri
niSnavs, rom adamianebi Tavad amcireben dasaxuli
miznebis raodenobasa da diapazons. optimizacia
gulisxmobs adamianebis mier sakuTari unarebis
gavarjiSebasa da daxvewas maTTvis prioritetul
sferoebSi. kompensacia ki niSnavs individTa
mxridan danakargTan gamklavebis alternatuli
gzebis gamoyenebas: magaliTad, iseTi garemos
SerCeva, sadac xandazmulebs gulisxmierad
eqcevian. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi:
rodesac pianist artur rubinSteins
satelevizio interviuSi hkiTxes, Tu
rogor moaxerxa man, rom aseT xandazmul
asakSic warmatebuli pianisti yofiliyo,
T
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man daasaxela sami strategia: (1) sibereSi
nakleb nawarmoebebs asrulebda. (2) Ti-
Toeul nawarmoebs ufro xSirad asrulebda
da (3) dakvrisas igi swrafi monakveTebis
win met ritardandos (tempis Senelebas)
akeTebda, raTa nawarmoebis swrafi mona-
kveTi imaze swrafad mosCveneboda msmenels,
vidre is realurad iyo. swored es aris
seleqciis (naklebi nawarmoebi), opti-
mizaciis (meti praqtika) da kompensaciis
(tempSi kontrastebis gamoyeneba) maga-
liTebi (Baltes, 1993, gv. 590).
mexsiereba
xandazmulebi xSirad uCivian mexsierebas _
veRar imaxsovreben adrindeliviT kargad. mex-
sierebis testebSi 60 wels gadacilebuli
adamianebi marTlac uares Sedegebs aCveneben,
vidre 20 wlis da metis mozrdilebi (Craik, 1994;
Hultsch et al., 1998). asakis matebasTan erTad mex-
sierebis daqveiTebas uaRresad ganaTlebuli
da sxva mxriv kargi gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis
mqone adamianebic ganicdian (Zelinski et al., 1993).
dabereba, rogorc Cans, ar aqveiTebs zogadi
codnisa da didi xnis win momxdari cxovre-
biseuli movlenebis Sesaxeb informaciis gax-
senebis unars. saxelebisa da saxeebis cnobis
kvlevaSi Suaxnis mozrdilebma SeZles Tanakla-
selebis 90%-is cnoba saskolo albomSi skolis
damTavrebidan 35 wlis Semdeg maSin, roca
skolis damTavrebidan 50 wlis Semdeg asakovan
individebs jer kidev SeeZloT Tanaklaselebis
70-80%-is cnoba (Craik, 1999; Giambra & Arenberg, 1993).
mkvlevrebs jerjerobiT ar SeuZliaT im
meqanizmebis amomwuravad da saTanadod aRwera,
romelic safuZvlad udevs asakovani adamianebis
mexsierebis daqveiTebas (Craik, 1999). TeoriaTa
erTi nawili aqcents axalgazrdebisa da xandaz-
mulebis mier informaciis organizebisa da
gadamuSavebis gzebis gansxvavebulobebze akeTebs.
meore nawili ki miuTiTebs xandazmulTa Sem-
cirebul unarze, yuradReba miaqcion infor-
macias. arsebobs Teoriebi, romlebic tvinSi
mimdinare im neirobiologiur cvlilebebs swav-
lobs, romlebic mexsierebaSi fizikur kvals
toveben. mkvlevrebi imasac fiqroben, rom
xandazmulTa mexsierebis muSaobas Tavad maTi
rwmena _ mexsierebis aucileblobiT gauarese-
bis Sesaxeb _ auaresebs (Hertzog et al., 1990; Levy &
Langer, 1994). mkvlevrebi agrZeleben TiToeuli
dasaxelebuli faqtoris fardobiTi wvlilis
Sefasebas.
mexsierebis gauaresebis zogierTi forma
calsaxad biologiuri warmoSobisaa. asakovani
adamianebi, romlebic alcheimeris daavadebiT
arian daavadebulni, TandaTanobiT kargaven
mexsierebas da pirovnebis degradaciiT xasiaT-
debian. es daavadeba 65 wels gadacilebul
amerikelTa daaxloebiT 10%-s aReniSneba, ro-
melTagan daaxloebiT naxevari 85 welze metisaa.
maT Sorisaa, rogorc cnobili gaxda 1994 wlis
noemberSi, amerikis yofili prezidenti ronald
reigani (Evans et al., 1989). alcheimeris daavadeba,
erTi SexedviT, TiTqosda uwyinrad iwyeba _
adreul stadiebze erTaderTi TvalsaCino
simptomi SeiZleba mexsierebis gauareseba iyos,
Tumca, mis ganviTarebas Tan axlavs pirovnebis
ganuxreli degradacia. daavadebis msxverpls
SeiZleba aReniSnebodes gradualuri pirovnuli
cvlilebebi, rogoricaa: apaTia, spontanurobis
dakargva da garSemomyofebTan urTierTobis
survilis arqona. Semdgom stadiebze alcheimeris
daavadebis mqone adamianebi SeiZleba sruliad
Caiketnon sakuTar TavSi da uyuradReboni
gaxdnen, maT SeiZleba sakuTari meuRlisa da
Svilebis saxelebic ki daaviwydeT. cxadia, rom
mexsierebis aseTi gauareseba gacilebiT safuZ-
vliani da tragikulia, vidre mexsierebis xan-
dazmulobisTvis Cveuli gauareseba.
axla ki, zogadi kognituri ganviTarebidan
ufro konkretul sakiTxebze gadavinacvloT da
vnaxoT, rogorc xdeba enis aTviseba.
sibrZne (wisdom) _ mdidari cxovrebiseuli ga-
mocdilebidan momdinare kompetenturoba cxov-
rebis fundamentur sferoebSi.
seleqciuri optimizacia kompensaciiT (selec-
tive optimization with compensation) _ warmatebuli
daberebis strategia, romlis saSualebiTac
adamiani maqsimalurad zrdis SenaZens da
amcirebs asakTan dakavSirebul danakargs.
alchaimeris daavadeba (Alzheimers disease) _ Tavis
tvinis qronikuli organuli sindromi, romelic
xasiaTdeba mexsierebis TandaTanobiTi daqve-
iTebiT, inteleqtualuri unarebis SemcirebiT
da pirovnebis degradaciiT.
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Sejameba
Jan piaJe Tvlida, rom bavSvebi garemodan
miRebuli informaciis asimilaciisa da akomo-
daciisTvis gonebriv struqturebs iyeneben,
romelTac man sqemebi uwoda. piaJem kognituri
ganviTarebis oTxi stadia gamoyo: senso-
motoruli stadia, rodesac bavSvebi aRweven
obieqtTa mudmivobis cnebas; winaoperaciuli
stadia, rodesac bavSvebis azrovnebas egocen-
trizmi da centracia axasiaTebs; konkretuli
operaciebis stadia, rodesac bavSvebs ukve
SeuZliaT konkretuli gonebrivi operaciebis
damaxsovreba da Sesruleba; formaluri opera-
ciebis stadia, rodesac bavSvebs SeuZliaT
abstraqtulad da logikurad azrovneba.
Tamanedrove mkvlevrebma daxvewes piaJes
Teoriis elementebi. magaliTad, obieqtTa mud-
mivobis garkveul aspeqtebs bavSvebi sicocxlis
pirveli Tveebidanve aRweven. winaoperaciul
stadiaze myofi bavSvebi aucileblobiT ar arian
egocentrulebi. mkvlevrebi, aseve, varaudoben,
rom cvlilebebi ramdenime ZiriTadi sferodan
TiToeulSi gancalkevebulad, erTmaneTisgan
damoukideblad xdeba, imis Sesabamisad, Tu
ramdenad aqvs bavSvs ganviTarebuli sayrdeni
Teoriebi _ sawyisi struqturebi, romliTac
isini cdiloben samyarosTan urTierTobiT miRe-
buli gamocdilebis axsnas. dabolos, aucile-
belia piaJes Teoriis ganxilva kulturul kon-
teqstSi. mraval kulturaSi fasobs kognituri
unarebi, romlebic sruliad gansxvavdeba im
unarebisgan, romelTac Tanamedrove kognituri
ganviTarebis mkvlevrebi Seiswavlian.
kognituri unarebis gauareseba mozrdilebSi,
ZiriTadad, kognituri procesebis zogadi Se-
nelebiT aixsneba. Tumca, asakovanma adamianebma
SeiZleba am movlenis kompensacia im sibrZniTa
da gamocdilebiT moaxdinon, romelic maT
droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZines. amasTan, kognituri
funqcionirebis maRali donis SenarCuneba maT
gonebrivi aqtiurobiTac SeuZliaT. asakovan
adamianTa umravlesoba ganicdis mexsierebis
gauaresebas, Tumca, aseTi danakargi umniSvneloa
iseT gauaresebasTan SedarebiT, rac alcheimeris
daavadebas axlavs.
enis aTviseba
aRsaniSnavi faqtia, rom 6 wlis asakisaTvis
bavSvebs ukve SeuZliaT metyvelebis danawevreba
mis Semadgenel bgeriT da mniSvnelobiT
erTeulebad; bgerebis sityvebad, sityvebis ki _
azrian winadadebebad gaerTianebis wesebis
gamoyeneba, romlebic TviTonve aRmoaCines da
aqtiuri monawileobis miReba Tanmimdevrul
saubarSi. bavSvebis SesaniSnavma enobrivma
miRwevebma mkvlevarTa umravlesobas ubiZga, rom
daTanxmebuloyvnen mosazrebas _ enis swavlis
unars biologiuri safuZveli aqvs (pinker, 1994).
Tumca, imisda mixedviT, Tu sad daibada bavSvi,
mis mSobliur enad SeiZleba iqces msoflioSi
arsebuli 4000 sxvadasxva enidan nebismieri.
amasTan, bavSvebi momzadebulni arian orive _
sametyvelo da Jestebis _ enis Sesaswavlad. es
niSnavs, rom enis swavlisken Tandayolili
midrekileba sakmaod Zlieri da, amasTanave,
moqnili unda iyos (Meier, 1991).
imis asaxsnelad, Tu rogor arian bavSvebi
aseTi gawafulebi enis aTvisebaSi, Cven aRvwerT
faqts, romelic adasturebs mosazrebas enis
aTvisebis unaris Tandayolilobis Sesaxeb.
amasTan, garemos rolzec visaubrebT _ bavSvebi
xom im konkretul, mkacrad gansazRvrul enas
swavloben, romelic maT irgvliv garemoSi
gamoiyeneba. cxrili 11.4 warmodgenas gviqmnis
sxvadasxva saxis codnaze, romelic bavSvebma
unda aiTvison salaparako Tu Jestebis enis
swavlisas. Tqven SegiZliaT gadaxedoT me-9 Tavis
qveTavs enis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb da gaixsenoT,
rogor iyeneben mozrdilebi codnis am tipebs
saubris dros.
sityvebisa da metyvelebis
aRqma
warmoidgineT, rom axalSobili xarT da
saSineli yayani da zuzuni gesmiT. rogor
daiwyebT imis gacnobierebas, rom zogierTi
maTgani relevanturia sxva adamianebTan urTier-
TobisTvis? bavSvis pirveli nabiji konkretuli
enis aTvisebisas bgerebs Soris im gansxvavebebis
T
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SemCnevaa, romlebic azrianad gamoiyeneba am
enaSi (niSnebis enebis SemTxvevaSi bavSvma unda
SeamCnios gansxvavebebi, magaliTad, xelebis
poziciebs Soris). TiToeuli sametyvelo ena
Sedgeba mTeli rigi SesaZlebeli gansxvavebe-
bisagan, romelTa warmoqmna SeuZlia adamianis
vokalur traqts. arc erTi ena ar iyenebs yvela
im salaparako-bgeriT kontrasts, romelic
SeiZleba wamoiqmnas. enaSi mniSvnelobis mqone
minimalur erTeuls fonemas uwodeben. inglisur
enaSi daaxloebiT 45 sxvadasxva calkeuli
fonemaa. warmoidgineT, rom gesmiT sityvebi right
(ufleba) da light (sinaTle). Tu inglisuri
TqvenTvis mSobliuri enaa, ar gagiWirdebaT
gansxvavebis gagoneba _ inglisur enaSi /r/ da /
l/ gansxvavebuli fonemebia, magram Tu Tqven
mxolod iaponur enaze saubrobT, ver gaigebT
gansxvavebas am or sityvas Soris, radgan /r/ da
/l/ ar aris gansxvavebuli fonemebi iaponur enaSi.
ismis kiTxva: inglisurad molaparakeni iZenen
am gansxvavebis gagebis unars Tu iaponurad
molaparakeni kargaven mas?
aseT kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad mkvlevrebs
iseTi meTodebis SemuSaveba dasWirdaT, rom-
liTac SesaZlebeli iqneboda enobrivi infor-
maciis miReba bavSvebisgan, romlebic jer ar
laparakoben.
saidan
viciT
SesaZlebelia Tu ara hindis aRqma
dabadebisTanave
me-7 TavSi aRwerili operantuli gan-
pirobebulobis principebis gamoyenebiT,
mkvlevrebi aswavlian Cvilebs xmis wya-
rosken Tavis Sebrunebas, rodesac isini
SeamCneven metyvelebis erTi bgeris Sec-
vlas meore bgeriT. waxaliseba (jildo),
romelic ganamtkicebs am qcevas, ganaTebul
yuTSi moTavsebuli patara saTamaSo cxo-
velia, romelic taSs ukravs da dolze
abraxunebs. cda isea mowyobili, rom cvli-
lebis SemCnevisTanave bavSvebma aucileb-
lad miabrunon Tavi xmis wyarosken. bavS-
vebis mier gansxvavebis aRqmis unaris gasa-
zomad, mkvlevrebi aRnusxavdnen, Tu ra
sixSiriT abrunebdnen isini Tavs cvli-
lebis SemTxvevaSi.
janet uerkeri da misi kolegebi (werker,
1991; werker & lalond, 1988) am meTodiT
cxrili
11.4
enis struqtura
1
originaluri varianti: bin _ pin
fonemebi (phonemes) _ metyvelebis minimaluri
erTeuli nebismier enaSi, romelic azrobriv
gasxvavebas qmnis eqspresiuli da impresiuli
metyvelebisas; r da l ori gansxvavebuli
fonemaa inglisurSi da qarTulSi, Tumca, erTi
fonemis sxvadasxva variantia iaponurSi.
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ikvlevdnen metyvelebis aRqmis unaris Tan-
dayolil safuZvels _ es aris /r/-/l/ saki-
Txis nairsaxeoba, romelic Cven zemoT
ganvixileT. uerkeri swavlobda bgeriT
gansxvavebebs, romlebic ixmareba hindiSi,
magram ara inglisurSi _ gansxvavebebs,
romlebic arTuleben hindis aTvisebas
inglisurad molaparake zrdasrulebis-
Tvis. uerkerma da misma kolegebma gazomes
Cvilebis, romlebic swavlobdnen ingli-
sursa da hindis, da, aseve, inglisurad da
hindize molaparake zrdasrulebis mier
hindis fonemebis gansxvavebis unari. maT
aRmoaCines, rom yvela Cvili 8 Tvis asa-
kamde, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu romel enas
swavlobda, amCnevda am gansxvavebebs. Tumca,
8 Tveze ufrosi asakis Cvilebis da mozr-
dilebis SemTxvevaSi mxolod maT SeeZloT
hindis bgeriTi kontraqtebis garCeva, vinc
swavlobda hindis an ukve laparakobda am
enaze.
aseTi kvleva dabejiTebiT gvafiqrebinebs,
rom cxovrebas salaparako enebisTvis mniS-
vnelovani bgeriTi kontrastebis aRqmis Tanda-
yolili unariT viwyebT, Tumca, maleve vkargavT
im zogierTi kontrastis aRqmis unars, romelic
ar arsebobs enaSi, romlis swavlasac viwyebT
(werker & tees, 1999).
metyvelebis aRqmis am biologiurad ganpiro-
bebuli dasawyisis paralelurad, bevr bavSvs
garemoc uwyobs xels da dasawyisisTvis nakl-
ebad moiTxovs misgan gamarTul metyvelebas.
mraval kulturaSi mozrdilebi Cvil da patara
bavSvebTan saubrisas enis gansakuTrebul, moz-
rdilTa metyvelebisgan gansxvavebul formas
iyeneben. es aris xazgasmiT gamokveTilad da
maRali intonaciiT metyveleba, romelic for-
malurad cnobilia, rogorc bavSvze mimarTuli
metyveleba (child-directed speech). an naklebad ofi-
cialuri saxelwodebiT _ dedebis an mSoblebis
ena. bavSvze mimarTuli metyvelebisTvis dama-
xasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi arsebobs bevr, magram
ara yvela kulturaSi (fernald & morikawa, 1993;
fernald et al. , 1989; ingram, 1995). bavSvze mimarTul
metyvelebas SeuZlia, daexmaros maT enis aT-
visebaSi, vinaidan misi saSualebiT bavSvebi
interesdebian da yuradRebas aqceven imas, rasac
mSoblebi eubnebian maT. garda amisa, aseTi
metyvelebis bgeriTi paterni xazs usvams emo-
ciur Sinaarss, rac xels uwyobs bavSvsa da
masze mzrunvel mozrdils Soris emociuri
kavSiris damyarebas (trainor et al., 2000).
ra asakidan SeuZliaT bavSvebs bgeraTa pater-
nebis _ sityvebis _ mravaljeradi gameorebis
SemCneva maTze mimarTul metyvelebis nakadSi?
es aris pirveli didi nabiji enis aTvisebisas:
Tqven ver iswavliT imas, rom sityva ZaRli
raRac kavSirSia im bewvian arsebasTan, romlis
gamoCenis drosac am sityvas amboben, vidre ar
daafiqsirebT, rom bgeraTa paterni ZaRli
gamoiyeneba maSin, roca saxezea bewviani arseba.
Cvilebi, saSualod, 6-7,5 Tvis asakidan avlenen
ganmeorebadi bgerebis mniSvnelobis wvdomis
unars (jusczyk & aslin, 1995), Tumca, erTi gansakuT-
rebuli sityvis aRqmis unari bavSvebs ori TviT
ufro adre, daaxloebiT 4,5 Tvis asakSi uCndebaT:
am droisaTvis isini aSkara upiratesobas aniWeben
sakuTar saxels (Mandel et al., 1995).
sityvebis mniSvnelobaTa
daswavla
rogorc ki SeZlebdiT bgerebis warmoqmnisa
da movlenebis Tanxvedris dafiqsirebas, Tqven
mzad iqnebodiT sityvebis mniSvnelobebis
asaTviseblad. udaoa, rom bavSvebi brwyinvaled
swavloben sityvebis mniSvnelobebs. daaxloebiT
18 Tvis asakSi maTi sityvebis maragi gasaocari
siswrafiT izrdeba. mkvlevrebi am periods
dasaxelebebis afeTqebis, anu dasaxelebaTa
raodenobis swrafi zrdis periods uwodeben,
radgan bavSvebi daCqarebuli tempiT iwyeben
axali sityvebis, gansakuTrebiT sagnebis dasa-
xelebebis aTvisebas (ix. suraTi 11.7). 6 wlis
asakisaTvis saSualod bavSvs daaxloebiT 14000
sityva esmis (Templin, 1957). Tu davuSvebT, rom am
sityvebis umravlesoba 18 Tvidan 6 wlamde
asakSia naswavli, miviRebT, rom bavSvi erT
dReSi cxra sityvas swavlobs, anu sifxizlis
bavSvze mimarTuli metyveleba (child-directed spe-
ech) _ metyvelebis gansakuTrebuli forma, xaz-
gasmiT gamokveTil da maRali intonaciiT, ro-
melsac mozrdilebi Cvil da patara bavSvebTan
saubrisas iyeneben
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yovel erT saaTSi _ TiTqmis erT sityvas (Carey,
1978). rogor aris es SesaZlebeli?
warmoidgineT situacia: bavSvi da misi mama
parkSi seirnoben, mama uTiTebs raRacaze da
ambobs: es aris ZaRli~. bavSvma unda gada-
wyvitos, Tu samyaros romel nawils ekuTvnis
ZaRli. es ar aris ioli saqme (Quine, 1960). iqneb
ZaRli niSnavs nebismier oTxfexa qmnilebas~,
cxovelis qurqs~, cxovelis tyavs~ an kidev
sxva uamrav mniSvnelobas, romelic marTali
iqneba yovel jerze, roca vinme ZaRlze miu-
TiTebs. yvela SesaZleblobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
rogor axerxeben bavSvebi TiToeuli sityvis
mniSvnelobis dadgenas?
Cven vvaraudobT, rom bavSvebi naturalistebis
msgavsad moqmedeben. isini ayalibeben hipoTezebs
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras SeiZleba niSnavdes TiTo-
euli axali sityva. magaliTad, SegviZlia vnaxoT,
Tu rogor aqtiurad muSaobs maTi naturalisturi
goneba, rodesac isini Zalian afarToveben si-
tyvis mniSvnelobas _ erT sityvas iyeneben
obieqtTa farTo speqtris aRsaniSnad. maT SeuZ-
liaT sityva ZaRliT aRniSnon yvela cxoveli,
an sityviT mTvare _ yvela mrgvali obieqti,
saaTisa da monetebis CaTvliT. sxva SemTxvevebSi,
bavSvebs SeuZliaT Seaviwrovon sityvis mniS-
vneloba _ CaTvalon, magaliTad, rom ZaRli
mxolod maTi ojaxis ZaRls niSnavs.
Tumca, mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom bavSvebi
hipoTezebs qmnian, ar xsnis, Tu ratom arian
bavSvebi gacilebiT metad midrekilni imis
warmodgenisken, rom ZaRli Seesabameba mTlian
cxovels da ara, magaliTad, mis marcxena wina
TaTs. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom bavSvebis
hipoTezebi SezRudulia Tandayolili princi-
pebiT (Clark, 1987, 1993; Markman, 1989). ganvixiloT,
magaliTad, urTierTgamoricxvis principi, ro-
melic gulisxmobs, rom bavSvebi ise iqcevian,
TiTqos TiToeul sagans mxolod erTi dasa-
xeleba unda hqondes. rogor zRudavs es principi
bavSvebis hipoTezas? normalur pirobebSi
bavSvebi midrekilni arian, CaTvalon, rom axali
sityva aRniSnavs mTlian sagans. amavdroulad,
roca maT ukve ician raime mTliani sagnis
dasaxeleba, magaliTad, telefoni, isini iyeneben
urTierTgamoricxvas da aviTareben hipoTezas,
rom maTTvis ucnobi sityva, magaliTad, yurmili
unda aRniSnavdes sagnis romelime nawils (Liit-
schwager & Markman, 1994; Markman & Wachtel, 1988).
suraTi
11.7
bavSvis leqsikonis gamdidreba
bavSvis mier gamoyenebuli sityvebis raodenoba
swrafad izrdeba wlinaxevridan 6 wlis asakamde.
mocemuli kvleva aCvenebs bavSvebis sityvaTa saSualo
marags 6-Tviani intervalebiT.
(wyaro: B.A. Moskowitz, 1978. The acquisition of language.
scientific American, Inc.)
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bavSvis hipoTeza, umeteswilad, sworia xolme.
urTierTgamoricxva xsnis, Tu ratom brazdebian
2 wlis bavSvebi, roca maT saxanZro manqanas
deda saxanZro satvirTos uwodebs.
gramatikis Seswavla
bavSvebis mier mniSvnelobebis aTvisebis
asaxsnelad isini davaxasiaTeT, rogorc natura-
listebi, romelTa hipoTezebi SezRudulia
Tandayolili principebiT. igive analogiis
gamoyeneba SeiZleba bavSvebis mier wesebis,
romelTa meSveobiTac mniSvnelobebi erTiandeba
ufro did erTeulebad, anu gramatikis _ aTvi-
sebis aRsawerad. bavSvisTvis siZneles is qmnis,
rom sxvadasxva enebs sxvadasxva wesebi aqvT.
magaliTad, inglisurSi winadadebis tipuri wyo-
baa subieqti-zmna-obieqti, iaponurSi ki subieq-
ti-obieqti-zmna. bavSvebma unda gaarkvion, ra
tipis wyoba gamoiyeneba im enaSi, romelic maT
irgvliv gamoiyeneba. rogor akeTeben isini amas?
dResdReobiT mkvlevarTa umravlesobas miaC-
nia, rom am kiTxvaze pasuxi, ZiriTadad, adamianis
genomSi unda veZioT. lingvisti noam xomski
(Noam Chomsky; 1965, 1975), magaliTad, amtkicebs,
rom bavSvebi ibadebian gonebrivi struqturebiT,
romelic aiolebs enis gagebas da am enis saSua-
lebiT azris gadmocemas. gramatikis aseTi bio-
logiuri safuZvlis dasabuTebas uzrunvelyofen
bavSvebi, romlebic mkafiod Camoyalibebuli
gramatikuli wesebis auxsnelad srulad floben
enis gramatikul struqturas. magaliTad, mkvlev-
rebma Seiswavles yru bavSvebi, romelTa siyruec
imdenad mZime iyo, rom ar SeeZloT zepiri
metyvelebis aTviseba, mSoblebma ki ar uzrunvel-
yves maTTvis Jestebis enis srulad swavleba
(Goldin-Meadow & Mylander, 1990, 1998). am bavSvebma
sakuTari niSnebis enis gamogoneba daiwyes da
am Jestebis enam _ misTvis garemoSi sayrdenis
ararsebobis miuxedavad _ gamarTuli gramati-
kuli struqtura SeiZina: Camoyalibebuli enis,
rogorc orientiris, arsebobis an ararsebobis
pirobebSi, bavSvebi, rogorc Cans, mzad~ arian
struqturebis ZiebisTvis, sul mcire, sityvis
da winadadebis doneze, rodesac aviTareben
informaciis gacvlis sistemebs~ (Goldin-Meadow
& Mylander, 190, gv. 351).
rogor unda gaarkvion mkvlevrebma, konkretu-
lad romeli codnaa Tandayolili? am sakiTxi-
sadmi yvelaze nayofieri midgomaa enis aTvisebis
Seswavla mravali enis masalaze dayrdnobiT
anu kros-linglisturad. imis garkveviT, Tu ra
uadvildebaT da ra uZneldebaT bavSvebs msof-
lios mravali enis aTvisebisas, mkvlevrebs SeuZ-
liaT gansazRvron, savaraudod, gramatikis ro-
meli nawilebi eyrdnoba yvelaze metad Sinagan
predispoziciebs.
aq vubrundebiT mosazrebas bavSvis, rogorc
naturalistis, Sesaxeb. bavSvebi konkretuli
enis Seswavlis amocanis Sesrulebisas Tandayo-
lil SezRudvebs iyeneben. den slobinma (Dan
Slobin) es warmmarTveli principebi gansazRvra,
rogorc saxelmZRvanelo principebis erTob-
lioba, romelic bavSvis enis Seqmnis unars
qmnis. slobinis Teoriis (1985) mixedviT, saxel-
mZRvanelo principebi bavSvisTvis mimarTulebis
mimcemis (direqtivebis) formas iRebs. magaliTad,
operaciuli principi, romelic bavSvs iseTi
sityvebis aRmoCenaSi exmareba, romlebic erTad
gamoiyeneba maTgan sityvaTSeTanxmebebis Sed-
genaSi, aseTia: sityvaTa kategoriebisa da
funqcionaluri elementebis kategoriebis dad-
genili mimdevrobis, romlebic erTad Cndebian
konkretuli propoziciis tipis gamoxatvisas,
mocemuli propoziciis tipis aRmniSvnelTan
erTad mexsierebaSi Senaxva~ (gv. 1252). martivad
rom vTqvaT, es saxelmZRvanelo principi gveub-
neba, rom bavSvebma unda daicvan sityvebis
warmoTqmis Tanmimdevrobisa da maT mier gamo-
xatuli mniSvnelobebis urTierTmimarTeba.
slobinma saxelmZRvanelo principebi sxvadasxva
enis mravali mkvlevris mier mowodebuli mona-
cemebis Sejamebis safuZvelze gamoiyvana. imis
saCveneblad, Tu rogor muSaobs es principebi,
Cven inglisuri enis magaliTebs gamoviyenebT.
vnaxoT, ra SeuZliaT inglisur enaze mola-
parake bavSvebs daaxloebiT ori wlis asakSi,
orsityviani winadadebebis stadiaze, rodesac
enis Seqmnis unari (language-making capacity) _
Tandayolili saxelmZRvanelo principebi, rom-
lebsac bavSvebi iyeneben enis Seswavlis amo-
canis Sesrulebisas.
hiperregularizacia (overregularization) _ grama-
tikuli Secdoma, romelic, Cveulebriv, vlin-
deba adreuli enobrivi ganviTarebis dros da
romlis drosac enis wesebi imdenad farTod
gamoiyeneba, rom xdeba araswori lingvisturi
formebis warmoeba.
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isini sityvebis kombinaciebis gamoyenebas iwye-
ben. am TvalsazrisiT, bavSvebis metyveleba te-
legrafulia, radgan, ZiriTadad, arsebiTi saxe-
lebisa da zmnebisgan Sedgenil mokle, martivi
mimdevrobebis erTobliobas warmoadgens. teleg-
raful metyvelebas aklia iseTi damxmare si-
tyvebi, rogoricaa: the, andda of (artikli, kav-
Siri da windebuli), romlebic sityvebsa da
ideebs Soris kavSiris gamoxatvaSi gvexmareba.
magaliTad, Allgone milk
1
telegrafuli frazaa.
orsityviani gamonaTqvamebis gasagebad moz-
rdilebi im konteqsts unda icnobdnen, sadac
iTqva es sityvebi. Tanya ball~ (tania burTi),
magaliTad, SeiZleba niSnavdes: tanias unda
burTi~ an tania isvris burTs~. miuxedavad amisa,
orsityviani winadadebebis stadiaze myofi bav-
Svebi amtkiceben, rom maT garkveulwilad aiTvises
inglisuri gramatika. saxelmZRvanelo principebi
saSualebas aZlevs maT, aRmoaCinon, rom ingli-
surSi mniSvneloba aqvs sityvebis wyobas da rom
sami aucilebeli elementia: moqmedi piri
moqmedeba _ obieqti (subieqti-zmna-obieqti),
romlebic am mimdevrobiT aris dalagebuli. am
aRmoCenis~ dasasturebaa, rodesac bavSvebi ara-
sworad igeben aseT winadadebas: `Mary was followed
by her little lamb to school~ (meris wayva misi patara
kravi skolaSi) maTi interpretaciaa: meri (moqmedi
piri) wayva (moqmedeba) Tavis kravs (obieqti) (ix.
sur. 11.8). droTa ganmavlobaSi bavSvebma unda
gamoiyenon sxva saxelmZRvanelo principebi, raTa
aRmoaCinon, rom wesidan moqmedi piri moqmedeba
_ obieqti~ gamonaklisebic arsebobs.
axla ganvixiloT saxelmZRvanelo principi,
romelsac slobinma gavrcoba uwoda da romelic
moiTxovs, rom bavSvebma erTi da igive azrobrivi
erTeulis, anu morfemis gamoyeneba scadon erTi
da imave cnebis aRsaniSnad. aseTi cnebebis
magaliTebia kuTvnilebiTi brunva, warsuli dro
da mimdinare moqmedeba. inglisur enaSi TiTo-
euli dasaxelebuli forma gamoixateba sityvis
fuZeze iseTi gramatikuli morfemis damatebis
gziT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, -`s (marias), -ed (called)
da -ing (laughing). daakvirdiT, TiToeuli dasaxe-
lebuli bgeris damateba arsebiT saxelze an
zmnaze rogor cvlis mis mniSvnelobas.
bavSvebi gavrcobis msgavs saxelmZRvanelo
principebs am morfemebis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb
hipoTezebis Camosayalibeblad iyeneben. Tumca,
vinaidan es principi moiTxovs, rom bavSvma unda
scados yvela konkretuli SemTxvevis erTnairad
aRniSvna, is xSirad uSvebs Secdomas _ axdens
hiperregulacias. magaliTad, iswavlis ra bavSvi
inglisurSi warsuli drois warmoebas zmnaze
ed-is damatebiT, is amatebs ed-s yvela zmnas da
qmnis iseT sityvebs, rogoricaa doed da breaked
(arawesieri zmnebi, romelTa warsuli forma ed-
is damatebiT ar iwarmoeba). swavlobs ra bavSvi
1
Allgone milk All milk is all gone mTeli rZe (rac gvqonda)
gaTavda.
suraTi
11.8
gramatikis aTviseba
mravali bavSvi Tvlis, rom
Mary was followed by the lamb~
(meris gahyva kravi) da ary
followed the lamb~ (meri gahyva
kravs) eri da igive mniS-
vnelobis mqone winadade-
bebia.
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mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoebis wess (-s-is an -z-
is damateba sityvis bolos), is isev zedmetad
afarTovebs wess da qmnis iseT sityvebs, ro-
goricaa foots, mouses (gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi,
rodesac mravlobiTi ricxvi s, an z-is dama-
tebiT ar iwarmoeba). hiperregularizacia gan-
sakuTrebiT saintereso Secdomaa, radgan is,
Cveulebriv, vlindeba mas Semdeg, rac bavSvebs
ukve naswavli aqvT raRac da zmnebisa da
arsebiTi saxelebis swor formebs iyeneben.
bavSvebi jer zmnis swor formebs (magaliTad,
came da went) iyeneben, albaT, imitom, rom isini
swavloben maT, rogorc calkeul terminolo-
giur elementebs, magram, roca isini warsuli
drois (past-tense-is) ZiriTad wess swavloben,
isini mas im zmnebis mimarTac iyeneben, romlebic
wesidan gamonakliss warmoadgenen, anu im si-
tyvebis mimarT, romlebsac manamde sworad gamoT-
qvamdnen
1
. droTa ganmavlobaSi bavSvebi sxva
saxelmZRvanelo principebs iyeneben am droebiTi
gaugebrobis dasaZlevad.
bavSvebis mier enis aTviseba mniSvnelovan
gavlenas axdens maT socialur urTierTobebze.
es unda davimaxsovroT, vinaidan socialuri
ganviTarebis ganxilvas viwyebT, romelic mTeli
cxovrebis manZilze mimdinareobs.
Sejameba
mkvlevarTa umravlesoba iziarebs mosazrebas,
rom bavSvebi enis Seswavlis biologiurad
ganpirobebuli unariT ibadebian. am ideis dama-
dasturebel monacemebs iZlevian eqsperimentebi,
romlebic aCveneben, rom bavSvebs aqvT fonemuri
kontrastebis aRqmis Tandayolili unari, maT
Soris iseTi kontrastebis, romelic ar gamoi-
yeneba maTi garemosTvis Cveul enaSi. 7,5 Tvis
asakisaTvis bavSvebi cnoben ganmeorebad bgerebs.
es unari saSualebas aZlevs maT, daiwyon sityvaTa
mniSvnelobebis aTviseba. mkvlevrebi Tvlian,
rom axali sityvebis mniSvnelobebs bavSvebi im
hipoTezebis SeqmniTa da gadasinjviT swavloben,
romlebic ganpirobebulia iseTi Tandayolili
principebiT, rogoricaa urTierTgamoricxva.
kros-lingvisturi kvlevebi exmareba mkvlev-
rebs, gansazRvron, gramatikis romeli nawilebi
eyrdnoba yvelaze metad Sinagan predispoziciebs.
enis Seqmnis unari warmoadgens saxelmZRvanelo
principebis erTobliobas, romelic marTavs
bavSvebis mier maT garemocvisTvis Cveuli enis
gaanalizebis process.
socialuri ganviTareba
cxovrebis manZilze
Cven vnaxeT, rogor icvleba adamiani daba-
debidan xandazmulobamde fizikuri da kogni-
turi TvalsazrisiT. am qveTavSi ganvixilavT
socialur ganviTarebas: rogor icvleba indi-
vidis socialuri urTierTobebi da molodinebi
sicocxlis manZilze. Cven vnaxavT, rom socia-
luri da kulturuli garemo urTierTqmedebs
biologiur asakTan da cxovrebis TiToeul
periods misTvis damaxasiaTebeli gamowvevebiTa
da ganmtkicebebiT uzrunvelyofs.
socialuri ganviTarebis ganxilvisas gan-
sakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania imis codna, Tu
rogor zemoqmedebs kultura da garemo Cveni
cxovrebis garkveul aspeqtebze. magaliTad,
ekonomikuri gaWirvebis pirobebSi mcxovrebi
adamianebi eqvemdebarebian garkveuli tipis
stresebs, rac ar xdeba ganviTarebis normalur~
pirobebSi (Crockett & Silbereisen, 2000; Leventhal &
Brooks-Gunn, 2000). aSS-sa da msoflios sxva
qveynebSi arsebuli tendenciebi ganviTarebis
fsiqologebs valdebuls xdis, gaiTvaliswinon
is gamorCeuli garemoebebi, sadac uwevs cxovreba
mraval bavSvs, mozardsa Tu mozrdils _
garemoebebi, romlebic mudmivad safrTxes uqmnis
maT fsiqikas, usafrTxoebas da sicocxles
(Dryfoss, 1990; Huston et al., 1994; Ladd & Cairns, 1996).
garda amisa, amerikuli kultura Tavs axvevs
cxovrebis sxvadasxva stils qalebsa da mama-
kacebs da umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebs. maga-
liTad, xandazmuli qalebi ufro xSirad imyo-
febian arasaxarbielo ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi,
1
qarTulSi amis magaliTia, rodesac bavSvebi
amboben sebobs~ da ara arsebobs~, radgan maT ukve
naswavli aqvT, rom ar~ uaryofis gamomxatvelia da
fiqroben, rom ar~-is gamokleba uaryofiT mtkicebas
dadebiTad aqcevs (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
socialuri ganviTareba (social development) _ gza,
romliTac icvleba individis socialuri
urTierTobebi da molodinebi cxovrebis
ganmavlobaSi.
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vidre xandazmuli mamakacebi; xandazmuli afro-
amerikeli qalebi kidev ufro cud mdgomareobaSi
arian, vidre maTive asakis TeTrkaniani qalebi
(Carstensen & Rasupathi, 1993). es gansxvavebebi Tana-
medrove amerikul sazogadoebaSi arsebuli
struqturuli uTanasworobis uSualo Sedegia.
rodesac vaskvniT saSualo~ cxovrebis mim-
dinareobis Taobaze, ar unda dagvaviwydes _
kultura karnaxobs zogierT individs, rom gan-
sxvavdebodes am normidan. rodesac aRvwerT im
fsiqologiur siZneleebs, romelsac Cveuleb-
rivi~ individi awydeba, unda gaxsovdeT, rom
mravali individi gansakuTrebuli, iSviaTi gamo-
wvevebis winaSe dgas. mkvlevrebis daniSnulebaa,
aRweron Tanamedrove problemebis gavlena adami-
anze da SeimuSavon meTodebi, romliTac Seamsu-
buqeben yvelaze usiamovno Sedegebs. naTelia,
rom saWiroa seriozuli reformebis gatareba
ukeTesi janmrTelobis dacvis sistemis, socia-
luri uzrunvelyofis programebisa da socialu-
ri daxmarebis politikis asamoqmedeblad da
dasaregulireblad. fsiqologebi daxmarebas
gagviweven ojaxebisa da maTi bavSvebis saukeTeso
interesebis gansazRvraSi (Scarr & Eisenberg, 1993).
socialuri ganviTarebis ganxilvisas saSualeba
gveqneba, davubrundeT kulturis gavlenis sa-
kiTxs.
gaxsovdeT, rom ganvlili wlebi da kul-
turiT ganpirobebuli socialuri gamocdileba
erToblivad gansazRvraven adamianebis cxov-
rebiseul amocanebs. socialuri ganviTarebis
ganxilvas daviwyebT erik eriksonis cxovrebis
ciklis TeoriiT, romelic naTlad warmogviCens
im gamowvevebsa da SenaZenebs, romelsac cxov-
rebiseuli ciklis TiToeul did monakveTze
viRebT.
eriksonis fsiqosocialuri
stadiebi
erik eriksonma (Erik Erikson), zigmund froidis
qaliSvilis, ana froidis mowafem, SemogvTavaza
Teoria, romlis mixedviTac yovelma individma
warmatebiT unda gaiaros mTeli rigi fsiqo-
socialuri stadiebisa, romelTaganac TiToeuli
mas garkveuli konfliqtis, an krizisis winaSe
ayenebs. eriksonma cxovrebis ciklis rva sta-
dia gamoyo. rogorc naCvenebia cxrilSi 11.5,
TiToeuli stadia xasiaTdeba konkretuli kri-
zisiTa Tu konfliqtiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom
arc erTi konfliqti ar amoiwureba bolomde,
aucilebelia, individma sakmarisad gadaWras
TiToeuli maTgani, raTa warmatebiT gaumklavdes
Semdgomi stadiebis konfliqtebs.
eriksonis mier aRwerili cxovrebiseuli
ciklis pirvel stadiaze Cvils, mzrunvel mozar-
debTan urTierTobaSi, unda Camouyalibdes
garemosadmi ndobis bazisuri grZnoba. ndoba
mSobelTan Zlieri mijaWvulobis bunebrivi maxa-
siaTebelia, romelic bavSvs sakvebiT, siTboTi
da fizikuri siaxloviT uzrunvelyofs. Tumca,
Tu ar aris dakmayofilebuli bavSvis bazisuri
moTxovnilebebi; Tu mas aklia movla, fizikuri
siaxlove, siTbo da, aseve, Tu is xSirad rCeba
masze mzrunvelis gareSe, SesaZloa, mas ganuvi-
fsiqosocialuri stadiebi (psychosocial stages)
_ erik eriksonis SemoTavazebuli ganviTarebis
Tanmimdevruli stadiebi, romelic fokusirdeba
sakuTar Tavsa da sxvebze individis orien-
taciaze; es stadiebi moicavs pirovnebis gan-
viTarebis sqesobriv da socialur aspeqtebs
da individisa da socialuri garemos urTier-
Tqmedebis Sedegad warmoqmnil socialur
konfliqtebs.
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Tardes undoblobis, daucvelobisa da SfoTvis
yovlismomcveli gancda.
fexis adgmasa da laparakis dawyebasTan erTad,
farTovdeba bavSvis mier gamokvleuli sivrce
da is intensiurad iwyebs obieqtebis (da xandaxan
adamianebis) Seswavlasa da manipulirebas (xe-
liT mosinjvas, datrialebas, gadmobrunebas).
am moqmedebebiT mas unda Camouyalibdes avto-
nomiis da sakuTari qmedunarianobisa da Rir-
seulobis gancda. am stadiaze zedmetma SezRudvam
da kritikulobam, SesaZloa, migviyvanos bavSvis
mier sakuTar ZalebSi daeWvebamde, xolo iseTma
moTxovnebma, romlebic mis SesaZleblobebs
aRemateba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, TviTmom-
saxurebis Cvevebis naadrevi da/an zedmetad
mkacri moTxovna, SesaZloa, mas daukargos axali
amocanebis miRwevisa da axali unarebis SeZenis
xalisi. winasaskolo periodis dasasruls bav-
Svi, romelsac ukve ganviTarebuli aqvs ndobis
bazisuri grZnoba jer uaxloesi garemocvis,
Semdeg ki sakuTari Tavisadmi, SeZlebs inicia-
tivis gamoCenas rogorc gonebriv, ise moto-
rul aqtivobaSi. imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor
reagireben mSoblebi bavSvis mxridan aseTi
iniciativebis gamoCenaze, isini waaxaliseben
Tavisuflebisa da sakuTar TavSi darwmune-
bulobis SegrZnebas, rac aucilebelia ganvi-
Tarebis Semdegi safexurisTvis, an aRZraven
danaSaulis gancdas da mozrdilTa samyaroSi
daupatiJebel stumrad~ agrZnobineben Tavs.
dawyebiTi skolis periodSi bavSvi, romelmac
warmatebiT daZlia wina stadiebis krizisebi,
mzad aris, rom gare samyaros SemTxveviTi
Ziebidan da gadasinjvidan gadavides kompeten-
turobisa da Sromisunarianobis sistematur
ndoba undoblobis
winaaRmdeg
avtonomia eWvis
winaaRmdeg
iniciativa danaSaulis
grZnobis winaaRmdeg
kompetenturoba
arasrulfasovnebis
winaaRmdeg
ego-identuroba
rolebis aRrevis
winaaRmdeg
intimuroba izolaciis
winaaRmdeg
qmnadoba
1
uZraobis
2
winaaRmdeg
mTlianoba
3
saso-
warkveTis winaaRmdeg
cxrili
11.5
fsiqosocialuri ganviTarebis stadiebi eriksonis mixedviT
0-1,5
1,5-3
3-6
6-pubertati
mozardoba
axalgazrdoba
saSualo asaki
xandazmuloba
usafrTxoebis bazisuri gancda
Tavis aRqma momqmedad, romelsac
xelewifeba sakuTari sxeulis
kontroli da romelic flobs
situacias
sakuTar TavSi, rogorc
iniciatorsa da SemoqmedSi,
darwmunebuloba
bazisuri socialuri da
inteleqtualuri unarebis
adekvaturoba
sakuTari Tavis, rogorc
pirovnebis, sasiamovno,
damakmayofilebeli gancda
meore adamianTan daaxloebisa da
erTgulad darCenis unari
sakuTari Tavis garda ojaxze,
sazogadoebaze, momaval Taobaze
zrunvis unari
mTlianobis gancda, zogadi
kmayofileba cxovrebiT
daucveloba, SfoTva
movlenebis kontrolis
SeuZleblobis gancda
sakuTari Rirsebis gan-
cdis ararseboba
sakuTar TavSi daurwmu-
nebuloba, marcxis gancda
sakuTari pirovnebis
danawevrebulobis gancda;
sakuTar me-ze cvalebadi
da bundovani warmodgena
martoobis da
gancalkevebis gancda;
axlo urTierTobis
saWiroebis uaryofa
sakuTari survilebis
damkayofilebaze zrunva;
momavalze orientaciis
ararseboba
sicarielis, gamousade-
garobis gancda, imed-
gacrueba
miaxloebiTi
asaki
krizisi warmatebuli gadawyveta warumatebeli gadawyveta
1
Generativity.
2
Stagnation
3
ego-integrity
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ganviTarebaze. skola da sporti _ inteleq-
tualuri da motoruli unarebis ganviTarebis,
TanatolebTan urTierToba ki socialuri una-
rebis ganviTarebis saSualebas iZleva. am mimar-
TulebebiT warmatebul mcdelobebs bavSvi
kompetenturobis gancdamde mihyavs. Tu am
stadiaze bavSvi Semsruleblis nacvlad mayu-
rebelis rolSi aRmoCndeba, an marcxs ganicdis,
SesaZloa, mas arasrulfasovnebis SegrZneba
ganuviTardes, rac, Tavis mxriv, amcirebs Sem-
dgomi cxovrebiseuli stadiebis moTxovnaTa
dakmayofilebis unars.
eriksons miaCnda, rom mozardobis ZiriTadi
krizisi sakuTari individualurobis, anu iden-
tobis aRmoCenaa, rasac sxvadasxva wreSi gansxva-
vebuli rolebis Sesrulebis aucileblobiT
gamowveuli gaurkvevloba abrkolebs. am krizisis
gadawyveta individs sakuTari pirovnebis mTlia-
nobis gancdis CamoyalibebaSi exmareba; waruma-
tebloba ki, Sesabamisad, sakuTar Tavze, rogorc
aramyari birTvis mqone pirovnebis Sesaxeb,
warmodgenis mizezi xdeba.
axalgazrdobis (adreuli mozrdilobis)
ZiriTadi krizisi intimurobasa da izolacias
Soris konfliqtis gadaWraa. am konfliqtis
warmatebuli gadawyvetis Sedegia sxva adami-
anebTan sruli emociuri, zneobrivi da seqsua-
luri urTierTobebis damyarebisa da SenarCune-
bis unaris ganviTareba. aseTi urTierTobebi
TavisTavad gulisxmobs zogierTi pirovnuli
prioritetis daTmobas, kompromiss, sakuTar
Tavze garkveuli pasuxismgeblobebis aRebas da
meore adamianis (partnioris) ganmartoebulobisa
da damoukideblobis garkveuli xarisxiT Senar-
Cunebas. am krizisis daZlevisas warumateblobas
individi izolaciamde da sxvebTan harmoniuri
urTierTobebis unaris arqonamde mihyavs.
socialuri zrdis Semdegi SesaZlebloba,
romelic, Cveulebriv, mowifulobaSi (Suaxnis
mozrdilobaSi) eZleva adamians, generaciuloba,
anu produqtulobaa. 30-40 wlis asakSi adamianebi
sakuTar Tavsa da sakuTar partniorze fiqris
sazRvrebs scdebian da zrunvas iwyeben ojaxis
wevrebze, samuSaoze, sazogadoebasa da momaval
Taobaze. isini, visac wina stadiebis krizisebi
ar aqvT daZleuli, kvlav sakuTari moTxovnile-
bebis dakmayofilebiT arian dakavebulni, eWvqveS
ayeneben warsulis miRwevebs da miRebul ga-
dawyvetilebebs da usafrTxoebis fasad inarCu-
neben Tavisuflebas.
xnovanebis (gviani mozrdilobis) krizisia
konfliqti pirovnul mTlianobasa da sasowar-
kveTas Soris. nebismieri ganvlili stadiis
krizisis gadawyveta xnier adamians amzadebs
imisaTvis, rom warsuls sinanulis gareSe Sexe-
dos da pirovnuli mTlianobis sasiamovno gan-
cda daeuflos. Tu adrindeli krizisebi gada-
uWrelia, xolo miswrafebebi ausrulebel sur-
vilebadve darCa, individs sasowarkveTileba,
ganvlili cxovrebis amaoebisa da sakuTari
gamousadegrobis SegrZneba eufleba.
bavSvobaSi
bavSvis sicocxlis SenarCuneba damoki-
debulia sxva adamianebTan Sinaarsiani da
efeqtur urTierTobebis damyarebaze. socia-
lizacia mTeli cxovrebis manZilze mimdinare
procesia, rodesac individis qcevis paternebi,
Rirebulebebi, standartebi, unarebi, ganwyobebi
da motivebi iseT formas iReben, romelic
misaRebi iqneba mocemuli sazogadoebisTvis.
procesSi mravali adamiani (naTesavebi, megobrebi,
maswavleblebi) da instituciaa (skolebi, RvTis
msaxurebis adgilebi) CarTuli, romelTa ze-
gavlenis Sedegadac iTvisebs individi socia-
lurad misaReb Rirebulebebsa da qcevis sta-
ndartebs. Tumca, socializaciis yvelaze mniS-
vnelovani maregulirebeli da ganmapirobebeli
Tavad ojaxia. ojaxis cneba icvleba, vinaidan
dResdReobiT mravali bavSvi izrdeba viTarebaSi,
romelic gansxvavdeba ojaxis standartuli _
deda, mama, da-Zmebi _ struqturisgan: zogierTi
bavSvi martoxela mSoblis ojaxSi izrdeba,
zogi ki _ mravali Taobisagan Semdgar ojaxSi.
ganurCevlad ojaxis konfiguraciisa, is exmareba
individs sxvebze reagirebis ZiriTadi paternebis
CamoyalibebaSi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, sxva
adamianebTan damokidebulebis cxovrebiseuli
stilis safuZveli xdeba.
socializacia (socialization) _ cxovrebis manZil-
ze mimdinare procesi, romlis saSualebiTac
individis qcevis paternebi, Rirebulebebi, stan-
dartebi, unarebi da ganwyobebi iseT formas
iReben, romelic misaRebi iqneba mocemuli
sazogadoebisTvis.
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mijaWvuloba
socialuri ganviTareba bavSvsa da dedas,
mamas, an sxva mudmiv mzrunvels Soris mWidro
emociuri urTierTobis damyarebiT iwyeba. am
Zlier, xangrZliv, socialur-emociur urTier-
Tobas mijaWvuloba ewodeba. vinaidan bavSvebs
ar SeuZliaT Tavis gamokveba da dacva, mijaWvu-
lobis yvelze adreuli funqcia bavSvisTvis
sicocxlis SenarCunebaa. cxovelTa samyaros
zogierT saxeobaSi axalSobils avtomaturad
ebeWdeba mexsierebaSi pirvelive moZrav obieqti,
romelsac is xedavs, an romlis xmac esmis
(Johnson & Gottlieb, 1981). amas imprintingi ewodeba.
imprintingi swrafad xdeba ganviTarebis kriti-
kul periodSi da Znelia misi Secvla. imprin-
tingis aseTi avtomaturoba zogjer SeiZleba
problemuri iyos. eTologma konrad lorencma
(Konrad Lorenz) aCvena, rom adamianis gazrdili
batis Wukebi adamians miejaWvebian da ara
TavianTi saxeobis romelime warmomadgenels.
sabednierod, bunebriv pirobebSi batis Wukebi,
dabadebisTanave pirvelad, umetesad, sxva batebs
xedaven.
adamianis Svili naklebad aris damokidebuli
instinqtur mijaWvulobaze, miuxedavad imisa,
rom dResdReobiT mraval samSobiaro saxlSi
mijaWvulobis ganviTarebis waxalisebas axalSo-
bilis dedis mucelze moTavsebiT cdiloben.
adamianebs bavSvisa da mozrdilis kavSiris
gasamyareblad ufro rTuli signalebi esaWiro-
ebaT. Cvilis mier gamocemuli miaxloeba-daSo-
rebis signalebi _ rogoricaa: Rimili, tirili,
bgerebis gamocema _ rogorc Cans, Tandayolili
qcevebia, romliTac Cvili agebinebs sxvebs, rom
yuradReba miaqcion (Campos et al., 1991). magaliTad,
cxra Tvis bavSvi SerCeviT uRimis maT, viszec
surs gavlenis moxdena (Jones et al., 1991). cxadia,
warmatebuli mijaWvuloba ara aris damoki-
debuli mxolod Cvilis mier signalebis (ro-
goricaa, magaliTad, Rimili) gamocemis unarze,
aramed _ mozrdilis mier am signalebis gar-
Cevisa da maTze reagirebis unarzec. vis SeuZlia,
rom winaaRmdegoba gauwios Cvilis Rimils?
jon boulbis (John Bowlby, 1973), adamianTa Soris
mijaWvulobis ganviTarebis gavleniani Teore-
tikosis, mixedviT, Cvilebi im individebs ejaW-
vebian, romlebic Tanmimdevrulad da saTanadod
pasuxoben maT signalebs.
mijaWvulobis Sefasebis erT-erTi yvelaze
gavrcelebuli meTodia meri einsvorsisa (Mary
Ainsworth) da misi kolegebis SemuSavebuli
ucnobi situaciis testi (Ainsworth et al., 1978).
erT-erT pirvel standartul epizodSi bavSvi
saTamaSoebiT savse ucnob oTaxSi SehyavT. dedis
Tandaswrebis pirobebSi bavSvs saSualeba eZleva,
ukeT Seiswavlos oTaxi da iTamaSos. ramdenime
wuTis Semdeg oTaxSi ucnobi adamiani Semodis,
esaubreba dedas da uaxlovdeba bavSvs. Semdeg
deda tovebs oTaxs. xanmokle ganSorebis Semdeg
deda oTaxSi brundeba, deda da Svili xvdeba
erTmaneTs da ucnobi gadis. mkvlevrebma aR-
moaCines, rom am testze bavSvebis reaqciebi sam
ZiriTad kategoriad iyofa (Ainsworth et al., 1978):
myarad mijaWvuli bavSvebi oTaxidan mSoblis
gasvlaze garkveuli distresiT reagireben.
misi dabrunebis Semdeg ki siaxlovisken,
komfortisken da kontaqtisken iswrafvian
da TandaTanobiT ubrundebian TamaSs.
mijaWvuloba (attachment) _ emociuri urTierToba
bavSvsa da masze regularulad mzrunvel
mozrdils Soris.
imprintingi (imprinting) _ daswavlis primitiuli
forma, rodesac axalSobili cxoveli ukan mis-
devs da ejaWveba pirvelive moZrav obieqts,
romelsac xedavs an romlis xmac esmis.
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aramyarad mijaWvuli _ ganridebadi bavSvebi
indiferentulebi Canan da SeiZleba aqti-
urad aaridon Tavi mSobels, an misi ig-
norireba moaxdinon.
aramyarad mijaWvuli _ ambivalenturi/
rezistentuli bavSvebi brazdebian da Sfo-
Taven, roca mSobeli oTaxidan gadis; misi
dabrunebisas veRar mSviddebian da ubraz-
debian da ewinaaRmdegebian mas, Tumca, masTan
kontaqtis survilsac gamoxataven.
aSS-is mosaxleobis saSualo fenebis ojaxe-
bidan Semdgari SerCevevis gamokvlevam aCvena,
rom Cvili bavSvebis daaxloebiT 70% myarad
mijaWvulTa kategorias ganekuTvneba, aramyarad
mijaWvuli bavSvebis daaxloebiT 20% moTavsda
ganridebadis kategoriaSi, 10% ki _ rezisten-
tulis kategoriaSi. aSS-isgan iseT gansxvavebul
qveynebSi, rogoricaa: SvedeTi, israeli, iaponia
da CineTi, mijaWvulobis urTierTobebis kros-
kulturulma kvlevam mijaWvulobis konkretuli
tipebis sakmarisad mdgradi prevalireba gamoav-
lina (Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg, 1988). TiToeul
qveyanaSi bavSvebis umetesoba myarad mijaWvulia.
kulturuli gansxvavebuloba yvelaze metad
arasando, aramyarad mijaWvulobis sxvadasxva
tipis prioritetulobaze aisaxa. garda amisa,
mkvlevrebma gamoavlines maRali xarisxis SeTan-
xmebuloba ucnobi situaciebis testiTa da
bavSvebze da maT dedebze saxlis Cveul garemoSi
dakvirvebis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT Sedgenil
klasifikaciebs Soris (Pederson & Morgan, 1996).
ucnobi situaciebis testis monacemebze
dafuZnebuli kategoriebi prognostulad Rire-
buli aRmoCnda _ maT Zalze zustad SeeZloT
bavSvis Semdgomi qcevis prognozireba mTel
rig situaciebSi. es gansakuTrebiT exeboda im
sazRvars/gamyofs, romelic myarad da aramyarad
mijaWvul bavSvebs erTmaneTisgan mijnavda.
magaliTad, grZelvadianma kvlevebma aCvena, rom
bavSvebi, romlebic 15 Tvis asakSi ucnobi situa-
ciis testSi sando an arasando mijaWvulo-
bisTvis damaxasiaTebel qcevas axorcielebdnen,
skolaSi qcevis mixedviT mkveTrad gansxvav-
debodnen 8-9 wlis asakSi (Bohlin et al., 2000). 15
Tvis asakSi myarad mijaWvuli bavSvebi ufro
popularulebi iyvnen da naklebad SfoTavdnen
sazogadoebaSi TavianTi adgilis gamo, vidre
maTi aramyarad mijaWvuli Tanatolebi. adreul
wlebSi mijaWvulobis xarisxisa da Semdgomi
qcevis aseTive kavSiri gamovlinda 10 wlis
bavSvebsa (Urban et al., 1991) da mozardebSi (Weinfield
et al., 1997). es monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom
mijaWvulobis xarisxs, romelic ucnobi situa-
ciebis testiT gamovlinda, namdvilad grZel-
vadiani Sedegebi aqvs. me-17 TavSi vnaxavT, rom
mkvlevrebi mijaWvulobis sazomebs mozrdil-
Ta sasiyvarulo urTierTobebis prognozirebis-
Tvisac iyeneben.
Cven vnaxeT, rom mijaWvuloba sakmaod mniS-
vnelovania axalgazrda sicocxlisaTvis. sando
mijaWvuloba mozrdilTan, romelic sayrdensa
da socialur mxardaWeras sTavazobs bavSvs,
mas prosocialur qcevaTa Seswavlis winapirobas
uqmnis. is saSualebas aZlevs bavSvs, iswavlos
gariskva, axal situaciebSi CarTva da Rrma
pirovnuli urTierTobebis damyareba. axla ki
vnaxoT, risi gakeTeba SeuZliaT mSoblebs imi-
saTvis, rom xeli Seuwyon am myari mijaWvulobis
erTob mniSvnelovani grZnobis Camoyalibebas.
mSoblebis mier gamoyenebuli aRzrdis
stilebi da dadgenili qcevis wesebi
TiToeuli bavSvi sakuTari temperamentis
Sesabamisad iqceva mSoblebTan urTierTobisas:
mSoblebi, romelTac erTze meti Svili hyavT,
xSirad aRniSnaven, Tu ramdenad ganxvavdebodnen
maTi Svilebi erTmaneTisgan adreuli asakidanve.
bavSvis ama Tu im temperamentma mSoblebis
saukeTeso (an uaresi) mcdelobebi SeiZleba mou-
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lodnel Sedegebamde miiyvanos. mkvlevrebi aRia-
reben, rom bavSvebis temperamenti da mSoblebis
qceva gavlenas axdenen erTmaneTze, rac, Tavis
mxriv, bavSvis ganviTarebaze aisaxeba, magaliTad,
mijaWvulobis xarisxis saxiT: ramdenadac mSob-
lebi zemoqmedeben Tavian Svilebze, imdenad
Svilebi zemoqmedeben maTze (Collins et al., 2000).
da mainc, temperamentuli sxvaobebis fonze,
mkvlevrebma daadgines mSoblebis mier gamoyene-
uli aRzrdis stili, romelic, Cveulebriv,
yvelaze met sargebels iZleva. mocemuli stili
ori ganzomilebis _ momTxovnelobisa da gulis-
xmierebis _ urTierTkveTis wertilSi mdebareobs
(Maccoby & Martin, 1983). momTxovnelobaSi moiaz-
reba mSoblis survili, Seasrulos sazoga-
doebis warmomadgenlisa da am sazogadoebSi
miRebuli normebis bavSvisTvis gadamcemis roli,
gulisxmierebaSi ki _ mSoblis mier bavSvis
individualobis aRiareba~ (Darling & Steinberg, 1993,
gv. 492). rogorc naCvenebia suraTze 11.9, avtori-
tetuli mSoblebi saTanado moTxovnebs uyeneben
TavianT Svilebs: isini maTgan moiTxoven qcevis
miRebuli normebisadmi Sesatyvisobas, magram
Tavadac gulisxmierad epyrobian maT _ isini
yovelTvis utoveben bavSvebs urTierTobis ini-
cirebis SesaZleblobas, riTac xels uwyoben
TviTregulaciis unaris ganviTarebas (Gray &
Steinberg, 1999). aseTi avtoritetuli stili yve-
laze metad ayalibebs efeqtur mSobeli-Svilis
kavSirs. amis sapirispirod, rogorc mocemulia
suraTze 11.9, aRzrdis avtoritaruli stilis
SemTxvevaSi mSoblebi Tavisi Svilebisgan dis-
ciplinirebulobas iTxoven da naklebad uT-
moben yuradRebas maT damoukideblobas; momTmeni
stilis SemTxvevaSi _ gulisxmierebi arian Svi-
lebis mimarT, Tumca, ver axerxeben im sazo-
gadoebrivi wesebis struqturebis swavlebas,
romliTac unda icxovron maT; uyuradRebo stili
ki imiT gamoirCeva, rom mSoblebi arc discip-
linirebulobas iTxoven Svilebisgan da arc
maTi individualurobisadmi iCenen did interess.
erTnairi aRzrdis zogadi stilis mqone mSob-
lebic ki sxvadasxvagvar prioritets aniWeben
socializaciis miznebs, romelic mniSvnelovnad
miaCniaT TavianTi SvilebiTvis. mSoblebis mier
dadgenili qcevis wesebi momdinareobs mkafiod
dasaxuli miznebidan (Darling & Steinberg, 1993).
aqedan gamomdinare, avtoritetuli mSoblebi,
romelTac surT, rom bavSvebma kargad iswavlon
skolaSi, saxlSi iseT garemos qmnian, sadac
bavSvebi mixvdebian, Tu ratom eswrafvian mSob-
lebi amas. bavSvebi ecdebian, rom kargad iswav-
lon skolaSi, radgan isini efeqturad ganawyves
am miznisTvis; aCvenes, Tu rogor exmareba
adamians codna sazogadoebaSi cxovrebisas.
Tumca, vinaidan yvela avtoritetuli mSobeli
ar aris swavlaze orientirebuli, SeuZlebelia
bavSvis saskolo warmatebis prognozireba
mxolod mSoblis stilze dayrdnobiT (Steinberg
et al., 1992). mSoblebis zogadi ganwyobebi da maTi
suraTi
11.9
aRzrdis stilebis klasifikacia
aRzrdis stilebis klasificireba ori
ganzomilebis mixedviT SeiZleba, esaa: mom-
Txovneloba _ mSoblis survili, Seas-
rulos sazogadoebis warmomadgenlisa da
am sazogadoebaSi miRebuli normebis
bavSvisTvis gadamcemis roli; gulis-
xmiereba _ mSoblis mier bavSvis indivi-
dualobis aRiareba. avtoritetuli sti-
li yvelaze metad ayalibebs efeqtur
mSobel-Svilis kavSirs.
aRzrdis stili (parenting style) _ meTodi, rom-
liTac mSoblebi zrdian Svilebs; yvelaze efeq-
turad iTvleba avtoritetuli stili, romelic
Tanabrad moiazrebs momTxovnelobasa da
gulisxmierebas.
mSoblebis mier dadgenili qcevis wesebi (paren-
ting practices) _ konkretuli aRmzrdelobiTi
qceva, romelic konkretuli aRmzrdelobiTi
miznebis Sesabamisad yalibdeba.
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konkretuli qcevebi mniSvnelovania maTi
Svilebis cxovrebis mimarTulebis gansazRvris-
Tvis.
mosiyvarule mozrdilebTan mWidro urTierT-
qmedeba bavSvis pirveli nabijia normaluri
socializaciisa da jansaRi fizikuri ganviTa-
rebisken. vinaidan pirveli momvlelisadmi Tav-
dapirveli mijaWvuloba mogvianebiT ganivrcoba
ojaxis sxva wevrebzec, es ukanasknelnic xdebian
bavSvisTvis misabaZi modelebi azrovnebisa da
qcevis axali meTodebis aTvisebis procesSi. am
adreuli mijaWvulobebidan bavSvebi aviTareben
sakuTar moTxovnilebebsa da sxva adamianebis
moTxovnilebebze reagirebis unars.
komforti kontaqtisas da socialuri
gamocdileba
ras iReben bavSvebi mijaWvulobis kavSiris-
gan? zigmund froidis da sxva fsiqologebis
Tanaxmad, bavSvebi imitom ejaWvebian mSoblebs,
rom isini maT sakvebiT uzrunvelyofen _ akma-
yofileben bavSvis upirveles bazisur moTxov-
nilebas. am mosazrebas mijaWvulobis SimSilis
Teorias uwodeben. es Teoria rom swori iyos,
bavSvebs keTildReobisTvis saTanadod gamokvebis
garda araferi dasWirdebodaT. gavs es simarTles?
hari harlous (Harry Harlow, 1965) ar sjeroda,
rom SimSilis Teoria xsnida mijaWvulobis
mniSvnelovnebas. am Teoriis Sesamowmeblad man
gamoTqva sakuTari hipoTeza, rom Cvilebi SeiZ-
leba imaTac miejaWvon, visTanac kontaqtisas
komfortulad igrZnoben Tavs (Harlow & Zimmerman,
1958). man makakebi dabadebisTanave moaSora dedebs
da moaTavsa galiebSi, sadac maT ori xelovnuri
deda~ daxvdaT. erTi maTgani mavTulisgan iyo
damzadebuli, meore ki _ xaoiani qsovilisgan.
harloum aRmoaCina, rom patara makakebma qso-
vilis `dedasTan~ axlos daibudes da cota
dros atarebdnen mavTulis `dedasTan~. es
maSinac ki ase xdeboda, rodesac rZes maT mxo-
lod mavTulis `deda~ aZlevda. rodesac saSiSi
stimuli (magaliTad, dolze mobraxune saTamaSo
daTunia) gamoCndeboda, patara makakebi qso-
vilisgan damzadebul dedasTan~ garbodnen.
rodesac axali saintereso stimuli gamoC-
ndeboda, makakebi stimulis gamosakvlevad
TandaTanobiT bedavdnen dedisgan~ moSorebas
da kvlevis ganaxlebamde isev qsovilisgan
damzadebul dedasTan~ brundebodnen.
harlousa da misi kolegebis Semdgomma kvle-
vebma aCvena, rom surogat dedasTan Zlieri
mijaWvulobis formireba maimunebSi arasakmarisi
iyo jansaRi socialuri ganviTarebisaTvis.
Tavdapirvelad eqsperimentatorebma ifiqres, rom
patara makakebi qsovilis surogat dedasTan
normalurad viTardebodnen, Tumca, Zalze gans-
xvavebuli suraTi miiRes, rodesac am pirobebSi
gazrdil mdedr maimunebs Tavad mouwiaT dedis
rolis Sesruleba. maimunebs, romelTac adreul
asakSi ar hqondaT sxva maimunebTan urTierTobis
saSualeba, gauWirdaT normaluri socialuri
da seqsualuri urTierTobebis damyareba moz-
rdilobaSi.
primatebis mkvlevarma stefen suomim (Stephen
Suomi, 1999; Champoux et al., 1995) aCvena, rom emo-
ciurad mowyvladi Cvili makakis mzrunvel deda-
ze gaSvileba arsebiTad cvlida mis cxovrebas.
suomi aRniSnavs, rom maimunebi, romlebsac
gansakuTrebiT mosiyvarule da mzrunveli dedebi
zrdian, maimunTa gundis daCagruli da ukana
planze gadaweuli wevrebidan Tamam, komuni-
kabelur mamr maimunebad izrdebian, romlebic
komforti kontaqtisas (contact comfort) _ dedasTan
an sxva mzrunvelTan Cvilis fizikuri siaxlo-
vidan momdinare komforti.
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momwifebis periodSi erT-erTi pirvelni toveben
gunds, raTa Tavad gaikvlion gza da sakuTari
adgili daimkvidron axal gundSi. aseTi jva-
redini aRzrda maT im informaciiTa da gadar-
Cenis unar-CvevebiT amaragebs, romelic auci-
lebelia sxva maimunebis mxardaWeris mosapo-
veblad da gundSi maRali socialuri statusis
SesanarCuneblad. axla vnaxoT, rogor aris
SesaZlebeli maimunebze Catarebuli eqsperi-
mentebidan miRebuli codnis gamoyeneba, rodesac
saqme adamianis deprivacias exeba.
socialuri deprivacia
samwuxarod, zogjer sazogadoebebi qmnian
pirobebs, sadac bavSvebi moklebulni arian
kontaqtis komforts. mravalma kvlevam aCvena,
rom adreul bavSvobaSi mWidro, Tbili urTier-
Tobebis nakleboba gavlenas axdens bavSvis
fizikur ganviTarebaze da sicocxlis Senar-
Cunebazec ki. 1915 wels jon hopkinisis hospi-
talSi eqimma daafiqsira, rom normaluri fizi-
kuri zrunvis miuxedavad, baltimoris upatrono
bavSvTa saxlebSi moxvedrili bavSvebis 90%
sicocxlis pirvelive wels gardaicvala. mom-
devno ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi hospita-
lizirebul bavSvebze Catarebulma kvlevebma
aCvena, rom normaluri kvebis miuxedavad, bavSvebi
xSirad avadmyofobdnen respiratoruli infeq-
ciebiT, ucnobi etiologiis cieb-cxelebiT, ver
imatebdnen wonaSi da fiziologiuri mdgo-
mareobis gauaresebis zogadi simptomebi aReniS-
nebodaT (Bowlby, 1969; Sherrod et al., 1978). aSS-isa
da kanadis upatrono bavSvTa saxlebSi myof
mcirewlovan bavSvebze Catarebulma sxva kvlevam
gamoavlina mwvave emociuri da fizikuri aS-
rodesac fsiqologebma
pirvelad daiwyes socialuri
ganviTarebis Seswavla, im
Cvil bavSvTa umravlesoba,
romelTa qcevasac efuZneboda
maTi daskvnebi, mTeli dRe-
ebis manZilze dedebTan im-
yofebodnen TavianT saxlebSi.
Tumca, ukanaskneli ramdenime
aTwleulis manZilze sazo-
gadoebis moTxovnebi Seic-
vala da aucilebeli gaxda,
rom dedebis gacilebiT met
raodenobas emuSava saxlis
gareT. amis Sedegad bevri bav-
Svi mravali saaTis da zog-
jer TiTqmis mTeli adreuli
bavSvobis ganmavlobaSi ver
ganicdis mSoblebis gavlenas.
mkvlevrebma, am cvlilebidan
gamomdinare, ori SekiTxva
dasves: (1) ra dadebiT an uar-
yofiT gavlenas axdens baga-
baRi bavSvis ganviTarebaze?
(2) rogori unda iyos opti-
maluri baga-baRi?
Cven ukve movxazeT is kon-
teqsti, sadac SesaZlebelia
pirveli SekiTxvis interpreti-
reba: Tu bavSvsa da mSobels
Soris mijaWvulobas gadam-
wyveti mniSvneloba aqvs,
nebismieri movlena (rogori-
caa, magaliTad, baga-baRi), ro-
melic arRvevs am mijaWvulo-
bas, cudia Tu ara bavSvisTvis?
am kiTxvaze pasuxia: yvelafris
gaTvaliswinebiT, ara~ (Scarr,
1998). am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasa-
cemad, mkvlevrebi, Cveulebriv,
erTmaneTs adarebdnen saxlSi
gazrdil da baga-baRSi gaz-
rdil bavSvebs gonebrivi da
socialuri ganviTarebis mixed-
viT. maT aRmoaCines, rom bav-
Svebi, romlebic baga-baRebSi
atarebdnen dros, xSirad upi-
rates mdgomareobaSi imyo-
febodnen am parametrebis mi-
xedviT, pirvel rigSi, imitom,
rom baga-baRebi maT ganvi-
Tarebis ufro met SesaZleb-
ra gavlenas axdens baga-baRi bavSvis ganviTarebaze
lobas aZlevda (Burchinal et
al., 1997; Clarke-Stewart, 1991, 1993).
gonebriv ganviTarebas xels
uwyobs baga-baRebSi saganma-
naTleblo da TamaSis aqtio-
baTa farTo speqtri, socia-
lur ganviTarebas ki _ so-
cialuri urTierTqmedebebis
farTo arCevani, rasac mok-
lebulni arian saxlebSi
myofi bavSvebi.
Tumca, arsebobs ori mi-
zezi, ris gamoc pasuxs ara~
unda daematos yvelafris
gaTvaliswinebiT~. pirveli
isaa, rom bavSvebi gansxvav-
debian erTmaneTisgan saxlis
gareT zrunvaze reagirebis
mixedviT. meore, arsebobs
mravalgvari baga-baRi. aqedan
gamomdinare, kargisa da cu-
dis Ziebis nacvlad, mkvlev-
rebi dainteresdnen imiT, Tu
rogori unda iyos xarisxiani
aRzrda konkretuli bavSve-
bisTvis (Zaslow, 1991).
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lilobebi da maRali sikvdilianoba, miuxedavad
kargi kvebisa da samedicino momsaxurebisa (Spitz
& Wolf, 1946).
socialur ganviTarebaze arasasurveli gare-
moc zemoqmedebs. 1-dan 3 wlamde asakis Zaladobis
aT msxverplze Catarebulma erT-erTma kvlevam
aCvena, rom bavSvebi saTanadod ar reagirebdnen
Tanatolis distresze. rodesac erTi bavSvi
ganawyenebulia da tiris, Cveulebriv, misi Tana-
tolebi wuxdebian da TanaugrZnoben mas, an
Tavadac sevdiandebian. amis sapirispirod, Zala-
dobis msxverpli bavSvebi ufro metad reagi-
rebdnen SiSiT, braziTa da fizikuri SetevebiT
(Main & George, 1985). sxva kvlevaSi Seiswavles
kavSiri bavSvobisdroindel fizikur da seqsua-
lur Zaladobasa da mozrdilobaSi fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis mdgomareobas Soris. 375 axal-
gazrda mozrdilisgan Semdgari SerCevidan 11%-
ma aRniSna, rom gamocdilebaSi hqonda romelime
tipis Zaladoba. am jgufidan daaxloebiT 80%-
s aReniSneboda erTi an meti fsiqiatriuli
aSlilobis simptomebi (Silverman et al., 1996).
bavSvze Zaladobis SemTxvevebis arseboba
fsiqologebs Zalze mniSvnelovani amocanis
winaSe ayenebs: unda ganisazRvros, rogori Careva
iqneba bavSvebisTvis saukeTeso. aSS-Si daaxlo-
ebiT 500 aTasi bavSvi da mozardi wamoyvanilia
ojaxidan da mTavrobis mier dafinansebul
garkveuli tipis garemoSi cxovrobs (magaliTad,
gaSvilebulia, an imyofeba mcire zomis bavSvTa
saxlSi) (Shealy, 1995). rogor ggoniaT, yovelTvis
uxariaT bavSvebs, roca moZalade ojaxebs aSo-
reben? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema Zalian rTulia,
vinaidan Zaladobis msxverpl bavSvebsac ki
axasiaTebT TavianTi mzrunvelebisadmi mijaW-
vulobis ganviTareba. bavSvebma SeiZleba Sei-
baga-baRebis eqspertma
alison klark-stiuartma (Ali-
son Clarke-Sewart, 1993) Seajama
am sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebuli
samecniero literatura da
mogvca principebi, romlis
mixedviTac unda vixelmZRva-
neloT baga-baRebis xaris-
xianobis gansazRvrisas. qve-
moT mocemuli zogierTi re-
komendacia bavSvebis fizikur
komforts exeba:
baga-baRi fizikurad kom-
fortuli da usafrTxo unda
iyos.
yovel eqvs an Svid bav-
Svze unda iyos, sul mcire,
erTi aRmzrdeli (meti 3
wlamde asakis bavSvebisTvis).
danarCeni rekomendaciebi
dRis zrunvis centrebis mu-
Saobis saganmanaTleblo da
fsiqologiur aspeqtebs See-
xeba.
bavSvebs unda hqondeT
TamaSebis Tavisuflad arCe-
vis saSualeba, romelsac
drodadro TvalsaCino da
cxadi gakveTilebi daerTveba
Tan.
bavSvebs unda aswav-
lidnen socialuri proble-
mebis gadawyvetis unar-Cvevebs.
garda amisa, klark-stiu-
artma SemogvTavaza, rom baga-
baRis aRmzrdelebs kargi
mSoblebis Tvisebebic unda
hqondeT.
aRmzrdelebi unda pasu-
xobdnen bavSvebis moTxov-
nilebebs da aqtiurad unda
iyvnen CarTulni maT saqmia-
nobebSi.
aRmzrdelebi gaumar-
Tleblad ar unda zRudav-
dnen bavSvebs.
aRmzrdelebs unda SeeZ-
loT bavSvebis individualur
moTxovnilebebs Soris gan-
sxvavebebis danaxva.
Tu es kriteriumebi dak-
mayofilebulia, baga-baRSi
nebismieri bavSvis miyvana
SeiZleba, romlis mSoblebi
saxlis gareT muSaoben. baga-
baRi marTlac efeqturi rom
gaxdes, sazogadoebis zogadi
damokidebuleba unda Seic-
valos. pirvel rigSi, ada-
mianebma unda miiRon arse-
buli realoba da aRiaron,
rom bavSvebis mzardi rao-
denoba izrdeba baga-baRebSi
da, Sesabamisad, sazogadoebam
energia am baRebis xarisxis
gaumjobesebisaken unda war-
marTos (Fuller et al., 1996; Scarr et
al., 1990). meore, adamianebma
Zalisxmeva ar unda daiSuron
momuSave dedis~ da Tavad
baga-baRis mimarT araswori
damokidebulebis dasaZlevad
(Hoffman, 1989). Tuki fsiqo-
logebi gaavrceleben sazo-
gadoebaSi azrs imis Sesaxeb,
rom baga-baRi bavSvs arana-
irad ar vnebs, aramed, pir-
iqiT, SesaZloa, xelic ki Seu-
wyos mis ganviTarebas, mSob-
lebic naklebad inerviu-
loben imis gamo, rom uwevT
bavSvis baga-baRSi miyvana.
stresis aseTi Semcireba mxo-
lod gaaumjobesebs bavSvis
mTlian fsiqologiur ga-
remos.
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narCunon erTguleba sakuTari biologiuri oja-
xisadmi da imedovnebdnen, rom yvelaferi mogvar-
deba, Tu ukan daabruneben (Poulin, 1985). swored
amitom dResdReobiT bevri mkvlevari cdilobs
Carevis iseTi programebis SemuSavebas, raTa
moxerxdes ojaxis SenarCuneba da bavSvis ojaxSi
dabruneba im garemoebebis Secvlis gziT,
romlebic iwveven Zaladobas (Gillespie et al., 1995;
Skibinski, 1995).
am TavSi vnaxeT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens
bavSvobis gamocdileba Semdgom socialur ganvi-
Tarebaze. axla ki gadavinacvloT cxovrebis
Semdgom periodis _ mozardobis ganxilvaze.
mozardobaSi
am Tavis dasawyisSi mozardobisas mimdinare
fizikuri da kognituri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb
visaubreT. winamdebare qveTavSi vnaxavT, rom es
cvlilebebi fonad edeba socialur gamocdi-
lebas. vinaidan individma ukve miaRwia fizikuri
da gonebrivi simwifis garkveul dones, mis
winaSe axali socialuri da pirovnuli prob-
lemebi dgeba. pirvel rigSi, ganvixilavT, zoga-
dad, mozardobis gamocdilebas da Semdeg ki _
mozardis cvalebad socialur samyaros.
mozardoba
mozardoba tradiciulad ganixileboda, ro-
gorc cxovrebis mSfoTvare periodi, romelic
ganwyobilebis ukiduresi cvlilebebiTa da
rTuli, araprognozirebadi qceviT qariS-
xliTa da stresiT~ _ xasiaTdeba. es mosazreba
me-19 saukunis dasasrulisa da me-20 saukunis
dasawyisis romantikos mwerlebTanac, maT Soris
goeTesTanac, gvxvdeba. mozardobis qariSxliTa
da stresiT~ Teorias intensiurad icavda j.
stenli holi (G. Stenley Hall) _ Tanamedrove epoqis
pirveli fsiqologi, romelic dawvrilebiT
werda mozardebis ganviTarebaze (1904). holis
Semdeg am mosazrebis ZiriTadi damcvelebi iyvnen
fsiqoanalizis Teoretikosebi, romlebic froi-
dis tradiciis farglebSi muSaobdnen (maga-
liTad, Blos, 1965; Freud, 1946, 1958). zogierTi maT-
gani amtkicebda, rom aseTi vnebaTa qariSxali
mozardobis ara mxolod normaluri nawilia,
aramed misi ararseboba ganviTarebis Seferxebaze
miuTiTebs. ana froidi werda, rom normaluroba
mozardobis periodSi TavisTavad aranorma-
luria~ (1958, p. 275).
kulturuli anTropologiis ori pioneri
margaret midi (Margaret Mead, 1928) da ruT
benediqti (Ruth Benedict, 1938) Tvlidnen, rom
qariSxlisa da stresis~ Teoria gamousadegaria
mravali aradasavluri kulturisaTvis. maT
aRweres kulturebi, sadac bavSvebi TandaTa-
nobiT, yovelgvari araprognozirebadi stresuli
gardamavali periodisa da vnebaTaRelvis gareSe,
mozrdilebisTvis Cveul ufro da ufro met
pasuxismgeblobebs iReben sakuTar Tavze. mxo-
lod mas Semdeg daiwyes fsiqologebma vnebaTa-
Relvis Teoriis eWvqveS dayeneba, rac dasavluri
kulturis mozardebis farTomasStabiani kvle-
vebi Catarda. am kvlevebis Sedegebi adasturebda
Semdegs: _ mozardTa mcire raodenoba Tu ga-
nicdis im Sinagan mRelvarebasa da araprogno-
zirebad qcevas, romelTac maT miaweren (Offer &
Schonert-Reichl, 1992). cxrilSi 11.6 mocemulia 20
aTasze meti mozardis fsiqologiuri adaptaciis
kvlevis ZiriTadi Sedegebi (Offer et al., 1981a).
samwuxarod, im mozardebs, romlebic Znelad
eguebian cvalebad pirobebs, mosalodnelia, rom
mogvianebiT, mozrdilobaSic axasiaTebdeT
aseTive sirTuleebi (Offer et al., 1998; Stattin &
Magnusson, 1996). ganvixiloT gamokvleva, ro-
melmac aCvena Zlieri kavSiri mozardTa qceviT
problemebsa da mozrdilobaSi ganxorcielebul
kriminalur qcevas Soris.
cxrili
11.6
normaluri mozardis fsiqologiuri me
debuleba
mozardTa procenti,
romelic eTanxmeba
TiToeul debulebas
normalur pirobebSi Tavs
mSvidad vgrZnob.
siamovnebas viReb cxovre-
bisagan.
Cveulebriv, Tavs vakon-
troleb.
Tavs janmrTelad da
Zlierad vgrZnob.
ZiriTadad, bednieri var.
kargi xumroba maSinac
maniWebs siamovnebas, roca
sevdiani, mowyenili var.
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saidan
viciT
mozardTa agresiulobis Sedegebi
farTomasStabian longitudur kvlevaSi
10-13 wlis mozardebs Seiswavlidnen, rom-
lebic SvedeTis tipuri qalaqis skolaSi
swavlobdnen. maT yofaqcevis daxasiaTebasa
(maswavleblebis daxasiaTebebis mixedviT)
da biologiur funqcionirebas adarebdnen
maT mier cxovrebis Semdgom periodSi (18-
26 wlis asakSi) kriminaluri qcevis, an
sxva saxis antisocialuri qmedebebis
ganxorcielebis albaTobas. im biWebTan,
romlebic adreul agresiulobasa da
mousvenrobas (hiperaqtiurobas) avlendnen,
gacilebiT metad iyo mosalodneli iseT
mozrdilad Camoyalibeba, romelic sis-
xlis samarTlis danaSauls Caidenda. gar-
da amisa, adreuli adaptaciis problemebis
ufro mZime paternebi korelirebda adap-
taciis iseT problemebTan, rogoricaa lo-
Toba da fsiqiatriuli zedamxedvelobis
qveS yofna. suraTi 11.10 gviCvenebs, Tu
ramdenad ukavSirdeba adreuli agresiu-
loba mozrdilis kriminalur qcevas
(Magnusson, 1987; Magnusson & Bergman, 1990).
aqedan gamomdinare, mozardTa problemebi ar
unda miewerebodes qariSxlisa da stresis~
miTs; es ar iqneboda swori. imis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT, rom mozardebi suicidis maRali riskiT
xasiaTdebian, yvelam, vinc urTierTobs aseT
mozardebTan, gulwrfeli yuradReba unda
miaqcios maT (Garland & Zigler, 1993).
mozardobis zogadi gamocdilebis ganxilvis
Semdeg gadavideT ufro konkretul sakiTxze
rogor mimdinareobs mozardobisas identobis
(pirovnuli individualurobis) formireba. cxov-
rebis ciklis eriksoniseul TeoriaSi mozar-
dobis ZiriTadi amocanaa namdvili identobis
aRmoCena. Cven vnaxavT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens
socialuri urTierTobebi da momavlis miznebi
identobis gancdis formirebaSi.
socialuri urTierTobebi
mozardTa socialuri ganviTarebis kvlevebSi
ojaxisa (an mozardze mzrunvelisa) da megob-
rebis rolebis Secvlaze fokusirdebian (Bukowski
et al., 1998; Paikoff, 1991). ukve vnaxeT, rom mozr-
dilebisadmi mijaWvuloba dabadebis Semdeg ma-
leve yalibdeba. aseve, bavSvebs adreuli asakidan
hyavT megobrebi. mozardoba pirveli periodia,
rodesac Tanatolebi ecilebian mSoblebs
pirovnebis ganwyobebisa da qcevebis formirebaSi.
TanatolebTan urTierTobis procesSi mozardebi
TandaTanobiT sazRvraven TavianTi ganviTa-
rebadi identobebis socialur komponents _
sazRvraven, rogor adamianebad surT yofna da
rogori urTierTobebi surT, rom hqondeT (Berndt,
1992; Hartup, 1996). amitom mozardebi da maTi
megobrebi xSirad mWidrod Sekrul jgufebs
qmnian, magaliTad, rodesac saqme exeba narko-
tikebis miRebas (Dinges & Oetting, 1993).
vinaidan mozardobaSi Tanatolebis jgufi
socialuri mxardaWeris mzardi mniSvnelovnebis
wyarod iqceva, matulobs maTgan SesaZlo
uaryofiT gamowveuli SfoTvac. amis Sedegad
viTardeba Tanatolebis faseulobebisadmi da
qcevebisadmi damyoloba _ Tanatolebis zewola,
romlisac ase eSiniaT mSoblebs da romelic
mozardobis agresiuloba da
mozrdilobis kriminaluri qceva
grafikze mocemulia individTa raodenoba,
romelTac 13 wlis asakSi agresiulobis sxva-
dasxva dones miaRwies da maT mier 18-26 wlis
asakSi kriminaluri qcevis Cadenis procenti.
kriminaluri qceva seriozulad iqna miCneu-
li, Tu Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi sanqcia Sve-
deTis kanonebis mixedviT, sul mcire, erTi
TviT Tavisuflebis aRkveTas gulisxmobda.
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suraTi
11.10
440
Tavis piks daaxloebiT 12-13 wlis asakSi aRwevs
(Brown, 1989). Tanatolebis mxridan zewolis
SesaZleblobis gamo, mSoblebi xSirad ganicdian,
rom maT konkurencia unda gauwion sakuTari
Svilis megobrebs, raTa daicvan isini saziano
ganwyobebisa da qcevebis ganviTarebisgan. Tumca,
simarTlesTan ufro axlos dgas is faqti, rom
zogadad, mozardebi, cxovrebiseuli gamoc-
dilebis sxvadasxva kategoriis Sesaxeb saubroben
mSoblebTan da TanatolebTan. magaliTad,
mozardebi miuTiTeben, rom maT skolaSi miR-
weuli warmatebebis ganxilva gansakuTrebiT
urCevniaT mSoblebTan da ara _ megobrebTan,
Tumca, megobrebTan gacilebiT meti xalisiT
saubroben paemanze momxdar ambebsa da seqsze,
vidre _ mSoblebTan (Youniss & Smollar, 1985). amrigad,
mSoblebma, romelTac surT sakuTari Svilebis
megobrebTan Sejibri~ garkveul sferoebSi, unda
gamoZebnon saSualebebi, romliTac sakuTar
mozard Svilebs megobrebis~ Temebze aalapa-
rakeben.
garda amisa, mSoblebisa da maTi mozardi
Svilebis urTierToba, romelSic mSobeli erTad-
erTi da upirobo avtoritetia, unda gadaizardos
iseT urTierTobaSi, romelSic mozards keTil-
gonierad eZleva damoukidebloba, anu avtonomia
mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas (Allen
& Land, 1999; Holmbeck & ODonnell, 1991). aseTi
gadasvla Zneli iqneba im mSoblebisTvis, rom-
lebic, miuxedavad imisa, rom aRiareben maTi
Svilis mozrdil adamianad Camoyalibebas da
saSualebas aZleven mas, rom maTgan gansxvavebuli
mosazrebebi hqondes, mainc iZlevian araswori
nabijebis gadadgmis _ araswori gadawyveti-
lebebis miRebis uflebas, ramac SeiZleba arasa-
surveli gavlena iqonios mis momavalze.
saidan
viciT
mozardisa da mSoblebis konfliqtebi
hon-kongSi
erTnairia Tu ara sxvadasxva kulturaSi
mozardebis konfliqtebi mSoblebTan?
mkvlevrebi hon-kongSi mcxovrebi Cineli
mozardebis konfliqtebiT dainteresdnen,
vinaidan dasavlur kulturebTan SedarebiT,
Cinuri kultura nakleb aqcents akeTebs
avtonomiurobaze (Semdgom TavebSi ufro
dawvrilebiT visaubrebT kulturul gan-
sxvavebebze). meSvide, mecxre da meTormete
klaselebs sTxoves, SeedginaT mSoblebTan
arsebuli maTTvis aqtualuri konfliqtebis
sia da ganesazRvraT maTi simwvave da
sixSire. maT, aseve, sTxoves, gaemarTlebinaT
TavianTi qceva konfliqtur situaciaSi:
ratom fiqrobT, rom SegiZliaT amis
gakeTeba (an argakeTeba)~? Cineli mozar-
debisTvis Cveuli iyo saSualo sixSirisa
da simwvavis konfliqtebi, ZiriTadad,
dedebTan, iseTi yoveldRiuri sakiTxebis
Taobaze, rogoricaa telefoniT laparaki
da televizoris yureba. amasTanave, maT
mier poziciis gamarTleba, ZiriTadad,
asaxavda damoukideblobis damkvidrebis
moTxovnilebas an sakuTari individualu-
robis gamokveTis mcdelobas sakuTari gada-
wyvetilebebis miRebis saSualebiT. amgva-
rad, im kulturebSic ki, sadac naklebad
aris aqcentirebuli mozardTa avtonomia,
mSoblebsa da mozardebs Soris kon-
fliqtebi xSirad mainc individualurobis
damkvidrebis survilis irgvliv fokusir-
deba (Yau & Smetana, 1996).
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winamdebare gamokvleva ganamtkicebs mosazre-
bas imis Taobaze, rom mozardobis periodSi
Svilisa da mSoblis urTierToba maSin icvleba,
rodesac Svili ufro naklebad xdeba damo-
kidebuli mSoblebis avtoritetze. miuxedavad
imisa, rom mozardobis wlebSi, garkveulwilad,
icvleba megobrebTan damokidebuleba (Shulman,
1993), es cvlilebebi mozardebis erTmaneTze
damokidebulebis momatebas ufro asaxavs, vidre
urTierTobaSi (Tanasworuflebianobis Tvalsaz-
risiT) poziciebis cvlilebas. amrigad, mSobeli-
Svilis urTierTobaSi konfliqtis ufro meti
potencialia Cadebuli, vidre _ Tanatolebis
urTierTobaSi.
identobis ganviTareba, saboloo jamSi, mozar-
disagan iseTi damoukidebeli Sexedulebebisa
da prioritetebis Camoyalibebas iTxovs, romel-
Sic gaTvaliswinebul iqneba mSoblebisa da
Tanatolebis poziciebi, Tumca, ar iqneba maTi
ubralo asaxva. mTavaria, rom mozardma garemoSi
socialuri mxardaWeris stabiluri wyaro
ipovos (Bacher et al., 1997; Fuligni, 1997). amgvari so-
cialuri mxardaWera mas momavlis dagegmvis
saSualebas miscems. swored am sakiTxs ganvi-
xilavT qvemoT.
momavlis miznebi
mozardoba aris periodi, rodesac individma
seriozulad unda gasces pasuxi maradiul
SekiTxvas: vin unda iyo, roca gaizrdebi?~
albaT, gaxsovT, rom es Tavi 16 wlis biWis
fiqriT daviwyeT imis Taobaze, Tu ra eloda
mas momavalSi, warsulidan gamomdinare. kiTxva
vin unda iyo~? TavisTavad asaxavs gavrcelebul
daSvebas, rom individebis identobas, nawi-
lobriv, maTi miznebi ganamtkicebs. momavali
profesiis arCeva, magaliTad, identobis formi-
rebis ZiriTad sakiTxebs moicavs: esaa individis
SesaZleblobebisa da interesebis Sefaseba,
realuri alternativebis moazrebisa da arCevanis
gakeTebis da misi realurad ganxorcielebis
unari. mozardebs sakuTari momavali piradi da
sazogadoebrivi TvalsazrisiT afiqrebs. isini
Relaven rogorc sakuTari saqmianobisa da
ojaxis, ise _ ekonomikuri kolafsis globaluri
safrTxis, an birTvuli omis gamo (Nurmi, 1991).
garda amisa, mozardebi mZafrad SeigrZnoben,
Tu rogor unda ganviTardes maTi cxovreba asakis
momatebasTan erTad: _ jer ganaTleba unda
miiRon, Semdeg profesias unda daeuflon, bolos
ki ojaxi unda Seqmnan. TiToeul dasaxelebul
etapze miznebis formireba genderuli rolebis,
ojaxuri garemosa da arsebuli resursebis
gaTvaliswinebiT xdeba.
cxadia, yvela mozardi erTsa da imaves ar
elodeba momavlisgan. mkvlevrebma Seiswavles
is socialuri da pirovnuli procesebi, rom-
liTac SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros, Tu rogor
isaxaven mozardebi miznebs.
saidan
viciT
miswrafebebisa da molodinebis
socialuri konteqsti
mkvlevrebis jgufma Seiswavla mcire
da saSualoSemosavliani ojaxebidan gamo-
suli biWebis profesiuli miswrafebebi
da molodinebi. miswrafebebi gulisxmobda
imas, Tu ra samuSaos airCevdnen biWebi
nebismieri samuSaos arCeva rom SeeZloT~,
roca gaizrdebian; molodinebi ki _ iseT
samuSaos, romelsac savaraudod miiReben~,
roca gaizrdebian. kvlevaSi monawileob-
dnen Raribi da mdidari ubnebis skolebis
meore, meoTxe, meeqvse da merveklaselebi.
suraTi 11.11 gviCvenebs miswrafebebsa da
molodinebs iseTi saqmianobebis mimarT,
romelic ar gulisxobs fizikur Sromas
(magaliTad, mosamarTle an eqimi). Tumca,
ar aris gasakviri, rom Raribi ubnebis
bavSvebs naklebi molodinebi hqondaT.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom am asakSi maT
miswrafebebis maCvenebelic dabali hqon-
daT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Raribi
ubnebidan gamosul bavSvebs azradac ki
ar mosdiodaT iseT samuSaoze ocneba, rom-
lis miRebis SesaZleblobaSi ar iyvnen
darwmunebulni (Cook et al., 1996).
cxadia, Tu mozardebs ar aqvT miswrafeba
samuSaosadmi, isini verc miiReben mas. ra unda
gakeTdes Raribi ubnebidan gamosuli bavSvebis
miswrafebebisa da molodinebis Sesacvlelad?
am kvlevis Sedegebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom bavSvebis
molodinebze gavlenas axdenda maTi molodini
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ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebiT, anu molodini
imisa, Tu ramdenad hqondaT saganmanaTleblo
sarbielze winsvlis unari. Sesabamisad, Raribi
ubnebidan gamosuli bavSvebis mier momavlis
aRqmis Secvla, saboloo jamSi, saganmanaTleblo
reformas saWiroebs, romelic SesaZleblobas
miscems yvela moswavles, irwmunos swavlis
mniSvneloba da Sedegianoba.
mozardobis dasasruls arCeulma miznebma _
rogori ganaTleba miiRos da ra profesias
daeuflos _ SeiZleba arsebiTi gavlena moax-
dinos mozardis momavalze. Tumca, identobis
yvela aspeqtis msgavsad, miznebis dasaxvis
gaazreba ukeTesi iqneba cxovrebis mTliani
ciklis konteqstSi. mozardobisas miRweuli
warmatebebi safuZvels umzadebs mozrdili
adamianis ganviTarebas.
mozrdilobaSi
eriksonma mozrdilobis periodisTvis ori
mTavari amocana dasaxa: intimuroba da produq-
tuloba. froidma gansazRvra zrdasrulobis
moTxovnilebebi _ Lieben und Arbeiten _ siyvaruli
da samuSao. abraham masloum (1968, 1970) cxovrebis
am periodis moTxovnilebebi aRwera, rogorc
siyvaruli da mikuTvnebuloba, romelic dak-
mayofilebis SemTxvevaSi warmatebisa da pativis-
cemis moTxovnilebaSi gadaizrdeba. sxva
Teoretikosebi am moTxovnilebebs afiliaciis
an socialuri miRebis da miRwevis an kompeten-
turobis moTxovnilebas uwodeben. yvela es
Teoria iziarebs mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom
mozrdiloba aris periodi, rodesac gansakuT-
rebulad mniSvnelovania socialuri urTierTo-
bebi da pirovnuli miRwevebi.
intimuroba
eriksoni intimurobas aRwerda, rogorc meore
adamianisadmi srul emociur, seqsualur da
moralur ndobas. intimurobisTvis, romelic
SeiZleba axasiaTebdes rogorc megobrul, ise
_ sasiyvarulo urTierTobebs, aucilebelia gax-
sniloba, gambedaoba, eTikuri Zala da, Cveu-
lebriv, meore adamianis survilebisadmi gar-
kveuli damyoloba. kvlevebi adasturebs erik-
sonis hipoTezas imis Taobaze, rom socialuri
intimuroba fsiqologiuri keTildReobis gan-
cdis winapirobaa mTeli mozrdili cxovrebis
manZilze (Ishii-Kuntz, 1990). suraTi 11.12 gviCvenebs,
rom am dros ojaxis wevrebTan da megobrebTan
urTierToba periodulad anacvlebs erTmaneTs,
rac adamianis mier sakuTari keTildReobis
sakmaod mdgrad gancdas ganapirobebs. mxardaWe-
suraTi
11.11
profesiuli miswrafebebi da
molodinebi
Raribi da saSualo Semosavlis mqone
ojaxebidan gamosul biWebs hkiTxes,
Tu rogor samuSaos isurvebdnen isi-
ni momavalSi yvelaze metad (miswrafe-
bebi) da, maTi azriT, rogor samuSaos
iSovidnen (molodinebi) realurad.
Sedegebis mixedviT, Raribi ojaxebidan
gamosul biWebs ara mxolod mokrZa-
lebuli molodinebi, aramed nakle-
bad ambiciuri miswrafebebic aqvT.
intimuroba (intimacy) _ meore adamianisadmi sru-
lad _ emociurad, seqsualurad da moralurad
_ mindobis unari.
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ris am wyaroebis urTierTmonacvleoba, nawi-
lobriv, asaxavs TiToeul asakobriv periodTan
dakavSirebul mniSvnelovan cxovrebiseul
movlenebs. vnaxoT, ra kavSirebia es.
axalgazrdoba aris periodi, rodesac mravali
adamiani qmnis ojaxs, an sxva saxis stabilur
urTierTobebs amyarebs. Sesabamisad, jgufi,
romelsac ojaxi hqvia, farTovdeba. istoriulad,
mozrdilTa urTierTobebisa da ojaxebis kvle-
vebis umravlesoba fokusirebuli iyo `standar-
tul~ konfiguraciaze: deda, mama da bavSvebiT
savse saxli. Tumca, vinaidan adamianebis ojaxebis
realoba icvleba, mkvlevrebi Seecadnen,
aReweraT da SeeswavlaT am cvlilebis Sedegebi
(Mason et al., 1998). magaliTad, dResdReobiT
kvlevebi fokusirdeba imaze, Tu rogor amyareben
da inarCuneben xangrZliv urTierTobebs homoseq-
sualuri wyvilebi (James & Murphy, 1998). gamokvle-
vebis Tanaxmad, heteroseqsualTa da homo-
seqsualTa urTierTobebis SenarCunebis stra-
tegiebi sakmaod msgavsia: orive tipis wyvilebi,
magaliTad, siaxlovis SenarCunebas funqciebis
ganawilebiTa da erToblivi saqmianobiT cdilo-
ben (Haas & Stafford, 1998). Tumca, maTdami arakeTil-
ganwyobili sazogadoebisTvis winaaRmdegobis
gasawevad, homoseqsualur wyvilebs mTeli rigi
damatebiTi zomebis miReba uwevT, magaliTad,
sazogadoebaSi yofnisas sakuTari urTierTobis
dafarva. zogierT heteroseqsualur wyvilsac
mudmivad uwevs dausrulebeli dabrkolebebis
gadalaxva sazogadoebis mxridan aRiarebis
mosapoveblad. gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom
intereTnikuri wyvilebic awydebian crurwmenebs,
rac uaryofiTad moqmedebs da amcirebs xan-
grZlivi urTierTobebis SenarCunebis SesaZleb-
lobas (Chan & Wethington, 1998; Wilson & Jacobson,
1995).
TiToeuli saxis aseTi urTierToba zrdis
ojaxis rols zrdasruli adamianebis socialur
cxovrebaSi. ojaxi maSinac farTovdeba, rodesac
wyvili Tavis cxovrebaSi bavSvebis CarTvas
gadawyvets. SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, magram bavSvis
dabadebam, SesaZloa, safrTxe Seuqmnas wyvilis
bednierebas. ratom unda iyos ase? mkvlevrebi
daakvirdnen, Tu rogor icvlebian qalebi da
mamakacebi bavSvis gaCenis Semdeg da rogor
iReben mSoblis rols (Cowan & Cowan, 1998, 2000).
warsulisgan gansxvavebiT, Tanamedrove dasavlur
sazogadoebaSi qorwineba, xSir SemTxvevaSi,
suraTi
11.12
socialuri urTierTobe-
bis gavlena keTildRe-
obaze
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze oja-
xis wevrebTan da megobrebTan ur-
TierToba periodulad anacvlebs
erTmaneTs, rac ganapirobebs ada-
mianTa mier sakuTari keTildReo-
bis sakmaod mdgrad gancdas.
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qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobis princips
efuZneba. Tumca, bavSvis dabadebam qals da mama-
kacs ufro tradiciuli genderuli rolebis
Sesrulebisken SeiZleba ubiZgos. cols SeiZleba
zedmet tvirTad daawves bavSvis movla, qmars ki
_ gazrdili ojaxis materialuri uzrunvelyo-
fa. sabolood, Sedegi SeiZleba is iyos, rom
bavSvis dabadebis Semdeg qorwineba arc ise sasi-
amovno aRmoCndes orive meuRlisTvis (Cowan et
al., 1985). miuxedavad imisa, rom naklebad aris
nakvlevi (orive sqesis) homoseqsualuri wyvi-
lebi, romlebic bavSvebs zrdian, arsebuli mona-
cemebis mixedviT, rogorc mosalodnelia, maT
naklebad awuxebT genderuli rolebis ganawi-
lebis sakiTxi mSoblis funqciebTan mimarTebaSi
da, Sesabamisad, naklebad aisaxeba kidec es maT
urTierTobaze.
bevri heteroseqsualuri wyvilisaTvis qorwi-
nebiT kmayofileba mcirdeba konfliqtebis gamo,
rodesac Svili an Svilebi mozardobis peri-
odSi imyofebian. kulturuli stereotipebis
miuxedavad, mSoblebi xSirad mouTmenlad
elodebian, rodesac umcrosi Svilic wava sax-
lidan da isini cariel budeSi~ darCebian
(Lowenthal & Chiriboga, 1972). mSoblebi yvelaze met
siamovnebasa da sixaruls maSin iReben Svileb-
Tan urTierTobiT, rodesac isini erT WerqveS
aRar cxovroben (Levenson et al., 1993). xom ar
gadaifiqreT bavSvebis gaCena? imedia, ara. Cveni
mizani, rogorc yovelTvis, im gamokvlevebis
Sedegebis Tqvenamde motanaa, romelic Tqveni
sakuTari cxovrebis mosalodneli paternebis
codnasa da interpretirebaSi dagexmarebaT. Tqven
SegiZliaT gaiazroT, Tu ra nabijebis gadadgma
SegiZliaT, raTa sanatrelma Svilma ar dagingri-
oT siamovneba, romelsac urTierTobiT iRebT.
Tuki, zogadad, qorwineba ufro metad
bednieri xdeba, rodesac col-qmari gviani
zrdasrulobis periodis miaRwevs, yvelam unda
ecados qorwinebis SenarCunebas am dromde?
mkvlevrebs surT, rom Tavidanve SeeZloT imis
garkveva, Tu romeli wyvili ar ewyoba erTmaneTs,
magaliTad, urTierTobis Camoyalibebuli
paternebis mixedviT, da romel wyvilebs SeuZ-
liaT im or mesamedSi moxvedrisTvis Tavis
arideba, romelic dResdReobiT ganqorwinebiT
mTavrdeba (Gottman, 1994; Karney & Bradbury 1995).
Tumca, erTi ram cxadia: aradamakmayofilebeli
qorwinebis SenarCunebis Sedegebi qalisTvis
ufro mZimea, vidre mamakacisTvis.
saidan
viciT
cudi qorwinebis Sedegebi
mkvlevrebma Seiswavles 82 Suaxnis wyvi-
li (sadac ufrosi meuRle 40-50 wlis
iyo), romlebic, sul mcire, 15 wlis daqor-
winebulni iyvnen da 74 asakovani wyvili
(sadac ufrosi meuRle 60-70 wlis iyo),
romlebic, sul mcire, 35 wlis daqor-
winebulni iyvnen. TiToeuli asakobrivi
jgufi or jgufad daiyo: qorwinebiT
kmayofilni da qorwinebiT ukmayofiloni.
mkvlevrebma Seiswavles maTi fsiqikuri
da fizikuri janmrTelobis mdgomareoba.
kvlevam aCvena, rom qorwinebiT kmayo-
fileba didad ar zemoqmedebda mamakacebze,
Tumca, qalebis SemTxvevaSi fizikuri da
fsiqikuri janmrTeloba SedarebiT gauare-
sebuli iyo qorwinebiT ukmayofiloTa
jgufSi (Levenson et al., 1985).
ratom aisaxeba cudi qorwineba ufro metad
qalebze? mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom qalebi
ufro metad iReben sakuTar Tavze arajansaRi
qorwinebis gaumjobesebaze pasuxismgeblobas,
maSin, roca mamakacebi konfliqtidan ganze
gadgomas amjobineben. rogorc me-13 TavSi vnaxavT,
mudmivi winaaRmdegobiT gamowveulma stresma
SeiZleba seriozuli ziani miayenos janmrTe-
lobas. amasTan, yuradReba miaqcieT, rom qalebTan
ufro metia albaToba imisa, rom meuRleze
didxans icxovron, vidre mamakacTan. xSirad es
niSnavs, rom maT unda gaiaron ori periodi
arajanmrTel moxucebul qmarze zrunvis da
glovisa da finansuri arastabilurobis (Carsten-
sen & Pasupathi., 1993). mozrdilTa ganviTarebis
sxva sakiTxebis msgavsad, mkvlevrebi mxolod
axla iwyeben xandazmulobaSi siaxlovis im
Taviseburebebis kvlevas, rac homoseqsualur
da sxva aranormatiul urTierTobebs axasiaTebs.
meuRlis an partnioris gardacvalebaze msje-
lobisas isev mivediT erT-erT mizezamde, rom-
liTac garSemomyofebTan urTierTobis aqcenti
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cxovrebis bolosken ojaxidan megobrebze gadai-
nacvlebs (ix. suraTi 11.12). moxucebulobaze
stereotipuli mosazrebis mixedviT, xnovani
adamianebi ufro metad ganmartoebulebi xdebian.
miuxedavad imisa, rom isini SeiZleba marTlac
mcire raodenobis adamianebTan urTierTobdnen,
am urTierTobaTa buneba ise icvleba, rom sru-
liad akmayofilebs intimurobis moTxovnilebas.
am tendencias kargad asaxavs seleqciuri
socialuri urTierTobebis Teoria, romlis
mixedviTac, asakis momatebasTan erTad adamianebi
ufro seleqciurebi (SerCeviTni) xdebian im
socialuri partniorebis arCevisas, vinc maT
emociur moTxovnilebebs akamyofilebs. laura
karstensenis (Laura Carstensen, 1991, 1998) mixedviT,
SerCeviTi urTierToba, SesaZloa, emociuri
gamocdilebis regulirebisa da fizikuri
energiis dazogvis praqtikuli saSualeba iyos.
xandazmulebi aqtiurad arian CarTulni zo-
gierTi adamianis, kerZod, ojaxis wevrebisa da
didi xnis megobrebis cxovrebaSi.
modiT, es qveTavi imave mosazrebiT davas-
ruloT, romliTac daviwyeT: socialuri in-
timuroba, anu siaxlove fsiqologiuri keTil-
dReobis winapirobas warmoadgens. gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba aqvs socialuri urTierTobebis
xarisxs da ara raodenobas. xanSi SesvlasTan
erTad, adamianebi intimurobis moTxovnilebis
dacvas iseTi adamianebis arCeviT cdiloben,
romlebic saukeTesod SeZleben emociuri mxar-
daWeris uzrunvelyofas.
axla ganvixiloT mozrdilis ganviTarebis
meore aspeqti _ qmnadoba.
qmnadoba
adamianebs, romlebmac intimuri urTierTo-
bebis myari safuZveli Seqmnes, ufro metad
SeuZliaT yuradRebis warmarTva qmnadobaze, rac,
sakuTari Tavis garda, ojaxis, samsaxuris, sazo-
gadoebis Tu momavali Taobebis interesebisTvis
moRvaweobas da maTze zrunvas gulisxmobs.
rogorc wesi, qmnadoba Zalze mniSvnelovani
aspeqtia 30-40 wels miRweuli adamianis
ganviTarebis procesSi (McAdams & de St. Aubin,
1998). ufro didi masStabis miRwevebsa da nayo-
fierebaze orientacia adamianebs fsiqologiuri
keTildReobis gancdis damkvidrebis SesaZ-
leblobas aZlevs, rac ganvlili siymawvilis
bunebrivi nostalgiis anazRaurebaa.
saidan
viciT
cxovrebis Sedegebi da qmnadoba
XX saukunis ocdaaTiani wlebidan
jorj vailantma (George Vaillant) inter-
viuirebisa da dakvirvebis meTodiT Seis-
wavla 95 uaRresad inteleqtualuri mama-
kacis pirovnuli ganviTareba kolejis dam-
Tavrebidan 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi. droTa
ganmavlobaSi mravalma maTganma udidesi
cvlilebebi ganicada da maTi gviandeli
qceva xSirad sruliad gansxvavdeboda
kolejSi yofnis dros Cveuli qcevisgan.
interviu moicavda kiTxvebs fizikuri jan-
mrTelobis, socialuri urTierTobebis da
samsaxurebrivi miRwevebis Sesaxeb. 30wli-
ani periodis dasrulebis Semdeg SearCies
da erTmaneTs Seadares saukeTeso da uaresi
Sedegebis mqone mamakacTa 30-30 kaciani
ori jgufi (ix. cxrili 11.7). saukeTeso
miRwevebis mqone mamakacebi cxovrebis Sua
periodSi dakavebulni iyvnen qmnadobis
amocanebiT, iRebdnen ra sxvebze pasuxis-
mgeblobas da garkveuli wvlili Seh-
qondaT sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi. maTi
pirovnuli momwifebuloba maTi Svilebis
ganviTarebasac ukavSirdeboda pirovnu-
lad metad momwifebul mamebs ukeT SeeZ-
loT TavianTi SvilebisTvis gare samya-
rosTan adaptaciaSi saTanado daxmarebis
gaweva (Vaillant, 1997).
seleqciuri socialuri urTierTobebis Teoria
(selective social interaction theory) _ mosazreba, rom-
lis mixedviTac, asakis matebasTan erTad ada-
mianebi ufro seleqciurebi (SerCeviTni) xdebian
im socialuri partniorebis arCevisas, vinc
maT emociur moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebs.
qmnadoba (generativity) _ sakuTari Tavis garda,
ojaxis, samsaxuris, sazogadoebis Tu momavali
Taobebis interesebisTvis moRvaweobas da maTze
zrunvas gulisxmobs. rogorc wesi, qmnadoba
Zalze mniSvnelovani aspeqtia 30-40 wels miR-
weuli adamianis ganviTarebis procesSi.
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es kvleva gviCvenebs qmnadobis winapirobebs:
saukeTeso miRwevebis mqone mamakacebs cxovrebis
sxva aspeqtebi sakmarisad stabiluri (mogva-
rebuli) unda hqonodaT, raTa maT TavianTi
resursebi gareT, momaval Taobebze miemarTaT.
rodesac Suaxnis (saSualo asaki 52 weli) da
xnier (saSualo asaki 74 weli) adamianebs hkiTxes,
Tu ras niSnavda cxovrebasTan kargad adapti-
rebuli pirovneba, orive jgufSi yvelaze xSiri
pasuxi iyo sxvebze orientirebuli~ _ mzrun-
veli, TanamgrZnobi da kargi urTierTobebis
mqone (Ryff, 1989). es aris qmnadobis arsi.
modiT, isic aRvniSnoT, rom xanSi Sesul
adamianTa umravlesoba ganvlil cxovrebas
keTildReobis im gancdiT uyurebs, romelic
ucvlelad gamohyva axalgazrdobis wlebidan
(Carstensen & Freund, 1994). rogorc socialuri
urTierTobebis ganxilvisas vnaxeT, xnovanoba
is periodia, rodesac xdeba miznebis wanacvleba;
prioritetebi icvleba, roca naTelia, rom
momavali arc ise usazRvro da usasruloa. Tumca,
prioritetebis aseTi cvlis fonze xnovani
adamianebi inarCuneben TavianTi cxovrebis
faseulobis gancdas. mozrdilobis ukanaskneli
krizisi eriksonma gansazRvra, rogorc kon-
fliqti mTlianobasa da sasowarkveTas Soris.
monacemebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, vTqvaT, rom
arc ise bevri xnovani adamiani uyurebs ganvlil
cxovrebas sasowarkveTiT. maT umravlesobaSi
ganvlili cxovreba da momavali mTlianobis
gancdasa da kmayofilebas badebs.
gviani mozrdilobis kulturuli
konteqsti
Cven mier ganxiluli kvlevebi, romlebic
axalgazrdobas, mowifulobasa da xnovanebas
Seexeboda, gviCvenebs, rom ganviTareba uwyveti
procesi ufroa, vidre wyvetili. ar arsebobs
konkretuli momenti, rodesac adamiani ucbad
moxucebulad iqceva. miuxedavad amisa, aSkaraa,
rom cxovrebis ukanaskneli periodis Sesaxeb
arsebobs kulturiT ganpirobebuli Zlieri
rwmenebi da molodinebi (Featherstone & Wernick,
1995). mkvlevrebma dokumenturad daafiqsires es
molodinebi. maT moagroves stereotipebi,
romlebic student-axalgazrdebs hqondaT
TavianTi bebiebisa da babuebis Taobis war-
momadgenlebis mimarT. am kvlevam aCvena, rom
axalgazrdebs araerTi stereotipi aqvT moxu-
saukeTeso da uaresi miRwevebis mqone cdis pirebs Soris sxvaoba fsiqosocialuri
mowifulobis faqtorebis mixedviT
cxrili
11.7
uaresi
miRwevebi
(30 piri)
saukeTeso
miRwevebi
(30 piri)
pirovnebis mTlianobis gancda kolejSi, romelic kolejSi swavlis
dros qvemodan mexuTe procentils miekuTvneba
dedis dominireba zrdasrulobis periodSi
megobrobis/megobrebis nakleboba 50 wlis asakSi
dauqorwinebloba 30 wlis asakisaTvis
pesimizmi, sakuTar TavSi daurwmunebloba, pasiuroba da seqsis SiSi 50
wlis asakSi
bavSvobaSi Raribi garemo
samuSao, romelsac amJamad asrulebT, naklebad gulisxmobs
xelmZRvanelis movaleobebis Sesrulebas
cdis pirebi, romelTa profesiuli arCevani mamasTan idenTifikacias
asaxavs
Svilebis miRwevebi aRiwereba, rogorc kargi an saukeTeso.
0%
0%
0%
3%
3%
17%
20%
60%
66%
33%
40%
57%
37%
50%
47%
93%
27%
23%
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cebis mimarT (Brewer et. al., 1981; Brewer & Lui, 1989).
moxucebisadmi damokidebuleba icvleba ste-
reotipidan stereotipamde. axalgazrda mozr-
dilebs SedarebiT dadebiTi damokidebuleba
aqvT srulyofili bebiisadmi an babuisadmi~
da SedarebiT uaryofiTi _ uRimRamo~ moxu-
cisadmi (Schmidt & Boland, 1986). miuxedavad amisa,
zogadi stereotipi uaryofiTia, gansakuTrebiT
fizikuri mimzidvelobisa da gonebrivi SesaZleb-
lobebis daqveiTebis mimarT (Kite & Johnson, 1988;
Sharps et al., 1998).
asakovani adamianebis mimarT uaryofiTi
stereotipis erT-erTi Sedegia konkretuli cru-
rwmena, romelsac asakis mixedviT diskriminacias
anu eijizms uwodeben. mas Tan sdevs xandazmulTa
diskriminacia, rac zRudavs maT SesaZleblobebs,
axdens maT izolirebas da xels uwyobs sakuTar
Tavze uaryofiTi warmodgenis Seqmnas. xSirad
fsiqologebi Tavad arian damnaSaveni aseTi
diskriminaciis gavrcelebaSi im terminologiis
gamo, romelsac isini iyeneben (Schaie, 1993).
ukanaskneli 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi dawerili
139 studenturi naSromis Seswavlam aCvena, rom
mravalma studentma arc ki CarTo masSi moxu-
cebulobis periodi an warmoadgina stereo-
tipuli mosazrebebi xanSiSesul adamianebze
(Whitbourne & Hulicka, 1990). asakis mixedviT
diskriminaciis ufro STambeWdavi da naTeli
magaliTia erT-erTi Jurnalistis piradi gamoc-
dileba, romelic mizanmimarTulad droebiT
moxucad gadaiqca~.
saidan
viciT
asakis mixedviT diskriminaciis
gamocdileba
pet muri grimis daxmarebiT 85 wlis
qalbatonad iqca. man Semoiara aSS-is 100-
ze meti qalaqis quCebi imis gasarkvevad,
Tu ras niSnavda moxucebulad yofna ame-
rikaSi. bundovanma kontaqturma linzebma
da yuris sacobebma mas mxedveloba da
smena gauuaresa; erTmaneTze gadabmuli
fexebiT siaruli uWirda; misi TiTebi ki
zed daxveuli webovani lentis gamo
arTritian TiTebze odnav moqnili iyo.
es patara moxuci qali~ gadarCenisaTvis
ibrZoda axalgazrdebis, Zlierebisa da
sicocxliT savseTaTvis Seqmnil sam-
yaroSi. mas ar SeeZlo qilis gaxsna,
saweri kalmis xelSi daWera, warwerebis
wakiTxva, avtobusis kibeze asvla. siswra-
fis, xmaurisa da Crdilebis samyaro aSineb-
da mas. rodesac daxmareba sWirdeboda,
iSviaTad Tu gauwodebda vinme xels; xSirad
dascinodnen moxucebulobis da mowyvla-
dobis gamo; igi mozardTa jgufis sastiki
Tavdasxmis msxverplic ki gaxda (Moore,
1990).
muris gamocdileba ganamtkicebs azrs, rom
sazogadoeba rogorc fizikuri, ise _ socialuri
TvalsazrisiT, xandazmulobis winaaRmdeg aris
momarTuli.
Cven cxovrebis mTliani cikli mimovixileT:
ganvixileT bavSvobis, mozardobisa da mozrdi-
lobis socialuri da pirovnuli aspeqtebi.
mocemuli Tavis dasasruls ganvixilavT or
calkeul sferos, sadac droTa ganmavlobaSi
icvleba miRebuli gamocdileba; esaa genderuli
ganviTareba da moraluri ganviTareba.
Sejameba
kulrutulma da istoriulma gansxvavebebma
SeiZleba arsebiTi gavlena moaxdinos imaze,
Tu rogor aRiqvamen da gaiazreben adamianebi
TavianTi cxovrebis socialur aspeqtebs. erik
eriksonma SemogvTavaza cxovrebis ciklis,
rogorc krizisebis Tanmimdevrobis, koncefcia:
cxovrebis TiToeuli fazaze individi dgeba
dilemis winaSe, romelic man warmatebiT unda
gadaWras, raTa efeqtur gaumklavdes Semdgomi
fazebis konfliqtebs.
asakis mixedviT diskriminacia (ageism) _ cru-
rwmena asakovani adamianebis Sesaxeb, rasizmisa
da seqsizmis msgavsi uaryofiTi stereotipi
asakovani adamianebis mimarT.
sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi (sex differences) _ bio-
logiuri safuZvlis mqone maxasiaTeblebi,
romlebic mamrobiT sqess ganasxvavebs mded-
robiTi sqesisgan.
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mTeli cxovrebis manZilze mimdinare socia-
lizaciis procesi, umetesad, ojaxis wevrebTan
bavSvebis urTierTobiT iwyeba. patara bavSvebi
Zalian adreuli asakidan reagireben da ur-
TierTqmedeben maTze mzrunvel adamianebTan.
ucnobi situaciebis testi Seiqmna mSoblebze
bavSvebis mijaWvulobis Sesafaseblad. myari
mijaWvulobis mqone bavSvebi Semdgomi socia-
lurad ufro kompetenturebi arian. mSoblebis
mier gamoyenebuli aRzrdis stilebis kvlevis
mixedviT, aRzrdis avtoritetuli stili
mSobeli-Svilis kavSiris warmoqmnis yvelaze
didi albaTobiT xasiaTdeba. mijaWvulobis
gamocdilebis arqona socialur ganviTarebaze
moqmedebs. hari harlous maimunebze Catarebulma
eqsperimentebma aCvena, rom udedo maimunebs ar
hqondaT socialuri unar-Cvevebi. adamianis
SemTxvevaSi, adreul asakSi mosiyvarule ur-
TierTobebis arqona zemoqmedebs fizikur da
socialur ganviTarebaze.
kros-kulturuli kvlevebis mixedviT, mozar-
doba aucileblobiT ar xasiaTdeba qariSxliTa
da stresiT. mozardobaSi Tanatolebis mosaz-
rebebi mravali sakiTxis Sesaxeb konkurencias
uwevs mSoblebis gavlenas. mozardebma unda
daimkvidron avtonomia mSoblebis avtori-
tetisgan. isini Relaven TavianT momavalze
rogorc pirovnul, ise _ sazogadoebriv doneze.
mozardebis miswrafebebsa da molodinebze
gavlenas axdens maTi cxovrebiseuli pirobebi.
mozrdiloba periodia, rodesac dRis
wesrigSi urTierTobebi da miRwevebi dgas.
intimuroba SeiZleba axasiaTebdes rogorc
megobrul, ise _ sasiyvarulo urTierTobebs.
adamianebi cxovrebis sxvadasxva etapze sxva-
dasxva TanafardobiT iReben socialur mxar-
daWeras ojaxisgan da megobrebisgan. xanSi
SesvlasTan erTad, adamianebi ufro seleqciurebi
xdebian urTierTobebis SerCevisas. zrda-
srulobis kidev erTi amocanaa qmnadoba sxvaTa
keTildReobaze mimarTuli qceva. zogadad,
studenti-axalgazrdoba moxucebisadmi uaryo-
fiTi stereotipiT xasiaTdeba, ramac SeiZleba
saziano gavlena iqonios maT gamocdilebaze.
genderuli ganviTareba
is, rasac bavSvebis umravlesoba adreul
asakSi igebs, isaa, rom maT socialur samyaroSi
ori kategoriis adamianebi arian: mdedrobiTi
sqesis da mamrobiTi sqesis. aRsaniSnavia, rom
pirveli gansxvaveba, rasac bavSvebi amCneven,
mTlianad socialuria: isini anatomiis gacno-
bamde gacilebiT adre SeigrZnoben sqesobriv
gansxvavebebs. vinaidan Tqven mozrdili adamiani
xarT, romelmac anatomiac icis da isic esmis,
rom sqesobrivi ganxvavebebi fizikur gansxvave-
bulobaze metia, SegiZliaT, dafiqrdeT am
gansxvavebebis warmomavlobaze. romeli maTgania
biologiiT gaSualebuli Sedegi? romelia
socializaciis Sedegi? rogor igeben gogonebi
da biWebi im gansxvavebuli molodinebis Sesaxeb,
romelTac maT TavianTi kultura da sazo-
gadoeba uyenebs?
sqesi da genderi
biologiuri safuZvlis mqone maxasiaTeblebs,
romlebic mamrobiT sqess ganasxvavebs mded-
robiTi sqesisgan, sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi
ewodeba. am maxasiaTeblebSi Sedis gansxvavebuli
reproduqciuli funqciebi, hormonaluri da ana-
tomiuri sxvaobebi. es gansxvavebebi univer-
saluria, biologiurad aris ganpirobebuli da
ar eqvemdebareba socialur zegavlenas. droTa
ganmavlobaSi maT garkveuli tradiciuli
socialuri rolebis Camoyalibebac ganapirobes.
magaliTad, vinaidan qalebs SeeZloT bavSvebis
ZuZuTi gamokveba, preistoriul adamianebs
SeiZleba gadaewyvitaT, rom qali ojaxTan axlos
unda yofiliyo da Svilebze unda ezruna, ma-
makacs ki unda enadira ojaxisaTvis sakvebis
mosapoveblad (Rossi, 1984).
sqesobrivi gansxvavebebiT SeiZleba aixsnas
isic, rom Cvilobis Semdeg biWebi fizikurad
ufro aqtiurebi da agresiulebi arian, vidre
gogonebi. mTel msoflioSi biWebs ufro metad
axasiaTebT uxeSi TamaSebisken midrekileba, vidre
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gogonebs. es gansxvaveba, nawilobriv, sqesobriv
hormonebs ukavSirdeba _ biologiurma
faqtorebma SeiZleba ganapirobos qceviTi
dispoziciebi (Collaer & Hines, 1995; Maccoby, 1980).
mkvlevrebma ician, rom sqesobrivi hormonebi
zemoqmedebs socialur TamaSze, radganac
axalgazrda mdedr da mamr virTxebsa da
maimunebze dakvirvebam igive qceviTi gansxvavebebi
gamoavlina, rac adamianebSi (Meany et al., 1988).
mamri cxovelebi fizikuri TamaSis energiul
formebs mimarTaven, rac msxvil motorul
aqtivobas gulisxmobs. mdedri cxovelebi ki
iseTi moqmedebebiT arian dakavebulni, romelic
wvril motorul unar-Cvevebs saWiroebs.
biologiuri sqesisgan gansxvavebiT, genderi
fsiqologiuri fenomenia da moiazrebs sqesTan
dakavSirebul daswavlil qcevebsa da ganwyobebs.
kulturebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan imiT,
Tu ramdenad Zlierad ukavSirdeba genderi
yoveldRiur saqmianobebs da ramdenad momTmenia
is kros-genderulad miCneuli qcevebis mimarT.
genderuli identifikacia aris individis mier
sakuTar TavSi qaluri, an mamakacuri sawyisis
gancda. is gulisxmobs sakuTari sqesis miRebas
da gacnobierebas. sqesis gacnobiereba sakmaod
adreul asakSi iwyeba. 10-dan 14 Tvemde asakis
bavSvebi ukve aniWeben upiratesobas im video-
Canawers, romelzec maTive sqesis bavSvis moZra-
obaa asaxuli (Kujawski & Bower, 1993). genderuli
rolebi qcevaTa paternebia, romelic mocemul
sazogadoebaSi misaRebad iTvleba mdedrobiTi
sqesis da mamrobiTi sqesis adamianebisaTvis.
ZiriTadad, isini gansazRvraven, Tu ra axasiaTebT
mamakacebs da ra _ qalebs.
mkvlevrebi, romlebic mdedrobiTi da mam-
robiTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa Soris arsebul
gansxvavebebs Seiswavlian, xSirad cdiloben,
gansazRvron, Tu romelia maTgan Tandayolili
da romeli _ SeZenili. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, romeli maxasiaTeblebia biologiurad
ganpirobebuli da romeli _ mocemuli kulturis
farglebSi gogonebisa da biWebis sociali-
zaciis Sedegi. yuradReba miaqcieT, _ patara
bavSvebs Tavad miaCniaT, rom biologia gansa-
zRvravs beds.
saidan
viciT
rogor esmiT bavSvebs sqesobrivi
gansxvavebebi
4, 5, 8, 9 da 10 wlis bavSvebs sTxoves,
evaraudaT, Tu rogor moiqceoda 10 wlis
personaJi krisi an peti. yvela bavSvs
uTxres, rom es personaJi Caiyvanes lamaz
kunZulze, Tumca, zog maTgans uTxres,
rom krisi an peti am gancalkevebul
kunZulze mxolod misive sqesis (magali-
Tad, krisi biWi iyo da yvela misi gam-
zrdeli mamrobiTi sqesis iyo) an mxolod
misi sawinaaRmdego sqesis adamianebma
gazardes (magaliTad, krisi biWi iyo da
yvela misi gamzrdeli ki _ mdedrobiTi
sqesis). ra gavlena moaxdina aRwerilma
pirobebma 4-10 wlis bavSvebis mier krisis
an petis sqesisTvis tipuri qcevis Sesaxeb
gamoTqmul varaudebze? 9 wlamde bavSvebs
genderi (gender) _ fsiqologiuri fenomeni, ro-
melSic moiazreba mamakacebisa da qalebis sqes-
Tan dakavSirebuli daswavlili qcevebi da gan-
wyobebi.
genderuli identoba (gender identity) _ individis
mier sakuTar TavSi qaluri an mamakacuri sa-
wyisis gancda. is gulisxmobs sakuTari sqesis
miRebas da gacnobierebas.
genderuli rolebi (gender roles) _ qcevaTa da
ganwyobaTa erToblioba, romelsac sazogadoeba
ukavSirebs qalad an mamakacad yofnas da ro-
melsac Riad gamoxataven calkeuli individebi.
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miaCndaT, rom personaJi ganaxorcielebda
mocemuli sqesisTvis damaxasiaTebel
qcevas, ganurCevlad socialuri konteq-
stisa. magaliTad, umcrosi asakis bavSvebi
fiqrobdnen, rom miuxedavad imisa, Tu vin
iqneboda misi aRmzrdeli, erTnairad
endomeboda biWs kriss _ mexanZreoba da
gogona kriss ki _ eqTnoba. ufrosi bavSvebi
ki, piriqiT, msjelobisas iTvaliswi-
nebdnen im socialur garemos, sadac
gaizarda dasaxelebuli personaJi: (ro-
gorc gogona, ise _ biWi) krisis mier
profesiis arCevaze gavlenas axdenda aR-
mzrdelis sqesi da, amasTan, misi sakuTari
sqesic (Taylor, 1996).
es Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom bavSvebi saTanadod
ver afaseben garemos gavlenas imaze, Tu rogor
yalibdeba biWebsa da gogonebs Soris gan-
sxvavebebi. amasTan, es Sedegebi Tanxvdeba aRmo-
Cenas, rom 2-dan 6 wlamde bavSvebi, rogorc
Cans, ufro mkveTrad da xistad aRiqvamen so-
cialur sqess, vidre mozrdilebi (Stern & Karraker,
1989). rodesac am asakis bavSvebs neitralurad
Cacmul Cvilebs aCveneben, umcrosi asakis
bavSvebis msjeloba, mozrdilebTan SedarebiT,
ucvlelad eyrdnoba SemTxveviT aRniSvnebs
gogo~ Tu biWi~. umcrosi bavSvebis mZafri
reaqciebi, SesaZloa, ukavSirdebodes imas, rom
isini swored im asakSi imyofebian, rodesac
Tavad cdiloben sakuTari genderuli identobis
damkvidrebas, anu romelime socialuri sqe-
sisadmi sakuTari Tavis mikuTvnebas. mTlia-
nobaSi, rogorc Cans, isini ufro metad arian
momarTulni maTi sqesisTvis Sesatyvisi qcevis
scenaris~ Sesasruleblad, vidre maTi ufrosi
da-Zmebi (Levy & Fivush, 1993).
Cven vTqviT, rom genderuli rolebis aTviseba
kulturul konteqstSi xdeba. axla ganvixiloT
is Zalebi, romelic dasabams aZlevs maT.
genderuli rolebis aTviseba
udidesi nawili imisa, rasac adamianebi
qalisTvis Tu mamakacisTvis damaxasiaTeblad
miiCneven, kulturis mier aris Seqmnili (Leaper,
2000). bevri mkvlevari Tvlis, rom genderuli
rolebis aTviseba dabadebidan iwyeba. erT-erT
kvlevaSi mSoblebi TavianT axalSobil gogonebs
iseTi sityvebiT aRwerdnen, rogoricaa: patara,
nazi, lamazi da susti. amis sapirispirod, axal-
Sobili biWebis aRsawerad mSoblebi iyenebdnen
iseT sityvebs, rogoricaa: magari, Zlieri, win-
daxeduli da koordinirebuli. sinamdvileSi
bavSvebi wonis, simaRlisa da janmrTelobis
mdgomareobis mixedviT arafriT gansxvavdebod-
nen erTmaneTisagan (Rubin et al., 1974). mSoblebi
TavianT vaJebsa da qaliSvilebs gansxvavebul
tansacmels acmeven, gansxvavebul saTamaSoebs
aZleven da gansxvavebulad epyrobian (Rheingold
& Cook, 1974). 18 Tvis bavSvebis mSoblebi mid-
rekilni arian, rom ufro dadebiTad upasuxon
Svilebs, roca isini sqesisTvis Cveuli saTa-
maSoTi TamaSoben. magaliTad, erT eqsperimentSi
mamebi nakleb dadebiT ukukavSirs aZlevdnen
biWebs, rodesac isini gogonebisTvis tipuri
saTamaSoebiT TamaSobdnen (Fagot & Hagan, 1991).
zogadad, bavSvebi mSoblebisgan waxalisebas
iReben, rom sqesisTvis Sesatyvisi TamaSebiT
dakavdnen (Lytton & Romney, 1991; Witt, 1997).
mSoblebi ar arian erTaderTni, romlebic
bavSvebs genderuli rolebis aTvisebaSi uwyoben
xels. eleonor makkobi (Eleanor Maccoby, 1998)
amtkicebs, magaliTad, rom mSoblebis mier
genderuli rolebis swavleba ar aris mxolod
saTanado qcevebisa da qcevis normebis gadacemis
procesi. man aRmoaCina imis mtkicebulebani,
rom TamaSis stili da prioritetebi saTamaSoe-
bis arCevisas, faqtobrivad, didad ar aris da-
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mokidebuli mSoblebis prioritetebsa da ro-
lebze. umcrosi asakis bavSvebi segregacio-
nistebi arian, anu isini eZeben da pouloben
Tavisive sqesis Tanatolebs maSinac ki, rodesac
mSoblebi ar adevneben Tvals da maSinac, roca
maT gogonebisa da biWebisgan Semdgar jgufebSi
TamaSisken mouwodeben. makkobis miaCnia, rom
bavSvebis genderul qcevebs Soris mravali
gansxvaveba TanatolebTan urTierTobis Sedegia.
saidan
viciT
gogonebisa da biWebis TamaSis
struqtura
imis gasagebad, Tu rogor moqmedebs
TanatolebTan urTierToba da rogor xdeba
genderuli rolebis aTviseba, mkvlevrebma
daiwyes imis detaluri Seswavla, Tu riTi
gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisgan gogonebisa
da biWebis TamaSebi. erT-erT gamokvlevaSi
Seiswavles, Tu rogor TamaSobdnen 4 da 6
wlis bavSvebi Tavisisve sqesis jgufebSi
meore bavSvTan, anu diadaSi, an mTel
jgufTan erTad. mkvlevrebma bavSvebis
TamaSebi videofirze Caiweres da Semdeg
yvela maTi interaqciis kategorizacia
moaxdines. aRmoCnda, rom gogonebi da biWebi
Tanabrad TamaSobdnen diadebSi, Tumca,
gogonebi TiToeul Tanatols ufro
didxans eTamaSebodnen, vidre biWebi (anu
biWebi ufro xSirad icvlidnen partniors),
SesaZloa imitom, rom gogonebs ufro met-
xans SeuZliaT yuradRebis koncentrireba.
am bavSvebidan mxolod 6 wlis biWebi
iyvnen dakavebulni iseTi TamaSebiT, sadac
mTeli jgufi iyo CarTuli (Benenson et al.,
1997).
mkvlevrebma ver axsnes srulad, Tu ratom
iwyeben 6 wlis biWebi jgufur TamaSebs, 6 wlis
gogonebi ki _ ara. rogorc yovelTvis, rTulia
garkveva, ra ganapirobebs amas _ biologia (sqe-
sobrivi gansxvaveba) Tu molodinebi, romelic
ufrosebs SeaqvT biWebisa da gogonebis TamaSSi
(genderuli gansxvaveba). maSinac ki, rodesac
gogonebi iwyeben jgufur TamaSs, es jgufebi
gansxvavdeba biWebis jgufebisgan. magaliTad,
biWebis jgufebi ufro dominanturobaze arian
mimarTulni _ vin visze Zlieria, vidre go-
gonebisgan Semdgari jgufebi. gogonebis jgufebi,
Cveulebriv, ufro dainteresebulni arian saerTo
TanxmobiT, vidre Zalauflebis damyarebiT. Sesa-
bamisad, gogonebi da biWebi sxvadasxva fsiqo-
logiur garemoSi izrdebian, rac ayalibebs
samyaros maTeul xedvasa da problemebTan
gamklavebis gzebs.
Cven mokled mimovixileT, Tu rogor da ratom
ganicdian gansxvavebulad gogonebi da biWebi
socialur ganviTarebas. Semdeg qveTavSi vnaxavT,
rom zogierTi mkvlevris mixedviT, genderi
moralur ganviTarebazec axdens gavlenas.
Sejameba
miuxedavad imisa, rom sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi
biologiuri fenomenia, kulturac ganapirobebs
genderul gansxvavebebs. informacias genderuli
gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb bavSvebi adreuli asakidan
iReben. genderuli rolebis zogierT aspeqts
adamianebi, nawilobriv, mSoblebisgan iZenen,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac mSoblebi bavSvis
aRzrdis tradiciul paternebs irCeven. garda
amisa, genderul rolebs bavSvebi Tavisive sqesis
Tanatolebis qcevis sxvadasxva normebis gada-
RebiT iTviseben.
Cven ukve vnaxeT, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania
cxovrebis manZilze axlosocialuri urTier-
Tobebis damyareba. axla ganvixiloT kidev erTi
aspeqti, kerZod ki is, Tu ras niSnavs socialuri
jgufis nawilad yofna. xSir SemTxvevaSi Cveni
sakuTari qceva ara piradi saWiroebebis, aramed
sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT
unda SevafasoT. es aris moraluri qcevis sa-
fuZveli. moraluroba aris rwmenaTa, faseu-
moraluroba (morality) _ rwmenaTa da faseulo-
baTa sistema, romelic iZleva garantias, rom
individi Seasrulebs Tavis valdebulebas sazo-
gadoebis sxva wevrebis winaSe da moiqceva ise,
rom winaaRmdegobaSi ar movides sxvaTa uf-
lebebTan da interesebTan.
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lobaTa da ZiriTad msjelobaTa sistema ada-
mianis moqmedebis sisworisa Tu mcdarobis Se-
saxeb. sazogadoebas sWirdeba, rom bavSvebi
Camoyalibdnen iseT mozrdilebad, romlebic
miiReben moralur faseulobaTa sistemas da
romelTa qcevas moraluri principebi warmar-
Tavs (Killen & Hart, 1999). Tumca, rogorc iciT, is,
rac moraluri Tu amoraluri qcevaa konkretul
situaciaSi, SeiZleba sazogadoebaSi gacxa-
rebuli kamaTis sagnad iqces. SesaZloa, swored
amitom ver vuwodebT SemTxveviTobas imas, rom
moraluri ganviTarebis Seswavlis Sedegad miRe-
buli monacemebic winaaRmdegobrivi aRmoCnda.
kamaTi lourens kolbergis fundamenturi gamok-
vleviT iwyeba.
moraluri gansjis stadiebi
kolbergis mixedviT
lourens kolbergma (Lawrence Kohlberg, 1964, 1981)
moraluri ganviTarebis Teoria moraluri gan-
sjis Seswavlaze aago. moraluri gansja aris
adamianTa msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, Tu garkveul
situaciaSi romeli moqmedebaa swori da romeli
_ araswori. kolbergis Teoria Camoyalibda
Jan piaJes (1965) adreuli mosazrebebis gavleniT,
romelic cdilobda moraluri gansjis gan-
viTarebis dakavSirebas bavSvis zogadkognitur
ganviTarebasTan. piaJes azriT, imis mixedviT,
Tu kognituri zrdis romel stadiaze imyofeba,
bavSvi sxvadasxva wonas akuTvnebs moqmedebis
Sedegs da moqmedi piris ganzraxvas. magaliTad,
bavSvisTvis, romelic winaoperaciul stadiaze
imyofeba, is, visac uneburad gautydeba aTi
Wiqa, ufro celqi da urCia~, vidre is, vinc
ganzrax daamsxvrevs erT Wiqas. bavSvis zrdasTan
erTad, moqmedi piris zraxvebi ufro mets iwonis
moralurobis Sesaxeb miseul gansjaSi.
saidan
viciT
kognituri ganviTareba da msjeloba
moralurobis Sesaxeb
3, 4 da 5 wlis bavSvebs sTxoves, mora-
luri TvalsazrisiT SeefasebinaT adamia-
nebis qceva, romelic sami parametris mixed-
viT varirebda: qmedebebi, Sedegebi da
ganzraxvebi. konkretul scenarSi (magali-
Tad, cxovelis mofereba da cxovelis cema)
qmedebebi ganisazRvreboda, rogorc da-
debiTi, an uaryofiTi; aseve ganisazRvre-
boda Sedegebic (magaliTad, cxoveli
tiroda, an cxoveli icinoda). ganzraxvebis
varirebisTvis mkvlevrebma zogierTi qceva
winaswar ganzraxulad warmoaCines, zogi-
erTi _ SemTxvevas miaweres (magaliTad,
moqmedma pirma cxovels ganzrax daarya,
an SemTxveviT mouvida es). bavSvebs sTxoves,
SeefasebinaT, Tu ramdenad iyo maTTvis
es qceva misaRebi. amisaTvis maT erT-erTi
unda aerCiaT mocemuli xuTi saxidan, ro-
melTagan TiToeuli aRniSnavda Sefasebas
Zalian, Zalian cudidan~ Zalian, Zalian
kargamde~. umcrosma bavSvebma qcevisadmi
mimReblobis Sefaseba TiTqmis mTlianad
Sedegze daafuZnes; mxolod 5 wlis
bavSvebma gaiTvaliswines ganzraxvebi. Tum-
ca, rodesac bavSvebs hkiTxes, unda das-
jiliyo Tu ara moqmedi piri, umcros bav-
SvTa umravlesobam gaiTvaliswina moqmedi
piris ganzraxvebi (Zelazo et al., 1996).
es monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom kognituri
unarebis ganviTarebasTan erTad bavSvebs uvi-
TardebaT imis unari, rom yuradReba miaqcion
ara mxolod Sedegebs, aramed ganixilon orive
_ Sedegebica da ganzraxvebic. Tumca, qcevis
mimReblobis Sesaxeb msjelobisa da dasjis
aucileblobis Sesaxeb msjelobis gansxva-
vebuloba miuTiTebs imaze, rom umcrosi asakis
bavSvebs moraluri gansjis zogierTi tipi ufro
meti faqtoris gaTvaliswinebis saSualebas
aZlevs. rogorc wina TavSi vnaxeT, is, Tu ris
gakeTebas sTxoven bavSvebs, nawilobriv, gana-
pirobebs imas, Tu ramdenad momwifebulebi~
Canan isini.
moraluri ganviTarebis stadiebis gansasa-
zRvrad, kolbergma ganavrco piaJes Tvalsazrisi.
TiToeul stadiaze moralurobis Sesaxeb
msjeloba gansxvavebul safuZvlze aigeba (ix.
cxrili 11.8). moraluri msjelobis umdablesi
done dafuZnebulia sakuTar interesebze maSin,
roca umaRlesi done mimarTulia socialur
sikeTeze, piradi sargeblisgan damoukideblad.
am stadiebis dasasabuTeblad kolbergma gamo-
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iyena dilemaTa seria, sadac erTmaneTs sxvadasxva
moraluri principebi upirispirdeba.
erT dilemaSi mamakaci, saxelad hansi,
colisTvis garkveuli wamlis Sovnas
cdilobs, romelic mas kibosTan brZolaSi
daexmareba. unamuso gamyidveli hanss am
wamals mxolod im SemTxvevaSi mihyidis,
Tu igi aTjer met fuls gadauxdis, vidre
TviTon aqvs micemuli. es gacilebiT didi
Tanxaa, vidre hanss aqvs da vidre SeuZlia,
rom iSovos. sasowarkveTili hansi gamyid-
vlis maRaziaSi iWreba da colisaTvis
wamals iparavs. unda gaakeTos hansma es
Tu ara? ratom? interviueri azustebs, Tu
ra mizezebis gamo miiRo cdis pirma gada-
wyvetileba da Semdeg ajamebs da axarisxebs
miRebul pasuxebs.
daxarisxeba efuZneba im mizezebs, Tu ratom
miiRo pirovnebam aseTi gadawyvetileba da ara
TviTon gadawyvetilebas. magaliTad, is, vinc
Tqva, rom hanss unda moepara wamali, radgan is
valdebuli iyo momakvdavi colis winaSe, an ar
unda moepara, radgan is valdebuli iyo, daecva
kanoni (miuxedavad misi piradi grZnobebisa),
cdilobs, rom Seesabamebodes dadgenil val-
debulebebs da amitom ganviTarebis mixedviT
me-4 stadiaze imyofeba.
kolbergis stadiuri modeli oTxi principiT
xelmZRvanelobs: (1) yovel mocemul momentSi
individi SeiZleba iyos ganviTarebis mxolod
romelime erT stadiaze; (2) yvela gaivlis am
stadiebs dadgenili TanmimdevrobiT; (3) yoveli
Semdegi stadia ufro mravlismomcveli da
rTulia, vidre wina; (4) igive stadiebi gvxvdeba
yvela kulturaSi. kolbergma stadiuri ganvi-
Tarebis aseTi filosofia piaJesgan aiRo.
faqtobrivad, ganviTareba 1-3 stadiebze Tanxvdeba
normaluri kognituri ganviTarebis stadiebs.
stadiebi Tanmimdevrulad mihyveba erTmaneTs
da yoveli Semdegi stadia ufro metad daxvewili
kognituri unarebiT xasiaTdeba, vidre wina.
TiTqmis yvela bavSvi aRwevs mesame stadias 13
wlis asakSi.
kolbergis Teoriis irgvliv kamaTi, Ziri-
Tadad, mesame stadiis Semdeg iwyeba. Tavdapir-
velad kolbergs miaCnda, rom adamianebi Tana-
zomierad da ganuxrelad agrZeleben moralur
ganviTarebas mesame stadiis Semdeg, Tumca, yvela
maTgani ver aRwevs 4-7 stadiebs. faqtobrivad,
bevri mozrdili arasodes aRwevs mexuTe stadias
da mxolod zogierTebs xelewifebaT kidev ufro
win wasvla. kolbergis gviandeli stadiebis
Sinaarsi subieqturad gamoiyureba da Zneli
gasagebia, Tu rogor aris yoveli Semdgomi
stadia ufro mravlismomcveli da garTulebuli.
magaliTad, moraluri gansjis safuZveli meeqvse
cxrili
11.8
fsiqosocialuri ganviTarebis stadiebi eriksonis mixedviT
doneebi da etapebi
moraluri argumentacia
1. pirobiTamdeli moraluroba
stadia 1: orientacia siamovnebaze/tkivilze
stadia 2: orientacia wageba-mogebaze;
urTierTsamarTlianoba _ Tvali Tvalis win
2. pirobiTi moraluroba
stadia 3: orientacia Seqebaze (kargi bavSvi)
stadia 4: orientacia kanonsa da wesrigze
3. principuli moraluroba
stadia 5: orientacia socialur kontraqtze
stadia 6: orientacia eTikur principebze
etapi 7: orientacia globalur, msoflio principebze
tkivilis acileba an gaqceva
jildoebis miReba
Seqebis damsaxurebis da gamtyunebis Tavidan
acilebawesebis dacva, mTavrobisgan gakicxvis acileba
sazogadoebis keTildReobis gaumjobesebisTvis
xelSewyoba
samarTlianobis miRweva da TviTgankicxvis acileba
iyo marTali universaluri principebis winaSe da Tavs
grZnobde samyaros nawilad, romelic scildeba
socialur normebs
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stadiaze _ TviTgankicxvis acileba~, ar gamoi-
yureba calsaxad ufro rTulad, vidre moraluri
gansjis safuZveli mexuTe stadiaze _ sazo-
gadoebis keTildReobis gaumjobesebisTvis xel-
Sewyoba~. garda amisa, ufro maRali stadiebi
ar aris yvela kulturaSi (Eckensberger & Zimba,
1997). axla mivubrundeT kolbergis Teoriis
vrcel Tanamedrove kritikas, romelic sqesisa
da kulturis ganxilvidan momdinareobs.
genderisa da kulturis
gavlena moralur gansjaze
kolbergis Teoriis kritikosTa umravlesoba
mis unikalurobas ar eTanxmeba. mis moRvaweobis
gviandeli etapebi gansakuTrebuli kritikis
obieqti xdeba, radgan mis imdroindel naS-
romebSi ar aris asaxuli faqti, rom zrdasruli
pirovnebis moraluri Sexedulebebi SesaZloa
asaxavdes gansxvavebul, magram mainc Zireul
moralur principebs. cnobil kritikul naS-
romSi qerol giliganma (Carol Gilligan, 1982)
miuTiTa, rom kolbergis originaluri naSromi
mxolod biWebze Catarebul dakvirvebas efuZ-
neboda. igi matkicebs, rom kvlevis amgvar mid-
gomaSi ugulebelyofilia potenciuri gansxva-
vebebi mamakacebisa da qalebis Cveulebriv mo-
ralur Sexedulebebs Soris. giligans miaCnia,
rom qalTa moraluri ganvitareba sxvebze
zrunvis standarts efuZneba da TviTrealizaciis
safexurisaken miiwevs, maSin, rodesac mamakacebi
TavianT msjelobas samarTlianobis standartze
dayrdnobiT ageben. amrigad, giliganis Teoria
afarToebs kolbergis mosazrebebs im moraluri
Sexedulebebis arealze, romelic bavSvobis
Semdgomi moraluri Sexedulebebis relevanturi
SeiZleba iyos. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven
vafasebT mis wvlils, gamokvlevam gviCvena, rom
man arasworad gansazRvra moraluri Sexe-
dulebebis unikaluri stilebi mamakcebisa da
qalebisaTvis. ganvixiloT mtkicebuleba:
zogierTma kvlevam aCvena, rom qalebi ise
axdenen moraluri gadawyvetilebebis for-
mirebas, rom SeinarCunon harmonia socialur
urTierTobebSi, mamakacebi ki ufro metad sa-
marTlianobis dacvas iTvaliswineben (Lyons,
1983). miuxedavad amisa, mkvlevrebi agrZeleben
kamaTs imis Taobaze, arsebobs Tu ara saerTod
sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi moralur msjelobaSi
(Baumrind, 1986; Walker, 1984, 1986; Woods, 1996).
miuxedavad imisa, rom qalebi da mamakacebi
SeiZleba sxvadasxva procesebis gavliT mividnen
moraluri ganviTarebis maRal stadiebamde,
mozrdilobaSi maT mier ganxorcielebuli
aqtualuri msjelobebi uaRresad msgavsia
(Boldizar et al., 1989). arsebobs versia, rom genderuli
gansxvavebebi marTlac mniSvnelovania gansakuT-
rebuli wminda qaluri~ da wminda mamakacuri~
socialuri situaciebisaTvis. Tumca, rodesac
qalebsa da mamakacebs erTi da igive moraluri
dilemebis gadawyvetis mizezebis Sesaxeb eki-
Txebian, isini zrunvasa da samarTlianobaze
dafuZnebul pasuxTa Zalze msgavs paternebs
iZlevian (Clopton & Sorell, 1993).
amrigad, Cven SegviZlia, rom mozardebis
msjeloba moraluri dilemebis Sesaxeb dava-
xasiaToT, rogorc samarTlianobis mosaz-
rebebisa da zrunvis mosazrebebis nazavi. es
nazavi SenarCundeba cxovrebis udidesi nawilis
manZilze. Tumca, rogorc mosalodnelia, mora-
lur gansjaze aisaxeba mozrdilis kognitur
sistemaSi momxdari cvlilebebi. erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani cvlileba gviani mozrdilobis
periodisTvis isaa, rom gansjisas individebs
aqcenti konkretuli situaciebis detalebidan
zogad principebze gadaaqvT. Sesabamisad, am
asakSi isini moralur gansjaze metad zogad
sazogadoebriv interesebs (magaliTad, ras
ambobs kanoni?~) ufro iTvaliswineben, vidre
konkretul dilemebs (magaliTad, SeiZleba am
SemTxvevaSi gamonaklisis daSveba?~) (Pratt et al.,
1988).
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom moralur argumenta-
ciaSi sqesobrivi gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb kamaTi,
ZiriTadad, isev dasavluri kulturebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli moraluri argumentaciis
irgvliv mimdinareobs. kros-kulturulma kvle-
vam am sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebuli yvela mona-
cemis seriozuli kritikis safuZveli Seqmna.
kulturaTa Sedarebam aCvena: SeuZlebelic ki
aris, rom universalurad gamovacxadoT situa-
ciaTa erToblioba, sadac moraluri msjeloba
relevanturi iqneba. ganvixiloT aseTi situacia:
gzis napirze xedavT ucnobs, romelsac avto-
manqanaze saburavi daeSva. unda gaCerdeT Tu
ara dasaxmareblad? davuSvaT, TvliT, rom ara~.
amoraluria es? Tu Tqven aSS-Si gaizardeT,
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albaT, ifiqrebdiT, rom aseT situaciaSi dax-
marebis gaweva adamianis pirovnuli arCevania _
yvelam Tavad unda gadawyvitos, amitom amaSi
araferia amoraluri. meore mxriv, Tu Tqven
indusad aRizardeT indoeTSi _ kulturaSi,
romelic gacilebiT met mniSvnelobas aniWebs
urTierTdamokidebulebas da urTierTdaxmarebas,
savaraudod, unda gefiqraT, rom daxmarebaze
uaris Tqma amoraluri iqneboda (Miller et al., 1990).
ganvixiloT kvleva, romelSic erTmaneTs
adarebdnen sxvadasxva kulturis moralur
msjelobebs.
saidan
viciT
kanoniereba pirovnebaTaSorisi
pasuxismgeblobis winaaRmdeg
moraluri gansjis kvlevisTvis cdis
pirebi moiwvies ori adgilidan: koneqti-
kutis Statis qalaq niu heivenidan (aSS)
da samxreT indoeTis qalaq misoridan.
dasavluri da indusuri kulturis am war-
momadgenlebs sTxoves, gamoexataT reaqcia
movlenaTa ganviTarebaze, sadac kanonis
dacva pirovnebaTSoris pasuxismgeblobas
upirispirdeboda. davuSvaT, Tqveni sauke-
Teso megobris qorwilSi saqorwino beW-
debis mitanis erTaderTi gza TqvenTvis
matareblis bileTis sayidlad fulis
moparva iyo. kanonierebis dacvis principi
gulisxmobs, rom ar unda moiparoT; pirov-
nebaTSorisi pasuxismgeblobis principi
ki moiTxovs, rom pativi unda sceT megob-
rul valdebulebebs. Tu Tqven dasavlur
kulturaSi gaizardeT, albaT, ar ifiqrebT
pirovnebaTSoris pasuxismgeblobaze mora-
luris kategoriebiT: saqorwino beWdebis
vermitana samwuxaro iqneboda, magram ara
_ amoraluri. Tumca, rogorc axlaxan aR-
vniSneT, indusTa kulturisTvis, zogadad,
meore adamianis winaSe valdebuleba mora-
luris kategoriebs miekuTvneba. amis gamo
mkvlevrebma iwinaswarmetyveles, rom indo-
eli respondentebi ufro met upiratesobas
mianiWebdnen pirovnebaTSoris pasuxismgeb-
lobas, vidre amerikelebi. rogorc 11.13
suraTze Cans, sami asakobrivi jgufis
indoeli respondentebi ufro metad
irCevdnen im variants, sadac upiratesoba
swored pirovnebaTSoris pasuxismgeblobas
eniWeboda (Miller & Bersoff, 1992).
am magaliTidan cxadi xdeba, Tu ra rols
asrulebs kultura moraluris da amoraluris
gansazRvraSi. Tu Tqven amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi gaizardeT, SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, Tu
ramdenad Rrmad swamT indoelebs, rom megob-
risTvis micemuli dapireba unda Sesruldes
sjobs moiparo, vidre beWdebis gareSe mixvide
qorwilSi. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom kulturuli
normebis es gansxvaveba scildeba am ori qveynis,
indoeTisa da aSS-is, farglebs. rogorc Semdeg
TavebSi ufro vrclad vnaxavT, amerikis Seer-
Tebuli Statebi da indoeTi tipuri dasavluri
da aradasavluri qveynebia, romlebic mimar-
Tulni arian, Sesabamisad, calkeuli individebis
keTildReobasa da koleqtivis keTildReobaze.
suraTi
11.13
kros-kulturuli pasuxebi
moraluri dilemebis magaliTebze
skolis moswavleebs da zrdasrulebs indoeTsa
da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi hkiTxes, maTi
azriT, romel gzas airCevdnen personaJebi
moraluri dilemebis gadaWrisas. indoelma
monawileebma airCies is variantebi, sadac
(kanonierebis dacvaze metad) prioriteti
pirovnebaTSoris pasuxismgeblobas eniWeboda.
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Sejameba
piaJes msgavsad, kolbergma Camoayaliba mo-
raluri msjelobis stadiuri ganviTarebis
Teoria. giligani akritikebda kolbergis Teo-
rias imis gamo, rom is yuradRebis miRma tovebda
im faqts, rom moraluri msjeloba safuZvelSive
gansxvavebuli iyo qalebTan da mamakacebTan.
Tumca, ufro gviandelma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom
mozrdilTa umravlesoba samarTlianobisa da
zrunvis principebis nazaviT xelmZRvanelobs.
kros-kulturulma kvlevam aCvena, rom sxvadasxva
kulturaSi sxvadasxva standartebiT ganisazR-
vreba, Tu romeli situaciebi da qcevebia mo-
raluri Tu amoraluri.
viswavloT sworad da
warmatebulad dabereba
axla mokled mimovixiloT winamdebare TavSi
ganxiluli zogierTi sakiTxi, raTa SevadginoT
rekomendaciebi sworad da warmatebulad dabe-
rebisTvis. Tavis dasawyisSi girCieT, rom ganvi-
Tareba gangexilaT, rogorc cvlileba, romel-
sac yovelTvis axlavs SenaZenebi da danakargebi.
aseTi xedvis kuTxidan, cxovrebaSi keTil-
dReobis miRwevis xerxia SenaZenebis gazrda da
danakargebis Semcireba. Cven vnaxeT, rom wesi
gamoiyene an dakarge~ exeba rogorc fizikur
formas, ise _ gonebriv SesaZleblobebs. mravali
cvlileba, romelic stereotipulad asocirdeba
daberebasTan, sinamdvileSi unarebis gamouye-
neblobis, umoqmedobis da ara maTi daqveiTebis
an gauaresebis Sedegia. Cveni pirveli rCevaa _
SeinarCuneT es unarebi!
Cven, agreTve, vTqviT, rom warmatebuli dabe-
rebis erT-erTi nawilia seleqciuri optimi-
zacia da kompensacia (baltes et al., 1992; freund &
baltes, 1998). albaT, gagaxsendaT, rom seleqciuri
niSnavs individis mier miRwevadi amocanebis
dasaxvas. optimizacia gulisxmobs individisTvis
prioritetul sferoebSi mis ganviTarebas da
gavarjiSebas. kompensacia niSnavs danakargebis
Sesamcireblad individis mier alternatiuli
xerxebis gamoyenebas. am TavSi vnaxeT, rom
asakovani adamianebi iseT megobrebs irCeven,
romlebic maTTvis emociuri mxardaWeris opti-
malur dones uzrunvelyofen; droTa ganmav-
lobaSi unda icvlebodes megobrebis SerCeva,
raTa kompensirebul iqnes sikvdiliT Tu sxva
mizeziT dakarguli megobrebi (carstensen, 1998;
lang & carstensen, 1994). miuxedavad imisa, rom
seleqciuri optimizacia daberebis procesis
Seswavlisas gaCnda, is kargi meTodia im gada-
wyvetilebebis amosarCevad, romelic cxovrebis
manZilze unda miiRoT. yovelTvis unda ecadoT
iseTi miznebis dasaxvas, romelic yvelaze metad
mniSvnelovania TqvenTvis; am miznebis gaTvalis-
winebiT moaxdinoT Tqveni qmedebebis opti-
mizacia da eZioT SemovliTi gzebi, Tu miznisken
mimaval gzaze dabrkolebebi gxvdebaT. es aris
Cveni saboloo rCeva, romelic mTeli cxovrebis
manZilze ganviTarebas Seexeba. vimedovnebT, rom
brZnulad da warmatebiT daberdebiT.
ganviTarebis Seswav-
la da axsna
cvlilebaTa aRsawerad
mkvlevrebi normatiuli,
longituduri da jvare-
dini kvlevebis monacemebs
iyeneben.
ganviTareba cxovrebis man-
Zilze damokidebulia ro-
gorc Tandayolil, ise _
SeZenil maxasiaTeblebze.
cxovrebis manZilze
garemos faqtorebs maSinac
ki SeuZliaT fizikur gan-
viTarebaze zemoqmedeba, ro-
desac bavSvi jer kidev dedis
mucelSi imyofeba.
axalSobilebi da Cvilebi Se-
saZleblobaTa sakmaod farTo
speqtrs floben: isini momar-
Tulebi arian gadarCenisaTvis.
sqesobrivi momwifebisas mozar-
debma SeiZleba gadaWarbebuli
yuradReba dauTmon TavianTi
sxeulis xats.
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
456
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457
gviani zrdasrulobis zo-
gierTi fizikuri cvlile-
ba gamouyeneblobis da ara
gardauvali daberebis Sede-
gia.
kognituri ganviTare-
ba cxovrebis
manZilze
piaJes ZiriTadi ideebi
kognituri ganviTarebis Se-
saxeb: sqemebis ganviTare-
ba, asimilacia, akomodacia
da wyvetili ganviTarebis
oTxstadiuri Teoria. es
oTxi stadiaa: sensomotor-
uli, winaoperaciuli, kon-
kretuli operaciebis da
formaluri operaciebis.
gviandelma originalurma
kvlevebma cxadyo, rom Cvi-
lebi da patara bavSvebi uf-
ro metad arian ganviTare-
buli, vidre amas piaJe varau-
dobda.
mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom
bavSvebi aviTareben sayrden
Teoriebs, romliTac ori-
entireben sxvadasxva fsiqo-
logiur da fizikur sfer-
oSi da romelic droTa
ganmavlobaSi icvleba.
kros-kulturulma kvleveb-
ma kiTxvis niSnis qveS daay-
ena kognituri ganviTarebis
Teoriebis universaloba.
kognituri funqcionirebis
asakTan dakavSirebuli daq-
veiTeba, rogorc wesi, mxo-
lod zogierT unars exeba.
mkvlevrebis Tanaxmad, zo-
gierTi kognituri defici-
ti gamowveulia unaris ga-
mouyeneblobiT da ara gar-
dauvali daberebiT.
kognituri sistemis war-
matebulad daberebaze SeiZ-
leba saubari, rodesac ada-
mianebi axdenen funqcio-
nirebis optimizacias saq-
mianobis maTTvis yvelaze
prioritetuli sferos amor-
CeviTa da arsebuli resur-
sebiT danakargebis kompen-
sirebiT.
enis aTviseba
bevri mkvlevari darwmunebu-
lia, rom adamianebs aqvT
enis Seqmnis Tandayolili
unari. nebismier SemTxvevaSi,
enis aTvisebis procesis mniS-
vnelovani pirobaa zrda-
srul metyvel adamianebTan
urTierToba.
naturalistebis msgavsad,
bavSvebi aviTareben hipo-
Tezebs maTi enis mniSvnelo-
bebisa da gramatikis Sesaxeb.
es hipoTezebi xSirad gansa-
zRvrulia Tandayolili
principebiT.
cxovrebis manZilze
socialuri ganviTareba kon-
kretul kulturul konteq-
stSi xdeba.
asakobrivi cvlilebebis Cve-
uli mimdinareobidan gadax-
veva xSirad kulturiT gan-
pirobebuli garemo pirobe-
bis Sedegia.
erik eriksonma cxovrebis
cikli gansazRvra, rogorc
krizisebis seria, romlebic
individma unda daZlios.
socializacia aris procesi,
rodesac bavSvebi iTviseben
im faseulobebsa da qcevebs,
romlebic mocemul sazo-
gadoebaSi sasurvelad iT-
vleba.
socializacia momvlelTan
Cvilis mijaWvulobis ganvi-
Tarebidan iwyeba.
mijaWvulobis ganuviTareb-
loba mravalricxovan fizi-
kur da fsiqologiur prob-
lemebs iwvevs.
bavSvobaSi aRmzrdelobiTi
zemoqmedebis ararsebobas
SeuZlia socialuri gan-
viTarebis Seferxeba.
gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom
mozardTa umravlesoba kmayo-
filia Tavisi cxovrebiT.
mozardebma unda ganaviTaron
pirovnuli indenturoba Ta-
natolebTan da mSoblebTan
komfortuli socialuri ur-
TierTobebis CamoyalibebiT
da samomavlo amocanebis
dasaxviT.
mozrdilobis ZiriTadi
amocanebi intimurobasa da
qmnadobis moTxovnilebebs
efuZneba.
adamianebi socialurad nak-
lebad aqtiurebi xdebian
asakSi Sesvlisas, radgan
SerCeviTad inarCuneben mxo-
lod im urTierTobebs, rom-
lebic emociurad metad
mniSvnelovania maTTvis.
adamianebi TavianT cxov-
rebas afaseben, nawilobriv,
sxvebis cxovrebaSi Ta-
vianTi dadebiTi wvlilis
Setanis unaris mixedviT.
xandazmul adamianTa mi-
marT uaryofiTi stereo-
tipebi asakis mixedviT dis-
kriminacias, anu eijizms
iwvevs.
genderuli ganviTa-
reba
genderi fsiqologiuri fe-
nomenia, romelic gulis-
xmobs biologiuri sqesiT
gansazRvruli qcevebisa da
ganwyobebis daswavlas.
genderuli rolebis aT-
viseba dabadebidanve iwyeba.
socializaciisTvis xelis-
Semwyobi mTeli rigi faqto-
rebi ganamtkiceben gende-
rul stereotipebs.
kolbergma gansazRvra mo-
raluri ganviTarebis sta-
diebi.
moraluri argumentaciis
gviandel kvlevebSi gaT-
valiswinebul iqna sqesob-
rivi da kulturuli gan-
sxvavebani.
sxvadasxva kulturebi sxva-
dasxva standartebis mixed-
viT afaseben, Tu romeli
situaciebi da qcevebi CaiT-
valos moralurad Tu amo-
ralurad.
457
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ZiriTadi cnebebi
akomodacia
alcheimeris daavadeba
asimilacia
mSoblebis mier
dadgenili qcevis wesebi
mSoblebis mier
gamoyenebuli aRzrdis
stilebi
bavSvze mimarTuli metyve-
leba
buneba-aRzrdis dapiris-
pireba
ganviTarebis asaki
ganviTarebis fsiqologia
egocentrizmi
asakis mixedviT diskrimi-
nacia, anu eijizmi
enis Seqmnis unari
zigota
imprintingi
internalizacia
intimuroba
konservacia
komforti kontaqtisas
longituduri kvlevis
meTodi
menarqe
mijaWvuloba
momwifeba
moraluroba
normatiuli kvlevebi
obieqtis mudmivoba
sayrdeni Teoriebi
seleqciuri optimizacia
kompensaciiT
seleqciuri socialuri
urTierTobebis Teoria
sibrZne
socializacia
sqemebi
genderi
sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi
genderuli identoba
genderuli rolebi
sqesobrivi simwife
sxeulis xati
fonemebi
fsiqosocialuri stadiebi
qmnadoba
qronologiuri asaki
centracia
jvaredini Seswavlis meTodi
hiperregularizacia
458
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m o t i v a c i a m o t i v a c i a m o t i v a c i a m o t i v a c i a m o t i v a c i a
12
ra aris motivacia
motivaciis koncef-
ciebis funqciebi
motivaciis wyaroebi
kveba
kvebis fiziologia
kvebis fsiqologia
fsiqologia XXI
saukuneSi: genebi da
simsuqne
seqsualuri qceva
cxovelebis seqsua-
luri qceva
adamianis seqsualu-
ri agzneba da reaq-
ciebi
seqsualuri qcevis
evolucia
seqsualuri qcevis
normebi
homoseqsualoba
pirovnuli miRwevis
motivacia
miRwevis moTxov-
nileba
warmatebisa da
marcxis atribucia
Sromisa da orga-
nizaciuli fsiqo-
logia
fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: SeuZlia Tu
ara fsiqologias kari-
eris arCevaSi daxmareba
moTxovnilebaTa
ierarqia
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
460
urnalisti rebeka stefensi (Rebe-
cca Stephens) everestze asvlas aR-
wers 1994 wels gamocemul wignSi,
,,msoflios mwvervalze~. wignis dasawyisSi
vrcladaa moTxrobili everestis dapyrobis
survilis Sesaxeb:
,,everestis romantika _ ai, ra mxiblavda
da mizidavda. mwvervalze rom avediT, sul
cota, orasi an samasi adamiani mainc
viyaviT _ sxvadasxva erovnebis, sarwmu-
noebis da rasis warmomadgeneli. TiToeul
Cvengans mwvervalze asvlis dauZleveli
survili amoZravebda. everesti yvelaze
maRali adgilia msoflioSi da uamravi
mizezi arsebobs, romelic misken iseve
izidavs adamianebs, rogorc CrdiloeT Tu
samxreT polusisken da okeanis siRr-
meebisken~.
mogvinebiaT, rodesac Tavs iCens mwvervalze
asvlisTvis damaxasiaTebeli daZabuloba da
safrTxe, am ,,romantikas~ pirquSi realoba cvlis.
miuxedavad amisa, avtori gasaocar daskvnamde
mas Semdeg midis, rac TiTi daiziana:
,,momdevno dilas gavogndi: _ iq, sadac adre
Cemi neka TiTi iyo, maxinji msuqani sosisi
moCanda, burTiviT gasiebuli da siTxiT savse,
TiTis meore saxsridan wveramde. ,,ra sisulele
iyo amis gakeTeba~, _ buzRuniT Tqva Tanamgzavr-
ma mTamsvlelma. rogor SemeZlo aseTi suleli,
daudevari da araseriozuli vyofiliyavi? es
iyo meore xarisxis moyinva...
me Cems karavSi wavbodialdi, pirquS martoo-
baSi msurda yofna. vcdilobdi, menugeSebina
sakuTari Tavi. ,,yvelaferi kargad iqneba,~ _
Tqva eqimma, magram rogor SemeZlo ar mefiqra,
rom TiTi axla romc momrCenoda, Semdeg mainc
ufro mgrZnobiare iqneboda. es ambavi 20 000
futis (7800 metris) simaRleze moxda. ra mox-
deboda 29 000 futze (11300 metrze), sadac ufro
yinavda? sadac Jangbadi da, Sesabamisad,
winaaRmdegobis gawevis unari naklebi iyo?
Rirda ki mwvervalis dapyroba aseT Zvir _
sakuTari TiTis dakargvis _ fasad? cota xans
davfiqrdi da sakmaod mSvidad, da Cemda
gasaocrad, davaskveni is, rasac verasodes
warmovidgendi, Tundac erTi Tvis win: TiTi
arc ise didi sazRauri iyo _ rogorme iolad
gaval nekis gareSec~ (gv.90-91).
J
Tqveni Tavi rebeka stefensis adgilze war-
moidgineT. warmogidgeniaT, ramdenad Zlierad
unda gindodeT miznis miRweva, rom gadawyvitoT:
,,iolad gaval nekis gareSec~. arsebobs raime
mizani, romlis gamoc sicocxles daTmobdiT?
sami adamiani daiRupa yinulis cicabo daRmar-
Tebze rebeka stefens mTaze asvlis dros... ratom
surT adamianebs ase gariskva? ra gansazRvravs
imas, Sewiravs Tu ara adamiani Tavs mTis mwver-
valze asvlas? ra aris es _ gamarjveba Tu raime
sxva mizani? ra gaiZulebT, iyoT daJinebulni,
jiutni, Seupovarni miznis miRwevisas, miuxedavad
im didi Zalisxmevisa, tkivilisa da finansuri
danaxarjebisa, ris fasadac es Seupovroba jdeba?
dabolos, didxans ecdebiT sasurveli miznis
miRwevas, Tu maleve daanebebT mcdelobas Tavs?
Tqveni yoveldRiuri cxovreba savsea situaci-
ebiT, rodesac adamianebi motivaciur faqtorebs
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mimarTaven im movlenaTa asaxsnelad, rac moxda,
an ar moxda. SeiZleba moisminoT, rogor eubneba
maRaziis ufrosi Tavis gamyidvelebs: ,,Tqven
unda SeecadoT, ufro bejiTad imuSavoT, rom
saqoneli gayidoT.~ megobari SeiZleba saidum-
lod gagendoT, rom gamocdaze imitom CaiWra,
rom profesori arasodes uqmnida mas sakmaris
motivacias. SeiZleba waikiTxoT deteqtiuri
moTxroba, SeecadoT danaSaulis motivis war-
modgenas da mkvlelis povniT daikmayofiloT
deteqtivis saidumlos amoxsnis survili. milio-
nobiT adamianis msgavsad, SeiZleba Tqvenc ver
SordebiT teleekrans da yoveldRe uyurebT
teleserialebs iseTi motivebis gamosavlenad,
rogoricaa siZunwe, Zalaufleba da gataceba.
fsiqologiis mkvlevarTa amocana motivaciis
aseTi magaliTebisTvis Teoriuli safuZvlis
uzrunvelyofaa. rogor SeuZlia motivaciur
mdgomareobas sportuli Sejibris Tu gamocdis
Sedegebze zemoqmedeba? ratom imatebs zogierTi
adamiani wonaSi da ratomaa, rom zogierTi lamis
sikvdilis piramde midis SimSiliT? gansazR-
vravs Tu ara Cven seqsualur qcevas genetikuri
memkvidreoba? am TavSi SeityobT, rom adamianis
moqmedebebi motivirebulia sxvadasxva moTxovni-
lebebiT _ dawyebuli iseTi fundamentaluri
fiziologiuri moTxovnilebebiT, rogoricaa
SimSili da wyurvili da damTavrebuli iseTi
fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebiT, rogoricaa
pirovnuli miRweva. amasTanave, Tqven naxavT,
rom xSirad arc ise iolia fsiqologiisa da
fiziologiis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna. magali-
Tad, xandaxan iseTi biologiuri moTxovnileba,
rogoricaa SimSili, xSirad konkurencias uwevs
pirovnuli kontrolisa da garSemomyofTa sim-
patiis mopovebis moTxovnilebas, rac kvebiTi
paternis TaviseburebebiTacaa ganpirobebuli.
am Tavs im ZiriTadi sakiTxebis ganxilviT
daviwyebT, romlebic aucilebelia motivaciis
kvlevisa da bunebis gasagebad. meore qveTavSi
farTod mimovixilavT motivaciis sam tips,
romelTaganac TiToeuli sxvadasxvagvarad mniS-
vnelovania da icvleba im xarisxiT, ra xaris-
xiTac biologiuri da fsiqologiuri faqtorebi
moqmedeben maTze. motivaciis es sami tipia:
SimSili, seqsi da pirovnuli miRweva.
ra aris motivacia
motivacia warmoadgens yvela im procesis
ganzogadebul termins, romelic CarTulia fizi-
kuri da fsiqologiuri aqtivobebis dawyebaSi,
mimarTulebis micemasa da marTvaSi. sityva mo-
tivacia warmodgeba laTinuri sityvidan movere,
rac ,,moZraobas~ niSnavs. organizmebi moZraoben
garkveuli stimulebisa da aqtivobebis mimar-
TulebiT da gaurbian garkveul stimulebs, maTi
mimzidvelobis da saZulvelobis Sesabamisad.
motivaciis Teoriebi xsnis rogorc cxovelTa
TiToeuli saxeobis, adamianebis CaTvliT, ,,moZra-
obis~ zogad paternebs da gvawvdis informacias
TiToeuli saxeobis calkeuli wevrebis fun-
qcionirebasa da prioritetebze. motivaciis ana-
lizi im sxvadasxva gzebis ganxilviT daviwyoT,
romliTac motivacia, Cveulebriv, xsnis da winas-
warmetyvelebs individulur da saxeobriv qcevas.
motivaciis koncefciebis
funqciebi
fsiqologebi motivaciis koncefciebis xuT
ZiriTad daniSnulebas gamoyofen:
qcevis dakavSireba biologiasTan _ Tqven,
rogorc biologiuri organizmi, flobT rTul
motivacia (Motivation) _ fizikuri da fsiqikuri
aqtivobebis dawyebis, mimarTulebis micemis da
marTvis procesi; moicavs meqanizmebs, romlebic
CarTulia erTi aqtivobisaTvis meoresTan Se-
darebiT upiratesobis miniWebaSi da energiasa
da mdgradobas sZens reaqciebs.
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Sinagan meqanizmebs, romlebic aregulireben
Tqveni sxeulis funqcionirebas da sicocxlis
SenarCunebaSi gexmarebian. ratom adeqiT sawo-
lidan am dilas? Tqven, albaT, gSiodaT, gwyu-
rodaT an gciodaT. TiToeul am SemTxvevaSi
daukmayofileblobis Sinagani mdgomareoba
sxeuls moqmedebisken ubiZgebs, rac qmnis mo-
tivacias TqvenTvis, rom ganaxorcieloT qmedeba
Tqveni sxeulis balansis aRsadgenad.
qcevis cvalebadobis axsna _ ratom asru-
lebT erTi da igive davalebas erT dRes kargad
da meore dRes cudad? ratomaa, rom erTi bavSvi
gacilebiT ukeT arTmevs Tavs sakonkurso
davalebas, vidre meore, romelsac igive unarebi
da codna gaaCnia? fsiqologebi maSin iyeneben
motivaciur axsnas, rodesac adamianis mier
davalebis an raime sxva moqmedebis Sesrulebis
cvalebedoba ucvlel situaciaSi ver aixsneba
unarebis, gamocdilebisa Tu praqtikis gansxva-
vebulobiT an SemTxveviTobiT. Tu Tqven dRes
diliT adre adeqiT damatebiT samecadinod,
xolo Tqveni megobari _ ara, es Tqveni da
Tqveni megobris gansxvavebul motivaciur
mdgomareobebs SeiZleba mivaweroT.
subieqtis Sinagan mdgomareobaze daskvnis
gakeTeba imaze dayrdnobiT, Tu rogor iqceva
is sazogadoebaSi _ Tqven xedavT, rom viRac
skamze zis da icinis. rogor axsniT am qcevas?
rogorc profesionali fsiqologebi, ise _
specialuri fsiqologiuri ganaTlebis armqone
adamianebi erTnairad gadainacvleben qcevaze
dakvirvebidan mis gamomwvev Sinagan mizezebze
daskvnisken. adamianebi mudmivad axdenen qcevis
interpretacias savaraudo mizezebis terminebiT
_ ratom moxda es swored ise, rogorc moxda?
igive wesi ZalaSia Tqveni qcevis mimarTac. Tqven
xSirad cdilobT imis garkvevas, Tqveni qceva
garedanaa motivirebuli Tu Signidan.
imis garkveva, Tu vis ekisreba moqmedebebze
pasuxismgebloba _ pirovnuli pasuxismgeblobis
cneba ZiriTadia religiis, kanonisa da eTiki-
saTvis. pirovnuli pasuxismgebloba gulisxmobs
Sinagan motivacias da qmedebebis gakontrolebis
unars. adamianebi naklebad pasuxismgeblebi arian
sakuTar moqmedebebze, rodesac: (1) ar fiqroben,
rom maT qcevas uaryofiTi Sedegebi eqneba, (2)
eqsternaluri (garegani) Zalebi sakmaod Zlieria
mocemuli qcevis aRsaZvrelad, an (3) qcevaze
gavlenas axdens narkotikebi, alkoholi da in-
tensiuri emociebi. amrigad, motivaciis Teo-
rias qcevis potenciuri mizezebis erTmaneTisgan
gansxvaveba unda SeeZlos.
araxelsayreli pirobebis miuxedavad miz-
nisken mimavali subieqtis Seupovrobisa da da-
Jinebulobis axsna _ gavixsenoT amonaridi rebeka
stefensis wignidan, romliTac daviwyeT winam-
debare Tavi. ratom xdeba, rom mZimed da sasik-
vdilod daWrili adamianebi xSirad mainc ag-
rZeleben mTaze asvlas? motivaciis Seswavlis
bolo mizezi imis axsnaa, Tu ratom axorcielebs
organizmi qcevas, rodesac gacilebiT martivi
iqneboda am qcevis ganxorcielebisgan Tavis
Sekaveba. motivacia gvexmareba, rom droulad
mivideT samsaxurSi an leqciaze maSinac ki,
rodesac amis Zala ukve aRar Segvwevs. motivacia
gvexmareba, rom mTeli ZaliT gavagrZeloT
TamaSi maSinac ki, roca vagebT da vacnobierebT,
rom mogeba SeuZlebelia.
axla ukve gaqvT zogadi warmodgena im
pirobebze, romelSic fsiqologebi qcevis
winaswarmetyvelebisa da axsnisaTvis motivaciis
cnebas mimarTaven. motivaciis konkretuli
sakiTxebis ganxilvamde, mis zogad wyaroebs
gavecnoT.
motivaciis wyaroebi
1999 wels velosipedistma lans armstrongma
(Lans Armstrong) tur de franses~ Sejibri moigo.
sportis istoriaSi es sportsmenis profesiul
sportSi dabrunebis erT-erTi SesaniSnavi maga-
liTi iyo. 1996 wels mas testikularuli sim-
sivnis diagnozi dausves, romelic filtvebsa
da tvinze vrceldeboda. agresiuli qimioTe-
rapiis kursis dasrulebis Semdeg armstrongma
varjiSis ganaxleba gadawyvita. sam weliwadSi
man msoflios yvelaze prestiJul SejibrSi
gaimarjva; 2000 wels man kvlav moigo tur de
franse~. cilismwameblebi ambobdnen, rom mar-
Sruti, romelzec armstrongma gaimarjva, arc
ise rTuli iyo. 2000 wlis gamarjvebam daamtkica,
rom lanss SeeZlo msoflios saukeTeso velom-
rbolelebis daZleva.
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Tqven SeZlebdiT imis gakeTebas, rac lans
armstrongma gaakeTa? SeZlebdiT seriozuli
avadmyofobis Semdeg dabrunebas da Tqveni
sxeulisTvis arcTu ise ioli amocanis dasaxvas?
xom ar fiqrobT, rom, rac ar unda yofiliyo
misi qcevis mamotivirebeli, is Tavad masSi
iyo? saWiroa Tu ara gansakuTrebuli cxov-
rebiseuli gamocdileba aseTi SeupovrobisaT-
vis, Tu es garegani, situaciuri faqtorebis
Sedegi iyo? moiqceva Tu ara adamianTa um-
ravlesoba aseve analogiur situaciaSi? aris
Tu ara misi qceva pirovnebisa da situaciis
maxasiaTeblebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegi? mo-
tivaciis wyaroebis ukeT gasarkvevad, vnaxoT,
ra gansxvavebaa internalur (Sinagan) da eqster-
nalur (garegan) Zalebs Soris. daviwyoT im
Teoriebis ganxilviT, romlebic qcevis garkveul
tipebs internaluri, biologiuri impulsebiT
xsnis.
ltolvebi da aRmZvrelebi
motivaciis zogierTi forma Zalze martivad
gamoiyureba: Tu SimSils grZnobT, WamT. Tu
gwyuriaT _ svamT. Teoria, romlis mixedviTad
mravali mniSvnelovani qceva motivirebulia
Sinagani ltolvebiT, yvelaze srulad klark
halma (Clark Hall, 1943, 1952) daamuSava. halis azriT,
ltolva Sinagani mdgomareobaa, romelic cxo-
velis fiziologiuri moTxovnilebis sapasuxod
aRmocendeba. organizmi iseTi biologiuri
maxasiaTeblebis wonasworobis, anu homeostazis
SenarCunebas cdilobs, rogoricaa: sxeulis tem-
peratura da energiis miwodeba (ix. Tavi 3).
ltolva aRmocendeba maSin, rodesac daukmayo-
filebloba Sinagan gauwonasworeblobas qmnis,
wonasworobas arRvevs, anu daZabulobas qmnis.
es ltolva organizms daZabulobis Semcire-
bisken, anu reduqciisken ubiZgebs. rodesac
ltolva dakmayofildeba an Semcirdeba, ho-
meostazi aRdgeba da organizmi wyvets moqmedebas.
amgvarad, halis mixedviT, rodesac cxovels
mravali saaTis ganmavlobaSi ar miewodeba
sakvebi, aRmocendeba SimSilis mdgomareoba, rac
sakvebis moZiebisa da gamokvebis qcevis mamo-
tivirebeli xdeba. cxovelis reaqcia, romelsac
sakvebis moZiebis mizani aqvs, ganmtkicdeba,
vinaidan is sakvebis miRebis Sedegad daZabulobis
Semcirebas ukavSirdeba.
SeuZlia Tu ara daZabulobis Semcirebis
Teorias yvela motivirebuli qcevis axsna?
cxadia, ara. warmovidginoT virTxebis jgufi,
romelsac ar awvdidnen sakvebs da wyals.
daZabulobis Semcirebis Teoriis mixedviT,
winaswar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom isini pirveli
SesaZleblobisTanave daleven wyals an SeWamen
sakvebs. Tumca, rodesac aseTi virTxebi axal
garemoSi xvdebian, sadac uamravi saWmeli da
sasmelia, isini garemos gamokvlevasa da da-
zvervas amjobineben da maSinve ar garbian saW-
ltolva (Drive) _ Sinagani mdgomareoba, romelic
aRmocendeba wonasworobis darRvevisas cxovelis
fiziologiuri moTxovnilebis sapasuxod.
homeostazi (Homeostasis) _ sxeulis Sinagani mdgo-
mareobis mudmivoba an wonasworoba.
aRmZvrelebi (incentives) _ eqsternaluri stimu-
lebi an waxaliseba, romlebic warmoadgenen
qcevis mamotivireblebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom
isini pirdapir ar ukavSirdebian biologiur
moTxovnilebebs.
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seriozuli
mizanze orientirebuli
upiratesobas aniWebs
winaswar dagegmvas
Tavs aridebs SfoTvas
surs progresi da
miRweva
konformisti
damyoli
surs wesebis dacva
tradiciuli
sasiamovno
surs morgeba
mbrZanebloba
Zalauflebaze
orientirebuli
cxovrebas brZolad
miiCnevs
mkacri azrovneba
kontrolze
koncentrirebuli
surs dominantoba
auturi
upiratesad sakuTar
Tavzekoncentrirebuloba
egocentruli
sakuTar grZnobebze
koncentracia
mxiaruli
aqtivobaze orientirebuli
cxovrobs am momentiT
eZebs aRgznebas, aRfrTova-
nebas
surs mxiaruleba da
garToba
negativisti
meamboxe
surs wesebis darRveva
aratradiciuli
gabrazebuli
surs damoukidebloba
TanagrZnoba (simpaTia)
zrunvaze orientirebuli
cxovrebas TanamSromlobad
miiCnevs
mgrZnobiare
sikeTeze
koncentrirebuli
surs sinaze da mofereba
aloikuri
upiratesad sxvebze
koncentrirebuloba
sxvebTan identifikacia
sxvebis grZnobebze
koncentracia
cxrili
12.1
mlisa da sasmelisken, isini mxolod cnobis-
moyvareobis dakmayofilebis Semdeg iwyeben Wamas
da smas (Berlyne, 1960; Fewler, 1965; Zimbardo &
Montogomery, 1957). gamokvlevaTa sxva seriaSi axal-
gazrda maimunebi did drosa da energias
xarjavdnen maT garemoSi arsebuli mowyobi-
lobebiTa da axali obieqtebiT manipulaciaze
da, rogorc Canda, amas yovelgvari garegani wa-
xalisebis gareSe, ,,garTobiT, maimunobiT~
siamovnebis misaRebad akeTebdnen (Harlow et al., 1950).
es eqsperimentebi gviCvenebs, rom qceva ar
aris motivirebuli mxolod Sinagani ltolve-
biT: qceva motivirebulia, aseve, aRmZvrelebiT
_ garegani stimulebiT an waxalisebiT, romelic
pirdapir ar ukavSirdeba biologiur moTxovni-
lebebs. rodesac maimunebi da virTxebi gare-
moSi mocemul obieqtebze iyvnen momarTulni
da ara Sinagan mdgomareobebze, es gviCvenebda,
rom maT qcevas aRmZvrelebi marTavda. asevea
adamianis qcevis SemTxvevaSic _ mas mravalgvari
aRmZvreli akontrolebs. ratom daZvrebiT
internetSi RamiT tkbilad daZinebis nacvlad?
ratom uyurebT films, romelic, iciT, rom Se-
gaSinebT da aRgaSfoTebT? ratom miirTmevT tkbi-
leuls wveulebaze, roca ukve kargad danayre-
buli brZandebiT? TiToeul am SemTxvevSi ga-
remos elementebi aRmZvrelis rols asruleben,
romelic qcevis ganxorcielebisken gibiZgebT.
Tqven ukve iciT, rom qceva motivaciis garegani
da Sinagani wyaroebidan iRebs saTaves. miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom virTxebi SeiZleba sakvebis
miRebisa da wylis dalevis qcevis ganxorci-
elebis biologiur iZulebas ganicdidnen, isini
axali garemos gamokvlevis impulssac emor-
Cilebian. axla ganvixiloT motivaciisadmi Tana-
medrove midgoma _ reversiis Teoria, romelSic
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba konkurentuli
motivaciuri mdgomareobebis Seswavlas eTmoba.
reversiis, anu araTavsebadi
mdgomareobebis Teoria
ukanasknel wlebSi maikl afterma (Michael
Apter, 1989; aseve, ix. Frey, 1997) da misma kolegebma,
ganaviTares axali Teoria, romelic uaryofs
motivaciis, rogorc daZabulobis Semcirebis,
ideas. amis nacvlad, es Teoria uSvebs, rom
arsebobs metamotivaciuri mdgomareobis oTxi
wyvili. rogorc naCvenebia cxrilSi 12.1, wyvi-
lebs urTierTsapirispiro mdgomareobebi qmnian.
Teoriis mixedviT, drois nebismier mocemul
momentSi TiToeul wyvilSi gaerTianebuli ori
mdgomareobidan mxolod erTi SeiZleba ar-
sebobdes realurad. Tu gadaxedavT cxrils,
naxavT, rogor gansazRvravs TiToeuli wyvili
araTavsebad motivaciur mdgomareobebs. maga-
liTad, warmoidgineT nebismieri situacia,
romelic samsaxurs ukavSirdeba. ra gsurT mo-
cemul momentSi: situaciaze morgeba Tu damo-
ukidebloba? sakuTari grZnobebis mixedviT moq-
medeba Tu sxvebis grZnobebze yuradRebis mip-
yroba? am Teorias reversiis anu araTavsebadi
mdgomareobebis Teoria ewodeba. is adamianuri
reversiis Teoria (Reversal theory) _ Teoria, ro-
melic xsnis adamianis motivacias erTi meta-
motivaciuri mgomareobidan meore, sapirispiro
mdgomareobaSi reversiis (gadasvlis) termi-
nebiT.
metamotivaciuri mdgomareobebis oTxi
wyvilis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi
Telikuri paraTelikuri
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motivaciis axsnas erTi mdgomareobidan meore,
sawinaaRmdego mdgomareobaze reversiis (gadas-
vlis) terminebiT cdilobs. ganvixiloT para-
Telikuri da Telikuri kontrastuli mdgo-
mareobebi. Tqven paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi
xarT, rodesac iseT qcevebs axorcielebT, rom-
lebsac siamovnebis moniWebis garda sxva mizani
ar gaaCniaT, xolo Telikur mdgomareobaSi xarT,
rodesac iseT qceves axorcielebT, romlebic
mniSvnelovania TqvenTvis ara mxolod mocemul
momentSi. magaliTad, am konkretul mocemul
momentSi, albaT, Telikur mdgomareobaSi imyo-
febiT, radgan saxelmZRvanelos kiTxulobT _
Tqven gsurT masalis daswavla, raTa kargad
CaabaroT gamocda. Tu Tqven wasaxemseblad an
axali diskis mosasmenad SewyvetT mecadineobas,
amiT TiTqmis mTlianad gadaerTvebiT paraTe-
likur mdgomareobaSi. reversiis Teoria, faqtob-
rivad, gveubneba, rom Tqven yovelTvis imyofebiT
erT an meore mdgomareobaSi, magram ara _ ori-
veSi erTad.
drodadro Tqven SesaZloa Zalze naTlad
SeigrZnoT am TeoriiT nawinaswarmetyvelebi
reversiis tipebi. reversiis erTi gansakuTrebiT
TvalsaCino forma iseTi maRalriskiani aqti-
vobebiT dakavebul adamianebs axasiaTebT, ro-
goricaa paraSutiT xtoma. xedavT, rogor xsnis
reversiis Teoria paraSutistTa monaTxrobs?
saidan
viciT
SfoTvidan aRfrTovanebaze gadasvla
ratom xtebian adamianebi Tavisi nebiT
TviTmfrinavidan da amtkiceben, rom es
maT garTobisTvis gaakeTes? Zalian Znelia
am qcevis gageba daZabulobis Semcirebis
Teoriis gamoyenebiT, radgan TviTmfri-
navidan gadaxtomis molodini daZabu-
lobas ki ar amcirebs, aramed, piriqiT _
zrdis. reversiis Teoriis Tanaxmad, para-
SutiT gadaxtoma Telikuri mdgomareo-
bidan paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi ga-
dasvlis SemTxvevaa. gadaxtomamde, Telikur
mdgomareobaSi adamianis mier gancdili
aRgznebis maRali done SfoTvas badebs.
paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi ki Zlieri
aRgzneba ganicdeba, rogorc Zlieri aR-
frTovaneba. amgvarad, Telikuri mdgo-
mareobidan paraTelikurSi gadasvla ag-
znebis imave doneze iwvevs Zlieri SfoT-
vidan did siamovnebaze gadarTvas.amgvari
pirdapiri gadarTvis arsebobis Sesamow-
meblad mkvlevrebma monacemebi para-
SutistTa ori klubis wevrebisgan aag-
roves. klubis wevrebi aRniSnavdnen SfoT-
visa da aRfrTovanebis grZnobas gadax-
tomamde, xtomis manZilze da daSvebis
Semdeg. monacemebma aSkara reversia aCvena:
gadaxtomamde isini SfoTavdnen (magram ar
iyvnen aRfrTovanebulni). mas Semdeg, rac
paraSuti ixsneboda, isini aRfrTova-
nebulni iyvnen (magram aRar SfoTavdnen).
arsebuli aRgzneba ar qreboda _ is maSinve
iZenda sxva Sinaarss, rogorc ki paraSutis-
ti Telikuri mdgomareobidan paraTelikur
mdgomareobaSi gadadioda (Apter & Batler, 1997).
reversiis Teoria gvawvdis motivaciis sain-
tereso zogad midgomas. axla ganvixilavT moti-
vaciis kvlevis sxva tradicias, romelic kon-
centrirebulia biologiuri saxeobebisTvis
damaxasiaTebel instinqtur qcevaze.
instinqturi qceva da daswavla
ratom iqcevian organizmebi swored ase da
ara sxvagvarad? pasuxis erTi nawili isaa, rom
biologiuri saxeobis qcevis zogierT aspeqts
instinqtebi, anu winaswar daprogramebuli ten-
denciebi marTavs, romlebsac arsebiTi mniS-
vneloba aqvT saxeobis gadarCenisaTvis. instin-
qtebi uzrunvelyofen qcevis repertuars, ro-
melic TiToeuli cxovelis genetikuri memkvid-
reobis nawils warmoadgens. oraguli aTasobiT
mils zustad im nakadulSi dasabruneblad
curavs, sadac daibada; is dinebis sawinaaRmdegod
micuravs, CanCqerebs axteba da zustad daniSnul
adgilze midis, sadac gadarCenili mdedri da
mamri oragulebi Sewyvilebis ritualur qcevas
asruleben, ganayofierebuli qviriTis dayris
Semdeg ki iRupebian. momavalSi, rodesac dro
instinqti (Instinct) _ winaswar daprogramebuli
tendencia, romelsac arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs
saxeobis gadarCenisaTvis.
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dadgeba, axalgazrda Taoba dauyveba dinebas,
raTa icxovros okeaneSi manam, sanam ramdenime
wlis Semdeg am uwyvet dramaSi maTi monawilebis
dro ar mova. aseTive STambeWdavi moqmedebebi
SeiZleba vnaxoT cxovelTa mraval saxeobaSi.
futkari sakvebis adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb
Setyobinebas sxva futkrebs gadascems; WianWve-
laTa armia sinqronizebulad dadis sanadirod,
Citebi budeebs aSeneben, obobebi zustad iseve
xlarTaven da qsoven rTul qselebs, rogorc
maTi mSoblebi da winaprebi akeTebdnen amas.
adamianis qcevis adreuli Teoriebi midre-
kilni iyvnen adamianisTvis instinqtebis mniS-
vnelobis gadafasebisken. uiliam jemsi (William
James, 1890) gamoTqvamda mosazrebas, rom ada-
mianebi yvela sxva cxovelze metad eyrdnobian
instinqtur qcevas (Tumca, adamianis instinqtebi,
rogorc wesi, ar vlindeboda qcevaTa fiqsi-
rebuli paternebis saxiT). biologiuri instin-
qtebis garda, romlebic adamians cxovelebTan
saerTo aqvs, moqmedebaSi Semodis, agreTve, iseTi
ZiriTadi socialuri instinqtebi, rogorebicaa:
simpaTia, socialuroba, TavSekavebuloba da
siyvaruli. jemsisTvis orive _ rogorc cxo-
veluri, ise adamianuri _ instinqtebi miznobrivi
iyo. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mniSvnelovan
miznebs emsaxurebodnen, anu mniSvnelovan
funqciebs asruleben organizmis garemosTan
adaptaciis procesSi.
zigmund froidma (Sigmund Freud, 1915) Semogv-
Tavaza mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom adamianis
gamocdilebaSi arsebuli ltolvebi aRmocendeba
sicocxlis (maT Soris seqsualuri) da sikv-
dilis (maT Soris agresiis) instinqtebidan.
mas miaCnda, rom instinqturi impulsebi war-
marTavs fsiqikur energias sxeulebrivi moTxov-
nilebebis dasakmayofileblad. daZabuloba
aRmocendeba maSin, rodesac energia ver
ganitvirTeba; es daZabuloba ubiZgebs adamians
aqtivobisken an/da obieqtisken, romelic
Seamcirebs mas. magaliTad, froidis azriT, sico-
cxlisa da sikvdilis instinqtebi moqmedeben
gacilebiT dabal doneze, vidre cnobierebis
donea (anu Rrmad aracnobierSi), Tumca, maTi
gavlena cnobier azrebze, grZnobebsa da qmede-
bebze Zalian Zlieria imis gamo, rom instinqtebi
mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli gadawyvetile-
bebis miRebisken ubiZgebdnen adamianebs (Cven am
mosazrebas vrclad ganvixilavT me-14 TavSi).
1920-ian wlebSi fsiqologebma Seadgines
adamianis 10 000 instinqtisgan Semdgari sia
(Bernard, 1924), Tumca, amave periodSi adamianuri
instinqtis, rogorc adamianis qcevis universa-
luri amxsnelis, cneba eWvis qveS dadga da
kritikis sagnadac iqca. kros-kulturulma
anTropologebma ruT benediqtma (Ruth Bendict,
1959) da margaret midma (Margaret Mead, 1939)
sxvadasxva kulturaSi uamravi qceviTi variacia
aRmoaCines. maTi dakvirveba ewinaaRmdegeboda
im Teoriebs, romlebic mxolod Tandayolili
instinqtebis universalurobaze saubrobdnen.
instinqtebis adreuli TeoriebisTvis yvela-
ze metad damangreveli iyo bihevioristebis
empiriuli demonstraciebi imisa, rom mniSvne-
lovani qcevebi da emociebi daswavlili ufro
iyo, vidre Tandayolili. aseT demonstraciebs
Tqven me-7 Tavidan icnobT, sadac naxeT, rom
adamianebi da cxovelebi erTnairad mgrZnobia-
reni arian imis mimarT, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba
erTmaneTs stimulebi da reaqciebi garemoSi.
Tu gsurT axsnaT, ratom axorcielebs zogierTi
T
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cxoveli mocemul qcevas da zogierTi _ ara,
Tqven ar gesaWiroebaT sxva arafris codna,
garda imisa, rom erTi cxovelis qceva ganmtkicda,
xolo meoris _ ara. aseT pirobebSi saerTod
ar gWirdebaT calke motivaciis axsna (anu
Secdoma iqneboda gveTqva, rom erTi cxoveli
motivirebulia~, xolo meore _ ara).
Tumca, gavixsenoT: me-7 TavSi isic vnaxeT,
rom qcevis tipebi, romelTac cxovelebi ufro
iolad daiswavlian, determinirebulia moce-
muli saxeobisTvis specifikuri instinqtebiT.
amitom TiToeuli cxoveli daswavlili da
instinqturi qcevebis kombinacias axorcielebs.
amrigad, Tu Tqven gTxoven cxovelis qcevis
axsnas an winaswarmetyvelebas, Tqven ori ramis
codna dagWirdebaT, kerZod, konkretuli moce-
muli cxovelis istoriidan unda icodeT: (1)
romeli adapturi qcevaa organizmis genetikuri
memkvidreobis nawili da (2) garemoSi arsebuli
asociaciebis rogori unikaluri erToblioba
aqvs organizms gamocdilebaSi? aseT SemTxve-
vebSi motivaciis funqcia im gavlenas eniWeba,
romelsac warsulis movlenebi axdenen mimdi-
nare qcevaze.
kidev erTxel gadavxedoT me-7 Tavs: Cven
vnaxeT, rom kogniturad orientirebulma mkvlev-
rebma eWvqveS daayenes mosazreba imis Taobaze,
rom instinqtebi da ganmtkicebebis istoria
sakmarisia cxovelis qcevis yvela detalis
asaxsnelad. axla vnaxoT, ra rols asruleben
motivaciaSi molodinebi da SemecnebiTi aqti-
vobebi.
molodinebi da kognituri midgomebi
motivaciisadmi
ganvixiloT ,,jadoqari ozis qveynidan~, ro-
gorc motivaciis fsiqologiuri kvleva. doroTi
da misi sami megobari kargad gaisarjnen
zurmuxtis qalaqamde misaRwevad: maT daZlies
barierebi da SeewinaaRmdegnen Tavs datexil
yvela ubedurebas. isini amas imis molodiniT
akeTebdnen, rom jadoqari maT imas miscemda,
rac akldaT. amis nacvlad saocarma (da brZenma)
jadoqarma daanaxa, rom Tavad maT, da ara
jadoqars, yovelTvis xelewifebodaT TavianTi
sanukvari survilebis asruleba. doroTisTvis
saxli ar warmoadgenda konkretul adgils; es
misTvis sayvarel adamianebTan yofniT miRebuli
usafrTxoebis da komfortis gancda iyo: saxli
iq iyo, sadac misi guli imyofeboda. simamace,
romelic loms surda; Wkua, romelsac safrTxo-
bela eswrafvoda da emociebi, romelzec rkinis
xis mWreli ocnebobda, is Tvisebebia, romelTac
isini ukve flobdnen. maT am Tvisebebze unda
ifiqron ara rogorc Sinagan mdgomareobebze,
aramed rogorc im dadebiT urTierTobebze,
romlebic ukve hqondaT sxvebTan. jadoqari ozis
qveynidan aSkarad erT-erTi pirveli kognitur
fsiqologia, vinaidan man aRiara adamianis
azrovnebis procesis mniSvnelovneba misi
miznebis da am miznebis misaRwevad ganxorci-
elebuli qcevis determinaciaSi.
Tanamedrove fsiqologebi iyeneben kognitur
analizs mTeli rigi pirovnuli da socialuri
qcevebis mamotivirebeli Zalebis Sesaswavlad.
isini iziareben jadoqris mosazrebas, rom ada-
mianis mniSvnelovani motivacia aRmocendeba
ara gare samyaros obieqturi realobidan, aramed
realobis subieqturi interpretaciebidan.
dajildovebis ganmamtkicebeli efeqti ikargeba,
Tu ver xedavT, rom Tqvenma qmedebam ganapiroba
es jildo. is, rasac axla akeTebT, xSirad
kontroldeba: (1) imiT, rac, Tqveni azriT, pa-
suxismgebeli iyo warsulSi gancdil warma-
tebasa da marcxze; (2) imiT, risi gakeTebac
gjeraT, rom SegiZliaT da (3) imiT, rasac
ganWvretT winaswar, anu Tqveni qmedebis Sedegis
danaxviT. kognituri midgoma xsnis, Tu ratom
arian adamianebi xSirad motivirebulni momavali
movlenebis molodinebiT.
qcevis motivirebaSi molodinebis mniSvne-
loba julian roterma (Julian Rotter, 1954) daamuSava
socialuri daswavlis TeoriaSi (Cven SevexeT
socialur daswavlas, rodesac me-7 TavSi
dakvirvebiT daswavlas ganvixilavdiT). rote-
risaTvis albaToba imisa, rom Tqven ganaxorcie-
lebT mocemuli qcevas (vTqvaT, gamocdisTvis
moemzadebiT da ar waxvalT wveulebaze) deter-
minirebulia, anu ganpirobebulia im dasaxuli
miznis (kargi niSnis miRebis) miRwevis molo-
diniT, romelic am aqtivobas mohyveba da imiT,
Tu ra pirovnuli Rirebuleba aqvs am mizans
socialuri daswavlis Teoria (Social learning
theory) _ daswavlis Teoria, romelic xazs usvams
dakvirvebisa da sxvebis mier ganxorcielebuli
qcevis mibaZvis mniSvnelobas.
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TqvenTvis. molodinebsa da realobas Soris
gansvlam SeiZleba individs makoregirebeli
qcevis ganxorcielebisken ubiZgos (Festinger, 1957.
Lewin, 1936). magaliTad, Tu aRmoaCenT, rom Tqveni
qceva ar Seesabameba im jgufis standartebs,
romelsac miekuTvnebiT, Tqven SesaZloa moti-
virebuli iyoT Tqveni qcevis Secvlaze, raTa
ukeT moergoT jgufs.
rogor ukavSirdeba molodinebi motivaciis
garegan da Sinagan Zalebs? fric haiderma (Fritz
Heider, 1958) gamoTqva mosazreba, rom Tqveni qcevis
Sedegi (magaliTad, cudi niSani) SeiZleba iseT
dispoziciur Zalebs mieweros, rogoricaa Zalis-
xmevis arqona an arasakmari goniereba, anda
iseT situaciur Zalebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
arasamarTliani gamocda anda tendenciuri
maswavlebeli. amgvari atribucia gavlenas
axdens Tqvens momaval qcevaze. Tqven ufro
bejiTad iSromebT, Tu CaTvliT, rom miRebuli
cudi niSani Zalisxmevis arqonis Sedegia, magram
SeiZleba Tavi mianeboT yvelafers, Tu CaTvliT,
rom miRebuli cudi niSani usamarTlobis an
SesaZleblobebis arqonis Sedegs warmoadgens
(Dweck, 1975). amgvarad, motivaciis wyaros
identifikacia, rogorc gareganis an Sinaganis,
SeiZleba, nawilobriv, damokidebuli iyos rea-
lobis sakuTar subieqtur interpretaciaze.
kidev erTxel gadavxedoT motivaciis sxva-
dasxva wyaroebs. Cven daviwyeT dakvirvebidan,
rom mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT qcevis gamowvevis
Sinagani da garegani faqtorebis erTmaneTisgan
gamijvna. ltolvebi, instinqtebi da daswavlis
istoriebi _ yvela warmoadgens motivaciis
Sinagan wyaros, romelic gavlenas axdens qce-
vaze Sesabamisi garegani stimulis arsebobis
pirobebSi. rodesac adamianebi sakuTari qcevis
Sesaxeb iwyeben msjelobas, molodini imisa,
Tu ra unda moxdes an SeiZleba moxdes, moti-
vaciis uzrunvelyofas iwyebs. adamianma zogier-
Ti motivacia SeiZleba sakuTar Tavs miaweros,
zogi ki _ gare samyaros.
Cven axla movxazeT ZiriTadi CarCo moti-
vaciis cnebis gagebisaTvis. winamdebare Tavis
danarCen nawilSi ganvixilavT qcevis sam tips,
romelzec gavlenas axdens motivaciebis ur-
TierTqmedeba _ esaa kveba, seqsualuri qceva da
pirovnuli miRweva.
Sejameba
fsiqologebi motivaciis koncefciebs imisaT-
vis iyeneben, rom erTmaneTTan daakavSiron bio-
logia da qceva, axsnan qcevis cvalebadoba,
daaskvnan zogadi qmedebebidan kerZo mdgoma-
reobis Sesaxeb subieqtisTvis qcevaze pasu-
xismgeblobis dasakisreblad da im Seupovrobisa
da daJinebulobis asaxsnelad, romelsac ada-
mianebi iCenen miznis miRwevisas araxelsayreli
garemo pirobebis miuxedavad. motivaciis Teo-
riebi cdiloben imis garkvevas, Tu romeli
motivaciuri Zala momdinareobs organizmSi
arsebuli Sinagani wyaroebidan da romeli _
organizmis gareT arsebuli garegani wyaroebidan
_ garemos an kulturuli faqtorebidan.
ltolvebis Teoria xazs usmevs motivaciaSi
daZabulobis Semcirebis mniSvnelobas. rogorc
wesi, qceva garegani aRmZvrelebiTacaa moti-
virebuli, romlebic ar ukavSirdeba fizio-
logiur moTxovnilebebs. reversiis Teoriis
mixedviT, motivacia marTavs sapirispiro meta-
motivaciur mdgomareobebs. saxeobisaTvis speci-
fikuri instinqturi qceva warmoiqmneba rogorc
Sinagani, aseve garegani faqtorebiT. motivaciis
kognituri Teoria koncentrirebulia adamianis
molodinebze da imaze, Tu rogor axdens adamiani
samyaros daxarisxebas dispoziciuri Tu situa-
ciuri Zalebis mixedviT.
kveba
gaakeTeT prognozi Semdegi situaciis ganviTa-
rebis Sesaxeb. fsiqologiis Sesaval kursze
Cawerili erT-erTi studentisTvis picis naWris
SeTavazebas vapirebT. rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad
mosalodnelia, rom es studenti uars ar ityvis
da miirTmevs picis naWers? ar gindaT, gamoic-
noT? Tqveni pasuxi, albaT, aseTi iqneba: ,,me
mWirdeba ufro meti informacia~. bolo qveTavSi
gaCveneT, Tu rogor unda moaxdinoT TqvenTvis
saWiro damatebiTi informaciis miRebis organi-
zeba aseTi prognozis gamoTqmamde. Tqven dagWir-
debodaT Sinagani codna, anu informacia am
studentis Sesaxeb _ ramdeni aqvs ukve naWami
T
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mas? cdilobs Tu ara dietis dacvas? Tqven,
aseve, dagWirdebodaT garegani codna, anu praq-
tikuli xasiaTis informacia. pica gemrielia
Tu ara? hyavs Tu ara students megobrebi, ro-
melTac gauyofs picas da Tan gaesaubreba?
rogorc xedavT, ukve, garkveulwilad, gavaana-
lizeT is Zalebi, romlebmac SeiZleba gavlena
moaxdinos iseT martiv Sedegzec ki, rogoricaa
studentis mier picis SeWma. daviwyoT zogierTi
fiziologiuri procesis ganxilviT, romliTac
evoluciam sakvebis miRebis samarTavad aRgvWurva.
kvebis fiziologia
rodis gaZlevT Tqveni sxeuli niSans, rom
Wamis droa? Tqven aRWurvili xarT meqanizmebis
mTeli rigiT, romlebic SimSilisa da simaZRris
fizikur gancdas qmnian (Logue, 1991). sakvebis
efeqturad misaRebad organizmi aRWurvili unda
iyos meqanizmebiT, romlebic asruleben oTx
amocanas: (1) sakvebis Sinagani moTxovnilebis
dafiqsireba; (2) kvebiTiO qcevis dawyeba da
organizeba; (3) miRebuli sakvebis xarisxisa da
raodenobis Semowmeba; (4) im momentis dafiqsireba,
rodesac sakmarisia miRebuli sakvebi da kvebis
Sewyveta. mkvlevrebma scades am procesebis axsna
maTi sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilis iseT perife-
riul meqanizmebTan dakavSirebiT, rogoricaa
kuWis SekumSva, anda tvinis iseT centralur
meqanizmebTan, rogorica hipoTalamusis funqcio-
nireba. ganvixiloT es procesebi ufro dawvri-
lebiT.
periferiuli reaqciebi
saidan modis SimSilis grZnoba? gvigzavnis
Tu ara kuWi ubedurebis signalebs imis misa-
TiTeblad, rom is carielia? pirveli fizio-
logi, vinc amis garkvevas Seecada, uolter
qenoni (Walter Canon, 1934) iyo. mas miaCnda, rom
carieli kuWis peristaltika SimSilis grZnobis
erTaderT safuZvels warmoadgenda. am hipoTezis
Sesamowmeblad qenonis erT-erTma gabedulma
studentma a. l. uoSbornma (A.L.Washburn) wi-
naswari gavarjiSebis Semdeg rezinis milze
mimagrebuli gasaberi buSti gadaylapa. milis
meore bolo uerTdeboda mowyobilobas, ro-
melic haeris wnevis cvlebadobas afiqsirebda.
Semdeg qenonma buSti studentis kuWSi gabera.
rodesac kuWi ikumSeboda, haeri amodioda buS-
tidan da gadaxrida mowyobilobis kalams. uoS-
bornis mier aRniSnuli, SimSiliT gamowveuli
tkivilis SegrZneba Seesabameboda kuWis Zlier
SekumSvebs, magram ara _ gafarToebebs. qenoni
fiqrobda, rom daamtkica SimSilis grZnobis
formirebaSi kuWis spazmebis monawileoba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qenonisa da uoSbornis
procedura erTob gonebamaxviluri iyo, Sedgomma
kvlevebma aCvena, rom SimSilis SesagrZnobad
kuWis SekumSva ar warmoadgenda aucilebel
pirobas. carieli kuWis mqone cxovelis sisxlSi
Saqris SeyvaniT Cerdeba kuWis SekumSvebi, Tumca
amis Semdeg ar qreboda SimSilis grZnoba.
pacientebi, romlebsac mTlianad amokveTili
hqondaT kuWi, isev ganicdidnen SimSilis grZno-
basTan dakavSirebul tkivils (Janowitz & Grosman,
1950), xolo kuWis gareSe darCenili virTxebi
mainc daiswavlidnen labirinTs sakvebiT
dajildoebis pirobebSi (Penick et al., 1963). amrigad,
miuxedavad imisa, rom kuWSi gaCenili SegrZneba
SeiZleba garkveul rols asrulebdes adamianis
mier SimSilis gancdaSi, is amomwuravad mainc
ver xsnis, Tu rogor afiqsirebs sxeuli sakvebis
moTxovnilebas da rogor xdeba motivirebuli
sakvebis miRebisTvis.
carieli kuWi aucileblobiT ar SeigrZnobs
SimSils, magram wyvets Tu ara sakvebis miRebas
savse~ kuWi? kvlevebma aCvena, rom sakvebiT
(magram ara gaberili buStiT) Sevsebis gamo
kuWis gafarToeba individs sakvebis miRebis
Sewyvetas aiZulebs (Logue, 1991). amrigad, orga-
nizmi mgrZnobiarea kuWis wnevis wyaros mimarT.
sakvebis piris RruSi yofnis SegrZneba, aseve,
warmoadgens simaZRris maniSneblebis perife-
riul wyaros. es maniSneblebi pirdapir ukavSir-
deba danayrebulobis, anu sisavsis gancdas.
SeiZleba SeginiSnavT, rom danayrebis Semdeg
naklebi enTuziazmiT aRiqvamT Tqveni sayvareli
kerZis gemosac ki. am fenomens sensorul-
specifikuri simaZRre ewodeba. kaloriuli da
cilebiT mdidari sakvebi ufro Zlier simaZRres
iwvevs, vidre naklebad kaloriuli da cilebis
naklebi Semcvelobis mqone sakvebi (Johnson &
Vicers, 1993; Vandewaters & Vickers, 1996). am tipis sakve-
bisadmi swrafvis~ aseTi dauyovnebeli Semci-
reba SeiZleba organizmis mier sakvebis miRebis
regulirebis erT-erT saSualeba iyos. Tumca,
sityva ,,specifikuri~ sensorul-specifikur
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simaZRreSi imaze miuTiTebs, rom simaZRre Zalze
uSualodaa damokidebuli im konkretul sakvebze,
romelsac iRebT. rodesac adamianebs mraval-
ferovani da sxvadasxva gemos mqone sakvebiT
kvebaven da ara erTi romelime konkretuliT,
romelsac erTi, Tundac maTi sayvareli, gemo
aqvs, isini ufro mets Wamen (Rolls et al., 1981).
Sesabamisad, sakvebis gemos mravalferovneba,
romelic ase damaxasiaTebelia trapezisTvis,
sadac ramdenime kerZi Tanmimdevrulad cvlis
erTmaneTs, SeiZleba dabrkolebad iqces sxva
sxeulebrivi signalebisTvis, romlebic atyobi-
neben organizms, rom man ukve sakmarisad miirTva.
axla gavecnoT Tavis tvinis im meqanizmebs,
romlebic CarTulia sakvebis miRebis qcevaSi
da sadac erTad iyris Tavs periferiuli
wyaroebidan wamosuli informacia.
centraluri reaqciebi
rogorc xSirad xdeba xolme, martivma
Teoriebma Tavis tvinis im centrebis Sesaxeb,
sadac iwyeba da mTavrdeba sakvebis miRebis
procesi, adgili dauTmo ufro rTul Teoriebs.
yvelaze adreuli Teoriebi, sadac saubari iyo
sakvebis miRebis marTvaSi tvinis rolze, la-
teraluri hipoTalamusisa (lh) da ventrome-
dialuri hipoTalamusis (vmh) funqcionirebaze
dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebul monacemebze
(hipoTalamusis adgilmdebareoba naCvenebia
suraTze 3.10.) aigeboda. gamokvlevebma aCvena,
rom, Tu ventromedialuri hipoTalamusi dazia-
nebulia (an lateraluri hipoTalamusi sti-
mulirebulia), cxoveli met sakvebs moixmars,
magram, Tu Tanmimdevroba ise Sebrundeba, rom
lateraluri hipoTalamusi daziandeba (an
ventromedialuri hipoTalamusi stimulirdes),
cxoveli nakleb sakvebs moixmars. am dakvirvebam
ganapiroba orcentriani modelis aRmoceneba,
sadac lateraluri hipoTalamusi iTvleboda
,,SimSilis~ centrad, xolo ventromedialuri
hipoTalamusi _ ,,simaZRred~.
Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi dagrovili mona-
cemebiT ver dadasturda am Teoriis siswore
(Martin et al., 1991; Rolls, 1994). magaliTad, daziane-
buli vmh-is mqone virTxebi Warbad STanTqaven
mxolod im sakvebs, romelic gemrielad eCvene-
baT. isini intensiurad arideben Tavs ugemur
sakvebs. amrigad, vmh ver iqneba ubralod centri,
romelic gadascems signalebs: ,,kidev Wame~, an
,,aRar Wamo~, _ signali damokidebulia sakvebis
tipze. faqtobrivad, vmh-is rRvevam SeiZleba,
nawilobriv, gavlena moaxdinos sakvebze Cveu-
lebrivi refleqsuri reaqciis moWarbebaze
(Powley, 1977). Tu virTxebis Cveulebrivi refleq-
suri reaqcia gemriel sakvebze am sakvebis SeWmaa,
moWarbebuli refleqsuri reaqcia uzomod Wama
iqneba. Tu virTxa refleqsurad Tavs aridebs
ugemuri sakvebis miRebas daxrCobiT an RebinebiT,
moWarbebulma refleqsurma reaqciam mas SeiZleba
saerTod sakvebis miRebaze aTqmevinos uari.
yuradReba SevaCeroT imaze, Tu rogor asru-
leben vmh da lh tvinidan miRebul davalebas.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani informaciis nawili,
romelsac vmh da lh iyeneben sakvebis miRebis
regulaciaSi, maTTan sisxlis nakadTan erTad
midis (Woods et al., 1998) Saqari (romelic sisxlSi
glukozis saxiTaa warmodgenili) da cximebi
warmoadgens energiis wyaros metaboluri pro-
cesebisaTvis. sakvebis miRebis procesis dawyebis
ori ZiriTadi signali modis im receptorebidan,
romlebic Tval-yurs adevneben Saqrisa da
cximebis Semcvelobas sisxlSi. rodesac meta-
boluri procesebisaTvis saWiro glukozis
maragi mcirea an saerTod ar aris, RviZlis
ujredebis receptorebidan signali gadaecema
lh-s, sadac glukozis maZiebeli neironebi am
informaciis sapasuxod cvlian aqtivobas. sxva
hipoTalamurma neironebma SeiZleba aRmoaCinon
Tavisufali cximovani mJavebis an insulinis
donis cvlileba sisxlSi.EerTad es neironebi
ganapirobeben madis aRmZvreli sistemebis
gaaqtivebas hipoTalamusis lateralur zonaSi
da iwyeben SimSilis dakmayofilebze mimarTul
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qcevas. imis signali, rom sisxlSi mravladaa
glukoza da cximovani mJavebi, vmh-isTvis
sakvebis miRebis qcevis Sewyvetis maniSnebelia.
amrigad, vnaxeT, rom sxeulSi gvaqvs sistemebi,
romlebic pasuxismgebelia imaze, rom Cven
daviwyoT da davasruloT sakvebis miReba. Tumca,
mdidari piradi gamocdilebidan TiTqmis
darwmunebiT gecodinebaT, rom Tqveni sakvebis
moTxovnileba ar aris damokidebuli mxolod
Tqveni sxeulidan wamosul signalebze. vnaxoT,
ra fsiqologiur faqtorebi gvibiZgeben, rom
bevri an cota mivirTvaT.
kvebis fsiqologia
Tqven iciT, rom Tqveni sxeuli aRWurvilia
mravali meqanizmiT, romlebic aregulireben
miRebuli sakvebis raodenobas, magram mxolod
maSin miirTmevT, roca gSiaT? Tqveni pasuxi,
albaT, iqneba: ,,ra Tqma unda, ara!~ Tu gadaxedavT
ukanasknel or dRes, SesaZloa, gaixsenoT
ramdenime SemTxveva, roca Tqven mier sakvebis
miRebas cota ram hqonda saerTo SimSilTan.
magaliTad, SeerTebul StatebSi miRebulia
dReSi samjer Wama, rac sakvebis miRebis
socialuri normebiT dadgenil dros ufro
Tanxvdeba, vidre sxeulidan wamosul signalebs.
metic, xSirad adamianebi misaReb sakvebs socia-
luri Tu kulturuli normebis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT irCeven. daTanxmdebiT Tu ara, rom sadilad
ufasod miirTvaT kiborCxala? Tqveni pasuxi,
albaT, damokidebuli iqneba, magaliTad, imaze,
morwmune ebraeli (am SemTxvevaSi uars ityodiT)
xarT Tu vegetarianeli (am SemTxvevaSi Tqveni
pasuxi isev damokidebuli iqneboda imaze, xarT
Tu ara iseTi vegetarianeli, romelic miirTmevs
zRvis produqtebs). es magaliTi gviCvenebs, Tu
ratom ar aris sakvebis miReba mxolod fizio-
logiur signalebze reagireba.
socialuri da kulturuli SezRudvebis
farglebs Tu gavcdebiT, kidev ratom SeiZleba,
rom sakvebis miReba ar ukavSirdebodes SimSilis
SegrZnebas? Tu adamianTa umravlesobas gavxarT,
albaT, ar iqnebodiT gulgrili imis mimarT,
Tu rogor moqmedebs Tqven mier miRebuli sakvebi
Tqveni sxeulis formasa da zomaze. kvebis fsi-
qologiaze saubrisas did yuradRebas davuTmobT
im viTarebebis ganxilvas, romelSic adamianebi
cdiloben miRebuli sakvebis raodenobisa da
ragvarobis kontrols, raTa Seicvalon sxeulis
formebi imis Sesabamisad, rasac isini pirovnul
Tu socialur idealad Tvlian.
wuxarT sakuTari wonis gamo? apirebT dietis
dacvas? Tu Tqven qalbatoni brZandebiT, albaT,
Tqveni pasuxi iqneba diax~, Tumca, dResdReobiT
amerikel mamakacTa umravlesobac SfoTavs
sakuTari wonis gamo _ qalebis 52% da mamakacebis
37% uCivis zedmet wonas (Brownell & Robin, 1994),
sinamdvileSi ki qalebis daaxloebiT 24% da
mamakacebis 31% iTvleba zedmeti wonis matare-
belad, ase rom, isev Seusabamobaa (kerZod, kvlav
qalebis SemTxvevaSi) adamianebis realur wonasa
da am realobis maTeul aRqmas Soris. Semdeg
qveTavSi ganvixilavT simsuqnisa da dietis
mizezebsa da Sedegebs. Semdeg aRvwerT, Tu
rogor aris SesaZlebeli sxeulis wonasa da
xatze moWarbebuli zrunvis Sedegad, ukiduresi
reaqciis saxiT, kvebis darRvevebis ganviTareba.
simsuqne da dieta
ratom suqdeba zogierTi adamiani? kiTxulobT
ra fsiqologia da cxovrebas~, albaT, TqvenTvis
ar unda iyos axali, rom pasuxi nawilobriv
bunebaSi da nawilobriv aRzrdaSi unda veZioT.
qveTavSi ,,fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi~ aRwerilia
SemTxveva, rodesac didi gavlena moaxdina
bunebam~. zogierTi adamiani genetikurad aris
midrekili simsuqnisaken. Tumca, biologiuri
midrekilebac ki SeiZleba ar iyos sakmarisi
imisaTvis, rom konkretul adamians gasuqeba
,,aiZulo~. biologiis garda mniSvneloba aqvs
imas, Tu ras da rogor fiqrobs adamiani sakvebsa
da sakvebis miRebasTan dakavSirebul qcevaze.
simsuqnis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebis adreuli
kvlevebi mimarTuli iyo imis garkvevaze, Tu
ramdenad aqcevs msuqani adamiani yuradRebas
sxeulis Sinagan SimSils da ara _ garemoSi
mocemul sakvebs (Schachter, 1971a). arsebobda
mosazreba, rom, rodesac sakvebi xelmisawvdomi
da xilulia, msuqani adamiani ugulebelyofs
sakuTari sxeulidan momdinare signalebs. Tumca,
es Teoria aradamakmayofilebeli aRmoCnda,
ramdenadac Tavad simsuqneSi yovelTvis ar
moiazreba kvebiTi qcevis paternebi (Robin, 1981).
sxva sityvebiT, yvela Warbwoniani adamiani
fsiqologiurad erTnairad ar aRiqvams, Tu riTi
da rogor ikvebeba. vnaxoT, ratom.
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XXI saukune mecnierTa
STambeWdavi gancxadebiT
daiwyo. mkvlevrebma, rom-
lebic muSaobdnen proeqtSi
adamianis genomi~, ganacxades,
rom isini Zalian axlos iy-
vnen adamianis genomis qimiuri
safuZvlis sawyisi suraTis
dadgenasTan. am proeqtis
saboloo mizani im genebis
sruli aRwera iyo, romliTac
genomi aigeba. am proeqtma
mecnierebs Semata rwmena imi-
sa, rom isini SeZlebdnen ada-
mianis sicocxlisa da keTil-
dReobisTvis saziano mTeli
rigi daavadebebis genetikuri
safuZvlis dadgenas.
erT-erTi darRveva, ro-
melsac genetikuri safuZveli
aqvs, simsuqnea. mkvlevrebma
mogvawodes uamravi sabuTi
imis dasadastureblad, rom
adamianebi ibadebian Tanda-
yolili midrekilebebiT me-
ti Tu naklebi wonisken. maga-
liTad, identuri tyupebis
Seswavlam gamoavlina didi
msgavseba maT wonas Soris
(Allison et al., 1994; Stunkard et al.,
1990). am msgavsebis nawili
SeiZleba aixsnas im aRmoCeniT,
rom ZiriTadi funqciebis
uzrunvelsayofad individis
sxeulis mier kaloriebis
dawvis intensioba, anu meta-
boluri procesebis inten-
sioba mosvenebis mdgomareo-
baSi, aseve, bevrad aris damo-
kidebuli memkvidreobaze (Bou-
chard et al., 1989). amrigad, zogi-
erT adamians Cveulebrivi
yoveldRiuri saqmianobis
drosac ki didi raodenobiT
kaloriebis dawvis Tandayo-
lili predispozicia axasia-
Tebs, zogierTs ki _ ara. swo-
red es ukanasknelni xvdebian
wonis momatebis risk-jgufSi.
ukanasknel xanebSi mkvlev-
rebma aRmoaCines zogierTi
realuri genetikuri meqanizmi,
romlebic individis simsuq-
nisadmi midrekilebas ganapi-
robeben (Comuzzie & Allison, 1998;
Gura, 2000). magaliTad, identi-
ficirebul iqna geni, romelic
akontrolebs Tavis tvinSi
signalis gadacemas, rom sakve-
bis miRebis procesSi sakmarisi
raodenobiT cximebi iqna Se-
naxuli organizmSi _ individ-
ma unda Sewyvitos Wama (Zhang
et al., 1994). es geni, romelsac
leptini uwodes, Tu ar gaaq-
tiurdeba, individi gaagrZe-
lebs Wamas, amis potenciuri
Sedegi ki simsuqne iqneba.
faqtobrivad, mkvlevrebma aR-
moaCines, rom msuqan adamianTa
Zalian mcire raodenobas aRe-
niSneba am genis mutacia, ri-
Tac, rogorc Cans, SeiZleba
aixsnas kidec maTi Warbi wona
(Jackson et al., 1997; Montague et al.,
1997). vinaidan aseTi mutacia
Zalian iSviaTia, is ver axsnis
Warbi wonis uamrav sxvadasxva-
gvar SemTxvevas. miuxedavad
amisa, mtkicebulebam, rom
leptini garkveul rols as-
rulebs wonis regulaciaSi,
mkvlevrebs biZgi misca wonas-
Tan dakavSirebuli sxva genebis
moZiebisa da SeswavlisaTvis.
mocemuli genetikuri kvleva
imeds iZleva, rom moiZebneba
simsuqnis problemis axleburi
gadawyveta. magaliTad, mkvlev-
rebi imedovneben, rom genebsa
da wonis regulacias Soris
kavSiris aRmoCena maT axali
medikamenturi mkurnalobis
Seqmnis saSualebas miscems
genebi da simsuqne
(Campield et al., 1998). zogierTi
adre ganxorcielebuli mcde-
loba uSedego aRmoCnda.
kvlevis dros leptiniT
manipulirebam jer kidev ver
moaxdina mniSvnelovani gav-
lena wonaSi daklebaze. Tum-
ca, genetikuri kvlevebisa da
aRmoCenebis uwyveti win-
svlis procesSi mecnierebi
agrZeleben axali hipoTeze-
bis Seqmnas imis Taobaze, Tu
rogor SeiZleba wonis regu-
laciis fiziologiur meqa-
nizmebSi Careva (Gura, 2000).
yvelaze optimisturad gan-
wyobili mkvlevrebic ki
gvafrTxileben: ,,axali medi-
kamenturi preparatebi yvela-
ze Sedegiani maSin iqneba,
rodesac maT damxmare saSua-
lebad (da ara Camnacvl-
eblad) gamoviyenebT mZimewo-
niani adamianebis cxovrebis
stilis Sesacvlelad, raTa
gaumjobesdes maTi organiz-
mis metaboluri procesebi,
janmrTeloba da cxovrebis
xarisxi~ (Campfield et al., 1998,
gv. 1987). sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, imisgan damoukideb-
lad, Tu ramdenad SevZlebT
bunebis Secnobas, yovelTvis
unda gvaxsovdes, rom aRzrda
jer kidev asrulebs gadam-
wyvet rols Cveni cxovrebis
mimarTulebis gansazRvraSi.
veb-gverdebi:
www.ornl.gov/hgmis/ aSS-is
mTavrobis vrceli veb gver-
di, sadac mocemulia proeq-
tis, adamianis genomi~, Sede-
gebi.
www.loop.com/~bkrentzman/
index.html am gverdze mocemu-
lia samecniero moxsenebebi
simsuqnesa da wonis kontro-
lis Sesaxeb.
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Janet polivim da piter hermanma (Janet Polivy
& Peter Herman) ivaraudes, rom gadamwyveti
ganzomileba, romelic safuZvlad udevs kvebis
fsiqologias, SezRuduloba-SeuzRudaobaa (Polivy
& Herman, 1975). SezRuduli mWamelebi yovelTvis
sazRvraven sakvebis raodenobas, romlis miRebis
uflebac SeiZleba miscen Tavs. isini qroniku-
lad dietaze arian da gamudmebiT wuxan sakvebis
gamo. miuxedavad imisa, rom msuqani adamianebi
SeiZleba ufro xSirad aRniSnavdnen aseTi
azrebisa da qcevebis arsebobas, individi SeiZ-
leba SezRuduli mWameli iyos misi sxeulis
zomisgan damoukideblad. rogor imateben
adamianebi wonaSi, Tu gamudmebiT dietaze arian?
mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom rodesac SezRudul
mWamelebs aRaraferi akavebT _ rodesac
cxovrebiseuli pirobebi aiZuleben SezRudvebis
moxsnas, isini TavSeukavebelni xdebian da uars
ar amboben maRalkaloriuli sakvebiT savse suf-
rebze. TavSeukavebloba yvelaze xSiria maSin,
rodesac SezRuduli mWamelebi iseT stresul
mdgomareobaSi imyofebian, romelic maT SesaZ-
leblobebsa da TviTSefasebas uSualod exeba
(Greeno & Wing, 1994; Tanofsky-kraff et al., 2000).
saidan
viciT
SfoTvis gavlena SezRudul da
SuzRudav mWamelebze
sakvebTan da dietasTan dakavSirebuli
qcevisa da azrebis sakuTari Sefasebis
mixedviT kolejis 96 studenti gogona
or jgufad gayves: SezRudul (42 cdis
piri) da SeuzRudav (54 cdis piri) mWa-
melebad. studentTa naxevars eubnebodnen,
rom maT orwuTiani improvizebuli si-
tyviT gamosvla mouwevdaT, riTic Sefas-
deboda, Tu ramdenad kargad metyvelebdnen.
davalebis Sesrulebis molodini maTSi
Zlier SfoTvas aRZravda. monawileTa meore
nawilma icoda, rom monawileobdnen eqspe-
rimentSi, romlis mizani iyo qsovilis
aRqmis Semowmeba SexebiT, rac dabali
SfoTvis winapirobas qmnida. amitom cdis
pirTa es nawili sakontrolo jgufs war-
moadgenda. Semdeg orive jgufs sTxovdnen,
rom eqsperimentis dawyebamde Seesrule-
binaT davaleba gemos aRqmis Sesamow-
meblad. am cdis sastimulo masala iyo
maRaziaSi nayidi gemrieli namcxvrebi da
eqsperimentatoris bebiis gamomcxvari,
misi mtkicebis miuxedavad~ ugemuri nam-
cxvrebi (Polivy et al., 1994, gv. 507). cdis pirTa
gafrTxilebis gareSe, eqsperimentatorebi
aRnusxavdnen, Tu romeli da ramdeni nam-
cxvari SeWama TiToeulma maTganma.
gamokvlevis Sedegebi mocemulia cxril-
Si 12.2. rodesac SeuzRudavi mWamelebi
SfoTavdnen, isini orive tipis (gemrielsac
da ugemursac) namcxvrebs ufro cotas
Wamdnen. rogorc Cans, SfoTva, garkveul-
wilad, Trgunavda maT SimSils. Tumca,
mSfoTvare SezRuduli mWamelebi orive
tipis namcxvars ufro meti raodenobiT
Wamdnen. amgvarad, am qalbatonebSi SfoTva
zogad TavSeukaveblobas im namcxvrebis
mimarTac ki iwvevda, romlebic arc ise
gamrielad iyo miCneuli (polivy et al., 1994).
am eqsperimentSi mcireodeni gamowveva TviT-
SefasebisTvis _ mokle sityviT gamosvlis
albaToba, romelic unda Sefasebuliyo, SezRu-
dul mWamel qalebSi ufro meti sakvebis miRebas
iwvevda, vidre SeuzRudav mWamelebSi. am kvlevam
aCvena, rom, zogadad, SezRuduli mWamelebi
mxolod maSin iReben Warb sakvebs, rodesac
grZnoben, rom maT fsiqologiur keTildReobas
safrTxe emuqreba, Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom
SeWmuli namcxvrebis saSualo
raodenoba
cxrili
12.2
SeuzRudavi
mWamelebi
SezRuduli
mWamelebi
gansxvaveba
gemrieli namcxvrebi
sakontrolo jgufi
mSfoTvare jgufi
ugemuri namcxvrebi
sakontrolo jgufi
mSfoTvare jgufi
6. 2
5. 1
3. 0
2. 7
5. 1
7. 6
2. 6
3. 7
-1.1
+2.5
-0.4
+1.0
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msgavsad ar moqmedebs fizikuri keTildReobis
darRvevis saSiSroeba (Heatherton et al., 1991). Warbi
sakvebis miRebis qceva saSualebas aZlevs
SezRudul mWamels, rom gadaerTos im Seura-
cxyofidan, romelic mis TviTSefasebas miayenes.
rodesac SezRudul mWamelebs eubnebodnen, rom
maT ver SeZles problemis gadaWris amocanis
Sesruleba, isini aRar Wamdnen zedmets; Tu maT
sakuTar qcevaze dakvirvebas aiZulebdnen _
ayurebinebdnen maTi warumatebeli mcdelobis
videoCanawers (Heatherton et al., 1993). rodesac am
cdis pirebs ar aiZulebdnen sakuTari waruma-
teblobis yurebas, isini Wamdnen orjer met
nayins, vidre videofiris yurebis dros. yurad-
Reba miaqcieT, rom SezRuduli kvebis gamokvle-
vaTa umravlesobaSi qalebi monawileoben. amitom
mcire ram aris cnobili mamakacTa kvebiTi
paternebis Sesaxeb (Greeno & Wing, 1994).
SezRuduli kvebis Teoria gvawvdis mosazre-
bebs imis Taobaze, Tu ratom uZneldebaT adamia-
nebs wonis dakleba mas Semdeg, rac ukve gaxdnen
Warbi wonis matarebelni. bevri Warbwoniani
adamiani aRniSnavs, rom mudmivad dietaze im-
yofeba _ isini xSirad SezRuduli mWamelebi
arian. Tu maT cxovrebaSi stresuli movlena
moxdeba, rac TavSeukaveblobis winapirobas Seq-
mnis, uzomod kveba iolad gamoiwvevs wonis
momatebas. amrigad, paradoqsia, magram mudmivad
dietaze yofnas SeuZlia wonis momatebis gamow-
veva da ara _ dakleba. momdevno qveTavSi vnaxavT,
Tu rogor xdeba, rom igive fsiqologiur Zalebs
adamianebi janmrTelobisTvis da sicocxlisTvis
saSiS kvebiT aSlilobebamde mihyavs.
kvebiTi aSlilobebi da sxeulis xati
am qveTavs kvebis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebis
ganxilviT daviwyebT. unda aRiniSnos, rom im
adamianTa jgufi, romelic sakuTar Tavs Warbi
wonis matareblad Tvlis, ufro didia, vidre
im adamianTa jgufi, romelic marTlac Warbi
wonisaa. rodesac gansvla adamianis sakuTari
sxeulis aRqmasa da mis realur zomas Soris
sakmaod izrdeba, is SeiZleba kvebiTi aSli-
lobebis risk-jgufs miekuTvnebodes. anoreqsiis
diagnostireba xdeba maSin, rodesac individi
iwonis misi mosalodneli wonis 85%-ze naklebs,
magram mainc Zalian eSinia gasuqebis (DSM-IV,
1994). is adamianebi, romelTac bulimiis diag-
nozi aqvT, xasiaTdebian Rormucelobis~ Sete-
vebiT _ sakvebis intensiuri da arakontro-
lirebadi STanTqmis periodebiT, romelsac Tan
sdevs Warbi kaloriebisgan sxeulis gawmenda _
TviTgamowveuli Rebineba, safaRaraTo saSuale-
bebis moxmareba, SimSiloba da a. S. (DSM-IV,
1994). anoreqsiis mqone adamianebs SeiZleba
bulimiis Setevebic axasiaTebdeT. maT SeiZleba
anoreqsia (Anorexia nevrosa) _ kvebiTi aSliloba,
romlis drosac inidividi iwonis misi mosa-
lodneli wonis 85%-ze naklebs, magram ganag-
rZobs sakvebis miRebis kontrols, radgan Tavs
Warbi wonis mqoned aRiqvams.
bulimia (Bulimia nevrosa) _ kvebiTi aSliloba,
romelic xasiaTdeba uzomo raodenobis sakve-
bis miRebiT, rasac Tan sdevs miRebuli kalori-
ebisagan organizmis gawmendis RonisZiebebi.
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uzomod STanTqan sakvebi da Semdeg gaiwmindon
kuWi miRebuli kaloriebis Sewovis Sesam-
cireblad. ramdenadac organizmi sistematurad
SimSilobs da uZlurdeba, am orive sindroms
SeiZleba seriozuli samedicino Sedegebi moh-
yves. droTa ganmavlobaSi am diagnozebis mqone
adamianebi SeiZleba sikvdilamdec ki mividnen.
me-11 TavSi aRvniSneT, rom mozardi gogonebi
gansakuTrebiT eqvemdebarebian kvebiTi aSlilo-
bebis ganviTarebis risks (Striet-Moore & Cachelin,
1999). anoreqsia mozardobis dasasrulisa da
axalgazrda qalebis daaxloebiT 0.5-1.0%-s
aReniSneba (DSM-IV, 1994). amave asakobrivi jgufis
qalebis 1-3% buliimiT itanjeba (DSM-IV, 1994;
Rand & Kuldau, 1992). qalebSi orive daavadeba 10-
jer ufro xSiria, vidre mamakacebSi.
ratom iklaven Tavs adamianebi SimSiliT da
ratom aris maT Soris amdeni qali? arsebobs
garkveuli mtkicebulebebi imisa, rom kvebiTi
aSlilobebisadmi midrekileba SeiZleba gene-
tikurad gadaicemodes (Strober, 1992), Tumca, gamok-
vlevaTa didi nawili fokusirebulia idealuri
wonis Sesaxeb qalebis warmodgenaze, romelsac
sazogadoeba da media qmnis (Wertheim et al., 1997).
ase magaliTad, bevri Jurnali, romelic specia-
lurad qalebisTvis gamodis, udides mniSvnelobas
aniWebs wonis daklebas, rasac ver vityviT
mamakacebisTvis gankuTvnil Jurnalebze (Andersen
& DiDomenico, 19192). amrigad, qalebis warmodgenam,
rom isini Warbi wonis matarebelni arian, SeiZ-
leba ufro meti mxardaWera miiRos sazogado-
ebidan da kulturidan, vidre mamakacebma.
mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom kvebiTi aSlilobebi,
nawilobriv, kulturul stereotipebs sdevs Tan,
mTeli rigi kvlevebiT dadasturda, romlebSic
mniSvnelovani kulturuli gansxvavebebi gamov-
linda.
saidan
viciT
rogor aRiqvamen sxeulis zomas
sxvadasxva kulturebSi
vermontis universitetis 219 studenti
da hanis universitetis 349 studenti
gamokiTxes kvebasTan da dietis dacvasTan
dakavSirebuli Cvevebisa da qcevebis Sesaxeb.
am kvlevam aCvena, rom miuxedavad imisa,
rom orive qveynis kolejis asakis mamakacTa
TiTqmis Tanabari raodenoba erTxel mainc
yofila dietaze (aSS _ 5.3%; hana _ 6.1%),
amerikaSi mcxovrebi qalebis gacilebiT
didi nawili (43.5%) icavs dietas, vidre _
hanaSi mcxovrebi qalebis (13.3%). garda
amisa, studentebs sTxovdnen, rom 12.1
suraTze wardgenili figurebidan amoer-
CiaT is figura, romelsac isini idealurad
miiCnevdnen mamakacisa da qalisaTvis.
studentebis saSualo maCveneblebi war-
modgenilia suraTze 12.2, sadac SegiZliaT
naxoT, rom mamakacis sxeulebis maCveneblebi
SedarebiT ucvlelia imis miuxedavad, Tu
vin afasebda (kaci Tu qali) da romeli
qveynis warmomadgeneli iyo is. SeadareT
erTmaneTs 12.1. suraTze mocemuli saSualo
maCveneblebi: idealuri~ mamakaci imyofeba
M5-sa da M6-s Soris, magram uaxlovdeba
M5-s, xolo idealuri qalis sxeuli,
rogorc wesi, icvleba erTi sruli quliT
imis mixedviT, Tu romeli qveynis warmomad-
genlebi afaseben. amerikeli studentebi-
sTvis idealuria F5-ze odnav ufro gam-
xdari, hanelebi ki _ irCeven F6-Tan axlos
myof figuras (Cogen et al., 1996).
rogor SeiZleba am gansxvavebebis axsna? mkvle-
varTa azriT, hanaSi, iseve rogorc sxva afrikul
qveynebSi, yvela ver miscems Tavs uflebas, rom
zedmeti wonis matarebeli iyos. ,,simsuqne iq
simdidresTan da Zalze uzrunvelyofilobasTan
asocirdeba~ (Cogan et al., 1996, gv. 98). rogorc 12.2.
suraTze xedavT, dadebiTi kavSiri sxeulis
zomasa da xelsayrel pirobebs Soris marTebu-
lia konkretulad qalebisTvis da konkretulad
haneli mamakacebis azriT.
amerikis SeerTebul Statebis farglebSic
iolia sxeulis zomaze msjelobis mixedviT
gansxvavebuli jgufebis povna. magaliTad,
mozardi gogonebis didi jgufis gamokvlevam
cxadyo, rom afroamerikeli gogonebi gacilebiT
komforulad grZnoben Tavs sakuTari sxeulis
zomebis gamo, vidre _ TeTrkanianebi (Parker et al.,
1995; Rand & Kuldau, 1990; Rucer & Cash, 1992). aseve,
rodesac kolejis Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani
studenti gogonebi afasebdnen gamxdari, saSualo
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da msuqani modelebis fotosuraTebs, mxolod
TeTri gogonebi aZlevdnen didi zomis modelebs
dabal Sefasebas (gamxdar da saSualo zomis
modelebTan SedarebiT) iseTi parametrebis mi-
xedviT, rogoricaa momxibvleloba, inteleqti
da popularoba (Hebl & Heatherton, 1998). aqedan
gamomdinare, Tqven, albaT, ar gagikvirdebaT,
roca SeityobT, rom TeTrkaniani qalbatonebi
ufro metad arian midrekilni kvebiTi aSli-
lobebisken, vidre afromerikelebi. miuxedavad
imisa, rom ar arsebobs zusti monacemebi, rome-
lic asaxavda am ori populaciis gamocdilebas
kvebiT aSlilobebTan mimarTebaSi, didi rao-
denobiT kvlevebis mimoxilva mowmobs, rom
afroamerikeli qalebi naklebad eqvemdebarebian
maT (Crago et al., 1996). kidev ufro cotaa iseTi
kvlevebi, sadac sxva rasobrivi da eTnikuri
jgufebia Seswavlili, Tumca arsebuli monace-
mebi aCvenebs, rom kvebiTi aSlilobebi kidev
ufro naklebad gvxvdeba aziuri warmoSobis
amerikelebTan (TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT),
magram Tanabrad _ espanuri warmoSobis amerike-
lebTan da TeTrkanianebTan. yoveli moZiebuli
SedegisTvis mkvlevrebi cdiloben, rom kul-
turuli faseulobebi sxeulis zomasa da dietis
dacvas daukavSiron.
da kidev erTi saboloo SeniSvna: Tqven
amJamad ukve xarT konkretuli kulturis war-
momadgeneli, romelic xels uwyobs kvebiTi
aSlilobebis ganviTarebas. umaRlesi skolis
da kolejis student gogonebs ufro metad aqvT
midrekileba bulimiisa da anoreqsiisadmi, vidre
maT, vinc ar arian studentebi. kolejSi swav-
lisas gogonebs SeuZliaT or survils Soris
_ gamoiyurebodnen momxiblavad da SeWamon da
dalion megobrebTan erTad _ warmoqmnili
daZabulobis ganmuxtva imiT, rom jer imxiaru-
lon wveulebaze megobrebTan erTad da Semdeg
ganiwmindon~ _ ganTavisufldnen miRebuli
kaloriebisagan (Rand & Kuldau, 1992). Tqven unda
icodeT, rom kolejis cxovreba SeiZleba aseTi
safrTxis winaSe gayenebdeT.
Sejameba
SimSils gansazRvravs rogorc periferiuli
reaqciebi, rogoricaa sensorul-specifikuri
simaZRre, aseve centraluri reaqciebi, rogo-
ricaa hipoTalamusis aris aqtivacia. Warbi
wonisadmi midrekilebaze gavlenas axdens mem-
kvidreoba. fsiqologiuri faqtorebi, aseve,
suraTi
12.1
msjeloba sxeulis zomis Sesaxeb
Tqveni azriT, romeli suraTi warmoadgens
yvelaze zustad qalis ideals aSS-Si?
mamakacebis ideals?
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mniSvnelovan rols asruleben imis gansazR-
vraSi, Tu ramdens da rodis SeWams adamiani.
mkvlevrebi aRweren kvebiT qcevas, rogorc
SezRuduls da SeuzRudavs. SezRuduli mWameli
uzomo raodenobis sakvebis miRebis tendenciiT
xasiaTdeba, rodesac safrTxe emuqreba mis
fsiqologiur keTildReobas. kvebiTi aSli-
lobebi yvelaze metad mozard gogonebTan
gvxdeba. rogorc wesi, Sefasebaze, romelic
iwvevs mozardTan kvebiTi aSlilobis ganvi-
Tarebas, gavlenas axdens mis subkulturaSi
gavrcelebuli damokidebuleba sxeulis zomi-
sadmi. magaliTad, afroamerikeli qalbatonebi
naklebad wuxdebian sakuTari sxeulis zomis
gamo da isini ufro naklebad eqvemdebarebian
kvebiT aSlilobebs.
seqsualuri qceva
Tqveni sxeulis fiziologia gaiZulebT, rom
yovel dRe ifiqrobT kvebaze, magram ra SeiZleba
iTqvas seqsis Sesaxeb? martivia seqsis biolo-
giuri funqciis gansazRvra; es gamravlebaa (rep-
roduqciaa), magram ramdenad aixsneba am mizniT
is sixSire, ra sixSiriTac fiqrobT seqsualur
qcevaze? rodesac hkiTxes, Tu ra sixSiriT fiq-
robdnen seqsze, mamakacebis 54%-ma da qalebis
19%-ma aRniSna, rom, sul mcire, dReSi erTxel
mainc mosdiodaT TavSi seqsualuri xasiaTis
azrebi (Michel et al., 1994). rogor SegviZlia avxsnaT
seqsze fiqris aseTi sixSire? rogor ukavSirdeba
azrebi seqsis Sesaxeb seqsualur qcevas?
motivaciis sakiTxi am SemTxvevaSic rCeba
sakiTxad imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom iwyeben ada-
mianebi garkveuli qcevebis ganxorcielebas.
rogorc ukve viciT, seqsualuri qceva biolo-
giurad mxolod gamravlebisTvisaa aucilebeli,
Tumca, Tu kveba arsebiTia individis gadarCe-
nisTvis, amas ver vityviT seqsze. zogierTi
cxoveli da adamiani mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
martoxela rCeba da es araviTar TvalsaCino
zians ar ayenebs mis yoveldRiur funqcionirebas;
Tumca, reproduqcia arsebiTia mTliani saxeobis
gadarCenisaTvis. STamomavlobis gaCenisTvis rom
namdvilad gaweuliyo Zalisxmeva, bunebam seq-
sualuri stimulacia gansakuTrebiT sasiamovno
gaxada. orgazmi uZlieresi ganmamtkicebelia
im energiis sazRaurad, romelic Sewyvilebis
dros ixarjeba.
siamovnebis miRebis es SesaZlebloba seqsua-
lur qcevas iseT motivaciur Zalas aniWebs,
romelic gacilebiT aRemateba Tavad reproduq-
suraTi
12.2
sxeulis zomis aRqma sxvadasxva kulturaSi
vermontis universitetis da hanas universitetis studentebma aRniSnes, Tu
romeli figura suraTze (12.1) miaCniaT mamakacis da qalis idealur sxeulad.
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ciis moTxovnilebas. seqsualuri dakmayofilebis
misaRwevad individi mravalferovan qcevebs
axorcielebs. miuxedavavd amisa, seqsualur
motivacias garegani wyaroc aqvs. kultura adgens
misaRebi seqsualuri qcevis normebsa da stan-
dartebs. Tu adamianTa umravlesoba cdilobs
am normebis Sesabamisi qcevebis ganxorcielebas,
zogierTi adamiani seqsualur dakmayofilebas,
upiratesad, am normebis darRveviT aRwevs.
am qveTavSi Cven jer vnaxavT, Tu ra aris
cnobili seqsualuri ltolvebisa da dawyvi-
lebis qcevis Sesaxeb cxovelebSi, Semdeg ki
adamianis seqsualurobis Sesaxeb calkeul
sakiTxebze SevaCerebT Tqvens yuradRebas.
cxovelebis seqsualuri qceva
cxovelebis seqsualuri qcevis pirveladi
motivacia reproduqciaa. im saxeobebisTvis,
romlebic seqss reproduqciisTvis iyeneben,
evoluciam Seqmna ori saxis sqesi: mamrobiTi
da mdedrobiTi. mdedrebi gamoimuSaveben didi
zomis kvercxujredebs (romelic momaragebulia
embrionis zrdisTvis sakmarisi energiiT), mam-
rebi ki _ moZraobis unaris mqone (kvercxuj-
redSi gadaadgilebisTvis) spermatozoidebs.
orive sqesis individma ise unda moaxdinos
moqmedebebis sinqronizacia, rom spermatozoidi
da kvercxujredi saTanado pirobebSi Sexvdnen
erTmaneTs da moxdes Casaxva.
seqsualuri aRgzneba upiratesad fiziolo-
giuri procesebiT aris ganpirobebuli. cxove-
lebi, ZiriTadad, im hormonebis nakadis sapasuxod
emzadebian dasawyvileblad, romlebsac hipo-
fizis jirkvali akontrolebs da romlebsac
sasqeso jirkvlebi _ gonadebi gamoimuSavebs.
mamrebSi am hormons androgens uwodeben da is
uwyvetad gamomuSavdeba saWiro raodenobiT.
Sesabamisad, mamrebi hormonalurad TiTqmis
nebismier dros mzad arian SewyvilebisTvis.
Tumca, mravali saxeobis mdedrSi sqesobrivi
hormoni estrogeni, rogorc wesi, dReebis an
Tveebis regularuli droiTi cikliT, an sezo-
nuri cvlilebebis mixedviT gamomuSavdeba. amas-
Tan, mdedrebi yovelTvis ar arian hormonalurad
mzad SewyvilebisTvis.
es hormonebi moqmedebs rogorc tvinis, ise
_ genitalur qsovilebze da xSirad safuZvlad
udevs stereotipuli seqsualuri qcevis prog-
nozirebad paterns mocemuli saxeobis yvela
wevrisaTvis. Tu, magaliTad, virTxebis erTi
wyvilis Sewyvilebis Tanmimdevroba naxeT, maSin
ukve iciT, Tu rogor iqcevian danarCenebi. mdedri
virTxa mkeTri moZraobiT midis mamris mimar-
TulebiT da mis yuradRebas iqcevs. Semdeg mamri
Tvals miadevnebs gaqceul mdedrs. mdedri
uecrad Cerdeba da zemoT wevs sxeulis ukana
nawils, mamri Sedis masSi, swrafad axorcielebs
friqciebs da gamodis. mdedri uecari moZraobiT
isev gaurbis mas da Tavidan iwyeba rbola,
romelic calkeuli intromisiebiT eakulaciamde
10-20-jer wydeba. amis Semdeg mamri cota xniT
isvenebs da mTeli seqsualuri cikli isev
Tavidan iwyeba. primatebic aseve xanmokled
(daaxloebiT 15 wamis ganmavlobaSi) wyvildebian.
siasamurebis dawyvileba neli da xangrZlivia
da daaxloebiT rva saaTi grZeldeba. mtaceblebs,
magaliTad, loms xangrZlivi dawyvilebis ri-
tualiT tkboba axasiaTebs: arc meti, arc nak-
lebi, yovel naxevar saaTSi erTxel oTxi Tan-
mimdevruli dRis manZilze, xolo maTi msxverp-
lis, magaliTad, antilopebis Sewyvileba mxo-
lod ramdenime wams grZldeba da Zalian xSirad
es sirbilis dros xdeba (Ford & Beach, 1951).
seqsualuri aRgzneba xSirad gare samyaroSi
arsebuli stimulebiT iwyeba. bevri saxeobisTvis
potenciuri partnioris mier ritualuri
qcevebis Wvreta da Tanmxlebis xmebis gagoneba
aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens seqsualuri
raeqciisTvis. metic, iseT sxvadasxvagvar saxeo-
bebSi, rogoricaa cxvari, xari da virTxa, axali
mdedri partnioris gamoCena gavlenas axdens
mamris seqsualur qcevaze. mamrma, romelmac ukve
miaRwia seqsualur dakmayofilebas erT mdedr
partniorTan, SeiZleba ganaaxlos seqsualuri
aqtivoba, roca mis win axali mdedri gamoCndeba
(Dewsbury, 1981). seqsualuri aRgznebisTvis Sexe-
ba, gemo da ynosva, aseve, garegani stimulis
rols asrulebs. rogorc me-4 TavSi iyo aRwe-
rili, zogierTi saxeoba qimiur signalebs _
feromonebs gamoyofs, romlebic, xandaxan didi
manZilidanac ki izidavs Tayvanismcemlebs (Farine
et al., 1996; Minckley et al., 1991). bevr saxeobaSi mdedri
maSin gamoyofs feromonebs, rodesac is yvelaze
metadaa ganayofierebisTvis mzad, hormonebis
koncentracia da seqsualuri interesi ki piks
aRwevs. amave saxeobis mamrebisTvis es gamoyo-
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fili nivTierebebi upirobo gamRizianebelia
aRgznebisa da yuradRebis miqcevisTvis. maT
memkvidreobiT miiRes am stimulebiT aRgzne-
bisken midrekileba. rodesac datyvevebuli mamri
mamaka rezusi mezobel galiaSi myofi, Sewyvi-
lebisTvis momzadebuli mdedris suns iynosavs,
is mTeli rigi saTanado fiziologiuri cvli-
lebebiT, maT Soris saTesle jirkvlebis zomis
momatebiT, reagirebs, rac sqesobrivi aqtisTvis
mzaobaze miuTiTeben (Hopson, 1979).
miuxedavad imisa, rom seqsualuri reaqcia
cxovelebSi mniSvnelovanwilad Tandayolili
biologiuri ZalebiT aris ganpirobebuli, is
kvlav tovebs adgils ,,kulturuli~ aspeqte-
bisaTvis, romlebic gavlenas axdenen Sewyvi-
lebis arCevanze. magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT
Tevzebis erT-erTi saxeobis _ gupebis SemTxveva.
saidan
viciT
buneba da aRzrda mdedri gupebis
partnioris SerCevisas
umetes SemTxvevebSi mdedri gupebi
mdinare pariadan (trinidadSi) upirate-
sobas aniWeben mamrebs, romelTa Seferi-
lobaSic narinjisferi Warbobs; Tumca,
rodesac ori mamri erTnairad narinjis-
fradaa Seferili, mdedri gupebi am oridan
ufro xSirad irCeven imas, romelic sxva
mdedris siaxloves SeniSnes. sainteresoa,
ra xdeba maSin, roca buneba (,,metad
narinjisferi Tevzis arCeva~) da aRzrda
(,,sxva mdedris mier arCeulis arCeva~)
upirispirdeba erTmaneTs? am kiTxvaze pa-
suxis gasacemad mkvlevrebma iseTi mamri
gupebi gamozardes, romlebic erTmaneTi-
sgan gansxvavdebodnen mTliani narinjis-
feri Seferilobis 0%-dan 40%-mde. ,,eq-
sperimentuli~ jgufis mdedri gupebi uyu-
rebdnen sxva mdedr gupebs, romlebic
narinjisfrad naklebad Seferili mamri
gupebis gverdiT imyofebodnen, sakontro-
lo jgufis mdedrebi ki ver xedavdnen
Sewyvilebis qcevas. suraTi 12.3 gviCvenebs
bunebisa da aRzrdis dapirispirebis Se-
degs. Seferilobis mixedviT mcire gansxva-
vebis SemTxvevaSi mdedri gupebi im mewyvi-
les irCeven, romelic sxvis mier ukve
iqna arCeuli. Tumca, roca gansxvaveba gaci-
lebiT mkveTri xdeba (daaxloebiT 40%),
mdedrebi ,,bunebis~ sasargeblod cvlian
arCevans da ufro metad narinjisfer
partniors irCeven (Dugatkin, 1996).
gagikvirdaT, roca gaigeT, rom akvariumSi
mcxovrebi es uwyinari Tevzebi yuradRebas aq-
ceven imas, Tu sxva Tevzi vis CaTvlis sasurvelad
an arasasurvelad? am eqsperimentma mogvimzada
safuZveli imisaTvis, rom adamianis seqsualobis
Sesaxeb ganvagrZoT saubari. qvemoT vnaxavT, rom
suraTi
12.3
mdedri gupebis partnioris arCeva
mdedri gupebi, èqsperimentul~ jgufSi
xedaven sxva mdedrs naklebad narinjisferi
mamri gupis axlos. mdedri gupebi `sakon-
trolo~ jgufSi ver akvirdebian sxva mded-
ris arCevans. monacemebi cxadyofs, rom
arsebobs kompromisi bunebasa da gawvrTnas
Soris. Seferilobis mixedviT naklebi gan-
sxvavebis SemTxvevaSi mdedri gupi irCevs
im mamrs, romelic sxva mdedrma ukve airCia.
Tumca, roca SeferilobaSi gansvla uki-
duresi xdeba (40%), mdedrebi cvlian
arCevans bunebis sasargeblod _ irCeven
narinjisfer mamrs.
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mkvlevrebi darwmunebulni arian, rom adamianis
seqsualur reaqcias (ganxiluli magaliTis
msgavsad) ayalibebs rogorc Cveni evoluciuri
ganviTarebis istoria, ise _ Cvens irgvliv myofi
adamianebis prioritetebi.
adamianis seqsualuri agzneba
da reaqciebi
hormonaluri aqtivoba, romelic esoden
mniSvnelovania biologiuri saxeobebis seqsua-
luri qcevis regulaciisas, Zalze mcirediT
moqmedebs mravali mamakacisa da qalis seqsua-
lur mzaobasa da sqesobrivi ltolvis dakmayo-
filebaze (Bancrft, 1978). qalebSi hormonebi mniS-
vnelovan rols asruleben ovulaciisa da
menstruaciis ciklis kontrolSi, Tumca, normis
farglebSi hormonTa SemcvelobaSi indivi-
dualuri gansxvavebebi ar gansazRvravs seqsu-
aluri aqtivobis sixSiresa da xarisxs. mamaka-
cebisTvis hormoni testosteroni aucilebelia
seqsualuri aRgznebisa da sqesobrivi aqtis
ganxorcielebisTvis. 18-dan, sul mcire, 60
wlamde janmrTel mamakacTa umravlesobas
sisxlSi imdeni testosteroni aqvs, ramdenic
sruliad sakmarisia normaluri seqsualuri
ltolvebis aRsaZravad. testosteronis raode-
nobis individualuri variacia normis fargleb-
Si ar ukavSirdeba imas, Tu rogor xorcieldeba
seqsualuri qcevebi.
adamianebSi seqsualuri agzneba aRelvebisa
da daZabulobis motivaciuri mdgomareobaa,
romelsac erotikul stimulze fiziologiuri
da kognituri reaqcia iwvevs. erotikuli sti-
muli, romelic SeiZleba iyos fizikuri an
fsiqologiuri, iwvevs seqsualur mRelvarebas
da vnebis gancdas. erotikuli stimulebiT
gamowveuli seqsualuri aRgzneba reducirdeba
seqsualuri aqtivobiT, romelsac individi
damakmayofilebel moqmedebaTa erTobliobad
aRiqvams, gansakuTrebiT orgazmis miRwevis
SemTxvevaSi.
mkvlevrebi aTwleulebis manZilze swavloben
cxovelebis sqesobriv moqmedebebsa da seqsualur
reaqciebs, magram mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi
akrZaluli iyo adamianebis mier ganxorcie-
lebuli msgavsi qcevebis Seswavla. uiliam
mastersma da virjinia jonsonma (William Master
& Virjinia Johnson, 1966, 1970, 1976) daarRvies es
tradiciuli tabu. maT daamkvidres da daakanones
adamianis seqsualobis kvleva imiT, rom labo-
ratoriul pirobebSi uSualod akvirdebodnen
da aRricxavdnen im fiziologiur kanonzo-
mierebebs, romlebic Tan sdevda adamianebis
mier uwyvetad ganxorcielebul seqsualur
moqmedebebs. amiT isini ikvlevdnen ara imas,
Tu ras amboben adamianebi seqsis Sesaxeb, aramed
imas, Tu rogor reagireben da iqcevian isini
sinamdvileSi.
seqsualur stimulaciaze adamianebis reaq-
ciebis uSualod Sesaswavlad mastersma da
jonsonma ganaxorcieles sakontrolo labo-
ratoriuli dakvirveba aTasobiT moxalise
mamakacsa da qalze masturbaciisa da sqesobrivi
aqtis aTobiT aTasi seqsualuri reaqciis ciklis
dros. am kvlevebis Sedegad miiRes oTxi Zalze
mniSvnelovani daskvna: (1) mamakacebi da qalebi
seqsualuri reaqciebis msgavsi paternebiT
xasiaTdebian; (2) miuxedavad imisa, rom seqsualuri
reaqciis ciklis fazebis Tanmimdevroba orive
sqesSi msgavsia, qalebi ufro cvalebadni arian
_ isini midrekilni arian ufro neli, xSirad
ki _ ufro xangrZlivi reaqciisken; (3) drois
Tanabar periodebSi bevr qals SeuZlia
mravaljeradi orgazmis gancda maSin, roca
mamakacebTan es iSviaTad xdeba; (4) penisis zoma
aranairad ukavSirdeba seqsualur moqmedebebTan
asocirebul arc erT aspeqts (garda didi penisis
qonasTan Tavad mamakacis damokidebulebisa).
adamianis seqsualuri reaqciis ciklSi oTx
fazas gamoyofen, esenia: _ agzneba, plato, or-
gazmi da gadawyveta (ix. sur. 12.4).
agznebis anu ltolvis fazaSi (romelic
ramdenime wuTidan erT saaTamde da metxans
grZeldeba) menjis areSi mimdinareobs vaskula-
ruli (sisxlZarRvovani) cvlilebebi. penisi
magrdeba da swordeba, klitori ibereba; sisxli
da sxva siTxeebi avsebs sakvercxeebsa da vagi-
nas; sxeuli wiTldeba, anu Cndeba seqsualuri
siwiTle.
seqsualuri agzneba (Sexual arousal) _ aRgznebisa
da daZabulobis motivaciuri mdgomareoba,
romlic aRmocendeba erotikul stimulebze
fiziologiuri da kognituri reaqciebiT.
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platos fazaSi miiRweva agznebis maqsima-
luri (Tumca, cvalebadi) done. swrafad izrdeba
guliscema da sisxlis wneva, xSirdeba sunTqva,
Zlierdeba jirkvlebis sekrecia, izrdeba
nebismieri da uneblie kunTuri daZabuloba
mTel sxeulSi. matulobs vaginaluri siTxis
gamoyofa da ibereba mkerdi.
orgazmis fazaSi mamakacebi da qalebi
ganicdian manamde mzardi seqsualuri daZabu-
lobis gantvirTvis Zalze intensiur sasiamovno
gancdas. orgazmi xasiaTdeba ritmuli SekumSve-
biT, romlebic warmoiqmneba daaxloebiT yovel
rva-aT wamSi erTxel genitalur areSi. rogorc
mamakacebSi, ise qalebSi sunTqvis sixSire da
sisxlis wneva Zalian maRalia, guliscema ki _
ormagdeba. mamakacebSi pulsirebadi SekumSvebi
iwvevs eakulacias, anu spermis amofrqvevas.
gadawyvetis, anu dasrulebis fazaSi sxeuli
TandaTanobiT ubrundeba normalur, aRgznebam-
del mdgomareobas, sisxlis wneva da guliscemis
sixSire ecema. erTi orgazmis Semdeg mamakacTa
umravlesoba Sedis refleqtorul periodSi (anu
isini ar reagireben seqsualur stimulaciaze),
romelic ramdenime wuTidan ramdenime saaTamde
grZeldeba. am drois manZilze kidev erTi
orgazmis miRweva SeuZlebelia. mdgradi aR-
gznebis mqone zogierT qals SeuZlia mrava-
jeradi orgazmis gancda sakmaod swrafi Tanmim-
devrobiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mastersisa da jonsonis
kvleva seqsualuri reaqciebis fiziologiaze
fokusirdeboda, maTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani
aRmoCena, albaT, rogorc aRgznebaSi, ise _
dakmayofilebaSi fsiqologiuri procesebis
centraluri rolis dadgena iyo. maT aCvenes,
rom seqsualuri reaqciebis problemebs fsi-
qologiuri mizezebi ufro xSirad aqvs, vidre
fiziologiuri. Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia maTi
modificireba an Terapiis saSualebiT daZleva.
gansakuTrebuli Civilis sagania seqsualuri
reaqciis ciklis dasrulebisa da dakmayo-
filebis miRwevis unaris arqona. xSirad am
uZlurebis wyaros warmoadgens pirovnuli
problemebiT datvirTuloba, SiSi seqsualuri
aqtivobis Sedegebis gamo; SfoTva imis gamo, Tu
rogor Seafasebs partniori individis seqsua-
lur moqmedebebs; aracnobieri danaSaulis gancda
anda uaryofiTi azrebi. Tumca, cudi kveba,
daRliloba, stresi da alkoholis didi rao-
denobiT gamoyeneba an narkotikebi, agreTve,
amcirebs seqsualur ltolvebsa da maTi dakma-
yofilebis unars.
Cven mimovixileT adamianis seqsualurobis
da seqsualuri aRgznebis zogierTi fizio-
logiuri aspeqti, magram jer ar gvisaubria im
Zalebze, romlebic ganapirobeben seqsualur
suraTi
12.4
adamianis seqsualuri
reaqciebis fazebi
mamakacebsa da qalebs seqsualuri reaqciis
fazebis msgavsi paternebi aqvT. ZiriTadad
gansxvavebulia dro, romelic saWiroa
TiToeuli fazis misaRwevad, da didi al-
baToba imisa, rom qalebi miaRweven mraval-
jerad orgazms.
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qcevebSi arsebul gansxvavebebs. daviwyebT im
mosazrebiT, rom reproduqcia, rogorc mizani,
mamakacebisa da qalebisaTvis seqsualuri qcevis
gansxvavebul paternebs uzrunvelyofs.
seqsualuri qcevis evolucia
Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom cxovelebSi seqsualuri
qcevis paterni, ZiriTadad, evoluciiT aris
ganmtkicebuli. umTavresi mizania reproduqcia
_ saxeobis gadarCena da SenarCuneba, seqsualuri
qceva ki Zalze ritualizebuli da stereoti-
pulia. SeiZleba, rom igive vamtkicoT adamianis
seqsualuri qcevis zogadi paternebis Sesaxebac?
evoluciis sakiTxze momuSave fsiqologebma
Seamowmes mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom mamakacma
da qalma gamoimuSaves gansxvavebuli strate-
giebi, romelic safuZvlad udevs seqsualur
qcevas (Buss, 1999; Wright, 1994). am strategiebis
aRsawerad adamianis reproduqciis zogierTi
realiis gaxseneba dagvWirdeba. mamakacebi SeZ-
lebdnen weliwadSi asobiT reproduqciis aqtis
ganxorcielebas, Tu moZebnidnen Sewyvilebis
sakmarisi raodenobis mosurnes. bavSvis Casax-
visTvis maT mxolod erTi Cais kovzi sperma da
ramdenimewuTiani sqesobrivi kavSiri moeTxo-
vebaT. qalebs SeuZliaT weliwadSi mxolod
erTxel ganaxorcielon reproduqcia da Semdeg
TiToeul bavSvs auracxeli dro da energia
unda dauTmon (sxvaTa Soris, msoflio rekordi
imisa, Tu ramdenjer SeuZlia qals bavSvis gaCena,
aris 50, magram mamakacebSi es ricxvi gacilebiT
metia. morokanis despots, mefe ismail sisxlis-
mRvrels 7000 Svili hyavda, CineTis pirveli
imperatorze ki amboben, rom 3000 bavSvis mama
iyo. cxadia, orives didi haramxana hqonda).
amrigad, roca mizani reproduqciaa, kvercx-
ujredebis resursi SezRudulia da amitom
mamrebs konkurencia uwevT ganayofierebis
SesaZleblobis mosapoveblad. mTavari problema,
romelic mamri cxovelis winaSe dgas, misi
STamomavlobis ricxvis SeZlebisdagvarad
gazrdaa, rac aseve didi raodenobis mdedrebTan
SewyvilebiT miiRweva, magram ZiriTadi problema,
romelic mdedri cxovelis winaSe dgas, maRal-
xarisxiani mamris moZebnaa, raTa uzrunvelyos
saukeTeso, yvelaze janmrTeli STamomavloba
sakuTari SezRuduli raodenobis kvercxujre-
debidan. ufro metic, adamianis STamomavlobas
imdenad didi dro sWirdeba momwifebisaTvis
da imdenad umweoa, sanam izrdeba, rom saWiroebs
arsebiT wvlils da zrunvas mSoblebis mxridan
(Trivers, 1972; Wright, 1994). Tevzebisa da obobe-
bisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic ubralod deben
kvercxebs da toveben maT, dedebma da mamebma
Svilebis gasazrdelad dro da energia unda
daxarjon. amgvarad, qals esaWiroeba ara mxolod
yvelaze didi, yvelaze Zlieri, yvelaze Wkviani,
yvelaze maRali statusis mqone da yvelaze
momxibvleli mewyvile, aramed mas, aseve, sWirdeba
yvelaze erTguli da yvelaze pasuxismgebliani
partniori, romelic mas maTi saerTo bavSvebis
gazrdaSi daexmareba.
erT-erTma evoluciurma fsiqologma, devid
bassma (David Buss, 1999; Buss & Schmitt, 1993) gamoTqva
mosazreba, rom mamakaci da qali sxvadasxva
strategiebs, emociebsa da motivaciebs aviTareben
moklevadiani da grZelvadiani Sewyvilebe-
bisTvis. mamakacTan cdunebisa da mitovebis
strategia, rac erTgulebisa da valdebulebis
Cvenebasa da Semdeg mitovebas gulisxmobs, mok-
levadiani kontaqtebisTvis gankuTvnili stra-
tegiaa; erTgulad darCenisa da STamomavlobaze
zrunvis strategia ki _ grZelvadiania. qalis
SemTxvevaSi im erTguli mamakacis moxibvlis
strategia, romelic masTan darCeba da bavSvebis
aRzdaSi daexmareba, grZelvadiani strategiaa.
bevrs kamaToben imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogoria
moklevadiani Sewyvilebis strategia qalTan.
erTni amtkiceben, rom mouwesrigebel, SemTxveviT
sqesobriv kavSirebs, evoluciuri TvalsazrisiT,
arasodes moutania qalebisTvis sargebeli _
isini SeiZleba dafexmZimdnen da, asaTan, ar
iyvnen darwmunebulni, rom mamakaci Semdgom
izrunebs masze da mis STamomavlobaze. qalebi,
rogorc Cans, ufro naklebad arian dainterese-
bulni SemTxveviTi seqsiT, vidre mamakacebi
(Buss& scmitt, 1993). meoreni amtkiceben, rom
moklevadiani kavSirebi mraval (gansakuTrebiT
ki xanSi Sesul da mdidar) mamakacTan dauyov-
nebeli dajildovebis sanacvlod nazRaurdeba
imiT, rom uzrunvelyofs moklevadian gadarCenas.
mSobliuri zrunva da wvlili (Parental invest-
ment) _ dro da energia, romelic unda daxarjon
mSoblebma TavianTi STamomavlobis aRsazrde-
lad.
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mkvlevrebma evoluciuri Teoriis progno-
zebis mravali damadasturebeli sabuTi moipoves.
magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT kvlevebi, romelTa
saSualebiTac Seamowmes, Tu ra gavlenas axdenda
Casaxvis SesaZlebloba qalis msjelobaze
mamakacis saxis momxibvlelobis Sesaxeb.
saidan
viciT
qalebis mier mamakacis saxeebisadmi
upiratesobis miniWeba
mamakacis romel saxes CaTvlis konkre-
tuli qali mimzidvelad? mkvlevarTa jgu-
fma Camoayaliba hipoTeza, romlis mixed-
viTac am kiTxvaze pasuxi, nawilobriv, damo-
kidebulia qalis menstrualuri ciklis
fazaze (Penton-Voak et al., 1999; Penton-Voak &
Perrett, 2000). mamakacebis saxeebs, romlebic
eqsperimentSi gamoiyeneboda, kompiuteris
daxmarebiT ise cvlidnen, rom mieRoT
diapazoni SedarebiT maskulinuri saxidan
SedarebiT feminur saxemde. rodesac
qalebs grZelvadiani urTierTobisTvis~
sTxovdnen yvelaze mimzidveli saxis
amorCevas, isini upiratesobas aniWebdnen
im saxes, romelsac SedarebiT feminuri
Sexeduleba hqonda: rogorc Canda, mamakacis
ufro metad feminuri saxe metyvelebda
imaze, rom is sando da saimedo partniori
iqneboda grZelvadian urTierTobaSi.
Tumca, arCevani moklevadiani urTierTo-
bisTvis~ damokidebuli iyo qalis men-
strualur ciklis fazaze. is qalebi, rom-
lebic menstrualuri ciklis im fazaSi
imyofebodnen, rodesac yvelaze maRalia
dafexmZimebis riski, arCevans SedarebiT
maskulinur saxeze aCerebdnen. rogorc
Cans, dafexmZimebis SesaZleblobam gadaanac-
vla qalebis arCevani im saxidan, romelic
ityobineboda, rom misi mflobeli kargi
mzrunveli~ iqneboda, im saxeze, romelic
metyvelebda, rom misi mflobels ,,kargi
genebi~ hqonda.
am gamokvlevaSi prioritetebs Seiswavlidnen
da ara realur seqsualur qcevas; Tumca, is
mainc gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba warmar-
Tavdes Cveni evoluciuri istoria adamianis
cxovrebis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom gamokvleva adasturebs
adamianis seqsualuri qcevis evoluciuri axsnis
mraval prognozs, sxva Teoretikosebi Tvlian,
rom aseT axsnaSi saTanadod ar aris Sefasebuli
kulturis roli (Angier, 1999). magaliTad, qalebi
ufro meti erotikuli plastikurobiT xasiaT-
debian, vidre mamakacebi: qalebi seqsualur
reaqciebsa da seqsualur qcevaSi met mravalfe-
rovnebas avlenen, vidre mamakacebi (Baumeister,
2000). es variaciebi, rogorc Cans, didwilad,
kulturuli SezRudvebis Sedegs warmoadgens
(Hyde & Dukik, 2000). gavixsenoT 1960-iani wlebis
seqsualuri revolucia~. cvlilebebi seqsua-
lur qcevaSi mohyva qalTa mzard mzaobas _
daemyarebinaT SemTxveviTi seqsualuri kavSirebi.
cxadia, Seicvala ara qalebis evoluciuri
istoria, aramedEmaT mier seqsualuri ltolve-
bis gamoxatvisadmi sazogadoebis damokidebu-
leba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom evoluciuri midgoma
adamianis seqsualuri qcevis zogierT aspeqts
xsnis, kritikosebi mogviwodeben, rom yuradReba
mivaqcioT am qcevis kulturiT ganpirobebul
variabilurobas (cvalebadobas). seqsualuri
qcevis normebi Zalze mgrZnobiarea droisa da
adgilis mimarT. swored am normebze visaubrebT
qvemoT.
seqsualuri qcevis normebi
rogoria saSualo adamianis seqsualuri
cxovreba? adamianis seqsualuri qcevis mec-
nierul kvlevas, romelic 1940-ian wlebSi
daiwyo, pirveli mniSvnelovani biZgi alfred
kinsis da misi kolegebis naSromma misca (Alfred
Kinsey, 1948, 1953). maT daaxloebiT 17 aTasi
amerikeli gamokiTxes maTi seqsualuri qcevis
Taobaze da aRmoaCines sazogadoebisTvis gamaog-
nebeli faqti: garkveuli qcevebi, romlebic
manamde iSviaTad da paTologiuradac ki iT-
vleboda, realurad sakmaod farTod iyo gavr-
celebuli, an, sul mcire, fiqsirdeboda, rom
arsebobda. ukanasknel wlebSi mkvlevrebma Caa-
tares gamokiTxvaTa seria seqsualuri qcevis
Cveuli, didi regularobiT ganxorcielebadi
formebis Sesaxeb. miRebul Sedegebs farTod
da xmauriT aSuqebda masmedia. cxrilSi 12.3
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mocemulia erT-erTi farTomasStabiani gamoki-
TxviT miRebuli monacemebi (Michael et al., 1994).
mkvlevrebi mTel rig SekiTxvebs svamdnen.
cxrilSi pasuxebis mxolod mcire nawilia war-
modgenili. SegiZliaT miuTiToT saintereso
tendenciebze? magaliTad, Tqven SeiZleba sain-
teresod CaTvaloT, rom 55-59 wlis adamianebi
ufro xSirad aRniSnaven, rom 18 wlis asakidan
erT partniorTan arian, vidre 25-29 wlis
adamianebi. aseTi Sedegi gvafiqrebinebs, rom
seqsualuri qcevis normebi Seicvala ukanaskneli
aTwleulebis manZilze.
seqsualuri qcevis es normebi imis nawilia,
rasac Tqven iTvisebT, rogorc garkveuli
kulturis wevri. Cven ukve vTqviT, rom seqsua-
luri qcevis zogierTi zogadi ,,qaluri~ da
,,mamakacuri~ aspeqti SeiZleba warmoadgendes
adamianTa modgmis evoluciis produqts. miu-
xadavad amisa, sxvadasxva kulturebi gansa-
zRvraven qcevaTa rigs, romelTac seqsualuri
impulsebis gamoxatvisaTvis saTanadod da
misaRebad miiCneven. seqsualuri qcevis scenarebi
seqsualuri reaqciebis ganxorcielebis socia-
lurad (sazogadoebaSi) daswavlili programebia,
romlebSic Sedis (rogorc wesi, uTqmeli)
miTiTebebi, Tu ra, rodis, sad da rogor unda
gakeTdes; visTan da riTi unda gakeTdes;
dabolos, ratom unda gakeTdes (Gegnon, 1977). am
scenarebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebi Sekrebilia
cxovrebis manZilze socialuri urTierTqme-
debebis procesSi. seqsualuri qcevis Cveneul
*monacemebi efuZneba SemTxveviTad SerCeuli 18 wlis da zemoT asakis 3432 respondentisgan Semdgari SerCevis gamokiTxvas.
seqsualuri aqtivoba mozrdil amerikelebSi, 1994*
cxrili
12.3
seqsualuri partniorebis raodenoba 18 wlis asakidan
(TiToeuli kategoriaSi monacemi warmodgenilia procentebiT)
mamakacebi
qalebi
25-29 weli
55-59 weli
saSualo ganaTleba
kolejis ganaTleba
0
3
3
2
1
3
2
1
26
31
25
40
30
24
2-10
44
56
53
43
49
50
10 da meti
33
9
19
15
17
24
seqsualuri aqtiobis sixSire bolo 12 Tvis manZilze
(TiToeuli kategoriaSi monacemi warmodgenilia procentebiT)
arc erTi weliwadSi ramdenjerme TveSi ramdenjerme kviraSi orjer an metjer
mamakacebi
qalebi
mamakacebi
25-29 weli
55-59 weli
qalebi
25-29 weli
55-59 weli
mamakacebi
saSualo skola
koleji
qalebi
saSualo skola
koleji
14
10
7
11
5
30
10
9
11
14
16
18
15
22
10
22
15
18
16
17
37
36
31
43
38
35
34
38
38
37
34
37
47
23
47
13
41
35
36
33
seqsualuri qcevis scenarebi (Sexual scripts) _
seqsualuri pasuxismgeblobis socialurad
daswavlili programa.
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scenarebSi realizebuli ganwyobebi da faseu-
lobebi seqsualuri motivaciis garegan wyaros
warmoadgens: scenari gvTavazobs qcevis tipebs,
romelTa ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia an
aucilebelia.
scenari warmoadgens socialuri normebidan
momdinare miTiTebebis (ra aris swori da
miRebuli), individualuri molodinebis da
warsulSi daswavlil qcevaTa prioritetuli
Tanmimdevrobis kombinacias. seqsualuri qcevis
Tqveneul scenarTa ricxvSi Sedis scenarebi
ara mxolod imis Sesaxeb, Tu, Tqveni azriT,
risi gakeTeba iqneboda misaRebi da drouli
Tqveni mxridan, aramed isic, Tu ras eliT
Tqveni seqsualuri partniorisgan. rodesac ar
aRiareben scenarebis arsebobas, ar ganixilaven
anda ar axdenen maT sinqronizacias, scenarebs
Soris gansxvavebam SeiZleba gaarTulos, da
problemuri gaxados partniorebis urTierT-
Segueba.
yuradReba SevaCeroT kolejis studentebi-
sTvis Cveul seqsualur qcevebze. mkvlevrebi
xSirad interesdebian imiT, Tu ratom axor-
cieleben individebi riskian seqsualur urTier-
Tobebs iseT pirobebSi, roca dafexmZimebis an
veneriuli daavadebis gadadebis safrTxe ar-
sebobs. evoluciisa da seqsualuri gansxvave-
bebis sakiTxebis ganxilvis fonze ar gagikvir-
debaT, Tu getyviT, rom mamakacebi ufro metad
axorcieleben riskian qcevas, vidre qalebi (Pop-
pen, 1995). kolejis studentebis erT SerCevaSi
ufro metma mamakacma, vidre qalma (Sesabamisad,
77% da 14%), ganacxada, rom isini barebSi sava-
raudo seqsualuri partnioris gacnobis mizniT
Sediodnen da maT hqoniaT seqsi axlad gacnobil
partniorTan (Sesabamisad, 47% da 24%). amasTan,
ufro metma mamakacma aRniSna, rom hqonia seqsi
yovelgvari kontracepciis gareSe (Sesabamisad,
78% da 64%).
kolejis studentebis seqsualuri qcevis
mkvlevrebma gamoavlines kidev erTi sfero,
romelSic mamakacebisa da qalebis seqsualuri
qcevis scenarebi mniSvnelovnad ewinaaRmdegeba
erTmaneTs. esaa paemanze gaupatiureba. paemanze
gaupatiurebas uwodeben iseT situaciebs, ro-
desac individs nacnobi adamiani aiZulebs
sqesobrivi kavSiris damyarebas. erT-erT gamo-
kiTxvaSi mkvlevrebi interesdebodnen, hqondaT
Tu ara respondentebs maTze mimarTuli seq-
sualuri agresiis gamocdileba. sul gamoikiTxa
341 qali, romelTa 78%-ma aRniSna, rom isini
yofilan seqsualuri agresiis garkveuli
formis msxverplni. daaxloebiT 15% aRniSnavs,
rom paemnis situaciam ubiZga maT seqsualuri
kavSiris damyarebisken (Muehlenhard & Linton, 1987).
rodesac mamakacebs hkiTxes, Tu vin aris damnaSave
paemnis situaciaSi momxdar Zaladobaze, maT,
qalebTan SedarebiT, metwilad msxverpli (anu
gaupatiurebuli qali) daasaxeles (Bell et al., 1994;
Ryckman et al., 1998).
paemanze Zaladobis kvlevebma aCvena, rom mama-
kacTa da qalTa seqsualuri scenarebi mniSvne-
lovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan simboluri
winaaRmdegobis gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT. esaa
qalis mier gaweuli susti winaaRmdegoba seqsu-
alur Tavdasxmaze, sabolood jamSi sqesobrivi
kavSiris daSvebis ganzraxvis miuxedavad. Zalian
cota qali _ daaxloebiT 5% aRniSnavs, rom
gauweviaT simboluri winaaRmdegoba, Tumca,
mamakacTa 60% miuTiTebs, rom, sul mcire,
erTxel mainc Sexvedria simboluri winaaR-
mdegobaM(Marx & Gross, 1995). am or monacems Soris
arsebul gansxvavebaSi, rogorc Cans, paemanze
gaupatiurebis mravali SemTxveva aisaxeba.
mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom zogierTi mamakaci
simbolur winaaRmdegobas seqsualuri TamaSis
nawilad miiCnevs da ar aRiqvams mas, rogorc
qalis realuri SeSfoTebis niSans. mniSvne-
lovania, rom mamakacebma gaigon _ sinamdvileSi
qalebi iSviaTad Tvlian amas TamaSad; maTi
winaaRmdegoba realuria.
gaupatiureba paemanze (Date rape) _ ewodeba iseT
situaciebs, rodesac individs nacnobi adamiani
aiZulebs sqesobrivi kavSiris damyarebas.
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seqsualuri motivaciis ganxilvisas Cveni
yuradRebis miRma darCa seqsualuri gamoc-
dilebis seriozuli da mniSvnelovani kategoria
_ homoseqsualizmi. seqsualuri motivaciis am
qveTavs homoseqsual qalebsa (lesboselebsa)
da mamakacebze saubriT davasrulebT. es kidev
erT saSualebas mogcemT, dainaxoT, Tu rogor
marTavs seqsualur qcevas Sinagan da garegan
motivaciur ZalTa urTierTqmedeba.
homoseqsualoba
Cven aqamde vsaubrobdiT motivaciaze, romlis
gamoc adamianebi garkveul farglebSi axor-
cieleben seqsualur qcevebs. am konteqstSive
SegviZlia ganvixiloT homoseqsualizmis ar-
seboba. homoseqsualizmis, rogorc heteroseq-
sualobidan gadaxriT gamowveuli~ qcevebis
erTobliobad warmodgenis nacvlad, seqsualuri
motivaciis Cven mier warmoebulma ganxilvam
unda daganaxoT, rom yvela seqsualur qcevas
iwvevs~ raRac. am TvalsazrisiT, homoseqsua-
lizmsa da heteroseqsualizms msgavsi moti-
vaciuri Zalebi ganapirobebs. arc erTi maTgani
ar warmoadgens motivirebul gadaxras meorisgan.
seqsualuri qcevebis kvlevaTa umravlesobaSi
homoseqsualizmis SemTxvevebis gamovlenaTa
zusti raodenobis miRebas cdilobdnen. adreul
kvlevebSi alfred kinsma aRmoaCina, rom misi
SerCevis mamakacTa 37%-s hqonda homoseqsualuri
gamocdilebis, sul mcire, erTi SemTxveva, xolo
4%-s _ mxolod homoseqsualuri gamocdileba
(procentuli maCveneblebi qalebisTvis mcire-
diT naklebi iyo). SedarebiT gviandel kvlevebSi
cdilobdnen, erTmaneTisgan ganerCiaT homoseq-
sualuri survilebi da maTi dakmayofilebisTvis
ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi. maiklma da misma
kolegebma (1994) aRmoaCines, rom maT SerCevaSi
qalebis daaxloebiT 4%-s seqsualurad izidavda
maTive sqesis warmomadgeneli, magram SerCevis
mxolod 2%-s hqonda meore qalTan sqesobrivi
urTierToba uaxloesi erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi.
aseve, maT kvlevaSi monawile mamakacTa 6%-s
seqsualurad izidavda sxva mamakaci, magram kvlav
SerCevis mxolod 2% aRniSnavda, rom bolo
erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi hqonda realuri
seqsualuri kontaqti meore mamakacTan. ramdenad
marTalia es ricxvebi? sanam sazogadoeba mtru-
lad iqneba ganwyobili homoseqsualuri survi-
lebis dakmayofilebisadmi, albaT, verc iqneba
SesaZlebeli homoseqsualuri SemTxvevebis rao-
denobis zusti Sefaseba, radgan adamianebi
moeridebian mkvlevrebTan gulaxdilobas.
qvemoT homoseqsualizmisa da heteroseqsua-
lizmis wyaroebs ganvixilavT. aseve, mimovixi-
lavT gamokvlevas, romelic homoseqsualuri
qcevisadmi sazogadoebisa da pirovnul damo-
kidebulebas Seexeba.
homoseqsualizmi: buneba da aRzrda
evoluciisa da seqsualuri qcevis ganxilvis
Semdeg gasakviri ar unda iyos, Tu getyviT, rom
kvlevebis monacemebis mixedviT, seqsualuri
prioritetebi, nawilobriv genetikuradaa ganpi-
robebuli. rogorc xSirad xdeba, mkvlevrebma
es mosazreba im kvlevebze dayrdnobiT gamoTqves,
romelSic erTmaneTs adarebdnen monozigotur
(genetikurad identur) da dizigotur (romel-
Tac, da-Zmis msgavsad, genebis naxevari aqvT
identuri) tyupebs. rodesac orive tyupiscals
erTnairi orientacia aqvs _ homoseqsualuri
an heteroseqsualuri, maTi sqesobrivi qceva
Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs. Tu erT-erTi tyupiscali
homoseqsualia, meore ki _ heteroseqsuali, maTi
seqsualuri qcevac gansxvavebuli iqneba. homo-
seqsuali mamakacebisa da lesboseli qalebis
Seswavlam mniSvnelovnad meti Tanxvedra aCvena
monozigotur tyupebSi, vidre dizigotur
tyupebSi (Bailey & Pillard, 1991; Bailey et al., 1993). am
kvlevebSi eqsperimentatorebi tyupebidan
moiZiebdnen calkeul homoseqsual mamakacebsa
da qalebs da Semdeg maTgan iRebdnen infor-
macias maTi tyupiscalebis an da-Zmebis seqsua-
luri orientaciebis Sesaxeb. Sedegebi gamaog-
nebeli iyo. qalebSi monozigoturi tyupebis
48%-is orive tyupiscali lesboseli iyo, di-
zigoturis ki _ 16%-is orive tyupiscali (Bailey
et al., 1993). mamakacebSi monozigoturi tyupebis
52%-is orive tyupiscali homoseqsuali iyo,
dizigoturis ki _ 22%-is orive tyupiscali
(Bailey &Pillard, 1991). miuxedavad imisa, rom
monozigoturi tyupebi SeiZleba ufro metad
msgavs pirobebSi izrdebodnen, vidre dizigo-
turebi, mSoblebi, SesaZloa, orives erTnairad
epyrobodnen, rac seriozul safuZvels gvaZlevs
vifiqroT, rom seqsualuri orientacia SeiZleba,
nawilobriv, genetikurad iyos ganpirobebuli.
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flobdnen ra aseT monacemebs, mkvlevrebma
daiwyes im genebis erTobliobis moZieba, rom-
lebic SeiZleba homoseqsualuri Tu hetero-
seqsualuri orientaciis warmoqmnas ganapiro-
bebdes (Baileyet al., 1999; Hamer et al., 1993; Rice et al.,
1999) amrigad, ganapirobebs Tu ara biologia
Tqvens seqsualur beds? Semdgomma kvlevebma
SeiZleba ganamtkicos an Seasustos gamoTqmuli
hipoTeza, magram naTlad Cans, rom homoseqsua-
lurobisa da heteroseqsualurobis zogierTi
aspeqti wmindad biologiuri faqtorebis
gavleniT warmoiqmneba (Glabue, 1994; LeVay, 1996).
socialurma fsiqologma deril bemma (Daryl
Bem, 1996; 2000) gamoTqva varaudi, rom biologia
pirdapir gavlenas ar axdens seqsualur prio-
ritetebze, Tumca, gaSualebulad moqmedebs
umcrosi asakis bavSvebis temperamentsa da
aqtiobebze. gavixsenoT me-11 Tavidan, rom
mkvlevrebis dakvirvebiT, gogonebi da biWebi
sxvadasxvagvarad TamaSoben. biWebs, magaliTad,
uxeSi da aqtiuri TamaSebi ufro metad izidavT.
bemis Teoriis Tanaxmad, imisda mixedviT, Tu
romel _ TavianTi sqesisTvis tipur Tu atipur
_ TamaSebSi monawileoben bavSvebi, isini
eCvevian Tavisive an sapirispiro sqesis Tanato-
lebisgan sakuTari gansxvavebulobis SegrZnebas.
bemis Teoriis mixedviT, ,,egzotikuri gadaiqceva
erotikulad~. sakuTari gansxvavebulobis gancda
emociur aRgznebas iwvevs. droTa ganmavlobaSi
es aRgzneba erotikulad gadaiqceva. magaliTad,
Tu patara gogona imitom grZnobs Tavs sxva
gogonebisgan gansxvavebulad, rom mas ar surs
gogonebisTvis tipuri saqmianoba, droTa gan-
mavlobaSi misi emociuri aRgzneba homoseqsua-
lur grZnobebad gadaiqceva. yuradReba miaqcieT,
rom bemis Teoria emxroba mosazrebas, rom
homoseqsualizmi da heteroseqsualizmi erTi
da igive mizezebidan momdinareobs: orive Sem-
TxvevaSi sqesi, romelsac bavSvi sakuTari sqe-
sisgan gansxvavebulad aRiqvams, droTa gan-
mavlobaSi erotikul mimzidvelobas iZens. miu-
xedavad imisa, rom Tavisi Teoriis sasargeblod
bems mravali monacemi moaqvs, is jerjerobiT
mainc axalia da ucnaurad gamoiyureba. momdevno
ramdenime weliwadSi vnaxavT, Tu rogor wari-
marTeba am Teoriis bedi, rodesac mkvlevrebi
Seafaseben masSi gamoTqmul sxvadasxva mosaz-
rebebs.
sazogadoeba da homoseqsualizmi
davuSvaT, bemi marTalia, rodesac ambobs,
rom bavSvobis gamocdilebas udidesi mniS-
vneloba aqvs. yvela adamiani bavSvobaSi ga-
nmtkicebuli midrekilebebis mixedviT moqme-
debs? is, rac yvelaze metad ganasxvavebs homo-
seqsualurobas heteroseqsualurobisgan, albaT,
sazogadoebis sxvadasxva wreebSi miRebuli
mudmivi mtrobaa homoseqsualurobis gamovline-
bebisadmi (Herek, 1998). 363 gamokiTxuli mozar-
didan 68% ,,aucileblad~ an ,,nawilobriv~ dae-
Tanxma debulebas _ ,,seqsi or mamakacs Soris
aSkara garyvnilebaa~. maTi 64% ,,aucileblad~
an ,,nawilobriv~ daeTanxma debulebas _ ,,seqsi
or qals Soris aSkara garyvnilebaa~ (Herek,
1994). homoseqsualebis mimarT Zalze uaryofiT
damokidebulebas mkvlevrebma homofobia uwodes.
bolodroindeli kvlevebi mowmobs, rom zogier-
Ti im mamakacTagani, romelic ukiduresi homo-
fobiuri ganwyobiT xasiaTdeba, faqtobrivad,
Tavad aRigzneba homoseqsualuri xasiaTis
masaliT.
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saidan
viciT
niRbavs Tu ara homofobia
homoseqsualur interess
kvlevaSi kolejis 64 mamakaci studenti
monawileobda, romelTagan TiToeuli sa-
kuTar Tavs afasebda, rogorc ,,calsaxad
heteroseqsuals~. studentebma 25 debule-
biani kiTxvari Seavses, romelic homofo-
biis xarisxs zomavda. am kiTxvaris mona-
cemebis mixedviT, 29 studenti arahomofo-
bikad, 35 studenti _ homofobikad miiCnies.
eqsperimentis Semdeg fazaSi studentebs
aCvenes heteroseqsualuri, lesbosuri da
mamakacTa homoseqsualuri aqtebis video-
Canawerebi. Canawerebze TiToeuli studen-
tis reaqcia izomeboda mowyobilobiT, ro-
melic afiqsirebda misi penisis garSemo-
werilobis cvlilebebs. monacemebis mi-
xedviT, ar gansxvavdeboda heteroseqsualur
da lesbosur aqtebze homofobikTa da
arahomofobikTa reaqciebi, Tumca, homofo-
bikur mamakacebs mniSvnelovnad meti aR-
gzneba aReniSnebodaT mamakacTa homoseq-
sualuri aqtebis yurebisas (Adams et al., 1996).
es kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom zogierTi
mamakacis Zalian Zlieri uaryofiTi damokide-
buleba homoseqsualurobis mimarT, nawilobriv,
SeiZleba momdinareobdes iqidan, rom maT ar
surT sxva mamakacebisadmi sakuTari seqsualuri
ltolvebis arsebobis aRiareba.
homoseqsualTa umravlesoba droTa ganmav-
lobaSi acnobierebs, rom isini eltvian Tavisive
sqesis warmomadgenlebs sazogadoebrivi homo-
fobiis, mtruli damokidebulebis pirobebSi,
aseTma pirobebma ki SeiZleba gaarTulos am
ltolvebis dakmayofileba. faqtobrivad, mra-
vali homoseqsuali mamakaci da lesboseli qali
ganicdis imas, rasac SeZenili homofobia, anu
SeZenili homonegativizmi ewodeba (Allen & Oleson,
1999; Ross & Rosser, 1996; Shidlo, 1994). aseT
SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba warmoiqmnas fsiqolo-
giuri distresi, radgan (orive sqesis) homoseq-
sual individs SeZenili (interiorizebuli)
aqvs sazogadoebis uaryofiTi damokidebuleba.
garda amisa, homoseqsual individTa umravlesoba
SfoTavs ara Tavisi homoseqsualobis, aramed
imis gamo, rom mudmivad uxdebaT sakuTari seq-
sualuri identurobis gamovlena (saaSkaraoze
gamosvla~), an dafarva (sakuTar naWuWSi jdoma~)
sakuTar ojaxTan, megobrebTan da Tanam-
SromlebTan (D,Augelli, 1993). 1973 wels amerikis
fsiqiatriulma asociaciam xma misca homoseqsua-
lizmis fsiqologiur aSlilobaTa nusxidan
amoRebas; 1975 wels igive gaimeora amerikis
fsiqologiurma asociaciam (Morin & Rothblum, 1991).
aseTi naCqarevi nabiji im monacemebze day-
rdnobiT gadaidga, romelTa mixedviTac, homo-
seqsualTa umravlesoba bednieri, produqtuli
adamianebi iyvnen, romelTac sulac ar surdaT
sakuTari seqsualuri orientaciis Secvla im
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu ,,magiuri abi~ SesaZlebels
gaxdida amas (Bell & Weinberg, 1978; Siegeman, 1972).
am monacemebis mixedviT, homoseqsualobasTan
dakavSirebuli stresi, umeteswilad, ganpi-
robebulia ara Tavad seqsualuri motivaciiT
_ homoseqsualebisTvis sruliad misaRebia
sakuTari orientacia, aramed seqsualuri mo-
tivaciis gamovlenaze sxva adamianebis reaqcie-
biT. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, homoseqsuali
mamakacebi da lesboseli qalebi iseve fiqroben
da zrunaven sasiyvarulo urTierTobebis dam-
yarebasa da SenarCunebaze, rogorc heteroseq-
sualebi (DAugelli, 1993).
orive sqesis homoseqsualTa ,,saaSkaraoze
gamosvlisTvis~ mzaoba SeiZleba pirveli nabiji
gaxdes sazogadoebis mxridan maTdami mtrobis
Semcirebisken. gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom adamianTa
ganwyoba homoseqsuali adamianebis mimarT
gacilebiT naklebad uaryofiTia, Tu isini icno-
ben am jgufSi Semaval individebs. faqtobrivad,
rac ufro met homoseqsuals icnobs individi
saSualod, miT ufro keTilganwobilia misi
damokidebuleba maTdami (Herek & Capitanio, 1996)
(rodesac me-18 TavSi crurwmenebis Temas gan-
vixilavT, kvlav vnaxavT, Tu rogor mihyavs
umciresobasTan urTierTobas adamiani maTdami
gacilebiT dadebiT ganwyobamde). icnobT
romelime homoseqsual mamakacs, lesbosels an
biseqsuals? rogor Seicvala Tqveni ganwyobebi
maTTan urTierTobis Sedegad? iqneb, Tqven Tavad
xarT homoseqsuali an biseqsuali? ra gavlena
moaxdina an SeiZleba moaxdinos sxvebze imis
codnam, rom Tqven homoseqsuali xarT?
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homoseqsualobis es mokle mimoxilva saSua-
lebas gvaZlevs ganvamtkicoT Cveni mTavari
daskvna adamianis seqsualuri motivaciis Sesaxeb.
seqsualuri qcevis zogierTi impulsi Signidan
momdinareobs _ memkvidreobiT miRebuli genebi
da saxeobis evolucia uzrunvelgvyofs homo-
seqsualuri da heteroseqsualuri qcevis Sinagani
modelebiT; Tumca, garegani garemo
1
aseve war-
moadgens seqsualuri motivaciis wyaros. Tqven
daiswavliT, rom zogierTi stimuli gansakuT-
rebiT mimzidvelia, xolo qcevis esa Tu is
forma misaRebia socialuri kulturis far-
glebSi. homoseqsualobis SemTxvevaSi garegani
sazogadoebrivi normebi SeiZleba Sinagani
bunebis karnaxis sapirispirod moqmedebdes.
axla mniSvnelovani motivaciis mesame maga-
liTis ganxilvaze gadavideT. vnaxoT, ra Zalebi
ganawyobs individs fardobiTi warmatebisTvis
an marcxisTvis.
Sejameba
cxovelebis seqsualur qcevas, ZiriTadad,
hormonebi marTavs. miuxedavad amisa, mewyvilis
arCevanze gavlenas axdens garemos faqtorebi.
mastersma da jonsonma pirvelebma ikvlies
adamianis seqsualuri reaqciebi, romlebic
SeiZleba Semdeg fazebad daiyos: agzneba, plato,
orgazmi da gadawyveta. evoluciuri fsiqologebi
cdiloben mamakacebisa da qalebis seqsualuri
qcevebis paternebis axsnas reproduqciis rea-
liebTan dakavSirebul, gansxvavebul strate-
giebze dayrdnobiT. garkeuli tipis seqsualuri
qcevebi kolejis studentebs riskis winaSe aye-
nebs. qalis an mamakacis seqsualuri scenarebis
SeuTavseblobis erT-erTi Sedegi paemanze
gaupatiureba SeiZleba iyos. heteroseqsualobis
msgavsad, homoseqsualoba viTardeba rogorc
garegani, ise Sinagani motivaciuri Zalebis
gavlenis Sedegad. mravali homoseqsuali mama-
kacisa da lesboseli qalisTvis yvelaze mZime
tvirTs sazogadoebriv homofobiasTan gamklaveba
warmoadgens.
pirovnuli miRwevis
motivacia
ratom aRwevs zogierTi adamiani warmatebas,
zogierTi ki warumatebelia? magaliTad, ratom
SeuZliaT zogierTebs lamanSis srutis gada-
curva, sxvebi ki sevdianad napiridan iqneven
xels? albaT, daapirebT, rom zogierTi es
gansxvaveba iseTi genetikuri faqtorebiT axsnaT,
rogoricaa sxeulis wyoba da Tqven marTali
iqnebiT, magram Tqven isic iciT, rom zogierTi
adamiani ubralod ufro metad aris dain-
teresebuli lamanSis srutis gadacurviT, vidre
sxvebi. amrigad, Cven vubrundebiT motivaciis
kvlevis erT-erT ZiriTad mizezs. amjerad
yuradReba im motivaciur Zalebze SevaCeroT,
romlebic sxvadasxva adamianebs pirovnuli
miRwevis sxvadasxva donisken ubiZgeben.
dasawyisisTvis ganvixiloT konstruqti, romel-
sac miRwevis moTxovnileba ewodeba.
miRwevis moTxovnileba
jer kidev 1938 wels henri mareim (Henry Murray)
ganacxada adamianTan miRwevis moTxovnilebis
arsebobis Sesaxeb. miRwevis moTxovnilebis Zala
gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva adamianTan da gavlenas
axdens maT mier warmatebis miRwevis da sakuTari
moRvaweobis Sefasebis tendenciaze. devid
maklelandma da misma kolegebma (David McCLelland,
1953) am moTxovnilebis siZlieris gazomvis
meTodika SeimuSaves da sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi
miRwevis motivaciis siZlieres, motivaciis
1
External environment igulisxmeba yvelaferi is, rac
arsebobs adamianis gareT. amis sapirispiroa Sinagani
garemo, anu is, rac adamianis SigniTaa (mTargmnelis
SeniSvna),
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wamaxalisebel pirobebsa da samuSao pirobebSi
mis Sedegebs Soris kavSirs ikvlevdnen. miRwevis
moTxovnilebis siZlieris dasadgenad maklela-
ndi kvlevis monawileTa fantazias iyenebda.
monawileebs waredginebodaT e.w. Tematuri
apercepciis testis (Tat) bundovani suraTebis
seria da moeTxovebodaT maT mixedviT moTxro-
bebis Sedgena. maT unda aReweraT, Tu ra xdeboda
suraTze, savaraudod, rogor ganviTardeboda
movlenebi momavalSi da rogor dasruldeboda.
navaraudevi iyo, rom isini Seqmnil siuJetebSi
TavianTi faseulobebis, interesebisa da moti-
vebis proecirebas moaxdendnen. maklelandis
sityvebiT: Tu gsurT, rom icodeT, ra xdeba
adamianis TavSi, ar hkiTxoT mas amis Sesaxeb,
radgan mas ar SeuZlia yovelTvis zustad
giTxraT. dainteresdiT misi fantaziebiT da
ocnebebiT. Tu amas garkveuli drois manZilze
gaakeTebT, aRmoaCenT im Temebs, romelsac misi
goneba kvlav da kvlav ubrundeba. am Temebis
gamoyeneba misi qmedebebis asaxsnelad SeiZleba~
(David McCLelland, 1971, gv.5).
im moTxrobebze dayrdnobiT, romelsac
monawileni yvebodnen wardgenili Tat-is
suraTebis mixedviT, maklelandma SeimuSava
gazomvis erTeulebi adamianis ramdenime moTxov-
nilebisTvis, maT Soris Zalauflebis, afila-
ciisa da miRwevis moTxovnilebebisTvis. miRwevis
moTxovnileba pirobiTad aRiniSneba, rogorc n
Ach
2
. is asaxavs individualur gansxvavebebs imaSi,
Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania individisTvis miz-
nis dasaxva da mis misaRwevad Sroma. suraTze
12.5. mocemul magaliTSi warmodgenilia ori
siuJeti, romelic Tat-is erTi da imave suraTis
mixedviT Seqmnes miRwevis maRali da dabali
moTxovnilebebis mqone individebma. rogorc
laboratoriulma, ise realuri cxovrebiseuli
situaciebis kvlevebma daadastures am sazomis
validuroba.
magaliTad, n Ach maRali maCveneblebis mqone
individebi ufro metad miiweven zemoT, vidre
dabali maCveneblebis mqoneni. n Ach-is maRali
maCveneblebis mqone vaJiSvilebi profesiul
asparezze metad aRweven TavianT mamebze ufro
maRal statuss, vidre is vaJiSvilebi, romlebic
n Ach-is dabali maCveneblebiT xasiaTdebian
(McLaland et al., 1976). n Ach-is maRali maCveneblebis
2
n Ach n eed for Ach ievement.
Tematuri apercepciis testi _ Tat (Thematic
Apperception Test TAT) _ proeqciuli testi,
romelSic individs garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT
waredgineba suraTebi (romlebic mravalgvari
interpretaciis SesaZleblobas iZleva) da
moeTxoveba TiToeuli maTganis mixedviT
moTxrobis mofiqreba.
miRwevis moTxovnileba (Need for achievement n
Ach) _ savaraudod, adamianis ZiriTadi moTxov-
nileba _ miznis miRwevisaken swrafvis _ ro-
melic qmnis adamianis azrebisa da qcevebis
farTo speqtris motivaciur safuZvels.
suraTi
12.5
Tat-is suraTis alternatiuli
interpretaciebi
moTxroba, romelic miRwevis maRal
moTxovnilebaze miuTiTebs
am biWunam es-es aris daamTavra violinoze dakvris
gakveTili. is kmayofilia im SedegebiT, rasac ukve miaRwia
da mas ukve sjera, rom misi winsvla Rirs mis mier
gaRebul msxverplad. sakoncerto mevioline rom gaxdes,
man unda daTmos mravali Cveulebrivi adamianuri
saqmianoba, raTa yoveldRe ramdenime saaTi imecadinos.
miuxedavad imisa, rom man icis _ gacilebiT met fuls
iSovis mamamisis bizness Tu mihyofs xels, misTvis
gacilebiT sainteresoa, rom gaxdes didi mevioline da
siamovneba da sixaruli mianiWos adamianebs Tavisi musikiT.
is yovelTvis ganaaxlebs Tavis mcdelobas, radac ar
unda daujdes mas es.
moTxroba, romelic miRwevis dabal
moTxovnilebaze miuTiTebs
biWunas xelSi uWiravs Zmis violino da surs, rom
TviTonac icodes dakvra. magram icis, rom ar aqvs
gakveTilebisTvis saWiro dro, energia da fuli. is
wuxs Zmis gamo, radgan man uari Tqva uamrav gasarTobze,
raTa emecadina, emecadina da kvlav emecadina. Zalian
kargi iqneboda erT dres umaRlesi klasis musikosad
gaRviZeboda, magram es ase ar xdeba. realobaa mosawyeni
mecadineoba, yovelgvari mxiarulebis gareSe da didi
albaToba imisa, rom iyo kidev erTi Cveulebrivi
orkestranti, romelic erT-erT patara qalaqSi ukravs.
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mqone qalebsa da mamakacebs 31 wlis asakSi
Sromis ufro maRali anazRaureba aqvT, vidre n
Achh-is dabali maCveneblebis mqone adamianebs
41 wlis asakSi (McLeland & Franz, 1992). migviTiTebs
Tu ara es monacemebi imaze, rom maRali n Ach-
is individebi yovelTvis mzad arian gulmodgine
SromisTvis? cxadia, ara. Tu maRali n Ach-is
mqone individebs wardgenili amocana rTulad
eCvenebaT, isini maleve anebeben Tavs mis
gadawyvetas (Feather, 1961). is, rac namdvilad
tipuri Cans maRali n Ach-is mqone individebi-
sTvis, efeqtianobis, Sedegianobis wyurvilia
_ igive Sedegis miReba naklebi ZalisxmeviT.
Tu ajobeben Tanatolebs da ukeTes Sedegebs
aCveneben, es SeiZleba imitom moxdes, rom isini
Zalian afaseben gaweuli Zalisxmevis ukukav-
Sirsac, romlis mixedviTac msjeloben sakuTari
warmatebulobis Sesaxeb. Sromis anazRaureba,
rogorc warmatebulobis xarisxis maCvenebeli,
sakmaod konkretuli sazomia (MacCleland, 161,
McLeland &Franz, 1992).
rogor warmoiqmneba miRwevis maRali moTxov-
nileba? mkvlevrebi dainteresdnen imiT, Tu ram-
denad SesaZlebelia, rom mSoblebis mier gamo-
yenebulma aRzrdis stilma ganapirobos Svi-
lebSi miRwevis maRali Tu dabali moTxov-
nilebis ganviTareba. qvemoT warmodgenilia
bostoneli bavSvebis jgufis longituduri
analiziT miRebuli monacemebi.
saidan
viciT
aRzrdis meTodebi da miRwevis
moTxovnileba
devid maklelandma da kerol francma
(Devid McLeland & Cakol Franz, 1992) erTmaneTs
Seadares, erTi mxriv, monacemebi aRzrdis
meTodebis Sesaxeb, romlebic 1951 wels
agrovda, rodesac kvlevaSi monawile
bavSvebi daaxloebiT 5 wlisani iyvnen
da, meore mxriv, monacemebi n Ach-isa da
Semosavlis Sesaxeb, romlebic 1987-1988
wlebSi agrovda, rodesac kvlevis mona-
wileni ukve 41 wlisani iyvnen. 1951 wels
mSoblebs sTxovdnen, aReniSnaT, Tu rogor
aswavlidnen TavianT Svilebs sakvebis
miRebasa da tualetiT sargeblobas. mak-
lelandma da francma CaTvales, rom bav-
Svebi ganicdidnen Zlier zewolas miznis
miRwevisTvis im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT
mSoblebi sakvebis miRebasa da tualetiT
sargeblobas mkacri wesebiT aswavlidnen.
mTlianobaSi aRiniSneboda dadebiTi
korelacia miznis miRwevisTvis bavSvobaSi
gancdil Zlier zewolasa da Semdgom
mozrdilobaSi maRal n Ach-s Soris. garda
amisa, im bavSvebis wliuri Semosavali,
romlebic miznis miRwevisTvis Zlier
zewolas ganicdidnen, mozrdilobaSi
daaxloebiT $10.000-iT ufro mets Seadgenda,
vidre maTi Tanatolebis wliuri Semo-
savali, romelTac ar hqondaT bavSvobaSi
aseTi gamocdileba.
es monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom Tqveni
miRwevis moTxovnilebis xarisxi SeiZleba Tqveni
cxovrebis pirvelive wlebSi Camoyalibebuliyo.
warmatebisa da marcxis
atribucia
miRwevis moTxovnileba ar aris erTaderTi
cvladi, romelic pirovnul warmatebaSi
dainteresebulobaze axdens gavlenas. rom
vnaxoT, ratom, ganvixiloT hipoTeturi magaliTi.
warmoidgineT, rom gyavT ori megobari, romlebic
erTsa da imave sagans swavloben. pirveli
semestris Sualedur gamocdaSi orivem miiRo
Sefaseba C~. rogor fiqrobT, erTnairad iqnebian
isini motivirebulni, rom bejiTad imecadinon
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meore semestris Sualeduri gamocdisTvis? am
kiTxvaze pasuxi, nawilobriv, damokidebulia
imaze, Tu rogor axsnas mouZebnis TiToeuli
maTgani miRebul Sefasebas.
magaliTad, ganvixiloT kontrolis lokusis
mniSvneloba (Rotter, 1954). orientacia kontrolis
lokusze, anu imaze, Tu sad mdebareobs momxdaris
mizezi _ aris warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom
Tqveni moqmedebebis Sedegebi damokidebulia
Tqven mierve ganxorcielebul qmedebebze
(orientacia internalur, anu Sinagan kontrol-
ze) Tu garemos faqtorebze (orientacia eqster-
nalur, anu garegan kontrolze). zemoT motanil
magaliTSi C~-s miReba Tqvenma megobarma SeiZ-
leba miaweros garegan (Senobis gareT mimdinare
mSeneblobis xmurs gamocdis msvlelobisas) an
Sinagan (sust mexsierebas) mizezs. atribucia
aris msjeloba Sedegebis mizezebis Sesaxeb
(atribuciis Teorias ufro vrclad me-17 TavSi
ganvixilavT.) mocemul SemTxvevaSi atribuciam
SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos motivaciaze. Tu
Tqveni megobrebi darwmunebulni arian, rom
gamocdaze miRebuli niSani SeiZleba mSeneb-
lobis xmaurs mieweros, metad mosalodnelia,
rom isini bejiTad iSromeben momdevno gamoc-
disTvis, xolo, Tu isini warumateblobis atri-
bucias sust mexsierebaze axdenen, savaraudoa,
rom naklebad gulmodgineni iqnebian momavalSi.
kontrolis lokusi ar aris erTaderTi
ganzomileba, romelzec SeiZleba varirebdes
atribucia (Peterson & Selingman, 1984). Cven aseTi
kiTxvac SegviZlia davsvaT: ,,ramdenad ucvleli
(stabiluri) da mdgradia an cvalebadi (arasta-
biluri) da aramdgradia mizezobrivi faqtori
droTa ganmavlobaSi?~ pasuxi gvaZlevs ganzomi-
lebas ucvleli-cvalebadi (stabiluri-ara-
stabiluri); an SegviZlia vikiTxoT: ,,ramdenad
aris mizezobrivi faqtori Zalze konkretuli
(specifikuri) da SezRuduli mkafiod gansazRvru-
li amocaniT an situaciiT, anda zogadi
(globaluri) da farTod gamoyenebadi sxvadasxva
garemoebebisa da amocanebis SemTxvevaSi?~ pasuxi
gvaZlevs ganzomilebas zogadi-konkretuli
(globaluri-specifikuri).
12.6 suraTze mocemulia magaliTi imisa, Tu
rogor SeiZleba urTierTqmedebdes kontrolis
lokusi da stabiluroba. yuradReba SevaCeroT
gamocdaze miRebuli Sefasebis atribuciaze.
Tqvenma megobrebma miRebuli Sefasebebi SeiZ-
leba iseTi Sinagani faqtorebis Sedegad miiC-
nion, rogoricaa SesaZlebloba (ucvleli pirov-
nuli maxasiaTebeli) an Zalisxmeva (cvalebadi
pirovnuli Tviseba); anda miRebuli Sefaseba
maT SeiZleba iseTi garegani faqtorebiT
gamowveulad CaTvalon, rogoricaa: amocanis
sirTule, sxva adamianebis moqmedeba (ucvleli
situaciuri problema) an iRbali (cvalebadi
garegani maxasiaTebeli). imisda mixedviT, Tu
ra xasiaTis atribucia mouZebnes TavianT warma-
tebasa Tu marcxs, maTi emocia, savaraudod,
erT-erTi im emociaTagani iqneba, romelic
warmodgenilia cxrilSi 12.4. mniSvnelovani aq
isaa, rom interpretaciis tipi imoqmedebs
rogorc emociebze, ise Semdgom motivaciaze _
ufro bejiTad mecadineobaze, an SromisTvis
Tavis danebebaze _ warmatebisa Tu marcxis
realuri mizezisgan damoukideblad.
aqamde ganvixilavdiT im SesaZleblobas,
rodesac Tqveni orive megobari erTnairad xsnis
maT mier miRebul C~ Sefasebas, magram Zalze
mosalodnelia, rom isini gansxvavebul axsnebs
mogvcemen. erT-erTma es SeiZleba raime garegans
(,,profesorma arasamarTlianad Caatara gamocda~)
atribucia (Attribution) _ msjeloba Sedegebis
mizezebis Sesaxeb.
suraTi
12.6
qcevis Sedegebis mizezebis atribucia
oTxi SesaZlo Sedegi momdinareobs qcevis atribuciis
mxolod ori wyarodan: kontrolis lokusidan da im
situaciidan, romelSic qceva xorcieldeba. Se-
saZleblobiT atribucia ekuTvnis kombinacias Si-
nagani-ucvleli, ZalisxmeviT atribucia _ kombinacias
Sinagani-cvalebadi; rTuli amocana (testi) _ rodesac
uSveb garegani ucvleli Zalebis moqmedebas, iRbali
_ kombinacias garegani-cvalebadi.
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miaweros, meorem ki _ raime Sinagans (ar var
imdenad Wkviani, rom davZlio es sagani~). mkvlev-
rebma aCvenes, rom is, Tu rogor xsnian adamianebi
maT cxovrebaSi mimdinare movlenebs _ banqoSi
mogebidan dawyebuli paemnis SeTavazebaze uaris
TqmiT damTavrebuli _ SeiZleba maT cxovrebise-
ul, Cveul atribuciul stilad iqces (Haines et
al., 1999). Tqveni warmatebebisa da marcxebis axsnis
stilma SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos Tqvens
motivaciaze, guneba-ganwyobilebasa da saTana-
dod moqmedebis unarzec ki. ramdenime wlis
manZilze mkvlevari martin selingmeni (Martin
Selingman) Seiswavlida, Tu rogor moqmedebs
adamianebis axsnis stili _ maTi optimizmisa
Tu pesimizmis xarisxi _ maT aqtiurobasa da
pasiurobaze da imazec, Seupovrad midian miz-
nisken isini Tu iolad nebdebian, riskaven Tu
frTxilad moqmedeben (Selingman, 1991).
me-15 TavSi vnaxavT, rom Sinagani-zogadi-
ucvleli (internaluri-globaluri-stabiluri)
axsnis stili (,,me arasodes viqcevi sworad~)
individs depresiis riskis winaSe ayenebs (da
depresiis erT-erTi simptomia Semcirebuli
motivacia). axla ki vnaxoT, rogor SeuZlia
axsnis stils, rom semestris bolos Tqvenma
erT-erTma megobarma A~, meorem ki _ F~ Sefaseba
miiRos. selingmeni da misi gundi cdilobdnen
aexsnaT, Tu ratom SeuZlia erT adamians marcxis
sawinaaRmdegod moqmedeba, meores ki _ ara.
aRmoCnda, rom saidumlo ingredienti nacnobi
da, erTi SexedviT, martivi ram iyo _ optimizmi
da pesimizmi. aRsaniSnavia, rom samyaros xedvis
es ori gansxvavebuli gza gavlenas axdens moti-
vaciaze, guneba-ganwyobasa da qcevaze.
atribuciis pesimisturi stili mimarTulia
marcxis Sinagani warmoSobis mizezebze. garda
amisa, cudi situacia da individis roli mis
gamowvevaSi ucvlelad da zogadad (stabilurad
da globalurad) miiCneva: ,,me amas ver Sevcvli
da es gavlenas moaxdens yvelaferze.~ atribuciis
optimisturi stili marcxs garegani mizezebis
Sedegad ganixilavs: ,,testi arasamarTliani iyo~,
xolo movlenebi cvalebadi (arastabiluri) an
modificirebadia da konkretuli (specifikuri):
,,Tu met Zalisxmeva gavwev, momavalSi ukeTesad
gavarTmev Tavs da es erTi warumatebloba
gavlenas ver moaxdens imaze, Tu rogor Sevas-
ruleb CemTvis mniSvnelovan sxva davalebas~.
es mizezobrivi axsnebi sapirispirod brun-
deba, rodesac warmatebaze vsaubrobT. optimisti
iRebs srul pirovnul Sinagan-ucvlel-zogad
pasuxismgeblobas warmatebaze, xolo pesimisti
Tavis warmatebas garegan-cvalebad-zogad an
konkretul faqtorebs miawers. vinaidan is
Tvlis, rom ganwirulia marcxisTvis, pesimisti
ufro cudad asrulebs davalebas, vidre
mosalodnelia misi SesaZleblobebis obieqturi
sazomebidan gamomdinare. ZiriTadad, kvlevebi
adastureben optimizmisa da pesimizmis Sesaxeb
aseTi ganzogadebis siswores. magaliTad, erT-
erT kvlevaSi zomavdnen 130 mamakacis axsnis
stils, romlebic Sesyidvebis agentebad muSaob-
dnen gaerTianebuli samefos wamyvan sadezRveo
kompaniaSi (Corr & GGray, 1996). aRmoCnda, rom is
mamakacebi, romlebic atribuciis SedarebiT
dadebiTi stiliT xasiaTdebodnen, ufro met
garigebebs debdnen. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
movlenebis interpretacia gavlenas axdens
optimistTa da pesimistTa samomavlo amocanebis
Sesrulebis motivaciis doneze.
atribuciaze damokidebuli emociuri
reaqciebi
cxrili
12.4
Tqveni grZnobebi warmatebasa da marcxTan dakav-
SirebiT damokidebulia atribuciis im stilze, ro-
melsac axdenT Sedegebis mizezebis mixedviT. ma-
galiTad, Tqven amayobT warmatebiT maSin, roca am
warmatebas sakuTar unarebs miawerT, da daTrgunuli
xarT, Tu marcxs SesaZleblobis arqonis Sedegad
aRiqvamT; anda ganicdiT madlierebis grZnobas,
rodesac Tqven mier miRweul warmatebas sxvaTa moq-
medebas miawerT da brazobT, roca sxvebi migaCniaT
Tqveni marcxis mizezad.
emociuri reaqciebi
atribucia warmateba marcxi
SesaZlebloba
Zalisxmeva
sxvaTa
moqmedeba
bedi
kompetenturoba
darwmunebuloba
siamaye
Semsubuqeba
kmayofileba
moduneba
madliereba
gakvirveba
sindisis qenjna
arakompetenturoba
brZolaze uaris
Tqma
daTrgunuloba
braleulobis
gancda
sircxvili
SiSi
brazi
mrisxaneba
gakvirveba
gaoceba
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am qveTavis dasasruls ganvixiloT erT-erTi
kvleva, romelic gviCvenebs mizezobrivi atri-
buciis gavlenas saswavlo garemoSi.
saidan
viciT
atribuciis reorientacia profesiuli
moRvaweobis SesaZleblobebTan
mimarTebaSi
rodesac kolejs amTavrebT, SeZlebis-
dagvarad saukeTeso samuSaos miReba gsurT,
magram rogor fiqrobT, rogor moxdeba
es? karg samuSaoze mowyobas Tqveni sa-
kuTari ostatobiTa da iniciativianobiT
(Sinagani atribucia) apirebT, Tu SemTxve-
viTi pirobebisa da kargi iRblis wyalo-
biT (garegani atribucia)? mkvlevrebi vara-
udoben, rom is studentebi, romelTac
sjeraT, rom Tavad ganapirobeben sakuTar
profesiul warmatebas, ufro metad axor-
cieleben TavianT profesiul miswrafebebs.
am TvalsazrisiT, ra SeiZleba gakeTdes
studentebis wasaxaliseblad, rom maT
garegani atribucia SinaganiT Secvalon?
mkvlevarTa jgufma SeimuSava Carevis
meTodi, romelsac atribuciis reorien-
tacia uwoda. studentTa jgufs, romelTac
miaCndaT, rom maTze mcire ram iyo damo-
kidebuli karieraSi winsvlis Tvalsaz-
risiT, ayurebinebdnen videokasetas, romel-
zec Cawerili iyo maTi universitetis
kursdamTavrebuli qalisa da mamakacis dia-
logi. eqsperimentuli jgufisTvis gankuT-
vnili dialogi Seexeboda imas, Tu rogor
miiRes maT gadawyvetileba karieris Tao-
baze: ,,rac ufro vizrdebodi, metad vac-
nobierebdi, rom nebismieri ram, rac Cemi
karierisTvis mniSvnelovani da Rirebuli
iqneboda, Cemgan bejiTad Sromasa da
Zalisxmevas moiTxovda~ (Luzzo et al., 1996,
gv. 417). sakontrolo jgufi ar iRebda
aseT informacias. am xanmokle Carevis
Semdeg eqsperimentuli jgufis wevrebma
gamoavlines ufro metad internaluri
kontrolis lokusi karieris arCevisas
da, aseve, Semdgom ufro metad CaerTvnen
saqmianobaSi, romelic profesiuli zrdis
SesaZleblobebs ukavSirdeboda. sakontro-
lo jgufs ar aReniSneboda aseTi cvli-
lebebi (Luzzo et al., 1996).
imis gamo, rom atribucia gavlenas
axdens motivaciaze, cotaodeni infor-
maciis miwodebam karieris arCevanis Sesaxeb
didi gavlena iqonia momavlis Sesaxeb
studentTa mosazrebebze.
Cven vTvliT, rom fsiqologiuri kvleva am
mimarTulebiT TqvenTvis sasargeblo aRmoCndeba.
Tqven SegiZliaT gamoimuSaoT Tqveni warmatebisa
da marcxis axsnis optimisturi stili. SegiZ-
liaT situaciaSi SesaZlo mizezebis moZiebiT
Tavidan aiciloT warumateblobebis uaryofiTi,
stabiluri dispoziciuri atribucia. dabolos,
nu miscemT droebiT Cavardnebs uflebas, rom
SegiryioT motivacia. Tqven SegiZliaT gamoi-
yenoT gamokvlevebze damyarebuli es rCeva Tqveni
cxovrebis gasaumjobeseblad _ rasac yovelTvis
SegaxseneT am wignSi.
Sromisa da organizaciuli
fsiqologia
warmovidginoT, rom Tqveni pozitiuri
filosofia dagexmaraT, did korporaciaSi
dagewyoT muSaoba. SegviZlia zustad viwinas-
warmetyveloT, ramdenad motivirebuli iqnebiT,
Tu gvecodineba Tqveni miRwevis moTxovnilebis
maCvenebeli an axsnis stili? Tqveni motivaciis
done, nawilobriv, damokidebuli iqneba im zogad
konteqstze _ wesebsa da adamianebze, sadac
muSaobT. aRiarebs ra im faqts, rom samuSao
garemo rTuli socialuri sistemaa, organizaci-
uli fsiqologi swavlobs adamianuri urTierTo-
bebis sxvadasxava aspeqtebs, rogoricaa: Tanam-
SromelTa Soris informaciis gacvla, momsaxure
organizaciis fsiqologi (Organizational psycholo-
gist) _ swavlobs adamianuri urTierTobebis
sxvadasxva aspeqtebs, rogoricaa: TanamSromel-
Ta Soris informaciis gacvla, momsaxure per-
sonalis socialuri da kulturuli adaptacia,
marTvis stili da unarebi, samuSaosadmi an/
da organizaciisadmi damokidebuleba da er-
Tguleba, samuSaoTi kmayofileba, stresi da
gamofitva da, aseve, samuSao pirobebSi mTli-
anad cxovrebis xarisxi.
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personalis socialuri da kulturuli adap-
tacia, marTvis stili da unarebi, samuSaosadmi
an/da organizaciisadmi damokidebuleba da
erTguleba, samuSaoTi kmayofileba, stresi da
gamofitva da, aseve, samuSao pirobebSi mTlianad
cxovrebis xarisxi. rogorc biznes konsul-
tantebi, organizaciuli fsiqologebi daxmarebas
uweven organizaciebs momsaxure personalis
dasaqmebaSi, SerCevasa da momzadebaSi. garda
amisa, isini amuSaveben rekomendaciebs samuSaos
gadastruqturebis Sesaxeb, raTa SesaZlebeli
gaxdes calkeuli TanamSromlebisadmi misi ukeT
morgeba. samuSao garemos gaumjobesebis mizniT
organizaciuli fsiqologebi iyeneben marTvis,
gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da ganviTarebis
Teoriebs.
ganvixiloT ori Teoria, romelic organizaci-
ulma fsiqologebma SeimuSaves samuSao adgilze
arsebuli motivaciis gasagebad. samarTlianobis
Teoria da molodinis Teoria cdiloben axsnan
da iwinaswarmetyvelon, Tu rogor moiqcevian
adamianebi sxvadasxva samuSao pirobebSi. am
Teoriebis Tanaxmad, muSakebi dakavebulni arian
garkveuli SemecnebiTi saqmianobiT, rogoricaa
samarTlianobis Sefaseba sakuTari socialuri
mdgomareobis sxva muSakebis socialur mdgo-
mareobasTan Sedarebis gziT, an mosalodneli
waxalisebis Sefaseba, romelic maT mier
Sesrulebul samuSaos ukavSirdeba.
samarTlianobis Teoria gulisxmobs, rom mu-
Saki motivirebulia TanamSromlebTan samar-
Tliani an Tanasworuflebiani urTierTobis
SenarCunebaze (Adams, 1965). muSakebi aRniSnaven
maT mier samuSaosTvis gaRebul xarjebs (SromiT
saqmianobasa da fulad danaxarjs) da Semosa-
vals (rasac iReben samuSaos Sesrulebis Se-
degad), Semdeg ki adareben maT TanamSromelTa
xarjebsa da Semosavals. rodesac a muSakis
danaxarjisa da Semosavlis Tanafardoba
utoldeba b muSakis danaxarjisa da Semosavlis
Tanafardobas (danaxarji a Semosavali a =
danaxarji b Semosavali b), maSin a muSaki
dakmayofilebulia. ukmayofileba Cndeba maSin,
rodesac es proporcia irRveva. vinaidan
uTanasworobis am grZnobis atana Zalian Znelia,
muSakebi motivirebulni xdebian, rom aRadginon
es proporcia imiT, rom saTanadod Secvalon
danaxarjebi da Semosavali. es SeiZleba iyos
qceviTi cvlilebebi (magaliTad, danaxarjis
Semcireba SromiTi saqmianobis Semcirebis
xarjze da Semosavlis gazrda Sromis anazRa-
urebis momatebis moTxovniT) an fsiqologiuri
cvlilebebi (magaliTad, danaxarjis _ Cemi
samuSao arcTu ise kargia,~ an Semosavlis _
gamimarTla, rom yoveli kviris bolos viReb
xelfass, romlis imedzec SemiZlia viyo,~
Rirebulebis axleburi interpretacia).
SeginiSnavT usamarTlobis, an samarTlia-
nobis Sedegebi Tqvens samuSao situaciebSi?
ganvixiloT situacia, rodesac Tqveni Tanam-
Sromeli ukeTes samuSaoze gadadis. ras ganic-
diT am dros? samarTlianobis Teoriis mixedviT,
Tqven SeiZleba grZnobdeT, rom usamarTlod
dagtoves arasasurvel samuSaoze. faqtobrivad,
rodesac muSaki ise midis samsaxuridan, rom is
ukmayofilebas gamoxatavs am samuSaos mimarT,
darCenili TanamSromlebi midrekilni arian
naklebi produqtulobisken _ isini amcireben
Sromis nayofierebas, raTa aRadginon darRveuli
Tanasworoba da samarTlianoba (Sheeman, 1993).
Tu Tqven xelmZRvanelis Tanamdebobaze mogiwevT
muSaoba, unda ecadoT, rom Tavidan aiciloT
aseTi damokidebulebis damkvidreba imiT, rom
daakmayofiloT Tqveni TanamSromlebis samar-
Tlianobis fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebi.
samarTlianobis Teoria (Equity theory) _ samuSao
motivaciis kognituri Teoria, romlis mixedviT,
muSaki motivirebulia TanamSromlebTan samar-
SenarCunebaze; agreTve, am Teoriis mixedviT,
samarTliania is urTierTobebi, rodesac mona-
wileTa danaxarji maTi Semosavlis propor-
ciulia.
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magaliTad, ar unda dagaviwydeT saTanado
axsnis~ sargeblianoba.
molodinis Teoriis mixedviT, muSaki moti-
virebulia maSin, rodesac is elodeba, rom
misi Zalisxmeva da Sroma misTvis sasurvel
Sedegs gamoiRebs (Harder, 1991; Porte & Lawler, 1968;
Vroom, 1964). sxva sityvebiT, adamianebi Seasru-
leben im samuSaos, romelsac mimzidvelad
(romelsac Tan sdevs sasurveli Sedegebi) da
Sesrulebadad CaTvlian. molodinis TeoriaSi
aqcenti keTdeba sam komponentze, esenia: mo-
lodini, instrumentaluroba da valentoba. mo-
lodini asaxavs imis mosalodnel albaTobas,
rom muSakis Zalisxmevis Sedegi iqneba mis mier
samuSaos garkveuli xarisxiT Sesruleba.
instrumentaluroba niSnavs, rom samuSaos Ses-
ruleba gamoiRebs garkveul Sedegs, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, Sromis anazRaureba an jildo.
valentoba gulisxmobs konkretuli Sedegis
mimzidvelobas muSakisTvis. konkretul samuSao
situaciaSi am sami komponentisTvis sxvadasxva
kombinaciis warmodgena SegiZliaT. Tqven
SeiZleba gaqvT samuSao, sadac didia albaToba
imisa, rom dagajildoeben warmatebuli
muSaobisTvis (maRali instrumentaluroba),
magram naklebia albaToba imisa, rom samuSaos
warmatebulad SeasrulebT (dabali molodini),
an naklebia albaToba imisa, rom miRebuli
jildo Rirebuli iqneba (dabali valentoba).
molodinis Teoriis Tanaxmad, muSaki afasebs
am sami komponentis albaTobebs da aerTianebs
maT maTi calkeuli mniSvnelobebis gadamrav-
lebiT. yvelaze maRali donis motivacia gvaqvs
maSin, rodesac didia samive komponentis al-
baToba, xolo dabali motivacia miiReba maSin,
rodesac samidan erT-erTi komponentis albaToba
nulis tolia.
xedavT, rogor SeiZleba dagexmaroT molo-
dinis Teoriis analizi, Tu xelmZRvanelis Ta-
namdebobaze mogiwevT muSaoba? Tqven unda
iswavloT molodinis, instrumentalurobisa da
valentobis naTlad warmodgena; aseve, unda
SegeZloT gansazRvra _ am suraTSi yvelaferi
wesrigSia Tu romelime nawili gaumarTavia.
magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom muSakebi mividnen im
daskvnamde, rom maT Zalisxmevasa da amisTvis
miRebul anazRaurebas Soris arasakmarisi Tana-
fardobaa. rogor SecvlidiT samuSao pirobebs,
raTa aRgedginaT instrumentalurobis maRali
Rirebuleba?
winamdebare qveTavis daskvnis saxiT gTava-
zobT gamafrTxilebel SeniSvnas samuSao ga-
remoSi miRwevisa da motivaciis Sesaxeb. rodesac
pirovnul gadawyvetilebas iRebT, Tu ramdenad
gulmodgined da dabejiTebiT SegiZliaT Sroma
Tqvens profesiul asparezze, yuradRebiT
gadaxedeT Tqveni cxovrebis sxva aspeqtebsac.
rogorc momdevno TavSi vnaxavT, agresiulma
swrafvam warmatebisken SeiZleba garkveulwilad
xeli SegiSaloT xangrZlivad da janmrTelad
cxovrebaSi.
Sejameba
fsiqologebi zomaven miRwevis moTxovnilebas,
raTa gamoTqvan varaudebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu
rogor warimarTeba adamianis cxovreba da ra
elis mas. motivaciaze gavlenas axdens mi-
zezobrivi atribucia, romelic SeiZleba moi-
cavdes konkretul an zogad, ucvlel an cvalebad
da Sinagan an garegan faqtorebs. mkvlevrebma
gansazRvres axsnis optimisturi da pesimisturi
stilebi, romelic gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu
rogor asruleben adamianebi dasaxul amocanebs
da ramdenad dabejiTebiT akeTeben amas. orga-
nizaciuli fsiqologebis interesTa sferoSi
Sedis samuSao adgilze moqmedi mamotivirebeli
faqtorebi. samarTlianobis da molodinis Te-
oriebi aRweren, Tu rogor moqmedebs muSakis
mosazrebebi samuSao situaciis Sesaxeb mis
motivaciasa da Sromis Sedegebze.
moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia
bolo sam qveTavSi motivaciis specifikur
tipebze da qcevis specifikur tipebze SevaCereT
Tqveni yuradReba. Tavis dasasruls isev da-
vubrundeT motivaciis ufro zogad mniSvne-
lobas. Cven gvsurs zogadi warmodgena SegiqmnaT
molodinis Teoria (Expectancy theory) _ samuSao
motivaciis Teoria, romlis mixedviT, muSaki
motivirebulia maSin, roca elis, rom misi
Zalisxmeva da samuSaos Sesruleba sasurvel
Sedegs gamoiRebs.
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Tu Tqven odesme gqoniaT
iseTi samsaxuri, romelic ar
mogwondaT, albaT, bevri geco-
dinebaT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras
niSnavs, itanjebodeT motiva-
ciis naklebobiT: autanelia
Tavad azri samsaxurSi misvlis
Sesaxeb; TiToeuli wuTi saaTad
geCvenebaT. warmatebuli kari-
eris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
nawilia iseTi samuSao garemos
moZebna, sadac Sesasrulebeli
samuSao da misTvis miRebuli
anazRaureba Tqveni motivaciuri
moTxovnilebebis Sesatyvisi
iqneba. albaT, ar gagikvirdebaT,
rom mkvlevrebi swavlobdnen
profesiuli mowodebisa da
adamianebis pirovnuli Tvi-
sebebis, faseulobebsa da mo-
Txovnilebebis urTierTTan-
xvedris sakiTxebs.
profesiuli warmatebis miR-
wevis motivaciis SesanarCuneb-
lad Tqveni interesebisa da
TqvenTvis faseuli miznebis
Sesatyvisi samuSao unda gqon-
deT. profesiuli interesis
farTod gavrcelebuli sazomia
strongis profesiuli intere-
sebis kiTxvari, romelic eduard
strongs (Edward Strong) ekuTvnis.
testis Sesaqmnelad man gamoki-
Txa sxvadasxva profesiis ma-
makacTa jgufebi im saqmianobebs
Sesaxeb, romlebic maT mos-
wondaT, an ar moswondaT. Semdeg,
skalis misaRebad, im respo-
dentTa mier gacemuli pasuxebi,
romlebic warmatebulni iyven
konkretul profesiebSi, Sea-
dara Cveulebrivi respondenti
mamakacebis pasuxebs.
testis Semdeg versiebs (maT
Soris 1994 wels redaqti-
rebuls) daemata qalebisTvis
relevanturi skalebi da axali
profesiebi (Harmon et al., 1994).
strongis profesiuli intere-
sebis kiTxvari sakmaod warma-
tebiT adgens kavSirs adamianebis
mier mowonebul da armowonebul
saqmianobebsa da Sesabamis pro-
fesiebs Soris (Donnay &Borgen,
1996). Tu Tqven SeavsebT am tests,
profesiuli konsultanti SeZl-
ebs informaciis mowodebas im
samuSaoebis Sesaxeb, romlebic
tipuria Tqveni interesebis msgav-
si interesebis mqone adamianebis-
Tvis, radgan es is samuSaoa, ro-
melic namdvilad mogewonebaT.
davuSvaT, miiReT aseTi rCeva
imis Taobaze, Tu ra profesias
unda daeufloT. rogor unda
amoirCioT is konkretuli kom-
pania, sadac imuSavebT da rogor
unda SegarCioT man Tqven? bolo
periodSi kadrebis SerCevis fsi-
qologiis mkvlevrebma didi
yuradReba dauTmes pirovneba-
organizaciis morgebis cnebas,
romlis mizania adamianisa da
damqiravebeli organizaciis Tav-
sebadobis maqsimizacia (Borman et
al., 1997; Kristof, 1996; Van Vianen, 2000).
erT-erTi kvleva fokusirebuli
iyo TanamSromelTa pirovnuli
Taviseburebebisa da organiza-
ciis ,,kulturis~ morgebaze. ma-
galiTisTvis aviRoT pirovnuli
faqtori, romelsac Tanxmobi-
saTvis mzaoba ewodeba. masSi
moazrebuli kontiniumis ori uki-
duresobaa: ,,TanamgrZnobi, keTili
da mosiyvarule~ da ,,civi, kapasi
da sastiki~ (ix. Tavi 14). SevxedoT
organizaciebisTvis damaxasia-
Tebeli kulturebis kontinium-
sac mxardamWeridan da jgufze
orientirebulidan agresiul da
Sedegebze orientirebulamde.
xedavT rogor wrfivad lagdeba
es maxasiaTeblebi? mkvlevrebi
varaudoben, rom samuSos is ma-
Zieblebi, romelTac maRali maC-
venebeli aqvT TanxmobisaTvis
mzaobis mixedviT, amjobineben
organizaciebs, romlebic mxar-
damWeri da jgufze orienti-
SeuZlia Tu ara fsiqologias karieris arCevaSi daxmareba
rebuli kulturiT gamoirCe-
vian (Judge & Cable, 1997) am tipis
kvlevebi gvTavazoben imis ax-
snas, Tu ratom ar aris sakma-
risi martoden Cveni motiva-
ciuri mdgomareobebi, rodesac
profesiul warmatebas exeba
saqme. am dros, aseve, aranakleb
mniSvnelovania is, Tu ramdenad
Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs miznis
miRwevis Cveneuli meTodebi da
organizaciis prioritetebi.
sanam im samuSaoze fiqrobT,
romelic miznebis miRwevis
motivacias SegiqmniT, warmo-
gidgenT kidev erT gasaTvalis-
winebel faqtors: cxovrebis
sxva mravali aspeqtis msgav-
sad, profesiul interess, ro-
gorc Cans, genetikuri faqto-
ric gansazRvravs. erT-erT
kvlevaSi sxvadasxva ojaxSi
gazrdil identur da araiden-
tur tyupebs sTxoves, SeevsoT
(strongis profesiuli intere-
sebis kiTxvaris msgavsi) pro-
fesiuli interesebis ori ki-
Txvari (Moloney et al., 1991). am
kiTxvarebis monacemebis mixed-
viT, saSualo korelacia iden-
turi tyupebisTvis iyo 0,38 da
0,47; araidenturi tyupebisTvis
ki _ mxolod 0,05 da 0,06. gaiT-
valiswineT, rom es tyupebi ar
izrdebodnen erT ojaxSi! Tu
Tqven gadawyvetT, rom dedis
an mamis profesiul kvals
mihyveT, SeiZleba aRmoCndes,
rom es sulac ar aris mxolod
garemos Sedegi.
maS ase, romeli profesi-
uli gza SegiqmniT warmatebis
miRwevis motivacias? rogorc
mravalricxovani cxovrebise-
uli dilemis SemTxvevaSi, aqac
Caatares fsiqologebma kvle-
vebi, romlebic am mniSvnelo-
vani gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi
dagexmarebaT.
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im Zalebze, romlebic, SesaZloa, warmarTavdnen
Tqvens cxovrebas.
humanist-fsiqologma abraham masloum (Abraham
Maslow, 1970) Seqmna Teoria, romlis mixedviTac
bazisuri motivebi qmnian moTxovnilebaTa ierar-
qias, sadac moTxovnilebebi dalagebulia marti-
vidan umaRlesisken, rogorc es naCvenebia su-
raTze 12.7. maslous mixedviT, unda dakma-
yofildes ierarqiis TiToeuli donis moTxov-
nilebebi, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes momdevno
doneze gadasvla. am ierarqiis safuZvelSi mde-
bareobs iseTi biologiuri moTxovnilebebi,
rogoricaa: SimSili da wyurvili. sxva nebis-
mieri moTxovnilebis amoqmedebamde jer es
moTxovnilebebi unda dakmayofildes. rodesac
biologiuri moTxovnilebebi daJinebiT iTxoven
dakmayofilebas, sxva moTxovnilebebi SeCere-
bulia da isini veranairad aisaxebian Cvens
qcevaze. roca biologiuri moTxovnilebebi dak-
mayofilebulia, Tqvens motivacias Semdegi
donis moTxovnileba qmnis _ es aris usafr-
Txoebis moTxovnileba. rodesac aRar SfoTavT
SesaZlo safrTxis gamo, Tqveni motivaciis
ganmapirobebeli mijaWvulobis moTxovnileba
xdeba _ Tanaziarobis, afilaciis moTxovnileba;
moTxovnileba imisa, rom giyvardeT da uyvardeT.
Tu kargad gamokvebili xarT, Tavs usafrTxod
grZnobT da gaqvT socialuri mikuTvnebulobis
gancda, Tqven gadainacvlebT pativiscemis
moTxovnilebaze _ moTxovnileba sakuTari TavSi
kompetenturi da efeqturi adamianis danaxvisa,
romelsac SeuZlia imis gakeTeba, rac saWiroa
sxvaTa mxridan pativiscemis mosapoveblad.
adamianebi moazrovne arsebebi arian, rTuli
tviniT, romelic azris stimulacias saWiroebs.
Tqven Zlieri SemecnebiTi moTxovnilebebi
gamoZravebT: Tqveni warsulis codna, mimdinare
arsebobis Tavsatexis wvdoma da momavlis wi-
naswarganWvreta gsurT. swored am moTxovnile-
bebis Zala ubiZgebs mecnierebs, rom mTeli
moTxovnilebebis ierarqia (Hierarchi of needs) _
maslous Sexeduleba, rom bazisuri adamianuri
motivebi qmnis ierarqias da, rom moTxovnileba
ierarqiis TiToeul doneze garkveuli in-
tensiobiT unda dakmayofildes, romlis Se-
degadac SesaZlebeli iqneba momdevno donis
miRweva. es moTxovnilebebi progresirdeba ba-
zisuri biologiuri moTxovnilebebidan tran-
scedenturobisaken.
transcendenturi
moTxovnilebebi
kosmiuri daniSnulebis
Secnobis sulieri
moTxovnilebebi
TviTaqtualizaciis
moTxovnileba
potencialis srulad
gamoyenebis moTxovnileba,
gansazRvruli mizenisken
swrafva
esTetikuri moTxovnilebebi
mSvenierebisa da
wesrigis moTxovnileba
SemecnebiTi moTxovnilebebi
codnis, gagebis,
siaxlis moTxovnilebebi
pativiscemis moTxovnileba
darwmunebulobis, sakuTari
Tavis faseulobisa da
kompetenturobis,
TviTpativiscemisa da sxvaTa
mxridan pativiscemis
moTxovnileba
mijaWvulobis moTxovnileba
Tanaziarobis, afilaciis
moTxovnileba; moTxovnileba
imisa, rom giyvardeT da
uyvardeT
usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba
usafrTxoebis, komfortis,
uSfoTvelobis, SiSisgan
Tavisuflebis moTxovnileba
biologiuri oTxovnilebebi
sakvebis, sasmelis, Jangbadis,
dasvenebis, seqsis, daZabulobis
moxsnis moTxovnilebebi
suraTi
12.7
maslous moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia
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TavianTi sicocxle siaxleebis aRmoCenas miu-
ZRvnan. maslous ierarqiis Semdeg doneze
mSvenierebisa da wesrigisken swrafva Tavsdeba,
romelic warmodgenilia esTetikuris moTxov-
nilebis saxiT, romelic adamianis SemoqmedebiTi
mxaris gamovlenis SesaZleblobas iZleva.
ierarqiis mwvervalze imyofebian adamianebi
_ gamokvebilni, safrTxisgan daculni, visac
uyvarT da vinc uyvarT, sakuTar ZalebSi dar-
wmunebulni, moazrovneni da Semoqmedni. es
adamianebi gascdnen elementaruli adamianuri
moTxovnilebebis farglebs sakuTari potencia-
lis sruli ganviTarebisken swrafvidan, anu
TviTaqtualizaciidan gamomdinare. aseTi TviT-
aqtualizebuli pirovneba, sxva dadebiTi
Tvisebebis garda, kargad icnobs, esmis sakuTari
Tavis da iseTad iRebs mas, rogoric aris;
socialurad gulisxmieria, SemoqmedebiTia, Ta-
visufalia, Riaa siaxleebisa da gamowvevebisadmi.
maslous ierarqiaSi kidev erTi safexuria,
romelic scildeba individualuri potencialis
sruli ganviTarebis farglebs; esaa transceden-
turis moTxovnileba, romelmac adamiani SeiZ-
leba cnobierebis umaRles mdgomareobebamde
da samyaroSi sakuTari daniSnulebis kosmiur
xedvamde miiyvanos. Zalze cota adamiani Tu
axerxebs sakuTari me-s sazRvris gadabijebas
da sulier ZalebTan aseTi erTianobis miRwevas.
maslous Teoria adamianis motivaciis gansa-
kuTrebiT popularul xedvas warmoadgens.
Teoriis ZiriTad birTvs warmoadgens mosazreba,
rom TiToeul adamians aqvs ganviTarebisa da
sakuTari potencialis maqsimalurad realizebis
moTxovnileba. yovelTvis SegviZlia aseTi
dadebiTi xedvis SenarCuneba? monacemebi cxad-
yofs, rom ara. maslous mier aRwerili moTxov-
nilebebis garda, Cven vxedavT, rom adamianebs
axasiaTebT Zalauflebis gamovlenis, dominan-
tobisa da agresiis gamoxatvis moTxovnilebebi.
garda amisa, Cveni sakuTari gamocdilebidan
viciT, rom maslous zusti, mkacri ierarqia
SeiZleba xSirad dairRves. magaliTad, SegviZlia,
rom yuradReba ar mivaqcioT SimSils maSin,
rodesac ufro maRali donis moTxovnilebis
dakmayofilebiT varT motivirebulni. Tumca,
aseTi SezRudvebis pirobebSic ki, vimedovnebT,
rom maslous sqema Tqveni mamotivirebeli
swrafvebis sxvadasxva aspeqtis garkveulwilad
mowesrigebaSi dagexmarebaT.
Cven grZeli gza ganvvleT mas Semdeg, rac
everestze rebeka stefensis usiamovnebebiT savse
asvla ganvixileT. Cven aRvwereT kvebis da
SimSilis fsiqologia da adamianis seqsualobis
evolucia da socialuri ganzomilebebi. Cven
gamovikvlieT individualuri gansxvavebebi
pirovnuli miRwevebis TvalsazrisiT, avxseniT
pirovnuli warmateba. am sakiTxebis ganxilvisas
Tqven naxeT, Tu ra rTulad urTierTqmedeben
buneba da aRzrda rogorc saxeobis, ise _
individualur doneze. am mTeli informaciis
gaTvaliswinebiT, ra axali ideebi da mosazre-
bebi gagiCndaT rebeka stefensis qcevis Sesaxeb?
xedavT Tu ara axla ufro srulad, Tu ratom
xdeba, rom zogierTi adamianisTvis neka TiTis
dakargva arc ise didi sazRauri SeiZleba iyos
sanukvari miznis miRwevisTvis?
motivaciis cneba
motivacia dinamikuri
cnebaa, romelic gamoi-
yeneba qcevisaTvis mimar-
Tulebis mimcemi proce-
sebis aRsawerad.
motivaciuri analizi gvex-
mareba avxsnaT, Tu rogor
ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs bio-
logiuri da qceviTi pro-
cesebi da ratom iswrafvian
adamianebi miznebisken dab-
rkolebebisa da araxel-
sayreli pirobebis miuxedavad.
ltolvebis Teoria ayalibebs
motivaciis, rogorc daZabu-
lobis Semcirebis cnebas.
adamianebi motivirebulni arian
aRmZvrelebiT _ garegani sti-
mulebiT, romlebic ar ukavSir-
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
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debian fiziologiur mo-
Txovnilebebs.
reversiis Teoria gamoyofs
metamotivaciuri mdgo-
mareobebis opoziciur wyvi-
lebs.
instinqtebis Teoriis mi-
xedviT, motivacia xSirad
eyrdnoba Tandayolil
stereotipul reaqciebs.
socialuri da kognituri
fsiqologebi xazs usvamen
individis mier situaciis
aRqmas, interpretaciasa da
masze reaqcias.
kveba
sxeuli flobs mTel rig
meqanizmebs kvebis procesis
dawyebisa da Sewyveti-
saTvis.
Tu msuqani adamiani SezRu-
duli mWameli xdeba, misma
dietam SeiZleba wonis
momateba ufro gamoiwvios,
vidre _ dakleba.
kvebiTi aSliloba jan-
mrTelobisTvis da si-
cocxlisaTvis saSiSi daa-
vadebaa, romelic SeiZleba
kulturuli gavlenisa da
sxeulis xatis darRveuli
aRqmis Sedegad aRmocendes.
seqsualuri qceva
evoluciuri Teoriidan
gamomdinare, seqsi STamo-
mavlobis producirebis
meqanizmia.
cxovelebSi seqsualuri
ltolvebi mkacrad kon-
troldeba hormonebiT.
mastersisa da jonsonis
Sromam mogvawoda pirveli
monacemebi qalisa da ma-
makacis seqsualuri reaq-
ciebis ciklis Sesaxeb.
evoluciuri fsiqologebis
azriT, adamianTa seqsualuri
qceva asaxavs Sewyvilebis
sxvadasxva strategiebs qa-
lebisa da mamakacebisaTvis.
seqsualur scenarebSi gan-
sxvavebebma SeiZleba seri-
ozuli gaugebroba gamoiw-
vios da Zaladobamde mogvi-
yvanos.
homoseqsualizmi da hete-
roseqsualizmi determi-
nirebulia rogorc gene-
tikiT, ise pirovnuli da
socialuri garemoTi.
pirovnuli miRwevis
motivacia
adamianebs aqvT miRwevis
mravali moTxovnileba. miR-
wevis moTxovnileba gavle-
nas axdens imaze, Tu rogor
axdens adamiani warmatebisa
da marcxis interpretacias.
ori atribuciuri stili _
optimizmi da pesimizmi _
iwvevs gansxvavebul damo-
kidebulebebs miRwevisadmi
da gavlenas axdens moti-
vaciaze.
organizaciuli fsiqolo-
gebi swavloben samuSao ga-
remoSi adamianis funqcio-
nirebaze motivaciis gavlenas.
moTxovnilebebis
ierarqia
abraham maslous azriT, mo-
Txovnilebebi SeiZleba ier-
arqiulad dalagdes.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ada-
mianis motivacia ufro rTu-
lia, maslous Teoria gvawv-
dis samuSao CarCos motiva-
ciuri Zalebis dasajameblad.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
anoreqsia
atribucia
bulimia
gaupatiureba
ltolvebi
Tanasworobis Teoria
molodinis Teoria
moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia
homeostazi
aRmZvrelebi
instinqtebi
motivacia
miRwevis moTxovnileba
organizaciis fsiqologia
mSobliuri zrunva da
wvlili
reversiis Teoria
seqsualuri agzneba
seqsualuri scenarebi
socialuri daswavlis
Teoria
Tematuri apercepciis testi
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e m oci a , s tre s i , da ja n m rTe loba e m oci a , s tre s i , da ja n m rTe loba e m oci a , s tre s i , da ja n m rTe loba e m oci a , s tre s i , da ja n m rTe loba e m oci a , s tre s i , da ja n m rTe loba
13
emociebi
bazisuri emociebi da
kultura
emociebis Teoriebi
emociebis funqciebi
stresi Tqvens cxovrebaSi
fiziologiri reaqciebi
stresze
fsiqologiuri reaqciebi
stresze
stresis daZleva
janmrTelobis fsiqologia
janmrTelobis biofsiqo-
socialuri modeli
janmrTelobis profilaq-
tika
mkurnaloba
`profesiuli gamofitva~ da
janmrTelobis dacvis
sistema
janmrTeli adamianebi 2010
wlisaTvis
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi:
axdens Tu ara gavlenas pirovnuli
Tvisebebi janmrTelobaze
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
502
wlis biWi, venesuelis varaos kul-
turis warmomadgeneli, maRali si-
cxiTa da sasunTqi gzebis anTebiT
gaxda avad. misma ojaxma es avadmyofoba
hebus _ sagvareulo sulebs daukavSira. bavSvis
sxeulidan hebus gansadevnad moiwvies mkurnali
Samani _ visidatu. visidatum Caatara xangrZlivi
rituali, romlis ZiriTad nawils ganmkurnebeli
simRera warmoadgenda. qvemoT mocemulia im
teqstis nawili, romelsac visidatu asrulebda:
Sen (hebu) CaeWide mas, CaeWide mas,
CaeWide mas TavSi,
Seni cieb-cxelebiT,
Seni cieb-cxelebiT,
Seni sneulebebiT, Seni ZaliT, romliTac
SegiZlia Wkuidan SeSalo adamiani.
me var is, vinc icis patara qvebis cieb-
cxeleba,
me var is, vinc Sen gicnobs,
me var is, vinc Sen dagamSvidebs,
me var is, vinc gagiSvebs aqedan.
me axlave CagWideb xels da mogaqcev Cems
mklavebSi.
me var is, vinc CagWidebs xels.
me CavWideb xels Sens sxeuls, me gagiSveb
aqedan,
me gagiSveb aqedan, me gagiSveb aqedan,
me gagiSveb aqedan, me gagiSveb mTeli kanidan,
me gagiSveb kanidan da xorcidan,
me gagiSveb xorcidan,
me var is, vinc gamoiyvans hebus,
me var is, vinc Sen gagiSvebs.
meore diliT bavSvs sicxem dauklo. ojaxi
darwmunebuli iyo, rom warumatebeli mkurna-
lobis SemTxvevaSi bavSvi daiRupeboda (Briggs,1996).
6
Tu Tqven dasavlur kulturaSi gaizardeT,
TqvenTvis Zneli dasajerebeli iqneba, rom raime
kavSiri arsebobda ritualsa _ visidatus ur-
TierTobas hebus sulebTan _ da bavSvis gamo-
janmrTelebas Soris. Tumca, vimedovnebT, rom
am Tavis bolos SevZlebT amgvari skeptikuri
damokidebulebis Semcirebas. Cven gvinda
gavafarTovoT Tqveni warmodgenebi imis Sesaxeb,
Tu ra kavSirSi arian erTmaneTTan suli da
sxeuli. varaos gankurnebis ritualSi swored
im Temas vxvdebiT, romelsac am TavSi gamovyofT
da ganvixilavT: ra gziT SeuZlia iseT fsiqikur
mdgomareobas, rogoric Zlieri emociaa, gavlena
moaxdinos fizikuri janmrTelobis mdgoma-
reobaze.
dasawyisisaTvis, gTxovT, warmoidginoT nak-
lebad damabneveli situacia. davuSvaT, zustad
am wuTs gekiTxebiT: ras grZnobT?~ rogor
upasuxebdiT am SekiTxvas? arsebobs informaciis,
sul mcire, sami gansxvavebuli tipi, romlis
mowodebac SegiZliaT. pirveli, Tqven SegiZliaT
gagvimxiloT Tqveni guneba-ganwyobileba, anu
emociebi, romelsac ganicdiT: gixariaT, radgan
iciT, rom am Tavis wakiTxvas moaswrebT wveu-
lebaze wasvlamde; brazobT, radgan Tqvenma uf-
rosma axlaxan giyviraT telefonSi; meore,
SesaZloa, ufro zogadi pasuxi gagvceT gancdili
stresis siZlieris Sesaxeb: iseTi gancda gaqvT,
TiTqos yvela gasakeTebeli davalebis Ses-
rulebas moaxerxebT, Tu grZnobT, rom gadatvir-
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Tuli xarT? mesame, Tqven SeiZleba gviamboT
Tqveni fsiqikuri an fizikuri janmrTelobis
Sesaxeb: grZnobT, rom avad xdebiT, Tu kargad
yofnis zogadi gancda geuflebaT?
am TavSi ganxilulia urTierTmimarTeba
pasuxis sam SesaZlo variants Soris SekiTxvaze
_ `rogor grZnobT Tavs?~ pasuxebi ukavSirdeba
emociebs, stress da janmrTelobas.
emociebi adamianis gamocdilebis qvakuTxedia.
isini adamianebTan urTierTobis process amdid-
reben, xolo mexsierebis Sinaarsebs Tvisob-
riobasa da mniSvnelobas aniWeben. am TavSi Cven
ganvixilavT emociebis gancdasa da maT fun-
qciebs, magram ra xdeba maSin, rodesac emociis
moTxovnebi biologiur da fsiqikur SesaZleb-
lobebs aRemateba? SesaZloa gadaitvirToT da
veRar moaxerxoT cxovrebiseul stresorebTan
gamklaveba. am TavSi aseve ganxilul iqneba, Tu
ra gavlenas axdens stresi adamianze da rogor
aris SesaZlebeli misi daZleva; dabolos, gava-
farTovebT Cvens fokuss da ganvixilavT fsiqo-
logiis wvlils janmrTelobisa da avadmyofobis
kvlevaSi. janmrTelobis fsiqologebi ikvleven,
Tu rogor axdens gavlenas avadmyofobis ganviTa-
rebaze garemo, socialuri da fsiqologiuri
procesebi.
janmrTelobis fsiqologebi, aseve, iyeneben
fsiqologiur procesebsa da principebs avad-
myofobis mkurnalobisa da prevenciisaTvis. amave
dros, SeimuSaveben pirovnuli keTildReobis
gaumjobesebis strategiebs. es gza _ emociebidan,
stresis gavliT, janmrTelobamde, Seqmnis
konteqsts, romelSic SesaZlebeli iqneba varaos
gankurnebis ritualis Zalis gageba.
daviwyoT emociebis Sinaarsisa da mniSvne-
lobis ganxilviT.
emociebi
warmoidgineT, rogori iqneboda Tqveni cxov-
reba, rom SegeZloT fiqri da moqmedeba, magram
ara _ grZnoba. mzad xarT, daTmoT SiSis gancdis
unari satrfos kocniT gamowveuli vnebis xar-
jze? daTmobdiT mowyenilobas mxiarulebis
xarjze? ra Tqma unda, es cudi garigeba iqneboda,
romelsac maleve inanebdiT. Cven vnaxavT, rom
emociebi mTel rig mniSvnelovan funqciebs
asruleben. daviwyoT imiT, rom SemogTavazebT
emociis gansazRvrebas da aRvwerT emociuri
gamocdilebis safuZvlebs.
Tqven, SesaZloa, emocia mxolod grZnobad
CaTvaloT: `me vgrZnob bednierebas~, an `vgrZnob
brazs,~ magram Cven am mniSvnelovani cnebis
ufro mravlismomcveli gansazRvreba gvWirdeba,
romelic moicavs rogorc sxeuls, ise suls.
Tanamedrove fsiqologebi emocias gansazRvraven,
rogorc sxeulebrivi da mentaluri cvlile-
bebis rTul paterns, romelic moicavs fizio-
logiur agznebas, grZnobebs, kognitur procesebsa
da qceviT reaqciebs, romlebic pirovnulad
mniSvnelovnad aRqmul situaciebze sapasuxod
Cndeba. imisaTvis, rom naTeli gaxdes, risTvis
aris saWiro yvela es komponenti, warmoidgineT
situacia, romelSic Tavs Zalian bednierad
grZnobT. Tqveni fiziologiuri agzneba gamoi-
emocia (emotion) cvlilebaTa rTuli paterni,
romelic moicavs fiziologiur agznebas, grZno-
bebs, kognitur procesebsa da qcevas; warmoadgens
pasuxs situaciaze, romelic pirovnulad mniS-
vnelovnad aris aRqmuli.
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xateba mSvid guliscemaSi. Tqveni grZnoba iqneba
dadebiTi. emociasTan dakavSirebuli kognituri
procesebi moicavs interpretaciebs, mogonebebsa
da molodinebs, romlebic saSualebas gaZleven,
gansazRvroT situacia, rogorc bednieri. Tqveni
TvalsaCino qceviTi reaqcia, SesaZloa, iyos
eqspresiuli (Rimili) an/da qcevaze orientire-
buli (sayvarel adamianTan Caxuteba). emociebis
Cveneul gagebaSi SevecdebiT, rom yvela es
komponenti _ agzneba, grZnobebi, azrebi da qceva
_ gavaerTianoT.
bazisuri emociebi da kultura
warmoidgineT, rom erT oTaxSi gansxvavebuli
kulturis warmomadgenlebi SekribeT. ra iqneba
saerTo maT mier emociebis gancdaSi? Tav-
dapirvelad pasuxisaTvis SegviZlia mivmarToT
Carlz darvinis wigns emociebis gamoxatva
adamiansa da cxovelebSi (1872/1965). darvini
Tvlida, rom emociebi ganviTarda adamianisaTvis
da ara mxolod adamianisaTvis, damaxasiaTebeli
struqturebisa da funqciebis sxva mniSvnelovani
aspeqtebis ganviTarebasTan erTad. mas ainte-
resebda emociebis adapturi funqcia, romelic,
misi azriT, warmoadgens ara gaurkvevel, ara-
prognozirebad pirovnul mdgomareobas, aramed
adamianis Tavis tvinis moqmedebis saxeobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli Zalian specifikuri, koordini-
rebuli moqmedebis formas. darvini emociebs
gansazRvravda TanSobil, specifikur mentalur
mdgomareobad, romelic garemoSi ganmeorebadi
situaciebis garkveul jgufTan gasamklaveblad
aris mowodebuli. saxeobis ganviTarebis isto-
riis manZilze adamianebs Tavs esxmodnen, uyvar-
debodaT, uCndebodaT Svilebi, isini ebrZodnen
erTmaneTs, awydebodnen partnioris Ralats,
iyvnen sayvareli adamianebis sikvdilis momswreni
da es yvelaferi uTvalavjer momxdara. amrigad,
unda vivaraudoT, rom garkveuli tipis emociuri
reaqciebi adamianis saxeobis yvela wevrTan unda
aRmocenebuliyo. mkvlevrebma emociebis universa-
lobis Sesaxeb ganacxadi axalSobilebis emociur
reaqciebsa da sxvadasxva kulturebSi saxis
gamometyvelebis erTgvarovnebaze dakvirvebiT
Seamowmes.
aris Tu ara zogierTi emociuri reaqcia
Tandayolili
Tu sakiTxisadmi evoluciuri midgoma marTe-
bulia, savaraudoa, rom mTeli msoflios bav-
SvebSi emociuri reaqciebis erTi da igive pa-
ternebi gamovlindeba (Izard,1994). silvan tomkinsi
(Silvan Tomkins, 1962, 1981) erT-erTi pirveli fsi-
qologi iyo, romelmac xazi gausva uSualo,
TanSobili, aradaswavlili afeqturi (emociuri)
reaqciebis universalobas. man xazi gausva imas,
rom Cvilebi yovelgvari winaswari swavlis
gareSe Zlier xmaurs SiSiT, an sunTqvis garTu-
lebiT pasuxoben; isini TiTqos winaswar arian
mzad, rom garkveul stimulebs upasuxon emo-
ciuri reaqciiT, romelic imdenad zogadia, rom
pirobebis sakmaod farTo speqtrs Seesabameba.
kros-kulturulma gamokvlevebma daadastura
varaudi, rom zogierTi emociuri pasuxi sakmaod
msgavsia erTmaneTisagan Zalian gansxvavebuli
kulturebis bavSvebTan.
saidan
viciT
kros-kulturuli emociuri reaqciebi
CvilebTan
eqsperimenti Catarda 5 da 12 Tvis asakis
iaponel da amerikel bavSvebze. eqsperimen-
tatorebi cdis pirebs saxlebSi ewvivnen
da Semdegi procedura Cautares: bavSvebs
xels avlebdnen majebSi da xelebs jvare-
dinad abjendnen mucelze. eqsperimen-
tatorebi videofirze iwerdnen TiToeuli
bavSvis reaqcias. orive kulturis bavSvebi
saxis kunTebs erTnairi paterniT amoZra-
vebdnen, rac distresis Zalian msgavsi
gamoxatviT mTavrdeboda. amerikelma da
iaponelma bavSvebma gamoavlines, agreTve,
negatiuri vokalizaciisa da fizikuri
winaaRmdegobis erTnairi done (Carmas et
al.,1992).
marTalia, am eqsperimentiT dadasturda mniS-
vnelovani kros-kulturuli Sesabamisoba, magram
ufro axalma gamokvlevebma garkveuli gansxva-
vebebic gamoavlina. erT-erTi gamokvlevis mi-
xedviT, 11 Tvis Cineli bavSvebi emociurad ufro
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nakleb eqspresiulebi iyvnen, vidre maTi iaponeli
da amerikeli Tanatolebi (Carmas et al.,1998). es
Sedegebi mowmobs, rom kultura sicocxlis ukve
Zalian adreul etapze iwyebs moqmedebas da
gavlenas axdens Tandayolil emociur reaqciebze.
yuradReba miaqcieT imas, rom Cvilebs, rogorc
Cans, aqvT sxvaTa saxis gamometyvelebis interpre-
taciis Tandayolili unaric. erT-erT eqsperi-
mentSi 4-dan 6 Tvemde bavSvebs ganmeorebiTi
prezentaciis gziT aCvevdnen garkveuli emociebis
gamomxatvel saxeebs. SeCvevis faqti imiT
dasturdeboda, rom bavSvebs TandaTan uqrebodaT
interesi am saxeebisadmi. es saxeebi SerCeul
iqna gaocebis, SiSisa da brazis gamomxatveli
suraTebis seriidan (ix. Tavi 11, SeCvevis proce-
durebis magaliTebi bavSvebSi). Semdeg, rodesac
bavSvebs gansxvavebuli emociis gamomxatvel fotos
aCvenebdnen, isini ganaxlebuli interesiT pasu-
xobdnen masze. savaraudoa, rom es eqspresiebi
maTTvis ùcnauri~ iyo da gaocebis, SiSisa da
brazis eqspresiebisagan `gansxvavebulad gamoiyu-
reboda~ aseT adreul asakSic ki (Serrano et al.,
1992). aseve, aRsaniSnavia, rom bavSvebi ufro
dadebiT qcevas avlenen (magaliTad, moaxloebis
moZraobebi da Rimili) mxiaruli eqspresiis
mimarT da ufro negatiur qcevas (magaliTad,
ganridebis moZraobebi da warbebis SeWmuxna)
brazis eqsperesiis mimarT. es gvaZlevs safuZ-
vels, vivaraudoT, rom bavSvebi ara marto cnoben
am gamometyvelebebs, aramed Zalian adreul asakSi
xvdebian maT `mniSvnelobas~ (Serrano et al., 1995).
universaluria Tu ara emociuri
eqspresiebi
rogorc vnaxeT, bavSvebi avlenen da aRiqvamen
standartul emociur eqspresiebs. Tu es asea,
maSin mosalodnelia, rom Zalian gansxvavebuli
kulturebis zrdasrul warmomadgenlebs hqondeT
msgavsi warmodgena imaze, Tu rogor xdeba
emociebis gadacema saxis gamometyvelebiT.
pol ekmanis (Paul Ekman) mixedviT, romelic
saxis eqspresiis bunebis wamyvan mkvlevrad iT-
vleba, yvela adamianis `saxis ena~ garkveul-
wilad emTxveva erTmaneTs (Ekman, 1984,1994). ekmanma
da misma TanamSromlebma daadastures is, rasac
jer kidev darvini varaudobda, rom emociuri
eqspresiebis garkveuli nawili adamianis saxeo-
bisaTvis universaluria, savaraudod, imitom,
rom es emociuri eqspresiebi Cveni evoluciuri
memkvidreobis Tandayolil Semadgenel nawilebs
warmoadgenen. sanam gaagrZelebdeT kiTxvas, daak-
virdiT 13.1 suraTs. naxeT, ramdenad zustad
SegiZliaT icnoT am Svidi universaluri emoci-
is gamoxatuleba (Ekman & Friesen, 1986).
arsebobs mniSvnelovani sabuTebi imisa, rom
am Svid eqspresias erTnairad cnoben da avlenen
mTel msoflioSi bednierebis, gaocebis, brazis,
zizRis, SiSis, sevdis da siZulvilis emociebze
sapasuxod. mkvlevrebi, romlebic kros-kulturul
gansxvavebebs ikvleven, sTxovdnen sxvadasxva
kulturis warmomadgenlebs, moexdinaT standar-
tul fotosuraTebze mocemul eqspresiebTan
suraTi
13.1
emociuri eqspresi-
ebis Sefasebebi
SeusabameT qvemoT CamoT-
vlili Svidi emociis aRmniS-
vneli termini aq naCveneb
saxeebs: _ SiSi, zizRi, bed-
niereba, gaoceba, siZulvili,
brazi da sevda.
pasuxebi mocemulia am Tavis
bolos.
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dakavSirebuli emociebis identifikacia. adamia-
nebs zogadad SeuZliaT Svid emociasTan dakav-
Sirebuli eqspresiis identificireba.
saidan
viciT
saxis gamometyvelebis
kros-kulturuli aRqma
erT-erT gamokvlevaSi axali gvineis dam-
werlobis armqone kulturis (fores kul-
turis) warmomadgenlebi, romlebsac am
eqsperimentamde TiTqmis araviTari Sexeba
ar hqoniaT dasavlelebTan da dasavlur
kulturasTan, zustad axdendnen evropei-
duli saxeebis mier gamoxatuli emociebis
identifikacias (sur. 13.1). mocemuli cdis
pirebi amas eqspresiis im situaciebTan
dakavSirebiT axerxebdnen, romlebSic igive
emocia hqoniaT gancdili. magaliTad, me-
5 foto (SiSi), cdis pirebis pasuxebis
mixedviT, gamoxatavs situacias, rodesac
gareuli taxi mogdevs da Tan ara gaqvs
Subi, xolo me-6 foto (sevda) - Seni
Svilis sikvdils gaxsenebs. cdis pirebi
daabnia mxolod gaocebisa (me-2 foto) da
SiSis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebam, radgan,
rogorc Cans, am xalxs, ZiriTadad, SiSi
eufleba, rodesac raime aocebT.
Semdeg mkvlevrebma igive kulturis sxva
warmomadgenlebs (romlebsac eqsperimentis
pirvel nawilSi ar miuRiaT monawileoba)
sTxoves im eqspresiebis modelireba, rom-
lebsac isini CamoTvlilTagan eqvsi (si-
Zulvili gamoricxes) emociis gadmosacemad
iyenebdnen. rodesac amerikel studentebs
aCvenes fores tomis warmomadgenlebis
saxis gamometyvelebebis videoCanawerebi,
maT zustad moaxerxes eqspresiebis iden-
tificireba _ erTi gamonaklisiT. ar aris
gasakviri, rom amerikelebs uWirdaT erTma-
neTisagan gaerCiaT fores aborigenebis
mier gansaxierebuli SiSi da gaoceba, anu
igive emociebi, romelic fores warmomad-
genlebs dasavlelebis eqspresiaSi abnevda
(Ekman & Friesen, 1971).
ufro gviandel gamokvlevebSi Seadares sxva-
dasxva kulturebis _ ungreTis, iaponiis, po-
loneTis, sumatras, amerikisa da vietnamis _
warmomadgenelTa mier saxis eqspresiebis Sefa-
sebebi. am gansxvavebul populaciebs Soris
dadasturda sakmaod didi Tanxvedra (Biehl et al.,
1997). aqedan zogadi daskvna isaa, rom adamianebi
mTel msoflioSi, miuxedavad kulturuli gan-
sxvavebebisa, rasis, sqesis, an ganaTlebisa, Zi-
riTad emociebs daaxloebiT erTnairad gamo-
xataven da aqvT unari, gamoicnon, Tu ra emociebs
ganicdian sxvebi, kiTxuloben ra amas maTi saxis
gamometyvelebaze.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom universalobis pretenzia
mxolod Svid ZiriTad emocias exeba. ekmani da
misi kolegebi ar amtkiceben, rom yvela saxis
emociis eqspresia universaluria, an, rom sxva-
dasxva kulturebSi yvela emocias erTnairad
gamoxataven (Ekman, 1994). ekmani (1972) Tavis
Sexedulebas universalobis Sesaxeb neiro-
kulturul Teorias uwodebs, raTa asaxos tvinisa
(evoluciis produqti) da kulturis erToblivi
wvlili emociis eqspresiaSi. tvini gansazRvravs,
romelma saxis kunTma unda imoZraos konkretuli
eqspresiis gamosavlenad, rodesac garkveuli
emocia aRmocendeba. Tumca, gansxvavebuli
kulturebi, universaluri biologiis miRma,
emociis eqspresias Tavis daRs asvamen. Cven
aRvniSneT kulturis garkveuli gavlena fores
tomis warmomadgenlebisa da aSS-is studentebis
pasuxebis urTierTSedarebis kvlevis aRwerisas.
zemoT aRniSnuli eqvsi qveynis warmomadgenlebze
Catarebulma SedarebiTma kvlevam, arsebuli
zogadi Sesabamisobis garda, garkveuli gansxva-
vebebi gamoavlina qveynebs Soris (Biehl et al., 1997).
magaliTad, iaponel mozrdilebs ufro cudad
SeeZloT brazis identifikacia, vidre ameri-
kelebs, ungrelebs, polonelebsa da vietnamel
cdis pirebs. vietnamelebs ki uWirdaT zizRis
identifikacia yvela sxva qveynis warmomad-
genelTan SedarebiT.
ratom unda Cndebodes es gansxvavebebi? axla
ganvixiloT kulturis gavlena emociurobaze.
rogor zemoqmedebs kultura emociur
eqspresiaze
adamianebs mTel msoflioSi SesaZloa hqondeT
erTnairi genetikuri memkvidreoba, rac gan-
sazRvravs emociuri eqspresiis garkveul erT-
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gvarovnebas. magram, amave dros, sxvadasxva
kulturebs emociebis marTvis sxvadasxva stan-
dartebi aqvT. emociuri pasuxebis zogierTi
forma, saxis eqspresiebic ki, unikaluria TiTo-
euli kulturisaTvis. kultura awesebs socia-
lur wesebs, Tu rodis aqvT adamianebs garkveuli
emociebis gamovlenis ufleba da socialurad
ramdenad Sesaferisia garkveuli tipis emociis
gamovlena mocemuli kategoriis adamianisaTvis
konkretul viTarebaSi (Masquita & Frijda, 1992; Ratner,
2000). ganvixiloT sami kulturis magaliTi,
romelSic emociebis gamoxatva dasavluri nor-
mebisagan gansxvavebulad xdeba. daviwyoT
afrikuli kulturiT.
senegalis volofis tomis warmomadgenlebi
cxovroben sazogadoebaSi, sadac adamianebs
Soris statusisa da Zalauflebis mxriv gan-
sxvaveba Zalian mkacrad aris gansazRvruli. am
kulturis maRali kastis warmomadgenlebisagan
emociebis gamoxatvis Zlier Sekavebas elian;
dabali kastis warmomadgenlebisagan mosalod-
nelia emociaTa ufro meti cvalebadobis
gamovlena, kerZod, laparakia kastaze, romelsac
griotebi ewodeba. griotebi zogjer, faqtob-
rivad, iZulebulni arian, gamoxaton warCinebu-
lebisaTvis `Seuferebeli~ emociebi.
erT dRes qalebis jgufi (xuTi war-
Cinebuli da ori grioti) Seikribnen
qalaqis piras wyalsacavTan. am dros maT
Tvalwin viRac qali wyalSi gadaxta. yvela
qali Sezara aSkara TviTmkvlelobis
mcdelobis danaxvam. warCinebulebma
mdumared ganicades es ambavi, xolo
griotebi ki yvirodnen yvelas magivrad
(Irvine, 1990, gv.146).
warmoidgineT Tqveni Tavi, rogor moiqceodiT
msgavs situaciaSi? albaT, ufro gagiadvildebaT
Tqveni Tavis griotis adgilze dayeneba, vidre
warCinebuli qalebis adgilze. pasuxi, cxadia,
isaa, rom warCinebulma qalebma aiTvises emociuri
eqspresiis kulturuli normebi, romelic maTgan
nebismieri TvalsaCino reaqciis dafarvas
moiTxovs.
emociuri eqspresiis sferoSi kulturuli
gansxvavebebis meore magaliTs warmoadgens
SemTxveva, romelic am wignis erT-erTi avtoris
cxovrebaSi moxda. igi gaaoca warmoSobiT
sirieli amerikeli amxanagis panaSvidze qalebis
jgufma, romelic moTqma-godebas iwyebda
samZimarze misuli adamianis darbazSi Sesvlisas.
am adamianis gasvlisTanave isini umalve wyvet-
dnen tirils da jgufur godebas xelaxla iwyeb-
dnen, rodesac Semdegi momsvleli Semodioda.
rogor SeiZleba amgvari qcevis axsna? imis gamo,
rom gardacvlilis ojaxis wevrebisTvis Zalian
Znelia Zlieri emociuri daZabulobis Senar-
Cuneba panaSvidebis (sami dRe-Ramis) ganmavlobaSi,
isini profesional damtireblebs qiraoben,
romlebic maT nacvlad gamoxataven saTanado
Zlier emociebs yovel axlad mosulTan. es
gavrcelebuli praqtikaa xmelTaSuazRvisa da
axlo aRmosavleTis kulturebis rig qveynebSi.
mesame magaliTisaTvis saWiroa, erTmaneTisagan
ganvasxvavoT individualisturi da koleqti-
visturi kulturebi. individualistur kultu-
rebSi wina planzea individis moTxovnilebebi,
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xolo koleqtivistur kulturaSi _ jgufis
moTxovnilebebi (Triandis, 1994, 1995). maSin, rodesac
individualistebi uSualo, gadaudebel pirov-
nul jildos, Tavisuflebas, Tanasworobas, pirov-
nul siamovnebasa da mravalferovan, amaRelvebel
cxovrebas eswrafvian, koleqtivistebi upirates
Rirebulebas aniWeben TviTdisciplinasa da
cxovrebaSi adgilis damkvidrebas, mSoblebisa
da sxva ufrosebis pativiscemas, imijis dacvasa
da Sromas Soreuli miznebisTvis, romliTac
mTeli jgufi isargeblebs. mkvlevrebi miiCneven,
rom es kulturuli orientacia gavlenas unda
axdendes emociis eqspresiaze.
saidan
viciT
emociis eqspresia individualistur da
koleqtivistur sazogadoebebSi
ra xdeba maSin, rodesac erTi adamiani
uaryofiT emocias avlens sxva adamianis
an adamianTa jgufis mimarT? xSirad
situacia socialurad sakmaod uxerxul
saxes iRebs. situacia nakleb problemuria,
Tu saqme individualisturi sazogadoebis
warmomadgenels exeba, romelic dasaSvebad
miiCnevs uaryofiTi emociebis gamovlenis
SesaZleblobas sakuTari damoukideblobis
dasacavad, magram Tu saqme gvaqvs koleqti-
visturi sazogadoebis warmomadgenelTan,
maSin, SesaZloa, man Tavi Seikavos uar-
yofiTi emociebis gamovlenisagan, raTa
Tavi aaridos jgufSi uTanxmoebis gamow-
vevas. am msjelobis Sesamowmeblad mkvlev-
rebma SearCies studenti fsiqologebi
amerikisa (individualisturi kultura) da
kosta-rikis (koleqtivisturi kultura)
universitetebidan. isini cdis pirebs
ekiTxebodnen, Tu ramdenad komfortulad
igrZnobdnen Tavs garkveuli dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatvis Semdeg
im adamianis mimarT, romelic `gamoiwvevda
maTSi am emocias~. 13.2 suraTze warmodgeni-
lia Sedegebi. rogorc xedavT, kulturuli
gansxvaveba ar gamovlenila dadebiTi
emociebis SemTxvevaSi, Tumca, rogorc mo-
salodneli iyo, amerikeli studentebi
sakuTar mdgomareobas bevrad ufro kom-
fortulad afasebdnen uaryofiTi emociebis
gamoxatvis dros, vidre kosta-rikelebi
(Stephan et al.,1996).
Semdgom, rodesac uaryofiT emocias gamoxa-
tavT, magaliTad, brazs megobris mimarT, dafiq-
rdiT, Tu ramdenad asaxavs Tqveni damokidebuleba
am SemTxvevisadmi kulturul Rirebulebebs.
rodesac saqme emociuri paternebis tipebs
exeba, romlebic, SesaZloa, adamianis arsebobis
manZilze ganviTarda, yovelTvis unda gaxsovdeT,
rom ukanaskneli sityva kulturas ekuTvnis.
dasavluri warmodgenebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra
aris aucilebeli, an gardauvali emociis
eqspresiaSi, daRdasmulia amerikuli kulturiT
suraTi
13.2
emociuri eqspresia sxvadasxva
kulturebSi
amerikel (individualisturi kultura) da kosta-
rikel (koleqtivisturi kultura) studentebs
sTxovdnen, aReniSnaT, ramdenad kargad igrZnobdnen
Tavs dadebiTi da uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatvis
SemTxvevaSi im adamianis mimarT, romelic maTSi am
emocias gamoiwvevda. studentebi pasuxebs aRniS-
navdnen skalaze, romelic ranJirebuli iyo 0-dan
(Zalze arakomfortulad) 5-mde (Zalze komfor-
tulad). dadebiTi emociebis SemTxvevaSi aRmoCnda,
rom individualisturi kulturis warmomadgenlebi
uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatvisas Tavs ukeT
grZnobdnen, vidre koleqtivisturi kulturis
warmomadgeneli studentebi.
T
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iseve, rogorc sxva warmodgenebi sxva sazoga-
doebebis kulturebiT. rogorc xedavT, emociis
eqspresiis gansxvavebul standartebs sxvadasxva
kulturuli warmomavlobis adamianebs Soris
gaugebrobebis warmoqmna SeuZlia.
Cven vnaxeT, rom emociur situaciebze
garkveuli fiziologiuri pasuxebi, rogoricaa
Rimili da grimasa, SesaZloa Tandayolili iyos.
axla ganvixiloT Teoriebi, romlebic cdi-
loben, daakavSiron erTmaneTTan sxva fizio-
logiuri reaqciebi da maTi fsiqologiuri
interpretaciebi.
emociis Teoriebi
zogadad, emociis Teoriebi cdiloben, axsnan
urTierTmimarTeba emociis gancdis fiziolo-
giur da fsiqologiur aspeqtebs Soris. am Tavs
im reaqciebis ganxilviT viwyebT, romlebsac
sxeuli emociurad relevantur situaciebSi
iZleva. Semdeg mimovixilavT Teoriebs, romlebic
ikvleven, Tu rogor uwyoben xels es fiziolo-
giuri reaqciebi emociis fsiqologiur gancdas.
emociis fiziologia
ra xdeba, rodesac Zlier emocias ganicdiT?
guliscema xSirdeba, sunTqvis sixSire matulobs,
piri giSrebaT, kunTebi iZabeba da, SesaZloa,
agakankaloT kidec. garda am SesamCnevi cvli-
lebebisa, bevri sxva SeumCneveli cvlilebac
xdeba. yvela es reaqcia emsaxureba sxeulis
mobilizebas moqmedebisaTvis, raTa garkveuli
zomebi iqnes miRebuli emociis wyaros mimarT.
axla ganvixiloT maTi warmoSoba.
avtonomiuri nervuli sistema sxeuls emo-
ciuri reaqciebisaTvis amzadebs misi rogorc
simpatikuri, ise parasimpatikuri nawilebis
amoqmedebiT (ix. Tavi 3). am nawilebs Soris
balansi gamRizianeblis xarisxsa da intensi-
vobazea damokidebuli. susti, usiamovno stimu-
laciis SemTxvevaSi ufro aqtiuria simpatikuri
nawili; susti, sasiamovno stimulaciis dros _
parasimpatikuri nawili. nebismieri tipis ufro
Zlieri stimulaciis SemTxvevaSi orive nawili
ufro Zlierad aris CarTuli. fiziologiurad
Zlieri emociebi, rogoricaa SiSi an brazi
sxeulis saswrafo reagirebis sistemas aaqtiu-
rebs, romelic swrafad da SeumCnevlad amzadebs
sxeuls mosalodneli safrTxisaTvis. simpa-
tikuri nervuli sistema pasuxismgebelia adre-
nalinis gamommuSavebeli jirkvlebidan hor-
monebis (epinerfinisa da norepinerfinis) gamo-
yofaze, rac, Tavis mxriv, Sinagani organoebidan
sisxlis Saqris gamoyofas, sisxlis wnevis awevas
iwvevs da nerwyvisa da oflis gamoyofas aZli-
erebs. krizisis gadavlis Semdeg dasamSvideblad
parasimpatikuri nervuli sistema akavebs gamaaq-
tiurebeli hormonebis gamoyofas. agzneba grZel-
deba Zlieri emociuri aqtivaciis gancdis Semdeg
cota xnis ganmavlobaSic, radgan zogierTi
hormoni agrZelebs sisxlSi cirkulacias.
rogorc vnaxavT emociis konkretuli Teori-
ebis aRwerisas, mkvlevrebi ganixilaven sakiTxs:
_ ìwvevs Tu ara konkretuli emociuri gancda
avtonomiur nervul sistemaSi aqtivobis gan-
sxvavebul paternebs?~ kros-kulturuli gamok-
vlevebis mixedviT, pasuxi am SekiTxvaze dade-
biTia.
saidan
viciT
aqvT Tu ara sxvadasxva emociebs
avtonomiuri aqtivobis gansxvavebuli
paternebi
davuSvaT, grZnobT gaocebas, SiSs an
zizRs, magram ar gindaT amis gamxela.
SegviZlia Tu ara, rom gavzomoT avto-
nomiuri nervuli sistemis reaqcia da zus-
tad davaskvnaT, ras grZnobT? pol ekmanma
da misma kolegebma (1983) am SekiTxvaze
pasuxis gacema SeerTebuli Statebis
profesional msaxiobebze dakvirvebis gziT
gadawyvites. mkvlevrebi zomavdnen iseT
avtonomiur reaqciebs, rogoricaa gulis-
cema da kanis temperatura, rodesac msaxio-
bebi emociebsa da emociis eqspresiebs
TamaSobdnen. am gazomvebma sxvadasxva
emociisaTvis gansxvavebuli paternebi ga-
moavlines. magaliTad, mwuxareba xasiaT-
deboda guliscemis gaxSirebiT maSin, roca
sixaruli, piriqiT, _ SemcirebiT; marTa-
lia, SiSic da brazic iwvevs guliscemis
gaxSirebas, magram brazis dros aRiniS-
neboda kanis maRali temperatura, xolo
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SiSis SemTxvevaSi _ kanis dabali tempe-
ratura.
ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli am mona-
cemebis sxvadasxva kulturebze ganzoga-
deba? mkvlevarTa igive jgufma Caatara sxva
kvleva, romelSic amerikeli qalebi da
kacebi Seadares minankabus kacebs dasavleT
sumatradan. am kulturis warmomadgenle-
bisTvis socialuri norma uaryofiTi
emociebis dafarvaa. mkvlevrebs aintereseb-
daT, eqnebodaT Tu ara maTac iseTive
bazisuri avtonomiuri paterni negatiuri
emociebisaTvis, rogoric amerikel mamaka-
cebs im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac Zalian
mcire gamocdileba hqondaT emociebis
gamoxatvisa? miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT,
am or kulturas Soris msgavsebis maRali
done gamovlinda. aman mkvlevrebi miiyvana
im azramde, rom avtonomiuri aqtivobis
paternebi `Cveni saerTo biologiuri
memkvidreobis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani
nawilia~ (Levenson et al., 1992, gv. 986)
am eqsperimentebis mixedviT, sxvadasxva
kulturis warmomadgenlebi swavloben sxvadasxva
Ria reaqciebis SemuSavebas erTi da igive
bazisuri sxeulebrivi gamocdilebisaTvis _
yviriT Tu Cumad itanjebiT, rodesac brazobT?
axla avtonomiuri nervuli sistemidan cen-
tralur nervul sistemaze gadavinacvloT.
agznebis orive (hormonaluri da nervuli) aspeqti
hipoTalamusis da limburi sistemis mier
kontroldeba. isini warmoadgenen makontro-
lebel sistemebs emociebisa da Tavdasxmis,
Tavdacvisa da gaqcevis paternebisaTvis. neiro-
anatomiuri kvleva gansakuTrebiT fokusirebulia
amigdalaze, rogorc limburi sistemis nawilze,
romelic moqmedebs, rogorc emociebis karibWe
da rogorc mexsierebis filtri. amigdala yove-
live amas SegrZnebebis gziT miRebuli infor-
maciisaTvis mniSvnelobis miniWebiT akeTebs. is
gansakuTrebiT Zlierad moqmedebs uaryofiTi
gancdebisaTvis mniSvnelobis miniWebisas. maga-
liTad, rodesac adamianebi SeSinebuli saxis
gamometyvelebis amsaxvel suraTebs uyureben,
marcxena amigdala (tvinis TiToeul nawils
calke amigdala aqvs) gaZlierebul aqtivobas
avlens eqspresiis intensivobis zrdasTan erTad
da, piriqiT, mxiaruli saxis gamometyveleba igive
struqturis naklebad gaaqtiurebas iwvevs (Mor-
ris et al., 1996). ganvixiloT erTi qalbatonis, d.r-
is magaliTi, romelsac epilefsiuri gulyrebis
gakontrolebis mcdelobisas marcxena da mar-
jvena amigdala dauzianes. operaciis Sedegi is
iyo, rom d.r-s Zalian uWirda SiSisa da brazis
emociebis aRqma, rodesac es emociebi saxis
gamometyvelebiT, an xmis intonaciiT gamoixa-
teboda (Scott et al., 1997). warmoidgineT, rogori
iqneboda Tqveni cxovreba, rom aRar SegeZloT
adamianebis gageba, rodesac isini uaryofiTi
emociebis gadmocemas cdiloben.
emociur gancdaSi korteqsi Tavisi Sida
nervuli qselebiT da sxeulis sxva nawilebTan
kavSirebiT monawileobs. korteqsi uzrunvelyofs
asociaciebisa da mogonebebis gamowvevas da
maTTvis mniSvnelobebis miniWebas, rac aerTianebs
fsiqologiur gamocdilebasa da biologiur
pasuxebs. kvlevebSi, romlebSic tvinis skanirebis
teqnikas iyeneben, sxvadasxva emociebTan garkve-
uli reaqciebis dakavSireba daiwyes. magaliTad,
PET-skanireba (ix. Tavi 3) gamoyenebul iqna imis
sademonstraciod, rom sixaruli da mwuxareba
ar aris korteqsis erTsa da imave nawilSi
aRmocenebuli urTierTsapirispiro reaqciebi.
metic, es urTierTsapirispiro emociebi tvinis
gansxvavebul nawilebSi Zlier aqtivacias iwvevs
(George et al.,1995). PET-skanireba, aseve, gamoyenebul
iqna emociuri gancdis Sedegad tvinSi mimdinare
amigdala (Amygdala) _ limburi sistemis nawili,
romelic akontrolebs emocias, agresiasa da
emociuri mexsierebis formirebas.
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procesebis Sesaswavlad, romlebic Sinagan
stimulaciaze sapasuxod Cndeba (emociebiT
datvirTuli mogonebebis aqtivacia), garegani
stimulaciisagan gansxvavebiT (emociurad dat-
virTuli movlenebis Semcveli filmebis yureba)
(Reiman et al., 1997). skanirebis es meTodi mkvlevrebs
tvinis im ubnebis identificirebis saSualebas
aZlevs, romlebic emociuri stimulaciis wya-
rosagan damoukideblad aqtivirdeba, im gar-
kveuli ubnebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelTa aqti-
vacia mkacradaa SeWiduli konkretuli reaqciis
gamomwvev konkretuli tipis stimulTan. maga-
liTad, amigdalaSi ufro meti aqtivoba dadas-
turda filmisagan aRZruli emociebis SemTxve-
vaSi, vidre mogonebebiT aRZruli emociebisas.
mkvlevrebi dRemde cdiloben axsnan, Tu ratom
Cndeba es gansxvavebebi _ PET-skanirebis teqnika
uamrav faqts iZleva da es faqtebi gamaerTianebel
Teorias elian.
amrigad, vnaxeT, rom sxeuli uzrunvelyofs
reaqciebs situaciebze, romlebSic emociebi
relevanturia, magram saidan viciT, romeli
grZnoba romel fiziologiur reaqcias ukavSir-
deba? axla ganvixilavT sam Teorias, romelic
am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas cdilobs.
jems-langes sxeulebrivi reaqciis Teoria
erTi SexedviT TiTqos aSkaraa da yvela
daeTanxmeboda im azrs, rom emociebi win uswrebs
reaqciebs: magaliTad, viRacas uyviriT (reaqcia),
radgan gabrazebuli xarT (emocia). 100-ze meti
wlis win uiliam jemsi (William James), xolo bev-
rad ufro adre aristotele amtkicebda, rom es
Tanmimdevroba sapirispiroa _ grZnoba Cndeba
sxeulis reaqciis Semdeg; jemsma es azri ase
Camoayaliba: `mowyenilebi varT, radgan vtiriT;
vbrazobT, radgan Tavs vesxmiT; SeSinebulni
varT, radgan vkankalebT~ (James, 1890/1950, gv. 450).
mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom emocia sxeulebrivi
ukukavSiris Sedegia, jems-langes emociis Teo-
riis saxelwodebiT gaxda cnobili (karl lange
iyo danieli mecnieri, romelmac, jemsis msgav-
sad, igive ideebi wamoayena imave wels). am Teoriis
mixedviT, stimulis aRqma iwvevs avtonomiur
fiziologiur agznebas da sxva sxeulebriv
reaqciebs, rasac specifikuri emociis gancdamde
mivyavarT (ix. suraTi 13.3). jems-langes Teoria
periferiul Teoriad iTvleba, radgan yvelaze
mniSvnelovan rols aniWebs emociis jaWvSi vis-
ceralur reaqciebs, anu avtonomiuri nervuli
sistemis aqtivobas, rac periferiulia centra-
lur nervul sistemasTan SedarebiT.
kenon-bardis centraluri nervuli
procesebis Teoria
fiziologma uolter kenonma (Walter Canon,
1927, 1929) uaryo periferiuli Teoria, centra-
luri nervuli sistemis moqmedebisadmi centra-
listuri midgomis sasargeblod. kenonma da sxva
kritikosebma wamoayenes mTeli rigi SeniSvnebisa
jems-langes Teoriis mimarT (Leventhal, 1980). isini
aRniSnavdnen, magaliTad, rom visceraluri moq-
medeba irelevanturia emociis gancdisaTvis:
eqsperimentSi cxovelebs (mas Semdeg, rac visceras
qirurgiulad acalkevebdnen centraluri ner-
vuli sistemisagan) SeeZloT gamRizianebelze
emociuri pasuxebis gacema. isini, aseve, amtkiceb-
dnen, rom avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis reaq-
ciebi, rogorc wesi, Zalian nelia imisaTvis,
rom wamis measedebSi swrafad aRmocenebuli
emociebis wyaros warmoadgendnen. kenonis mixed-
viT, emocia moiTxovs, rom tvinma iSuamdgomlos
Semosul stimulaciasa da masze miRebul
jems-langes emociis Teoria (Jame-Lange theory
of emotion) _ emociis periferiuli ukukavSiris
Teoria, romlis Tanaxmad, gamRizianebeli iw-
vevs qceviT reaqcias, romelic agzavnis sxva-
dasxva sensorul da motorul ukukavSirs Tavis
tvinSi da am gziT qmnis specifikuri emociis
grZnobas.
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reaqcias Soris. Talamusidan wamosuli signa-
lebi iyofa da miemarTeba korteqsis erT nawilSi
emociuri grZnobis, xolo meore nawilSi _
emociuri eqspresiis aRmosaceneblad.
kidev erTma fiziologma, filip bardma (Philip
Bard), aseve, daaskvna, rom visceraluri reaqciebi
ar uswrebs win emociis gancdas; ufro zustad,
emociis gamomwvev stimuls aqvs ori simultanuri
efeqti: erTi mxriv, is iwvevs sxeulebriv agznebas
simpatikuri nervuli sistemis gavliT da, meore
mxriv, dasabams aZlevs emociis subieqtur gancdas
korteqsis gavliT. am ori fiziologis Sexedu-
lebebi gaerTianda kenon-bardis emociis Teoriis
saxelwodebiT, romelic amtkicebs, rom emociis
stimuli iwvevs or gansxvavebul reaqcias _
fiziologiur agznebasa da emociis gancdas,
romlebic erTmaneTs ar ganapirobeben (ix. suraTi
13.3). Tu raime iwvevs TqvenSi gabrazebas, gulis-
cema gagixSirdebaT da, amave dros, Sesabamisi
azric giCndebaT _ `rogor gamabrazes!~ _ magram
sxeuli da goneba ar karnaxoben erTmaneTs, rogori
unda iyos TiToeuli maTganis reaqcia.
kenon-bardis Teoria sxeulebrivi da fsi-
qikuri reaqciebis erTmaneTisgan damoukideb-
lobaze saubrobs. qvemoT vnaxavT, rom emociis
Tanamedrove Teoriebi uaryofen debulebas imis
Sesaxeb, rom es reaqciebi aucileblad damouki-
debelia erTmaneTisagan.
emociis kognituri Sefasebis Teoriebi
imis gamo, rom agznebis simptomebi da Sinagani
mdgomareobebi bevri sxvadasxva emociisaTvis
msgavsia, arsebobs maTi aRrevis SesaZlebloba,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac maTi gancda
suraTi
13.3

jems-langes
Teoria
kenon-bardis
Teoria
kognituri Sefasebis
Teoria
gamRizianebeli
gaRizineba moqmedeba
aRqmuli agzneba,
moqmedebis
interpretacia
emociuri
gancda
gamRizianebeli
tvinis aqtivacia da gadamuSaveba
gaRizineba moqmedeba
emociuri
gancda
gamRizianebeli
fiziologiuri
agzneba
agznebisa da stimulis
Sefaseba situaciis
konteqstis mixedviT
emociuri
gancda
sami Teoriis Sedareba
emociis klasikuri Teoriebi emociis sxvadasxva komponentebs exeba. am TeoriebSi, aseve, gansxvavebulad
ganixileba procesis mimdinareoba stimulidan emociis gancdamde. jems-langes TeoriaSi movlena
amoqmedebs rogorc avtonomiur agznebas, ise, bihevioralur aqtivobas, Semdeg xdeba maTi aRqma, rac
bolos specifikuri emociuri gancdis saxiT vlindeba. kenon-bardis TeoriaSi xdeba stimulis
gadamuSaveba tvinis sxvadasxva nawilebSi, rac Semdeg warmarTavs agznebis, qcevisa da emociuri
gamocdilebis simultanur reaqciebs. kognituri Sefasebis TeoriaSi rogorc sastimulo movlenebi,
ise fiziologiuri agzneba kogniturad fasdeba situaciis gasaRebisa da konteqstis faqtorebis
mixedviT. emociuri gancda aRmocendeba agznebis donisa da kognoturi Sefasebis xasaiTis
urTierTqmedebis safuZvelze.
kenon-bardis emociis Teoria (Cannon-Bard theory
on emotion) _ am Teoriis mixedviT, emociuri
stimuli iwvevs or erTdroul reaqcias _ ag-
znebasa da emociis gancdas, romlebic erTmaneTs
ar ganapirobeben.
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orazrovan, araerTmniSvnelovan, an axal situa-
ciaSi xdeba. stenli Saxteris (Stanley Schachter)
mixedviT (1971b), emociis gancda warmoadgens
fiziologiuri agznebisa da kognituri Sefasebis
erToblivi moqmedebis Sedegs. orive komponenti
aucilebelia emociis aRmocenebisaTvis. savarau-
doa, rom yvela agzneba zogadi, aradifer-
encirebuli da pirveli nabijia emociis mimdi-
nareobaSi. Cven vaxdenT fiziologiuri agznebis
Sefasebas, raTa ganvsazRvroT, Tu ras vgrZnobT,
romeli emociis iarliyia yvelaze Sesaferisi
da ras niSnavs Cveni reaqcia im konkretul
situaciaSi, romelSic agznebis gancda Cndeba.
riCard lazarusi (Richard Lazarus, 1991, 1995; Lazarus
& Lazarus, 1994) kognituri Sefasebis modelis
erT-erTi wamyvani avtori, amtkicebs, rom
èmociuri gancda SeuZlebelia gagebul iqnes,
rogorc mxolod pirovnebaSi, an Tavis tvinSi
mimdinare procesi. is moicavs mimdinare transaq-
ciebs garemosTan, romlis Sefasebac xdeba~
(Lazarus, 1984a, gv. 124). lazarusi, aseve, xazs
usvams imas, rom Sefaseba xSirad cnobieri
gaazrebis gareSe Cndeba. Tu arsebobs warsulis
gamocdileba, romelic emocias situaciasTan
akavSirebs (ìsev es usiamovno tipi modis,
romelsac adrec Sevxvedrivar~), agznebis inter-
pretaciisaTvis aRar aris saWiro damatebiT
garegani pirobebis sagangebod Zebna. es Tvalsaz-
risi cnobili gaxda, rogorc emociis kognituri
Sefasebis Teoria (ix. suraTi 13.3).
am Teoriis Sesamowmeblad eqsperimentatorebi
qmnidnen situaciebs, romlebSic mocemuli iyo
miniSnebebi garemodan, romlebsac, Tavis mxriv,
unda uzrunveleyoT individis mier agznebis
etiketireba.
saidan
viciT
agzneba da mcdari emociuri
interpretacia
mkvlevari qali vankuverSi (kanada)
intervius iRebda mamakacebisgan, romlebmac
es-es iyo gaiares ori xididan erT-erTze.
erTi xidi usafrTxo da myari iyo, meore
_ saxifaTo da moryeuli. eqsperimentators
viTom ainteresebda peizaJis gavlena
kreatulobaze da xidis gadalaxvis Semdeg
cdis pir mamakacebs mokle moTxrobis
daweras sTxovda orazrovani suraTis Se-
saxeb, romelSic qali figurirebda. eqspe-
rimentatori damatebiT sTavazobda cdis
pirebs, Tu survili eqnebodaT, daerekaT
masTan gamokvlevis Sesaxeb ufro meti
informaciis misaRebad. cdis pirebi, rom-
lebmac saxifaTo xidze gaiares, ufro meti
seqsualuri saxeebis Semcvel moTxrobebs
werdnen da am jgufidan oTxjer meti cdis
piri urekavda eqsperimentators, meore
jgufis cdis pirebTan (anu, vinc usafrTxo
xidze gaiara) SedarebiT. imis saCveneblad,
rom agzneba damoukidebeli cvladi iyo,
romelic gavlenas axdenda mcdar emociur
interpretaciaze, mkvlevarTa jgufma gamoyo
mamrobiTi sqesis cdis pirebis kidev erTi
jgufi, romelsac saSiS xidze gavlidan
10 wT-is an meti drois Semdeg gasaubreba
utardeboda. es dro sakmarisia fizikuri
agznebis simptomebis Sesasusteblad. dam-
Svidebuli cdis pirebis es jgufi ar av-
lenda seqsualuri reaqciebis niSnebs, ag-
znebuli cdis pirebisagan gansxvavebiT
(Dutton & Aron, 1974).
am situaciaSi mamrobiTi sqesis cdis pirebi
midiodnen emociur daskvnamde (`me mainteresebs
es qali~), romelic emyareboda agznebis wyaros
mcdar atribucias (àRmagznebs qali da ara
saxifaTo xidi~). msgavs eqsperimentSi studentebs
orwuTiani aerobikis varjiSis Semdeg unda
aReweraT sakuTari mdgomareoba. rodesac cdis
kognituri Sefaseba (Cognitive appraisal) _ emocieb-
Tan mimarTebaSi procesi, romlis meSveobiTac
fiziologiuri agzneba gaiazreba im konkretul
garemoebaTa mixedviT, romelSic is iyo gan-
cdili. agreTve, stresoris amocnoba da Sefa-
seba, raTa dadgindes safrTxis sidide da misi
daZlevisaTvis saWiro resursebi da Sesatyvisi
daZlevis strategiebi.
emociis kognituri Sefasebis Teoria (Cognitive
appraisal theory of emotion) _ am Teoriis mixedviT,
emociis gancda warmoadgens fiziologiuri
agznebisa da kognituri Sefasebis erTobliv
Sedegs. kognituri Sefaseba emsaxureba imas,
Tu rogor moxdeba gaurkveveli, orazrovani
Sinagani mdgomareobis ètiketireba~.
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pirebi sakuTar mdgomareobas uSualod varjiSis
damTavrebis Semdeg aRwerdnen, naklebad aRniS-
navdnen Zlieri emociebis arsebobas. am SemTxve-
vaSi maT ufro advilad SeeZloT sakuTari agzneba
daekavSirebinaT da aexsnaT varjiSiT, vidre
emociuri mdgomareobiT, xolo, rodesac cdis
pirebi sakuTar emociur mdgomareobas varjiSis
damTavrebidan garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg
aRwerdnen, ris gamoc varjiSi naklebad relevan-
turad eCvenebodaT gaxangrZlivebul agznebasTan
mimarTebaSi, isini Zlieri emociebis arsebobas
aRniSnavdnen (Sinclair et al., 1994).
kognituri Sefasebis Teoriis zogierTi
aspeqti mecnierebma eWvis qveS daayenes. magaliTad,
Tqven zemoT SeityveT, rom agznebis mdgomareo-
bebi _ avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis aqtivoba
_ romelic Tan axlavs sxvadasxva emociebs,
erTmaneTis identuri ar aris (Levenson et al.,
1992). amrigad, zogierTi emociuri gancdisaTvis
interpretacia, SesaZloa, arc iyos aucilebeli;
garda amisa, Zlieri agznebis gancda yovelgvari
aSkara mizezis gareSe ar iwvevs neitralur,
aradiferencirebul mdgomareobas, rogorc es
Teoriis mixedviT iTvleba. erTi wamiT SeCerdiT
da warmoidgineT, rom zustad axla guliscema
uecrad gagixSirdaT, sunTqva zedapiruli da
xSiri gagixdaT, gulmkerdis kunTebi dageZabaT
da xelisgulebi gagiofliandaT. rogor inter-
pretacias gaukeTebdiT am simptomebs? SesaZloa,
ucnaurad mogeCvenoT, magram Turme adamianebi,
sazogadod, gaurkvevel fizikur agznebas xsnian,
rogorc uaryofiTs, rogorc niSans, rom raRac
ar aris wesrigSi. dabolos, adamianebis mxridan
amgvari axsnis mcdeloba mimarTulia imaze, rom
moxdes stimulis dadgena, romelic axsnis, an
daadasturebs am negatiur interpretacias (Mar-
shal & Zimbardo, 1979; Maslach, 1979).
kognituri Sefasebis Teoriis kidev erTi
kritika robert zaioncs (Robert Zajonc) ekuTvnis,
romelmac aRwera iseTi pirobebi, romelSic
SesaZlebelia raRacisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba
msjelobis gareSe da grZnobis gancda misi
mizezis gacnobierebis gareSe (Zajonc, 1980, 2000).
wamieri eqspoziciis efeqtis eqsperimentebis
seriaSi cdis pirebs aCvenebdnen sxvadasxva
stimuls, rogoricaa ucxo sityvebi, iaponuri
ieroglifebi, ricxvebis seriebi da ucxo saxeebi.
es stimulebi imdenad swrafad miewodebodaT
cdis pirebs, rom maTi cnobieri aRqma SeuZle-
beli iyo. cdis pirebs ki mainc SeeZloT upira-
tesobis miniWeba zogierTi stimulisaTvis, am
arCevanis mizezis gacnobierebis gareSe. stimu-
lebi, romlebsac yvelaze xSirad imeorebdnen
prezentaciis dros, met mowonebas imsaxurebda.
amrigad, naCveneb iqna, rom es gaZlierebuli
mowoneba Tavs iCenda stimulebis cnobieri
cnobis gareSe.
amrigad, umjobesi iqneba davaskvnaT, rom
kognituri Sefaseba emociuri gancdis mniSvne-
lovani, magram ara _ erTaderTi, procesia (Izard,
1993). mTel rig pirobebSi Tqven, SesaZloa, mar-
Tlac daakvirdeT garemos (aracnobierad mainc),
raTa axsnaT Tqveni grZnobebi. zog SemTxvevaSi
ki Tqveni emociuri gancda SesaZloa evoluciis
Sedegad Camoyalibebuli Sinagani kavSirebis
kontrols eqvemdebarebodes. fiziologiuri pa-
suxi, am SemTxvevaSi, ar saWiroebs interpretacias.
gansxvavebuli gzebis arseboba, romlebsac
emociur gancdamde mivyavarT, gvafiqrebinebs,
rom emociebi mTel rig funqciebs asruleben.
axla es funqciebi ganvixiloT.
emociis funqciebi
risTvis gvaqvs emociebi? ra funqcias asru-
leben emociebi CvenTvis? am SekiTxvaze pasuxis
gacemaSi, SesaZloa, dagvexmaros Cveni cxovre-
bidan erTi dRis gaxseneba da imis warmodgena,
Tu ramdenad gansxvavebuli iqneboda Cveni
cxovreba emociebis gancdis, an gagebis unaris
gareSe. axla ganvixiloT emociis zogierTi
funqcia, romelsac is, mkvlevarTa azriT, Cvens
cxovrebaSi asrulebs.
motivacia da agzneba
warmoidgineT aseTi SemTxveva: pirvelad Caic-
viT axali svitri da misi nakeri mxarze irRveva.
ratom mibrundebiT maRaziaSi da moiTxovT
kompensacias? me-12 Tavis Tanaxmad, es SemTxveva
unda ganvixiloT, rogorc sakiTxi motivaciis
Sesaxeb. Tu am moqmedebis Tqveneuli pasuxi iqneba:
`radgan me Zalian gavbrazdebi~, an `radgan saso-
warkveTa dameufleba~, aqedan naTeli xdeba, rom
emociebi xSirad iZlevian impulss moqmedebi-
saTvis; emociebs aqvT motivaciuri funqcia,
iwveven ra adamianSi moqmedebis ganxorcie-
lebisaken swrafvas garkveuli realurad gan-
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cdili, an warmosaxuli movlenebis sapasuxod.
amis Semdeg emociebi warmarTaven qcevas gar-
kveuli miznebisaken. sxva adamianis siyvaruli-
saTvis, SesaZloa, gaakeToT yvelaferi, raTa mo-
xibloT, iyoT masTan axlos da daicvaT igi.
sakuTar principebs, an qveynis siyvaruls, Se-
saZloa, sicocxlec SeswiroT.
axla ganvixiloT SemTxvevebi, rodesac emo-
cias Tqvenze gabatoneba da gakontroleba xel-
ewifeba. yofilxarT odesme iseTi gabrazebuli,
rodesac gigrZvniaT, rom ar SegwevT raime
moqmedebis Sesrulebis unari? rogorc ukve
vnaxeT, emociur situaciebze fiziologiuri
agznebiT pasuxobT. mecnierebi varaudoben, rom
agznebasa da raime moqmedebis Sesrulebas Soris
mimarTeba gadmobrunebuli laTinuri U-s formis
funqcias () mihyveba (Hebb, 1955). es mrudi
winaswarmetyvelebs, rom Zalian sustma, an Zalian
Zlierma agznebam SeiZleba daaqveiTos moqmedebis
Sesrulebis xarisxi. zedmetad susti fizio-
logiuri stimulaciis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa,
ver moaxerxoT Tqveni qcevis efeqturad organi-
zeba (Bexton et al., 1954). zedmetad Zlieri sti-
mulaciis dros, SesaZloa, emociam gadafaros
kognicia.
suraTze 13.4 naCvenebia mimarTeba agznebasa
da Sesrulebas Soris. suraTze, aseve, gansazRv-
rulia optimaluri agznebis donis cneba moqme-
debis saukeTeso SesrulebisaTvis. zogierTi da-
valeba ukeT sruldeba, rodesac agznebis maRali
done gvaqvs, zogierTi ki SedarebiT saSualo
dones saWiroebs. zogierTi amocanis SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac agzneba SedarebiT dabalia, davalebis
Sesruleba maqsimaluria, agznebis donis gasa-
Rebi amocanis sirTulea. Zneli an rTuli amoca-
nebis warmatebiT gadaWrisaTvis saWiro agznebis
optimaluri done kontiniumis dabal mxares
mdebareobs. sirTulis Semcirebasa da amocanis
gamartivebasTan erTad davalebis Sesrulebis
optimaluri done _ done, romelic saWiroa
yvelaze efeqturi SesrulebisaTvis _ matulobs.
am mimarTebas ierks-dodsonis kanoni (Yerkes-Dodson
Law) ewodeba, romlis mixedviTac, rTuli amo-
canebis Sesrulebis efeqturoba mcirdeba ag-
znebis matebasTan erTad maSin, roca martivi
amocanebis Sesrulebis efeqturoba izrdeba
agznebis matebasTan erTad (Yerkes & Dodson, 1908).
amrigad, emociis mniSvnelovan funqcias war-
moadgens moqmedebisTvis impulsis micema, rac
mniSvnelovani miznebisaken moZraobis dawyebas
niSnavs. fiziologiuri agzneba, romelsac emo-
ciuri situaciebi iwvevs, saWiroa optimaluri
Sesrulebis gansaxorcieleblad, magram sifrTxi-
suraTi
13.4
ierks-dodsonis kanoni
Sesruleba varirebs agznebis donisa da amocanis sirTulis mixedviT. advili, an martivi amocanebis
SemTxvevaSi agznebis SedarebiT ufro maRali done zrdis Sesrulebis efeqturobas maSin, roca
rTuli da Zneli amocanebisaTvis agznebis ufro dabali done aris optimaluri. agznebis saSualo
done. zogadad, yvelaze ukeTesia saSualo sirTulis amocanebisaTvis. gadmobrunebuli laTinuri
U-s formis funqciebi gviCvenebs, rom Sesruleba yvelaze uaresia agznebis rogorc yvelaze dabal,
ise _ yvelaze maRal wertilebze.
ierks-dodsonis kanoni (Yerkes-Dodson law) _ ko-
relacia amocanis Sesrulebasa da agznebis
optimalur dones Soris.
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lea saWiro, raTa emociebs ar mivceT imdenad
gaZlierebis saSualeba, rom davalebis Sesruleba
mrudis qvemoT daSvebul mxareze moxvdes.
emociebis socialuri funqciebi
socialur doneze emociebi socialuri inte-
raqciebis regulatoris funqcias asruleben.
rogorc dadebiTi socialuri makavSirebeli,
isini gvaaxloeben zogierT adamianTan, xolo
rogorc uaryofiTi socialuri gamRizianeblebi,
gvaSoreben zogierT adamians. Cven ganveridebiT
mas, vinc ganrisxebulia; Cven vuaxlovdebiT ada-
mians, romelic RimiliT, gafarToebuli gugebiT
da gamamxnevebeli mzeriT gvagrZnobinebs, rom
mzadaa Cven misaRebad. SesaZloa, davfaroT sxva
adamianis mimarT Zlieri negatiuri emociebi
misi statusis, an Zalauflebis gamo. gavixsenoT
d.r., romelmac dakarga amigdalas funqcia da,
masTan erTad, brazisa da SiSis aRqmis unari
(Scott et al., 1997). rodesac adre ganvixileT d.r-is
SemTxveva, gTxoveT, warmogedginaT, rogori
iqneboda cxovreba, rom ar SegeZloT adamianebis
gageba, rodesac isini uaryofiTi emociebis gad-
mocemas cdiloben. magaliTad, ra moxdeba, rom
ar gqondeT sxvebisagan imis gagebis unari, rom
situacia saSiSia? an, rom Tqvenma qcevam sxvaSi
brazis reaqcia gamoiwvia? d.r-ma amigdalaSi
garkveuli funqciis dakargvasTan erTad Tavis
socialur garemoSi srulyofilad funqcioni-
rebis unaric dakarga.
gancdil emociebs Zlieri gavlena aqvs imaze,
Tu rogor moqmedebT socialur viTarebebSi.
ganvixiloT, ra gavlena aqvs pozitiur, an
negatiur guneba-ganwyobilebas Txovnis formu-
lirebaze.
saidan
viciT
guneba-ganwyobileba gavlenas axdens
metyvelebaze
eqsperimentis monawileebi uyurebdnen
moklemetraJian filmebs, romlebic maT
ayenebda mxiarul, neitralur an sevdian
guneba-ganwyobilebaze. mas Semdeg, rac
guneba-ganwyobileba SeeqmnebodaT, eqspe-
rimentatori TiToeul cdis pirs kvlevis
sastimulo masalis Canaweris motanas ava-
lebda asistentisagan, romelic gverdiT
oTaxSi imyofeboda. iwerdnen mimarTvebs,
romlebsac cdis pirebi asistentisadmi
Txovnis Camosayalibeblad iyenebdnen.
Semfaseblebi (romlebmac ar icodnen,
romeli cdis piri rogor gunebaze iyo)
TiToeul Txovnas Tavazianobis mixedviT
afasebdnen. rogorc 13.5 suraTzea naCvenebi,
guneba-ganwyobilebas didi zegavlena hqon-
da Tavazianobaze _ mowyenili cdis pirebi
yvelaze Tavazianebi iyvnen; isini yvelaze
TavSekavebulebi aRmoCndnen sxvebis mimarT
kategoriuli (potenciurad araTavaziani)
moTxovnebis wayenebaSi (Forgas, 1999).
daakvirdiT Tqvens sakuTar cxovrebas: ufro
riskianebi xarT socialur situaciebSi, rodesac
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karg, mxiarul gunebaze xarT? ufro frTxilebi
xarT cud, mowyenil gunebaze?
mkvlevrebi emociis gavlenaze saubrisas
prosocialuri qcevis stimulirebazec miuTi-
Teben (Hoffman, 1986; Isen, 1984; Schroeder et al., 1995).
rodesac adamianebs Tavs kargad agrZnobineben,
maSin ufro mosalodnelia, rom isini CaerTon
sxvadasxva altruistul qcevaSi (Carlson et al.,
1988). rodesac erT-erT gamokvlevaSi cdis pirebs
garkveul danaSaulSi damnaSaved agrZnobinebdnen
Tavs, isini momavalSi daxmarebis gawevis mzaobas
gamoTqvamdnen, savaraudod, sakuTari danaSaulis
Sesamsubuqeblad (Carlsmit & Gross, 1969). amis
msgavsad, is, Tu rogor grZnobs Tavs adamiani,
damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad prosocialuri
iyo misi qceva. magaliTad, rodesac adamianebi
ixsenebdnen iseT situaciebs, romelSic uari
uTxres sxvas daxmarebis gawevaze, maT guneba
ufuWdebodaT (Williamson et al., 1996). es, ZiriTadad,
maSin xdeboda, rodesac adamiani, romelsac uars
eubnebodnen, maTi kargi megobari, ojaxis wevri,
an romantikuli partniori iyo. is, Tu rogor
grZnobT Tavs, mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia
imaze, ramdenad SegiZliaT Tqveni socialuri
valdebulebebis Sesruleba.
emociebis gavlena kognitur aqtivobaze
emociebi kognitur funqciebs emsaxureba imiT,
rom gavlenas axdens Tqveni yuradRebis velSi
moxvedril nebismier obieqtsa Tu movlenaze;
imaze, Tu rogor aRiqvamT sakuTar Tavs da sxvebs
da rogor xsniT da ixsenebT cxovrebiseuli
situaciebis sxvadasxva Taviseburebebs. mkvlev-
rebma aCvenes, rom emociur mdgomareobebs swav-
laze, mexsierebaze, socialur msjelobaze, das-
kvnasa da kreatulobaze SeuZliaT zemoqmedeba
(Bredley 1994; Forgas, 1995, 2000). emociuri reaqciebi
mniSvnelovan rols asruleben cxovrebiseuli
gamocdilebis organizebasa da kategorizaciaSi.
informaciis gadamuSavebaSi emociebis rolis
kvleva gordon bauerma (Gordon Bower, 1981, 1991) da
misma studentebma daiwyes. baueris Teoriis
mixedviT, rodesac adamiani garkveul emocias
ganicdis garkveul situaciaSi, es emocia mexsie-
rebaSi inaxeba mis Tanmxleb sxva movlenebTan
erTad, rogorc imave konteqstis nawili. mexsie-
rebis reprezentaciis es paterni ganapirobebs
guneba-ganwyobilebis kongruentul gadamuSavebas
da masze damokidebul mexsierebas. guneba-gan-
wyobilebis Sesabamis (kongruentul) gadamu-
SavebasTan maSin gvaqvs saqme, rodesac adamiani
SerCeviTad mgrZnobiarea imis mimarT, rom
gadaamuSaos da aRadginos informacia, romelic
mis mimdinare guneba-ganwyobilebas Tanxvdeba.
masalas, romelic dominirebuli guneba-
ganwyobilebis Sesabamisia, ufro metad amCneven
da aqceven yuradRebas; ufro Rrmad da Sinaarsianad
gadaamuSaveben (Giligan & Bower, 1984). guneba-
ganwyobilebaze damokidebuli mexsiereba exeba
pirobebs, romelSic adamians uadvildeba infor-
maciis gaxseneba; rodesac misi guneba gaxsenebis
momentSi Tanxvdeba im gunebas, romelic mas
informaciis damaxsovrebis dros hqonda (Eich,
1995; Eich & Macaulay, 2000).
axla ganvixiloT kvleva, romelSic mocemu-
lia rogorc guneba-ganwyobilebis Sesabamisi
gaxsenebis, ise masze damokidebuli damaxsovrebis
magaliTebi.
suraTi
13.5
guneba-ganwyobilebis gavlena
Tavazianobaze
mxiarul, neitralur da cud gunebaze myofi
cdis pirebi TxovniT mimarTavdnen ucnobs.
Semfaseblebi adgenen TiToeuli Txovnis
Tavazianobis xarisxs 1-dan (araTavaziani) 7 _
(Tavaziani) safexurian skalaze. cud, mowyenil
gunebaze myofi cdis pirebis Txovna ufro
Tavaziani aRmoCnda (magaliTad: `fails xom
ver momcemdiT?~ da ara _ `stimulis faili
mWirdeba!~).
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saidan
viciT
guneba-ganwyobileba da
avtobiografiuli mexsiereba
am kvlevaSi iyenebdnen ori tipis musikas
_ mxiarulsa da mowyenils _ sasiamovno
da usiamovno guneba-ganwyobilebis Sesaqmne-
lad. mas Semdeg, rac cdis pirebs Sesabamis
gunebas Seuqmnidnen, maT awvdidnen 16 neit-
ralur sityva-gamRizianebels da sTxov-
dnen, rom am sityvebze sapasuxod gaexse-
nebinaT SemTxvevebi sakuTari cxovrebidan.
magaliTad, cdis pirs aCvenebdnen sityvas
`vardi~ da mas rac SeiZleba swrafad unda
gaexsenebina raime sakuTari cxovrebidan.
monacemebma aCvena guneba-ganwyobilebis
Sesabamisi gaxsenebis arseboba: karg, sa-
siamovno gunebaze myofi cdis pirebis
mogonebebis 72% Sefasebul iqna, rogorc
dadebiTi mogonebebi, xolo cud, usiamovno
gunebaze myofi cdis pirebisa _ mxolod
52%.
guneba-ganwyobilebaze damokidebuli
mexsierebis Sesaswavlad igive cdis pirebi
ori dRis Semdeg kvlav Sekribes labo-
ratoriaSi da isev musikiT Seuqmnes guneba-
ganwyobileba. cdis pirTa erT nawils
eqsperimentis orive nawilSi erTnairi
guneba-ganwyobileba Seuqmnes (magaliTad,
orive cdaSi sasiamovno gunebaze daayenes);
cdis pirTa meore nawils ki sxvadasxva
guneba-ganwyobilebas uqmnidnen (magaliTad,
pirvel cdaSi usiamovno gunebaze ayeneb-
dnen, meoreSi _ sasiamovnoze). Tu mexsiereba
marTlac guneba-ganwyobilebaze iyo damo-
kidebuli, cdis pirebi, romlebsac orive
cdaSi erTnair gunebas uqmnidnen, ufro
met informacias unda ixsenebdnen, vidre
cdis pirebi, romlebsac gansxvavebul gune-
bas uqmnidnen. miRebuli monacemebiT
swored aseTi paterni gamovlinda: cdis
pirebi, orive cdaSi erTnairi guneba-gan-
wyobilebiT, ixsenebdnen wina cdaSi gax-
senebulis 35%-s, xolo gansxvavebuli gu-
nebis mqone cdis pirebi _ wina cdis mogo-
nebebis mxolod 26%-s (Eich et al., 1994).
gaixseneT Cveni diskusia kodirebis Tavisebu-
rebebis Sesaxeb (me-8 Tavi). guneba-ganwyobi-
lebasTan dakavSirebul am monacemebs mivyavarT
im azramde, rom mogonebebis kodirebisaTvis
mniSvnelovan konteqstualur TvisebaTa nusxaSi
saWiroa emociebis damateba.
dabolos, ukanaskneli SeniSvna guneba-gan-
wyobilebasa da kognicias Soris urTierTmimar-
TebasTan dakavSirebiT. mkvlevrebma Tanmimdev-
rulad aCvenes, rom dadebiTi afeqti _ sasiamovno
guneba-ganwyobileba _ azrovnebisa da problemis
gadawyvetis met efeqturobasa da kreatulobas
ganapirobebs (Isen et al., 1987). ganvixiloT kvleva,
romelSic eqimebs sTxovdnen problemebis
gadaWras, rac kreatulobis garkveul dones moi-
Txovda. cdis pirebs, romlebic zomierad sasia-
movno gunebaze daayenes (eqsperimentatori cdis
pir eqimebs kanfetebs Cuqnida), sagrZnoblad
ukeTesi Sedegi hqondaT kreatulobis testSi,
vidre sakontrolo jgufis eqimebs (anu maT,
vinc winaswar ar iRebda saCuqars) (Estrada et al.,
1994). Tqven SegiZliaT am tipis aRmoCenebis uSua-
lod gamoyeneba. Tqven ufro efeqturad da
kreatulad SegiZliaT saSinao davalebis Ses-
ruleba, Tu kargi guneba-ganwyobilebis Senar-
Cunebas SeZlebT. Tqven, SesaZloa, gagiCndeT
azri: `rogor unda SevinarCuno kargi guneba-
ganwyobileba, roca amdeni saqme maqvs gasakeTe-
beli?~ axla SevexebiT stress da imas, Tu rogor
SegviZlia masTan gamklaveba. agreTve, vnaxavT,
Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli sakuTari grZnobebis
kontroli kogniciiT.
Sejameba
Carlz darvinma wamoayena idea, rom emociebi
garkveuli kategoriis ganmeorebad situaciebze
sapasuxod ganviTarda. kros-kulturulma gamok-
vlevebma ganamtkica evoluciuri midgoma, uz-
runvelyo ra is faqtebiT, rom saxis eqspresiebi
da maTi cnoba universaluria. miuxedavad amisa,
kulturebs aqvT gansxvavebuli normebi imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor da sad aris SesaZlebeli
emociebis gamovlena. avtonomiuri nervuli
sistema, limburi sistema da korteqsis nawilebi
garkveul rols TamaSoben emociis fiziolo-
giaSi. emociis Teoriebi cdiloben, gansazRvron
kauzaluri urTierTkavSiri fiziologiur
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agznebasa da individis emociur gancdebs Soris.
Tanamedrove Teoriebi ufro da ufro xSirad
aRniSnaven, rom kognicia, Sefasebis saxiT, gar-
kveul rols TamaSobs grZnobebis interpreta-
ciaSi. emociebi xSirad adamianebis motivirebas
emsaxurebian; isini, aseve, asruleben garkveul
rols socialuri urTierTobebis regulaciasa
da kognituri procesebis Sinaarsisa da efeqtu-
robis gansazRvraSi.
stresi Tqvens cxovrebaSi
davuSvaT, gTxovT, gaixsenoT, rogor `grZnob-
diT Tavs~ dRis ganmavlobaSi. Tqven SeiZleba
gviTxraT, rom drodadro sixaruls, sevdas,
brazs, gakvirvebas da a.S. ganicdidiT; magram
aris kidev erTi grZnoba, romelsac adamianebi
xSirad adareben erTgvar xmaurs, romelic fonad
gasdevs maTi yoveldRiuri gancdebis umetesobas
da es aris stresi (Sapolsky, 1994). Tanamedrove
industriuli sazogadoeba cxovrebis swraf,
cvalebad temps amkvidrebs. adamianebi xSirad
iZulebulni arian, erTdroulad bevri ram
akeTon; isini wuxan, rom maTi momavali bun-
dovania da rom ojaxisa da garTobisaTvis dro
ar rCebaT. viqnebodiT ki ukeT stresis gareSe?
ustreso cxovreba gamowvevebs ar gvTavazobs _
arc dasaZlev sirTuleebs, arc dasapyrob
sferoebs da arc raime saWiroebas, rom davxvewoT
goneba da ganvaviTaroT Cveni SesaZleblobebi.
yoveli organizmi gare sinamdvilidan da sa-
kuTari moTxovnilebebidan momdinare gamowvevebs
awydeba. organizmma es problemebi aucileblad
unda gadaWras, raTa gadarCes da ganviTardes.
stresi aris organizmis mier ganxorcielebul
reaqciaTa paterni im mastimulirebeli movlenis
mimarT, romelic urRvevs wonasworobas, gamoc-
das uwyobs mas, an aRemateba misi daZlevis
unars. mastimulirebeli movlenebi moicavs
mravalferovan garegan da Sinagan viTarebebs,
romelTa krebiTi saxelwodebaa stresorebi.
stresori aris mastimulirebeli movlena,
romelic organizmisgan garkveul adaptaciur
reaqcias moiTxovs. magaliTad, Tqveni manqanis
win velosipedisti zigzagebiT moZraobs, profe-
sorma semestruli gamocdis TariRi gadmogiwiaT,
klasis prezidentis arCevnebSi sakuTari kan-
didaturis wardgenas gTxoven. aseT SemTxvevebSi
individis reaqcia cvlilebis ganxorcielebis
moTxovnaze ramdenime doneze mimdinare _ fizio-
logiur, qceviT, emociur da kognitur _ reaqci-
aTa sxvadasxva kombinaciiT iqmneba. rogori
reaqcia SeiZleba gqondeT zemoT CamoTvlil
TiToeul stresorze?
13.6 suraTze mocemulia stresis mimdinare-
obis elementebi. am qveTavSi SevecdebiT, naTeli
wamodgena SegiqmnaT suraTze mocemul yvela
maxasiaTebelze. daviwyebT stresorebze zogadi
fiziologiuri reaqciebis ganxilviT; Semdeg
stresi (Stress) _ specifikuri da araspecifikuri
reaqciebis paterni, ganxorcielebuli organiz-
mis mier mastimulirebeli obieqtis mimarT,
romelic arRvevs mis wonasworobas, gamocdas
uwyobs, an aRemateba misi daZlevis unars.
stresori (Stressor)_ Sinagani an garegani mov-
lena an stimuli, romelic iwvevs stress.
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aRvwerT sxvadasxva kategoriis stresorTa cal-
keul efeqtebs. dabolos, ganvixilavT sxvadasxva
meTods, romelTa gamoyenebiTac SegiZliaT Tavi
gaarTvaT stresebs Tqvens cxovrebaSi.
fiziologiuri reaqciebi
stresze
rogori iqneba Tqveni reaqcia, rodesac Se-
dixarT klasSi da moulodnelad igebT, rom
sakontrolo wera gaqvT? albaT, TqvenSi es
garkveul stress gamoiwvevs, magram ras unda
niSnavdes es Tqveni sxeulebrivi reaqciebisaT-
vis? im fiziologiur reaqciaTagan, riTac emo-
ciur situaciebs aRvwerT, bevri maTgani stresis
yoveldRiur magaliTebsac Seesabameba. agznebis
iseTi droebiTi mdgomareobebi, romlebic
naTlad gamoxatuli dasawyisiT da dasasruliT
xasiaTdeba, mwvave stresis magaliTebs warmoad-
gens. qronikuli stresi ki, piriqiT, agznebis
droSi ganfenili mdgomareobaa, sadac waye-
nebuli moTxovnebi, individis aRqmiT, aRemateba
mis xelT arsebul stresTan gasamklaveblad
saWiro Sinagan da garegan resursebs. qronikuli
stresis magaliTi SeiZleba iyos mudmivi frus-
tracia imis gamo, rom ver axerxebT gamonaxoT
dro, raTa gaakeToT yvelaferi is, rac gsurT.
modiT, vnaxoT, rogor reagirebs sxeuli am
gansxvavebuli tipis stresebze.
suraTi
13.6
stresis modeli
stresuli situaciis kognituri interpretacia-Sefaseba urTierTqmedebs stresorTan
da masTan dasapirispireblad arsebul fizikur, socialur da pirovnul resursebTan.
sxvadasxva safrTxeze individi gansxvavebul doneebze reagirebs: fiziologiur,
qceviT da kognitur doneebze. zogierTi reaqcia adaptaciuri bunebis mqonea, zogierTi
ki _ araadaptaciuri da xSirad momakvdinebelic ki SeiZleba aRmoCndes.
mwvave stresi (Acute stress) _ agznebis gardamava-
li mdgomareoba, Cveulebriv, dawyebisa da
dasrulebis aSkarad gamoxatuli paternebiT.
qronikuli stresi (Chronic stress) _ agznebis
xangrZlivi mdgomareoba, romlis drosac in-
dividi aRiqvams, rom misadmi wayenebuli mo-
Txovnebi aRemateba Sinagan da garegan resur-
sebs, romlebsac igi flobs am movlenebTan
dasapirispireblad.
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damxmare reaqciebi mwvave safrTxeze
1920-ian wlebSi uolter kenonma pirvelad
aRwera mecnierulad, Tu rogor reagireben
cxovelebi da adamianebi safrTxeze. man aRmoa-
Cina, rom nervul qsovilebsa da jirkvlebSi
aqtivoba garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT xorciel-
deba, raTa sxeuli moemzados garkveuli reaqcii-
saTvis _ TavdacvisaTvis da brZolisaTvis, an
usafrTxo adgilisken gaqcevisaTvis. kenonma am
ormag stresul reaqcias brZola an gaqcevis
reaqcia uwoda. am stresuli reaqciis centri
hipoTalamusSi mdebareobs, romelic mraval
emociur reaqciaSi monawileobs. hipoTalamuss
zogjer stresis centrad miiCneven sagangebo
viTarebebSi Sesrulebuli ormagi funqciis gamo:
_ (1) is akontrolebs avtonomiur nervul
sistemas (ans) da (2) axdens hipofizis jirkvlis
aqtivirebas.
ans sxeulis organoTa moqmedebas areguli-
rebs. stresul viTarebaSi sunTqva xSirdeba da
Rrmavdeba, guliscema xSirdeba, sisxlZarRvebi
viwrovdeba da sisxlis wneva zemoT iwevs. am
Sinagan cvlilebebTan erTad farTovdeba yelisa
da cxviris sasunTqi gzebi, raTa filtvebs meti
haeri miewodos da, amave dros, saxeze Zlieri
emociis eqspresia Cndeba. gluv kunTebs miewodeba
signalebi zogierTi iseTi sxeulebrivi fun-
qciis SesaCereblad, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
saWmlis moneleba, rogorc sagangebo viTare-
bisaTvis mzadebis situaciis Seusabamo moqmedeba.
avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis kidev erT
funqcias stresis dros adrenalinis gamoyofa
warmoadgens. is signals awvdis Tirkmelzeda
jirkvlebis Sida nawils, adrenalur medulas
(mogrZo tvini), romelic gamoyofs or hormons
_ epinefrinsa da norepinefrins, romlebic, Tavis
mxriv, signals awvdian mTel rig organoebs,
raTa Seasrulon sakuTari specializebuli
funqciebi. elenTa gamoimuSavebs ufro met wiTel
burTulebs (raTa Wrilobis SemTxvevaSi sisxlis
Sededebas Seuwyos xeli), xolo Zvlis tvini
stimulirdeba, gamoimuSavos ufro meti TeTri
burTulebi (raTa SeebrZolos SesaZlo infeq-
cias); RviZli stimulirdeba, gamoimuSavos meti
Saqari sxeulis energiiT mosamarageblad.
hipofizi hipoTalamusidan mosul signalebze
ori hormonis gamoyofiT reagirebs, romlebsac
sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvT stresze reaqci-
isaTvis. tiroTropuli hormoni (tTh) asti-
mulirebs farisebr jirkvals, romelic or-
ganizms meti energiiT uzrunvelyofs; adreno-
kortikotrofuli hormoni (akth), romelic cno-
bilia, rogorc `stresis Hhormoni, astimulirebs
Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis garegan nawils, rasac
mohyveba metaboluri procesebis makontrolebel
hormonTa gamoyofa da Saqris gadasvla RviZlidan
sisxlSi. akth sxvadasxva organoebsac awvdis
signalebs, rom gamoiyos daaxloebiT 30 sxva-
dasxva dasaxelebis hormoni, romelTagan
TiToeuli garkveul rols asrulebs sxeulis
brZolisTvis momzadebaSi. sxeulis fiziolo-
giuri reaqcia stresze naCvenebia 13.7 suraTze.
janmrTelobis fsiqologiis warmomadgenlis
Seli teilorisa (Shelley Taylor) da misi kolegebis
bolodroindeli analizi (2000) aCvenebs, rom
stresze fiziologiur reaqciebs, SesaZloa,
gansxvavebuli Sedegebi hqondes mdedrobiTi da
mamrobiTi sqesis arsebebisaTvis. teilori da
misi kolegebi gamoTqvamen varauds, rom qalebi
ar ganicdian brZolas an gaqcevis reaqcias;
metic, am mkvlevarTa Tanaxmad, ufro savaraudoa,
rom stresorebi qalebs zrunvisa da movlis
reaqciis gamovlenisaken ubiZgeben: stresis dros
qalebi uzrunvelyofen Tavisi Svilebis usafr-
Txoebas maTi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaze
zrunviT; qalebi uvlian Tavisi socialuri
jgufis wevrebs imave mizniT _ Semcirdes maTi
STamomavlobis mowyvladoba. albaT, SeamCnevT,
rom stresze reagirebis sqesobrivi gansxvavebebis
es analizi esadageba adamianis qcevis Cven mier
zemoT ganxilul evoluciur Tvalsazriss. maga-
liTad, rodesac me-12 TavSi adamianis seqsualur
qcevas ganvixilavdiT, aRvniSneT, rom gansxvave-
brZola an gaqcevis reaqcia (Fight-or-flight respon-
se) _ Sinagan aqtivobaTa Tanmimdevroba, romelic
amoqmeddeba, rodesac organizmi safrTxis wi-
naSe aRmoCndeba; amzadebs sxeuls brZolisa
da SetevisaTvis an usafrTxo adgilas gaqce-
visaTvis. bolodroindeli monacemebis Tanax-
mad, es reaqcia mxolod mamrobiTi sqesisaTvis
aris damaxasiaTebeli.
dacvisa da zrunvis reaqcia (Tend-and-befriend
response) _ stresorze reaqcia, romelic, sava-
raudod, tipuria mdedrobiTi sqesisaTvis. stre-
sorebi ubiZgeben mdedrs daicvas Svilebi da
SeuerTdes socialur jgufebs mowyvladobis
Sesamcireblad.
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bulia qalisa da mamakacis dawyvilebis strate-
giebi, nawilobriv, im fardobiTi rolebis gamo,
rasac qalebi da mamakacebi evoluciis manZilze
bavSvis aRzrdaSi asrulebdnen. aq mocemuli
azric arsebiTad igivea _ Svilis aRzrdaSi
qalebisa da mamakacebis gansxvavebuli evolu-
ciuri rolebis gamo stresze pirveladi
fiziologiuri reaqciebi maTSi sruliad gan-
sxvavebul qcevas iwvevs.
samwuxarod, rogorc reaqcia `brZola an
gaqceva~, ise reaqcia _ `zrunva da movla~, nak-
lebad gamosadegia Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi.
mravali stresori, romlis zemoqmedebas yovel-
dRiurad ganicdian rogorc qalebi, ise kacebi,
stresze fiziologiur reaqcias sruliad ara-
adaptaciurs xdis. warmoidgineT, magaliTad, rom
rTul gamocdas abarebT da dro swrafad garbis.
garda gamaxvilebuli yuradRebisa, rac stresze
Tqveni reaqciebidan marTlac Rirebulia, sxva
danarCen fiziologiur cvlilebebs kargi
araferi moaqvs: ar arsebobs is, visac unda
SeebrZoloT, an viszec unda izrunoT da a.S.
reaqciebi, romlebic saxeobebs CamouyalibdaT
garedan wamosuli safrTxis dasaxvedrad, amJamad
ukve kontrproduqtulia, anu mavne Sedegebis
momtania mravali Tanamedrove tipis fsiqolo-
giuri stresorebis SemTxvevaSi. es marTlac
asea. rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT, bevri adamiani
cxovrebas qronikuli stresis pirobebSi atarebs.
zogadi adaptaciuri sindromi (zas) da
qronikuli stresi
pirveli Tanamedrove mkvlevari, romelmac
sxeulze xangrZlivi, Zlieri stresis moqmedebis
efeqtebi ikvlia, kanadeli endokrinologi hans
selie (Hans Selye) iyo. 1930-iani wlebis meore
naxevridan selie aRwerda laboratoriuli
cxovelebis rTul reaqciebs iseT mavne agentebze,
rogoricaa: baqteriuli infeqciebi, toqsinebi,
travma, moZraobis SezRudva, sicxe, sicive da
a.S. selies stresis Teoriis Tanaxmad, mraval
sxvadasxva saxis stresors SeuZlia erTnairi
reaqciis, anu zogadi sxeulebrivi reaqciis
gamowveva. yoveli stresori moiTxovs adaptacias
_ organizmma unda SeinarCunos, an aRidginos
suraTi
13.7
sxeulis reaqcia stresze
stresi mTel rig fiziologiur cvlilebebs iwvevs Tqvens sxeulSi.
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integrirebuloba da janmrTeloba. stresorebze
reaqcia seliem aRwera, rogorc zogadi adap-
taciuri sindromi (zas), romelic moicavs sam
stadias: gangaSis reaqcias, winaaRmdegobis sta-
diasa da gamofitvis stadias (Selye, 1976a, 19976b).
gangaSis reaqciebi sxeulebrivi agznebis xan-
mokle periodebia, romlebic sxeuls energiuli
aqtivobisaTvis amzadeben. Tu stresori droSia
ganfenili, sxeuli gadadis winaaRmdegobis
stadiaze _ zomieri agznebis mdgomareobaSi.
winaaRmdegobis stadiis ganmavlobaSi organizms
SeuZlia erTxans kidev aitanos da winaaRmdegoba
gauwios gaWianurebuli stresorebis damangrevel
moqmedebas, magram Tu stresori sakmaod xan-
grZlivi da intensiuria, xdeba sxeulis resur-
sebis amowurva da organizmi gamofitvis sta-
diaze gadadis. es sami stadia gamosaxuli da
ganmartebulia 13.8 suraTze.
seliem daadgina ramdenime safrTxe, romelic
gamofitvis stadias ukavSirdeba. gavixsenoT,
magaliTad, rom akth monawileobs stresze
xanmokle reaqciaSi, magram xangrZlivi moqmedebis
pirobebSi is amcirebs bunebrivi mkvleli ujre-
debis unars, mospos kibos ujredebi da sico-
cxlisaTvis saSiSi sxva infeqciebi. roca sxeuli
qronikulad stresis mdgomareobaSia, `stresis
hormonebis~ Warbi gamomuSaveba safrTxes uqmnis
imunuri sistemis integrirebulobas. zogadi
adaptaciuri sindromis amgvari gageba Rirebuli
aRmoCnda fsiqosomaturi darRvevebis asaxsnelad
_ daavadebebisa, romlebic mxolod fizikuri
mizezebiT ver aixsneba, im eqimebis gasakvirad,
romlebic stress arasdros miiCnevdnen daava-
debis mizezad. is, rac kargad emsaxureba sxeuls
mwvave stresTan Sesagueblad, asustebs qronikul
stresze sxeulis reaqcias.
selies gamokvleva daavadebas warmogvidgens,
rogorc gardauval reaqcias stresze. Tumca,
mogvianebiT vnaxavT, rom Tqveni fsiqologiuri
interpretacia _ Tu ra aris stresuli da ra
ara, Tu rogor afasebT potenciurad stresul
movlenebs _ gavlenas axdens sxeulis fizio-
logiur reaqciaze. sxeulze stresis gavlenis
Sesaxeb sruli warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad saWiroa
selies fundamenturi fiziologiuri Teoriis
kombinireba fsiqologiuri faqtorebis Sesaxeb
mogvianebiT Catarebul gamokvlevebTan.
fsiqologiuri reaqciebi
stresze
fsiqologiuri reaqcia stresze avtomaturi,
winaswargansazRvruli, Tandayolili reaqciaa,
rac, Cveulebriv, ver kontroldeba cnobierad.
miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri fsiqologiuri
reaqcia naswavlia, an SeZenilia, isini damoki-
debulia samyaros aRqmasa da interpretaciaze.
am qveTavSi ganvixilavT fsiqologiur pasuxebs
stresorebis iseT kategoriebze, rogoricaa:
mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli cvlilebebi da
travmatuli movlenebi.
umniSvnelovanesi cxovrebiseuli
movlenebi
cxovrebiseul situaciaSi momxdari umniSvne-
lovanesi cvlilebebi mravali adamianisaTvis
stresis safuZvels warmoadgens. iseTi sasurveli
movlenebic ki, rogoricaa, magaliTad, latariaSi
zogadi adaptaciuri sindromi (General adapta-
tion syndrome - GAS) _ araspecifikur adaptaciur
fiziologiur meqanizmTa paterni, romelic
vlindeba TiTqmis yovelgvari seriozuli stre-
soris xangrZlivi muqaris sapasuxod.
fsiqosomaturi darRvevebi (Psychosomatic disor-
ders) _ fizikuri darRvevebi, romlebic mZafr-
deba, an imTaviTve miewereba xangrZliv moqmed
stress Tu sxva fsiqologiur mizezebs, an
Zlierdeba maTi zegavleniT.
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mogeba an samsaxurSi dawinaureba, SeiZleba
cxovrebis Cveuli msvlelobis Zireul cvli-
lebas da axal moTxovnebTan adaptacias moi-
Txovdes. gavixsenoT, ojaxuri bednierebis paterni,
romelic me-11 TavSi aRvwereT. marTalia, bavSvis
dabadeba daqorwinebuli wyvilis cxovrebaSi erT-
erTi yvelaze sasurveli cvlilebaa, magram,
amasTanave, es movlena Zlieri stresis wyarocaa,
vinaidan, garkveulad, aqveiTebs qorwinebiT gamow-
veul kmayofilebas (Cowan & Cowan, 1988; Levenson
et al., 1993). amrigad, rodesac cdilobT, stresi
Tqvens cxovrebaSi momxdar cvlilebebs daukav-
SiroT, saWiroa rogorc pozitiuri, ise negatiuri
cvlilebebis gaTvaliswineba.
cxovrebiseuli movlenebis gavlena fsiqikur
da fizikur janmrTelobaze seriozuli kvlevis
sagnad iqca. kvleva 1960-ian wlebSi daiwyo, ro-
desac socialuri readaptaciis Sefasebis skala
_ SRRS (Social Readjustment Rating Scale) SeimuSaves.
esaa sakmaod martivi instrumenti adaptaciis
donis Sesafaseblad, romelic moiTxovs adamianis
cxovrebaSi momxdari sxvadasxvagvari _ rogorc
sasiamovno, ise usiamovno _ cvlilebebis ran-
Jirebas. es skala SemuSavda sxvadasxva profesiis,
socialuri mdgomareobis da a.S. zrdasrul ada-
mianTa pasuxebis safuZvelze, romlebsac sTxoves,
mieTiTebinaT cxovrebiseul movlenaTa nusxidan
romeli exeboda piradad maT. es mozrdili ada-
mianebi TiToeuli cvlilebisaTvis saWiro
suraTi
13.8
zogadi adaptaciuri sindromi
stresoris gamoCenis Semdeg sxeulis winaaRmdegoba mcirdeba, sanam gangaSis saTanado reaqciis
fiziologiuri cvlilebebi ar daabrunebs mas normalur doneze. Tu stresoris moqmedeba grZeldeba,
gangaSis reaqciis sxeulebrivi niSnebi, faqtobrivad qreba; konkretuli stresoris mimarT winaaRmdegoba
iwvevs normaze maRla, magram ecema sxva danarCeni stresorebis mimarT. es adaptaciuri winaaRmdegoba
sxeuls funqcionirebis normalur doneze abrunebs. stresoris xangrZlivi zemoqmedebis Semdeg adaptacia
irRveva, gangaSis niSnebi xelaxla iCens Tavs. stresorebis zegavlena Seuqcevadia da individi xdeba
avad da SeiZleba daiRupos kidec.
cxovrebiseuli cvlilebis erTeulebi (Life-
change units - LCUs) _ stresis gamokvlevebSi
gamoyenebuli stresis donis sazomi, romelsac
iwvevs drois mocemul monakveTSi gancdili
sxvadasxva tipis cvlileba.
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readaptaciis sidides afasebdnen qorwinebasTan
mimarTebaSi, romelsac pirobiTad mieniWa cxov-
rebiseul cvlilebaTa 50 erTeuli. Semdeg mkvlev-
rebma gamoTvales individis mier gancdil cxov-
rebiseul cvlilebaTa erTeulebis jami, rac
individis mier gancdili stresis odenobis
sazomad gamoiyenes (Holms & Rahe, 1967). 1990-ian
wlebSi SRRS-ma modernizeba ganicada. mkvlevrebma
gamoiyenes igive procedura: sTxoves monawileebs,
SeefasebinaT cxovrebiseuli movlenebiT gamowve-
uli stresi qorwinebasTan mimarTebaSi (Miller &
Rahe, 1997). modernizebul variantSi LCU-is
Sefasebebi 45%-iT gaizarda Tavdapirvel maCveneb-
lebTan SedarebiT, anu 1990-iani wlebis gamok-
vlevaTa monawileebi ambobdnen, rom mTlianobaSi
isini ganicdidnen stresis gacilebiT maRal
donebs, vidre 1960-iani wlebis gamokvlevaTa
monawileebi. amave dros, 1990-iani wlebis gamok-
vlevebSi monawile qalebi cxovrebaSi meti stre-
sis gancdas aRniSnavdnen, vidre mamakacebi.
cxrili 13.1 warmoadgens am skalis modifici-
rebul variants kolejis studentebisaTvis. sanam
mas waikiTxavdeT, SeCerdiT da SeamowmeT Tqveni
stresis done studentebisaTvis gansazRvrul
stresis skalaze. rogoria Tqveni LCU-is qulebi.
mkvlevrebma mravali xerxi aRmoaCines cxov-
rebiseul movlenebsa da janmrTelobis mdgo-
mareobas Soris mimarTebis gamosavlenad. erT-
erT gamokvlevaSi monawile moxaliseebi nebayo-
flobiT Tanxmdebodnen surdos gamomwvevi viru-
siT inficirebaze. is monawileebi, romlebsac
negatiur cxovrebiseul movlenaTa koeficienti
jgufis saSualosTan mimarTebaSi ufro maRali
aRmoaCndaT, 10%-iT meti albaTobiT surdoTi
marTlac avaddebodnen (Cohen et al., 1993). moifiqreT
msgavsi kvleva, romelsac uSualo kavSiri eqneba
Tqven mier mecadineobis dagegmvis mizniT gake-
Tebul arCevanTan.
saidan
viciT
saqmis gadadebisaTvis janmrTelobiT
gadaxdili safasuri
rodesac profesori sakurso naSroms
gaZlevT, rac stresuli movlenaa yoveli
studentis cxovrebaSi, rogor iqceviT: _
maSinve iwyebT mis Sesrulebaze zrunvas
stresis skala studentebisaTvis
cxrili
13.1
stresis skala studentebisaTvis warmoadgens holmsisa
da raihis socialuri readaptaciis Sefasebis skalis
adaptirebul variants. yovel movlenas eniWeba qula,
romelic warmoadgens readaptaciis sidides, rac
cxovrebiseuli cvlilebis sapasuxod unda ganaxor-
cielos pirovnebam. isini, vinc 300 da met qulas
agroveben, janmrTelobis mxriv maRali riskis mqoneni
arian. 150-300 qulis mqoneTa Sansi _ ganicadon jan-
mrTelobis mdgomareobis seriozuli cvlileba ori
wlis ganmavlobaSi _ aris 50/50.
movlena
cxovrebiseuli
cvlilebis
erTeulebi
ojaxis wevris sikvdili
uaxloesi megobris sikvdili
mSobelTa ganqorwineba
patimroba
sxeulis seriozuli dazianeba, an
avadmyofoba
daqorwineba
samsaxuridan daTxovna
mniSvnelovan saganSi CaWra
ojaxis wevris janmrTelobis
mdgomareobis Secvla
orsuloba
seqsualuri problemebi
seriozuli uTanxmoeba axlo
megobarTan
finansuri statusis Secvla
specializaciis ZiriTadi sagnis
Secvla
problemebi mSoblebTan
axali partniori _ `gerlfrend~, an
`boyfriend~
saswavlo datvirTvis gazrda
gansakuTrebuli piradi miRwevebi
pirveli kursis pirveli semestri
kolejSi
sacxovrebeli pirobebis Secvla
seriozuli uTanxmoeba
maswavlebelTan
mosalodnelze dabali niSnebis
miReba
Zilis Cvevebis Secvla
socialur aqtivobaTa Secvla
kvebis Cvevebis Secvla
manqanasTan dakavSirebuli
qronikuli problemebi
ojaxuri Sexvedrebis sixSiris
Secvla
Zalian bevri gacdenili
mecadineoba
kolejis gamocvla
erTze meti Caubarebeli sagani
moZraobis wesebis umniSvnelo
darRvevebi
Cemi pirveli monacemi
sul ................................... (TariRi)
Cemi meore monacemi
sul .......................................... (TariRi)
Cemi mesame monacemi
sul .......................................... (TariRi)
100
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Tu bolo wuTisaTvis gadadebT mas? fsi-
qologebma SeimuSaves sazomi instrumenti
_ saqmis gadadebis zogadi skala (Lay, 1986),
raTa ganesxvavebinaT erTmaneTisagan isini,
vinc, Cveulebriv, bolo wuTisaTvis moi-
toveben saqmes _ `saqmis gadamdeblebi~ da
vinc amas arasodes akeTebs _ `saqmis
argadamdeblebi~. mkvlevrebma es skala
studentebs Seavsebines, romlebic jan-
mrTelobis fsiqologiis kurss gadiodnen
da romlebsac sakurso naSromi unda war-
moedginaT semestris bolos. am studentebs
sTxoves, aReniSnaT, semestris dasawyisSi
da semestris bolos fizikuri daavadebis
ramden simptoms ganicdidnen. ar yofila
moulodneli, rom `saqmis gadamdeblebi~
abarebdnen Tavis naSroms ufro gvian, vidre
`saqmis argadamdeblebi~ da uares niSnebsac
iRebdnen. 13.9 suraTi asaxavs saqmis gada-
debis gavlenas fizikur janmrTelobaze.
rogorc vxedavT, `saqmis gadamdeblebi~
semestris dasawyisSi aRniSnavdnen avad-
myofobis nakleb, xolo semestris bolos
_ met simptoms, vidre maTi `saqmis
argadamdebeli~ Tanatolebi (Tice & Bau-
meister, 1997).
am gamokvlevidan Cans, rom yvela cxovrebi-
seuli movlena adamianebze erTnair zegavlenas
ar axdens. `saqmis argadamdeblebi~ saqmes
dauyovnebliv iwyeben da, amdenad, stress da
avadmyofobis simptomebs semestris dasawyisSi
ganicdian. magram `saqmis gadamdeblebis~ mier
semestris dasawyisSi stresisagan Tavis aridebas
semestris bolosaken fizikur daavadebaTa mkveT-
ri zrda mosdevs. gamodis, rom isini, savaraudod,
cudad grZnoben Tavs swored im momentSi, roca
janmrTelad yofna esaWiroebaT, raTa yvela
dawyebuli saqme warmatebiT daasrulon! kargad
daufiqrdiT am Sedegebs, rodesac TiToeuli
semestrisaTvis moqmedebis sakuTar gegmas
SeimuSavebT. Tu migaCniaT, rom saqmes, Cveulebriv,
bolosaTvis itovebT, sasurvelia, konsultacia
miiRoT fsiqologTan, an saswavleblis konsul-
tantTan, rom qceva SeicvaloT. Tqveni niSnebi
da janmrTeloba sasworze devs!
katastrofuli da travmuli movlenebi
movlena, romelic negatiuria da, amasTanave,
umarTavi, moulodneli da gaugebari, gansa-
kuTrebiT Zlier stress iwvevs. yvela es piroba
gansakuTrebiT TvalnaTliv Cans katastrofuli
movlenebis SemTxvevaSi. fil zimbardo ixsenebs,
rom igi 1989 wels beisbolSi msoflios Cempi-
onats eswreboda, rodesac katastrofuli mi-
wisZvra moxda:
`davikaveT Tu ara me da Cemma samma
Svilma adgilebi san-franciskos qen-
delstik parkSi, orkestrma dakvra daiwyo.
uecrad mTelma stadionma ryeva daiwyo,
sinaTle yvelgan gamoirTo da tablo
Cabnelda. 6 000 mayurebeli sruliad da-
dumda.
swored am wuTebSi Zlieri miwisZvra
moxda. Cvens gverdiT mjdom kacs por-
suraTi
13.9
saqmis gadadebisaTvis janmrTe-
lobiT gaRebuli safasuri
mkvlevrebma daadgines, rom arsebobs stu-
dentTa ori kategoria: saqmis gadamdeblebi
da saqmis argadamdebeli studentebi. studen-
tebs sTxoves, ecnobebinaT, semestris dasa-
wyisSi da semestris bolos fizikuri daa-
vadebis ramdeni simptomi hqondaT. semestris
bolosaTvis yvela students simptomTa mateba
aReniSneboda, magram rogorc vvaraudobdiT,
saqmis gadadebis moyvarulebi aRniSnavdnen
gacilebiT met simptoms, vidre maTi saqmis
argadamdebi Tanatolebi.
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tatuli televizori aRmoaCnda, romelSic
sxvadasxva adgilebSi gaCenil xanZars,
Cangreul xidebs, gzebze momxdar avariebs
da uamrav daRupul adamians aCvenebdnen.~
miwisZvridan sul mokle xanSi fsiqologTa
gundi Seudga imis Seswavlas, Tu rogor umklav-
deboda xalxi katastrofas.
san-franciskos katastrofaze adamianTa reaq-
ciebis ganzogadeba daexmara fsiqologebs axali
katastrofis _ oklahoma sitis dabombvis _
Sedegebis SemsubuqebaSi (Krug et al., 1996; Parson,
1995).
saidan
viciT
miwisZvris fsiqologiuri Sedegebi
gamokvlevisTvis daaxloebiT 800 res-
pondenti SemTxveviTobis principiT Sear-
Cies san-franciskos zonidan da ramdenime
moSorebuli qalaqidan. respondentebs in-
terviu utardebodaT miwisZvridan 1, 2, 3, 6,
8, 16, 28, an 50 kviris Semdeg. isini aTwuTian
satelefono gamokiTxvaSi saubrobdnen
sakuTari gancdebis, socialuri qcevisa
da janmrTelobis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
san-franciskos mkvidrTa Soris dadginda
stresze reaqciis sami gansxvavebuli faza:
sagangebo viTarebis fazaSi (pirveli sami-
oTxi kvira) socialuri kontaqti, SiSi
da miwisZvris Sesaxeb akviatebuli azrebi
gaizarda; Sekavebis faza (samidan rva
kviramde) xasiaTdeboda miwisZvris Sesaxeb
fiqrisa da laparakis uecari SemcirebiT,
magram, samagierod, xdeboda stresTan
dakavSirebuli iseTi arapirdapiri reaqci-
ebis gazrda, rogoricaa miwisZvrasTan
dakavSirebuli sizmrebi da uneblie azrebi;
adaptaciis fazaSi (ori Tve da meti) ka-
tastrofis fsiqologiurma efeqtma TiTqos
gadaiara adamianTa umravlesobaSi, Tumca,
san-franciskos mcxovrebTa 20%-ze meti
miwisZvridan erTi wlis Semdegac kvlav
distress ganicdida (Pennebaker & Harber,
1993).
gaupatiurebisa da incestis msxverplni, TviT-
mfrinavisa da seriozuli saavtomobilo katas-
trofebis dros gadarCenilebi, omis veteranebi
da sxvebi, romelTac matravmirebeli movlenebi
piradad ganicades, SeiZleba emociurad reagire-
bdnen posttravmuli stresis aSlilobiT (PTSD).
posttravmuli stresis aSliloba stresze reaq-
ciaa, romlis drosac individi itanjeba mat-
ravmirebeli movlenis mudmivi, akviatebuli gan-
cdiT, magaliTad, e.w. `fleSbekebis~, anu warsuli
mogonebebis uecari gacocxlebis, an Ramis koS-
marebis formiT (DSM-IV, 1994). es adamianebi emo-
ciurad indiferentulni xdebian yoveldRiur
movlenaTa da sxva adamianTa mimarT. sabolood,
am reaqciiT gamowveul emociur tkivils SeuZlia
gamoiwvios sxvadasxvagvar simptomTa mateba,
rogoricaa: Zilis problemebi, gadarCenis gamo
danaSaulis gancda, yuradRebis koncentraciis
daqveiTeba da Zalze Zlieri SekrTomis reaqcia.
seqsualuri Zaladobis msxverplni xSirad
avlenen posttravmuli stresis mraval niSans
(Acierno et al., 1999). gaupatiurebidan 2 kviris Semdeg
Catarebul gamokiTxvebSi gaupatiurebis msxver-
plTa 94%-s daesva posttravmuli stresis diag-
nozi; Zaladobidan 12 kviris Semdeg msxverplTa
51%-is mdgomareoba kvlav am diagnozs Seesaba-
meboda (Foa & Riggs, 1995). qvemoT mocemuli nawyveti
kolejis ori studentis saubridan gaupatiu-
rebis Semdgomi Sokis Sesaxeb metad Zlier da
xanier emociebs gvacnobs.
elisi: SokSi karga xnis manZilze viyavi,
SemeZlo laparaki faqtze, rom gaupati-
urebis msxverpli var, magram emociebma
Tavi mxolod erTi Tvis Semdeg iCina.
beTi: pirveli ori kviris manZilze CemTan
iyo xalxi, vinc SerCeuli myavda Cemi ambis
mosayolad da romlebmac Zalze, Zalze didi
mxardaWera aRmomiCines; ori kviris Semdeg
ki maT TiTqos aseTi ram sTqves: `Zalian
kargi, is ukve gamovida mdgomareobidan da
Cven SegviZlia wavideT~, magram mere da
posttravmuli stresis aSliloba (Posttraumatic
stress disorder - PTSD) _ SfoTviTi aSliloba,
romelic xasiaTdeba matravmirebeli movlenis
mudmivad ganmeorebadi gancdiT _ Semawuxebeli
mogonebebis, sizmrebis, halucinaciebis da
disociaciuri `gamonaTebebis~ saxiT; viTardeba
gaupatiurebis, sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi mov-
lenebis, Zlieri dasaxiCrebis, an bunebrivi
katastrofebis pasuxad.
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mere grZnob, rom kidev ufro meti mxardaWera
gWirdeba, radgan drois gasvlasTan erTad
metad acnobiereb Sens emociebs da imasac,
rom saWiroa maTTan gamklaveba.
elisi: aris momenti, roca uaryof, rom
es moxda. Sen TiTqos mTlianad iviwyeb
amas.
beTi: es imdenad ararealuria, ar ginda
daijero, rom es marTla moxda, an, rom es
SeiZleba momxdariyo; Semdeg SiSis da
brazis xangrZlivi periodi modis.
elisi: Zalian meSinoda, rom kvlav
sirbili unda damewyo (elisi sirbilSi
varjiSis dros gaaupatiures). mas Semdeg,
rac gamaupatiures, sruliad Sevwyvite
yovelgvari fizikuri varjiSi. am meoTxedSi
isev daviwye, magram yovelTvis, roca
gavdivar sarbenad, SiSi ar mSordeba. gu-
liscema miormagdeba. cxadia, marto ukve
aRar davrbivar, magram SiSi dRemde mainc
mudmivad Tan mdevs.
beTi: kidev iseTi grZnoba gaqvs, TiTqos
yvela Senma megobarma giRalata. vnaxulob
xolme sizmars, rom Cemi oTaxis gareT
maupatiureben. sizmarSi yvelani iyurebian
TavianTi fanjrebidan. saxeebs Zalian
naTlad vxedav. yvela Cemi megobari
gamofenilia fanjaraSi sayureblad, zo-
gierTi Cemgan sul or nabijzea. yvela
xedavs ra xdeba, magram saqmeSi aravin ereva.
viRviZeb da usazRvro martoobas ganvicdi
(Stanford Daily, 1982).
posttravmuli stresis emociuri reaqciebi
SeiZleba mwvave formiT gamovlindes uSualod
katastrofis Semdeg da ramdenime TveSi Sem-
cirdes. am reaqciebma SeiZleba, aseve, ganagrZon
arseboba da Camoyalibdnen qronikul sindromad,
romelsac rezidualuri (narCeni) stresis
paterni ewodeba (Silver & Wortman, 1980). es SeiZleba
Tveebis da wlebis manZilzec gagrZeldes. kli-
nikosebi dResac xvdebian meore msoflio omisa
da koreis omis veteranebs, romlebsac narCeni,
anu rezidualuri posttravmuli stresis
aSlilobebi aReniSnebaT (Zeiss & Dickman, 1989).
es monacemebi amtkicebs, rom zogierTi saxis
mwvave stresisgan yvela rodi ìkurneba~ (Wortman
& Silver, 1989; Wortman et al., 1993).
qronikuli stresorebi
stresze fiziologiuri reaqciebis ganxil-
visas gavmijneT, erTi mxriv, mwvave, mkveTrad
gamoxatuli dasawyisisa da dasasrulis mqone
da, meore mxriv, qronikuli, anu droSi ganfenili
stresorebi. rac Seexeba fsiqologiur stre-
sorebs, aq mkveTri zRvaris gavleba yovelTvis
ar aris ioli. warmoidgineT, magaliTad, rom
velosipedi mogpares. es namdvilad aris stresis
mwvave wyaro, magram Tu mudmivad daiwyebT
Relvas, rom axal velosipedsac mogparaven, am
movlenasTan dakavSirebuli stresi SeiZleba
qronikuli gaxdes. mkvlevrebma es paterni
daadgines adamianebTan, romlebic seriozuli
daavadebebiT, magaliTad, kiboTi arian avad
(Anderson et al., 1994). kibos diagnoziT da mkurna-
lobiT gamowveuli SfoTvis daZlevasTan dakavSi-
rebul qronikul stress SeuZlia janmrTelobis
ufro swrafad gauareseba, vidre sakuTriv daava-
debas.
mravali adamianisTvis qronikuli stresi
sazogadoebrivi viTarebebiT da garemo pirobe-
biTaa gamowveuli. ra kumulaciuri efeqti aqvs
Tqvenze mosaxleobis siWarbes, kriminals, eko-
nomikur pirobebs, haeris dabinZurebas, Sids-
isa da terorizmis safrTxes? rogor zemoqmedeben
aRniSnuli da garemos sxva stresorebi Tqvens
fsiqologiur kargad yofnaze? adamianTa
zogierTi jgufi Tavisi socialur-ekonomikuri
statusis an rasobrivi identobis gamo ganicdis
qronikul stress, rasac aSkara gavlena aqvs
zogadad kargad yofnaze (Contrada et al., 2000; Stone,
2000; Williams, 1999). afro-amerikelebs, magaliTad,
gul-sisxlZarRvTa daavadebebis gacilebiT ufro
maRali koeficienti aqvT, vidre TeTrkanian
amerikelebs. gamokvlevebi cxadyofs, rom amis
ZiriTadi mizezi ar aris genetikuri gansxva-
vebebi. sisxlis maRali wneva (hipertenzia) afro-
amerikelTa Soris, rogorc Cans, qronikuli stre-
sis Sedegia, romelsac iwvevs maT mimarT ar-
sebuli diskriminaciuli rasobrivi crurwmena
_ dabalstatusiani samuSao, SezRuduli ganaT-
leba, samuSaos uSedego Zebna da dabali so-
rezidualuri (narCeni) stresis paterni (Re-
sidual stress pattern) _ qronokuli sindromi,
romelSic posttravmuli emociuri reaqciebi
grZeldeba xangrZlivi drois manZilze.
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cialur-ekonomikuri statusi (Anderson et al.,1992;
Klag et al., 1991). hipertenziis mizezia frustraciebi,
romelic gamowveulia mniSvnelovani, ZiriTadi
cxovrebiseuli miznebis miRwevis fuWi mcde-
lobiT; is ar ukavSirdeba genetikur faqtors.
analogiurad, qronikuli stresi, romelsac
socialur-ekonomikurad araxelsayrel piro-
bebSi myofi qalebi ganicdian, Seicavs naadrevi
mSobiarobisa da mcirewoniani bavSvis gaCenis
safrTxes (Lobel, 1994; Lobel et al.,1992). amgvarad,
siRaribisa da rasobrivi crurwmenebis pirobebSi
dabadebuli bavSvebi, SesaZloa, cxovrebas gaci-
lebiT meti riskis pirobebSi iwyeben, vidre
maTi privilegirebuli Tanatolebi.
E
saidan
viciT
xangrZlivi ekonomikuri siduxWiris
damangreveli Sedegebi
gamokvlevaTa did nawilSi, romelic
aCvenebs, rom dabali Semosavali dakav-
Sirebulia janmrTelobis cud mdgoma-
reobasTan, Semosavali mxolod erTxel
izomeboda. miRebuli korelaciebi, SesaZ-
loa, ver afiqsireben mravalwliani si-
Raribis kumulaciur efeqts da, aseve,
SeiZleba sapirispiro mizez-Sedegobriv
kavSirs asaxavdnen _ cudi janmrTeloba
iwvevs siRaribes. bolodroindelma gamok-
vlevam, romelSic ekonomikuri siduxWire
1000-ze met respondentTan sami aTeuli
wlis manZilze izomeboda, cxadad aCvena,
rom xangrZlivi ekonomikuri siduxWire
fizikuri, fsiqologiuri da kognituri
funqcionirebis gauaresebas iwvevs (Lynch
et al., 1997).
ekonomikuri siduxWire ganisazRvreba,
rogorc siRaribis federalur donesTan
SedarebiT 200%-ze naklebi ojaxis Semosav-
lis qona. 1994 wlis gamokvlevebiT dadgin-
da, rom ekonomikuri siduxWiris periodebi
mozrdilma adamianebma, ZiriTadad, 1965-
1983 wlebSi ganicades da rom yvelaze
meti problema maT yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
iseT ZiriTad aqtivobebTan hqondaT, ro-
goricaa: saWmlis momzadeba, sayidlebi da
fizikuri sisufTavis SenarCuneba. msgavsi
efeqtebi fsiqologiur da kognitur fun-
qcionirebaSic gamovlinda. ekonomikuri
siduxWiris periodis armqone adamianebTan
SedarebiT siRaribis mdgomareobaSi samjer
namyofi adamianebi samjer ufro xSirad
ganicdidnen klinikuri depresiis simpto-
mebs, xuTjer ufro xSirad fasdebodnen,
rogorc cinikurad mtrulad ganwyobilni
da optimizms moklebulebi da oTxjer
ufro xSirad uCiodnen sirTuleebs kogni-
tur funqcionirebaSi. imis dasamtkiceblad,
rom es Sedegebi gamowveulia ekonomikuri
siduxWiriT da ara _ sawyisi cudi janmrTe-
lobiT, mkvlevrebma warmoadgines monace-
mebi im monawileTa Sesaxeb, romelTa
janmrTelobis mdgomareoba 1965 wlis
sawyisi gazomvebis dros Sefasebuli iyo,
rogorc kargi an Zalian kargi. mkvlevrebma
daaskvnes, rom bolodroindeli ekonomi-
kuri da politikuri strategia zrdis
araTanabar Semosavlebis ricxvs da sul
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ufro met bavSvs aiZulebs, icxovros
xangrZliv siRaribeSi, rac tovebs `fi-
zikur, fsiqologiur da kognitur anabeWds,
riTac yoveldRiuri cxovrebis xarisxi
qveiTdeba~ (gv. 1895).
am gamokvlevis monacemTa gacnobis Semdeg
gakvirvebas aRar unda iwvevdes is, rom qronikul
stress SeuZlia bavSvis inteleqtualur ganviTa-
rebazec iqonios gavlena. ganvixiloT gamok-
vleva, romelSic adgendnen stresis dones 6-
dan 16 wlamde bavSvebis jgufSi da, amasTan,
zomavdnen maT inteleqts IQ testis meSveobiT
(ix. Tavi 10). monacemebis mixedviT, gamovlinda
uaryofiTi korelacia stressa da verbalur
gaazrebas Soris IQ testSi: saSualod, rac ufro
maRalia stresis done am bavSvebis cxovrebaSi,
miT uaresia maTi Sedegebi am parametris mixedviT
(Plante & Sykora, 1994). rogorc xedavT, qronikuli
stresis maRal dones mavne zegavlena aqvs
bavSvebis kognitur aqtivobaze. es monacemebi
imasac gvafiqrebinebs, rom stresis zogierTi
mavne efeqti socialuri gadawyvetilebebiT unda
ganeitraldes.
yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi
dagveTanxmebiT, rom sayvarel adamianTan
urTierTobis gawyvetas, miwisZvras an diskri-
minaciul crurwmenas namdvilad SeuZlia
stresis gamowveva, magram ras ityviT ufro sust
stresorebze, romlebsac yoveldRiurad ganic-
diT? ra SegemTxvaT guSin? albaT, arc ganqor-
windiT da arc avtokatastrofaSi sikvdils
gadaurCiT. ufro savaraudoa, rom dagekargaT
rveulebi, an saxelmZRvanelo. SesaZloa, dagag-
viandaT mniSvnelovan Sexvedraze an dagajarimes
manqanis akrZalul adgilze dayenebisaTvis, an
kidev, xmaurianma mezobelma Zili dagifrTxoT.
es yvelaferi ganmeorebadi yoveldRiuri stre-
sorebia, romlebsac adamianTa umetesoba TiTqmis
mudmivad ganicdis.
dRiurebis gamokvlevam, romelSic saSualo
klasis warmomadgeneli saSualo asakis TeTrka-
niani qalebi da mamakacebi iniSnavdnen dRis
manZilze momxdar usiamovnebebs erTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi (Zireul cxovrebiseul cvlile-
baTa da fizikur simptomTa CanawerebTan erTad),
gamoavlina sruliad aSkara kavSiri usiamov-
nebebsa da janmrTelobis problemebs Soris:
rac ufro xSir da intensiur usiamovnebebs
aRniSnavdnen adamianebi, miT uaresi iyo maTi
fizikuri da fsiqikuri janmrTelobis mdgoma-
reoba (Lazarus,1981; 1984b). yoveldRiuri usiamov-
nebebis klebas kargad yofnis gancdis gaZliereba
mohyveba (Chamberlain & Zika, 1990). mkvlevrebma
aCvenes, rom yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi
uaryofiT moqmedebas cxovrebis sakmaod adreuli
etapebidan iwyeben.
saidan
viciT
sabavSvo baRis aRsazrdelebis mier
gancdili yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi
mkvlevrebma sTxoves sabavSvo baRis 74
aRsazrdels, aReweraT TavianTi yovel-
dRiuri usiamovnebebi. am informaciis
mosapoveblad mkvlevrebi ekiTxebodnen
bavSvebs, moxda Tu ara bolo erTi Tvis
manZilze iseTi ram maT cxovrebaSi, rogo-
ricaa `raRacis dakargva~, an `vinmeze
gabrazeba~. mas Semdeg, rac ganisazRvra,
moxda Tu ara TiToeuli es movlena,
bavSvebs ekiTxebodnen, imoqmeda Tu ara
maTze am movlenam cudad. ase rom, yovel-
dRiuri usiamovnebebis sazomSi aisaxeboda,
Tu ramdenad ganicdida bavSvi TiToeuli
am movlenisagan gamowveul stress. bav-
Svebze yoveldRiuri stresebis zegavlenis
dasadgenad, mkvlevrebma sTxoves bavSvebis
mSoblebs da aRmzrdelebs, daefiqsire-
binaT, Tu ramdenad cudad iqceodnen
bavSvebi. Sedegebma aCvena dadebiTi kore-
lacia yoveldRiur usiamovnebebsa da
qcevis problemebs Soris: saSualod, bav-
Svebi, romelTa cxovreba ufro metad iyo
datvirTuli usiamovnebebiT, qcevaSi ufro
met agresiasa da destruqcias avlendnen
(Creasey et al.,1995).
xSirad bavSvobas umankoebis xanad miviCnevT.
Tumca, es gamokvleva aCvenebs, rom zogierTi
bavSvi ukve ganicdis stresis garkveul dones,
rac uaryofiT SedegebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
stresorebis ganxilvisas fokusirebas, Ziri-
Tadad, yoveldRiur usiamovnebebze vaxdendiT,
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magram isic unda iTqvas, rom mravali adamiani-
saTvis yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi yoveldRiuri
dadebiTi gancdebiT balansirdeba (Lazarus &
Lazarus, 1994). dadebiTi da uaryofiTi gancdebis
fardobiTi balansi SeiZleba gavlenas axdendes
janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze. magaliTad, erT-
erT gamokvlevaSi 96 mamakacs pozitiuri da
negatiuri movlenebis yoveldRiur angariSs
sTxovdnen. am mamakacebs yoveldRiurad imunuri
reaqciis siZlieresac umowmebdnen. Sedegebma
aCvena, rom sasurveli cxovrebiseuli movlenebi
kavSirSi iyo ufro Zlier imunur reaqciasTan,
xolo arasasurveli movlenebi _ ufro sust
reaqciasTan (Stone et al., 1994). amrigad, Tu gvinda
cxovrebis Semdgomi mimdinareobis winaswar-
metyveleba, yoveldRiur usiamovnebebis gaTva-
liswineba araa sakmarisi; saWiroa, vicodeT is
yoveldRiuri siamovnebebic, rasac cxovreba
gvTavazobs.
Cven ukve mimovixileT adamianTa cxovrebaSi
stresis mravali wyaro. fsiqologebi sakmaod
didi xnis winaTac xvdebodnen, rom am sxvadasxva
tipis stresorTa gavlena, didwilad, damoki-
debulia imaze, Tu ramdenad efeqturad SeuZlia
adamians, Tavi gaarTvas maT. axla ganvixiloT,
ramdenad warmatebulad Tu warumateblad
umklavdebian adamianebi stress.
stresis daZleva
Tu cxovrebaSi stresebi gardauvalia da Tu
qronikul stress SeuZlia cxovrebis dangreva
da adamianis ganadgureba, aucilebelia, viswav-
loT stresis marTva. daZleva exeba garegan da
Sinagan moTxovnebTan gamklavebis process,
rodesac es moTxovnebi, individis aRqmis Tanax-
mad, eWvqveS ayeneben, an aRematebian mis resursebs
(Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). daZleva SeiZleba moicav-
des qceviT, emociur an motivaciur reaqciebsa
da azrebs. am qveTavs imis aRweriT daviwyebT,
Tu rogor zemoqmedebs kognituri Sefaseba imaze,
rac ganicdeba, rogorc stresori. Semdeg gan-
vixilavT daZlevis reaqciaTa tipebs; aRvwerT
rogorc daZlevis zogad principebs, ise spe-
cifikur intervenciebs. dabolos, ganvixilavT
zogierT individualur gansxvavebas stresTan
gamklavebis unarSi.
stresis Sefaseba
stresul situaciebTan gamklavebisas pirveli
nabijia imis gansazRvra, Tu ramdenad stresulni
arian isini sinamdvileSi. kognituri Sefaseba
stresoris kognituri interpretacia da raode-
nobrivi Sefasebaa. kognituri Sefaseba centra-
lur rols asrulebs situaciis gansazRvraSi:
ras moiTxovs is Cemgan, ramdenad didia safrTxe,
ra resursebs vflob masTan gasamklaveblad
(Lazarus,1993; Lazarus & Lazarus, 1994). zogierTi iseTi
stresori, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sxeulis da-
zianeba, sakuTari almodebuli saxlis naxva,
TiTqmis yvelas mier ganicdeba, rogorc safrTxe,
Tumca, bevri sxva stresori SesaZlebelia
sxvadasxvagvarad ganisazRvros, imisda mixedviT,
Tu rogoria Tqveni piradi cxovrebiseuli
viTareba, konkretuli moTxovnis mimarTeba Tqvens
ZiriTad miznebTan, moTxovnebTan gamklavebis
SesaZleblobebi da sakuTari SesaZleblobebis
Sefaseba. situacia, romelic mwvave distress iwvevs
erT adamianSi, SeiZleba sruliadECveulebrivi
ram iyos meorisaTvis. SeecadeT, miaqcioT yurad-
Reba da gaiazroT cxovrebiseuli movlenebi,
romlebsac gansxvavebulad xedavT Tqven da
Tqveni megobrebi da ojaxis wevrebi: zogierTi
situacia TqvenSi, magram ara Tqvens megobrebsa
da ojaxis wevrebSi, stress iwvevs. sxva movlenebi
maTSi iwvevs stress, TqvenSi ki ara. ratom?
riCard lazarusi, romlis kognituri Sefa-
sebis zogadi Teoria wavumZRvareT emociebis
ganxilvas, moTxovnaTa kognitur SefasebaSi or
stadias ganasxvavebs. pirveladi Sefaseba aRwers
moTxovnis seriozulobis sawyis Sefasebas. es
Sefaseba iwyeba kiTxvebiT: _ `ra xdeba?~ da ès
CemTvis kargia, stresulia Tu CemTan araviTari
kavSiri aqvs?~ Tu pasuxi meore kiTxvaze aris
`stresulia~, Tqven afasebT stresoris poten-
ciur zemoqmedebas da arkvevT, ziani ukve
arsebobs, Tu is mxolod savaraudoa da saWiroa
Tu ara qcevis ganxorcieleba (ix. cxrili 13.2).
Tu gadawyvetT, rom raRac unda iRonoT, iwyeba
meoradi Sefaseba. afasebT stresul viTarebasTan
gasamklaveblad Tqvens xelT arsebul pirovnul
da socialur resursebs da gansazRvravT saWiro
daZleva (Coping) _ im garegan da Sinagan mo-
TxovnebTan gamklavebis procesi, romelic
aRiqmeba, rogorc safrTxis, an muqaris Semcve-
li, an dauZleveli.
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moqmedebis SesaZleblobebs. Sefaseba grZeldeba
manam, sanam xdeba gamklavebis reaqciebis mo-
sinjva. Tu pirveli reaqciebi araefeqturia da
stresi narCundeba, iwyeba axali reaqciebi da
fasdeba maTi efeqturobac.
kognituri Sefaseba stresis Semamsubuqebeli
cvladis magaliTia. stresis Semamsubuqebeli
cvladebi is cvladebia, romlebic cvlian
stresoris zemoqmedebas konkretuli tipis
stresul reaqciaze. Semamsubuqebeli cvladebi
filtravs, an saxes ucvlis stresorebis Cveul
zemoqmedebas individis reaqciebze. magaliTad,
Tqveni daRlilobis done da zogadi janmrTe-
lobis statusi Semamsubuqebeli cvladebia,
romlebic gavlenas axdenen imaze, Tu rogori
iqneba Tqveni reaqcia mocemul fsiqologiur
an fizikur stresorze. Tu karg fizikur formaSi
xarT, maSin ukeT gaumklavdebiT stresors, vidre
maSin, roca ar xarT karg formaSi. SegiZliaT
naxoT, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba kognituri Se-
faseba Semamsubuqebeli cvladis gansazRvrebasac.
is, Tu rogor SeafasebT stresors, momavalSi
gansazRvravs imas, Tu ra tipis daZlevis reaqci-
ebis gamoyeneba dagWirdebaT. axla ganvixiloT
daZlevis reaqciebis zogadi tipebi.
daZlevis reaqciaTa tipebi
warmoidgineT, rom mniSvnelovani gamocdis
dro axlovdeba. Tqven ifiqreT amis Sesaxeb,
SeafaseT situacia da sruliad darwmunebuli
xarT, rom es stresuli situaciaa. risi gakeTeba
SegiZliaT? mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom
daZleva SeiZleba win uswrebdes potenciurad
stresul movlenas anticipatoruli daZlevis
formiT (Folkman, 1984). rogor unda gaumklavdeT
mosalodneli gamocdiT gamowveul stress?
rogor unda uTxraT mSoblebs, rom skolidan
gagricxes, an Seyvarebuls, rom igi aRar giyvarT?
stresuli situaciis anticipacia (anu winaswar
warmosaxva) uamrav azrsa da grZnobas aRZravs,
romelic Tavad SeiZleba iyos stresis gamomwvevi.
ase xdeba intervius, sityviT gamosvlis, an ucnob
adamianTan Sexvedrisas. saWiroa icodeT, rogor
gaarTvaT Tavi stresul situacias.
ganasxvaveben daZlevis or ZiriTad gzas imisda
mixedviT, Tu ra aris mizani: problemasTan
uSaulo dapirispireba _ problemaze mimarTuli
daZleva Tu stresiT gamowveuli diskomfortis
Semcireba _ emociaze fokusirebuli daZleva
(Billings & Moos,1982; Lazarusrus & Folkman,1984). am ori
ZiriTadi midgomis ramdenime qvekategoria
mocemulia cxrilSi 13.3.
daviwyoT problemaze mimarTuli daZleviT.
`wavavloT xars rqebSi xeli,~ _ Cveulebriv,
ase aRiwereba problemuri situaciisTvis mzad-
yofnis strategia. es midgoma moicavs yvela
strategias, romelic gamiznulia stresorebTan
Ria qceviT uSualod dasapirispireblad; aseve,
problemis racionalurad gadaWris aqtivobebs.
xuligans an gaumklavdebiT, an gaeqceviT; ecdebiT
mis mosyidvas qrTamiT, an sxva ramiT; Tqven
koncentrirdebiT gadasawyvet problemaze, an
stresis gamomwvev faqtorze; Tqven acnobierebT,
mtkice gadawyvetilebis gamotanis/
kognituri Sefasebis safexurebi
cxrili
13.2
safexuri sakvanZo kiTxvebi
gamowvevis Sefaseba
alternativebis
mimoxilva
alternativebis awon-
dawona
fiqri valdebulebis
aRebaze
arCeul poziciaze
myarad dgoma
uaryofiTi ukukav-
Siris miuxedavad
riski seriozulia,
Tuki ar Sevicvlebi?
es alternativa misa-
Rebi saSualebaa
gamowvevasTan
dasapirispireblad?
sakmarisad ganvixile
Cems xelT arsebuli
alternativebi?
romeli alternativaa
saukeTeso?
akmayofilebs saukeTeso
alternativa arsebiT
moTxovnebs?
ganvaxorcielo
saukeTeso alternativa
da sxvebsac gavumxilo?
riski seriozulia,
Tuki ar Sevicvlebi?
riski seriozulia,
Tuki Sevicvlebi?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
stresis Semamsubuqebeli cvladebi (Stress mod-
erator variables) _ cvladebi, romlebic cvlian
mimarTebas stresorsa da mocemuli tipis stre-
sul reaqcias Soris.
anticipatoruli daZleva (Anticipatory coping) _
potenciurad saSiS movlenamde ganxorciele-
buli mcdelobebi, gadailaxos, Semcirdes, an
asatani gaxdes Seusabamoba aRqmul moTxovnebsa
da xelT arsebul resursebs Soris.
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rom saWiroa moqmedeba, afasebT situacias da
sakuTar resursebs da axorcielebT reaqcias,
romelic adekvaturia muqaris gasaneitraleblad
an Sesamcireblad. problemis gadaWris amgvari
mcdelobebi sasargebloa kontrolirebadi
stresorebis, anu stresorebis samarTavad, rom-
elTa Secvla, an Semcireba SesaZlebelia aseTi
moqmedebiT. aseTi stresorebis magaliTebia
avtoritaruli ufrosi, an aradamakmayofilebeli
niSnebi.
emociaze fokusirebuli midgoma ukeTesia
arakontrolirebadi stresorebis zegavlenis
samarTavad. davuSvaT, pasuxismgebeli xarT
alcheimeriT daavadebuli mSoblis movlaze.
msgavs situaciaSi ar arsebobs `xuligani~, rom-
lis garemodan mocilebasac SeZlebdiT; Tqven
ver geqnebaT garegani stresuli situaciis Sec-
vlis gzebis povnis SesaZlebloba. amis nacvlad
SeecdebiT, SecvaloT Tqveni grZnobebi da azrebi
mis Sesaxeb imiT, rom alcheimeriT daavadebu-
lebze mzrunvelTa mxardaWeris jgufebSi gaer-
TiandebiT, an relaqsaciis teqnikas daeuflebiT.
es midgoma isev daZlevis strategias ganekuT-
vneba, radgan acnobierebT, rom Tqvens kargad
yofnas safrTxe emuqreba da am safrTxis Sem-
cirebas cdilobT.
daZleva aris viTareba, romelSic, rac ufro
met gansxvavebul strategias flobT, miT uke-
Tesia (Taylor & Clark, 1986). daZleva rom warmatebuli
iyos, Tqveni resursebi aRqmul moTxovnas unda
Seesabamebodes. amrigad, daZlevis mravalfe-
rovani strategiebis floba adapturia, radgan,
savaraudod, ufro advilad moaxerxebT am
Sesabamisobis miRwevas da stresul movlenasTan
gamklavebas. metic, imis codna, rom daZlevis
sxvadasxvagvar strategiebs flobT, dagexma-
rebaT, gazardoT TqvenSi realuri unari, daak-
mayofiloT garemodan wamosuli moTxovnebi
(Bandura,1986). TviTdarwmunebas mravali streso-
ris Zlieri zegavlenisagan SeuZlia Tqveni dacva,
radgan rwmena imisa, rom mzadyofnaSi gaqvT
daZlevis resursebi, aRkveTs stresul, qaotur
reaqcias: _ `ra gavakeTo?!~
aqamde Cven stresorebis daZlevisadmi zogad
midgomebs ganvixilavdiT, axla ki warmatebuli
daZlevis specifikur kognitur da socialur
midgomebs gavecnobiT.
kognituri strategiebis modificireba
stresTan adaptaciis Zlieri saSualeba stre-
sorebis Tqveneuli Sefasebebisa da maTi daZ-
levis Sesaxeb TavdacviTi kogniciebis Secvlaa.
Tqven sxvagvarad unda gaiazroT mocemuli
situacia, Tqveni roli masSi da is kauzaluri
atribuciebi, romlebsac arasasurveli Sedegis
asaxsnelad akeTebT. stresis fsiqikuri daZlevis
ori gza arsebobs: sakuTriv stresorTa bunebis
gadafaseba da stresze sakuTar reaqciaTa Sesaxeb
codnis restruqturireba.
Cven ukve visaubreT imis Sesaxeb, rom adamia-
nebi maT cxovrebaSi stresis gancdas, nawi-
daZlevis strategiebis taqsonomia
cxrili
13.3
daZlevis strategiis tipi magaliTi
problemaze mimarTuli daZleva
stresoris Secvla, an misdami sakuTari
damokidebulebis Secvla uSualo
moqmedebebiT an/da problemis gadaWris
aqtivobebiT
emociaze mimarTuli daZleva
me-s cvlileba imgvari moqmedebebiT,
romlebic ukeT agrZnobinebs adamians Tavs
stresoris cvlilebis gareSe.
brZola (safrTxis ganadgureba, moSoreba, an
Sesusteba)gaqceva (safrTxisgan distancireba)brZolisa Tu
gaqcevis variantebis SerCvea (molaparakeba, garigeba,
kompromisi)momavali stresis prevencia (sakuTari
winaaRmdegobis gawevis unaris gazrda, an anticipirebuli
stresoris Zalis Semcireba).
somatikaze mimarTuli aqtivobebi (SfoTvis sawinaaRmdego
medikamentebis, relaqsaciis, bio-ukukavSiris
gamoyeneba)kognitur sferoze mimarTuli aqtivobebi
(dagegmili garTobebi, fantaziebi, fiqrebi sakuTar
Tavze)Terapia damatebiTi SiSis gamomwvevi cnobieri, an
aracnobieri procesebis dasaregulireblad.
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lobriv, cxovrebiseuli movlenebis Sefasebis
Sesabamisad akontroleben (Lazarus & Lazarus, 1994).
garkveuli stresorebis Sesaxeb gansxvavebulad
fiqris swavla, maTTvis saxelis Secvla, an
maTi warmosaxva naklebad saSiS (an, Tundac,
sasacilo) konteqstSi warmoadgens kognituri
gadafasebis formas, rasac stresis Semcireba
SeuZlia. RelavT imis gamo, rom sityviT unda
gamoxvideT didi, mkacri auditoriis winaSe?
stresoris gadafasebis erT-erTi teqnika aseTia:
_ warmoidgineT, rom Tqveni potenciuri kritiko-
sebi darbazSi SiSvlebi sxedan, rac namdvilad
Seamcirebs maT SiSismomgvrel Zalas. SfoTavT
imis gamo, rom morcxvobas ver daZlevT wveu-
lebaze, romelsac aucileblad unda daeswroT?
xom ar mogeZebnaT vinme Tqvenze metad morcxvi
da saubris dawyebiT simorcxvis daZlevaSi
daxmarebodiT?
Tqven, aseve, SegiZliaT stresis marTva imiT,
rom SecvaloT is, rasac sakuTar Tavs eubnebiT
mis Sesaxeb da SecvaloT masTan mopyrobis xerxi.
kognitur-bihevioristma fsiqoTerapevtma donald
maiCenbaumma (Donald Meichenbaum, 1977,1985,1993)
SemogvTavaza samfaziani procesi, romelic amgvar
stresis inokulacias (acras) iTvaliswinebs. I
fazaSi adamianebi sakuTari realuri qcevis ukeT
gacnobierebas cdiloben: ra iwvevs mas da ra
Sedegebi moaqvs. amis gakeTebis saukeTeso xerxi
yoveldRiuri Canawerebis warmoebaa. es Canawerebi
adamianebs sakuTari problemebis mizezebisa da
Sedegebis terminebiT axlebur gaazrebaSi ex-
mareba da aZliereben maTi kontrolis gancdas.
SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, magaliTad, rom Tqveni
niSnebi cudia (stresori), radgan yovelTvis
cota dros itovebT davalebis kargad Sesas-
ruleblad; II fazaSi adamianebi axali qcevebis
identificirebas iwyeben, romlebic aRkveTen
araadaptaciur, TviTdestruqciul qcevebs. albaT,
fiqsirebuli `samecadino dro~ unda gamoyoT,
an Ramis satelefono zarebi 10 wuTamde daiyvanoT;
III fazaSi, adapturi qcevebis ganxorcielebis
Semdeg, individebi afaseben TavianTi axali
qcevis Sedegebs, aqamde ganxorcielebuli da-
makninebeli Sinagani dialogis gareSe. nacvlad
imisa, rom uTxran sakuTar Tavs: `gamimarTla,
rom profesorma swored maSin gamiZaxa, roca
teqsti wakiTxuli mqonda~, isini amboben: `mixa-
ria, rom momzadebuli viyavi profesoris Seki-
TxvisaTvis. araCveulebrivia, rodesac mas Wkvia-
nurad SegiZlia upasuxo~.
es samfaziani midgoma reaqciebisa da sakuTari
Tavis Sesaxeb gamonaTqvamebis inicirebas gulis-
xmobs, romlebic SeuTavsebelia aqamde ganxor-
cielebul damakninebel azrebTan. am gzis arCevis
Semdeg adamianebi acnobiereben, rom icvlebian
da mxolod sakuTar Tavs unda umadlodnen am
cvlilebas, romelic momavali warmatebebis sa-
windaria.
13.4 cxrilSi mocemulia sakuTari Tavis Se-
saxeb axali tipis gamonaTqvamebis magaliTebi,
romlebic stresul situaciebTan gamklavebaSi
gvexmareba. stresis inokulaciis treningi war-
matebiT gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva sferoSi.
saidan
viciT
stresis inokulaciis treningi
tkivilis samarTavad
am gamokvlevaSi monawileoba 60 spor-
tsmenma mamakacma miiRo, romelTac spor-
tuli travmis gamo muxlis qirurgiuli
operacia CautardaT. sportsmenTa naxevari
samkurnalo jgufSi moxvda, sadac reabi-
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litaciis Cveulebriv programas stresis
inokulaciis treningi daemata. treningi
fokusirebuli iyo gamojanmrTelebis peri-
odis SfoTvisa da tkivilis saxeobebze
da xels uwyobda mamakacebs zemoT aR-
werili kognituri restruqturizaciis
teqnikebis gamoyenebaSi. danarCenma ocda-
aTma mamakacma mxolod reabilitaciis
standartuli kursi gaiara. samocive mona-
wiles sTxoves, moewodebinaT tkivilis
gancdis subieqturi Sefasebebi mkurna-
lobis dawyebamde da Semdeg aTive fizio-
Terapiuli sesiis win. miuxedavad imisa,
rom samkurnalo da sakontrolo jgufebi
didad ar gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan
mkurnalobis dawyebamde an pirveli
testuri sesiis dros, danarCeni cxra Tera-
piuli sesiis ganmavlobaSi inokulaciis
jgufis cdis pirebi gacilebiT nakleb
tkivils aRniSnavdnen, vidre sakontrolo
jgufis cdis pirebi (Ross & Berger,1996).
me-4 Tavidan, albaT, gaxsovT, rogor aris
tkivilis gancda ganpirobebuli rogorc fizio-
logiuri, ise fsiqologiuri faqtorebiT. gankur-
nebis procesSi myof sportsmenebze Catarebuli
qvemoT mocemuli eqsperimenti gviCvenebs, Tu
rogor SeiZleba daZlevis teqnikebis gamoyeneba
tkivilis fsiqologiuri komponentebis zogi-
erTi aspeqtis gasakontroleblad.
warmatebuli daZlevis kidev erTi ZiriTadi
komponentia Tqven mier stresorze gacnobie-
rebuli kontrolis daweseba, rwmena imisa, rom
SegiZliaT cvlilebis Setana romelime mov-
lenis, an gancdis msvlelobaSi (Vaughan, 1993).
Tu gjeraT, rom SegiZliaT daavadebis mimdi-
nareobaze, an daavadebis yoveldRiur simptomebze
zemoqmedeba, albaT, kargad axerxebT am daava-
debasTan gamklavebas (Affleck et al., 1987), magram Tu
fiqrobT, rom stresis wyaro meore pirovnebaa,
romlis qcevaze gavlenas ver axdenT, an situa-
ciaa, romelsac ver SecvliT, izrdeba imis
albaToba, rom am qronikul viTarebas fsiqo-
logiurad ver gaumklavdebiT (Bulman & Wortman,
1977). individebi, romelTac SeuZliaT stresis
cnobieri kontroli iseTi fataluri daavadebis
SemTxvevaSic ki, rogoric Sidsia, amiT TavianT
fsiqikur da fizikur janmrTelobas argeben
(Thompson et al., 1994).
sanam samomavloT gamoyenebad kontrolis am
strategiebs daimaxsovrebT, stresis daZlevis
bolo aspeqti _ socialuri ganzomileba gan-
vixiloT.
socialuri mxardaWera, rogorc stresis
daZlevis resursi
socialuri mxardaWera sxvebisTvis gaweuli
daxmarebaa, romelic amcnobs adamians, rom igi
uyvarT, masze zrunaven, afaseben da rom igi
sxva adamianebTan urTierTobisa da urTierT-
valdebulebebis qselSia CarTuli (Cohen & Syme,
1985).socioemociuri mxardaWeris am formebis
garda garSemomyof adamianebs SeuZliaT
materialuri (fuli, transporti, bina) da
informaciuli mxardaWeris (rCeva, pirovnuli
sakuTari Tavisadmi mimarTvis
magaliTebi, romlebic xels uwyoben
stresis daZlevas
cxrili
13.4
momzadeba
me SemiZlia SevimuSavo misi daZlevis gegma.
ubralod mosafiqrebelia, ra SemiZlia gavakeTo
amisaTvis. es nerviulobaze ukeTesi gamosavalia.
ar aris saWiro uaryofiTi mimarTva sakuTari
Tavisadmi, iazrovne racionalurad.
konfrontacia
erTbaSad erTi nabiji; me SemiZlia am situaciis
marTva.
es SfoTva aris is, rasac eqimi
miwinaswarmetyvelebda.
es aris Sexseneba Cemi daZlevis meqanizmebis
gasavarjiSeblad.
dawynardi; Tavs vakontroleb, nela, Rrmad isunTqe.
daZleva
rodesac SiSi geufleba, Seisvene.
yuradReba awmyoze SeaCere, ra maqvs gasakeTebeli?
nu ecdebi SiSis mTlianad gaqrobas, SeinarCune
marTvad doneze.
amaze uaresic SeiZleboda momxdariyo.
ubralod, sxva rameze ifiqre.
TviTganmtkiceba
gamomivida, me SevZeli amis gakeTeba.
iseTi cudic ar yofila, rogorsac movelodi.
marTla kmayofili var Cemi miRwevebiT.
gacnobierebuli kontroli (Perceived control) _
pirovnebis rwmena, rom SeuZlia movlenis, an
gancdis msvlelobis, an Sedegebis Secvla;
xSirad sasargebloa stresorebTan gamkla-
vebisas.
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ukukavSiri, informacia) uzrunvelyofa. nebis-
mieri adamiani, visTanac gaqvT mniSvnelovani
socialuri urTierToba _ iqneba es ojaxis
wevri, megobari, TanamSromeli Tu mezobeli _
SesaZloa, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Tqveni so-
cialuri mxardaWeris qselis nawili iyos.
mravali gamokvleva miuTiTebs stresisadmi
mowyvladobis SemcirebaSi socialuri mxar-
daWeris Zalaze (Cohen & McKay, 1983). rodesac
adamianebs hyavT xalxi, visac SeuZliaT mimarTon,
isini ukeT axerxeben rogorc sakuTar yovel-
dRiur problemebTan, ise samsaxurebriv stres-
ebTan, umuSevrobasTan, ojaxis rRvevasTan,
seriozul daavadebebTan da sxva katastrofebTan
gamklavebas (Gottlieb, 1981; Pilisuk & Parks, 1986). so-
cialuri mxardaWeris pozitiuri efeqtebi
scildeba stresuli movlenebis daregulirebas;
maT SeuZliaT diagnostirebuli daavadebisagan
gankurnebis gaumjobeseba da daavadebiT gamow-
veuli sikvdilis riskis Semcireba (House et al.,1988
Kulik & Mahler, 1989). erT-erT gamokvlevaSi Tir-
kmlis mZime daavadebis mqone avadmyofTa sikvdi-
lianobis koeficienti Seiswavleboda (Christensen
et al., 1994). miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT, ojaxis
mxardaWeris sazomze miRebuli qulis erTi
erTeuliT mateba sikvdilis albaTobis 13%-ian
klebas ukavSirdeba.Q
mkvlevrebi cdiloben imis dadgenas, Tu ra
tipis mxardaWeraa yvelaze sasargeblo sxvadasxva
specifikuri movlenis dros (Helgeson & Cohen,1996;
Kuijer et al., 2000).
saidan
viciT
mxardaWeris wyaroebisa da tipebis
urTierTSedareba
Seli teilori kolegebTan erTad Seis-
wavlida sxvadasxva tipis socialuri mxa-
rdaWeris efeqturobas kiboTi daava-
debulebTan (Dakof & Taylor, 1990; Taylor, 1986).
avadmyofebi gansxvavebulad afasebdnen
sxvadasxva saxis mxardaWeris sargebli-
anobas. isini sasargeblod Tvlidnen mxo-
lod meuRleebis, da ara eqimebis, an mom-
vlelebis `gverdiT yofnas~. meore mxriv,
avadmyofebisTvis mniSvnelovani iyo infor-
maciis an rCevis miReba kiboTi daavadebuli
sxva pacientebisagan, an eqimebisagan da
ara -_ ojaxisgan da megobrebisagan.
ganurCevlad imisa, Tu visgan _ iqnebodnen
es eqimebi, megobrebi Tu ojaxis wevrebi _
modioda Tavsmoxveuli naZaladevi xalisi
da daavadebis simZimis daknineba, avadmyo-
febi Tvlidnen, rom maT es arafers argebda.
13.10 suraTze mocemulia socialuri mxar-
daWeris tipebis Sedareba efeqturobis mixedviT
kibos da iseTi arakatastrofuli daavadebebis
mqone pacientebTan, rogoricaa: qronikuli Tavis
tkivili an gaRizianebuli kuW-nawlavis sin-
dromi (Martini et al., 1994). monacemebi kidev erTxel
mowmobs, rom socialuri mxardaWeris optimaluri
tipi stresis sxvadasxva wyarosTvis gansxva-
vebulia. SegiZliaT moifiqroT mizezebi, Tu
ratom unda iyos emociuri mxardaWera ufro
sasargeblo kiboTi daavadebulTaTvis, vidre
arc ise mZime daavadebebis mqone avadmyofe-
bisaTvis?
mkvlevrebi, agreTve, cdiloben gansazRvron,
Tu rodis iwveven mxardaWeris wyaroebi realurad
SfoTvis gazrdas. magaliTad, Tu vinme daJinebiT
gTavazobT eqimTan daniSnul Sexvedraze an
kolejSi gasaubrebaze wamoyolas maSin, roca
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
emociuri informaciuli materialuri
mxardaWeris tipi
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arakatastrofuli qronikulad daavadebuli pacientebi
kiboTi daavadebuli pacienebi
suraTi
13.10
socialuri mxardaWeris Rirebuleba
aRqmuli socialuri mxardaWera, rogorc diagnozis
funqcia
(Martin, et. al., 1994, kiboTi daavadebuli pacientebis
monacemebi aRebulia Dakof&Taylor, 1990).
socialuri mxardaWera (Social support) _ sxva
adamianebis mier pirovnebisTvis stresTan gam-
klavebis mizniT gaweuli materialuri, socio-
emociuri da informaciuli mxardaWera.
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537
Tqven marto wasvla girCevniaT, amis gamo SeiZ-
leba damatebiTi SfoTva ganicadoT (Coyne et al.,
1988); aseve, mZime daavadebis mqone avadmyofebma,
SesaZloa, ver gaamarTlon maT socialur wreSi
Semavali adamianebis molodinebi.
saidan
viciT
molodinebi da qronikul
daavadebasTan adaptacia
mkvlevrebi amowmebdnen, Tu ra gavlenas
axdens avadmyofebis mier garSemomyof
adamianTa molodinebis aRqma daavadebasTan
maT adaptaciaze. avadmyofebs Tirkmlebis
daavadebis bolo stadia hqondaT, yvelas
sWirdeboda dializi. mkvlevrebi sTxovdnen
maT, rom skalaze (`srulebiT ar veTan-
xmebi~-dan `srulebiT veTanxmebi~-mde)
SeefasebinaT iseTi debulebebi, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, `xandaxan vgrZnob, rom Cemi
ojaxi da megobrebi moelian Cemgan, rom
gacilebiT ukeT moverevi Cems daavadebas,
vidre es realurad SemiZlia~ da `zogjer
vfiqrob, rom Cemi ojaxi da megobrebi
moelian Cemgan sakuTar mkurnalobaze meti
pasuxismgeblobis aRebas, vidre es rea-
lurad SemiZlia~. mkvlevrebi, aseve, zo-
mavdnen, Tu ramdenad kargad axerxebdnen
pacientebi avadmyofobis daZlevas. Sede-
gebma aCvena Zlieri dadebiTi korelacia
molodinebsa da distresis xarisxs Soris.
magaliTad, pacientebTan, romlebic sa-
kuTari ojaxisa da megobrebis molodinebs
aRiqvamdnen, rogorc gadaWarbebuls, ufro
mosalodneli iyo Civili depresiisa da
cxovrebis dabali xarisxis Sesaxeb (Hatchett
et al.,1997).
rogorc Cans, pacientebis megobrebi da ojaxis
wevrebi yvelafers akeTebdnen maTTvis mxar-
daWeris uzrunvelsayofad, Tumca, maTi molo-
dinebi pacientebisadmi zrdida am ukanasknelTa
distress.
efeqturi socialuri mxardaWeris qselis
nawilad yofna niSnavs Tqvens rwmenas, rom
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi sxvebi Tqvens gverdiT
aRmoCndebian maSinac ki, Tu stresis gancdisas
faqtobrivad arc ki mimarTavT maT daxmare-
bisaTvis. erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani Setyo-
bineba `fsiqologia da cxovrebidan~ isaa, rom
yovelTvis unda imuSaoT, rogorc socialuri
mxardaWeris qselis Semadgenelma rgolma da
arasodes misceT Tavs ufleba, iyoT socialurad
izolirebuli.
stresze msjelobisas Cven araerTxel aRvniS-
neT stresis gavlena fizikur da fsiqologiur
keTildReobaze. axla uSualod ganvixilavT,
Tu rogor iyeneben fsiqologebi avadmyofobisa
da janmrTelobis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb gamokvle-
vebiT miRebul codnas.
Sejameba
stress iwvevs stresorebi _ stimulebi, rom-
lebic organizmisagan garkveul reaqcias mo-
iTxoven. stresi iwvevs fiziologiur pasuxebs,
romlebic amzadeben organizms moqmedebisaTvis.
rodesac amgvari pasuxebi zedmetia, safrTxe
eqmneba imunur sistemas, ramac SesaZloa gamoiw-
vios fsiqosomaturi daavadebebi. sxvadasxva saxis
stresors, rogoricaa: cxovrebiseuli cvli-
lebebi, yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi, matravmi-
rebeli movlenebi, sxvadasxva saxis fsiqolo-
giuri efeqti aqvs.
stresis daZleva xSirad maSin iwyeba, rodesac
adamianebi moTxovnis gansazRvris mizniT
afaseben situacias. safrTxis mimarT adamianebi
iyeneben stresis daZlevis problemaze orien-
tirebul, an emociaze orientirebul gzebs. maT,
aseve, SeuZliaT, stresTan gamklaveba stresoris
xelaxali SefasebiT, an stresze reaqciebis
Sesaxeb codnis restruqturizaciiT. stresis
inokulaciis (acris) treningi kogniciaTa res-
truqturizaciis erT-erTi programaa. adamianebi
ukeTesad axerxeben stresis daZlevas, rodesac
grZnoben, rom akontroleben situacias. socia-
luri mxardaWera saukeTesoa maSin, rodesac is
individis moTxovnebs Tanxvdeba. socialuri
interaqcia, SesaZloa, uaryofiTi iyos, rodesac
adamianebi grZnoben, rom maT ar SeuZliaT
arsebuli molodinebis gamarTleba.
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ra wvlili SeaqvT fsiqikur procesebs cudad
da kargad yofnis gancdaSi? Cven ukve war-
mogidgineT sakmarisi sabuTi imisa, rom pasuxi
am kiTxvaze aris: _ `sakmaod didi~. janmrTelo-
bisaTvis fsiqologiuri da socialuri faqto-
rebis mniSvnelobis aRiarebam xeli Seuwyo axali
sferos _ janmrTelobis fsiqologiis _ gan-
viTarebas. janmrTelobis fsiqologia fsiqo-
logiis dargia, romelic mowodebulia imis
dasadgenad, Tu rogor inarCuneben adamianebi
janmrTelobas; ratom xdebian isini avad da
rogor reagireben avadmyofobaze (Taylor, 1986,1990).
janmrTeloba gulismobs sxeulisa da gonebis
zogad mdgomareobas, romelic aRiwereba
siZlierisa da energiulobis terminebiT. es ar
aris ubralod daavadebis an dazianebis arar-
seboba, aramed am SemTxvevaSi saqme imas ufro
exeba, Tu ramdenad kargad funqcionireben
sxeulis Semadgeneli nawilebi erTad. janmrTe-
lobis fsiqologiis Sesaxeb msjelobas davi-
wyebT imis aRweriT, Tu rogor scildeba avad-
myofobis tradiciul dasavlur models is
filosofiuri mimdinareoba, romelic safuZvlad
udevs mocemul sferos. Semdeg ganvixilavT
janmrTelobis fsiqologiis wvlils daavadebisa
da disfunqciis prevenciasa da mkurnalobaSi.
janmrTelobis
biofsiqosocialuri modeli
janmrTelobis fsiqologia janmrTelobis
biofsiqosocialuri modeliT xelmZRvanelobs.
am midgomis safuZvlebs mraval aradasavlur
kulturaSi vxvdebiT. sanam biofsiqosocialuri
modelis gansazRvrebas CamovayalibebdeT,
ganvixiloT zogierTi aradasavluri tradicia.
janmrTelobis dacvis tradiciuli
praqtika
fsiqologiuri principebi avadmyofobis
mkurnalobasa da janmrTelobis SenarCunebaSi
yvela droSi gamoiyeneboda. bevr kulturaSi
esmiT sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobisa da
relaqsaciis ritualebis mniSvneloba cxovrebis
xarisxis gaumjobesebisaTvis. winamdebare Tavi
venesuelis varaos kulturisTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli gankurnebis ritualis magaliTiT daviwyeT.
rogorc aRvwereT, mkurnali mowveuli iyo avad-
myofi biWis sxeulSi Casaxlebuli sulebis
gansadevnad. mkurnalma Seasrula tradiciuli
gankurnebis ceremonia. mSoblebma biWis gamoj-
anmrTeleba mkurnalis moqmedebebs miaweres
(Briggs,1996).
msgavsi rwmenis arsebobas SeiZleba sxva
kulturebSic SexvdeT. magaliTad, navajoSi
daavadebas, avadmyofobasa da kargad yofnas
socialur harmonias da gonebasa da sxeuls
Soris urTierTqmedebebs miawerdnen. huazos cneba
navajoSi niSnavs harmonias, sulier simSvides,
saTnoebas, idealur ojaxur urTierTobebs, mSve-
nierebas xelovnebasa da xelobaSi, sxeulisa
da sulis sijansaRes. avadmyofoba ganixileba,
rogorc borotebiT gamowveuli nebismieri
disharmoniis Sedegi, romelic isadgurebs
adamianSi tabus darRvevis, jadoqrobis, zedmeti
damyolobis, boroti ocnebebis gamo. tradici-
uli gankurnebis ceremonia gulisxmobs avad-
myofobis gandevnasa da janmrTelobis aRdgenas
ara marto Samanis mkurnalobiT, aramed ojaxis
yvela wevris erToblivi ZalisxmeviT, romlebic
avadmyofTan erTad cdiloben huazos mdgomare-
obis dabrunebas. tomis nebismieri wevri avad-
myofobas miiCnevs ara avadmyofis pirad pasuxis-
mgeblobad (da danaSaulad), aramed ganixilavs,
rogorc ufro zogadi disharmoniis niSans,
romelic unda aRikveTos Temuri gankurnebis
ritualebiT. es kulturuli orientacia garan-
tias iZleva, rom Zlieri socialuri mxardaWeris
qseli avtomaturad daexmareba pacients.
janmrTelobis fsiqologia (Health psychology)
_ fsiqologiis dargi, romelic mowodebulia
imis dasadgenad, Tu rogor inarCuneben ada-
mianebi janmrTelobas, ratom xdebian isini
avad da rogor reagireben avadmyofobaze.
janmrTeloba (Health) _ sxeulisa da gonebis
zogadi mdgomareoba, romelic aRiwereba sim-
tkicisa da energiulobis terminebiT. es ar
aris ubralod daavadebis, an dazianebis ar-
arseboba.
huazo (Hozho) _ navajos (Navajo) kulturaSi
arsebuli cneba, romelic niSnavs harmonias,
sulier simSvides, saTnoebas, idealur ojaxur
urTierTobebs, mSvenierebas xelovnebasa da
xelobaSi da sxeulisa da sulis sijansaRes.
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biofsiqosocialuri modelisken
Cven axlaxan vnaxeT, rom aradasavlur kul-
turebSi gankurnebis praqtika xSirad sxeulsa
da gonebas Soris kavSiris arsebobas gulisxmobs.
amis sapirispirod, Tanamedrove mecnieruli
azrovneba, ZiriTadad, biosamedicino models
eyrdnoba, romelic sxeulisa da gonebis dua-
listuri koncefciiT xelmZRvanelobs. am mode-
lis Tanaxmad, medicina fizikur sxeuls suli-
sagan damoukideblad mkurnalobs. goneba mniS-
vnelovania mxolod emociebisa da rwmenebisaTvis
da cota ram Tu SeuZlia gaakeTos sxeulis
realobisaTvis; Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi
mecnierebma daiwyes urTierTqmedebaTa tipebis
aRnusxva, romelTa SemTxvevaSic ar muSaobs xisti
biosamedicino modeli. Tqven ukve naxeT
zogierTi maTgani: karg da cud cxovrebiseul
movlenebs SeuZliaT gavlena moaxdinon imunuri
sistemis funqcionirebaze; adamianebi met-
naklebad moqnilebi arian stresis uaryofiT
SedegebTan mimarTebaSi; adekvaturma socialurma
mxardaWeram SeiZleba Seamciros sikvdilis
albaToba. amgvari gaazrebis Sedegad Camoyalibda
biofsiqosocialuri modelis sami komponenti:
`bio~ miuTiTebs biologiuri avadmyofobis rea-
lur arsebobaze, `fsiqo~ da `socialuri~ ki _
janmrTelobis fsiqologiur da socialur
komponentebze.
biofsiqosocialuri modeli fizikur jan-
mrTelobas gonebis mdgomareobasa da garemom-
cvel samyarosTan akavSirebs. janmrTelobis
fsiqologi janmrTelobas ganixilavs, rogorc
dinamikur mravalganzomilebian movlenas.
optimaluri janmrTeloba, anu kargad yofna
(wellness) moicavs Tqveni cxovrebis fizikur,
inteleqtualur, emociur, sulier, socialur
da garemos aspeqtebs. rodesac daavadebis
prevenciis, an adreul etapze misi gamovlenis
mizniT garkveul qmedebebs axorcielebT, Tqven
janmrTelobis sakeTildReod iqceviT. janmrTe-
lobis fsiqologiis zogad mizans warmoadgens
fsiqologiuri codnis gamoyeneba kargad yofnasa
da janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli pozitiuri
qcevis xelSewyobisaTvis. ganvixiloT aRniSnul
mizanTan dakavSirebuli Teoriebi da kvlevebi.
janmrTelobis profilaqtika
cneba janmrTelobis profilaqtika niSnavs
zogadi strategiebisa da konkretuli taqtikis
ganviTarebas, romelic miznad isaxavs adamianTa
avad gaxdomis riskis gamoricxvas, an Semcirebas.
XXI saukuneSi avadmyofobis prevencia XX
saukunis dasawyisisgan gansxvavebul amocanebs
ayenebs (Matarazzo, 1984). 1900-ian wlebSi sikvdilis
upirveles mizezs infeqciuri daavadebebi
warmoadgenda. am periodSi praqtikosma eqimebma
wamoiwyes pirveli revolucia amerikul sazo-
gadoebrivi janmrTelobis dacvis sistemaSi.
kvlevebis, sazogadoebrivi ganaTlebis, vaqcinebis
ganviTarebisa da sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis
standartebis cvlilebebis (rogoricaa narCe-
nebis kontroli da kanalizacia) saSualebiT
maT TandaTanobiT SeZles sikvdilianobis
biofsiqosocialuri modeli (Biopsychosocial mo-
del) _ janmrTelobisa da avadmyofobis modeli,
romlis mixedviT, nervuli sistemis, imunuri
sistemis, qceviTi stilis, kognituri pro-
cesebisa da garemo faqtorebis urTierTkavSirma
SeiZleba adamiani avad gaxdomis riskis winaSe
daayenos.
kargad yofna (Wellness) _ optimaluri janmrTe-
loba, romelic aerTianebs fizikur, inteleqtu-
alur, emociur, sulier, socialur da garemos
sxvadasxva sferoSi sruli da aqtiuri fun-
qcionirebis unars.
janmrTelobis profilaqtika (Health promotion)
_ zogadi strategiebisa da konkretuli taqtikis
ganviTareba, romelic miznad isaxavs adamianTa
avad gaxdomis riskis gamoricxvas, an Semcirebas.
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mniSvnelovnad Semcireba iseTi daavadebebis
SemTxvevaSi, rogoricaa: gripi, tuberkulozi,
poliomieliti, wiTela da yvavili.
Tu mkvlevrebs cxovrebis xarisxis gaumjo-
besebSi surT wvlilis Setana, cxovrebis
stilTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebiT gamowveuli
sikvdilianobis Semcirebas unda ecadon (ix.
cxrili 13.5). sigaretis moweva, Warbi wona,
cximisa da qolesterinis didi raodenobiT
Semcveli sakvebisa da alkoholiani sasmelebis
didi raodenobiT miReba, mgzavroba usafrTxo-
ebis Rvedebis gareSe, stresebiT savse cxovreba
_ yvelaferi es garkveul rols asrulebs iseTi
daavadebebis CamoyalibebaSi, rogorebicaa: kibo,
gulis daavadebebi, dambla, agreTve, ubeduri
SemTxvevebisa da TviTmkvlelobebisas. civili-
zaciis aRniSnul daavadebebTan dakavSirebuli
qcevebis SecvliT mravali daavadebisa da naad-
revi sikvdilis prevencia gaxdeba SesaZlebeli.
am codnaze dayrdnobiT advilia garkveuli
rekomendaciebis mocema, magram ufro sasurvelia,
rom janmrTeloba iseTi kargi Cvevebis Semu-
SavebiT SeinarCunoT, romlebic CamoTvlilia
13.6 cxrilSi. bevri maTgani, albaT, ukve nacnobia
TqvenTvis. miuxedavad amisa, janmrTelobis
fsiqologebi gamoiyeneben fsiqologiur prin-
cipebs imis albaTobis gasazrdelad, rom Tqven
marTla gaakeTebT imas, rac TqvenTvis kargia.
amis demonstrirebis mizniT axla ganvixiloT
ori konkretuli Tema: moweva da Sidsi.
moweva
SeuZlebelia imis warmodgena, rom nebismierma,
vinc ki waikiTxa es wigni, ar icoda, rom Tambaqos
moweva Zalian saxifaToa. yovelwliurad
daaxloebiT 400 000 adamiani kvdeba mowevasTan
dakavSirebuli daavadebebiT. aSS-Si yovel-
wliurad kiboTi gardacvalebis SemTxvevaTa 30%-
ze meti swored Tambaqos moxmarebiTaa gamowveuli
(Skaar et al., 1997). miuxedavad amisa, 60 milioni
adamiani aSS-Si jer kidev mwevelia. mwevelTa
70% ambobs, rom surs mowevisTvis Tavis danebeba,
magram ver axerxebs (daavadebaTa kontrolisa
da prevenciis centri, 1997). janmrTelobis
fsiqologebs ainteresebT orive sakiTxi: (1)
ratom iwyeben adamianebi mowevas _ amiT
fsiqologebi SeZleben mis prevencias da (2)
rogor daexmaron adamianebs mowevisaTvis Tavis
danebebaSi _ riTic adamianebi SeZleben miiRon
èqsmwevelad~ gadaqcevasTan dakavSirebuli
mniSvnelovani sargebeli.
analizi imisa, Tu ratom iwyebs zogierTi
adamiani Tambaqos mowevas, pirovnul Tvisebebsa
da socialur faqtorebze fokusirdeba. individTa
erT-erT tips, romelTanac Tambaqos moweva
asocirdeba SegrZnebaTa maZieblebi uwodes
(Zuckerman,1988); ufro mosalodnelia, rom aseTma
individebma sarisko qmedebebi ganaxorcielon.
sikvdilis ZiriTadi mizezebi aSS-Si,
1998 weli
cxrili
13.5
sikvdilis
mizezebis
xelSemwyobi
faqtorebi
rangi
sikvdili-
anobis
procenti
sikvdilis mizezi
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
31.0
23.2
6.8
4.8
4.2
1.9
3.9
2.8
1.3
1.1
1.1
gulis daavadeba
kibo
dambla
filtvebis obstruq-
ciuli daavadebebi
yvela saxis ubeduri
SemTxveva
mxolod avtoavariebi
pnevmonia da gripi
diabeti
TviTmkvleloba
Tirkmlebis daavadebebi
RviZlis qronikuli
daavadeba da cirozi
DS
DS
DS
S
A
A
S
D
A
A
* D=kveba; S =moweva; A =alkoholi
aTi nabiji pirovnuli keTildReobisaken
cxrili
13.6
1. regularulad ivarjiSeT.
2. miiReT noyieri, balansirebuli sakvebi (mdidari
bostneuliT, xiliT, marcvleuliT, naklebi cximiTa
da qolesteriniT).
3. SeinarCuneT optimaluri wona.
4. iZineT 7-8 saaTi Ramis ganmavlobaSi, daisveneT
yoveldRe.
5. mgzavrobisas isargebleT usafrTxoebis RvedebiT
da velosipedis CafxutiT.
6. ar moswioT sigareti da ar miiRoT narkotikebi.
7. zomierad, an saerTod ar miiRoT alkoholi.
8. iqonieT mxolod daculi, usafrTxo sqesobrivi
urTierTobebi.
9. regularulad gaiareT samedicino-
stomatologiuri Semowmebebi; daicaviT samedicino
reJimi.
10. CamoiyalibeT optimisturi damokidebuleba da
SeiZineT megobrebi.
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erT-erT gamokvlevaSi qalebisa da mamakacebis
pirovnuli Tvisebebis Sefasebis monacemebi,
romlebic XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi (1964-1967)
miiRes, Seadares XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis
bolos (1987-1991) maT `mweveli-aramwevelis~
qcevas. qalebi da mamakacebi, romlebic 60-ian
wlebSi sakuTar Tavs axasiaTebdnen, rogorc
SegrZnebebis maZieblebs, 20-25 wlis Semdeg ufro
mosalodneli iyo, rom mwevelebi yofiliyvnen
(Lipkus et al., 1994). savaraudoa, rom pirovnuli
faqtorebi mWidrod ukavSirdeba zogierTi
jgufis wevrebis Sefasebebs; anu, miuxedavad
imisa, an swored imitom, rom moweva mavnebelia
janmrTelobisaTvis, is `magaria~ (Leary et al., 1994).
es gansakuTrebiT mozardebSi SeiZleba iyos
ase. janmrTelobis fsiqologebi Tvlian, rom
mowevis warmatebuli prevencia mowevis Sefasebis
Secvlas _ `magaridan~ `cudisken~ _ gulisxmobs.
ukeTesia, Tu saerTod ar daiwyebT mowevas,
magram rogor SeiZleba daexmaros TambaqosaTvis
Tavis danebebis swavlaSi Catarebuli kvlevebi
maT, vinc ukve eweva? miuxedavad imisa, rom bevrma
adamianma uSedegod scada mowevisTvis Tavis
danebeba, daaxloebiT 35 milionma amerikelma
samudamod mainc daaneba Tavi mowevas. 90%-ma es
damoukideblad, specialuri samkurnalo prog-
ramebis gareSe SeZlo. mkvlevrebma gansazRvres
is etapebi, romelsac adamianebi gadian, rac
TambaqosaTvis Tavis danebebis mzard mzadyofnas
mowmobs (DiClemente et al., 1991; Prochaska et al., 1993):
gansjis wina periodi _ mweveli jer ar
fiqrobs mowevisTvis Tavis danebebaze;
gansja _ mweveli fiqrobs mowevisTvis
Tavis danebebaze, Tumca, jer ar axorcielebs
cvlilebebs qcevaSi;
momzadeba _ mweveli ukve mzad aris, rom
Tavi daanebos mowevas;
moqmedeba _ mweveli axorcielebs
gansazRvrul qmedebebs dasaxuli qceviTi
miznebis misaRwevad;
SenarCuneba _ axla mweveli ukve aramwe-
velia da cdilobs am mdgomareobis SenarCunebas.
mocemuli analizi gvafiqrebinebs, rom yvela
mweveli fsiqologiurad erTnairi ar aris mo-
wevisTvis Tavis danebebis sakiTxSi. intervencia
imgvarad unda iyos dagegmili, rom manamde
zrdides mwevelis mzadyofnis, sanam is fsiqo-
logiurad mzad iqneba janmrTelobis sakeTil-
dReo qcevis gansaxorcieleblad.
mowevis Sewyvetaze mimarTuli warmatebuli
mkurnaloba mwevelis rogorc fiziologiuri,
ise fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofil-
ebas moiTxovs (Tsoh et al., 1997; U.S. Department of
health and Human Services, 2000). fiziologiur
doneze mwevelebi saukeTesod eqvemdebarebian
nikotinis Semcvleli Terapiis iseT efeqtur
formas, rogoricaa nikotinis plastiri da
nikotinis saReWi rezinebi. fsiqologiur doneze
mwevelebma unda gaiazron, rom arsebobs uamravi
eqsmweveli da rom TambaqosaTvis Tavis danebeba
SesaZlebelia. garda amisa, mwevelma unda
daiswavlos Zlieri ltolvis daZlevis stra-
tegiebi, romelic Tan axlavs TambaqosaTvis Tavis
danebebis mcdelobebs. mkurnaloba xSirad moi-
cavs Cven mier adre aRweril daZlevis kognitur
xerxebs, romlebic saSualebas aZleven adamians,
Seamsubuqos masze mravali stresoris zemoqme-
deba. mowevasTan dakavSirebiT adamianebs as-
wavlian, Tu rogor moZebnon Tavis daRwevis
gzebi situaciebidan, romlebmac SeiZleba kvlav
gauRviZon mowevis Jini.
Sidsi
Sidsi _ es aris SeZenili imunodeficitis
sindromi. miuxedavad imisa, rom aTasobiT
adamiani kvdeba am saSineli daavadebiT, mravali
adamiani cxovrobs aiv infeqciiT. aiv (adamianis
imunodeficitis virusi) aris virusi, romelic
anadgurebs sisxlis TeTr ujredebs (T limfo-
citebs), riTac azianebs imunur sistemas da
asustebs sxeulis unars, SeebrZolos sxva daava-
debebs. individi mowyvladi xdeba mTeli rigi
sxva virusuli da baqteriuli infeqciebis mi-
marT, ramac SeiZleba sicocxlisaTvis iseTi
saSiSi daavadebebi gamoiwvios, rogoricaa: kibo,
meningiti da pnevmonia. virusiT Tavdapirveli
Sidsi (AIDS) _ SeZenili imunodeficitis sin-
dromis abreviatura, sindromi gamowveulia
virusiT, romelic azianebs imunur sistemas da
asustebs organizmis unars, SeebrZolos infeq-
cias.
aiv (HIV)_ adamianis imunodeficitis virusi,
romelic azianebs sisxlis TeTr ujredebs
(limfocitebs), riTac asustebs organizmis
imunur sistemas; aiv infeqcia iwvevs Sidss.
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Tu Tqven aSS-Si cxovrobT,
Tqveni mTavroba momdevno aTi
wlis gegmas gTavazobT: aSS-is
janmrTelobisa da mosaxleobis
momsaxurebis departamentma
Seqmna programa saxelwodebiT
_ `janmrTeli adamianebi 2010~,
sadac mocemulia konkretuli
rekomendaciebi pirovnuli da
sazogadoebrivi janmrTelo-
bisaTvis aucilebeli qcevebis
Sesaxeb. programas ori zogadi
mizani aqvs: (1) gansxvavebebis
Semcireba janmrTelobis statu-
sebs Soris mosaxleobis sxva-
dasxva fenaSi _ moxucebSi,
umciresobebsa da bavSvebSi da
(2) janmrTeli cxovrebis xan-
grZlivobis gazrda. fsiqolo-
gebi orive miznis ganxorcie-
lebaSi Seitanen TavianT wvlils.
rac Seexeba pirvel mizans,
fsiqikuri janmrTeloba Seta-
nilia `janmrTelobis statusis~
kategoriaSi. ukve ramdenime we-
lia fsiqologebi did energias
xarjaven sazogadoebis sxva-
dasxva jgufebSi fsiqikuri jan-
mrTelobis dacvis gaumjobe-
sebaze. meore mizani uSualod
exeba kvalifikacias, rasac fsi-
qologebi janmrTelobis pro-
filaqtikis sagnad miiCneven.
programa `janmrTeli adamiane-
bi 2010~-is mizania, rom adamia-
nebma Secvalon janmrTelo-
basTan dakavSirebuli qcevebi.
rogorc vnaxeT, es janmrTe-
lobis fsiqologiis kvlevebis
mniSvnelovani sakiTxia.
es sakiTxi rom gavagrZeloT,
ganvixiloT ori konkretuli
mizani programidan `janmrTeli
adamianebi 2010~:
samuSao saaTebSi fizikuri
aqtivobiT dakavebul mozrdi-
lTa raodenobis Semcireba 40%-
dan 20%-mde;
im mozrdilTa raodenobis
gazrda 15%-dan 30%-mde, rom-
lebic regularulad saSualo
xarisxis fizikuri aqtivobiT
arian dakavebulni (30 wuTi,
TiTqmis yoveldRe).
TqvenTvis, albaT, cnobilia,
Tu ratom girCevT es programa
regularulad varjiSs, anu jan-
mrTelobis mTavari gaumjobeseba
miiRweva iseTi varjiSebiT, ro-
goricaa: velosipediT siaruli,
curva, sirbili da Cqari sia-
rulic ki. es aqtivobebi iwveven
gulisa da respiratoruli sis-
temis mdgomareobis gaumjobese-
bas, kunTebis tonusis gaZlie-
rebas da bevri sxva sargebelic
moaqvT janmrTelobisaTvis.
rogor SeiZleba janmrTelo-
bis fsiqologiis codna daex-
maros adamians dadebiTi efeq-
tebis miRebaSi? mkvlevrebi swav-
loben, Tu vin da ratom mimarTavs
regularul varjiSs da cdi-
loben gansazRvron is prog-
ramebi Tu strategiebi, romlebic
yvelaze metad exmarebian adamia-
nebs varjiSis daiwyebasa da
gagrZelebaSi (Dishman & Buckworth,
1997). faqtobrivad, varjiSis
dawyebisTvis mzadyofnas igive
modeli miesadageba, romelic
mowevisaTvis Tavis danebebisTvis
mzadyofnis SemTxvevaSi moqme-
debs (Myers & Roth,1997). gansjis
wina etapze adamianTa yuradReba,
ZiriTadad, koncentrirebulia im
winaaRmdegobebze, romlebic
xels uSlian varjiSis dawyebas
(magaliTad, drois ukmarisoba,
varjiSisas partnioris ararse-
boba), vidre im sargeblobaze,
romelic moaqvs varjiSs (maga-
liTad, exmareba relaqsaciaSi,
janmrTeli adamianebi 2010 wlisaTvis
aumjobesebs garegnobas). ro-
gorc ki individebi treningis
Semdgom _ gansjisa da Senar-
Cunebis _ etapebze gadadian,
yuradRebis koncentracia wi-
naaRmdegobidan sargeblobaze
gadainacvlebs.
rogor unda moaxerxoT
gansjis wina etapis daZleva,
Tu Tqven jer kidev ar var-
jiSobT regularulad?
mkvlevrebi miuTiTeben, rom
adamianebs SeuZliaT iseTi
strategiebis daswavla, rom-
lebic saSualebas miscemT maT,
daZlion varjiSis xelisSem-
Sleli dabrkolebebi (Simkin &
Gross, 1994). Tqven SegiZliaT
zustad iseve ganixiloT var-
jiSis dawyeba, rogorc nebis-
mieri sxva situacia, romelic
stresis dasaZlevad Tqvengan
kognitur Sefasebas moiTxovs.
ecadeT dagegmoT cxovreba ise,
rom varjiSi ganixilebodes,
rogorc jansaRi garToba.
Tqven, aseve, unda icodeT, rom
Tqveni kolejis bevr students
aqvs `Cavardnebi~ rogorc kve-
bis, ise varjiSis Tvalsaz-
risiT: rodesac akademiuri
stresis periodebi gaivlis,
isini cudi kvebidan da mini-
maluri varjiSidan jansaR
qcevas ubrundebian (Griffin et
al.,1993). rogor unda Camoa-
yaliboT Tqveni azrebi ise, rom
Tavi aaridoT amgvar paterns?
scadeT daexmaroT programas
`janmrTeli adamianebi 2010~
dasaxuli miznebis miRwevaSi.
www.health.gov/healthypeople
es `janmrTeli adamianebi
2010~-is veb-gverdis misamarTia,
sadac SegiZliaT gaecnoT
programis 467 konkretul mi-
zans.
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inficirebidan simptomebis gamovlenamde periodi
(sainkubacio periodi) SeiZleba xuTi weliwadi
an meti iyos. miuxedavad imisa, rom aiv virusiT
inficirebulTa did nawils ar aqvs Sidsis
samedicino diagnozi, maT mudmivi stresis qveS
cxovreba uwevT, rom nebismier dros am saxifaTo
daavadebam SeiZleba uecrad iCinos Tavi.
dResdReobiT ukve arsebobs mkurnaloba, romelic
SesaZlebels xdis Sidsis sruli siZlieriT
Semotevis gadavadebas, magram ar arsebobs arc
Sidsisgan gankurnebis saSualeba da arc misi
gavrcelebis Tavidan asacilebeli vaqcina.
aiv virusiT inficireba ar xdeba haeriT.
inficirebisTvis aucilebelia sisxlTan uSua-
lo kontaqti. zogadad, aiv virusi erTi ada-
mianidan meores SeiZleba gadaedos ori gziT:
(1) sqesobrivi kontaqtis dros sisxlis an spermis
gacvliT da (2) wamlis ineqciisaTvis gankuT-
vnili intravenuli nemsebisa da Spricebis
saziarod sargeblobisas. virusi, aseve, SeiZleba
gadavides sisxlis gadasxmiT da im samedicino
procedurebiT, romlis drosac janmrTel
adamians SemTxveviT gadausxamen inficirebul
sisxls, an gadaunergaven organoebs. hemofiliiT
daavadebulma mravalma adamianma Sidsi swored
am gziT SeiZina, Tumca, yvela adamians emuqreba
SidsiT daavadebis safrTxe.
Sidsis virusiT inficirebisagan Tavis dacvis
erTaderTi gza im cxovrebiseuli Cvevebis
Secvlaa, romlebic riskis winaSe ayeneben
adamians. es niSnavs permanentuli cvlilebebis
Setanas seqsualuri qcevis paternebsa da
wamlebTan dakavSirebuli piradi moxmarebis
sagnebis gamoyenebaSi. janmrTelobis fsiqologi
tomas koatsi (Thomas Coates) im multidiscip-
linaruli kvlevis gundis wevria, romelic mTel
rig fsiqologiur principebs iyenebs Sidsis
Semdgomi gavrcelebis Tavidan asacileblad
(Catania et al,. 1994; Coates, 1990; Ekstrand&Coates, 1990;
Kegeles et a,,. 1996). gundis muSaoba moicavs
gamoyenebiTi fsiqologiis mraval iseT aspeqts,
rogoricaa: fsiqologiuri risk-faqtorebis
Sefaseba, bihevioraluri intervenciebis ganvi-
Tareba, Temis liderebis treningi adamianebis
ukeT ganaTlebis mizniT janmrTeli sqesobrivi
da wamlebis moxmarebis qcevasTan dakavSirebiT,
daxmareba sareklamo da sainformacio kampaniebis
SeqmnaSi da cvlilebebis sistematuri Sefaseba
Sesabamis damokidebulebebSi, Rirebulebebsa da
qcevebSi. Sidsis sawinaaRmdego warmatebuli
intervenciisaTvis saWiroa sami komponenti (Fisher
et al,. 1994, 1996; Yzer et al., 1998):
informacia _ adamianebs unda miewodebo-
deT informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gadadis
Sidsi da rogor SeiZleba misi Tavidan acileba;
maT unda miiRon konsultacia usafrTxo seqsis
(magaliTad, sqesobrivi kontaqtis dros pre-
zervativis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb) da steriluri
SpricebiT sargeblobis Taobaze;
motivacia _ adamianebi unda iyvnen moti-
virebulni Sidsis prevenciis ganxorciele-
bisaTvis;
qceviTi unar-Cvevebi _ adamianebs unda
aswavlon miRebuli codnis praqtikaSi gamo-
yeneba.
ratomaa aucilebeli samive komponenti?
adamianebi SeiZleba iyvnen Zlier motivirebulni,
magram ar iyvnen informirebulni da, piriqiT,
maT SeiZleba hqondeT sakmarisi codna da
motivacia, magram ar hqondeT saWiro unar-Cvevebi.
magaliTad, maT SeiZleba ar icodnen, rogor
daZlion socialuri barieri da mosTxovon
partniors prezervativis gamoyeneba (Leary et al.,
1994). fsiqologiurma Carevam SeiZleba adamians
roluri TamaSis gamocdileba, an sxva qceviTi
unar-Cvevebi SesZinos am barieris mniSvnelobis
Semcirebis mimarTulebiT.
mkurnaloba
mkurnaloba fokusirebulia avadmyofobis
daregulirebasa da gamojanmrTelebaSi adamianis
daxmarebaze. Cven ganvixilavT mkurnalobis sam
aspeqts. Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT fsiqologis
rols pacientTa mxardaWeraSi, rac jandacvis
specialistis daniSnuli reJimis Sesrulebis
aucileblobaSi mis darwmunebas gulisxmobs.
Semdeg ganvixilavT im xerxebs, romlebic
saSualebas aZleven adamianebs, zustad gamoiyenon
fsiqologiuri teqnikebi sxeulis reaqciebis
gasakontroleblad. bolos ganvixilavT maga-
liTebs, romlebSic gonebas mniSvnelovani
wvlilis Setana SeuZlia sxeulis gankurnebaSi.
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pacientis mier samkurnalo reJimis dacva
pacientebs xSirad uniSnaven mkurnalobis
garkveul reJims. es SeiZleba moicavdes
samkurnalo kursebs, cvlilebebs kvebaSi, woliTi
reJimis periodebs da varjiSebs; aseve, iseT
damatebiT procedurebs, rogoricaa: ganmeorebiTi
Semowmeba, sareabilitacio treningi da qimio-
Terapia. mkurnalobis reJimis darRveva erT-erTi
seriozuli problemaa janmrTelobis dacvis
sferoSi (Clark & Becker, 1998). pacientTa daumor-
Cileblobis xarisxi mkurnalobis zogierTi
reJimis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba 50%-s aWarbebdes.
Tanamedrove kvlevebi fokusirebulia im indivi-
dualuri gansxvavebebis dadgenaze, romelTac
zogierTi individi mihyavs mkurnalobis reJi-
misadmi morCilebamde, zogierTi ki _ ara.
saidan
viciT
pacientTa damyoloba hemodializi-
sadmi
mkvlevrebma Seiswavles, Tu ramdenad
mniSvnelovania yuradRebis makontrole-
beli stili pacientis mier reJimis
damyolobisTvis. avadmyofobisas zogierTi
adamiani gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs
avadmyofobis yvela aspeqts; aseT indi-
videbs Zlier makontroleblebs uwodeben,
romelTagan gansxvavebiT, susti makon-
troleblebi naklebad axdenen yuradRebis
fokusirebas avadmyofobaze. erTi SexedviT,
SesaZloa, saSiSad ar mogeCvenoT Zlier
makontroleblad yofna, Tumca, yuradRebis
fokusis Zlieri Seviwrovebis gamo, Zlier
makontroleblebs aqvT sakuTari avad-
myofobis gazviadebulad Sefasebis ten-
dencia. amis gamo maT sakuTar avadmyofo-
baze arasakmarisi kontrolis gancda aqvT,
ramac mkvlevrebis azriT, SeiZleba gaar-
Tulos maTi mkurnalobis reJimisadmi dam-
yoloba. aRniSnul kvlevaSi mkvlevrebi
afasebdnen pacientebs rogorc yuradRebis
makontrolebeli stilis, ise maT mier
aRqmuli kontrolisa da mkurnalobis re-
Jimisadmi damyolobis mixedviT. kvlevis
Sedegebi Seesabameboda mkvlevarTa mier
warmodgenil paterns. sust makontroleb-
lebTan SedarebiT, Zlier makontro-
leblebs sakuTar avadmyofobaze arasak-
marisi kontrolis gancda hqondaT da
naklebadac eqvemdebarebodnen eqimis mier
daniSnul mkurnalobis reJims (Christensen
et al., 1997).
am kvlevis wakiTxvamde SeiZleba fiqrobdiT,
rom is, vinc Zalian koncentrirebulia sakuTar
avadmyofobaze, ukeT mouvlis sakuTar Tavs. amis
nacvlad, miRebuli monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom
avadmyofobaze Zalian Zlieri fokusirebiT
adamians SeiZleba avadmyofoba ufro uaresad
eCvenebodes, vidre sinamdvileSia da, amdenad,
mkurnalobis uimedobis amgvari gancda saWiro
qmedebebis ganxorcielebis Zalas arTmevdes.
kvlevebma aCvena, rom janmrTelobis dacvis
specialistebs SeuZliaT zomebis miReba pa-
cientis reJimisadmi daqvemdebarebis gasaum-
jobeseblad. pacientebi ufro kmayofilebi arian
sakuTari janmrTelobis dacviT, roca sjeraT,
rom mkurnalobis efeqturoba aRemateba maT
safasurs; aseve, metia albaToba, rom individi
mihyveba mkurnalobis reJims, rodesac mkurnali
eqimi mas informacias gasagebad awvdis; rwmun-
deba, rom pacientma gaigo misi naTqvami, Tava-
zianad moqmedebs, mzrunvelobasa da mxardaWeras
avlens. garda amisa, janmrTelobis specia-
listebma unda gaiTvaliswinon kulturuli da
socialuri normebis roli mkurnalobis pro-
cesSi da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, CarTon masSi
ojaxis wevrebi da megobrebi. zogierTi eqimi,
romelic kritikulad afasebs sakuTari pro-
fesiis moZvelebul damokidebulebas biosame-
dicino modelze, amtkicebs, rom eqimebs unda
aswavlon samedicino daxmarebis gaweva mkurna-
lobis mizniT (Siegel, 1988). fsiqologiur kvle-
vebze dayrdnobiT, pacientis damyolobis gan-
viTarebis strategiebi, aseve, gamoiyeneba eqimi-
pacientis TanamSromlobis deficitis dasaZ-
levad (Putnametal.,1994; Zimbardo & Leippe, 1991).
gonebis CarTva sxeulis gankurnvaSi
sul ufro xSirad mkurnaloba, romelsac
unda daeqvemdebaron pacientebi, fsiqologiur
komponentebs moicavs. axla ukve bevr mkvlevars
miaCnia, rom fsiqologiur strategiebs SeuZliaT
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janmrTelobis gaumjobeseba. magaliTad, bevri
adamiani stresze daZabulobiT reagirebs, rac
kunTebis daZabvasa da sisxlis wnevis momatebas
iwvevs. sabednierod, mravali winaaRmdegoba
datvirTvaze SeiZleba gakontroldes iseTi
fsiqologiuri teqnikebiT, rogoricaa relaqsa-
cia da bioukukavSiri.
meditaciis saSualebiT relaqsacias uZvelesi
fesvebi aqvs msoflios mraval kulturaSi.
aRmosavlur kulturebSi saukuneebis manZilze
mimarTavdnen gonebis damSvidebisa da sxeulis
daZabulobis moxsnis xerxebs. dResdReobiT
iaponiidan da indoeTidan Semosuli Zenis dis-
ciplinisa (aq igulisxmeba cxovrebis Zeniseuli
wesi da ara Zeni, rogorc filosofiuri
moZRvreba an saswavlo disciplina) da iogas
varjiSebi yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawils war-
moadgenen bevri adamianisaTvis rogorc am
qveynebSi, ise, gansakuTrebiT, dasavleTSi. sruli
relaqsacia Zliermoqmed antistresul reaqcias
warmoadgens. organizmis relaqsaciuri reaqcia
aris mdgomareoba, rodesac mcirdeba kunTebis
daZabuloba, Tavis tvinis qerqis aqtivoba,
guliscema da sisxlis wneva, neldeba sunTqva
(Benson & Stuart, 1992; Friedman et al., 1996), iklebs
eleqtruli aqtivoba tvinSi da mcirdeba
garemomcveli samyarodan centralur nervul
sistemaSi Semavali stimulebis raodenoba.
agznebadobis amgvari dabali donis dros xdeba
stresidan gamosvla. relaqsaciuri reaqciis
Sesaqmnelad aucilebelia oTxi piroba: (1) wynari
garemo, (2) daxuWuli Tvalebi, (3) komfortuli
poza da (4) raime sityvisa Tu frazis gonebaSi
mravaljeradi gameoreba. pirveli sami mdgomare-
oba amcirebs nervul sistemaSi Semaval sig-
nals, xolo meoTxe _ asustebs mis Sinagan
stimulacias.
bioukukavSiri TviTregulaciis teqnikaa, ro-
melic sxvadasxva daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba,
magaliTad, sisxlis wnevis kontrolis, Sublis
kunTebis relaqsaciisa (wneviT gamowveuli Tavis
tkivilisas) da Zlieri gawiTlebis Semcirebis-
Tvisac ki. am teqnikis Semqmnelis, fsiqolog
nil mileris (Neal Miller, 1978) mixedviT, biouku-
kavSiri aris procedura, romliTac adamiani
igebs, Cveulebriv, sust an Sinagan reaqciebs
mkafio garegani signalebis mowodebiT. pacients
SesaZlebloba eZleva, `dainaxos~ sakuTari
sxeulis reaqciebi, romelTa monitoringi da
gaZliereba saTanado xelsawyoebiT xdeba. es
ukanasknelni sxeulis reaqciebs sxvadasxva inten-
sivobis sinaTlis an bgeriT signalebad gar-
daqmnian; amis Semdeg pacientis amocanas garegani
signalebis donis kontroli warmoadgens.
ganvixiloT bioukukavSiris gamoyenebis erT-
erTi magaliTi. odesme SegimCneviaT, rom,
rodesac modunebuli xarT, xelebi Tbili gaqvT,
xolo rodesac SfoTavT, xelebi gicivdebaT?
faqtobrivad, xelebis temperatura imis niSania,
rom sxeuli stresis zemoqmedebis qveSaa.
bioukukavSiris seansze kvlevis monawileebs
eZlevaT ukukavSiri xelis mtevnisa da TiTebis
temperaturis Sesaxeb da sTxoven, scadon misi
gazrda. magaliTad, erT kvlevaSi monawileebs
SeeZloT, daenaxaT TavianTi TiTebis tempera-
turis ricxobrivi maCvenebeli. bioukukavSiris
kursis Semdeg maT SeeZloT TiTis saSualo
temperaturis 79,8F-dan 87.4F-mde (Roberts & McGrady,
1996) gazrda. ratom xdeba es? kvlevam aCvena, rom
kanis gaTbobis gamosawvev bioukukavSiris tre-
nings SeuZlia ganapirobos sisxlis wnevis
uwyveti Semcireba (Paron et al., 1996). mkvlevrebi
zustad ver gansazRvraven im fiziologiur
relaqsaciuri reaqcia (Relaxation response) _
mdgomareoba, rodesac mcirdeba kunTebis da-
Zabuloba, Tavis tvinis qerqis aqtivoba, gu-
liscema da sisxlis wneva, neldeba sunTqva.
bioukukavSiri (Biofeedback) _ TviTregulaciis
teqnika, romlis drosac individi aracnobieri
biologiuri procesebis nebismier kontrols
axorcielebs.
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meqanizms, romlis saSualebiTac kanis tempera-
turis bioukukavSiris treningi amcirebs sis-
xlis wnevas. isini, aseve, ganagrZoben imis kvle-
vas, Tu ratom moqmedebs treningi zogierT
individze, zogierTze ki _ ara (Lal et al., 1998;
Roberts & McGrady, 1996). miuxedavad amisa, Tu maRali
wneva SegawuxebT, medikamentozur mkurnalobas-
Tan erTad bioukukavSiris kursis mosinjvac
SegiZliaT.
fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gavlena
janmrTelobaze
ramdenad SeuZlia fsiqologiur faqtorebs
_ sxeulze gonebis zegavlenas _ seriozul
daavadebaze zemoqmedeba? sabednierod, janmrTe-
lobis fsiqologiaSi Catarebuli kvlevebi
sakmaod optimistur suraTs gvaZleven. ganvixi-
loT klasikuri kvleva, romelic aCvenebs, Tu
ramdenad SeuZlia fsiqologiur procesebs kibos
mimdinareobis Semsubuqeba.
saidan
viciT
socialuri mxardaWera da kiboTi
daavadebul adamianTa sicocxlis
xangrZlivoba
mkerdis kiboTi daavadebul, metasta-
zebis mqone 86 pacients tradiciuli
mkurnaloba utardeboda, 50 aseTive avad-
myofisagan Semdgari eqsperimentuli jgufi
ki tradiciul mkurnalobasTan erTad, erTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi yovelkvireul mxar-
damWer Terapiul jgufSi monawileobda.
es pacientebi sakuTar gamocdilebaze, kibos
sxvadasxva aspeqtebis daZlevis Taobaze
sasaubrod ikribebodnen, sadac keTil-
ganwyobil garemoSi sakuTari SiSebisa da
sxva Zlieri emociebis daufaravad gamov-
lenis saSualeba hqondaT.
marTalia, aTi wlis Semdeg ganmeorebiTi
Sexvedrisas, mTeli SerCevidan mxolod
sami iyo cocxali, magram mniSvnelovani
gansxvaveba dadasturda sicocxlis xang-
rZlivobis TvalsazrisiT im pacientebs
Soris, romlebic damatebiT gadiodnen
fsiqologiur mkurnalobas da romlebic
mxolod samedicino daxmarebas iRebdnen.
jgufur TerapiaSi monawile pacientTa
sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba 36.6 Tve
iyo, sakontrolo jgufis pacientebisaTvis
ki _ 18.9 Tve. kargad kontrolirebuli
kvlevis es Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom
fsiqologiurma mkurnalobam SeiZleba
gavlena moaxdinos daavadebis mimdinareo-
basa da sicocxlis xangrZlivobaze (Spiegel
et al., 1989).
am saxis kvlevebi gvaZlevs imeds, rom mxar-
damWeri jgufebis garemos kiboTi daavadebuli
pacientebisaTvis sicocxlis gaxangrZliveba
SeuZlia (Walker et al., 1999). mniSvnelovani dak-
virveba am SemTxvevaSi isaa, rom mkurnalobis
fsiqologiuri da biologiuri midgomebi erTad
unda muSaobdnen. janmrTelobis bevr fsiqologs
miaCnia, rom samedicino mkurnaloba, tradiciul
mkurnalobasTan erTad, fsiqologiur daxmareba-
sac unda gulisxmobdes.
dabolos, kidev erTi SeniSvna mkurnalobasTan
dakavSirebiT. gqoniaT Tu ara odesme imdenad
samarcxvino saidumlo, rom veravisTvis gagim-
xeliaT? Tu es asea, Turme am saidumloze saubars
SeuZlia sagrZnoblad gaaumjobesos Tqveni
janmrTelobis mdgomareoba. es aris daskvna
janmrTelobis fsiqologis jeims penebakeris
(James Pennebaker, 1990,1997 et al., 1998) mravalricxo-
vani kvlevebidan. penebakerma aCvena, rom pi-
rovnul travmebTan, warumateblobebTan da
samarcxvino, an danaSaulis gancdis gamomwvev
gamocdilebasTan dakavSirebuli gandevnili az-
rebi da grZnobebi damangrevlad moqmedebs
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adamianis fsiqikur da fizikur janmrTelobaze.
amgvari Sekaveba fsiqologiurad mZime gadasa-
muSavebelia da, droTa ganmavlobaSi, aryevs
sxeulis Tavdacvis unars, winaaRmdegoba gauwios
avadmyofobas. sxva adamianebisadmi ndoba aneit-
ralebs Sekavebis uaryofiT efeqts. Tavis nebaze
miSvebis gancdas Tan sdevs fizikuri da fsiqo-
logiuri janmrTelobis gaumjobeseba kvirebis
da Tveebis Semdeg. ganvixiloT emociuri gantvir-
Tvis zemoqmedeba revmatiuli arTritis mqone
adamianTa mdgomareobaze.
saidan
viciT
emociuri gantvirTvis dadebiTi
gavlena janmrTelobaze
kvlevaSi revmatiuli arTritiT daavade-
buli 72 adamiani monawileobda. es daava-
deba iwvevs periferiuli saxsrebis qroni-
kul anTebas, romelsac Tan axlavs tki-
vili da Sromis unaris dakargva. mkvlev-
rebi varaudobdnen, rom emociuri gantvir-
Tvis seansebs SeiZleboda xeli Seewyo am
daavadebasTan dakavSirebuli stresis Sem-
cirebisTvis da, aqedan gamomdinare,
yoveldRiuri funqcionirebis zogierTi
problemis SemsubuqebisTvis. pacientebis
naxevari gantvirTvis jgufs miakuTvnes;
isini yoveldRe, oTxi dRis ganmavlobaSi,
15 wT-iT magnitifonze iwerdnen sakuTar,
stresul movlenebTan dakavSirebul
yvelaze Rrma grZnobebs. sakontrolo
jgufi zustad igive dros andomebda neit-
raluri davalebis Sesrulebas _ mraval-
ferovani peizaJis aRweras. erTi SexedviT,
gantvirTvis jgufis pacientebi odnav
uaresad grZnobdnen Tavs _ davalebam
mravali uaryofiTi emocia aRZra. Tumca,
mkurnalobidan sami Tvis Semdeg, gan-
tvirTvis jgufis wevrebi, Sesabamisad,
ufro nakleb fizikur disfunqcias ganic-
didnen _ nakleb problemebs, magaliTad
siarulSi da saxsrebis moxvraSi, vidre
sakontrolo jgufis wevrebi (Kelley et
al.,1997).
gantvirTvis jgufis pacientebisaTvis Seda-
rebiT martivma moqmedebam grZnobebis gamosav-
lenad _ ganmartoebiT magnitofonTan, odnav
gaaumjobesa maTi fizikuri funqcionireba.
`profesiuli gamofitva~ da
janmrTelobis dacvis sistema
janmrTelobis fsiqologiis bolo amocanas
warmoadgens rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba, rom-
lebic janmrTelobis dacvis sitemis mowyobas
exeba. mkvlevrebma, magaliTad, Seiswavles jan-
mrTelobis dacvis muSakis saqmianobasTan dakav-
Sirebuli stresi. janmrTelobis dacvis yvelaze
energiul TanamSromelsac ki uviTardeba
emociuri stresi mTeli rigi pirovnuli, fizi-
kuri da socialuri problemebis mqone uamrav
adamianTan intensiurad muSaobis Sedegad. emo-
ciuri stresis gansakuTrebul tips, romelsac
janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis muSakebi
ganicdian, kristina maslaCma (Christina Maslach), am
farTod gavrcelebuli problemis wamyvanma
mkvlevarma, gamofitva uwoda. profesiuli gamo-
fitva warmoadgens sindroms, romelic emociur
gamofitvas, depersonalizacias da pirovnuli
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realizaciis Semcirebas gulisxmobs, rasac
xSirad ganicdian im profesiis warmomadgenlebi,
romelTac moeTxovebaT Zalze intensiuri ur-
TierToba pacientebTan, klientebTan an sazoga-
doebasTan. praqtikosi eqimebi TandaTanobiT
kargaven pacientebis mimarT mzrunvelobisa da
TanagrZnobis gancdis unars da maT SeiZleba
sakmaod ugulod da, zogjer, arahumanuradac ki
moeqcnen, ris gamoc Tavs cudad grZnoben da
ganicdian sakuTar warumateblobas. gamofitva
samsaxuris xSiri gacdeniTa da kadrebis dena-
dobiT, samuSaos Sesrulebis gauaresebiT, Tanam-
SromlebTan cudi urTierTobebiT, ojaxSi prob-
lemebiTa da janmrTelobis cudi mdgomareobiT
vlindeba (Leiter & Maslach, 1988; Maslach, 1982; Maslach
& Hlorian, 1988; Schaufeli et al., 1993). dRes muSa-mosam-
saxureTa Soris gamofitvis sindromma arnaxul
dones miaRwia, rac organizaciuli Semcirebis,
samuSaos restruqturizaciisa da fuladi moge-
bisadmi da ara _ TanamSromelTa motivaciisa
SegxvedriaT warmatebaze
orientirebuli adamiani, ro-
melic arafrad agdebs dabrko-
lebebs? misi klaselebis
umravlesoba aRiarebs, rom
gulis Seteva mas 20 wlamde
daemarTeba. gavxarT am pirov-
nebas? rogorc iciT, zogi ada-
miani savse cxovrebiT cxov-
robs, sxvebi ufro nel temps
amjobineben. SeiZleba dagain-
teresoT, ramdenad zemoqmedebs
individualuri gansxvavebebi
janmrTelobaze. erTmniS-
vnelovnad mowmobs, rom pasuxi
am kiTxvaze dadebiTia. ganvi-
xiloT ramdenime maTgani.
1950-ian wlebSi maier frid-
mani (Meyer Friedman) da rei
rouzmeni (Ray Rosenman) miuTi-
Tebdnen imaze, rasac adamianebi
jer kidev antikuri xanidan
varaudobdnen: arsebobs kavSiri
pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis
erTobliobasa da avad gax-
domis SesaZleblobas, gansakuT-
rebiT, gulis koronarul
daavadebebs Soris (Friedman &
Rosenman, 1974). am mkvlevrebma
daadgines ori qceviTi pater-
ni, romlebsac tipi A da tipi
B uwodes.
A tipis qceviTi paterni aris
qcevisa da emociebis rTuli
paterni, romelic ukidures
metoqeobas, agresiulobas,
mouTmenlobas, sulswrafobasa
da mtrul ganwyobas gulis-
xmobs. A tipis adamianebi xSi-
rad ukmayofiloni arian saku-
Tari cxovrebis ZiriTadi mxare-
ebiT, uaRresad konkurenciulni
da ambiciurni da, ZiriTadad,
martoxelebi arian; B tipis
qceviTi paterni aris yvelaferi
is, rac ar aris A tipi, anu am
tipis individebi naklebad
mtrulad ganwyobilni arian,
ar uyvarT konkurencia da a.S.
fridmani da rouzmeni amtki-
axdens Tu ara gavlenas pirovnuli Tvisebebi janmrTelobaze
cebdnen, rom adamianebs, rom-
lebic A tipis qceviT paterns
avlenen, sxvebTan SedarebiT
gacilebiT ufro xSirad awu-
xebT gulis daavadebebi (Fried-
man & Rosenman, 1974; Jenkins,
1976).
gamokvlevebSi didi yurad-
Reba eTmoba individebs, rom-
lebic xasiaTdebian A tipis
qceviTi paterniT. gamokvle-
vebis mixedviT aRmoCnda, rom
A tipis qceva gulis daava-
debebTan erTad bevr sxva
Tanmdev avadmyofobasTanaa
dakavSirebuli (Suls & Marco,
1990; Vahtera et al., 2000). amJamad
kvlevebi A tipis qceviTi pa-
ternis im specifikuri ele-
mentebis gamovlenazea foku-
sirebuli, romlebic yvelaze
xSirad ayeneben adamianebs
safrTxis winaSe. pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebidan yvelaze
meti `toqsikurobiT~ mtruli
A tipis qceviTi paterni (Type A behavior pattern) _
qcevisa da emociebis rTuli paterni, romelic
moicavs gadaWarbebulad gamoxatul Sejibrs,
agresias, mouTmenlobasa da mtrul damokide-
bulebas. mtruli damokidebuleba zrdis gulis
koronarul daavadebaTa risks.
B tipis qceviTi paterni (Type B behavior pattern) _
tipis qceviT paternTan SedarebiT, qcevisa da
emociaTa naklebad konkurenciuli, naklebad
agresiuli da naklebad mtruli paterni.
C tipis qceviTi paterni (Type C behavior pattern) _
qcevaTa erToblioba, romelic saSualebas
gvaZlevs viwinaswarmetyveloT, romel individebs
aqvT kiboTi daavadebis meti albaToba, an visTan
ufro swrafad ganviTardeba es avadmyofoba. es
qceviTi paterni gulisxmobs pasiur Seguebas da
TavSewirvas.
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da erTgulebisadmi gansakuTrebuli daintere-
sebis Sedegia. amdenad, gamofitva mxolod muSa-
mosamsaxureTa da janmrTelobaze mzrunvelTa
problema ar aris, is organizaciul gaumarTao-
bazec miuTiTebs, rac organizaciuli miznebis,
Rirebulebebis, samuSaos moculobis da waxa-
lisebis struqturis gadasinjvas moiTxovs (Leiter
& Maslach, 2000; Maslach & Leiter, 1997).
ra rekomendaciebis mocema SeiZleba? gamo-
fitvis gamovlenasa da xarisxze moqmedebs mTeli
rigi socialuri da situaciuri faqtorebisa,
romlebic arapirdapirad moicaven misi Tavidan
acilebisa an Semcirebis gzebsac (Leiter & Mas-
lach,2000; Prosser et al., 1997). magaliTad, eqimi-pa-
cientis urTierTobis xarisxze mniSvnelovnad
moqmedebs eqimis mier miRebul pacientTa
raodenoba; rac ufro didia pacientTa raodenoba,
miT metia kognituri, sensoruli da emociuri
gadatvirTva. am urTierTobis xarisxze moqmedi
kidev erTi faqtoria pacientebTan uSualo
kontaqtis odenoba. pacientebTan mudmiv uSualo
kontaqtSi muSaobis xangrZlivobas ukavSirdeba
gamofitvis siZliere. es gansakuTrebiT exeba
SemTxvevebs, rodesac kontaqti rTuli da
damTrgunvelia, magaliTad, kontaqti momakvdav
pacientebTan (Catalan et al., 1996). aseTi gaxan-
grZlivebuli kontaqtebiT gamowveuli emociuri
daZabulobis Semcireba mTeli rigi saSua-
lebebiTaa SesaZlebeli, anu eqimebs SeuZliaT,
ise Secvalon TavianTi samuSao ganrigi, rom
droebiT ganeridon amgvar stresul situaciebs.
ganwyoba gamoirCeva (Carmelli &
Swan, 1996; Fredrickson et al., 2000;
Smith, 1992). mtrulma ganwyobam
SeiZleba janmrTelobaze ze-
moqmedeba moaxdinos rogorc
fiziologiurad _ iwvevs ra
sxeulis stresuli reaqciebis
qronikul zeagznebadobas, ise
fsiqologiurad _ iwvevs ra
mtrulad ganwyobil adamianebSi
janmrTelobis mdgomareobis
gauaresebas da socialuri mxar-
daWerisagan Tavis aridebas.
sasixaruloa is faqti, rom
bihevioraluri Terapia A tipis
qceviTi paternis Sesasusteblad,
umravles SemTxvevaSi warmatebu-
li iyo (Friedman et al., 1986; Thoresen
& Powell,1992). Tu sakuTar TavSi
mtrul ganwyobas aRmoaCenT,
sakuTari janmrTelobis dasa-
cavad am tipis Carevas unda
mimarToT.
zemoT aRniSnuli tipi A da
misi sawinaaRmdego tipi B
mkvlevrebma qcevasa da gulis
koronarul daavadebebs Soris
kavSiris asaxsnelad Seqmnes.
cota xnis win mkvlevrebma
miuTiTes, rom kidev erTi, C ti-
pis qcevaTa paterni, saSualebas
mogvcems viwinaswarmetyveloT,
romel individebs aqvT kiboTi
daavadebis meti albaToba, an
visTan ufro swrafad ganviTar-
deba es avadmyofoba (Eysenck, 1994;
Temoshok & Dreher,1992). qcevis C tipi
gulisxmobs iseTi Tvisebebis
arsebobas, rogorebicaa: gulis-
xmiereba, simtkice, an sakuTari
Tavis msxverplad gaReba, Tanam-
Sromloba da sxvaTa gulis
mogeba, moridebuloba, moTmineba,
avtoritetebisadmi morCileba da
uaryofiTi emociebis, gansakuT-
rebiT, brazis argamovlena (Temo-
shok, 1990 p.209). C tipis qceviT
paterns ar Seesatyviseba `meb-
rZoli suli~, romelmac SeiZ-
leba xeli Seuwyos kibos, an sxva
romelime seriozuli avadmyo-
fobis mimdinareobis Senelebas.
`mebrZoli sulis~ zemoqmedeba
mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines SidsiT
daavadebul pacientebTan (Reed et
al., 1994). individebi, romlebic
sakuTari sikvdilis gardauva-
lobas ar eguebodnen, ufro
metxans cocxlobdnen, vidre
isini, vinc beds Seegua.
zogadad, C tipis individe-
bisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `pa-
siuri miReba~ avadmyofo-
bisadmi saukeTeso midgoma ar
aris. davubrundeT optimizmis
cnebas, romelic me-12 TavSi
ganvixileT. Cven vnaxeT, rom
optimistebi warumateblobas
garegan mizezebsa da arasta-
bilur cvalebad movlenebs
miaweren (Seligman, 1991). daZ-
levis es stili Zlier gav-
lenas axdens optimistTa
keTildReobaze. mkvlevrebma
daamtkices optimizmis gavlena
imunuri sistemis moqmedebaze
(Segerstrom et al., 1998). optimist
adamianebs avadmyofobis
naklebi fizikuri simptomebi
aqvT, ufro swrafad axerxeben
garkveuli avadmyofobebisgan
gamojanmrTelebas, zogadad
ufro janmrTelebi arian da
ufro metxans cxovroben
(Peterson et al., 1998). dadebiTi
samomavlo perspeqtivebi sxe-
ulze qronikuli stresis
zemoqmedebis SemcirebaSi
dagexmarebaT da sasargeblo
qcevebis ganxorcielebis al-
baTobas gazrdis.
profesiuli gamofitva (Job burnout) _ sindromi,
romelic gulisxmobs emociur gamofitvas, de-
personalizacias da pirovnuli realizaciis
Semcirebas, romelsac xSirad ganicdian isini,
romlebic Zlieri stresis pirobebSi muSaoben.
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maT SeuZliaT individualur kontaqts jgufuri
daxmareba arCion da SeuZliaT yvela Sansis
gamoyeneba gaweuli ZalisxmevisaTvis pozitiuri
ukukavSiris misaRebad.
rCevebi janmrTelobasTan
dakavSirebiT
dadga saboloo rCevis mocemis dro. nacvlad
stresis an avadmyofobis molodinisa da Semdeg
masze reagirebisa, dasaxeT miznebi da dagegmeT
cxovreba ise, rom janmrTelobisaTvis mtkice
safuZveli SeqmnaT. cxra safexuri meti bedni-
erebisa da ukeTesi fsiqikuri janmrTelobisaken
dagexmarebaT ufro aqtiurad marToT sakuTari
cxovreba da SeqmnaT ufro pozitiuri fsiqo-
logiuri garemo rogorc TqvenTvis, ise sxve-
bisaTvis. aRniSnuli nabijebi warmoidgineT,
rogorc wlis ganmavlobaSi gansaxorcielebeli
programa:
1. arasodes TqvaT cudi sakuTar Tavze. iseT
faqtorebSi eZebeT Tqveni ubedurebis
mizezebi, romelTa Secvla SesaZlebelia
momavali moqmedebiT. sakuTar TavTan da
sxvebTan gamoiyeneT mxolod konstruqciuli
kritika _ Tu ra unda gakeTdes gansxvave-
bulad Semdeg sasurveli Sedegis misaRebad;
2. SeadareT sakuTari reaqciebi, azrebi da
grZnobebi Tqveni megobrebis, TanamSrom-
lebis da ojaxis wevrebisas, raTa SeamowmoT
sakuTari adeqvaturoba da pasuxebis rele-
vanturoba Sesabamisi socialuri normebis
mimarT;
3. gyavdeT ramdenime axlo megobari, romlebsac
sakuTar grZnobebs, sixaruls da mwuxarebas
gauziarebT. izruneT socialur mxardaWeris
qselTa SenarCunebasa da gafarToebaze;
4. SeimuSaveT drois balansirebuli gancda,
rac gagiadvilebT im moTxovnebze koncen-
tracias, romlebsac giyenebT davaleba,
situacia da sakuTari Tavi. iyaviT orien-
tirebuli momavalze, rodesac raRacis
gakeTebaa saWiro. iyaviT orientirebuli
awmyoze, rodesac mizani miRweulia da
siamovnebis miRebis droa da warsulze
orientirebuli imisaTvis, rom ar mowydeT
Tqvens fesvebs;
5. yovelTvis miiReT qeba miRwevebisa da war-
matebebisTvis (da gauziareT Tqveni dade-
biTi grZnobebi sxvebs). aRricxuli gqondeT
yvela is Tviseba, romelic erTaderTad da
ganumeoreblad gaqcevT da romelic SegiZ-
liaT SesTavazoT sxvebs. magaliTad, mor-
cxvma adamianma SeiZleba kargi samsaxuri
gauwios molaparakes, Tu misi yuradRebiani
msmeneli gaxdeba. gacnobierebuli gqondeT
Tqveni pirovnuli siZlieris wyaro da
Tqvens xelT arsebuli daZlevis saSua-
lebebi;
6. rodesac grZnobT, rom emociebze kontrols
kargavT, ganerideT situacias fizikuri
wasvliT; sakuTari Tavi sxvis adgilze war-
moidgineT konfliqtur situaciaSi. amJamad
gadaulaxavi problemebis gadaWris gzebis
aRmosaCenad warmosaxva momavlisken mimar-
TeT, an esaubreT gulisxmier mosaubres.
mieciT Tqvens Tavs emociebis gancdisa da
gamoxatvis saSualeba;
7. gaxsovdeT, zogjer warumatebloba da
imedgacrueba gicavT kidec siyalbisagan.
SeiZleba miganiSnebdnen, rom Tqveni miznebi
sazianoa TqvenTvis, an SeiZleba dagifaron
momavali dacemisagan. iswavleT Secdomebze.
miiReT warumatebloba aRiarebiT `me davuSvi
Secdoma~ da ganagrZeT gza. nebismieri
ubeduri SemTxveva, warumatebloba, an imedis
gacrueba, potenciurad, gardaqmnis, Secvlis
mSvenieri SesaZleblobaa.
8. Tu aRmoaCenT, rom ver exmarebiT sakuTar
Tavs, an sxvas sulier tanjvasTan gam-
klavebaSi, mimarTeT kvalificiuri specia-
listis rCevas. zogjer fsiqologiurad
miCneuli problema, sinamdvileSi, SeiZleba
fizikuri iyos da piriqiT;
9. danergeT jansaRi gasarTobebi. gamoyaviT
dro dasvenebisTvis, meditaciisaTvis,
masaJisaTvis, franis gaSvebisaTvis; iseTi
aqtivobebisaTvis, romlebic SegiZliaT
akeToT martom da romelTa saSualebiTac
SegiZliaT ukeT CawvdeT da daafasoT
sakuTari Tavi.
maS ase, rogor grZnobT Tavs? Tu arsebul
stresorebs cud gunebaze dayeneba SeuZliaT,
imedi gvaqvs, Tqven SeZlebT kognituri gada-
fasebis gamoyenebas maTi zemoqmedebis Semcirebis
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mizniT. Tu avad xarT, imedi gvaqvs, SeZlebT
fsiqikis unaris gamoyenebas gankurnebis daCqare-
bis mizniT. yovelTvis saTanadod SeafaseT am
gansxvavebul `grZnobaTa~ Zala, raTa akontro-
loT sakuTari cxovreba. gamoiyeneT es Zala.
Sejameba
aradasavlur kulturebSi gonebaze fsiqo-
logiuri zemoqmedebis gamoyenebis xangrZlivi
tradicia arsebobs. janmrTelobis biofsiqoso-
cialur modelSi asaxulia samive komponentis
_ biologiuris, fsiqologiuris da socialuris
_ wvlili janmrTelobaSi. janmrTelobis fsi-
qologebi iseTi fsiqologiuri meTodebis
gamoyenebas cdiloben, romlebic adamianebs
daarwmuneben Tavi aaridon arajansaR qcevebs,
magaliTad, Tambaqos mowevas. mkvlevrebma, aseve,
ganaviTares SidsTan brZolis qceviTi cvlile-
bebis kompleqsuri programebi. mkurnalobisadmi
janmrTelobis fsiqologiis midgoma gulisxmobs
imis analizs, Tu ratom eqvemdebarebian, an ar
eqvemdebarebian adamianebi mkurnalobis reJims.
kvlevebiT, aseve, dadginda sxvadasxva xerxebi,
romliTac SeiZleba gonebis Zalis gamoyeneba
sxeulze zemoqmedebis mosaxdenad. janmrTelobis
dacvis samsaxuri iseTi unda iyos, rom eqimebma
SeZlon, Tavi aaridon gamofitvas da darCnen
sakuTari saqmiTa da klientebiT gatacebulni.
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
emocia
emocia aris cvlilebaTa
rTuli paterni, romelic
moicavs fiziologiur
agznebas, kognitur Sefa-
sebas da qceviT da eqs-
presiul reaqciebs.
rogorc evoluciis Se-
degi, bazisuri emociuri
reaqciebi yvela ada-
mianisTvis saerToa.
sxvadasxva kulturebs
emociebis gamoxatvis
marTebulobis gansxva-
vebuli standartebi aqvT.
klasikuri Teoriebi emo-
ciuri pasuxis iseT as-
peqtze amaxvileben yurad-
Rebas, rogoricaa, maga-
liTad, periferiuli sxe-
ulebrivi reaqciebi, an
centraluri nervuli
sistemis procesebi.
SedarebiT Tanamedrove
Teoriebi xazs usvamen
agznebis Sefasebas.
emociebi asruleben mo-
tivaciur, socialur da
kognitur funqciebs.
stresi Tqvens cxovre-
baSi
stresi SeiZleba gamoiwvios
uaryofiTma, an dadebiTma
movlenebma. stresTa umrav-
lesobis safuZvelia cvli-
leba da garemos biolo-
giur, fizikur da socialur
moTxovnebTan adaptaciis
saWiroeba.
fiziologiuri reaqciebi
stresze regulirdeba hi-
poTalamusis, hormonaluri
da nervuli sistemebis rTu-
li urTierTqmedebiT.
stresoris tipisa da droSi
misi moqmedebis mixedviT,
stresma, SesaZloa, gamoiw-
vios msubuqi aSliloba, an
seriozuli problemebi Se-
uqmnas janmrTelobas.
kognituri Sefaseba stresis
ZiriTadi Semamsubuqebeli
cvladia.
daZlevis strategiebi an
problemaze fokusirdebian
(uSualo moqmedebebiT), an
emociis daregulirebas
cdiloben (arapirdapiri
gziT, an Tavis aridebiT).
stresTan gasamklaveblad
SeiZleba kognituri gada-
fasebisa da gadastruq-
turebis gamoyeneba.
socialuri mxardaWera,
aseve, stresis mniSvnelo-
vani Semasustebelia manam,
sanam pirobebs Seesabameba.
janmrTelobis fsiqo-
logia
avadmyofobis mkurnalobasa
da prevencias eZRvneba.
janmrTelobisa da avad-
myofobis biofsiqosocia-
luri modeli adgens kav-
551
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Sirebs avadmyofobis fi-
zikur, emociur da garemo
faqtorebs Soris.
avadmyofobis prevencia
XXI saukuneSi mimarTulia
cxovrebis wesis ganmsazR-
vrel iseT faqtorebze,
rogorebicaa: moweva, kveba,
varjiSi da Sidsis ga-
dadebis safrTxe.
avadmyofobis fsiqosocia-
luri mkurnaloba paci-
entis mkurnalobas sxva
ganzomilebas matebs.
individebi, romlebic
xasiaTdebian, rogorc
tipi A, tipi B da tipi C,
optimisturi qceviTi
paterniT avadmyofobis
albaTobas gansxvavebu-
lad ganicdian.
janmrTelobis dacvis
TanamSromlebi gamofit-
vis riskis qveS imyofe-
bian, rac SeiZleba Sem-
cirdes maT mxardamWer
garemoSi saTanado si-
tuaciuri cvlilebebis
ganxorcielebiT.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
emocia
amigdala
jems-langes emociis
Teoria
kenon-bardis emociis
Teoria
kognituri Sefaseba
emociis kognituri
Sefasebis Teoria
ierks-dodsonis kanoni
stresi
stresori
mwvave stresi
qronikuli stresi
brZola an gaqcevis
reaqcia
dacvisa da zrunvis
reaqcia
zogadi adaptaciuri
sindromi
fsiqosomaturi darRvevebi
cxovrebiseuli cvlilebis
erTeulebi
posttravmuli stresis
aSliloba
rezidualuri (narCeni)
stresis paterni
daZleva
stresis Semamsubuqebeli
cvladebi
anticipatoruli daZleva
gacnobierebuli
kontroli
socialuri mxardaWera
janmrTelobis
fsiqologia
janmrTeloba
huazo
biofsiqosocialuri
modeli
kargad yofna
janmrTelobis
profilaqtika
Sidsi
aiv
relaqsaciuri reaqcia
bioukukavSiri
profesiuli gamofitva
A tipis qceviTi paterni
B tipis qceviTi paterni
C tipis qceviTi paterni
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p i r o v n e b a p i r o v n e b a p i r o v n e b a p i r o v n e b a p i r o v n e b a
14
pirovnebis tipisa da niSnis
Teoriebi
tipebiT kategorizacia
niSnebiT aRwera niSnebi
da memkvidreoba winaswar-
metyveleben Tu ara niSnebi
qcevas pirovnebis tipisa
da niSnis Teoriebis Sefaseba
ratom aris zogi adamiani
morcxvi
fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi
froidis Teoriss fsiqoana-
lizi froidis Teoriis
Sefaseba post-froidis-
tuli Teoriebi
humanisturi Teoriebi
humanisturi Teoriebis niS-
nebi humanisturi Teori-
ebis Sefaseba
socialuri daswavlis da
kognituri Teoriebi
miSelis kognitur-afeqturi
pirovnebis Teoria banduras
kognitur-socialuri daswav-
lis Teoria kentoris soci-
aluri inteleqtis Teoria
socialuri daswavlisa da
kognituri Teoriebis Sefa-
seba
me-s (self) Teoriebi
me-s koncefciaTa dinamikuri
aspeqtebi TviTSefaseba da
TviTprezentacia me-s kul-
turuli konstruqcia
me-s Teoriebis Sefaseba
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: me
internetSi
pirovnebis Teoriebis Sedareba
pirovnebis Sefaseba
obieqturi testebi proeq-
ciuli testebi
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
554
ainteresebT, kargi mSobeli iqne-
biT Tu ara? Tqven rom freno-
logiis _ me-19 saukuneSi popula-
ruli erT-erTi Teoriis mimdevari
iyoT, nebismieri, visac SeeZleboda Tqveni Tavis
qalis moyvanilobis xeliT mosinjva, SeZlebda
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas. im Teoriis mixedviT,
romelsac frenologia eyrdnoboda, tvinis
Zlierad ganviTarebuli organoebi Signidan
awvebian Tavis qalas da amozneqilobebs qmnian.
tvinis yovel organos ukavSirdeboda iseTi
niSnebi, rogoricaa: mSobliuri siyvaruli,
megobroba da brZolisunarianoba. am organoeb-
Tan asocirebuli kopis zomis SefasebiT
adamiani dauyovnebliv sakmaod bevrs Seityobda
sakuTari Tavisa Tu sxva adamianis Sesaxeb. qvemoT
mocemulia mSobliuri siyvarulis gamovlinebis
aRwera wignidan rogor amovikiTxoT xasiaTi:
frenologiisa da fiziognomiis axali ilus-
trirebuli saxelmZRvanelo~ (saavtoro ufle-
bebi daculia samuel uelsis mier, 1869):
mSobliuri siyvarulis anu filoprogeni-
tivobis organo moTavsebulia naTxemis Sua na-
wilis (2. suraTi 23) da kefis gamozneqilobidan
daaxloebiT erTi duimiT zemoT (gv. 42).
ipoveT Sesabamisi adgili sakuTar Tavis
qalaze? rogoria is Tqveni megobrebis Tavis
qalebTan SedarebiT? ai, ras ambobs zemoT
dasaxelebuli saxelmZRvanelo imaze, Tu rogo-
ri mSobeli iqnebiT Tqven, Tqveni mSobliuri
siyvarulis organos zomaze dayrdnobiT:
Zalian didi Tqveni siyvaruli bavSvebisa
da Sinauri cxovelebis mimarT Rrmaa. rogorc
mSobeli, Tqven gaakerpebT Tqvens STamomavlobas
da, SesaZlebelia, gaaTamamoT kidevac ganebivre-
biTa da mavne waqezebiT, an dajerebis nacvlad
mbrZaneblobis uflebis micemiT. Tu Tqven
Svilebi gyavT, mudmiv SfoTvas ganicdiT maTTan
dakavSirebiT, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac
isini Tqven gverdiT ar arian, xolo erT-erTi
maTganis sikvdili TiTqmis gausaZlisi dartyma
iqneboda TqvenTvis;
didi Tqven gaqvT unari, Zalian giyvardeT
Tqveni Svilebi, bevri gaakeToT da SeswiroT
maTi gulisaTvis, magram Tqven ar iqnebiT
gadaWarbebulad mzrunveli da, zogadad, ar
igrZnobT Svilebisadmi Tu Sinauri cxovele-
bisadmi Zalian Zlier mizidulobas;
saSualo zomis Tqven sakmaod indiferen-
tuli xarT Tqveni sakuTari Svilebis mimarTac
ki, Tu saerTod gyavT isini, da civi yvela
sxvis mimarT; cotas atana SegiZliaT maTgan da
ar gaqvT miznad maTi siyvarulis mopoveba. Tqven
ar gaRelvebT Sinauri cxovelebi;
mcire zomis Tqven midrekilni xarT, iyoT
civi da indiferentuli sakuTari Svilebis
mimarT da gamoxatoT aSkara antipatia sxvisi
Svilebis mimarT (gv. 160-161).
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Tu Tqven ver xvdebiT, ratom unda iyos
kavSiri Tqveni Tavis qalis formasa da mSob-
liuri siyvarulis unars Soris, maSin gagexar-
debaT imis gageba, rom frenologia savsebiT
diskreditirebul iqna, Tumca, is impulsi, rasac
is eyrdnoboda, dResac arsebobs da sakmaod
Zlieria. fsiqologebi eZeben martiv, magram
efeqtur gzebs adamianTa kategorizaciisaTvis;
maT surT, rom am kategorizaciebma maT imis
winaswarmetyvelebis saSualeba misces, Tu ro-
gori reaqcia eqnebaT da rogor moiqcevian es
adamianebi sxvadasxva situaciaSi. es aris pi-
rovnebis Teoriebis arsebiTi mizani gansa-
zRvron adamianTa Soris gansxvavebebi, rac maT
cxovrebiseuli mimarTulebebis winaswarmetyve-
lebis saSualebas miscems.
mdidari cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan,
albaT, Zlieri intuicia gaqvT Camoyalibebuli
imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor funqcionirebs
pirovneba. rogoria Tqveni pirovnebis Teoria?
gaixseneT vinme, visac WeSmaritad endobiT; axla
_ is, visac piradad icnobT da TqvenTvis misabaZi
magaliTia. warmoidgineT im adamianis Tvisebebi,
visTanac mTeli darCenili sicocxlis gatarebas
isurvebdiT da Semdeg imisa, visac dasanaxadac
ver itanT. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi pirveli, rac
dauyovnebliv mogvdis TavSi, es iseTi pirovnuli
Tvisebebia, rogoricaa: patiosneba, sandooba,
keTilSobileba, agresiuloba, uxasiaToba an
pesimizmi. jer kidev bavSvobaSi, albaT, Seimu-
SaveT da iyenebdiT pirovnebis Sefasebis sakuTar
sistemas; cdilobdiT, gangesazRvraT, vin
iqneboda axal klasSi Tqveni megobari Tu mteri;
SeimuSavebdiT mSoblebTan da maswavleblebTan
gamklavebis teqnikebs imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor
amoikiTxavdiT maT pirovnebas.
fsiqologebi pirovnebas mravalnairad gansa-
zRvraven, magram yvela gansazRvrebisaTvis
saerToa ori ZiriTadi cneba: unikaloba da
qcevis maxasiaTebeli paternebi. Cven ganvsazR-
vravT pirovnebas, rogorc unikaluri fsiqolo-
giuri Tvisebebis rTul erTobliobas, romelic
gansxvavebul situaciebSi da sxvadasxva dros
gavlenas axdens individis qcevis damaxasiaTebel
paternebze. pirovnebis Teoriebi warmoadgenen
hipoTetur debulebebs individualuri pirov-
nebebis struqturisa da funqcionirebis Sesaxeb.
isini gvexmarebian fsiqologiis miznebidan ori
mTavari amocanis gadaWraSi: (1) pirovnebis struq-
turis, warmoSobisa da pirovnebasTan kavSirSi
myofi movlenebis gagebasa da (2) qcevisa da
cxovrebiseuli movlenebis winaswarmetyvele-
baSi imaze dayrdnobiT, rac viciT pirovnebis
Sesaxeb. gansxvavebuli Teoriebi gansxvavebul
winaswarmetyvelebebs akeTeben imis Taobaze, Tu
rogor pasuxoben da rogor eguebian adamianebi
konkretul pirobebs.
sanam zogierTi mTavari Teoriuli midgomis
ganxilvas SevudgebodeT, unda davsvaT kiTxva:
_ ratom arsebobs amdeni gansxvavebuli (da
xSirad urTierTsawinaaRmdego) Teoria? pirov-
nebisadmi midgomebSi Teoretikosebi gansxvavde-
bian amosavali wertilis da monacemTa wyaroebis
mixedviT, aseve imiT, Tu rogor cdiloben
gansxvavebuli saxis fenomenebis axsnas. zogi
dainteresebulia konkretuli pirovnebis struq-
turiT, zogi ki _ imiT, Tu rogor ganviTarda
es pirovneba da rogor gaagrZelebs igi zrdas.
zogs ainteresebs, ras akeTeben adamianebi, spe-
cifikur qcevebsa Tu mniSvnelovan cxovrebiseul
movlenebTan dakavSirebiT maSin, rodesac sxvebi
swavloben imas, Tu ras grZnoben adamianebi am
dros. dabolos, zogi Teoria cdilobs axsnas
pirovneba (Personality) _ individis unikaluri
fsiqologiuri Tvisebebi, romlebic droTa
ganmavlobaSi gavlenas axdens damaxasiaTebeli
qceviTi (rogorc Ria, ise faruli) paternebis
speqtrze gansxvavebul situaciebSi.
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fsiqologiuri problemebis mqone adamianebis
pirovneba, sxvebi ki yuradRebas janmrTel
individebze amaxvileben. ase rom, yoveli Teoria
raimes gvaswavlis pirovnebis Sesaxeb, erTad ki
maT bevris ramis moTxroba SeuZliaT adamianis
bunebis Sesaxeb.
am TavSi Cveni mizani iqneba, mogawodoT
zogadi midgoma, Tu rogor unda gesmodeT
pirovnebasTan Tqveni yoveldRiuri gamocdileba.
Tumca, sanam daviwyebdeT, daufiqrdiT Semdeg
kiTxvebs: Tqveni pirovnebis rogor portrets
Seqmnidnen fsiqologebi, Tqven rom SeeswavleT?
romel adreul gamocdilebas gamoyofdnen isini,
rogorc Tqvens dRevandel qcevasa da azrov-
nebaSi wvlilis Semtans? Tqveni awmyo cxovrebis
romeli pirobebi axdens Zlier gavlenas Tqvens
azrebsa da qcevaze? ra gansxvavebaa Tqvensa da
mraval sxva pirovnebas Soris, romlebic imave
situaciaSi xvdebian, rogorSic Tqven? es Tavi
dagexmarebaT am SekiTxvebze ufro zusti
pasuxebis formulirebaSi.
Semdgom ramdenime qveTavSi pirovnebisadmi
Semdeg Teoriul midgomebs ganvixilavT: tipisa
da niSnis, fsiqodinamikurs, humanisturs, socia-
luri daswavlis, kognitursa da me-s (self-is)
analizs. am Tavs Sefasebis im zogierTi teqnikis
aRweriT davasrulebT, romlebsac fsiqologebi
pirovnebis gagebisa da aRwerisaTvis iyeneben.
pirovnebis tipisa da niSnis
Teoriebi
ori yvelaze Zveli mcdeloba pirovnebis
aRwerisa aris: adamianebis klasificireba cal-
keuli tipebis SezRudul raodenobad da im
xarisxis gazomva, ra xarisxiTac isini SeiZleba
aRiweros gansxvavebuli niSnebiT. rogorc Cans,
adamianebs aqvT bunebrivi tendencia, sakuTari
da sxvebis qceva sxvadasxva kategoriebs miakuT-
vnon. modiT, ganvixiloT Teoriebi, romlebic
fsiqologebma tipebsa da niSnebs Soris am
gansxvavebaTa asaxvisaTvis Seqmnes.
tipebis kategorizacia
Cven yovelTvis vaxdenT adamianebis katego-
rizacias ganmasxvavebeli maxasiaTeblebis mi-
xedviT. esenia: kolejis klasi, akademiuri
specializacia, sqesi da rasa. pirovnebis zogi
Teoretikosi adamianebs gansxvavebul, ara-
urTierTgadamfarav kategoriebad ajgufebs,
romlebsac pirovnebis tipebi ewodeba. pirov-
nebis tipebi sul an araferi~ fenomenebia da
ar gamoixateba ama Tu im xarisxiT: Tu adamiani
erT tips miekuTvneba, is SeuZlebelia miekuT-
vnebodes nebismier sxva tips arsebul sistemaSi.
bevr adamians moswons pirovnebis tipebis
gamoyeneba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, radgan isini
gviadvileben sxva adamianebis Secnobis rTul
process.
erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli tipebis Teoria
Cvens welTaRricxvamde mexuTe saukunes ekuTvnis.
misi avtoria hipokrate, berZeni eqimi, romelmac
medicinas hipokrates fici SesZina. misi Teoriis
mixedviT, adamianis sxeuli Seicavs oTx ZiriTad
siTxes anu humors, romelTaganac TiToeuli
asocirebulia garkveul temperamentTan, emo-
ciebisa da qcevis paternTan. individis pirovneba
damokidebulia imaze, Tu romeli humori Warbobs
pirovnebis tipebi (Personality types) _ pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebis calkeuli paternebi, rom-
lebic gamoiyeneba adamianebis kategoriebisadmi
mikuTvnebisaTvis; ara xarisxobrivi, aramed
Tvisebrivi gansxvavebebi, romlebic adamianebis
gansasxvaveblad ixmareba.
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mis sxeulSi. hipokratem daawyvila sxeulis
humorebi pirovnebis temperamentebTan Semdegi
sqemis mixedviT:
sisxli _ sangvinikuri temperamenti: mxiaru-
li da aqtiuri;
flegma _ flegmaturi temperamenti: apaTiuri
da modunebuli;
Savi naRveli _ melanqoliuri temperamenti:
naRvliani da Sefiqrianebuli;
yviTeli naRveli _ qolerikuli tempera-
menti: gaRizianebadi da agznebadi.
hipokrates Teoriis saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
sjerodaT, Sua saukuneebis CaTvliT, Tumca man
ver gauZlo Tanamedrove mecnierebis moTxovnebs
(miuxedavad amisa, Cven vnaxavT hipokrates tem-
peramentebis Tanamedrove gamoZaxils hans ai-
zenkis niSnis TeoriaSi).
Cvens droSi uiliam Seldonma (William Sheldon,
1942) Seqmna tipis Teoria, romelic sxeulis
agebulebas ukavSirebda temperaments; Teoria,
romelic jer kidev popularulia da popula-
rul sainformacio saSualebebSi aisaxeba. man
adamianebi sam kategoriad dayo maTi sxeulebrivi
agebulebis mixedviT. es kategoriebia: endo-
morfuli (msuqani, rbili, mrgvali), mezomor-
fuli (kunTiani, oTxkuTxedi, Zlieri) da
eqtomorfuli (gamxdari, grZeli, susti). Sel-
donis azriT, endomorfebi arian relaqsirebuli,
socialurni da uyvarT Wama. mezomorfebi arian
sxeulebrivad ganviTarebuli adamianebi, aRsavse
energiiT, gambedaobiT da axasiaTebT asertiuli
1
tendenciebi. eqtomorfebi arian gonebrivad
ganviTarebuli, artistuli da introverti
adamianebi; maTTvis ufro damaxasiaTebelia
fiqri cxovrebis Sesaxeb, vidre cxovrebiT
sargebloba an masze aqtiuri zemoqmedeba.
garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi Seldonis
Teoria imdenad gavleniani iyo, rom gadaRebul
iqna SeerTebuli Statebis ieilisa da ueslis
msgavsi kolejebis aTasobiT studentis SiSveli
pozis~ foto, raTa mkvlevrebs SesaZlebloba
hqonodaT, SeeswavlaT sxeulis tipsa da cxov-
rebiseul faqtorebs Soris kavSiri. Tumca, hipok-
rates bevrad ufro adreuli Teoriis msgavsad,
Seldonis sxeulis tipebis Teoriac Zalian
dabali Rirebulebis aRmoCnda individis qcevis
winaswarmetyvelebis TvalsazrisiT (Tyler, 1965).
ufro mogvianebiT, frenk saloueim (Frank
Sulloway, 1996) SemogvTavaza dabadebis rigze
damyarebuli, Tanamedrove tipebis Teoria. Tqven
pirveli (an erTaderTi) Svili xarT Tqvens
ojaxSi Tu mogvianebiT dabadebuli? imdenad,
ramdenadac dabadebis rigis mixedviT adamians
mxolod erTi pozicia SeiZleba hqondes,
saloueis Teoria akmayofilebs tipis Teoriis
kriteriumebs (uCveulo ojaxuri kombinaciebis
mqone adamianebisaTvis magaliTad, rodesac
or bavSvs Soris Zalian didi asakobrivi
sxvaobaa salouei mainc gvawvdis individebis
kategorizaciis gzebs). dabadebis rigze damya-
rebul winaswarmetyvelebebSi salouei efuZneba
darvinis ideas, rom organizmebi xdebian gan-
sxvavebulni, raTa ipovon is niSa, romelic
maT gadarCenis saSualebas miscems. saloueis
mixedviT, pirvelad dabadebulebs ukve gamza-
debuli niSa aqvT _ maT Tavidanve aqvT Tavisi
mSoblebis siyvaruli da yuradReba; isini cdi-
loben amis SenarCunebas mSoblebTan identi-
fikaciisa da maTdami damorCilebis gziT. amis
sapirispirod, ufro gvian dabadebul bavSvebs
sWirdebaT gansxvavebuli niSis moZebna iseTis,
sadac isini ase gamokveTilad ar mihyvebian
Tavisi mSoblebis magaliTs. amis Sedegad,
mogvianebiT dabadebulebs salouei axasiaTebs,
rogorc ajanyebisaTvis dabadebulebs~; isini
cdiloben, warmatebas miaRwion iseT sferoebSi,
sadac ufros debs Tu Zmebs ara aqvT ukve
mopovebuli upiratesoba. gvian dabadebulebi
tipurad aviTareben Riaobas gamocdilebisadmi
gamosadeg strategias yvelasaTvis, visac surs
cxovrebaSi axali da warmatebuli niSis povna~.
(gv. 353). im winaswarmetyvelebis Sesamowmeblad,
rom gvian dabadebulni siaxleebs miesalmebian
maSin, rodesac pirvelebi status-qvos amjobi-
neben, saloueim Seiswavla mecnieruli, istori-
uli da kulturuli revoluciebi, Semdeg ki
gansazRvra im mravali istoriuli da Tanamed-
rove figuris dabadebis rigi, vinc mxars uWerda
Tu ewinaaRmdegeboda am revoluciebs. 14.1
suraTze naCvenebia, Tu ra xarisxiT uWerdnen
mxars mecnierebaSi arsebul 23 liberalur
Teorias pirvelad da mogvianebiT dabadebuli
mecnierebi. rogorc xedavT, yvela zomis ojaxis
SemTxvevaSi, mosalodneli iyo, rom gvian
dabadebulebi ufro dauWerdnen mxars inovaciur
Teorias, vidre pirvelad dabadebulni. gyavT
1
assertive dadebiTi, Tavdajerebuli.
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Tu ara Zmebi da debi? SegiZliaT Tu ara ipovoT
aseTi magaliTi Tqvens sakuTar ojaxSi?
icnobT Tu ara adamianebs, visac miakuTvneb-
diT garkveul tips~? moicavs Tu ara tipi~
yvelafers, rac ki unda vicodeT pirovnebis
Sesaxeb? xSirad tipis Teoriebi TiTqos ugul-
vebelyofen adamianTa pirovnebebis ufro faqiz
aspeqtebs. modiT, gavecnoT Teoriebs, romlebic
ufro meti moqnilobis SesaZleblobas iZlevian,
radgan adamianebs ganasxvaveben niSnebis da ara
tipebis mixedviT.
niSnebiT aRwera
tipis Teoriebis daSvebis mixedviT, adamianebi
Seesatyvisebian arsebul calkeul, wyvetil
kategoriebs. aseTi kategoriebia, magaliTad,
pirvelad da mogvianebiT dabadebulebi. amis
sapirispirod, niSnis Teoriebi gvTavazoben
uwyvet ganzomilebebs, rogoricaa inteleqti,
an keTilganwyoba. niSnebi aris uwyveti Tvisebebi
an atributebi, romlebic winaswar ganawyoben
individebs, rom isini Tanamimdevrulad moiqcnen
gansxvavebul situaciebSi. magaliTad, SesaZle-
belia erT dRes Tqven patiosneba gamoamJRavnoT
dakarguli safulis dabrunebiT da meore dRes
imiT, rom ar moityuoT gamocdaze. niSnis
suraTi
14.1
niSani (Trait) _ myari pirovnuli Tvisebebi an
atributebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen qcevaze
gansxvavebul situaciebSi.
dabadebis rigi da mecnieruli
inovaciebis mxardaWera
frenk saloueim gamoikvlia 23 inovaciuri Teoria
da gansazRvra 1218 mecnieris dabadebis rigi,
romlebmac miiRes an uaryves es Teoriebi. nebis-
mieri zomis ojaxisaTvis, gvian dabadebulni
ufro iRebdnen inovaciur Teorias, vidre pir-
velad dabadebulni.
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Teoriis zogierTi momxre niSnebs gansazRvravs,
rogorc predispoziciebs, romlebic qcevas
iwveven, Tumca ufro konservatiuli mecnierebi
niSnebs iyeneben mxolod rogorc aRweriT
ganzomilebebs, romlebic ubralod ajameben
dakvirvebis obieqtad arsebuli qcevis paternebs.
modiT, gavecnoT niSnis cnobil Teoriebs.
olportis niSnis Teoria
gordon olporti (Gordon Allport, 1937, 1961,
1966) ganixilavda niSnebs, rogorc pirovnebis
samSeneblo masalas da individualobis Camoya-
libebis wyaros. olportis mixedviT, niSnebi
uzrunvelyofen qcevis SeTanxmebulobas (koheren-
tulobas), radgan isini akavSireben da erT-
gvarovans xdian pirovnebis reaqciebs mraval-
gvarovan stimulebze. niSnebma SeiZleba imoq-
medon, rogorc intervenciulma cvladebma,
romlebic akavSireben erTi SexedviT erTmaneT-
Tan daukavSirebel stimulebsa da maTze
pasuxebis erTobliobas (ix. sur. 14.2).
olportma gamoyo sami saxis niSnebi: kardi-
naluri, centraluri da meoradi. kardinaluria
niSnebi, romelTa garSemoc agebs adamiani Tavis
cxovrebas. deda terezasaTvis kardinaluri
niSani sxvisi keTildReobisaTvis sakuTari Tavis
Sewirva iqneboda. yvela adamians ar uviTardeba
aseTi yovlismomcveli kardinaluri niSnebi,
samagierod, centraluri niSnebi, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, patiosneba an optimizmi, pirovnebis
mTavar maxasiaTeblebs warmoadgenen. meoradi
niSnebi specifiuri pirovnuli Tvisebebia,
romlebic individis qcevis winaswarmetyve-
lebaSi gvexmareba, magram naklebad gamosadegia
individis pirovnebis gagebisaTvis. meoradi
niSnebis magaliTebia is, Tu rogor sakvebsa da
tansacmels aniWebs adamiani upiratesobas.
olports ainteresebda am sami tipis niSnebis
unikaluri kombinaciebis aRmoCena, rac yovel
adamians ganumeorebel mTlianobad aqcevda,
amitom igi mxars uWerda calkeul/erTeul
SemTxvevaTa Seswavlis meTodis gamoyenebas (case
study).
individis qcevis mTavar ganmsazRvrelad
olports pirovnebis struqtura ufro esaxeboda,
vidre garemo pirobebi. erTi da igive cecxli
adnobs karaqs da xarSavs kvercxs~ am frazas
igi iyenebda imis saCveneblad, rom erTsa da
imave stimuls gansxvavebuli moqmedeba aqvs
sxvadasxva individze. mravali Tanamedrove
niSnis Teoria olportiseul tradicias mihyveba.
universaluri niSnebis ganzomilebebis
gansazRvra
1936 wels gordon olportma da misma kolegam
h. s. odbertma Caatares leqsikonis kvleva da
inglisur enaSi individualuri gansxvavebebis
aRmweri 18 000-ze meti zedsarTavi saxeli
aRmoaCines. mas Semdeg mkvlevrebi cdiloben,
gansazRvron niSnebis aseTi usazRvro sityvaTa
maragis safuZvlad myofi Zireuli ganzomi-
lebebi. isini cdiloben, daadginon, Tu ramdeni
ganzomileba arsebobs da maTgan romlebi
miscemen fsiqologebs yvela individis gamosa-
degi, universaluri daxasiaTebis Seqmnis
saSualebas.
reimond ketelma (Raymond Cattell, 1979) niSanTa
bazisuri ganzomilebebis amomwuravi erToblio-
bis dadgena scada, risTvisac amosaval werti-
lad olportisa da odbertis zedsarTavi
saxelebis sia gamoiyena. kvlevis Sedegad ke-
telma ivarauda, rom pirovnebas gansazRvravs
16 faqtori da maT ganmsazRvreli niSnebi uwoda,
radgan, misi azriT, isini warmoadgenen im
ganmsazRvrel wyaros, romelic dgas zedapirze
arsebuli qcevebis ukan da romelsac Cven pirov-
nebad aRviqvamT. ketelis 16 faqtori moicavda
iseT mniSvnelovan qceviT dapirispirebebs
suraTi
14.2
morcxvoba rogorc niSani
niSnebma SeiZleba imoqmedon, rogorc
intervenciulma cvladebma, romlebic
akavSireben erTi SexedviT erTmaneTTan
daukavSirebel stimulebsa da maTze
pasuxebis erTobliobas.
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(opoziciebs), rogoricaa, magaliTad, TavSekave-
buli _ komunikabeluri, mimndobi eWviani,
modunebuli daZabuli. miuxedavad amisa,
Tanamedrove niSnis Teoriis mimdevrebi amtki-
ceben, rom pirovnebebs Soris yvelaze mniSvne-
lovan gansxvavebebs 16-ze kidev ufro naklebi
ganzomileba asaxavs.
hans aizenkma (Hans Eysenck, 1973, 1990) pirovnebis
testirebis monacemebidan mxolod sami ZiriTadi,
moculobiTi ganzomileba gamoyo: eqstraversia
(SigniT orientirebuli gareT orientirebulis
sapirispirod), neiroticizmi (emociurad stabi-
luri emociurad labiluris sapirispirod) da
fsiqoticizmi (gulisxmieri da yuradRebiani
agresiulisa da antisocialuris sapirispirod).
rogorc naCvenebia suraTze 14.3, aizenkma
moaxdina ori ganzomilebis eqstraversiisa
da neiroticizmis kombinireba, raTa maTi wreze
demonstracia SeZleboda. misi azriT, wris
TiToeuli seqtori warmoadgens hipokrates mier
dadgenili pirovnebis tipebisgan erT-erTs,
Tumca, aizenkis niSnis Teoria am kategoriebSi
individualuri varirebis saSualebas iZleva.
individi SeiZleba yvelgan aRmoCndes wreze,
Zalian introvertirebulidan Zalian eqstraver-
tirebulamde da Zalian labiluridan (nevro-
tulidan) Zalian stabiluramde. wreze CamoT-
vlili niSnebi adamianebs swored am ori
ganzomilebis kombinaciebiT aRweren. magaliTad,
Zalian eqstravertirebuli da met-naklebad
labiluri adamiani mosalodnelia, rom impul-
suri iyos.
xuTfaqtoriani modeli
kvlevebi TvalnaTliv adastureben aizenkis
Teoriis mraval aspeqts, Tumca, ukanasknel
wlebSi miRweul iqna konsensusi, rom pirovnebis
struqturas yvelaze kargad xuTi faqtori
axasiaTebs, romlebic arasrulad emTxveva
aizenkis sam ganzomilebas (Wiggins & Pincus, 1992).
miuxedavad imisa, rom pirovnebis yvela mkvle-
vari ar emxroba am xuT faqtors (Block, 1995;
Eysenck, 1992; Pervin, 1994), dResdReobiT swored
isini warmoadgenen kriteriums niSnis struqtu-
ris Sesaxeb diskusiaTa umravlesobaSi.
xuTfaqtoriani modelis Seqmna asaxavs
mcdelobas, aRmoCenil iqnes raime struqtura
niSanTa im did siaSi, romelic amoiRes leqsiko-
nidan olportma da odbertma (1996). niSnebi
dayvanil iqna sinonimebis daaxloebiT 200
klasteramde, romlebic gamoiyeneboda niSnebis
bipolaruli ganzomilebebis Sesaqmnelad;
ganzomilebebisa, romlebsac aqvT maRali da
dabali polusebi, rogoricaa pasuxismgebliani
da upasuxismgeblo. Semdeg adamianebs sTxovdnen,
SeefasebinaT sakuTari Tavi da sxva adamianebi
bipolarul ganzomilebebze da es Sefasebebi
statistikuri damuSavebis procedurebs eqvem-
debareboda imis gansasazRvrad, Tu rogor iyo
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli sinonimuri klas-
terebi. am meTodis gamoyenebiT ramdenime
damoukidebeli kvleviTi jgufi erTsa da imave
daskvnamde mivida: im niSnebis safuZvlad,
romlebsac adamianebi gamoiyeneben sakuTari
Tavis da sxvebis aRsawerad, arsebobs mxolod
xuTi bazisuri ganzomileba (Norman, 1963, 1967;
Tupes & Christal, 1961).
suraTi
14.3
pirovnebis aRweris wris oTxi
kvadrati aizenkis mixedviT
eqstraversiisa da neiroticizmis ori ganzomileba
gvaZlevs wriul gamosaxulebas. aizenkma am
gamosaxulebis yoveli kvadrati hipokrates mier
gansazRvruli oTxi pirovnebis tipisagan erTs
daukavSira. miuxedavad amisa, misi Teoria am
kategoriebis farglebSi individualuri varirebis
saSualebas iZleva.
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xuTi ganzomileba Zalian farToa, radgan
TiToeuli erT did kategoriaSi aTavsebs bevr
niSans, romelTac unikaluri erTmniSvnelovani
konotacia, magram saerTo Tema aqvT. pirovnebis
am xuT ganzomilebas amJamad xuTfaqtoriani
modeli ewodeba, an, araformalurad, didi
xuTeuli (the Big Five) (McCrae & Costa, 1999). xuTi
faqtori Sejamebulia cxrilSi 14.1. Tqven er-
Txel kidev SeniSnavT, rom TiToeuli ganzomi-
leba bipolarulia _ ganzomilebis saxelwode-
bis mniSvnelobis tolfasi terminebi aRweren
maRal poluss, xolo misi sawinaaRmdego termi-
nebi ki _ dabals.
xuTfaqtoriani modelis ganzomilebebi 1960-
ian wlebSi Segrovebuli masalidan warmoiSva,
sadac gamoiyeneboda zedsarTavi saxelebis
ramdenime gansxvavebuli nakrebi, mravali gan-
sxvavebuli SerCeva da SefasebiTi davaleba.
mas Semdeg Zalian msgavsi ganzomilebebi
aRmoaCines pirovnebis kiTxvarebSi, intervius
kiTxvarebsa da sxva monacemebSi (Costa & McCrae,
1992a; Digman, 1990; Wiggins & Pincus, 1992).
xuTfaqtoriani modelis universalurobis demon-
strirebisaTvis mkvlevrebi gascdnen Tavis kvle-
vebSi inglisur enas: xuTfaqtoriani struq-
tura gameorda ramdenime enaSi germanulis,
portugaliuris, ivriTis, Cinuris, koreulis
da iaponuris CaTvliT (McCrae & Costa, 1997). xuTi
faqtori ar aris mowodebuli, rom Seanacvlos
mravali specifikuri niSnis termini, romelsac
mniSvnelobis sakuTari niuansi da elferi aqvs.
ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, is gamokveTs taqso-
nomias _ klasifikaciis sistemas, romelic saSua-
lebas gvaZlevs, aRvweroT yvela Cveni nacnobi
adamiani ise, rom gamovxatoT is mniSvnelovani
ganzomilebebi, romlebiTac isini gansxvavdebian.
mniSvnelovania, xazi gavusvaT imas, rom
xuTfaqtoriani modeli, didwilad, aRweriTia.
faqtorebi Seiqmna niSnebis terminTa klaste-
rebis statistikuri analizis Sedegad da ara
Teoriis safuZvelze, romelic ambobda: es aris
faqtorebi, romlebic unda arsebobdes~ (Ozer &
Reise, 1994). xuTfaqtoriani modelis momxreebma
daiwyes am Teoriuli dasabuTebis Zieba. maga-
liTad, maT scades, xuTi ganzomileba interaq-
ciaTa im Tanmimdevrul tipebTan daekavSirebinaT,
romlebic adamianebs hqondaT erTmaneTTan da
gare samyarosTan kacobriobis evoluciis
manZilze (Costa & McCrae, 1992a; McCrae et al., 2000).
evoluciuri safuZveli dagvexmareboda, agvexsna
xuTi faqtoris universaluroba gansxvavebul
kulturebSi. Tu es axsna sworia, SesaZlebelia,
evoluciis mier Camoyalibebuli adamianuri
gamocdilebis sxva aspeqtebis msgavsad, niSnebi
erTi Taobidan meores gadaeces. ganvixiloT es
debuleba.
niSnebi da memkvidreoba
Tqven, albaT, gagigiaT, rom adamianebi aseT
frazebs amboben xolme: jimi artistulia,
Tavisi dedis msgavsad~, an, meri misi babuasaviT
jiutia~, an, SesaZloa, frustrirebulad gig-
rZvniaT Tavi, radganac Tqvens da-ZmaSi gamaRi-
zianebeli Tvisebebi swored isinia, romlebis
gamosworebac sakuTar TavSi gsurT. modiT, gan-
vixiloT pirovnuli niSnebis memkvidreobiTobis
damadasturebeli TvalsaCino magaliTebi.
gaixseneT, rom bihevioristuli genetika aris
mecniereba, romelic Seiswvlis, Tu ra xarisxiT
gadaecema pirovnuli niSnebi da qceviTi pater-
nebi memkvidreobiT. pirovnebaze genetikis
cxrili
14.1
faqtori bipolaruli gansazRvreba
eqstraversia
TanxmobisaTvis
mzaoba
patiosneba
neiroticizmi
gamocdilebisadmi
Riaoba
laparakis moyvaruli, energiuli
da asertiuli wynaris,
TavSekavebulisa da morcxvis
sapirispirod
TanamgrZnobi, keTili da
mosiyvarule civis, kapasisa da
sastikis sapirispirod
organizebuli, pasuxismgebliani
da frTxili uyuradRebos,
frivolurisa da
upasuxismgeblos sapirispirod
stabiluri, mSvidi da kmayofili
SfoTianis, arastabilurisa da
temperamentianis sapirispirod
kreatuli, inteleqtualuri da
gonebagaxsnili martivis,
zedapirulisa da ugunuris
sapirispirod
xuTfaqtoriani modeli (Five-factor model) _
pirovnebis yovlismomcveli aRweriTi sistema,
romelic asaxavs urTierTobas zogad niSnebs,
Teoriul cnebebsa da pirovnebis skalebs Soris;
araformalurad ewodeba didi xuTeuli.
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gavlenis gansasazRvrad mkvlevrebi swavloben
pirovnul niSnebs erTi ojaxis wevrebisa, rom-
lebsac msgavsi genebis gansxvavebuli propor-
ciebi aqvT da erTsa da imave an gansxvavebul
garemoSi gaizardnen. magaliTad, Tu pirovnuli
niSani socialuroba genetikurad gadaecema,
maSin is ufro maRal korelaciaSi unda iyos
identur, monozigotur tyupebSi (romelTa
genebic 100%-iT emTxveva), vidre araidentur,
dizigotur tyupebSi an sxva da-ZmaSi (romelTa
genebic saSualod 50%-iT emTxveva).
memkvidreobiTobis kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom
TiTqmis yvela pirovnuli niSani ganicdis
genetikuri faqtorebis gavlenas (Lehlin et al., 1998).
msgavs Sedegebs iZleva iseTi kvlevebic, sadac
mravali gansxvavebuli gazomvis teqnika gamoiye-
neba, miuxedavad imisa, zomaven isini ufro farTo
niSnebs, rogoricaa eqstraversia da neiroticiz-
mi, Tu specifikur niSnebs, rogoricaa TviTkon-
troli an socialuroba. ganvixiloT erTi
sanimuSo kvleva:
saidan
viciT
xuTi faqtoris memkvidreobiToba
Tqven axlaxan pirovnebis xuTfaqtorian
models gaecaniT. mkvlevrebma yuradReba
miaqcies sakiTxs: arsebobs Tu ara am
modeliT gansazRvruli faqtorebis gene-
tikuri safuZveli. erT-erT kvlevaSi mec-
nierTa jgufma germanidan da poloneTidan
Seagrova pirovnuli niSnebis monacemebi
660 monozigoturi da 304 dizigoturi
tyupis wyvilebze. monacemebi miRebul iqna
rogorc TviTangariSis (anu tyupebi av-
sebdnen im tipis pirovnebis kiTxvarebs,
romelTac mogvianebiT SevexebiT am TavSi),
ise axlobelTa Sefasebebis (anu megobrebi
da ojaxis wevrebi adgendnen erTi an meore
tyupiscalis Sefasebebs) meSveobiT. zo-
gadad, adrindel kvlevebSi mxolod
TviTangariSis monacemebs iyenebdnen. mem-
kvidreobiTobis kvlevebis kritikosebi
Tvlidnen, rom monozigotur da dizigotur
tyupebs SesaZlebelia hqondeT gadaxrebi,
rodesac isini sakuTar Tavs adareben Tavis
tyupiscals, an sxva individs. axlobelTa
Sefasebebis CarTva amcirebs imis alba-
Tobas, rom memkvidreobiTobis maRali
maCveneblebi tyupebis TviTangariSis
pirdapiri Sedegia. faqtobrivad, yvela
SemTxvevaSi monozigoturi tyupebis
pirovnebebi Sefasebul iqna, rogorc ufro
msgavsi, vidre dizigoturi tyupebisa.
TviTSefasebebma gamoavlina tyupTa Soris
korelaciebis aseTi maCveneblebi: 0.52
(monozigoturi) da 0.23 (dizigoturi).
rogorc TviTangariSis, ise axlobelTa
monacemebis gamoyenebiT mkvlevrebma aC-
venes mniSvnelovani memkvidreobiTi maCve-
neblebi xuTfaqtoriani modeliT gansazR-
vruli yoveli faqtoris mxriv (Remann et
al., 1997).
kvlav SexedeT cxrils 14.1. xuTi faqtoris
romeli polusebia TqvenTvis yvelaze Sesabamisi?
SegiZliaT ipovoT msgavseba Tqvensa da Tqvens
mSoblebs Soris?
mkvlevrebi kvlav muSaoben memkvidreobiTobis
kvlevebis gaumjobesebaze. magaliTad, radganac
tyupebi da sxva da-Zma, rogorc wesi, erTad
izrdebian, maT saerTo ojaxuri garemo aqvT,
ramac SesaZloa maTi pirovnebebis korelacia
gamoiwvios. naSvilebi bavSvebis kvlevebi ki
gamoiyeneba imisaTvis, rom gaizomos gansxvaveba
bavSvebis niSnebis korelaciebisa maTi biolo-
giuri mSoblebis niSnebTan da aRmzrdeli
mSoblebis niSnebTan. naSvilebi bavSvebis kvle-
vebis monacemebidan, aseve, naTelia is, Tu raoden
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mniSvnelovania pirovnul niSnebSi genetikuri
faqtoris wvlili (Bouchard, 1994).
winaswarmetyveleben Tu ara
niSnebi qcevas
warmoidgineT, rom gTxoves, amoirCioT raime
pirovnuli niSnis aRmniSvneli termini, ro-
melic, Tqveni rwmeniT, gansakuTrebiT kargad
SegesabamebaT. magaliTad, Tqven SegiZliaT
gviTxraT, rom Tqven Zalian keTilganwyobili
xarT. ra viciT Cven axla? Tu pirovnebis Teoriebi
gvaZleven saSualebas, viwinaswarmetyveloT
qceva, ra prognozi SegviZlia gavakeToT im
codniT, rom Tqvens Tavs afasebT, rogorc
Zalian keTilganwyobils? rogor SegviZlia
ganvsazRvroT Tqveni mosazrebis validuroba?
modiT, gamovikvlioT es sakiTxi.
erTi idea, romelic SesaZloa gagiCndeT,
Semdegia: codna imisa, rom pirovneba SeiZleba
daxasiaTebul iqnes konkretuli niSniT, saSua-
lebas mogcemT, iwinaswarmetyveloT misi qceva
gansxvavebul situaciebSi. amgvarad, Cven Tqvengan
moveliT keTilganwyobil qcevas yvela si-
tuaciaSi, Tumca, 1920-ian wlebSi ramdenime
mkvlevari, romlebmac miznad daisaxes niSnebTan
dakavSirebul qcevaze dakvirveba gansxvavebul
situaciebSi, gancvifrebuli iyo, radgan mcire
TvalsaCinoeba aRmoaCines situaciebis mixedviT
qcevis konsistenturobis mxriv. magaliTad, sko-
lis moswavleebSi mxolod susti korelacia
iqna aRmoCenili patiosnebis niSanTan savarau-
dod dakavSirebul or iseT qcevas Soris,
rogoricaa tyuilis Tqma da TaRliToba
gamocdis Cabarebisas (Hartshorne & May, 1928).
msgavsi Sedegebi miiRes sxva mkvlevrebmac,
romlebic iseTi niSnebis kros-situaciur
Tanmimdevrulobas (konsistenturobas) swavlob-
dnen, rogorebicaa introversia an punqtualoba
(Dudycha, 1936; Newcomb, 1929).
Tu niSnebTan dakavSirebuli qceva ar aris
kros-situaciurad konsistenturi, anu, Tu ada-
mianebis qceva icvleba gansxvavebul situaciebSi,
ratom aRiqvamT Tqvens sakuTar da sxvebis
pirovnebebs, rogorc SedarebiT mdgrads? kidev
ufro damabnevelia, rom pirovnebis Sefaseba im
damkvirveblis mier, romelic individs erTi
situaciidan icnobs, korelaciaSia im damkvir-
veblis SefasebasTan, romelic icnobs mas sxva
situaciidan. movlenas, rodesac pirovnebis
Sefasebebi sxvadasxva dros da gansxvavebuli
damkvirveblebis mier konsistenturia, xolo
adamianis qcevis Sefasebebi sxvadasxva situa-
ciebSi ar aris konsistenturi, konsistentobis
paradoqss (Consistency paradox) uwodeben (Mischel,
1968).
konsistentobis paradoqsis aRmoCenas kvleva-
Ta didi raodenoba mohyva (mimoxilvisTvis ix.
Cervone & Shoda, 1999). droTa ganmavlobaSi
miRweul iqna konsensusi, rom qceviTi arakonsis-
tentoba gamovlinda didwilad imis gamo, rom
situaciebi arasworad iyo kategorizebuli:
paradoqsi qreba, rodesac mecnierebi marTebulad
daaxarisxeben situaciaTa fsiqologiur maxasia-
Teblebis (Mischel & Shoda, 1995, 1999). magaliTad,
dauSviT, rom Tqven gsurT qceviTi konsis-
tentobis Sefaseba imis gansazRvriT, iqceva Tu
ara Tqveni megobari umetesad erTnairad yvela
wveulebaze, romelsac igi eswreba. mosalod-
nelia, aRmoaCinoT, rom misi qceva mniSvnelovnad
cvalebadobs, Tu Tqveni analizis done mxolod
wveulebebia~. saWiroa, gansazRvroT, Tu romeli
fsiqologiurad relevanturi maxasiaTeblebi
yofen wveulebebs gansxvavebul kategoriebad.
SesaZloa, Tqveni megobari uxerxulad grZnobs
Tavs iseT situaciebSi, sadac misgan ucxoebi-
saTvis piradi informaciis gaziarebas moelian.
Sedegad, zogierT wveulebaze (sadac misgan
piradi informaciis gaziarebas moelian) is
SeiZleba Zalian arakeTilganwyobilad gamoi-
yurebodes, xolo sxva wveulebebze (sadac amas
misgan ar moelian) _ sakmaod keTilganwyobilad.
amave dros, sxva iseTma situaciebma, romlebic
misgan gulaxdilobas moiTxovs, rogoricaa
interviu samsaxurSi miRebisas, SeiZleba, aseve,
gamoiwvion negatiuri qceva. amdenad, konsis-
tentoba gamoixateba imiT, Tu ra gziT gamoiwveven
situaciis maxasiaTeblebi adamianebis gansxva-
vebul reaqciebs.
konsistentobis paradoqsi (Consistency pradox) _
movlena, romlis drosac pirovnebis Sefasebebi
sxvadasxva dros da gansxvavebuli damkvir-
veblebis mier konsistenturia, maSin, rodesac
adamianis qcevis Sefasebebi sxvadasxva situ-
aciebSi ar aris konsistenturi.
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modiT, ganvixiloT kvleva, romelSic mra-
valferovani situaciebis fsiqologiur maxasia-
Teblebs swavlobdnen. kvlevaSi ganixileboda
is aqtivobebi, romlebsac bavSvebi sazafxulo
banakSi axorcieleben.
saidan
viciT
konsistentoba verbalur agresiaSi
es kvleva Catarda 6-dan 12-wlamde
bavSvebis jgufze, romlebic socialuri
adaptaciis problemebis mqone bavSvebisaTvis
mowyobil sazafxulo banakSi gaagzavnes.
mkvlevrebs surdaT enaxaT, Tu ramdenad
simorcxve (Shyness) _ individis diskomforti
da/an Sekaveba iseT interpersonalur situa-
ciebSi, romlebic xels uSlis interperso-
naluri an profesiuli miznebis miRwevas.
ukanaskneli drois kvle-
vebma gviCvena, rom kolejis
studentebis 50%-ze meti
sakuTar Tavs amJamad morcxv~
individad miiCnevs (Carducci &
Zimbardo, 1995). maTi umetesoba
ambobs, rom morcxvoba aris
arasasurveli mdgomareoba,
romelsac uaryofiTi pirov-
nuli da socialuri Sedegebi
ufro meti aqvs, vidre dadebi-
Ti efeqtebi. studentebis sxva
jgufi ambobs, rom isini
situaciurad morcxvebi~ ari-
an da ara dispoziciurad
morcxvebi~, rogorc studente-
bis zemoxsenebuli umetesoba.
isini grZnoben, rom TiTqos-
da~ morcxvoben garkveul
situaciebSi, romlebic axa-
lia, ucnauria an socialur
zewolas Seicavs. aseTi situa-
ciebia paemani ucnobTan, mar-
toxelebis barebi, aseve, ro-
desac adamians moeTxoveba,
sazogadoebis winaSe momza-
debis gareSe imoqmedos. simor-
cxvis mkvlevrebi gaocdnen,
rodesac zrdasrul adami-
anebSi aRmoaCines, rom ara-
morcxvi~ adamiani iSviaTi,
araCveulebrivi saxeobaa Seer-
Tebul StatebSi da yvela sxva
gamokvleul qveyanaSi (Zim-
bardo, 1991).
simorcxve SeiZleba ganisa-
zRvros, rogorc diskomforti
da/an Sekaveba iseT interper-
sonalur situaciebSi, rom-
lebic xels uSlis adamianis
interpersonaluri an profe-
siuli miznebis miRwevas. mor-
cxvoba SeiZleba iyos qro-
nikuli da dispoziciuri, anu
warmoadgendes centralur
niSans adamianis TviTgansa-
zRvraSi. is SeiZleba iyos
mcire TavSekavebuloba da so-
cialuri ucnauroba, romelic
bevr CvenTagans ugrZvnia axal
situaciebSi, magram mas SeuZlia
gadaizardos ukiduresobaSi _
adamianebis mimarT sruliad
Semakavebel SiSSi (socialur
fobias me-15 TavSi ganvixilavT).
bevri morcxvi adamiani introve-
rtirebulicaa. isini upira-
tesobas aniWeben ganmarto-
vebul, arasocialur moqmede-
bebsa da garemos. arseboben
morcxvi eqstravertebi~, rom-
lebic sazogadoebaSi komu-
nikabelurni, magram pirovnu-
lad morcxvebi arian, amjo-
bineben socialur aqtivobebSi
CarTvas, aqvT socialuri una-
rebi amis efeqturad ganxor-
cielebisaTvis, magram eWvi
eparebaT imaSi, rom namdvilad
imsaxureben sxvebis mowonebasa
ratom aris zogi adamiani morcxvi?
da pativiscemas (Pilkonis & Zim-
bardo, 1979).
maS ratom aris zogi adami-
ani morcxvi maSin, rodesac
sxvebi ar arian? erTi SesaZ-
lebeli axsnaa buneba. kvle-
vebi mowmobs, rom bavSvebis
daaxloebiT 10% ibadeba
morcxvi~ (Kagan, 1994). aseTi
bavSvebi dabadebidan uCve-
ulod frTxilni da Cake-
tilni arian ucxo xalxTan
da ucnob situaciebTan Seja-
xebis dros. Semavsebeli (kom-
plementaruli) axsna yurad-
Rebas aRzrdaze amaxvilebs.
bavSvobaSi zog adamians
dascinian, masxrad igdeben,
an raime Secdomis gamo isini
sazogadoebrivi gakicxvis
sagani xdebian; sxvebi izrde-
bian iseT ojaxebSi, sadac
siyvarulis damsaxureba~ da-
mokidebulia imaze, miaRwevs
Tu ara bavSvi warmatebas
garegnobisa da kargi qcevis
SejibrSi. mesame axsna kul-
turas efuZneba.
Seswavlili cxra qveyni-
dan simorcxve yvelaze maRa-
lia zog aziur qveyanaSi, gan-
sakuTrebiT iaponiasa da tai-
vanSi, da yvelaze dabalia
israelSi (Zimbardo, 1991). es
gansxvaveba, garkveulwilad,
miewereba imas, rom am aziur
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zustad SeeZloT maT im situaciaTa
winaswarmetyveleba, romlebSic calkeuli
bavSvebi agresiul qcevas gamoavlendnen.
am winaswarmetyvelebaTa `gasakeTeblad~
mkvlevrebma Seagroves monacemebi banakis
sxvadasxva situaciebis arsebiTi maxasiaTeb-
lebis Sesaxeb, moTxovnis im tipebis
mixedviT, romlebsac isini bavSvs uyenebdnen:
kognituri (moiTxovs logikuri azrovnebis
unars), socialuri (moiTxovs sxvebis winaSe
saubris unars), TviTregulatoruli (moi-
Txovs frustraciis atanis unars), fizikuri
siZliere (moiTxovs fizikur siZlieres,
amtanobas) da motoruli koordinacia
(moiTxovs xelisa da sxeulis moZraobebis
koordinaciis unars). magaliTad, curva
moiTxovs fizikur siZlieresa da koor-
dinacias, magram SedarebiT mcire TviTregu-
lacias. amis sapirispirod, Tevzaoba moto-
rul koordinaciasTan erTad moiTxovs
maRali donis TviTregulacias.
qveynebSi kultura ganapi-
robebs avtoritetisadmi da-
morCilebas da sircxvilis
gancdas, Tu adamianma socia-
luri Secdoma dauSva; xolo
israelSi, amis sapirispi-
rod, Tu adamiani riskze mi-
dis, es kulturulad waxa-
lisebulia da danaSaulis
gancda eqsternalizire-
bulia (Pines & Zimbardo, 1978).
meoTxe axsna nawilobriv ex-
maureba bolo dros Seer-
Tebul StatebSi simorcxvis
prevalentobis zrdas: axal-
gazrdebi intensiurad arian
CarTulni eleqtronul teq-
nologiebTan muSaobaSi. di-
di drois gatareba, rogorc
wesi, simartoveSi, televiz-
oris yurebaSi, videoTa-
maSebSi, internetis Tvali-
erebasa da eleqtronuli
fostis gzavnaSi socialur
izolacias iwvevs da am-
cirebs yoveldRiur piris-
pir kontaqts. internetis
intensiur gamoyenebas aqvs
potenciali, adamianebs Tavi
agrZnobinos martoxelad,
izolirebulad da ufro
morcxvad (Kraut et al., 1998; Nie
& Erbring, 2000).
rodesac simorcxve sul
ufro Zlierdeba, is adamia-
nis cxovrebis axal da axal
aspeqtebSi iWreba, amcirebs
socialur siamovnebebs da
maqsimumamde mihyavs socia-
luri diskomforti da izo-
lacia. arsebobs ramdenime
martivi koncefcia da taq-
tika, romelTa Sesaxeb fiq-
rsa da gamoyenebis cdasac
vTavazobT morcxv stu-
dentebs (ix. Zimbardo, 1991):
gaacnobiereT, rom mar-
to Tqven ar xarT morcxvi;
yvela sxva adamiani Tavisi
morcxvobiT ufro Tqveni
msgavsia, vidre Tqvengan gan-
sxvavebuli;
simorcxve SeiZleba ma-
Sinac ki Seicvalos, rodesac
masSi genetikuri komponentia
CarTuli, magram es moiTxovs
Tavdadebasa da Secvlis
ganzraxvas iseve, rogorc ne-
bismieri xangrZlivad ar-
sebuli Cveva, romlis Sec-
vlac gsurT;
ivarjiSeT gaRimebaSi da
mxedvelobiTi kontaqtis dam-
yarebaSi adamianTa umravle-
sobasTan, visac xvdebiT;
ilaparakeT laRad, xma-
maRali da mkafio xmiT, gan-
sakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac
Tqvens saxels eubnebiT vinmes
an informaciis miReba gsurT;
iyaviT pirveli, vinc Se-
kiTxvas dasvams an komentars
gaakeTebs axal socialur
situaciaSi. saTqmelad mom-
zadebuli gqondeT raime
saintereso da TqviT es pir-
velma; yvela afasebs adamians,
vinc yinuls gaalRobs~, da
aRaravin ifiqrebs, rom Tqven
morcxvi xarT;
nu daimdablebT Tavs,
aramed ifiqreT imaze, Tu ra
SeiZleba gaakeToT Semdeg,
rom TqvenTvis sasurveli
Sedegi miiRoT;
yuradReba gaamaxvileT
imaze, rom sxvebs Tavi
komfortulad agrZnobinoT.
gansakuTrebiT swored is
sxva morcxvi adamianebi mo-
ZebneT. es Seamcirebs Tqvens
TviTcnobirebas, rogorc
morcxvi pirovnebis;
gaivarjiSeT meditaci-
aSi, relaqsaciasa da idea-
luri scenaris gonebriv vi-
zualizaciaSi, sanam aRmoC-
ndebiT situaciaSi, rome-
lic, Cveulebriv, aZlierebs
Tqvens simorcxves.
Tu Tqven morcxvi xarT,
vimedovnebT, rom gaiziarebT
am rCevebs. studentebi, rom-
lebmac gaiTvaliswines es
rCevebi, ganTavisufldnen
morcxvobis tyveobidan da
axali TavisuflebebiT~
savse cxovrebaSi Seabijes.
es aris martivi fsiqolo-
giis cxovrebaSi gamoyenebis
erT-erTi upiratesoba. Tuki
Tqven morcxvi ar xarT,
SegiZliaT waaxalisoT Tqve-
ni morcxvi megobrebi da
ojaxis wevrebi, raTa maT am
gziT Secvalon Tavisi cxov-
reba (Henderson & Zimbardo,
1998).
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yuradReba miaqcieT im erTeulebs, sadamdec
mividnen mkvlevrebi, raTa situaciebis rele-
vanturi maxasiaTeblebi gamoeyvanaT. aseTi
taqsonomia maT aZlevs iseTi gansxvavebebis
gamovlenis saSualebas, rogoricaa sonias uWirs
gamklaveba iseT situaciebTan, romlebsac
maRali kognituri moTxovna aqvT. swored amitom
xdeba is verbalurad agresiuli aseT situa-
ciebSi~. Cven aRmovaCenT konsistentobas, rodesac
pirovnebis (is ver umklavdeba kognitur
moTxovnebs~) da situaciis (es situacia Seicavs
kognitur moTxovnas~) swori aRwera gvaqvs.
debatebma konsistentobis Sesaxeb aiZula
niSnis Teoretikosebi, ufro zustad ganesa-
zRvraT niSnebi _ dazustebiT gamoeyoT, Tu
qcevis romeli jgufebi unda iyos dakavSirebuli
pirovnul niSnebTan da romel situaciebSi.
niSani SeiZleba gamoxatul iqnes gansxvavebuli
qcevis meSveobiT gansxvavebul situaciebSi da
gansxvavebul asakSi, magram, ramdenadac niSnis
Teoria winaswarmetyvelebs imas, Tu ra gziT
iwvevs situaciebis fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeb-
lebi qceviT gamovlinebebs, es paterni logi-
kurad gamarTulia. amgvarad, Tu Tqven aRwerT
sakuTar Tavs, rogorc Zalian keTilganwyobil
pirovnebas, es ar niSnavs imas, rom Tqvengan
keTilganwyobil~ qcevas unda velodoT Tqveni
cxovrebis yvela momentSi. Cveni molodiniT,
Tqveni keTilganwyobileba gansxvavebuli iqneba
sxvadasxvagvar situaciebSi maTi fsiqologiuri
maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. magaliTad, Tqven,
SesaZloa, Zalian Tbili iyoT axloblebis
mimarT, magram oficialuri _ Tqveni profeso-
rebis mimarT.
tipisa da niSnis Teoriebis
Sefaseba
Cven vnaxeT, rom tipisa da niSnis Teoriebi
mkvlevrebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs, mogvcen
gansxvavebuli pirovnebebis lakonuri aRwera,
Tumca, es Teoriebi gakritikebul iqna, radgan
isini zogadad ar xsnian imas, Tu rogor war-
moiqmneba qceva an rogor viTardeba pirovneba.
isini mxolod gansazRvraven da aRweren maxa-
siaTeblebs, romlebic korelaciaSia qcevasTan.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove niSnis
Teoriis warmomadgenlebi cdiloben, Seexon am
sakiTxebs, niSnis Teoriebi, rogorc wesi, aR-
weren amJamad arsebuli pirovnebis struqturis
statikur, an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, sta-
bilizebul xats. amis sapirispirod, pirovnebis
fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi, romlebsac Cven axla
ganvixilavT, xazs usvamen individis SigniT
arsebul konfliqtur Zalebs, romlebic ada-
mianis cvlilebasa da ganviTarebas iwveven.
Sejameba
tipis Teoriebi adamianebs aragadamfarav
kategoriebad (rogoricaa pirvelad dabadebulni
da Semdeg dabadebulni) yofen, raTa gakeTdes
winaswarmetyveleba maTi pirovnebebis Sesaxeb.
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amis sapirispirod, niSnis Teoriebi axdenen
pirovnebis konceptualizacias uwyveti ganzo-
milebebis Sesabamisad. Tanamedrove mecnierebis
azriT, arsebobs xuTi universaluri faqtori,
romelic kros-kulturulad asaxavs pirovnebis
ZiriTad ganzomilebebs: eqstraversia, Tanxmo-
bisaTvis mzaoba, patiosneba, neiroticizmi da
gamocdilebisadmi Riaoba. qceviTi genetikis
kvlevis mixedviT, pirovnuli niSnebi maRali
xarisxis memkvidreobiTobiT xasiaTdeba. dRes-
dReobiT mecnierebi aRiareben, rom qcevis
konsistentobis kvleva moiTxovs rogorc pirov-
nebis, aseve situaciis fsiqologiuri maxa-
siaTeblebis zust aRweras.
fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi
pirovnebis yvela fsiqodinamikuri Teoriis-
aTvis saerToa daSveba, rom Zlieri Sinagani
Zalebi ayalibeben pirovnebas da qcevis moti-
virebas axdenen. zigmund froids (Sigmund Freud),
fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebis fuZemdebels, misi
biografi ernest jonsi fsiqikis darvins~ uwo-
debs (1953). froidis pirovnebis Teoria gabe-
dulad cdilobs axsnas pirovnebis ganviTarebis
sawyisi wyaroebi da mimarTuleba, fsiqikis bu-
neba, paTologiuri pirovneba da Terapiis meS-
veobiT pirovnebis Secvlis gzebi. aq yuradRebas
mxolod normalur pirovnebaze gavamaxvilebT.
froidis Sexedulebebi fsiqopaTologiasa da
mkurnalobaze me-15 da me-16 TavebSi iqneba
ganxiluli, ris Semdegac am Teoriebis kritikasa
da gadamuSavebis mcdelobebs aRvwerT.
froidis fsiqoanalizi
fsiqoanalitikuri Teoriis mixedviT, pirov-
nebis birTvs adamianis fsiqikaSi arsebuli
movlenebi (intrafsiqikuri movlenebi) qmnis,
romlebic qcevis motivs warmoadgenen. xSirad
adamianebi acnobiereben am motivebs, Tumca, zogi
motivacia aracnobier donezec moqmedebs. am
midgomis fsiqodinamikuri buneba momdinareobs
misi aqcentidan qcevis am Sida wyaroebze, iseve,
rogorc am Sida Zalebs Soris konfliqtebze.
froidisaTvis yovelgvar qcevas aqvs motivi,
mas ar iwvevs SemTxveviTi movlenebi; yvela
moqmedeba gansazRvrulia motivebiT. nebismier
adamianur moqmedebas aqvs mizezi da mizani,
romelic SeiZleba aRmoCenil iqnes azrebis
asociaciebis, sizmrebis, Secdomebisa da Sinagan
vnebebze metyveli sxva qceviTi miniSnebebis
analizis Sedegad. pirovnebis Sesaxeb froidis
hipoTezebis pirveladi monacemebi miRebul iqna
Terapiis procesSi myof individualur pacien-
tebze warmoebuli klinikuri dakvirvebebidan
da SemTxvevebis siRrmiseuli Seswavlidan.
fsiqikuri aSlilobebis mqone adamianebis in-
tensiuri Seswavlis Sedegad man ganaviTara
normaluri pirovnebis Teoria. modiT, ganvi-
xiloT froidis Teoriis zogierTi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani aspeqti.
ltolvebi da fsiqoseqsualuri
ganviTareba
nevrologiaSi samedicino praqtikam froidi
miiyvana Teoriul daSvebamde, rom im qcevebs,
romelTac is Tavis pacientebSi akvirdeboda,
saerTo biologiuri safuZveli hqondaT. adamia-
nuri moqmedebebis motivaciis wyarod man yvela
individSi arsebuli fsiqikuri energia miiCnia.
man dauSva, rom yvela adamians unda hqonoda
Tandayolili instinqtebi anu ltolvebi (drives),
pirovnebis fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi (Psycho-
dynamic personality theories) _ pirovnebis Teoriebi,
romlebic iziareben daSvebas, rom pirovnebis
formireba da misi qcevis motivireba xdeba
Zlieri Sinagani Zalebis mier.
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romlebic warmoadgenda sxeulSi arsebuli
organoebis mier Seqmnil daZabulobis sistemebs.
aqtivaciis dros energiis es wyaroebi SeiZleba
gamovlindes mravali gansxvavebuli gziT.
froidma Tavdapirvelad ori bazisuri ltol-
vis arseboba dauSva. erTi, misi azriT, dakavSi-
rebuli iyo TviTSenaxvasTan (iseT moTxovni-
lebebTan, rogoricaa SimSili da wyurvili);
meores man uwoda erosi, Zala, dakavSirebuli
seqsualur impulsebTan da saxeobis Senar-
CunebasTan. am ori ltolvidan froids ufro
metad seqsualuri impulsebi ainteresebda. man
Zalze gaafarTova adamianis seqsualuri survi-
lebis cneba da Sig CarTo ara marto seqsualuri
kavSiris survili, aramed yvela sxva siamovnebis
miRebis an sxvebTan fizikuri kontaqtis dam-
yarebis mcdelobac. igi iyenebda termins li-
bido (libido) seqsualuri impulsebis energiis
wyaros gansasazRvrad. libido aris fsiqikuri
energia, romelic migvmarTavs yvela saxis Seg-
rZnebiTi (sensualuri) siamovnebisaken. seqsua-
luri impulsebi dauyovnebliv dakmayofilebas
moiTxoven, iqneba es pirdapiri moqmedebebis
Tu fantaziebisa da sizmrebis msgavsi arapir-
dapiri saSualebebis gziT.
froidis mixedviT, erosi, rogorc farTod
gansazRvruli seqsualuri ltolva, ar Cndeba
moulodnelad pubertatis (sqesobrivi momwife-
bis) dros, aramed moqmedebs dabadebidan. igi
amtkicebda, rom erosi TvalsaCinod vlindeba
im siamovnebaSi, romelsac Cvilebi iReben
genitaliebis da sxva mgrZnobiare areebis, anu
erogenuli zonebis fizikuri stimulaciiT.
froidis fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis xuTi
safexuri moyvanilia cxrilSi 14.2. is Tvlida,
rom seqsualuri siamovnebis fizikuri wyaro
icvleba am mowesrigebuli progresiiT. fsiqo-
seqsualuri ganviTarebis erT-erTi mTavari
winaaRmdegoba, yovel SemTxvevaSi biWebisaTvis,
aRmocendeba falosur stadiaze, 4-5 wlis asakSi,
rodesac bavSvma unda gadalaxos oidiposis
kompleqsi. froidma am kompleqss miTiuri
personaJis, oidiposis saxelwodeba misca,
romelmac SemTxveviT mokla sakuTari mama da
colad SeirTo sakuTari deda. froidis azriT,
yvela patara biWs aqvs Tandayolili impulsi,
ganixilos mama, rogorc seqsualuri metoqe
dedis yuradRebisaTvis brZolaSi. radgan patara
biWs ar ZaluZs mamis Secvla, oidiposis kom-
pleqsi zogadad gadawydeba, rodesac bavSvi
axdens identifikacias mamis siZlieresTan
(froidi araTanmimdevruli iyo patara gogonebis
gamocdilebis Teoriul axsnaSi).
froidis mixedviT, rogorc zedmeti dajil-
doeba, ise zedmeti frustracia fsiqoseqsualuri
ganviTarebis romelime adreul stadiaze, fiq-
sacias _ ganviTarebis momdevno stadiaze nor-
malurad gadasvlis uunarobas iwvevs. rogorc
ffsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis stadiebi froidis mixedviT
oraluri
analuri
falosuri
latenturi
genitaluri
piri, tuCebi,
ena
anusi
genitaliebi
ar arsebobs
specifikuri
are
genitaliebi
stadia
am stadiaze fiqsirebuli bavSvebis
zogierTi maxasiaTebeli zrdasrulobaSi
cxrili
14.2
asaki erogenuli
zonebi
mTavari ganviTarebadi mizani
(konfliqtis potenciuri wyaro)
0-1
2-3
4-5
6-12
13-18
ZuZuTi kvebis Sewyveta
tualetis varjiSi/ qoTanze
miCveva
oidiposis kompleqsi
dacviTi meqanizmebis
ganviTareba
mowifuli seqsualuri
urTierToba
oraluri qceva, rogoricaa moweva, zedmeti
kveba, inertuloba da miamitoba
akuratuloba (meToduroba), Zunwoba,
jiutoba, an sapirispiro
pativmoyvareoba, ugunuroba, an sapirispiro
arc erTi: Cveulebriv, fiqsacia am
safexurze ar xdeba
zrdasrulebma, vinc normalurad moaxdina
adreuli stadiebis integrireba, unda
ganaviTaron sxvebis mimarT gulwrfeli
interesi da mowifuli seqsualoba.
libido (Libido) _ fsiqikuri energia, romelic
mimarTavs individs yvela tipis SegrZnebiTi,
gansakuTrebiT ki, seqsualuri siamovnebisaken
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naCvenebia cxrilSi 14.2, sxvadasxva stadiebze
fiqsaciam zrdasrulobaSi SeiZleba warmoqmnas
mravalferovani pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi.
fiqsaciis cneba xsnis imas, Tu ratom aniWebda
froidi adreul gamocdilebebs aseT mniSvne-
lobas pirovnebis mTlianobaSi. igi Tvlida,
rom fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis adreul
safexurebze miRebul gamocdilebas udidesi
gavlena hqonda pirovnebis Camoyalibebaze da
zrdasrulis qceviT paternebze.
fsiqikuri determinizmi
fiqsaciis cneba pirvel warmodgenas gviqmnis
froidis mosazrebaze, rom adreuli konfliq-
tebi Semdgomi qcevis gansazRvras uwyobs xels.
fsiqikuri determinizmi warmoadgens daSvebas,
rom yvela fsiqikuri da qceviTi reaqcia
(simptomi) gansazRvrulia adreuli gamocdile-
biT. froidis azriT, simptomebi ar aris Sem-
TxveviTi movlenebi, piriqiT, isini mniSvnelov-
nad aris dakavSirebuli cxovrebis mniSvnelovan
movlenebTan.
fsiqikuri determinizmis rwmenam miiyvana
froidi iqamde, rom man gansakuTrebiT gamoyo
aracnobieri _ sacavi informaciisa, romelic
xelmiuwvdomelia cnobierebisaTvis. sxva avto-
rebs ganxiluli hqondaT aracnobieris kon-
struqti, magram froidma adamianuri fiqrebis,
grZnobebis da moqmedebebis aracnobieri
determinantis cneba adamianis cxovrebis
centrSi moaTavsa. misi azriT, qceva SeiZleba
motivirebul iqnes ltolvebiT, romelTa
Sesaxebac adamianma araferi icis. Tqven SeiZleba
moqmedebdeT mizezis codnis gareSe, an Tqveni
moqmedebebis WeSmariti mizezis wvdomis
SesaZleblobis gareSe. arsebobs Tqveni qcevis
manifestirebuli Sinaarsi _ ras ambobT, ras
akeTebT da ras aRiqvamT, romlis Sesaxebac
Tqven sruli codna gaqvT, magram arsebobs, aseve,
faruli, latenturi Sinaarsic. nevrotuli
(SfoTviT gamowveuli) simptomebis, sizmrebis,
werilobiTi da metyvelebiTi mcdari qmedebebis
mniSvneloba azrovnebisa da informaciis
gadamuSavebis aracnobier doneze unda veZioT.
dRes bevri fsiqologi aracnobieris am cnebas
froidis yvelaze mniSvnelovan wvlilad miiC-
nevs fsiqologiis mecnierebaSi. agreTve, Tana-
medrove literaturisa da dramaturgiis bevri
nimuSi ikvlevs aracnobieri procesebis gavlenas
adamianis qcevaze.
froidis mixedviT, CvenSi arsebuli impul-
sebi, romlebic CvenTvis miuRebelia, mainc
cdiloben gamoxatvis gzis povnas. froidiseuli
mcdari qmedeba xdeba, rodesac Cveni saubari an
qceva gascems aracnobier survils. magaliTad,
am wignis erT-erTi avtori valdebuli iyo,
samadlobelo baraTi daewera, Tumca is ar iyo
didad kmayofili megobris saxlSi gatarebuli
SabaT-kviriT; igi apirebda, daewera: mixaria,
rom aseTi magari dro gavatareT erTad~.
miuxedavad amisa, sakmaod usiamovno satelefono
saubris dros megobarma Seatyobina, rom
sinamdvileSi mas dauweria: mixaria, rom aseTi
nagavi dro gavatareT erTad~.
2
xedavT, Tu rogor
SeuZlia magari~-s nagavi~-T Secvlas aracno-
bieri survili gamoxatos? aracnobieri moti-
vaciis cneba axal ganzomilebas matebs pi-
rovnebas, ramdenadac uSvebs fsiqikuri funqci-
onirebis ufro did sirTules.
Cven ganvixileT froidis Teoriis zogierTi
ZiriTadi aspeqti. axla vnaxoT, Tu ra wvlili
SeaqvT maT pirovnebis struqturaSi.
pirovnebis struqtura
froidis TeoriaSi pirovnuli gansxvavebebi
im gansxvavebuli gzebidan warmoiqmneba,
romlebiTac adamianebi umklavdebian Tavis
ZiriTad ltolvebs. am gansxvavebebis asaxsnelad
froidma warmogvidgina uwyveti brZola
pirovnebis or antagonistur nawils _ idsa da
superegos _ Soris, romelsac aSualebs me-s
mesame aspeqti _ ego. miuxedavad imisa, rom am
sam aspeqts ise ganvixilavT, TiTqos isini
fiqsacia (Fixation) _ mdgomareoba, rodesac
adamiani rCeba mijaWvuli iseT obieqtebsa Tu
moqmedebebze, romlebic fsiqoseqsualuri
ganviTarebis adreul safexurs ufro Seesabameba.
fsiqikuri determinizmi (Psychic determinism) _
daSveba, rom fsiqikuri da qceviTi reaqciebi
gansazRvrulia adrindeli gamocdilebiT.
aracnobieri (Unconscious) _ fsiqikis sfero,
sadac inaxeba cnobierebidan gandevnili, rep-
resirebuli survilebi da primitiuli impul-
sebi
2
Ì m glad we got to spend a junk of time together~ nacvlad
Ìm glad we got to spend a chunk of time together~.
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gancalkevebuli arsebebi iyvnen, gaxsovdeT, rom
froidisTvis isini mxolod gansxvavebul fsi-
qikur procesebs warmoadgendnen; igi ar gan-
sazRvravda gansakuTrebul mdebareobebs tvinSi
idisaTvis, egosaTvis da superegosaTvis.
idi aris ZiriTadi ltolvebis sacavi. is
iracionalurad operirebs, moqmedebs impul-
surad da ubiZgebs gamoxatvisaken da dauyov-
nebeli siamovnebisaken imis gaTvaliswinebis
gareSe, aris Tu ara is, rac mas surs realurad
SesaZlebeli, socialurad sasurveli anda
moralurad misaRebi. ids marTavs siamovnebis
principi, siamovnebis umarTavi Zieba, gansa-
kuTrebiT seqsualuri, fizikuri da emociuri
siamovnebisa, romelic unda iyos gancdili aq
da amJamad, Semdgom Sedegebze zrunvis gareSe.
superego warmoadgens individis mier sazo-
gadoebisagan naswavli Rirebulebebis sacavs,
moraluri damokidebulebebis CaTvliT. super-
ego, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, sindisis zogad cnebas
Seesabameba. is viTardeba, rodesac bavSvi
sakuTar Rirebulebebad iRebs mSoblebis da
sxva ufrosebis akrZalvebs socialurad arasa-
survel qcevasTan dakavSirebiT. es aris unda-s
da ar unda-s Sinagani xma. superego, aseve, moicavs
egos ideals, individis warmodgenas iseT
pirovnebaze, rogoradac Camoyalibebas igi unda
cdilobdes. amdenad, superego xSirad kon-
fliqtSia idTan. ids unda imis gakeTeba, rac
siamovnebas mianiWebs maSin, rodesac superego
daJinebiT iTxovs imis gakeTebas, rac sworia.
ego aris me-s realobaze dafuZnebuli aspeqti,
romelic gansjis, agvarebs konfliqtebs idis
impulsebsa da superegos moTxovnebs Soris.
ego warmoadgens individis pirad Sexedulebebs
fizikur da socialur realobaze, mis cnobier
warmodgenebs qcevis mizezebsa da Sedegebze.
egos saqmianobis nawilia iseTi moqmedebebis
arCeva, romlebic daakmayofilebs idis impulsebs
arasasurveli samomavlo Sedegebis gamowvevis
gareSe. egos marTavs realobis principi, ro-
melic racionalur arCevans siamovnebis miRebis
moTxovnebze maRla ayenebs. amgvarad, ego
Seakavebs gamocdaze motyuebis impulss, am
tyuilSi gamoWeris SemTxvevaSi samomavlo
Sedegze zrunvis gamo, da is Caanacvlebs am
impulss momavalSi ufro kargad swavlis, an
maswavleblis simpaTiis gamowvevis gadawyve-
tilebiT. rodesac idi da superego konfliqtSi
imyofebian, ego iseT kompromiss poulobs,
romelic nawilobriv daakmayofilebs orives;
Tumca, rodesac idis da superegos zewola
Zlierdeba, egosaTvis ufro Zneli xdeba
optimaluri kompromisebis gamoZebna.
represia (gandevna) da egos dacva
xandaxan idsa da superegos Soris kompromisi
idis gegmebis srul CaSlas gulisxmobs. uki-
duresi, eqstremaluri survilebi ganidevnebian
cnobieridan aracnobierSi. represia, anu gan-
devna fsiqologiuri procesia, romelic icavs
individs gamoxatvisaTvis miuRebeli da/an
saxifaTo impulsebis, ideebisa Tu mogonebebis
gamo gancdilis ukiduresi SfoTvisa an
danaSaulis gancdisagan. egom araferi icis
rogorc gandevnili fsiqikuri Sinaarsis, aseve
im procesis Sesaxeb, romliTac represia inaxavs
informacias cnobieris farglebs gareT. rep-
resia ganixileba erT-erT ZiriTad saSualebad
im mravalTa Soris, romlebiTac ego icavs Tavs
muqaris Semcveli impulsebisa da ideebis
mozRvavebisagan.
egos dacvis meqanizmebi aris fsiqikuri
strategiebi, romlebsac ego idis gamoxatvis
maZiebel impulsebsa da superegos mier am
impulsebis uaryofis moTxovnebs Soris arsebuli
yoveldRiuri konfliqtebisagan Tavis dasacavad
idi (Id) _ pirovnebis primitiuli, aracnobieri
nawili, romelic iracionalurad funqcio-
nirebs da impulsurad moqmedebs siamovnebis
misaRwevad.
superego (Superego) _ pirovnebis aspeqti, rom-
elic warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi Rirebule-
bebis, standartebisa da moralis internali-
zacias.
ego (Ego) _ pirovnebis aspeqti, romelic monawi-
leobs TviTdacvaSi da mimarTavs instinqtur
ltolvebsa da impulsebs Sesabamis arxebSi.
represia anu gandevna (Repression) _ ZiriTadi
dacvis meqanizmi, romliTac mtkivneuli an
danaSaulis gancdis gamomwvevi azrebi, grZno-
bebi an mogonebebi ganidevneba cnobierebidan.
egos dacvis meqanizmebi (Ego defence mechanisms)
_ fsiqikuri strategiebi (cnobieri an ara-
cnobieri), romlebsac ego iyenebs cxovrebis
normaluri mimdinareobisas gancdili kon-
fliqtebisagan TavdacvisaTvis.
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iyenebs (ix. cxrili 14.3). fsiqoanalitikur
TeoriaSi iTvleba, rom am meqanizmebs sasi-
cocxlo mniSvneloba aqvT individis fsiqolo-
giur gamklavebaSi Zlier Sinagan konfliq-
tebTan. maTi gamoyenebiT pirovnebas SeuZlia
SeinarCunos sakuTari me-s sasiamovno, mosaxer-
xebeli xati da, aseve, misaRebi socialuri xati.
magaliTad, Tu bavSvs Zlieri siZulvilis
grZnoba aqvs mamis mimarT, romelic, Tu
gamoxatvis gzas naxavs, saxifaTo iqneba, gandevna
moagvarebs amas, SeiZleba sZlios mas. Semdgom
es mtruli impulsi cnobierad aRar iTxovs
dakmayofilebas da misi arsebobac ki ar aris
aRiarebuli. Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom
impulsi ar Cans da misi xmac ar ismis, is ar
gaqra; es grZnobebi kvlavac TamaSoben rols
pirovnebis funqcionirebaSi. magaliTad, mamasTan
Zlieri identifikaciiT bavSvma SeiZleba aimaR-
los TviTRirebulebis gancda da Seamciros
aracnobieri SiSi, rom masSi mtrul ganzraxvas
aRmoaCenen.
froidis TeoriaSi SfoTva aris intensiuri
emociuri pasuxi, aRZruli maSin, rodesac
gandevnili konfliqti apirebs cnobierSi
amosvlas. SfoTva xifaTis niSania: _ gandevna
ar muSaobs! inTeba wiTeli Suqi! saWiroa meti
dacva! droa, amoqmeddes dacvis meore xazi, egos
erTi an meti dacvis meqanizmi, romlebic
Seamcireben SfoTvas da gandevnian arasasiamovno
impulsebs ukan aracnobierSi. magaliTad, dedam,
romelsac ar moswons Tavisi vaJiSvili da ar
surs masze zrunva, SeiZleba gamoiyenos reaqciis
formacia, romelic mis miuRebel impulss
sawinaaRmdegoSi gadaiyvans: me ar mZuls Cemi
bavSvi~ gaxdeba me miyvars Cemi bavSvi. xedavT,
rogori siyvaruliT vzrunav masze?~ dacvis
aseTi xerxebi SfoTvis SemsubuqebaSi gadamwyvet,
gamklavebis funqcias asruleben.
Tu dacviTi meqanizmebi gvicaven SfoTvisagan,
ratom aris, rom maT mainc SeiZleba uaryofiTi
Sedegebi mogvitanon? ramdenad gamosadegic ar
unda iyvnen isini, egos dacvis meqanizmebi
imTaviTve Tavis motyuebaa. maTi gadaWarbebuli
gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi isini ufro met prob-
lemebs iwveven, vidre wyveten. fsiqologiurad
arajansaRia didi droisa da fsiqikuri energiis
daxarjva miuRebeli impulsebis lavirebaSi,
dafarvasa da sxva arxisken warmarTvaSi SfoTvis
egos dacvis mTavari meqanizmi
cxrili
14.3
realobis uaryofa
Canacvleba
fantazia
identifikacia
izolacia
proeqcia
racionalizacia
reaqciis formacia
regresia
represia
sublimacia
me-s dacva arasasiamovno realobisagan mis aRqmaze uaris TqmiT
Sekavebuli grZnobebis (rogoricaa, magaliTad, mtruloba) gadatana imaze nakleb saxifaTo
obieqtze, romelmac Tavidan gamoiwvia emocia;
frustrirebuli survilebis dakmayofileba warmosaxul miRwevebSi (gavrcelebuli
formaa ocneba~);
TviTRirebulebis grZnobis gaZliereba sxva (cnobil) adamianTan an sazogadoebasTan
identifikaciiT;
saziano situaciidan emociuri muxtis moSoreba an SeuTavsebeli damokidebulebis
danawevreba logikurad dakavSirebul nawilebad (SeCereba konfliqturi
damokidebulebebisa, romlebic arasodes warmogvidgeboda, rogorc erTdrouli an
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli). aseve uwodeben danawevrebas;
sakuTari sirTuleebisaTvis bralis sxvebze gadatana an sakuTari akrZaluli~
survilebis sxvebisaTvis mikuTvneba;
imis damtkicebis mcdeloba, rom sakuTari qceva racionaluria~ da gamarTlebadi da,
amdenad, sakuTarsa da sxvebis mowonebas imsaxurebs;
saxifaTo survilebis gamoxatvis SeCereba sawinaaRmdego damokidebulebisa da qcevis
tipebis ganxorcielebiT da maTi rogorc `barierebis~ gamoyenebiT;
ganviTarebis adreul doneze dabruneba, rac gulisxmobs ufro bavSvur pasuxebsa da,
rogorc wesi, aspiraciis ufro dabal dones;
mtkivneuli an saxifaTo azrebis gandevna cnobieridan, maTi aracnobierSi Senaxva. es
iTvleba yvelaze Zireul dacvis meqanizmad;
frustrirebuli seqsualuri survilebis dakmayofileba an maTgan ganTavisufleba
kulturaSi socialurad miRebuli CanacvlebiTi araseqsualuri moqmedebebiT.
SfoTva (Anxiety) _ intensiuri emociuri reaqcia,
gamowveuli winarecnobieri aRqmiT imisa, rom
represirebuli konfliqti apirebs cnobie-
rebaSi amosvlas.
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Semcirebis mizniT. aseTi qmedeba cota energias
tovebs produqtuli cxovrebisaTvis da damak-
mayofilebeli adamianuri urTierTobebisTvis.
zogierTi fsiqikuri daavadeba SfoTvis Sem-
cirebisaTvis dacvis meqnizmebis gadaWarbebuli
gamoyenebis Sedegia, rogorc fsiqikuri aSli-
lobebisadmi miZRvnil TavSi vnaxavT.
froidis Teoriis Sefaseba
Cven didi adgili davuTmeT fsiqoanali-
tikuri Teoriis aRweras, radgan froidis ideebs
uzarmazari gavlena hqonda imaze, Tu ras
fiqrobs mravali fsiqologi pirovnebis nor-
maluri da paTologiuri aspeqtebis Sesaxeb,
Tumca, froidis cnebebs ufro meti kritikosi
hyavs fsiqologTa Soris, vidre momxre. ras
efuZneba maTi kritika?
pirvel rigSi, fsiqoanalitikuri cnebebi
bundovania da ar aris operaciulad gansazRvru-
li; rTulia Teoriis didi nawilis mecnieru-
lad Sefaseba, radgan SeuZlebelia zogierTi
misi centraluri hipoTezis uaryofa da, amdenad,
froidis Teoria saeWvo xdeba. rogor unda iyos
pirdapiri gziT Seswavlili cnebebi libido,
pirovnebis struqtura da infantiluri seqsua-
luri impulsebis represia?
meore, amave sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli kritika
isaa, rom froidis Teoria warmoadgens karg
monaTxrobs, magram cud mecnierebas. is sandod
ver winaswarmetyvelebs, ra moxdeba; is retros-
peqtulad gamoiyeneba mas Semdeg, rac movlenebi
moxda. pirovnebis gagebisaTvis fsiqoanaliti-
kuri Teoriis gamoyeneba, rogorc wesi, moicavs
istoriul rekonstruqcias da ara _ SesaZlebeli
moqmedebebis da winaswarmetyvelebadi Sedegebis
mecnierul konstruqcias. garda amisa, mimdinare
qcevis istoriuli warmoSobis gadaWarbebuli
xazgasmiT es Teoria ar uTmobs yuradRebas
amJamindel stimulebs, romlebic SeiZleba
iwvevdnen da inarCunebdnen qcevas.
arsebobs froidis Teoriis kidev sami mTavari
kritika: pirveli _ is ganviTarebis Teoriaa,
magram arasodes moicavda bavSvebze dakvirvebebsa
da kvlevebs; meore _ travmatuli gamocdilebis
(rogoricaa bavSvebis Seuracxyofa) Sesaxeb
mogonebebis reinterpretaciiT da maTTvis fanta-
ziebis darqmeviT (rac efuZneba bavSvis mSobel-
Tan seqsualuri kontaqtis survils) mas mini-
mumamde dahyavs am gamocdilebis mniSvneloba;
mesame _ am Teorias androcentruli (mamakacze-
centrirebuli) gadaxra aqvs, radganac is normad
kacis models iyenebs da arc ki cdilobs,
gansazRvros, Tu ra gansxvaveba SeiZleba arse-
bobdes qalebis SemTxvevaSi.
miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, froidis Teoriis
zogierTi aspeqti axlac aRiarebulia, ramdena-
dac isini modificirda da gaumjobesda empiri-
uli kvlevebis Sedegad. magaliTad, me-6 TavSi
vnaxeT, rom Tanamedrove mecnierebi sistematurad
ikvleven aracnobieris cnebas (Baars & McGovern,
1996; Westen, 1998). es kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom
Cveni yoveldRiuri gamocdilebis did nawils
Cveni cnobierebis miRma myofi procesebi
ayalibeben. es Sedegebi adasturebs froidis
zogad koncefcias, magram asustebs kavSirs
aracnobier procesebsa da fsiqopaTologias
Soris: _ aracnobieri codna sulac ar gamoiw-
vevs SfoTvas an tanjvas. aseve, mkvlevrebma
daadastures fsiqikis zogierTi Cvevis arseboba,
romlebsac froidma dacvis meqanizmebi uwoda
(Hentschel et al., 1993; Singer, 1990).
saidan
viciT
individualuri gansxvavebebi dacvis
meqanizmebis gamoyenebaSi
zemoT davuSviT, rom mosalodnelia,
individebma gamoiyenon dacvis meqanizmebi
maSin, rodesac isini SfoTvas ganicdian.
mkvlevrebma es hipoTeza mravalferovani
meTodebiT Seamowmes. erT-erTi mkvlevari
swavlobda im xarisxs, romliTac axal-
gazrda mozrdili (23 wlis) adamianebis
jgufma miaRwia zrdasrulobis stabilur
identobas (gaixseneT me-11 Tavidan, rom
erik eriksonis mixedviT, identobis gan-
sazRvra aris krizisi~, romelic adamia-
nebma mozardobis dasrulebisaTvis unda
gadalaxon). am jgufis zogierT individs
miRweuli hqonda identuroba, zogi ki jer
kidev krizisis mdgomareobaSi iyo. Tu es
krizisi SfoTvas iwvevs, Cveni molodini
unda yofiliyo, rom krizisSi myofi jgufi
ufro xSirad gamoiyenebda dacvis meqaniz-
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mebs. am hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad, mkvlevari
sTxovda axalgazrdebs, SeeTxzaT moTxro-
bebi Tematuri apercefciis testis bara-
Tebze dayrdnobiT (ix. Tavi 12). cdis pirTa
monaTxrobebi gaaanalizes iseTi dacvis
meqanizmebis aRmosaCenad, rogoricaa uar-
yofa da proeqcia (ix. cxrili 14.3). ana-
lizma daadastura hipoTeza: _ im indi-
videbis SemTxvevaSi, visac jer miRweuli
ar hqonda identoba, TvalsaCino iyo meti
midrekileba dacvis meqanizmebis gamoyene-
bisaken (Cramer, 1997).
me-13 TavSi aRwerili stresis daZlevis zo-
gierTi stili dacvis meqanizmebis zogad
kategoriaSi xvdeba. Tqven SeiZleba gaixsenoT,
rom pirovnul travmebTan, danaSaulis an
sircxvilis gamocdilebasTan dakavSirebuli
azrebisa da grZnobebis Sekavebam SeiZleba gama-
nadgurebeli zemoqmedeba moaxdinos fsiqikur
da fizikur janmrTelobaze (Pennebaker, 1990; Petrie
et al., 1998). es aRmoCenebi exmaureba froidis
mosazrebebs, rom represirebul fsiqikur
masalas SeuZlia fsiqikuri distresis gamowveva.
froidis Teoria normaluri da paTologiuri
pirovnebis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb yvelaze ufro
rTuli, yovlismomcveli da daumarcxebeli
xedvaa maSinac ki, rodesac misi winaswarmetyve-
lebebi mcdaria. yvela sxva Teoriis msgavsad,
froidis Teorias saukeTesod epyrobian, rogorc
Teorias, romelic unda dadasturdes, an ar
dadasturdes misi Semadgeneli elementebis
mixedviT. froidi inarCunebs gavlenas Tana-
medrove fsiqologiaze, radgan zogi misi idea
farTodaa miRebuli, sxvebi ki uaryofil iqna.
misi Teoriis zogierTi adreuli revizia misi
studentebis wreSi daiwyo. vnaxoT, Tu rogor
cdilobdnen isini froidis mosazrebebis Ses-
worebas.
post-froidistuli Teoriebi
zogierTma maTganma, vinc froidis Semdeg
movida kvleviT asparezze, SeinarCuna pirovnebis
miseuli xedva, rogorc brZolis velisa, ro-
melzec aracnobieri sawyisi impulsebi ebrZvian
socialur Rirebulebebs, Tumca, froidis inte-
leqtualuri STamomavlebidan bevrma Seitana
koreqtivebi pirovnebis fsiqoanalitikur
xedvaSi. zogadad, am post-froidianelebma
Semdegi cvlilebebi Semoitanes:
maT meti aqcenti gaakeTes egos funqciebze,
egos dacvebis, me-s ganviTarebis, cnobieri
azrovnebis procesebisa da pirovnebis Zalauf-
lebis CaTvliT;
maTi azriT, socialuri cvladebi (kul-
tura, ojaxi da Tanatolebi) ufro did rols
TamaSoben pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi;
isini nakleb aqcents akeTeben zogadi seq-
sualuri impulsebis, anu libidos energiis
mniSvnelobaze;
maT pirovnebis ganviTareba bavSvobis miRma
mTeli sicocxlis manZilze ganavrces.
Cven mimovixilavT alfred adleris, karen
hornis da karl iungis Teoriebis sakvanZo
debulebebs.
alfred adlerma (Alfred Adler, 1929) uaryo
erosisa da siamovnebis principis mniSvneloba.
adleris azriT, umweo, sxvebze damokidebuli
patara bavSvis msgavsad, yvela adamiani ganicdis
inferiorobis (anu arasrulfasovnebis) grZno-
bas. is amtkicebda, rom yvelas cxovrebaSi domi-
nirebs am grZnobis daZlevis gzebis Zieba. ada-
mianebi axdenen am grZnobis kompensacias adek-
vaturobis grZnobis miRweviT an, ufro xSirad,
gadaWarbebiT kompensacias superiorobis (anu
Warbi TviTSefasebis) miRwevis mcdelobiT.
pirovneba struqturirebulia am miswrafebis
irgvliv; adamianebi cxovrebis stils inferio-
robis bazisuri, yovlismomcveli grZnobis daZ-
levis konkretul gzebze dayrdnobiT aviTareben.
pirovnebis konfliqti Cndeba eqsternaluri
garemoebebis zewolasa da adekvaturobisaken
internalur miswrafebas Soris SeuTavseblobis
gamo da ara adamianis SigniT SejibrebaSi myofi
impulsebis gamo.
karen horni (Karen Horney) fsiqoanalitikur
skolaSi aRizarda, magram ramdenime mimarTule-
biT ganudga orTodoqsul froidistul Teorias.
igi daupirispirda froidis falocentristul
aqcents penisis mniSvnelobaze da Seqmna Teoria,
romlis mixedviTac mamakacuri Suri orsulobis,
dedobis, mkerdisa da ZuZuTi kvebis mimarT
biWebisa da kacebis aracnobieris dinamikur
Zalas warmoadgens. am saSvilosnos Surs~ mih-
yavs mamakacebi qalebis gaufasurebisken da
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kreatul muSaobaze mimarTuli aracnobieri
impulsebiT gadaWarbebuli kompensaciisaken.
hornim, aseve, froidze metad gausva xazi kul-
turul faqtorebs da yuradReba gaamaxvila
amJamindeli xasiaTis struqturaze da ara _
infantilur seqsualobaze (Horney, 1937, 1939).
vinaidan hornim humanisturi Teoriebis ganviTa-
rebazec moaxdina gavlena, mis ideebs Semdeg
qveTavSi davubrundebiT.
karl iungma (Carl Jung, 1959) didad gaafarTova
aracnobieris cneba. misTvis aracnobieri ar
iyo SezRuduli individis unikaluri cxov-
rebiseuli gamocdilebiT, aramed, aseve, aRsav-
se iyo Zireuli fsiqologiuri WeSmaritebebiT,
romelsac mTeli adamianuri rasa iziarebs,
koleqtiuri aracnobieriT. koleqtiuri aracno-
bieri xsnis Tqven mier primitiuli miTebis,
xelovnebis formebisa da simboloebis intuitur
gagebas, romlebic yofis universalur arqetipebs
warmoadgenen. arqetipi aris konkretuli gamoc-
dilebis an obieqtis primitiuli simboluri
warmodgena, reprezentacia. yoveli arqetipi
asocirebulia mis Sesaxeb grZnobisa da fiqris,
an misi gansakuTrebuli gziT gancdis instin-
qtur tendenciasTan. iungma mravali arqetipi
moiyvana istoriidan da miTologiidan: mze Rmer-
Ti, gmiri, dedamiwa. animusi iyo mamrobiTi arqe-
tipi maSin, rodesac anima _ mdedrobiTi da
yvela qali da kaci ganicdida orive arqetips
gansxvavebuli xarisxiT. me-s arqetipia mandala,
anu jadosnuri wre, romelic simbolurad asa-
xavs erTianobisa da mTlianobisken swrafvas
(Jung, 1973).
iungs janmrTeli, integrirebuli pirovneba
warmoedgina, rogorc iseTi urTierTsawinaaR-
mdego Zalebis balansireba, rogoricaa masku-
linuri agresia da femininuri mgrZnobiaroba.
pirovnebis, rogorc dinamikur balansSi myofi
kompensatoruli Sinagani Zalebis konstelaciis,
xedvas analitikuri fsiqologia ewoda. garda
amisa, iungma uaryo libidos pirveladi mniS-
vneloba, romelic esoden centraluri iyo
froidis TeoriisaTvis. man daamata ori Tanabrad
Zlieri aracnobieri instinqti: qmnis, kreatu-
lobis moTxovnileba da koherentul, mTlian
individad Camoyalibebis moTxovnileba. Semdeg
qveTavSi humanisturi Teoriebis Sesaxeb vnaxavT
am meore moTxovnilebis paralels TviTaqtuali-
zaciis cnebaSi.
Sejameba
froidis fsiqoanalitikuri Teoria yuradRe-
bas amaxvilebs ideaze, rom yvela qceva motivire-
bulia da motivacia xSirad aracnobier doneze
operirebs. libido warmoadgens motivaciis
mniSvnelovan wyaros. pirovnebis ganviTarebasTan
erTad seqsualuri energia gamoixateba eroge-
nuli zonebis TanmimdevrobiT. im pacientebis
SeswavliT, romelTa simptomebi adreuli
cxovrebis movlenebs asaxavdnen, froidma
Camoayaliba fsiqikuri determinizmis Teoria.
misi Teoriis mixedviT, superegos moraluri
winamZRoloba da egos realuri bazisi cdi-
loben, Seamciron idis Seupovari miswrafeba
koleqtiuri aracnobieri (Collective unconscious)
_ individis aracnobieris nawili, romelic
Tandayolilia, evoluciuradaa Camoyalibebuli
da saerToa saxeobis yvela warmomadgenlisaTvis.
arqetipi (Archetype) _ konkretuli gamocdile-
bisa Tu obieqtis universaluri, Tandayolili,
primitiuli da simboluri warmodgena.
analitikuri fsiqologia (Analytic pshycology) _
fsiqologiis mimarTuleba, romelic pirovnebas
ganixilavs, rogorc dinamikur balansSi myofi
kompensatoruli Sinagani Zalebis konstelacias.
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seqsualuri, emociuri da fizikuri siamovne-
bisaken. egos dacvis meqanizmebi SesaZleblobas
aZleven pirovnebas, daZlios Zlieri Sinagani
konfliqtebiT gamowveuli SfoTva. miuxedavad
imisa, rom froidis Teoriis bevrma aspeqtma
ver gauZlo kritikas, aracnobierisa da dacvis
meqanizmebis msgavsma cnebebma aRiareba pova
mraval fsiqologs Soris. froidis mimdevrebma,
rogorebic arian: adleri, horni da iungi, misi
Teoriis ramdenime Sesworeba da damateba
SemogvTavazes.
pirovnebisadmi humanisturi midgoma xasiaT-
deba individis piradi da cnobieri gamoc-
dilebis integraciisa da zrdis potencialis
mimarT interesiT. yvela humanisturi Teoriis
ZiriTadi niSania yuradRebis gamaxvileba TviT-
aqtualizaciisaken swrafvaze; TviTaqtualizacia
ki mudmivi swrafvaa sakuTari arsebuli poten-
cialis realizaciisaken _ unarebis da niWis
srulad ganviTarebisaken. am qveTavSi naxavT,
Tu rogor Camoayalibes humanisturi Teoriis
mimdevrebma TviTaqtualizaciis es cneba. garda
amisa, TqvenTvis naTeli gaxdeba, Tu ra damate-
biTi niSnebi ganasxvaveben humanistur Teoriebs
pirovnebis Teoriebis sxva tipebisagan.
humanisturi Teoriebis niSnebi
pirovnebis humanisturi Teoriis mimdevrebis
azriT, rogorebic arian karl rojersi, abraham
maslou da karen horni, qcevis motivacia
momdinareobs pirovnebis unikaluri (rogorc
Tandayolili, ise SeZenili) tendenciebidan,
ganviTardes da Seicvalos TviTaqtualizaciis
miznisaken mimavali dadebiTi mimarTulebebiT.
gaixseneT me-12 Tavidan, rom masloum TviTaq-
tualizacia Tavisi moTxovnilebebis ierarqiis
kenweroSi moaTavsa. TviTganxorcielebisaken
swrafva konstruqtuli warmmarTveli Zalaa,
romelic zogadad yovel adamians dadebiTi
qcevisaken da me-s srulyofisaken mimarTavs.
TviTaqtualizaciisken swrafva xandaxan
konfliqtSi modis sakuTari da sxvebis mowonebis
moTxovnilebasTan, gansakuTrebiT maSin, ro-
desac adamiani grZnobs, rom mowonebis damsa-
xurebisTvis garkveul movaleobebsa Tu pirobebs
unda akmayofilebdes. magaliTad, karl rojersi
(Carl Rogers, 1947, 1951, 1977) xazs usvams upirobo
dadebiTi ganwyobis mniSvnelobas bavSvebis
aRzrdis dros. igi Tvlida, rom bavSvebma unda
igrZnon, rom isini yovelTvis eyvarebaT da
moewonebaT, miuxedavad maTi Secdomebisa da
cudi qcevisa; rom maT ar sWirdebaT Tavisi
mSoblebis siyvarulis damsaxureba. misi reko-
mendaciiT, rodesac bavSvi cudad iqceva, mSob-
lebma xazi unda gausvan, rom maT qceva ar
moswonT da ara _ TviTon bavSvi. upirobo
dadebiTi ganwyoba mniSvnelovania zrdasrul
asakSic, radganac nerviuloba imis Sesaxeb,
movwonvarT sxvebs Tu ara, xels uSlis TviTa-
qtualizacias. rogorc mozrdil adamians, Tqven
gWirdebaT gasceT da miiRoT upirobo dadebiTi
ganwyoba im adamianebisagan, visTanac axlos
xarT. rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, saWiroa
grZnobdeT upirobo dadebiT TviTpativiscemas,
anu sakuTari Tavis mimReblobas, miuxedavad im
sisusteebisa, romelTa Secvlas SeiZleba cdi-
lobT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mas xSirad ar miageben
saTanado pativs, karen horni kidev erTi cen-
traluri Teoretikosia, romlis ideebmac gana-
piroba humanisturi fsiqologiis dafuZneba
(Frager & Fadiman, 1998). horni darwmunda, rom
adamianebs aqvT namdvili me~, romelic aqtuali-
zaciisaTvis xelSemwyob iseT garemo pirobebs
moiTxovs, rogoricaa: siTbos atmosfero, sxvebis
keTilganwyoba da mSoblebis siyvaruli bavSvis,
rogorc konkretuli individis~ mimarT (Horney,
1945, 1950). rodesac ar arsebobs aRzrdis aseTi
xelSemwyobi pirobebi, bavSvi aviTarebs bazisur
SfoTvas, romelic akavebs realuri grZnobebis
gamoxatvis spontanurobas da xels uSlis
sxvebTan efeqtur urTierTobas. Tavisi bazisuri
TviTaqtualizacia (Self-actualization) _ pirovnebis
fsiqologiis cneba, romelic exeba adamianis
mudmiv swrafvas sakuTari potencialis reali-
zaciisaken da Tandayolili niWisa da unarebis
ganviTarebisaken.
upirobo dadebiTi ganwyoba (Unconditional posi-
tive regard) _ individis sruli siyvaruli da
mimRebloba sxva adamianis mier, magaliTad,
bavSvisa mSoblis mier, yvelanairi pirobis
gareSe.
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SfoTvis dasaZlevad individebi interper-
sonaluri an intrafsiqikur dacvebs mimarTaven.
interpersonaluri dacvebi warmoqmnian moZra-
obas sxvebisken (rac gamoixateba gadaWarbebuli
TanxmobisaTvis mzaobisa da TviTSekavebiTi
moqmedebebis meSveobiT), sxvebis winaaRmdeg (rac
gamoixateba agresiuli, ampartavani, an narcisis-
tuli gadawyvetilebebiT) an sxvebisagan (rac
gamoixateba gankerZoebulobis meSveobiT). in-
trafsiqikuri dacvebi muSaoben, raTa Camoaya-
libon ararealuri idealizebuli me-s xati,
romelsac Sedegad mosdevs didebis Zieba~ am
xatis gasamarTleblad da siamayis sistema,
romelic eqvemdebareba qcevis rigidul wesebs,
raTa Seesabamebodes am grandiozul TviTSefa-
sebas. aseTi adamianebi xSirad unda-s tiraniis~
qveS cxovroben da sakuTari Tavis mimarT
wayenebuli aqvT iseTi movaleobebi, rogoricaa:
me srulyofili, keTilSobili, mimzidveli,
mamaci unda viyo~ da a.S. hornis azriT, humanis-
turi Terapiis mizani iyo, daxmareboda individs
TviTrealizaciis miRwevaSi da xeli Seewyo
adamianis bunebaSi Tandayolili konstruqciuli
ZalebisaTvis, romlebic exmarebian TviTgan-
xorcielebisaken swrafvas.
TviTaqtualizacia, anu namdvili me-s mimar-
TulebiT progresis aqcentireba warmoadgens
maslous, rojersisa da hornis Teoriebis mniS-
vnelovan aspeqts. garda amisa, humanisturi
Teoriebi aRweril iqna, rogorc holisturi,
dispoziciuri, fenomenologiuri da egzistencia-
luri. vnaxoT, ra aris amis mizezi.
humanisturi Teoriebi holisturia, radgan
adamianebis calkeul qmedebebs mTliani pirov-
nebebis terminebiT xsnian. adamianebi ar ganixi-
lebian, rogorc jami calkeuli niSnebisa, rom-
lebic saTiTaod axdenen sxvadasxvagvar gavlenas
qcevaze. maslous azriT, adamianebi arsebiTad
motivirebulni arian moTxovnilebebis ierarqiis
ufro maRali doneebisaken (rac ganxilul iqna
me-12 TavSi), Tu ufro dabal doneze aRmoce-
nebulma defeqtebma ar CamoqaCes isini dabla.
humanisturi Teoriebi dispoziciuria, radgan
isini adamianis Tandayolil Tvisebebze fokusir-
deba, romlebic mTavar gavlenas axdenen qcevis
mimarTulebaze. situaciuri faqtorebi ganixi-
leba, rogorc sirTuleebi da barierebi (rogorc
Zafebi, romlebic qvemoT aCereben mibmul buS-
tebs). rodesac aqtualizaciis tendencia
gaTavisufldeba uaryofiTi situaciuri pirobe-
bisagan, man aqtiurad unda warmarTos adamianebi
sasargeblo, dadebiTad moqmedi situaciebis
arCevisaken. Tumca, humanisturi Teoriebi ar aris
dispoziciuri im gagebiT, romliTac _ niSnis
anda fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi. am ukanaskneli
Sexedulebebis mixedviT, pirovnuli dispoziciebi
qcevaSi kvlav da kvlav warmoCenili ganmeorebadi
Temebia. humanisturi dispoziciebi specifikurad
mimarTulia kreatulobisa da zrdisaken. yovel
jerze, rodesac humanisturi dispozicia
xorcieldeba, pirovneba odnav icvleba, ase rom,
dispozicia arasodes gamoixateba orjer, erTi
da imave saxiT. droTa ganmavlobaSi humanistur
dispoziciebs mihyavT individi TviTaqtuali-
zaciisaken, am motivebis yvelaze wminda gamo-
humanisturi Teoriebi fenomenologiuria, radgan
isini xazs usvamen individis Tvalsazriss da
realobis subieqtur xedvas da ara damkvirveb-
lisa Tu Terapevtis obieqtur mosazrebas. ase
rom, humanisturi fsiqologi yovelTvis cdilobs
yoveli adamianis unikaluri Sexedulebis danax-
vas. es xedva awmyoze orientirebuli xedvacaa;
warsuli gavlenebi mniSvnelovania mxolod im
TvalsazrisiT, rom maT adamiani dRevandel
situaciamde moiyvanes, xolo momavali warmoad-
gens misaRwev miznebs. amdenad, fsiqodinamikuri
Teoriebisgan gansxvavebiT, humanisturi Teoriebi
ar Tvlian, rom adamianebis awmyo qcevas
aracnobierad warmarTavs warsuli gamocdileba.
dabolos, iseTi mecnieris azriT, rogoricaa
rolo mei (Rollo May, 1975), humanistur Teoriebs
aqvT egzistencialuri aspeqti; isini yuradRebas
amaxvileben maRal fsiqikur procesebze, rom-
lebic xsnian mimdinare gamocdilebas da sa-
Sualebas aZleven individs Seesabamebodes, an
daTrgunul iqnes yofierebis yoveldRiuri
problemebiT. es egzistencialuri perspeqtiva
momdinareobs rogorc literaturuli, ise
filosofiuri tradiciebidan, romlebic mas
farTo mimzidvelobas aniWeben mravali Tanamed-
rove mecnierisa da klinicistisTvis (Schneider
& May, 1995).
pirovnebis optimisturi humanisturi xedva
sasiamovno siaxle iyo mravali fsiqologisaT-
vis, romlebic froidiseuli medicinis momwaro
dietaze~ aRizardnen. humanisturi midgomebi
fokusirdeba gaumjobesebaze an imaze, rom cxov-
reba ufro advilad mosanelebeli, misaRebi
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gaxdes, da ara mtkivneuli mogonebebis gamoqeq-
vaze, romlebic xandaxan umjobesia gandevnili
darCes. humanisturi Tvalsazrisi xazs usvams
yoveli adamianis SesaZleblobas, moaxdinos
Tavisi sruli potencialis realizacia.
humanisturi Teoriebis
Sefaseba
froidis Teorias xSirad akritikebdnen zed-
metad pesimisturi SexedulebisaTvis, rom ada-
mianis buneba viTardeba konfliqtebidan, travme-
bidan da SfoTvebidan. humanisturi Teoriebi
jansaRi pirovnebis gansadideblad gaCnda,
romelic bednierebisaken da TviTaqtuali-
zaciisaken miiltvis. Znelia, gaakritiko Teo-
riebi, romlebic waaxaliseben da afaseben ada-
mianebs, Tundac maTi Secdomebis gamo. da mainc,
kritikosebi Civian, rom humanisturi Teoriebi
bundovani da Znelad misawvdomia kvlevisaTvis.
isini svamen kiTxvas: dazustebiT ra aris TviT-
aqtualizacia? es Tandayolili tendenciaa Tu
kulturuli konteqstiTaa Seqmnili?~ humanis-
turi Teoriebi ar amaxvileben yuradRebas indi-
videbis konkretul maxasiaTeblebze; isini ufro
metad warmoadgenen Teoriebs adamianis bunebis
da im Tvisebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic yvela
adamianisTvis saerToa, vidre Teoriebs individu-
aluri pirovnebis Sesaxeb, an adamianTa Soris
gansxvavebebis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. sxva fsiqo-
logebi aRniSnaven, rom me-s, rogorc gamocdi-
lebisa da qmedebis wyaros, rolis xazgasmiT
humanisturi Teoriebi uaryofen garemos mniSvne-
lovan cvladebs, romlebic aseve axdenen qcevaze
gavlenas.
am SezRudvebis miuxedavad, humanisturi
tradiciidan nawilobriv momdinareobs Tanamed-
rove kvlevis erTi tipi, romelic uSualod
koncentrirdeba individualur moTxrobebze, anu
cxovrebis istoriebze (Baumeister, 1994; McAdams,
1996; Rosenwald & Ochberg, 1992). fsiqobiografiis
Sesadgenad individis cxovrebis detalebis
gagebaSi fsiqologiuri Teoriis gamoyenebis
tradiciis sawyiss SeiZleba froidis mier leo-
nardo da vinCis analizSi mivakvlioT (Freud,
1910/957; ix. Elms, 1988, froidis naSromis kriti-
kisaTvis). fsiqobiografia ganisazRvreba, ro-
gorc fsiqologiuri (gansakuTrebiT, pirov-
nebis) Teoriis sistematuri gamoyeneba cxovrebis
Tanmimdevrul da gasageb ambad gardaqmnisaTvis~
(McAdams, 1988, gv. 2). ganvixiloT didi mxatvris,
pablo pikasos Sesaxeb arsebuli informacia:
pikasom bavSvobaSi ramdenime travma ganicada,
seriozuli miwisZvrisa da umcrosi dis sikvdi-
lis CaTvliT. fsiqobiografiam SeiZleba pikasos
udidesi mxatvruli Semoqmedebis garkveuli
nawilis axna scados, rogorc am adreul trav-
mebze misi pasuxebis samudamo danaleqi (Gardner,
1993).
rodesac ganTqmuli an istoriuli figura
fsiqobiografiis sagani xdeba, mkvlevarma SeiZ-
leba gamoqveynebul Sromebs, dRiurebs da
werilebs mimarTos, rogorc sando monacemebis
wyaroebs. ufro Cveulebrivi individebis Sem-
TxvevaSi, mkvlevrebma SeiZleba pirdapir gamo-
kiTxon cxovrebis gamocdilebebis Sesaxeb;
magaliTad, cdis pirs SeiZleba sTxovon, isa-
ubros ukanaskneli Zlieri gamocdilebis Sesaxeb:
ras fiqrobdiT da grZnobdiT? ra SeuZlia am
epizods mogviTxros imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin xarT
Tqven, vin iyaviT, vin SeiZleba iyoT, an rogor
ganviTardiT droTa ganmavlobaSi?~ (McAdams &
de St. Aubin, 1992, gv. 1010). damaxasiaTebeli Temebi,
romlebic TxrobiTi angariSebis seriebSi
vlindeba, mxars uWers adreuli humanistebis
mier wamoyenebul pirovnebis holistur da
fenomenologiur versiebs _ adamianebi Tavis
identobas calkeuli moTxrobebis cxovrebis
ambad gaerTianebis gziT ageben. piradi angariSebi
fanjaraa, romlidanac SeiZleba davinaxoT, Tu
ra warmodgena aqvT adamianebs sakuTari Tavisa
da interpersonaluri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb
(Harvey et al., 1990; Shotter, 1984).
humanisturi Teoriebis mimdevrebi aqcents
akeTebdnen TiToeuli individis swrafvaze TviT-
aqtualizaciisaken, Tumca, aRiarebdnen, rom
adamianebis warmateba am miznis miRwevaSi, nawi-
lobriv, gansazRvrulia maTi garemos realiebiT.
axla ganvixilavT Teoriebs, romlebic uSualod
exebian individebis qcevas, romelic maTi
garemos gavleniT yalibdeba.
fsiqobiografia (Psychobiography) _ fsiqolo-
giuri (gansakuTrebiT pirovnebis) Teoriis ga-
moyeneba individis cxovrebiseuli mimarTu-
lebis aRwerisa da axsnisaTvis.
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Sejameba
humanisturi Teoriis mimdevrebi, rogorebic
arian maslou, rojersi da horni, Tvlidnen,
rom qceva motivirebulia pozitiuri gziT
ganviTarebisa da cvlilebis bazisuri surviliT,
rac TviTaqtualizaciisaken moZraobas gulis-
xmobs. pirovnebis humanisturi Teoriebi ho-
listuria, dispoziciuri, fenomenologiuri da
egzistencialuri. kritikosebis azriT, humanis-
turi Teoriebis zogi centraluri cneba cudad
aris gansazRvruli; es Teoriebi ar iTvalis-
winebs adamianebis cxovrebaze garemos gavlenas.
Tanamedrove mecnierebi agrZeleben humanistur
tradicias im xerxebze fokusirebiT, romlebi-
Tac individebi qmnian Tanmimdevrul mTlian
suraTs Tavisi cxovrebis mravali epizodisagan.
socialuri daswavlis da
kognituri Teoriebi
Cven mier aqamde ganxiluli yvela Teorii-
saTvis saerToa aqcenti hipoTetur Sinagan
meqanizmebze _ niSnebze, instinqtebze, impulseb-
ze, TviTaqtualizaciisaken swrafvaze, romlebic
biZgs aZleven qcevas da warmoqmnian funqcionire-
badi pirovnebis baziss. miuxedavad amisa, rac
aklia am Teoriebis umetesobas, esaa myari kavSiri
pirovnebasa da konkretul qcevas Soris. maga-
liTad, fsiqodinamikuri da humanisturi Teo-
riebi gvawvdian monacemebs mTliani pirovnebis
Sesaxeb, magram ar winaswarmetyveleben speci-
fikur qmedebebs. pirovnebis Teoriis kidev erTi
mimarTuleba imis safuZvelze warmoiSva, rom
yuradReba gamaxvilda qcevaSi individualur
gansxvavebebze. gaixseneT me-7 Tavidan, rom ada-
mianis qcevis didi nawili SeiZleba garemos
pirobebze dayrdnobiT viwinaswarmetyveloT.
daswavlis Teoriis mimdevari fsiqologebi miu-
TiTeben garemos pirobebze, romlebic akontro-
leben qcevas. pirovneba ganixileba, rogorc
Ria da faruli pasuxebis jami, romlebic didi
albaTobiT gamowveulia individis moqmedebaTa
ganmtkicebebis istoriiT. daswavlis Teoriis
mixedviT, adamianebi gansxvavdebian, radgan maT
gansxvavebuli ganmtkicebebis istoria aqvT.
ganvixiloT pirovnebis bihevioristuli kon-
cefcia, romelic ielis universitetis fsiqo-
logebis gundma Seqmna jon dolardisa da nil
mileris meTaurobiT (John Dollard, Neal Miller, 1950).
dolardma da milerma Semoitanes iseTi cnebebi,
rogorebicaa: daswavlili ltolvebi, pasuxebis
Sekaveba da daswavlili qcevis paternebi.
froidis msgavsad, maT xazi gausves daZabulobis
da daZabulobis Semcirebis ganmamtkicebeli
(siamovnebis momgvreli) Sedegebis motivaciuri
Zalebis rols. organizmebi moqmedeben, raTa
Seamciron daukmayofilebeli moTxovnilebebiT
gamowveuli daZabuloba. is qceva, romelic
warmatebiT amcirebs aseT daZabulobebs, meor-
deba da droTa ganmavlobaSi daswavlil Cvevad
gadaiqceva, romelic ganmtkicebulia ganmeo-
rebiTi daZabulobis SemcirebiT. dolardma da
milerma, aseve, aCvenes, rom adamianma SeiZleba
iswavlos socialuri imitaciis (mibaZvis) gziT,
anu sxvebis qcevaze dakvirvebiT ise, rom sapasuxo
qmedebis faqtobrivad ganxorcielebis auci-
lebloba ar iqmneba. warmoidgineT, rom patara
biWi xedavs, rom mis ufros das kanfets aZleven,
rodesac is mirbis saxlSi dabrunebuli mamis
Sesaxvedrad; umcrosma Zmam SeiZleba imave qcevis
ganxorcieleba daiwyos. imitaciis ideam gaafar-
Tova is gzebi, romlebiTac, fsiqologebis war-
modgeniT, daiswavleba efeqturi an destruqci-
uli qceva. pirovneba warmogvidgeba, rogorc am
daswavlil qcevaTa jami.
Tanamedrove socialuri daswavlisa da
kognituri Teoriebi xSirad iziareben dolar-
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disa da mileris mosazrebas, rom qcevaze gav-
lenas axdens garemos pirobebi, Tumca, es
Teoriebi erTi nabijiT win midian da xazs
usvamen kognituri da bihevioraluri procesebis
mniSvnelobas, riTic moqmed sxeuls moazrovne
gonebas, fsiqikas ubruneben. isini, vinc pirov-
nebis kognituri Teoriebi Seqmna, aRniSnaven,
rom arsebobs mniSvnelovani individualuri
gansxvavebebi imaSi, Tu rogor fiqroben da
gansazRvraven adamianebi nebismier eqsternalur
(garegan) situacias. kognituri Teoriebi yurad-
Rebas amaxvileben im fsiqikur procesebze,
romelTa meSveobiTac adamianebi Tavis Seg-
rZnebebs da aRqmebs realobis Sesaxeb organi-
zebul STabeWdilebad gardaqmnian. humanisturi
Teoriebis msgavsad, kognituri Teoriebi xazs
usvamen, rom Tqven monawileobT sakuTari pirov-
nebis SeqmnaSi. magaliTad, Tqven, ZiriTadad,
aqtiurad irCevT Tqvens garemos da ara mxolod
pasiurad reagirebT masze. Tqven afasebT alter-
nativebs da irCevT iseT garemos, romelSic
moqmedebT da Tqvenze moqmedeben; Tqven irCevT
situaciebs, romlebisganac moeliT, rom isini
TqvenTvis ganmamtkicebeli iqneba da cdilobT,
Tavidan aiciloT isini, romlebic ar gakmayo-
fileben da bundovania. magaliTad, Tqven xSirad
arCevT, kidev erTxel mixvideT im restoranSi,
sadac adre gemrieli kerZi miirTviT da yovel-
Tvis ar cdilobT axali adgilis mosinjvas.
modiT, axla davaxasiaToT am midgomis ufro
konkretuli magaliTebi. Cven ganvixilavT
uolter miSelis, albert bandurasa da nensi
kentoris Teoriebs.
miSelis kognitur-afeqturi
pirovnebis Teoria
uolter miSelma (Walter Mischel) ganaviTara
pirovnebis kognituri bazisis gavlenis Teoria.
miSeli aRniSnavs, rom adamianebi aqtiurad
monawileoben garemosTan Tavisi interaqciebis
kognitur organizaciaSi. misi midgoma xazs
usvams imas, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania imis
gageba, rogor Cndeba qceva, rogorc adamianebsa
da situaciebs Soris interaqciebis funqcia
(Mischel & Shoda, 1995, 1999). ganvixiloT magaliTi:
jonis pirovnebis unikaloba yvelaze
naTlad SeiZleba davinaxoT imaSi, rom
is yovelTvis Zalian keTilganwyobilia,
rodesac vinmes pirvelad xvdeba da, aseve,
imaSic, rom savaraudoa, is sakmaod uxeSi
da arakeTilganwyobili gaxdes, rodesac
am adamianTan meti drois gatareba uwevs.
meore mxriv, jimi unikaluria imiT, rom
is, rogorc wesi, morcxvi da mSvidia im
adamianebTan, visac kargad ar icnobs,
magram Zalian komunikabeluri xdeba,
rogorc ki maT kargad gaicnobs (Shoda et
al., 1993a, gv. 1023).
Cven rom gvecada jonisa da jimis keTilgan-
wyobis gaSualeba, albaT, daaxloebiT msgavs
maCveneblebs miviRebdiT am niSnis mixedviT,
magram am SemTxvevaSi ver daviWerdiT mniSvne-
lovan gansxvavebas maT qcevaSi. miSelis mixedviT
(1973; Mischel & Shoda, 1995), is, Tu rogor vpasu-
xobT garemos specifikur movlenaze, damokide-
bulia 14.4 cxrilSi gansazRvrul cvladebze.
xedavT, Tu ra gavlena eqneboda yovel CamoT-
vlil cvlads imaze, Tu ra gziT imoqmedebda
adamiani konkretul situaciaSi? Cven mogawodeT
magaliTebi TiToeul cvladze. scadeT, warmoid-
ginoT situacia, romelSic Tqven cxrilSi
moyvanili personaJebisgan gansxvavebulad moiq-
ceodiT, radgan Tqven maTgan erTi konkretuli
cvladis mixedviT gansxvavdebiT. SeiZleba
gainteresebT, Tu ra gansazRvravs am cvladebis
bunebas konkretuli individisTvis. miSelis
azriT, isini warmoadgenen am adamianis dakvirve-
bebis, aseve misi sxva adamianebTan da fizikuri
garemos usulo aspeqtebTan interaqciebis isto-
riis Sedegs (Mischel, 1973).
saidan
viciT
qcevis paternebi
am proeqtis erTi kvleva qcevis konsis-
tentobis ganxilvisas aRvwereT. kidev erTi
kvleva Seiswavlis bavSvebis reaqciebs
gansxvavebul fsiqologiur situaciebze.
es situaciebia: (1) sxva bavSvis mier
dadebiTi socialuri kontaqtis wamowyeba,
an (2) ufrosis mier gafrTxileba raime
moqmedebis Sewyvetis Taobaze. bavSvebis
reaqciebi kodirebul iqna iseT kategori-
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ebad, rogoricaa: prosocialurad lapa-
rakobda~, an daemorCila, an dauTmo~.
garda amisa, zafxulis bolos banakis
konsultantebs sTxoves, bavSvebi daexa-
siTebinaT, rogorc agresiuli~, Caketi-
li~, an keTilganwyobili~. ra infor-
macia gamoiyenes maT am Sefasebebis gasake-
Teblad? magaliTisaTvis, ganvixiloT
damorCilebis an daTmobis qceva. bavSvebi,
romlebic banakidan wamosvlisas daaxa-
siaTes, rogorc keTilganwyobili, morCi-
lebi iyvnen im situaciaSi, rodesac maT
ufrosi aZlevda gafrTxilebas, xolo
bavSvebi, romlebic banakidan wamosvlisas
daaxasiaTes, rogorc Caketili, morCilebi
iyvnen im situaciaSi, rodesac maT Tanato-
lebi aRizianebdnen, an dascinodnen (Shoda
et al., 1993b).
miSelma da misma kolegebma gvaCvenes qcevis
paternebis mniSvneloba sazafxulo banakSi bav-
Svebis gamocdilebebis savele kvlevebiT. am
Sedegebidan gamomdinare, bavSvebis damorCilebis
saSualo maCveneblebis codna bevrs verafers
gvetyvis maTi pirovnebis Sesaxeb. Tqven unda
icodeT, ra situaciaSi moxda damorCileba imi-
saTvis, rom gaigoT, Tu ratom miiRo erTma
bavSvma keTilganwyobilis Sefaseba da meorem
_ Caketilis. miSeli xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom
Cveni warmodgenebi sxva adamianebis pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb modis ara saSualos
aRebidan, aramed dakvirvebidan, Tu rogor iwvevs
gansxvavebuli situaciebi gansxvavebul qcevas
(Shoda & Mischel, 1993).
banduras kognitur-socialuri
daswavlis Teoria
pirovnebisadmi socialuri daswavlis midgo-
mis wamyvani mkvlevaria albert bandura (Albert
Bandura, 1986, 1999). is cnobilia Teoriuli naSro-
mebiTa da bavSvebisa da zrdasrulebis farTo
pirovnebis cvladebi miSelis pirovnebis kognitur-afeqtur TeoriaSi
cxrili
14.4
cvladi gansazRvreba
magaliTi
kodirebebi
molodinebi da
rwmenebi
afeqtebi
miznebi da
Rirebulebebi
kompetenciebi
da TviTregula-
toruli gegmebi
is gza, romliTac Tqven axdenT Tqveni Tavis,
sxva adamianebis, movlenebis da situaciebis
Sesaxeb informaciis kategorizacias.
Tqveni rwmenebi socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb da
konkretul situaciebSi mocemuli qmedebebis
mosalodneli Sedegebis Sesaxeb. Tqveni
Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad gaqvT
raime Sedegebis miRebis unari.
Tqveni grZnobebi da emociebi, fiziologiuri
pasuxebis CaTvliT.
Sedegebi da afeqturi mdgomareobebi, romlebic
TqvenTvis Rirebulia, an ar aris Rirebuli;
Tqveni miznebi da cxovrebis gegmebi.
qcevebi, romelTa Sesruleba Tqven SegiZliaT
da gegmebi kognituri da qceviTi Sedegebis
misaRebad.
rogorc ki bobi vinmes Sexvdeba, is
cdilobs, daadginos, ramdenad
mdidaria es adamiani.
gregi patiJebs megobrebs kinoSi, magram
arasodes elis, rom isini `ki~-s
ityvian.
sindi Zalian advilad wiTldeba.
piters surs, kolejSi Tavisi klasis
prezidenti iyos.
iani laparakobs inglisurad,
frangulad, rusulad da iaponurad da
varaudobs, rom gaeroSi imuSavebs.
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kvlevebiT (gaixseneT me-7 Tavidan bavSvebis
agresiuli qcevis kvlevebi). am midgomaSi
gaerTianebulia daswavlis principebi da soci-
alur garemoSi adamianur interaqciebze aqcenti.
socialuri daswavlis kuTxiT adamianebs ar
marTavs Sinagani Zalebi, magram, amave dros, isini
arc garemos gavlenis qveS myofi ususuri mari-
onetebi arian. socialuri daswavlis midgoma
xazs usvams kognitur procesebs, romlebic
CarTulia qcevis sxvadasxva paternebis Camo-
yalibebaSi da, Sesabamisad, pirovnuli Tvise-
bebis SeZenasa da maTi SenarCunebis procesSi.
banduras Teoria miuTiTebs individualuri
faqtorebis, qcevis da garemos stimulebis rTul
urTierTqmedebaze. yovel maTgans SeuZlia sxvebze
zemoqmedeba an maTi Secvla. cvlilebis mimar-
Tuleba iSviaTad aris calmxrivi _ is recipro-
kulia. Tqvens qcevaze SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos
Tqvenma damokidebulebebma (atitudebma), rwmenebma,
Sexedulebebma an ganmtkicebebis winamorbedma
istoriam, iseve, rogorc garemoSi arsebulma
stimulebma. iman, rasac Tqven akeTebT, SeiZleba
gavlena moaxdinos garemoze, xolo garemom da
Tqvens qcevaze mowodebulma ukukavSirma SeiZleba
Tqveni pirovnebis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebze
imoqmedos. es mniSvnelovani cneba _ reciprokuli
determinizmi _ gulisxmobs, rom Tqven unda
gamoikvlioT yvela komponenti, Tu gsurT mTli-
anad gaigoT adamianis qceva, pirovneba da socia-
luri ekologia (Bandura, 1999; ix. sur. 14.4). am-
gvarad, magaliTad, Tu Tqven Warbi wona gaqvT,
SeiZleba ar airCioT msubuqi aTletikiT dakaveba,
magram, Tu sacurao auzis maxloblad cxovrobT,
SeiZleba curva arCioT; Tu Tqven komunikabeluri
xarT, gaesaubrebiT auzTan myof adamianebs da
amiT ufro socialur atmosferos SeqmniT, rac,
Tavis mxriv, garemos ufro sasiamovnos gaxdis.
es erTi magaliTia adamians, adgilsa da qcevas
Soris reciprokuli determinizmisa.
me-7 Tavidan SeiZleba gagaxsendeT, rom ban-
duras socialuri daswavlis Teoria xazs usvams
dakvirvebiT swavlas, rogorc process, romliTac
adamiani cvlis Tavis qcevas sxva adamianis qcevaze
dakvirvebis safuZvelze. dakvirvebiT swavlis
meSveobiT bavSvebi da mozrdilebi Tavisi
socialuri garemos Sesaxeb informaciis udides
speqtrs iZenen. dakvirvebiT swavlis meSveobiT
Tqven swavlobT, Tu ra aris Sesabamisi, adek-
vaturi, ra jildovdeba da ras mohyveba dasja
an ignorireba. vinaidan Tqven SegiZliaT mex-
sierebis gamoyeneba da garegan movlenebze fiqri,
Tqven SegiZliaT, iwinaswarmetyveloT Tqveni
qmedebebis SesaZlebeli Sedegebi maTi realurad
ganxorcielebis gareSe. Tqven SegiZliaT SeiZi-
noT unarebi, damokidebulebebi da rwmenebi ub-
ralod imaze dakvirvebiT, Tu ras akeTeben sxvebi
da ra Sedegebi mohyveba amas.
banduras Teoriis Camoyalibebis procesSi
(1997) misi erT-erTi centraluri cneba TviT-
efeqturoba gaxda. TviTefeqturoba aris rwmena
imisa, rom adamians SeuZlia konkretul situa-
ciaSi adekvaturad moqceva. Tqveni TviTefeqtu-
robis SegrZneba mravalgzis axdens gavlenas
Tqvens aRqmebze, motivaciasa da qcevaze. Tqven
arc ki cdilobT raimes gakeTebas an SesaZleb-
lobis gamoyenebas, rodesac elodebiT, rom
suraTi
14.4
reciprokuli determinizmi
reciprokuli determinizmis mixedviT individi,
misi qceva da garemo erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedeben,
raTa gavlena moaxdinon da Secvalon sxva kompo-
nentebi.
reciprokuli determinizmi (Reciprocal determin-
ism) _ albert banduras socialuri daswavlis
Teoriis cneba, romelic ukavSirdeba mosaz-
rebas, rom individs, mis qcevas da garemos
stimulebs Soris arsebobs rTuli recip-
rokuli urTierTqmedeba da rom TiToeuli am
komponentebidan moqmedebs sxvebze.
TviTefeqturoba (Self-efficacy) _ rwmenebis (mosaz-
rebebis) erToblioba, rom adamians SeuZlia
adekvaturad moqceva konkretul situaciaSi.
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araefeqturi iqnebiT. Tqven eridebiT situaciebs,
rodesac Tavs adekvaturad ar grZnobT. maSinac
ki, rodesac, realobaSi Tqven gaqvT unari da
survilic, SeiZleba ar SeasruloT moTxovnili
qmedeba, an ar gaagrZeloT davalebis warmatebiT
Sesrulebis mcdeloba, Tu fiqrobT, rom gakliaT
is, rac amisaTvis saWiroa.
faqtobrivi Sesrulebebis miRma TviTefeqtu-
robis SefasebisaTvis arsebobs informaciis
kidev sami wyaro:
sxvisi gamocdileba _ Tqveni dakvirveba
sxvebis moqmedebaze;
darwmuneba _ sxvebma SeiZleba dagarwmunon,
rom Tqven SegiZliaT raimes gakeTeba, an Tqven
SeiZleba sakuTari Tavi daarwmunoT amaSi;
Tqveni emociuri agznebis monitoringi,
rodesac fiqrobT davalebis Sesaxeb an rodesac
iwyebT mis Sesrulebas; magaliTad, SfoTva
migvaniSnebs efeqturobis dabal molodinze;
Relva migvaniSnebs warmatebis molodinze.
TviTefeqturobis Sefaseba gavlenas axdens
imaze, Tu ra Zalisxmevas xarjavT da ramden
xans cdilobT warmatebis miRwevas, Tu cxov-
rebiseuli situaciebis farTo speqtrSi sirTu-
leebi aRmocendeba (Bandura, 1997; Cervone, 2000;
Schwarzer, 1992). magaliTad, is, Tu ramdenad
energiulad da Seupovrad swavlobT am Tavs,
SeiZleba ufro metad damokidebuli iyos Tqveni
TviTefeqturobis gancdaze, vidre realur unar-
ze (Zimmerman et al., 1992). warmatebis an waru-
mateblobis molodinebze SeiZleba imoqmedos
ganxorcielebuli qcevis efeqturobis Sesaxeb
mowodebulma ukukavSirma, magram am molodinebs,
aseve, SeuZliaT Seqmnan winaswargansazRvruli
ukukavSiri da amdenad iqcnen TviTSesrulebad
winaswarmetyvelebad. modiT, es aRmoCena aka-
demiur miRwevas mivusadagoT.
saidan
viciT
TviTefeqturoba da bavSvebis
akademiuri miRwevebi
banduram da misma kolegebma (1996) ik-
vlies 11-dan 14 wlamde 279 bavSvi romis
maxloblad dasaxlebuli punqtidan. am
kvlevis mizani iyo, eCvenebina rogorc
bavSvebis, ise maTi mSoblebis TviTefeq-
turobis donis gavlena bavSvebis akade-
miur miRwevebze. TviTefeqturobis gasa-
zomad bavSvebic da mSoblebic aR-
niSnavdnen Tavis Tanxmobas debulebaTa
seriebze. bavSvebisaTvis debulebebi exe-
boda maT mosazrebebs saskolo muSaobasTan
gamklavebis sakuTari unarebis Sesaxeb;
aseve, maT mosazrebebs, Tu ramdenad aqvT
unari, moaxdinon TavianTi garemos struq-
turireba swavlis gasaadvileblad, magali-
Tad, ramdenad kargad gamogdiT maswavleb-
lebisTvis daxmarebis Txovna, rodesac
saskolo samuSaos Sesruleba giZnel-
debaT?~ mozrdilebisTvis debulebebi
ukavSirdeboda maT unarebs, moexdinaT
TavianT bavSvebSi saskolo samuSaosadmi
interesisa da misi Sesrulebis motivacia,
magaliTad, ra SegiZliaT gaakeToT, raTa
daexmaroT Tqvens bavSvebs saskolo
samuSaoze bejiTad muSaobaSi?~ mkvlevrebs
bavSvebis maswavleblebma maTi akademiuri
miRwevebis Sefaseba miawodes. Sedegebma
aCvena rogorc mSoblebis, ise bavSvebis
TviTefeqturobis rwmenebis mniSvnelovani
gavlena miRwevebze. kerZod, mSoblebis
rwmenas, rom maT aqvT unari, SeunarCunon
bavSvebs mimarTuleba, wvlili Sehqonda
bavSvebis rwmenaSi, rom maT didi miRwevebi
eqnebodaT; Tavis mxriv, bavSvebis rwmenebi
zusti aRmoCnda _ TviTefeqturobis Zlieri
rwmenebi korelaciaSi iyo faqtobriv
maRal miRwevebTan.
am kvlevidan Cans, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelo-
vania gvjerodes, rom SegviZlia warmatebis
miRweva. kerZod, Tu Tqven gegmavT, gaxdeT
mSobeli, an Tu ukve gyavT Svilebi, unda ifiqroT
imaze, Tu rogor ganaviTaroT Tqvens SvilebSi
gancda, rom maT efeqturi kontroli aqvT
sakuTar swavlaze.
banduras TviTefeqturobis Teoria, aseve,
aRiarebs garemos mniSvnelobas. warumateblobis
Tu warmatebis molodinebi da Sesatyvisi
gadawyvetilebebi mcdelobis Sewyvetis Tu
Seupovrad gagrZelebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba efuZ-
nebodes imis aRqmas, Tu rogoria garemo _
xelSemwyobi Tu araxelSemwyobi da, aseve,
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sakuTari adekvaturobis Tu araadekvaturobis
aRqmas. aseT molodinebs Sedegze dafuZnebul
molodinebs uwodeben. suraTi 14.5 gviCvenebs,
Tu rogor eTanxmeba erTmaneTs banduras Teoriis
nawilebi. qceviTi Sedegebi damokidebulia adami-
anebis mier rogorc sakuTari unarebis, aseve
garemos aRqmaze.
kentoris socialuri
inteleqtis Teoria
winamorbed kognitur da socialur Teoriebze
dayrdnobiT nensi kentorma (Nancy Cantor) da
misma kolegebma pirovnebis socialuri inte-
leqtis Teoria Camoayalibes (Cantor & Kihlstrom,
1987; Kihlstrom & Cantor, 2000). socialuri inteleqti
exeba im gamocdilebas, romelic adamianebs
SemoaqvT cxovrebiseuli amocanebis sakuTar
gancdaSi. Teoria gansazRvravs individualuri
gansxvavebebis sam tips:
cxovrebiseuli miznebis arCevani. adamianebi
gasxvavdebian imisda mixedviT, Tu cxovrebis
romeli miznebi Tu amocanebia maTTvis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani. magaliTad, kolejis studentebi
xSirad Relaven kargi niSnebis miRebis~, an
megobrebis SeZenis da SenarCunebis~ Sesaxeb.
aris Tu ara am miznebidan erT-erTi TqvenTvis
ufro mniSvnelovani, vidre meore? adamianebis
miznebi droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba Seic-
valos. Tqveni aTi wlis winandeli miznebi,
albaT, gansxvavdeba rogorc dRevandeli, ise
momavali miznebisagan;
socialuri interaqciebis Sesabamisi
codna. adamianebi gansxvavdebian imis mixedviT,
Tu ra gamocdileba SemoaqvT socialuri da
pirovnuli problemebis gadawyvetis amocanebSi;
miznebis ganxorcielebis strategiebi.
adamianebs aqvT problemebis gadawyvetis
gansxvavebuli damaxasiaTebeli strategiebi.
xedavT, Tu rogor urTierTqmedebs es sami
ganzomileba, raTa warmoiqmnas qcevis gan-
sxvavebuli paternebi, romelTac Tqven aRiqvamT,
rogorc pirovnebas? Tqven SeiZleba icnobT
or adamians, romelTac erTnairi zogadi cxov-
rebis mizani aqvT _ SeiZleba orivesTvis Rire-
bulebas warmoadgens kargi niSnebis miReba,
magram imis mixedviT, Tu ra ician maT da rogor
SeuZliaT am codnis gamoyeneba, maTi myisieri
gadawyvetilebebi qcevis Sesaxeb SeiZleba Zalian
gansxvavebuli iyos. erT maTgans, SesaZloa,
swavlis naTeli (eqsplicituri) strategiebi
aswavles, meore ki Zlivs axerxebs amas spe-
cialuri daxmarebis gareSe. socialuri in-
teleqtis Teoria axal xedvas gvawvdis imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor winaswargansazRvravs pirov-
neba konsistentobas: drois mocemul periodSi
konsistentoba SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT adamianebis
miznebSi, codnasa da strategiebSi.
modiT, ganvixiloT konkretuli garemoebebi,
romlebSic adamianebis gansxvavebuli miznebi
iwveven gansxvavebul Sedegebs: _ mkvlevrebma
aCvenes, rom siaxlovis miznebs gavlena aqvT
urTierTobebisgan miRebul dakmayofilebaze.
suraTi
14.5
banduras TviTefeqturobis modeli
am modelis mixedviT, efeqturobis molodinebi
moTavsebulia adamiansa da mis qcevas Soris,
Sedegis molodinebi ki _ qcevasa da mis mosa-
lodnel Sedegebs Soris.
socialuri inteleqti (Social intelligence) _ pirov-
nebis Teoria, romelic exeba im gamocdilebas,
romelic adamianebs SemoaqvT cxovrebiseuli
amocanebis sakuTar gancdaSi.
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saidan
viciT
siaxlovis miznebi sasiyvarulo
urTierTobebSi
rodesac zogi adamiani sasiyvarulo
urTierTobas iwyebs, misi umTavresi miza-
nia siaxlovis Seqmna _ maT surT, aRmoC-
ndnen iseT garemoSi, sadac SeZleben
urTierTdamokidebulebis gamovlenas da
TviTgaxsnas; sxva adamianebi ki daintere-
sebulni arian imiT, rom hqondeT urTi-
erTobebi, magram maTTvis es urTierTobebi
sasurveli moqmedebebisken (magaliTad,
wveulebebisken, sqesobrivi urTierTo-
bebisken) mimaval gzas ufro warmoadgens,
vidre siaxlovisken. siaxlovis miznis
siZliereSi am gansxvavebebis Sesafaseblad
mkvlevrebma sTxoves 60 students, epasuxaT
iseTi debulebebisTvis, rogoricaa:
sasiyvarulo urTierTobaSi vcdilob Cemi
yvelaze siRrmiseuli azrebisa da grZnob-
ebis gaziarebas~ (Sanderson & Cantor, 1997).
studentebma iseTi faqtebic aRniSnes, ro-
goricaa, magaliTad, dro, romelsac isini
realurad atarebdnen Tavis partniorebTan
gansxvavebul situaciebSi, iseve, rogorc
sakuTari dakmayofileba urTierTobebiT.
monacemebma naTeli suraTi aCvena: im ada-
mianebis dakmayofileba urTierTobebisgan,
romlebsac ufro Zlieri siaxlovis miz-
nebi hqondaT, naklebad iyo damokidebuli
im drois xangrZlivobaze, romlis gata-
rebac maT realurad SeeZloT Tavis par-
tniorebTan. maTi Sefaseba urTierTo-
bebisgan miRebuli dakmayofilebisa Seda-
rebiT maRali iyo, miuxedavad imisa, bevr
dros atarebdnen isini erTad Tu cotas.
SedarebisaTvis, ufro susti siaxlovis
miznebis mqone individebis dakmayofileba
urTierTobebisagan SedarebiT dabali iyo,
rodesac isini cota dros atarebdnen
partniorebTan.
xedavT, rogor gamomdinareobs es paterni
individis miznebisagan? ufro Zlieri siaxlovis
miznebis mqone adamianebi Zlierad motivi-
rebulni arian, rom rac SeiZleba meti miiRon
im droisgan, romlis gatarebac SeuZliaT Tavis
partniorebTan. SedarebisaTvis, ufro susti
siaxlovis miznebis mqoneT, SesaZloa, ar
SeeZloT sakmarisi koncentracia, raTa uxvi
interaqciebis gareSe SeenarCunebinaT damakmayo-
filebeli urTierToba. am SemTxvevaSi, Tqven
SegiZliaT amoicnoT pirovneba im konsisten-
turobiT, romliTac adamianebi axlo urTierTo-
bebSi iqcevian.
socialuri daswavlisa da
kognituri Teoriebis Sefaseba
socialuri daswavlisa da kognituri Teori-
ebis winaaRmdeg gamoTqmuli kritikis erT-erTi
Tvalsazrisi isaa, rom isini xSirad ugulebel-
yofen emociebs, rogorc pirovnebis mniSvnelovan
komponents. fsiqodinamikur TeoriebSi SfoTvis
msgavsi emociebi centralur rols TamaSoben.
socialuri daswavlisa da kognitur TeoriebSi
emociebi ganixileba mxolod, rogorc azrebisa
da qcevis Tanmdevi produqti, an ubralod gaer-
Tianebulia sxva tipis azrebTan, nacvlad imisa,
rom maT damoukidebeli mniSvneloba mieweros.
maTTvis, visi azriTac emociebi centraluria
pirovnebis funqcionirebaSi, es seriozuli nak-
lia. kognitur Teoriebs imis gamoc akritikeben,
rom isini srulad ar aRiareben aracnobieri
motivaciis gavlenas qcevasa da emociebze.
kritikis meore Tvalsazrisi pirovnuli kon-
struqtebisa da kompetenciebis Seqmnis gzis
axsnebis bundovanebazea fokusirebuli. kogni-
turi Teoriis mimdevrebs xSirad bevri araferi
hqondaT saTqmeli zrdasruli pirovnebis ganvi-
TarebiTi warmomavlobis Sesaxeb; maTi aqcenti
individis mier qcevis awmyo garemoebebis aRqmaze
Crdilavs individis istorias. es kritika kelis
(Kelly) Teoriazea mimarTuli, romelic aRweril
iqna ufro, rogorc konceptualuri sistema,
vidre, rogorc Teoria, radgan is fokusirebulia
struqturaze da procesebze da TiTqmis arafers
ambobs pirovnuli konstruqtebis Sinaarsze.
am kritikis miuxedavad, pirovnebis kognitur
Teoriebs mTavari wvlili ekuTvniT Tanamedrove
azrovnebaSi: kelis Teoriam gavlena moaxdina
didi raodenobiT kognitur Terapevtebze.
miSelis mier situaciis maxasiaTeblebis gac-
nobierebam moitana ori komponentis interaqciis
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ukeTesi gageba: imisa, Tu ra Semoaqvs adamians
qceviT garemoSi imasTan, rasac iwvevs adamianSi
qceviTi garemo; banduras ideebma gamoiwvia
maswavleblebis mier moswavleebis ganaTlebis
gaumjobeseba da daexmara maT warmatebisaTvis
mieRwiaT janmrTelobis, biznesis da sportis
sferoSi; dabolos, kentoris Teoriam pirovnebis
konsistentobis Zieba cxovrebiseuli miznebisa
da socialuri strategiebis doneze gadaiyvana.
mogawodaT Tu ara pirovnebis am kogniturma
Teoriebma axali ideebi Tqveni sakuTari pi-
rovnebis da qcevis Sesaxeb? Tqven nel-nela
naxavT, Tu rogor daiwyebT sakuTari Tavis
gansazRvras nawilobriv garemosTan interaq-
ciebze dayrdnobiT. axla SevudgebiT im Teo-
riebis ganxilvas, romlebic kidev ufro Sors
wagiyvanen Tqveni Tavis gansazRvraSi.
Sejameba
socialuri daswavlis da kognituri Teori-
ebi iziareben mosazrebas, rom adamianebis
moqmedebebze gavlenas axdenen garemos SemTxve-
viTi maxasiaTeblebi: uolter miSelis azriT,
garemos specifikur movlenebs adamianebi pasu-
xoben sakuTar kodirebebze, molodinebze da
Sexedulebebze, emociebze, miznebsa da Rirebu-
lebebze, unarebsa da TviTmaregulirebel geg-
mebze dayrdnobiT; albert banduram warmoadgina
adamianis, garemos da qcevis reciprokuli ur-
TierTqmedebis Teoria. TviTefeqturoba udides
rols TamaSobs adamianebis mier ganxorciele-
buli qcevebis gansazRvraSi; nensi kentoris
Teoriis mixedviT, adamianebi gansxvavdebian
cxovrebis miznebis arCevis, Tavisi codnisa da
im strategiebis mixedviT, romlebsac TavianTi
miznebis misaRwevad iyeneben.
me-s (SELF) Teoriebi
mivadeqiT pirovnebis Teoriebs, romlebic
yvelaze metad uSualod pirovnulia: isini pir-
dapir exebian imas, Tu rogor marTavs TiToeuli
individi mis me-s. ra aris Tqveni me-s koncefcia?
ras fiqrobT, Tanmimdevrulad reagirebs Tu
ara samyaroze Tqveni me? cdilobT Tu ara Tqveni
megobrebisaTvis da ojaxisaTvis konsistenturi,
myari me-s warmoCenas? ra gavlena aqvs dadebiT
da uaryofiT gamocdilebas imaze, Tu ras
fiqrobT sakuTari me-s Sesaxeb? am kiTxvebis
ganxilvas mokle istoriuli mimoxilviT davi-
wyebT.
me-s analizis Tavgamodebuli adreuli damcve-
lia uiliam jemsi (William James, 1890). jemsma me-
gamocdilebis sami komponenti gamoyo: materia-
luri me (sxeulebrivi me, garSemomyofi fizikuri
sagnebis darad), socialuri me (Tqveni codna
imis Sesaxeb Tu rogor gxedaven sxvebi) da
sulieri me (me, romelic Tvalyurs adevnebs
pirad azrebsa da grZnobebs). jemss sjeroda,
rom yvelaferi, rasac adamiani ukavSirebs Tavis
identobas, garkveuli azriT misi me-s nawili
xdeba. amiT aixsneba, Tu ratom aqvT adamianebs
TavdacviTi reaqcia, rodesac akritikeben maT
megobrebs an ojaxis wevrebs _ maTi me-s nawilebs.
me-s koncefcia, aseve, centraluri iyo fsiqodina-
mikuri TeoriebisaTvis. me-insaiti fsiqoanali-
tikuri mkurnalobis mniSvnelovani nawili iyo
froidis TeoriaSi; iungi ki xazs usvamda imas,
rom me-s srulyofili ganviTarebisaTvis adamianma
misi cnobieri da aracnobieri cxovrebis yvela
aspeqtis miReba da integracia unda moaxdinos.
rogor ganixilaven me-s Tanamedrove TeoriaSi?
Cven jer aRvwerT me-s kognitur aspeqtebs: me-s
koncefciebs da SesaZlebel me-ebs; Semdeg
ganvixilavT, Tu ra gzebiT warudgenen ada-
mianebi samyaros Tavis me-s; dabolos, SevexebiT
mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, Tu rogor gansxvavdeba
me-ze Sexedulebebi kulturebis mixedviT.
me-s koncefciaTa dinamikuri
aspeqtebi
me-s koncefcia warmoadgens dinamikur fsiqi-
kur struqturas, romelic axdens intraperso-
naluri da interpersonaluri qcevebisa da
procesebis motivirebas, interpretirebas, orga-
nizebas, mediacias da regulacias. me-s koncefcia
mraval komponents moicavs. maT Sorisaa: _ Tqveni
mogonebebi sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb; mosazrebebi
Tqveni niSan-Tvisebebis, motivebis, Rirebule-
me-s koncefcia (Self-concept) _ adamianis una-
rebis da atributebis Sesaxeb misi fsiqikuri
modeli.
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bebis da unarebis Sesaxeb; idealuri me, rogoric
yvelaze metad gsurT, rom gaxdeT; SesaZlebeli
me-ebi, rogoradac gaxdomas SesaZleblad ga-
nixilavT; Tqveni Tavis dadebiTi, an uaryofiTi
Sefasebebi (TviTSefaseba) da warmodgenebi imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ras fiqroben Tqvenze sxvebi (Brown,
1009; McGuire & McGuire, 1988). me-8 TavSi ganvixileT
sqemebi, rogorc codnis paketebi~, romlebic
garemos struqturis Sesaxeb kompleqsur gan-
zogadebebs ganasaxiereben. Tqveni me-s koncefcia
Seicavs sqemebs me-s Sesaxeb _ me-sqemebs, rom-
lebic saSualebas gaZlevT, sakuTari Tavis
Sesaxeb informaciis organizeba moaxdinoT,
iseve, rogorc sxva sqemebi gaZleven saSualebas,
marToT Tqveni gamocdilebis sxva aspeqtebi
(Markus, 1977), Tumca, me-sqemebi ara mxolod imaze
axdenen gavlenas, Tu rogor gadaamuSavebT
sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb informacias. kvleva gvi-
Cvenebs, rom es sqemebi, romlebsac xSirad iye-
nebT sakuTari qcevis interpretaciisaTvis,
imazec axdens gavlenas, Tu rogor gadaamuSavebT
sxva adamianebis Sesaxeb informacias (Cantor &
Kihlstrom, 1987; Markus & Smith, 1981). amgvarad, sxva
adamianebis moqmedebebis interpretacias Tqven
imis safuZvelze axdenT, rac iciT da risic
gjeraT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb.
me-s kognituri aRqmis kidev erTi mniSvne-
lovani komponenti SeiZleba iyos sxva SesaZle-
beli me-ebi, romlebsac Tqvens amJamindel me-s
koncefcias adarebT. hezel markusma (Hazel Markus)
da misma kolegebma SesaZlebeli me-ebi gan-
sazRvres, rogorc idealuri me-ebi, rogorebic
Zalian gvinda gavxdeT. esenia, aseve, me-ebi,
rogorebic SegviZlia, rom gavxdeT da me-ebi,
rogoradac gaxdomisa gveSinia~ (Markus & Nurius,
1986, gv. 954). SesaZlebel me-ebs wvlili SeaqvT
qcevis motivirebaSi _ isini biZgs aZleven moq-
medebas da, amave dros, iZlevian imis ganxilvis
SesaZleblobas, Tu ra mimarTulebebi SeuZlia
aiRos Tqvenma me-m _ ukeTesi Tu uaresi.
ganvixiloT individebis mosazrebebi mSob-
lobisaTvis mzaobis Sesaxeb.
saidan
viciT
SesaZlebeli me, rogorc mSobeli
mkvlevrebis jgufma Seqmna Sefasebis
instrumenti, romelic gamiznuli iyo im
xarisxis gazomvisaTvis, romliTac axal-
gazrda mozrdil adamianebs SeeZloT
sakuTari Tavis mSoblad warmodgena (Bloom,
et al., 1999). kvlevaSi monawile 683-ma kole-
jis studentma gasca pasuxi srulebiT
ar Semesabameba - Zalian Semesabameba~
skalis mixedviT iseT debulebebs, rogo-
ricaa momavalSi iseT adamianad vxedav
Tavs, romelic SesaZloa daqorwindes,
magram ar moisurvebs Svilebis yolas~.
im mizniT, rom studentebi ver mimxvda-
riyvnen kvlevis mizans, mSoblobis Sesa-
bamisi debulebebi gabneuli iyo ufro
grZel kiTxvarSi. kiTxvaris Sevsebis Sem-
deg TiToeul students eniWeboda mSoblis
SesaZlebeli me-s qula (parent possible-self
score - PPS). saSualod, qalebi da mamakacebi
ar gasxvavdebodnen am qulebis mixedviT,
Tumca, mkvlevrebma gamoyves rogorc
qalebis, ise mamakacebis qvejgufebi, rom-
lebmac gansakuTrebiT maRali da gansakuT-
rebiT dabali qulebi miiRes. am qvejgu-
SesaZlebeli me-ebi (Possible selves) _ idealuri
me-ebi, rogoric adamians surs gaxdes, me-ebi,
rogorebic adamians SeuZlia gaxdes da me-ebi,
rogoradac gaxdomis adamians eSinia; me-s
kognituri aRqmis komponentebi.
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febis adamianebma Sefasebebi misces bav-
Svebis videoCanawerebs, sadac bavSvebis
qceva bednieridan nerviulamde icvleboda.
maRali PPS-is mqone studentebma, Sesaba-
misad, ufro dadebiTad Seafases bavSvebi,
vidre dabali PPS-is mqone studentebma.
SegiZliaT gamoZebnoT mizezebi, ris gamoc
adamianis unars, warmoidginos Tavisi Tavi mSob-
lad, SesaZlebelia gavlena hqondes am adamianis
mier bavSvis qcevis interpretaciaze?
TviTSefaseba da TviTprezen-
tacia
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom zogierT adamians
uaryofiTi me-s koncefcia aqvs, romelic
SeiZleba aseve davaxasiaToT, rogorc dabali
TviTSefaseba. adamianis TviTSefaseba warmoad-
gens me-s generalizebul Sefasebas. TviTSef-
asebas SeuZlia Zlieri gavlenis moxdena azreb-
ze, guneba-ganwyobilebasa da qcevaze. dabali
TviTSefaseba, nawilobriv, SeiZleba daxasiaTdes,
rogorc me-s Sesaxeb naklebi darwmunebuloba.
rodesac maRali da dabali TviTSefasebis mqone
individebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT sakuTari Tavi
ramdenime niSnis ganzomilebebis mixedviT (maga-
liTad, logikuri, inteleqtualuri da mimzid-
veli), rogorc mosalodneli iyo, dabali TviT-
Sefasebis mqone individebma sakuTar Tavs mTli-
anobaSi ufro dabali Sefasebebi misces (Baum-
gardner, 1990), Tumca, rodesac maT Tavisi Sefa-
sebebis zeda da qveda sazRvrebis Camoyalibebac
sTxoves, dabali TviTSefasebis monawileebma
ufro farTo diapazoni miuTiTes _ maT me-s
naklebad zusti gancda hqondaT, vidre maRali
TviTSefasebis mqone monawileebs. ase rom,
dabali TviTSefasebis fenomenis nawili SesaZ-
lebelia iyos grZnoba, rom Tqven ubralod
bevri ar iciT Tqveni me-s Sesaxeb, rac aZnelebs
imis winaswarmetyvelebas, miaRwevs Tu ara ada-
miani warmatebas cxovrebiseul miswrafebebSi.
TvalsaCinoa, rom adamianebis umetesoba
Zalian cdilobs TviTSefasebis da me-s kon-
cefciis integrirebulobis SenarCunebas (Steele,
1988). adamianebi TviTgaumjobesebis mraval
formas mimarTaven (Banaji & Prentice, 1994). magali-
Tad, rodesac Tqven eWvi geparebaT davalebis
Sesrulebis sakuTar unarSi, SesaZlebelia, TviT-
uunarobis (self-handicapping) qcevas mimarToT.
Tqven Segnebulad uwevT sabotaJs sakuTar
qmedebas! am strategiis mizania, warumateblobis
SemTxvevaSi gqondeT gamzadebuli sapatio mi-
zezi, romelic ar gulisxmobs unaris naklebobas
(Higgins et al., 1990; Jones & Berglas, 1978). ase rom, Tu
geSiniaT imis gageba, iciT Tu ara is, rac
saWiroa mniSvnelovani gamocdis CabarebisaTvis,
SeiZleba mecadineobis nacvlad megobrebTan
gaataroT dro. am gziT Tu Tqven warmatebas ar
miaRwevT, SegeZlebaT amis mcire Zalisxmevaze
gadabraleba, imis gamorkvevis gareSe, gqondaT
Tu ara sinamdvileSi warmatebis miRwevis unari.
saidan
viciT
TviTuunaroba kolejis studentebSi
orma mkvlevarma sTxova kolejis stu-
dentebs, daefiqsirebinaT TavianTi pozicia
(veTanxmebi/ar veTanxmebi~) TviTuunarobis
gamzomvel debulebebTan mimarTebaSi: _
me bevrad mets gavakeTebdi, Tu mets
vecdebodi~; mgoni, ufro metad xasiaTs
TviTSefaseba (Self-esteem) _ me-s mimarT ganzoga-
debuli SefasebiTi damokidebuleba, romelic
gavlenas axdens rogorc guneba-ganwyobilebaze,
aseve qcevaze da romelic Zlier zemoqmedebs
individualuri da socialuri qcevebis speqtrze.
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daqvemdebarebuli adamiani var, vidre sxve-
bis umetesoba~; vcdilob, saqmeebi ukanas-
knel wuTamde gadavdo~. pirveli gamocdis
win studentebs hkiTxes, Tu ra niSani
iqneboda maTTvis sasurveli. gamocdis
Semdeg maT mcdari pasuxebi _ sasurvelze~
naxevari quliT ufro dabali niSani _
Seatyobines (magaliTad, Tu maT 4" isurves,
uTxres, rom maT 4_~ miiRes). am momentSi
mkvlevrebma Seafases studentebis TviT-
Sefaseba. Tu TviTuunaroba icavs TviTSe-
fasebas, unda gvqonoda molodini, rom
maRali TviTuunarobis mqone adamianebis
TviTSefaseba nakleb zians ganicdida,
rodesac maT aradamakmayofilebeli niS-
nebi miiRes. es zustad is paternia, rome-
lic gamoavlines kvlevis mamrobiTi sqesis
minawileebma: maRali TviTuunaroba dakav-
Sirebuli iyo maRal TviTSefasebasTan,
Tumca, qal studentebSi ar gamovlinda
raime korelacia TviTuunarobasa da TviT-
Sefasebas Soris. mkvlevrebis mosazrebiT,
mamakacebs me-s xifaTisagan dacvis ufro
Zlieri tendencia aqvT (Rhodewalt & Hill, 1995).
ganixileT am kvlevis Sedegebi Tqvens saku-
Tar qcevasTan mimarTebaSi. mimarTavT Tu ara
Tqven TviTuunarobas? im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu
es icavs Tqvens TviTSefasebas (gansakuTrebiT
Tu Tqven mamakaci xarT), es mainc aisaxeba Tqvens
niSnebze (sxvaTa Soris, mas Semdeg, rac kvleva
dasrulda, mkvlevrebi dawvrilebiT gaesaubrnen
monawileebs, rac motyuebis miznis axsnasa da
namdvili niSnebis miwodebas moicavda).
TviTuunarobis fenomeni, aseve, migviTiTebs,
rom TviTSefasebis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebi
TviTprezentaciasTanaa dakavSirebuli. TviTuu-
naroba ufro metad aris mosalodneli maSin,
rodesac adamianebma ician, rom Sedegebi sajarod
xelmisawvdomi iqneba (Self, 1990). asea Tu ise,
rogor unda ifiqros vinmem cudad Tqven Sesaxeb,
rodesac winaaRmdegoba, romelic Tqven SegxvdaT,
esoden TvalsaCinoa? TviTprezentaciis msgavsi
sakiTxebi gvexmareba, avxsnaT maRali da dabali
TviTSefasebis mqone individebs Soris qceviTi
gansxvavebebi (Baumeister et al., 1989). maRali TviT-
Sefasebis adamianebi samyaros sakuTar Tavs
warudgenen, rogorc ambiciur, agresiul, riskze
wamsvlel adamians; dabali TviTSefasebis
adamianebi ki _ rogorc frTxils da windaxe-
duls. mniSvnelovania, rom es pozicia gankuT-
vnilia sajarod wardgenisTvis, anu misi e.w.
momxmarebeli~ sazogadoeba unda iyos.
saidan
viciT
TviTSefasebis sajaro saxe
maRali da dabali TviTSefasebis mona-
wileebs TamaSSi gavarjiSebis SesaZleb-
loba imdeni xniT miecaT, ramdenic maT
surdaT. amis Semdeg maT ori wuTis
ganmavlobaSi unda eTamaSaT. monawileebis
nawili eqsperimentatoris dakvirvebis qveS
varjiSobda, meore nawili ki _ damkvirveb-
lis gareSe. orive SemTxvevaSi gaizoma
dro, romelic maT gavarjiSebaSi gaatares
(gazomva moxda Riad eqsperimentatoris
daswrebis SemTxvevaSi da SeumCnevlad _
misi aryofnis SemTxvevaSi). Sedegebi naC-
venebia cxrilSi 14.5. sajaroobis Sem-
TxvevaSi, maRali TviTSefasebis individebi
daaxloebiT imis naxevar dros varji-
Sobdnen, rasac dabali TviTSefasebis
mqone monawileebi. damkvirveblis gareSe
varjiSis SemTxvevaSi Sedegi Sebrunebuli
iyo _ isini ufro didxans varjiSobdnen,
vidre dabali TviTSefasebis individebi
(Tice & Baumeister, 1990).
TviTuunaroba (self-handicapping) _ warumateblo-
bis molodinis SemTxvevaSi iseTi qceviTi
reaqciebisa da qcevis axsnis ganviTarebis pro-
cesi, romlebic minimumde daiyvans unarebis
deficits, rogorc warumateblobis SesaZlebel
mizezs.
maRali 123 448
dabali 257 387
-134 +61
cxrili
14.5
TviTSefaseba
varjiSis saSualo xangrZlivoba
maRali da dabali TviTSefasebis
mqone adamianebisaTvis
sajarod damkvirveblis gareSe
SeniSvna: xangrZlivoba gazomilia wamebSi.
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es Sedegi gasagebia TviTprezentaciis Tval-
sazrisiT. maRali TviTSefasebis adamianebs SeiZ-
leba surdeT ise gamoCndnen, TiTqos warmatebas
Zalian mcire momzadebis Sedegadac ki aRweven
(Cemnair adamians ar sWirdeba varjiSi!~) da
Tuki isini warmatebas ver miaRweven, SeiZleba
kvlavac mimarTon TviTuunarobas (Tqven xom
naxeT, ra cota vivarjiSe!~).
me-s kulturuli konstruqcia
aqamde Cveni msjeloba me-s relevantur
konstruqtebs exeboda, rogoricaa TviTSefaseba
da SesaZlebeli me-ebi, romlebic sakmaod farTod
gamoiyeneba adamianebSi. me-s mkvlevrebma imis
Seswavlac daiwyes, Tu ra gavlenas axdens me-s
koncefciasa da me-s ganviTarebaze gansxvavebuli
kulturuli zewola. Tu Tqven dasavlur kul-
turaSi gaizardeT, Cven mier aqamde ganxiluli
kvleva ar SegiqmnidaT diskomforts: Teoriebi
da konstruqtebi Seesabameba imas, Tu rogor
moiazreben dasavluri kulturebi me-s, Tumca,
im tipis kultura, saidanac aRmocendeba dasav-
luri me _ individualisturi kultura _ umci-
resobas warmoadgens msoflios mosaxleobis
gaTvaliswinebiT, romlis daaxloebiT 70%
koleqtivistur kulturebs moicavs. individua-
listuri kulturebi xazs usvamen individis
moTxovnilebebs maSin, rodesac koleqtivisturi
kulturebi jgufis moTxovnilebebzea fokusire-
buli (Triandis, 1994, 1995). es yovlismomcveli
aqcenti mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs imaze, Tu
rogor moiazrebs am kulturebis yoveli wevri
Tavis me-s. hezel markusi da Sinobu kitaiama
(1991; Kitayama et al., 1995; Markus et al., 1997) amtki-
cebdnen, rom yoveli kultura me-s gansxvavebul
gagebas (construals) aZlevs safuZvels:
individualisturi kulturebi mxars uWeren
damoukidebeli me-s gagebas _ damoukideblobis
kulturuli miznis miRweva moiTxovs sakuTari
Tavis ganmartebas, rogorc individisa, romlis
qceva organizebulia da, ZiriTadad, adamianis
sakuTar, da ara sxvebis, azrebTan, grZnobebTan
da qmedebebTan mimarTebaSi xdeba mniSvnelovani~
(Markus & Kitayama, 1991, gv. 226).
koleqtivisturi kulturebi mxars uWeren
urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gagebas _ urTierT-
damokidebulebis gancda iwvevs sakuTari Tavis
danaxvas, rogorc garemomcveli socialuri
urTierTobis nawilisa da imis aRiarebas, rom
adamianis qceva gansazRvrulia, damokidebulia
da didwilad organizebulia imiT, Tu ras
aRiqvams moqmedi piri sxvebis azrebad, grZno-
bebad da moqmedebebad~ (Markus & Kitayama, 1991,
gv. 227).
mkvlevrebma mravalgzis daadastures am
gansxvavebebis realuroba da Sedegebi.
me-s erT-erT kros-kulturul kvlevaSi
gamoiyenes gazomvis instrumenti saxelwodebiT
oci debulebis testi (Twenty Statements Test - TST)
(Kuhn & McPartland, 1954). am testis Catarebisas
monawileebs sTxoven 20 gansxvavebuli pasuxi
gascen SekiTxvas _ vin var me?~ rogorc
naCvenebia cxrilSi 14.6, am SekiTxvaze pasuxebi,
rogorc wesi, eqvs gansxvavebul kategoriad
iyofa. cxrilSi, aseve, warmodgenilia kvlevis
damoukidebeli me-s gageba (Independent construals
of self) _ me-s konceptualizacia, rogorc in-
dividisa, romlis qceva, upirveles yovlisa,
organizebulia adamianis sakuTar, da ara sxvebis,
azrebTan, grZnobebTan da qmedebebTan mimar-
TebaSi.
urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gageba (Interdepen-
dent construals of self) _ me-s konceptualizacia,
rogorc garemomcveli socialuri urTierTobis
nawilisa; imis aRiareba, rom adamianis qceva
gansazRvrulia, damokidebulia da didwilad
organizebulia imiT, Tu ras aRiqvams moqmedi
piri sxvebis azrebad, grZnobebad da moqme-
debebad.
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Sedegebi, sadac TST-s Sesrulebas sTxovdnen
daaxloebiT 300 students SeerTebuli State-
bidan da indoeTidan (Dhawan et al., 1995). udidesi
gansxvavebaa cxrilSi im raodenobis mixedviT,
romliTac adamianebi me-Sefasebebs akeTebdnen.
amerikelebi ufro xSirad akeTebdnen amas, rac
Seesabameba maTi me-s damoukidebel gancdas;
indoelma studentebma gamoTqves bevrad ufro
naklebi me-Sefasebebi da, Tavisi urTierTdamo-
kidebuli me-s gancdis Sesabamisad, airCies
ramdenadme ufro meti debulebebi socialuri
identobis Sesaxeb. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom
qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris gansxvavebebi jamSi
sakmaod mcirea _ kultura ufro metad mniS-
vnelovania. daufiqrdiT, Tu rogor moqmedebs
koleqtivisturi kulturebis me-s koncefciebze
dasavluri kulturis Semotana. erT kvlevaSi
Sedarebulia kenielebis TST-s pasuxebi, romlebic
praqtikulad ar ganicdian dasavluri kulturis
gavlenas _ samburus da maasais mwyemsebis tomebis
warmomadgenlebis _ im kenielebis pasuxebTan,
vinc gadasaxlda dasavluri tipis dedaqalaq
nairobiSi. aRmoCnda, rom tomis wevrTa pasuxebis
daaxloebiT 82%, nairobiSi momuSaveTa pasuxebis
mxolod 58% da nairobis universitetis studen-
tTa pasuxebSi mxolod 17% TST-ze socialur
pasuxebs warmoadgenda (Ma & Schoeneman, 1997). am
paternidan gamomdinare, rodesac qveyanas Se-
moaqvs dasavluri produqtebi, man SeiZleba me-
s dasavluri gagebac Semoitanos.
es kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom kulturebi,
romlebsac adamianebi miekuTvnebian, did
gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu rogor esmiT maT
Tavisi me. Tqven ukve waikiTxeT am gagebis
Sedegebis Sesaxeb zemoT moyvanil TavebSi.
magaliTad, me-11 Tavidan gaigeT, rom kultura
gavlenas axdens moralur msjelobebze (Miller &
Bersoff, 1992), me-13 Tavidan ki is, rom kultura
zemoqmedebas axdens emociur gamoxatulebebze
(Stephan et al., 1996). Tqven mogvianebiT kvlav
SexvdebiT am gansxvavebas amave saxelmZRva-
neloSi, rodesac SevexebiT sakiTxs, moqmedebs
Tu ara me-s gageba siyvarulis Sesaxeb mosaz-
rebebze (ix. me-17 Tavi). axla ki gaecaniT kvlevas,
romelic gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania me-s
Sesaxeb TeoriebTan dakavSirebiT.
saidan
viciT
kultura, TviTgaumjobeseba da
TviTkritika
zemoT movitaneT magaliTi, rom ada-
mianebi dasavlur kulturebSi TviTgau-
mjobesebas _ TviTSefasebaSi dadebiTi
cvlilebebis Setanas cdiloben, Tumca
es, rogorc wesi, ar Sedis koleqtivisturi
kulturis warmomadgenlis dRis wesrigSi.
amis nacvlad, urTierTdamokidebuli me-s
oci debulebis testis (TST) pasuxebis kros-kulturuli Sedareba _ pasuxebis
procenti TiToeul kategoriaSi
cxrili
14.6
amerikelebi
magaliTi
indielebi
mamr. mdedr. mamr. mdedr.
34 28 26 26
2 2 2 1
7 16 6 5
11 15 2 2
35 33 64 65
11 6 1 0
socialuri identoba me var studentime var Svili
ideologiuri rwmenebi me mjera, rom yvela adamiani kargia
me mwams RmerTis
interesebi me miyvars fortepianoze dakvrame siamovnebas
maniWebs axali adgilebis monaxuleba
ambiciebi me minda gavxde eqimime minda meti viswavlo
fsiqologiaSi
me-Sefasebebi me patiosani da Sromismoyvare var
me maRali adamiani var
me vRelav momavlis Taobaze
sxva me xmauriani megobrebi myavs
me myavs ZaRli
kategoria
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gagebis arseboba SeiZleba dakavSirebul
iqnes TviTkritikasTan. individi cdilobs
koleqtivis gaumjobesebas sakuTari indivi-
dualuri miRwevebis mimarT kritikuli
damokidebulebiT. am ideebis Sesamowmeblad
mkvlevrebis jgufma sTxova iaponel
studentebs _ koleqtivisturi kulturis
warmomadgenlebs da amerikel studentebs
_ individualisturi kulturis warmomad-
genlebs, aReweraT rac SeiZleba meti si-
tuacia, rodesac maTi TviTSefaseba gaizar-
da an Semcirda. warmatebis situaciebi
aRwerili iyo iseTi debulebebiT, rogo-
ricaa: rodesac gamocdaSi an diplomis
dacvisas saukeTeso Sefaseba miviRe~; wa-
rumateblobis situaciebs ki iseTi debu-
lebebi aRwerdnen, rogoricaa: rodesac
beisbolis Cems sayvarel gunds an msaxiobs
sajarod akritikeben~. momdevno fazaSi
studentebis sam axal jgufs _ 63 iaponel
students kiotodan da 88 iaponel stu-
dents, romlebic droebiT swavloben
oregonis universitetSi (iujini) da 102
kavkasiuri TeTri rasis students oregonis
universitetidan _ sTxoves, waekiTxaT
situaciebis aRwerebi da ecadaT sakuTari
Tavis am situaciebSi warmodgena; Semdeg
ki mieTiTebinaT, imoqmedebda Tu ara si-
tuacia maT TviTSefasebaze da Tu ki, ra
mimarTulebiT (anu Semcirdeboda, Tu
gaizrdeboda). Semdeg maT es moqmedebis
xarisxi oTxsafexurian skalaze (romelzec
1 niSnavda sustad~, xolo 4 _ Zlierad~)
unda SeefasebinaT.
eqsperimentis Sedegebi warmodgenilia
suraTze 14.6. pirvel rigSi, miaqcieT yurad-
Reba, rom iaponeli studentebi rogorc
iaponiaSi, ise amerikaSi ufro metad aR-
niSnavdnen TviTSefasebis Semcirebas. es
aRmoCena Seesatyviseba im gansxvavebas,
romelic damoukidebeli me-s da urTierT-
damokidebuli me-s gagebebs Soris gavakeTeT.
meore, TviTkritikis efeqti ufro didia
iaponel studentebSi, xolo TviTgaum-
jobesebisa _ amerikel studentebSi maSin,
rodesac situacia warmoiqneba anu, rogorc
mkvlevrebi amboben, situacia damzade-
bulia~ maT mSobliur qveyanaSi. es niSnavs,
rom proeqtis pirvel fazaSi amerikeli
studentebis mier aRwerili situaciebi
yvelaze kargad uwyobda xels amerikelebis
TviTgaumjobesebas; analogiurad, iaponeli
studentebis mier aRwerili situaciebi
yvelaze kargad uwyobda xels iaponelebis
TviTkritikas. dabolos, SeerTebul State-
bSi mcxovrebi iaponeli studentebi ram-
denadme nakleb TviTkritikulni iyvnen,
vidre maTi iaponiaSi mcxovrebi Tanamema-
muleebi. aq SeiZleba aisaxebodes amerikuli
kulturis gavlena iaponelebze maTi ame-
rikaSi yofnis dros an im studentebis
TviTSerCeva, romlebic fiqrobdnen, rom
SesabamisobaSi movidodnen amerikis kul-
turasTan aSS-Si yofnis dros (Kitayama et
al., 1997).
kultura TviTgaumjobeseba da
TviTkritika
proeqtis pirvel fazaSi amerikelma da iaponelma
studentebma aRweres warmatebis da warumateblobis
situaciebi. TiToeul kulturaSi warmoSobil situa-
ciebs uwodes àmerikaSi damzadebuli~ da ìaponiaSi
damzadebuli~ situaciebi. meore fazaSi studentebma
orive kulturidan, iseve, rogorc studentebma iapo-
niidan, romlebic imyofebian amerikaSi, Seafases, Tu
rogor imoqmedebda maT TviTSefasebaze am situaciebSi
moxvedra. saSualod, iaponeli studentebi ufro ori-
entirebulni iyvnen TviTkritikaze, TviTSefasebaSi
uaryofiTi cvlilebebiT, maSin, rodesac amerikeli
studentebi ufro orientirebulni iyvnen TviTgaum-
jobesebaze, TviTSefasebaSi dadebiTi cvlilebebiT. Se-
degebi, ufro mniSvnelovani iyo, rodesac situaciebi
Sesabamis qveyanaSi warmoiSoboda. svetebSi moyvanili
ricxvebi warmoadgenen im studentebis procents, rom-
lebmac dominanturi tendencia gamoavlines (magaliTad,
iaponeli studentebis 86%-ma gamoavlina TviTkritika,
rodesac pasuxobda ìaponiaSi damzadebul~ situaciebs
maSin, rodesac amerikeli studentebis 87%-ma gamoavlina
TviTgaumjobeseba, rodesac àmerikaSi damzadebul~
situaciebs pasuxobda).
-0.6
-0.4
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iaponia (kioto) iaponia (iujini) aSS (iujini)
respondentis kultura
damzadebulia iaponiaSi
damzadebulia aSS-Si
suraTi
14.6
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yvelaze rTuli SekiTxva,
romelsac adamianebi sakuTar
Tavs usvamen internetSi Ses-
vlis win, Semdegia _ vin unda
viyo me dRes? internetSi
cxovrebis erT-erTi yvelaze
kargad dokumentirebuli as-
peqtia is, rom adaminebi Ta-
visTvis axal identobebs
igoneben ( McKenna & Bargh,
2000; Reid, 1998) . rodesac
adamiani CeTis oTaxSi Sedis,
man SeiZleba gadawyvitos, rom
urCevnia kaci iyos da ara
_qali, Savkaniani da ara _
TeTri, 40 wlis da ara _ 18-
is, an warmatebuli aRmasru-
lebeli struqturis muSaki
da ara _ kolejis meorekur-
seli studenti. mravali
adamianis cxovrebaSi inter-
nets Zalian naTlad Semoaqvs
SesaZlebeli me-ebis koncef-
cia. modiT, yuradReba gavama-
xviloT am internetis me-ebis
zogierT dadebiT Sedegze.
mravali adamiani Tvlis,
rom realur~ cxovrebaSi
sakmaod SezRudulia TviT-
gamoxatvaSi: ganmeorebadi
interaqciebi ojaxTan, megob-
rebTan, ufrosebTan da Tanam-
SromlebTan moiTxovs misgan
konsistenturi iyos, rac SeiZ-
leba ar Seesabamebodes im
pirovnebas, romelic mas surs,
rom iyos. adamianebisaTvis
sakmaod Znelia gamocdilebis
axal sferoebSi gadasvla,
maTi yoveldRiuri socia-
luri konteqstis zewolis
gaTvaliswinebiT. interneti
asustebs am socialur kon-
teqsts (McKenna & Bargh, 2000).
adamianebs SeuZliaT inter-
netis anonimurobis gamoyeneba,
raTa gamoxaton axali
interesebi an gamoikvlion axa-
li ideebi im SiSis gareSe,
romelic realuri samyarosaT-
vis damaxasiaTebeli SedegebiT
aris gamowveuli. radikaluri
cvlilebebis gareSe (magali-
Tad, imis gancxadebis gareSe,
rom igi qalia da ara mamakaci)
adamians SeuZlia, gamocados
SesaZlebeli me-ebi, romlebic
SeiZleba ufro axlos iyos
mis idealur me-sTan. metic,
internetis anonimuroba SesaZ-
leblobas aZlevs adamianebs,
ufro meti gamoamJRavnon
sakuTari me-s Sesaxeb, vidre
isini sxva pirobebSi moisur-
vebdnen. gaixseneT me-13 Ta-
vidan, rom adamianebi dadebiT
Sedegebs iReben janmrTelobis
TvalsazrisiT, rodesac isini
emociurad ixsnebian (Penne-
baker, 1990). interneti aseTi
gamomJRavnebebis farTo SesaZ-
leblobebs gvTavazobs. ada-
mianebs SeuZliaT ipovon spe-
cializebuli CeTis oTaxebi
an jgufebi, romlebic Riad
marTaven forumebs, sadac Tavi-
sufladaa SesaZlebeli sa-
kuTari Tavis nebismierad war-
moCena da socialur mxarda-
Weris miRebac.
mkvlevrebma faqtobrivad
daadastures is, rom adamianebis
unars, gamoxaton sakuTari Tavis
faruli aspeqtebi, SeuZlia
gamoiwvios TviTmimReblobis
gazrda. erT kvlevaSi moiZies
informacia adamianebisgan,
romlebic internetis iseT
jgufebSi monawileobdnen,
romlebic gaTvaliswinebuli
me internetSi
iyo marginalizebuli seqsua-
luri identobis
pirebisaTvis, rogorebic ari-
an homoseqsualebi. mkvlev-
rebma moaxerxes anonimuri
monacemebis Segroveba am
jgufebis aqtiuri
monawileebisagan (McKenna &
Bargh, 1998). monacemebidan
gamomdinare, am jgufebSi
monawileobam gazarda TviT-
mimRebloba. faqtobrivad,
respondentebis 37%-ma jguf-
Si monawileobis Sedegad
sxvebs marginalizebuli
identobis saidumloeba
gauziares.
Cven yuradRebas vamaxvi-
lebdiT internetis dadebiT
aspeqtebze: adamianebis unar-
ze, gaaRrmavon me-s gaazreba
da CaerTon TviTgaxsnaSi,
rasac janmrTelobasTan da
TviTmimReblobasTan dakav-
Sirebuli Sedegebi mohyveba,
magram, ra Tqma unda, ar-
sebobs garkveuli saSiS-
roebebic. anonimurobam SeiZ-
leba adamianebi sakuTari
cxovrebis iseT fragmen-
taciamde miiyvanos, romelic
disadaptaciis qcevas gamoiw-
vevs (Reid, 1998). Cven adrec
aRvniSneT, rom zogi mkvle-
vari morcxvobis prevalen-
tobis zrdas internetis
xelmisawvdomobas miawers da
mainc, imedia, rom adamianebis
umetesoba sargebels naxavs
im SesaZleblobebisgan, rom-
lebsac, gazviadebis gareSe,
iZleva interneti TviTga-
mokvlevis TvalsazrisiT.
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Tu Tqven dasavlur kulturaSi gaizardeT,
SeiZleba es Sedegebi TqvenTvis Znelad gasagebi
iyos. ratom unda iyos adamianebisaTvis sakuTari
TviTSefasebis gakritikeba ufro bunebrivi,
vidre gaumjobeseba? pasuxi, ra Tqma unda, isaa,
rom me am TviTSefasebaSi ar aris imave mniS-
vneblobis matarebeli. koleqtivisturi kultu-
ris warmomadgenlebisTvis mniSvnelovania is,
Tu rogor ukavSirdeba me koleqtivs. momdevno
ramdenime dReSi Tqven SegiZliaT SeecadoT
ganicadoT me-s orive gageba, Tu daakvirdebiT
imas, rogor moqmedebs Tqvens garSemo mimdinare
movlenebi Tqvens me-ze, rogorc individze da
Tqvens me-ze, rogorc ufro farTo socialuri
struqturis wevrze.
me-s Teoriebis Sefaseba
me-s Teoriebi warmatebiT afiqsireben adamia-
nebis koncefciebs sakuTari pirovnebis Sesaxeb
da imas, Tu rogor surT maT sxvebis mier iyvnen
aRqmuli. ufro metic, me-s kros-kulturul
gagebaTa kvlevam didi gavlena iqonia imaze,
Tu rogor afaseben fsiqologebi Tavisi Teorie-
bis universalobas. miuxedavad amisa, is, vinc
akritikebs me-s Teoriis pirovnebisadmi midgomas,
gmobs imas, rom am midgomas sazRvrebi ar aqvs.
ramdenadac amdeni ram aris me-s da me-s kon-
cefciis relevanturi, yovelTvis ar aris na-
Teli, romeli faqtorebia yvelaze mniSvnelo-
vani qcevis winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis. garda
amisa, me-s xazgasma, rogorc socialuri
konstruqtisa, srulad ar Seesabameba im faqts,
rom pirovnebis zogierTi aspeqti SeiZleba
memkvidreobiT gadaeces. iseve, rogorc Cven mier
aRweril sxva TeoriebSi, me-s Teoriebi aRweren
mxolod zogierT rames, magram ara yvelafers
iqidan, rac Tqven pirovnebad gesaxebaT.
Sejameba
me-s koncefciebi warmoadgens mexsierebis
struqturebs, romlebic moicaven sqemebs me-s
Sesaxeb da marTaven imas, Tu rogor gadaamuSaveben
adamianebi informacias sakuTari Tavis da sxvebis
Sesaxeb. rogorc Cans, adamianebs TviTSemowmeba
urCevniaT maSinac ki, rodesac Semowmebuli me-s
koncefcia uaryofiTia. adamianebi iyeneben
SesaZlebel me-ebs, raTa Seadaron, rogorebi
arian axla da rogorebi SeiZleba iyvnen
momavalSi. TviTSefaseba warmoadgens me-s zogad
Sefasebas; mas SeuZlia Zlierad imoqmedos
azrebze, guneba-ganwobilebasa da qcevaze. ada-
mianebi TviTuunarobas TviTSefasebis dasacavad
mimarTaven. kros-kulturul kvlevaSiyuradReba
gamaxvilda imaze, Tu rogor ubiZgebs individu-
alisturi da koleqtivisturi kulturebi me-s
gansxvavebuli gagebis warmoqmnas. individua-
listuri kulturebis warmomadgenlebs axa-
siaTebT damoukidebeli me-s, xolo koleqti-
visturi kulturebis warmomadgenlebs _ ur-
TierTdamokidebuli me-s gageba. es gagebebi
moqmedeben imaze, Tu rogor afaseben Tavis Tavs
adamianebi da rogor aregulireben Tavis TviT-
Sefasebas. me-s Teoriebis kritikosebis azriT,
isini yovelTvis ar iZlevian qcevis winaswar-
metyvelebis SesaZleblobas da sakmarisad ar
aRiareben pirovnebis genetikur aspeqtebs.
pirovnebis Teoriebis
Sedareba
ar arsebobs pirovnebis erTiani, unifici-
rebuli Teoria, romelsac fsiqologebis ume-
tesoba daeTanxmeboda. mravalferovani Teoriebis
ganxilvisas araerTxel gamovlinda maT Soris
ramdenime gansxvaveba, rac ZiriTad daSvebebSi
mdgomareobs. sasargeblo iqneboda Segvejamebina
xuTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba
pirovnebis Sesaxeb daSvebebSi da is midgomebi,
romlebic safuZvlad udevs yovel am daSvebas:
1. memkvidreoba Tu garemo. rogorc naxeT qveTavSi
fsiqologia da cxovreba, am gansxvavebas, aseve,
buneba Tu aRzrda ewodeba. ra ufro mniSvne-
lovania pirovnebis ganviTarebisaTvis: gene-
tikuri da biologiuri faqtorebi Tu garemos
gavlenebi? pirovnebis niSnis Teoriebi
iyofoda am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. froidis
Teoria Zlieradaa damokidebuli memkvidreo-
biTobaze; humanisturi, socialuri daswavlis,
kognituri da me-s Teoriebi xazs usvamen
garemos, rogorc qcevis determinants, an
garemosTan urTierTqmedebas, rogorc pirov-
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nebis ganviTarebisa da pirovnebaTa Soris
gansxvavebebis wyaros;
2. daswavlis procesebi Tu qcevis Tandayolili
wesebi. romel mosazrebas unda mieniWos
upiratesoba: imas, rom pirovneba icvleba
daswavlis gziT, Tu rom pirovnebis ganvi-
Tareba mihyveba Sinagan gegmas? pirovnebis
niSnis Teoriebi kvlav sxvadasxva azrs
emxroba am kiTxvasTan dakavSirebiT. froidis
Teoria mxars uWers Sinagani determinaciis
Tvalsazriss maSin, rodesac humanistebi
ayalibeben optimistur azrs, rom gamocdi-
leba cvlis adamianebs. socialuri das-
wavlis, kognituri da me-s Teoriebi aSkarad
mxars uWeren im Tvalsazriss, rom qceva da
pirovneba icvleba daswavlili gamocdilebis
Sedegad;
3. aqcenti warsulze, awmyosa Tu momavalze.
pirovnebis niSnis Teoriebi xazs usvamen war-
sul mizezebs, Tandayolilsa Tu daswavlils;
froidis Teoria aqcents akeTebs adreul
bavSvobaSi momxdar warsul movlenebze;
socialuri daswavlis Teoriebi fokusire-
bulia warsul ganmtkicebebze da awmyo Sem-
TxveviTobebze; humanisturi Teoriebi mniS-
vnelobas aniWebs awmyo realobas an momavlis
miznebs, xolo kognituri da me-s Teoriebi
fokusirebulia warsulsa da awmyoze (da
momavalzec, Tu CarTulia miznis dadgena).
4. cnobieri Tu aracnobieri. froidis Teoria
mniSvnelobas aniWebs aracnobier procesebs,
humanisturi, socialuri dawavlis da
kognituri Teoriebi ki _ cnobier procesebs.
pirovnebis niSnis Teoria mcire yuradRebas
uTmobs am gansxvavebas, me-s Teoriebs ki am
mxriv gamokveTili pozicia ar gaaCniaT;
5. Sinagani dispozicia Tu garemos situacia.
socialuri daswavlis Teoriebi xazs usvamen
situaciur faqtorebs; niSnis Teoriebi win
wamosweven dispoziciur faqtorebs, xolo
sxvebi uSveben interaqcias pirovnebiseul
da situaciur cvladebs Soris.
pirovnebis Teoriis yovel tips gansxvavebuli
wvlili Seaqvs pirovnebis SemecnebaSi. niSnis
Teoriebi gvawvdian nusxas, romelic aRwers
pirovnebis nawilebsa da struqturebs. fsiqo-
dinamikuri Teoriebi amateben Zlier Zravas da
sawvavs, raTa es manqana amuSavdes. humanisturi
Teoriebi adamians mZRolis adgilze aTavseben.
socialuri daswavlis Teoriebi uzrunvelyofen
saWes, mimarTulebis signalebsa da sxva sare-
gulacio mowyobilobas. kognituri Teoriebi
amateben Sexsenebebs, rom fsiqikuri ruka, romel-
sac mZRoli irCevs mogzaurobisaTvis, gavlenas
axdens imaze, Tu rogor aris dagegmili, orga-
nizebuli da damaxsovrebuli mogzauroba. dabo-
los, me-s Teoriebi axseneben mZRols, rom
gaiTvaliswinos is STabeWdileba, romelsac misi
manqanis tarebis unari gavlenas axdens mis
mgzavrebsa da fexiT mosiaruleebze.
imisTvis, rom davasruloT pirovnebis Sesaxeb
mimoxilva, axla ganvixiloT is, Tu rogor xdeba
pirovnebis Sefaseba. Cven aRvwerT zogierT gzas,
romliTac fsiqologebi iZieben informacias
pirovnebis im maxasiaTeblebis speqtris Sesaxeb,
romelic yovel individs unikalobas aniWebs.
Sejameba
pirovnebis Teoriebi gansxvavdeba imiT, Tu
rogor aqcents akeTeben isini memkvidreobiTobaze
garemosTan SedarebiT; daswavlis procesebze
qcevis Tandayolil wesebTan SedarebiT; warsul
mizezebze, awmyo qcevaze Tu momaval miznebze;
cnobierebaze aracnobierTan SedarebiT da
dispoziciebze situaciebTan SedarebiT. yoveli
Teoria gansxvavebul midgomas iZleva pirovnebis
Secnobis TvalsazrisiT.
pirovnebis Sefaseba
dafiqrdiT im maxasiaTeblebze, romlebiTac
Tqveni saukeTeso megobrebisgan gansxvavdebiT.
fsiqologebs ainteresebT gansxvavebuli Tvi-
sebebi, romlebic axasiaTebs erT individs,
asxvavebs erT adamians sxvebisagan an asxvavebs
erT jgufSi myof adamianebs sxva jgufis
wevrebisagan (magaliTad, morcxv adamians
Tamamisagan anda paranoiduls _ normalurisagan).
pirovnebis gagebisa da aRweris am mcdelobebs
safuZvlad ori daSveba udevs: pirveli is, rom
arsebobs individebis pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi,
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romlebic maT qcevas koherentulobas aniWebs
da, meore, rom es maxasiaTeblebi SeiZleba Se-
fasdes an gaizomos. es daSvebebi xorcSesxmulia
pirovnebis testebSi, romlebic SeiZleba
obieqtur da subieqtur testebad davyoT.
obieqturi testebi
pirovnebis obieqtur testebSi Sefasebis
micema (qulebis miniWeba) da maTi gamoyeneba
SedarebiT martivia da kargad gansazRvrul
wesebs emorCileba. zogierT obieqtur testSi
Sefaseba da interpretaciac ki kompiuteruli
programebiT xorcieldeba. saboloo Sefaseba,
rogorc wesi, erTniSna ricxvia, romelic
erTaderTi ganzomilebis gaswvriv (rogoricaa
adaptacia-disadaptacia) Tavsdeba, an sxvadasxva
niSnebis qulaTa erTobliobis gaswvriv (rogo-
ricaa: impulsuroba, damokidebuleba an eq-
straversia). es monacemebi SedarebaSi mohyavT
normatiuli SerCevis monacemebTan.
TviTangariSis kiTxvari aris obieqturi
testi, romelSic individebi pasuxoben kiTxvaTa
seriebs maTi azrebis, grZnobebisa da moqmede-
bebis Sesaxeb. erT-erTi pirveli TviTangariSis
kiTxvari, vudvorTsis pirovnuli monacemebis
furceli _ Woodworth Personal Data Sheet (Seqmnili
1917 wels) Seicavda amis msgavs kiTxvebs: RamiT
xSirad geSiniaT xolme?~ (DuBois, 1970). dResdRe-
obiT pirovnebis kiTxvaris Sevsebisas adamiani
kiTxulobs debulebaTa seriebs da aRniSnavs,
Tu ramdenad Seesabameba, an ramdenad damaxasia-
Tebelia misTvis TiToeuli maTgani.
yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba minesotas multi-
fazuri pirovnebis kiTxvari _ Minnesota Multipha-
sic Personality Inventory, anu MMPI (Dahlstrom et al.,
1975). is mraval klinikur dawesebulebaSi gamoi-
yeneba pacientebis diagnostirebis damxmare
instrumentad da maTi mkurnalobis mimarTu-
lebis misacemad. am kiTxvaris maxasiaTeblebisa
da misi gamoyenebis ganxilvis Semdeg mokled
SevexebiT NEO pirovnebis kiTxvars (NEO Person-
ality Inventory - NEO-PI), romelic farTod gamoi-
yeneba Cveulebriv, praqtikulad janmrTel mosax-
leobasTan muSaobisas.
MMPI
MMPI Seiqmna minesotas universitetSi 1930-
ian wlebSi fsiqolog starke heTeueisa da
fsiqiatr j. r. makkinlis mier (Hathaway &
McKinley, 1940, 1943). misi ZiriTadi mizania indi-
videbis diagnostireba fsiqiatriuli kategorie-
bis mixedviT. pirveli testi 550 debulebisagan
Sedgeboda, romelTac individebi axarisxebdnen,
rogorc maTTvis marTebuls an mcdars, an
pasuxobdnen _ àr SemiZlia pasuxis gacema~. am
debulebaTa erTobliobidan SemuSavda skalebi,
romlebic fsiqiatriul dawesebulebebSi pacien-
tebis mier gamovlenili problemebis saxeobebs
Seesabameboda.
MMPI-s skalebi ar hgavda sxva arsebul pirov-
nebis testebs, radganac isini empiriuli stra-
tegiis gamoyenebiT SemuSavda da ara intuitiuri,
Teoriuli midgomiT, romelic im dros domi-
nirebda (gaixseneT Cveni adrindeli diskusia
testis Teoriuli da empiriuli konstruqciis
Sesaxeb). debulebebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
rCeboda skalaze, Tu isini aSkarad ganasxva-
vebdnen or jgufs, magaliTad, Sizofreniul
pacientebs da normalur sakontrolo jgufs.
TiToeul debulebas unda eCvenebina misi
validuroba imiT, rom mas TiToeuli jgufis
wevrebi erTnairad upasuxebdnen, xolo ori
jgufis wevrebi _ gansxvavebulad. amgvarad,
debulebebi SerCeuli iyo ara Teoriul safuZ-
velze (imis mixedviT, Tu rogor mniSvnelobas
atarebdnen isini eqspertebisTvis), aramed empi-
riul safuZvelze (imis mixedviT, ganasxvavebdnen
Tu ara isini or jgufs).
MMPI-is aqvs 10 klinikuri skala. TiToeuli
Seqmnilia imisTvis, rom gansakuTrebuli klini-
kuri jgufebi (rogoricaa SizofreniiT daava-
debuli individebi) ganvasxvavoT normaluri
sakontrolo jgufisagan. testi, aseve, Seicavs
validurobis skalebs, romlebic gamoavlens
iseT saeWvo pasuxebs, rogoricaa: aSkara sicrue,
uyuradReboba, Tavdacva, anda aragulwrfeloba.
MMPI-is interpretaciisas, is, vinc tests ata-
rebs, pirvel rigSi, amowmebs validurobis
skalebs, raTa darwmundes, rom testze miRebuli
pasuxebi validuria da Semdeg uyurebs danarCen
pirovnebis kiTxvari (Personality inventory) TviT-
angariSis meTodika, romelic gamoiyeneba pirov-
nebis Sesafaseblad da moicavs debulebaTa
CamonaTvals pirovnebis azrebis, grZnobebisa
da qcevebis Sesaxeb.
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maCveneblebs. maCveneblebis paterni _ romelia
yvelaze maRali, rogor gansxvavdeba isini
erTmaneTisgan _ qmnis MMPI-is profils~.
individualuri profilebi dardeba konkretuli
jgufebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel iseT profilebs,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, kriminalebi da azartuli
moTamaSeebi.
1980-ian wlebSi MMPI Zireulad gadasijes
da axla mas MMPI-2 ewodeba (Butcher et al., 1989;
Butcher & Williams, 1992; Greene, 1991). MMPI-2-s
axasiaTebs ganaxlebuli ena, misi Sinaarsi uke-
Tesad asaxavs Tanamedrove problemebs da
monacemebi normebisaTvis axal populaciebSi
Segrovda. garda amisa, MMPI-2-Si damatebulia
15 axali Sinaarsobrivi skala, romelic gamoi-
yvanes, nawilobriv, Teoriuli meTodis gamoye-
nebiT. 15 klinikurad relevanturi Temidan
(rogoricaa SfoTva an ojaxuri problemebi)
TiToeulisaTvis debulebebi SeirCa or safuZ-
velze dayrdnobiT _ iyo Tu ara isini Teori-
ulad dakavSirebuli TemasTan da qmnidnen Tu
ara statistikurad homogenur skalas, rac
niSnavda imas, rom TiToeuli skala zomavs
erTaderT, unificirebul cnebas. MMPI-2-is
klinikuri da Sinaarsobrivi skalebi mocemulia
cxrilebSi 14.7 da 14.8. Tqven SeamCnevT, rom
klinikuri skalebis umetesoba zomavs ramdenime
urTierTdakavSirebul cnebas da rom Sinaarso-
brivi skalebis saxelwodebebi martivi da
naTelia.
MMPI-2-is upiratesobebia misi Catarebis
simartive, ekonomiuroba da misi vargisianoba
fsiqopaTologiis diagnostirebisas (Butcher &
Rouse, 1996). garda amisa, debulebaTa erToblioba
mravali mizniT SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli.
magaliTad, Tqven SegiZliaT SeadginoT krea-
tulobis skala individebis kreatuli da ara-
kreatuli jgufebis moZebniTa da MMPI-dan im
debulebebis gansazRvriT, romlebsac maT
gansxvavebulad upasuxes. wlebis ganmavlobaSi
fsiqologebma am gziT asobiT specialuri
daniSnulebis skala Seadgines da gansazRvres
maTi validuroba. mkvlevrebisaTvis MMPI-is erT-
erTi yvelaze mimzidveli maxasiaTebelia misi
profilebis uzarmazari arqivi, Segrovebuli
50-ze meti wlis manZilze. radganac yvela es
adamiani standartizebulad iqna Semowmebuli
erTsa da imave debulebebze, isini SeiZleba
SevadaroT rogorc tradiciuli klinikuri
skalebis mixedviT, ise specialuri daniSnulebis
skalebis mixedviT (Cveni axali kreatulobis~
skalis msgavsad). MMPI-is es arqivebi mkvlevrebs
saSualebas aZlevs, Seamowmon hipoTezebi MMPI-
ze, romlebic mravali wliT adre iyo Cata-
cxrili
14.6
MMPI-2 klinikuri skalebi
ipoqondria (Hs): paTologiuri SfoTva sxeulebrivi
funqciebis Sesaxeb
depresia (D): pesimizmi, uimedoba, moqmedebisa da
azrovnebis Seneleba
konversiuli isteria (Hy): mentaluri problemebis
aracnobieri gamoyeneba konfliqtebisa Tu
pasuxismgeblobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT
asocialuri fsiqopaTia (Pd): socialuri normebis
ignorireba; zedapiruli emociebi;
gamocdilebidan sargeblis miRebis unaris
arqona
maskulinoba-feminuroba (Mf): mamakacebsa da qalebs
Soris gansxvavebebi
paranoiduloba (Pa): iWvneuloba, gandidebis an devnis
mania
fsiqasTenia (Pt): obsesiebi; kompulsiebi; SiSebi;
danaSaulis gancda; gadauwyveteloba
Sizofrenia (Sc): ucnauroba, uCveuli azrebi an qceva;
sakuTar TavSi Caketva; halucinaciebi; iluziebi
hipomania (Ma): emociuri agznebuloba; ideebis
araTanmimdevruloba; moWarbebuli aqtivoba
cxrili
14.8
MMPI-2 Sinaarsobrivi skalebi
SfoTva
SiSebi
obsesiuroba
(akviatebuli azrebi)
depresia
janmrTelobasTan
dakavSirebuli
sazrunavebi
ucnauri azrebi
gabrazeba /risxva
cinizmi
antisocialuri qmedebebi
tipi A (adamiani, romelic
uzomod bevrs muSaobs)
dabali TviTSefaseba/
TviTpativiscema
socialuri diskomforti
ojaxuri problemebi
muSaobis dros
winaaRmdegobebi
mkurnalobis uaryofiTi
indikatorebi (uaryofiTi
damokidebuleba eqimebisa da
mkurnalobis mimarT)
antisocialuri qmedebebi
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rebuli, SesaZloa, bevrad adre, vidre gaCndeboda
warmodgena gasazomi konstruqtis Sesaxeb.
MMPI-2-sac aqvs Tavisi kritika. magaliTad,
misi klinikuri skalebi heterogenurobis gamo
(isini erTdroulad ramdenime parametrs zomaven)
gaakritikes. aseve, mkvlevrebi Tvlian, rom
cvlilebebi, romlebic Sevida Sesworebul
MMPI-2-Si sawyis MMPI-sTan SedarebiT, ar aris
sakmarisi pirovnebis Teoriis winsvlis asax-
visaTvis; testi kvlav axlos dgas Tavis empi-
riul warmoSobasTan (Helmes & Reddon, 1993).
SesaZlebelia, MMPI-2 gaakritikon im SemTxve-
vaSic, rodesac adamianebi sxvadasxva mizniT
cdiloben mis gamoyenebas. magaliTad, MMPI-2-
is depresiis skala aRwevs validurobis misaReb
dones (Boone, 1994); amis sapirispirod, wamalda-
mokidebulebis (substance abuse) winaswarmetyve-
lebisadmi miZRvnili skalebi ar aris iseTi
validuri, rogorc ufro specifikuri Sefasebis
instrumentebi (Svanum et al., 1994). rogorc nebis-
mieri Sefasebis instrumentis SemTxvevaSi,
mkvlevrebma didi sifrTxiliT unda Seafason
MMPI-isa da MMPI-2-is gamoyenebis sandooba da
validuroba yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi
(Greene et al., 1997).
pirovnebis es kiTxvarebi Seqmnili iyo kli-
nikuri problemebis mqone individebis Sefa-
sebisaTvis. momdevno or qveTavSi Cven aRvwerT
zogadad pirovnebis (ara pacientebis) Sefa-
sebisaTvis ufro Sesabamis instrumentebs.
NEO PI
NEO pirovnebis kiTxvari (NEO Personality Inven-
tory _ NEO PI) aseve Seiqmna pirovnebis maxasia-
Teblebis Sesafaseblad araklinikuri mozrdi-
lebis populaciaSi. is zomavs pirovnebis xuT-
faqtorian models, romelic zemoT ganvixileT.
Tu NEO PI CagitardaT, Tqven miiRebdiT profilis
furcels, romelic giCvenebdaT Tqvens standar-
tizebul maCveneblebs did normatiul SerCe-
vasTan mimarTebaSi xuTi ZiriTadi ganzomile-
bidan TiToeulze: neiroticizmi, eqstraversia,
Riaoba, TanxmobisaTvis mzaoba da patiosneba
(Costa & McCrae, 1985). NEO PI-is gadasinjuli
versia afasebs 30 calkeul niSans, romelic
organizebulia xuTi ZiriTadi faqtoris mixed-
viT (Costa & McCrae, 1992b). magaliTad, neiroti-
cizmis ganzomileba dayofilia eqvs calkeul
skalad: SfoTva, mtruloba, depresia, morcxvoba,
impulsuroba da mowyvladoba. bevrma kvlevam
aCvena, rom NEO PI-is ganzomilebebi homogenuria,
axasiaTebT maRali sandooba da kargi konstruq-
tuli da kriteriumis mixedviT validoba (Costa
& McCrae, 1992a; Furnham et al., 1997). NEO PI
gamoiyeneba cxovrebis manZilze pirovnebis
stabilobisa da cvalebadobis Sesaswavlad
iseve, rogorc pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis mimar-
Tebis sakvlevad fizikur janmrTelobasTan da
mravalferovan cxovrebiseul movlenebTan,
rogoricaa warmatebuli kariera, anda adreuli
gasvla pensiaze.
xuTfaqtorian modelze dafuZnebuli axali
kiTxvari, didi xuTeulis kiTxvari _ Big Five
Questionnaire (BFQ) Seiqmna im mizniT, rom gansxva-
vebul kulturebs Soris validuroba yofiliyo.
skala italiaSi SeimuSaves, magram mas msgavsi
fsiqometruli maCveneblebi aqvs amerikuli da
espanuri populaciebisaTvis da Sesabamisi
normebi franguli, germanuli, Cexuri, ungruli
da polonuri TargmanebisaTvisac dgindeba
(Barbaranelli et al., 1997; Caprara et al., 1993). miuxedavad
imisa, rom BFQ maRal korelaciaSia NEO PI-sTan,
is mniSvnelovanwilad gansxvavdeba misgan.
faqtori 1 masSi figurirebs, rogorc energia~
an aqtivoba~ da ara eqstraversia~ (damTmobobis
socialur aspeqtebTan gadafarvis Sesamci-
reblad). BFQ Seicavs skalebs imis Sesamowmeb-
lad, xom ar ixreba respondentis pasuxebi
socialurad sasurveli pasuxebisaken. is NEO
PI-ze martivia, radganac mxolod ori calkeuli
skala aqvs TiToeuli faqtorisaTvis. magaliTad,
energia~ Sedgeba dinamizmisa~ da dominan-
tobis~ skalebisagan; pirveli intrapersona-
luria, meore ki _ interpersonaluri. ramdena-
dac fsiqologia sul ufro globaluri xdeba,
Sefasebis aseTi instrumentebi, romlebic erTna-
irad kargad muSaoben enobrivi da erovnuli
barierebis miuxedavad, arsebiTia mniSvnelovani
kros-kulturuli kvlevebis warmoebisaTvis
pirovnebisa da socialur fsiqologiaSi.
proeqciuli testebi
rodesme Tu SegixedavT RrublisaTvis da
saxe an cxovelis konturi daginaxavT? Tu Tqvens
megobrebs sTxovdiT, SeexedaT, maT SeiZleba
daenaxaT dayrdnobili SiSveli figura an
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drakoni. msgavs fenomens eyrdnobian fsiqolo-
gebi pirovnebis SefasebisaTvis proeqciuli
testebis gamoyenebisas.
rogorc axlaxan vnaxeT, obieqtur testebs
oridan erTi forma aqvT: isini an respondentebs
debulebebis seriebs sTavazoben da sTxoven
maT, martivi pasuxi gascen (rogoricaa WeS-
maritia~, mcdaria~, an ar SemiZlia pasuxis
gacema~), an sakuTari Tavis Sefasebas sTxoven
garkveuli ganzomilebebis mixedviT (rogoricaa
mSfoTvare-mSvidi~). amgvarad, respondenti iZu-
lebulia, airCios winaswargansazRvruli pasuxe-
bidan erT-erTi. amis sapirispirod, proeqciuli
testebi ar Seicaven pasuxebis winaswargan-
sazRvrul diapazons. proeqciul testSi pirov-
nebas warudgenen stimulebis seriebs, romlebic
ganzrax bundovani/orazrovania. aseTia, maga-
liTad, abstraqtuli nimuSebi, dausrulebeli
suraTebi, an naxatebi, romelTa interpretaciac
mravalnairad aris SesaZlebeli. adamians SeiZ-
leba sTxovon, aRweros abstraqciebi, daas-
rulos suraTebi an moyves naxatebis Sesaxeb
istoriebi. proeqciuli testebi pirvelad fsi-
qoanalitikosebma gamoiyenes, romlebic ime-
dovnebdnen, rom aseTi testebi maTi pacientebis
aracnobier pirovnul dinamikas gamoavlendnen.
vinaidan stimulebi bundovania/orazrovania,
maTze gacemuli pasuxebi, nawilobriv, gansa-
zRvrulia imiT, rac adamians Semoaqvs situa-
ciaSi, saxeldobr, Sinagani grZnobebi, piradi
motivebi da konfliqtebi cxovrebis gamocdi-
lebidan. es pirovnuli, idiosinkratuli
(damaxasiaTebeli, ganmasxvavebeli) aspeqtebi, rom-
lebic proecirebulia stimulebze, pirovnebis
Semfasebels mravalferovani interpretaciis
gakeTebis saSualebas aZlevs.
proeqciuli testebi Sefasebis im instru-
mentTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, romlebsac yvelaze
xSirad iyeneben praqtikosi fsiqologebi (Butcher
& Rouse, 1996; Lubin et al., 1984; Piotrowski et al., 1985);
aseve, isini ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba SeerTebuli
Statebis farglebs gareT, magaliTad, holan-
diaSi, hong-kongsa da iaponiaSi, vidre MMPI-is
msgavsi obieqturi testebi (Piotrowski et al., 1993).
xSirad ver xerxdeba obieqturi testebis
adekvaturi Targmani da adekvaturi standar-
tizeba araamerikul populaciebze. proeqciuli
testebi naklebad mgrZnobiarea enobrivi
cvlilebebis mimarT, Tumca, radganac isini
ase gavrcelebulia, kritikosebi xSirad eWvoben,
rom maT aravalidurad gamoiyeneben. ori yvelaze
metad gavrcelebuli testis _ rorSaxis testisa
(Rorschach test) da Tematuri apercefciis testis
(Thematic Apperception Test -TAT) ganxilvisas Cven
validurobis am sakiTxebs SevexebiT.
rorSaxis testi
rorSaxis testSi, romelic 1921 wels Seimu-
Sava Sveicarelma fsiqiatrma herman rorSaxma
(Hermann Rorschach) bundovani stimulebi war-
modgenilia simetriuli melnis laqebis saxiT
(Rorschach, 1942). zogi maTgani Sav-TeTria da
zogi _ feradi (ix. sur. 14.7). testis msvlelo-
bisas respondents uCveneben laqas da ekiTxebian:
ra SeiZleba es iyos~? respondentebs arwmuneben,
rom ar arsebobs swori an mcdari pasuxebi
(Exner, 1974). mkvlevrebi zedmiwevniT afiqsireben,
ras amboben adamianebi, ramdeni dro sWirdebaT
pasuxis gasacemad, mTlianad ra dro exarjeba
respondents TiTo laqaze da rogor uWiravs
mas baraTi. Semdeg, meore fazaSi, romelsac
gamokiTxva ewodeba, respondents axseneben wina
pasuxebs da sTxoven, detalurad daamuSavos
isini.
proeqciuli testi (Projective tests) _ pirovnebis
Sefasebis meTodi, romelSic individs uCveneben
orazrovani/abstraqtuli stimulebis erTob-
liobas da sTxoven maTi mniSvnelobis inter-
pretacias; iTvleba, rom individis pasuxebi
avlens mis Sinagan grZnobebs, motivebsa da
konfliqtebs.
suraTi
14.7
melnis laqa, msgavsi imisa,
romelsac iyeneben rorSaxis
testSi
ras xedavT? am laqis Tqveneburi interpre-
tacia asaxavs Tu ara raimes Tqveni xasiaTidan?
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pasuxebi sami ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblis mixedviT
fasdeba: (1) lokacia, anu pasuxSi aRniSnuli
baraTis nawili _ mTlian stimuls exeba res-
pondenti Tu mis nawils da aRniSnuli deta-
lebis zomebi; (2) pasuxis Sinaarsi _ danaxuli
obieqtis da moqmedebebis buneba da (3) deter-
minantebi _ baraTis romelma aspeqtebma (rogo-
ricaa, feri da Crdilebi) misca biZgi pasuxs.
Semfaseblebma, aseve, SeiZleba aRniSnon, rogori
iyo pasuxebi: originaluri da unikaluri, Tu
popularuli da konformuli.
Tqven SesaZlebelia ifiqroT, rom melnis
bundovani laqebi biZgs miscemen iseTi pasuxebis
mravalferovnebas, romlebic interpretacias
ar eqvemdebarebian. sinamdvileSi, mkvlevrebma
Seqmnes rorSaxis pasuxebis yovlismomcveli
Sefasebis sistema, romelic gansxvavebul tes-
tis Camtareblebs Soris mniSvnelovani Sedarebis
gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva (Exner, 1991, 1993;
Exner & Weiner, 1994). Sefasebis es sistema azustebs
Sinaarsobrivi pasuxebis iseT zogad kategoriebs,
rogoricaa mTliani adamiani (pasuxi moicavs,
an gulisxmobs adamianis figuris formas) da
sisxli (pasuxi moicavs adamianis, an cxovelis
sisxls). pasuxebis nimuSebi warmatebiT daukav-
Sires rogorc normaluri pirovnebis maxasia-
Teblebs, fsiqopaTologias. da mainc, Sefasebis
sistemasTan da rorSaxis testTan dakavSirebiT
mainc rCeba garkveuli winaaRmdegoba (Exner, 1996;
Meyer, 2000; Wood et al., 1996a, 1996b).
TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) Tematuri
apercefciis testi
henri mareis (Henry Murrey) mier 1938 wels
Seqmnil Tematuri apercefciis testSi respon-
dentebs uCveneben orazrovani scenebis suraTebs
da sTxoven, Seqmnan am scenebis Sesaxeb istoriebi,
romlebic aRwers, Tu ra adamianebi moqmedeben
da fiqroben am scenebSi, ram gamoiwvia TiTo-
euli movlena da rogor dasruldeba yoveli
situacia (ix. sur. 14.8). pirovneba, romelic
atarebs TAT-s, afasebs rogorc istoriebis
struqturasa da Sinaarss, ise ambis momyoli
individis qcevas, raTa aRmoaCinos respondentis
zogierTi ZiriTadi problema, motivacia da
pirovnuli maxasiaTebeli. magaliTad, eqsperi-
mentatorma SesaZloa Seafasos pirovneba, rogorc
patiosani, Tu mis mier moyolil ambavSi aRwe-
rilia adamianebi, romlebic cxovrobdnen mova-
leobebis mixedviT da Tu ambebi moyolil iqna
seriozulad da dalagebulad. gaixseneT me-12
Tavidan, rom TAT xSirad gamoiyeneboda indi-
vidualuri gansxvavebebis gamosavlenad iseT
dominantur moTxovnilebebSi, rogoricaa Zala-
uflebis, afilaciis da miRwevis moTxovnileba
(McClelland, 1961). kvlevis aTwleulebis ganmav-
lobaSi TAT damkvidrda, rogorc miRwevis
moTxovnilebis validuri sazomi (Sprangler, 1992).
Cven SemogTavazebT ramdenime daskvniT
SeniSvnas pirovnebis Sefasebis sakiTxTan dakav-
SirebiT. dainaxeT Tu ara kavSiri am pirovnebis
Sefasebis instrumentebsa da zemoT ganxilul
pirovnebis Teoriebs Soris? Cveni daskvna iyo,
rom Teoriebis TiToeuli tipi saukeTesod
aSuqebda adamianuri gamocdilebis gansxvavebul
aspeqtebs. pirovnebis testebis Sesaxebac msgavsi
daskvnis gamotana SegviZlia _ yovel maTgans
aqvs potenciali, mogvawodos individis pi-
rovnebaSi unikaluri Cawvdomis SesaZlebloba.
klinicistebi pirovnebis Sefasebisas yvelaze
xSirad testebis kombinacias iyeneben; rorSaxi
da MMPI, magaliTad, SeiZleba komplementarulad
ganvixiloT (Butcher & Rouse, 1996; Lubin et al., 1984;
Piotrowski et al., 1985). xSirad pirobebi iseTia,
suraTi
14.8
Tat testis nimuSi
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rom profilebi, romlebic miiReba obieqtur,
kompiuterul analizze dayrdnobiTac ki, saSua-
lebas iZleva, gakeTdes specifikuri Sedegebis
zusti winaswarmetyveleba. sxva pirobebSi kli-
nikurma eqspertizam da daxelovnebulma intu-
iciam unda Seavson obieqturi normebi. praqti-
kaSi saukeTeso winaswarmetyveleba maSin xdeba,
rodesac kombinirebulia sxvadasxva midgomis
Zlieri mxareebi.
Tavis dasawyisSi vTqviT, rom pirovnebas ver
gavzomavT mis Tavze gamoburculobebis Seg-
rZnebiT, Tumca, Cven, aseve, gTxoveT, gefiqraT
garkveul sakiTxebze: Tu fsiqologebi Tqven
Segiswavlidnen, Tqveni pirovnebis rogor por-
trets daxatavdnen isini? romel adreul gamoc-
dilebebs gamoyofdnen, rogorc Tqvens qcevasa
da fiqrebze gavlenis mqones? ra pirobebi ze-
moqmedebs Zlierad Tqvens azrebsa da qcevaze
amJamindel cxovrebaSi? ra gangasxvavebT sxva
individebisgan, romlebic mraval Tqvens msgavs
situaciaSi funqcionireben? axla xvdebiT, rom
pirovnebis Teoriebis yoveli tipi iZleva zogad
CarCos, romlis farglebSic SegiZliaT am ki-
Txvebze pasuxebis Camoyalibeba. dauSviT, rom
axla marTlac dadga is dro, rodesac Tqveni
fsiqologiuri portreti unda daxatoT. saidan
daiwyebdiT?
Sejameba
pirovnebis obieqturi testebi moicaven
Catarebisa da Sefasebis SedarebiT standartul
da gansazRvrul teqnikas. MMPI-2-s Tanamedrove
ena da Sinaarsi axasiaTebs, rac klinikuri
Teoriisa da Sefasebis winsvlas asaxavs. NEO-PI
da BFQ zomaven normaluri pirovnebis funqci-
onirebis aspeqtebs. proeqciuli testebi indi-
videbs warudgenen bundovan stimulebs, raTa
gamoavlinon Sinagani gancdebi, motivebi da
konfliqtebi. mkvlevrebma gamoimuSaves rorSaxis
melnis laqebze pasuxebis Sefasebis yovlismom-
cveli sistema. TAT warmoadgens miRwevis mo-
Txovnilebis validur sazoms.
pirovnebis tipis da
pirovnebis niSnis
Teoriebi
zogierTi mecnieri axdens
adamianebis kategoriza-
cias sul an araferi~
tipebis mixedviT, romle-
bic konkretul damaxasia-
Tebel qcevas ukavSirdeba.
sxva mecnierebi pirovnebis
Semadgenel agurebad miiC-
neven pirovnul niSnebs _
uwyveti ganzomilebebis
gaswvriv arsebul maxasia-
Teblebs.
warmoadgens pirovnebis
aRweriT sistemas, rome-
lic asaxavs urTierTobas
zogad pirovnul niSnebs,
Teoriul koncefciebsa da
pirovnebis skalebs Soris.
tyupebisa da naSvilebi
bavSvebis kvlevebi naTel-
yofen, rom pirovnuli niS-
nebi nawilobriv memkvidre-
obiTia.
adamianebi amJRavneben qce-
viT konsistentobas, rode-
sac situaciebi ganisazR-
vreba relevanturi fsiqo-
logiuri maxasiaTeblebis
mixedviT.
fsiqodinamikuri
Teoriebi
froidis fsiqodinamikuri
Teoria adamianuri motiva-
ciis wyarod instinqtur
biologiur energias miiC-
nevs.
froidis Teoriis bazisuri
cnebebi moicavs fsiqikur
energias, rogorc qcevis-
Tvis biZgis mimcems da war-
mmarTvels; adreul gamoc-
dilebebs, rogorc pirov-
nebis mTavar msazRvrelebs
mTeli sicocxlis manZilze;
fsiqikur determinizms da
Zlier aracnobier proce-
sebs.
pirovnebis struqtura Sed-
geba idisagan, superegosagan
da maTi Semarigebeli ego-
sagan.
miuRebeli impulsebi rep-
resirdeba da viTardeba
egos dacvis meqanizmebi
SfoTvis Sesamcireblad da
TviTSefasebis SesanarCu-
neblad.
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
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postfroidistebma, rogo-
rebic arian adleri, horni
da iungi, ufro metad gaa-
maxviles yuradReba egos
funqcionirebaze da soci-
alur cvladebze da nak-
lebad _ seqsualur ltol-
vebze. maT pirovnebis gan-
viTareba mTeli cxovrebis
manZilze mimdinare pro-
cesad miaCniaT.
fokusirebulia TviTaq-
tualizaciaze _ individis
potencialis zrdaze.
es Teoriebi holisturi,
dispozociuri, fenomeno-
logiuri da egzistencia-
luria.
humanisturi tradiciis
Tanamedrove Teoriebi fo-
kusirebulia individis
cxovrebiseul ambebze.
socialuri daswavlis
da kognituri Teoriebi
socialuri daswavlis
Teoriis mimdevrebi qcevaSi
da pirovnebebs Soris in-
dividualur gansxvavebebs
ganixilaven, rogorc gan-
sxvavebuli ganmtkicebebis
gamocdilebis Sedegs.
kognituri Teoriis mim-
devrebi xazs usvamen aRqmasa
da garemos subieqtur inter-
pretaciaSi individualur
gansxvavebebs.
uolter miSelma ikvlia
qcevis safuZvlebi, rogorc
adamianebsa da situaciebs
Soris urTierTobebi.
albert banduram aRwera
adamianebs, garemos da qcevas
Soris.
nensi kentoris Teoriam xa-
zi gausva miznebis, codnis
da strategiebis gavlenas
adamianebis qcevaze.
me-s (self-is) Teoriebi
me-s Teoriebi fokusirebulia
me-s koncefciis mniSvne-
lobaze pirovnebis sruli
SecnobisaTvis.
me-s koncefcia aris dina-
mikuri mentaluri struqtu-
ra, romelic axdens pirovnu-
li da interpersonaluri
qcevisa da procesebis mo-
tivacias, interpretacias,
organizebas, mediacias da
regulacias.
mravali individualuri
gansxvaveba aisaxeba Cveul
xerxebSi, romlebiTac ada-
mianebi warmoadgenen sakuTar
Tavs socialur situaciebSi.
kros-kulturuli kvlevidan
gamomdinare, individua-
listuri kulturebi xels
uwyoben damoukidebeli me-s
gagebas, xolo koleqtivis-
turi kulturebi _ urTierT-
damokidebuli me-s gagebas.
pirovnebis Teoriebis
Sedareba
pirovnebis Teoriebi SeiZ-
leba erTmaneTs davupiris-
piroT im mxriv, Tu rogor
aqcents akeTeben isini mem-
kvidreobiTobaze garemosTan
SedarebiT; daswavlis pro-
cesebze qcevis Tandayolil
wesebTan SedarebiT; warsul
mizezebze, awmyo qcevaze Tu
momaval miznebze; cnobi-
erebze aracnobierTan Seda-
rebiT da dispoziciebze
situaciebTan SedarebiT.
TiToeul Teorias gansxva-
vebuli wvlili Seaqvs pi-
rovnebis SecnobaSi.
pirovnebis Sefaseba
pirovnebis maxasiaTeblebi
fasdeba rogorc obieqturi,
ise _ proeqciuli testebiT.
yvelaze gavrcelebuli
obieqturi testi, MMPI-2,
klinikuri problemebis
diagnostikisaTvis gamoi-
yeneba.
NEO-PI da BFQ pirovnebis
ufro axali obieqturi
testebia, romlebic zomaven
pirovnebis xuT ZiriTad
ganzomilebas.
pirovnebis proeqciul tes-
tebSi adamianebs sTxoven,
upasuxon bundovan stimu-
lebs.
ori mniSvnelovani pro-
eqciuli testia rorSaxis
testi da TAT.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
analitikuri fsiqologia
SfoTva
arqetipi
koleqtiuri aracnobieri
konsistentobis paradoqsi
ego
egos dacvis meqanizmebi
fiqsacia
idi
damoukidebeli me-s gageba
urTierTdamokidebuli me-s
gageba
libido
pirovneba
pirovnebis kiTxvari
pirovnebis tipebi
SesaZlebeli me-ebi
proeqciuli testi
fsiqikuri determinizmi
fsiqobiografia
pirovnebis
fsiqodina-mikuri Teoriebi
represia
TviTaqtualizacia
me-s koncefcia
TviTefeqturoba
TviTpativiscema
TviTmavnebloba
morcxvoba
socialuri inteleqti
superego
niSnebi
upirobo dadebiTi
pativiscema
aracnobieri
601
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fs i q olog i uri a Sli lob e b i fs i q olog i uri a Sli lob e b i fs i q olog i uri a Sli lob e b i fs i q olog i uri a Sli lob e b i fs i q olog i uri a Sli lob e b i
15
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
buneba
ra aris paTologiuri
obieqturobis problema
istoriuli perspeqtivebi
fsiqopaTologiis
etiologia
klasifikacia
klasifikaciis miznebi
DSM-IV-TR
marTla gvicavs Tu ara
Seuracxadoba
ZiriTadi tipebi
SfoTviTi aSlilobebi
SfoTviTi aSlilobebi:
mizezebi
guneba-ganwyobilebis
aSlilobebi
aSlilobebi: mizezebi
depresia: sqesTa Soris
gansxvavebani
suicidi
pirovnuli aSlilobebi
disociaciuri
aSlilobebi
marTla arsebobs Tu ara
internetomania
Sizofreniuli aSlilobebi
Sizofreniis ZiriTadi
tipebi
Sizofreniis mizezebi
fsiqikuri daavadebis daRi
(stigma)
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
603
inda mogiTxroT, Tu rogoria Cvens
droSi funqcionalur Sizofreni-
kad yofna da rasTan uxdebaT Se-
jaxeba Cemnairi fsiqikuri daavadebis mqone
adamianebs.
me 30 wlis var, marto vcxovrob da naxevar
ganakveTze vmuSaob, radganac Tan kolejSi
vswavlob. Cemi avadmyofobis gamo, ar maqvs meddad
muSaobis ufleba, miuxedavad imisa, rom kolejSi
vswavlob da pacientebis movlis gamocdilebac
maqvs. kolejSi momsaxurebis sferoSi vspecia-
lizdebi, raTa sxvebs problemebis mogvarebaSi
davexmaro, radganac, rodesac pirvelad gavxdi
avad, Zalian cudad viyavi da amitomac kargad
vici, ra aris es, rogori tanjvaa es.
sakmaod normalurad vcxovrob da veravin
amCnevs, rom fsiqikurad var avad, sanam me TviTon
ar vityvi xolme amis Sesaxeb... Cemi dac (ara
tyupiscali) ukve 12 weliwadia avad aris da
uars ambobs wamlebis miRebaze, radgan uaryofs,
rom es daavadeba aqvs. me 5 welia avad var.
avadmyofobis pirvel wels, rodesac vkiTxulobdi
wigns arasodes Segpirebivar vardebis baRnars~,
davrwmundi, rom marTlac avad viyavi. Semdeg
gamovkeTdi antifsiqoturi medikamentebis wya-
lobiT. Cemi azriT, pacientsac da sazogadoebasac
ganaTleba sWirdeba fsiqikur daavadebebSi,
radganac adamianebi dagvcinian da arasworad
gveqcevian, zogjer arasworadac esmiT Cveni
gadamwyvet momentebSi. aseve reagireben ojaxi,
meuRle, megobrebi Tu socialuri samsaxurebi
Cvennairi adamianebis maTTvis jer kidev ucnob
Taviseburebebze. zogierT Cvenganze wamlebi
kargad moqmedebs.
SemiZlia mogiyveT im gansxvavebis Sesaxeb,
romelic arsebobs Cemi avadmyofobis gamo xmaursa
da realur xmaurs Soris, radganac me vkiTxu-
lobdi amis Sesaxeb da Seviswavle Cemi Tavi.
viyeneb saRi azris wess. Zalian vcdilob, rom
davimaxsovro, Tu rogorebi arian adamianebi da
rogoria samyaro realurad, sinamdvileSi. avad-
myofoba amokrefs xolme Zalze sulelur da
momabezrebel absurdebs. wamlebi Zlierad
moqmedebs Cemze da Cems organizmze, amitom ar
maqvs ise bevri Semawuxebeli avadmyofuri sim-
ptomebi...
wamlebis miRebamde halucinaciebi da absur-
debi nebismier sferos SeiZleboda miswvdomoda
da survilisamebr Seecvala isini. wamlebis
moqmedebis dawyebamde vgrZnobdi, rom es mTel
tvins eufleboda da vyvirodi, vtirodi da
mindoda Cemi gonebisa da cxovrebis dabruneba...
nebismiers, visac cxovrebaSi raimes miRweva
surs, sakuTari Tavis damkvidrebis SesaZlebloba
esaWiroeba. avadmyofi adamianis garda, me pirov-
nebac var.
m
ra reaqcia gqondaT axalgazrda qalis
sityvebs rom kiTxulobdiT winamdebare saxel-
mZRvanelos avtorebisadmi miwerili werilidan?
Tu Tqveni reaqcia Cvensas hgavs, maSin es misi
mdgomareobiT gamowveuli sevdis, fsiqikuri
daavadebiT gamowveul mraval problemasTan
gamklavebis misi dabejiTebuli surviliT
aRtacebis, risxvis, vinc mas avadmyofis iarliys
awebebs imis gamo, rom xandaxan gansxvavebul
qcevas axorcielebs, da mdgomareobis gasaumjo-
besebeli medikamentebisa da Terapiis arsebobiT
gamowveuli imedis narevi iqneboda. es mxolod
mwiri CamonaTvalia im emociebisa, romelic
euflebaT klinikaSi da kvlevebiT dakavebul
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fsiqologebsa da fsiqiatrebs, rodesac isini
fsiqikuri aSlilobebis bunebis Secnobasa da
mkurnalobas cdiloben.
winamdebare Tavi fsiqologiuri aSlilobe-
bis bunebasa da mizezebs Seexeba: ras warmoad-
gens fsiqologiuri aSliloba, ratom viTardeba
da rogor aris SesaZlebeli misi ganviTarebis
mizezebis axsna. Semdegi Tavi am codnazea
agebuli da masSi aRwerilia is strategiebi,
romelic gamoiyeneba fsiqikuri daavadebebis
mkurnalobisa da profilaqtikisTvis. kvleva
aCvenebs, rom aSS-Si axalgazrdebisa da Suaxnis
moqalaqeTa 50%-s mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
erTxel mainc aReniSneba fsiqologiuri
aSliloba (Kessler et al., 1994). amrigad, mravali
Tqvengani, vinc waikiTxavs am wigns, sasargeblo
codnas miiRebs fsiqopaTologiis Sesaxeb, Tumca,
calkeuli faqtebiT SeuZlebelia im seriozuli
zegavlenis aRwera, romelsac fsiqologiuri
aSliloba individebisa da ojaxebis yovel-
dRiur cxovrebaze axdens. mocemul TavSi,
ganvixilavT ra fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
kategoriebs, SevecdebiT im realuri adamianebis
aRweras, romelTac yoveldRe uwevT am aSli-
lobiT cxovreba; gagiziarebT maT sityvebsa da
gamocdilebas, rogorc es Tavis dasawyisSi
gavakeTeT. daviwyoT paTologiis cnebis ganxi-
lviT.
fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis buneba
rodesme ginerviuliaT zedmetad? yofilxarT
daTrgunuli an SeSfoTebuli yovelgvari rea-
luri mizezis gareSe? SegSinebiaT iseTi ramis,
ris Sesaxebac danamdvilebiT icodiT, rom ar
iyo saSiSi? gifiqriaT TviTmkvlelobaze? migima-
rTavT alkoholisTvis an narkotikebisTvis prob-
lemisgan Tavis dasaRwevad? TiTqmis yvela
Cvengani erT-erT kiTxvaze mainc gascemda dadebiT
pasuxs, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom TiTqmis yvela
Cvengans ganucdia fsiqologiuri aSlilobis
simptomebi. winamdebare Tavi Seexeba fsiqolo-
giuri funqcionirebis im diapazons, romelic
ganixileba, rogorc arajanmrTeli, an paTolo-
giuri da romelsac xSirad fsiqopaTologias
an fsiqologiur aSlilobas uwodeben. fsiqo-
paTologiuri funqcionireba moicavs emociuri,
qceviTi, an azrovnebiTi procesebis darRvevebs,
rasac Tan sdevs pirovnuli distresi, an rac
blokavs, aferxebs mniSvnelovani miznebis miR-
wevis SesaZleblobas. paTofsiqologia
1
fsiqo-
logiuri kvlevebis is sferoa, romelic yvelaze
uSualod Seexeba azrovnebis, ganwyobilebisa
da qcevis individualuri paTologiebis bunebis
Secnobas.
am qveTavs paTologiuri~-s gansazRvrebis
ufro detaluri ganxilviT daviwyebT, Semdeg
ki obieqturobis problemas SevexebiT. bolos
ki Tvals gavadevnebT, Tu rogor viTardeboda
es gansazRvreba kacobriobis istoriis aswleu-
lebis manZilze.
ra aris paTologiuri
ras niSnavs, rodesac vambobT, rom mocemuli
pirovneba paTologiuria, anu fsiqologiuri
aSlilobisgan itanjeba? rogor wyveten fsi-
qologebi da klinikaSi momuSave sxva praqti-
kosebi, Tu ra aris paTologiuri? aris ki yovel-
Tvis naTeli, Tu rodis, ra momentSi gadainac-
vlebs qceva normaluris kategoriidan paTolo-
giuris kategoriaSi? mocemuli individis fsi-
qologiuri aSlilobis Sesaxeb daskvna, Cveule-
bisamebr, individis qcevis Sefasebas efuZneba.
am daskvnas garkveuli specialuri avtoritetisa
da Zalauflebis mqone adamianebi akeTeben. am
fenomenis aRsawerad gamoyenebuli terminebi,
rogoricaa fsiqikuri aSliloba, fsiqikuri daa-
vadeba Tu paTologia, damokidebulia konkretul
Tvalsazrisze, Semfaseblis codnasa da mis
kulturul gamocdilebaze, situaciasa da im
1
Abnormal Psychology iTargmna, rogorc paTofsi-
qologia~, romelSic moiazreba fsiqologiuri aSli-
lobebi da qcevis darRvevebi (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
fsiqopaTologiuri funqcionireba (Psychopato-
logical functioning) _ darRvevebi emociur, qceviT
an azrovnebis procesebSi, rasac Tan sdevs
pirovnuli distresi an mniSvnelovani miznebis
miRwevis SesaZleblobebis blokireba.
paTofsiqologia (Abnormal psychology) _ fsiqo-
logiuri kvlevis sfero, romelic fokusirdeba
gonebis, guneba-ganwyobilebisa da qcevis in-
dividualuri paTologiebis bunebis Secnobaze.
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pirovnebis statusze, romlis Sesaxebac keTdeba
daskvna.
ganvixiloT Svidi kriteriumi, romelic qce-
visaTvis paTologiuris~ statusis misaniWeblad
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT (DSM-IV-TR, 2000; Rosenhan
& Seligman, 1989).
1. distresi an uunaroba. individi ganicdis
pirovnul distress, an axorcielebs usar-
geblo qcevas, rasac Tan sdevs fizikuri an
fsiqologiuri gauaresebis riski, an qcevis
Tavisuflad, nebismierad ganxorcielebis
SesaZleblobis dakargva. magaliTad, mamakacs,
romelic ver gadis saxlidan oflis mosvlis
gareSe, ar SeeZleba mimdinare cxovrebiseuli
miznebis miRweva;
2. araadekvaturoba. individis qceva abrkolebs
miznis miRwevas, ar emsaxureba pirovnul ke-
TildReobas, an Zalian aferxebs sxvaTa miz-
nebsa da sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebs. in-
dividi, romelic imdenad svams, rom ar SeuZ-
lia samuSaos SenarCuneba, an romelic safr-
Txis winaSe ayenebs sxvebs Tavisi problemiT,
araadekvatur qcevas axorcielebs;
3. araracionaluroba/iracionaluroba. individi
moqmedebs an laparakobs sxvebisTvis gaugeb-
rad, an araracionalurad. adamiani, romelic
pasuxobs obieqtur realobaSi ararsebul
xmebs, araracionalurad, anu iracionalurad
iqceva;
4. araprognozirebadoba. individi araprogno-
zirebadad, an araTanmimdevrulad iqceva si-
tuaciidan situaciaSi, TiTqos kontroli
ekargebodes qcevaze. bavSvi, romelic yovel-
gvari TvalsaCino mizezis gareSe muSts ur-
tyams fanjaras, araprognozirebad qcevas
axorcielebs;
5. araSablonuroba da statistikuri iSviaToba.
individis mier ganxorcielebuli qceva sta-
tistikur iSviaTobas warmoadgens da misaRebi
an sasurveli qcevis socialur standartebs
arRvevs. Tumca, mxolod statistikur uCve-
ulobas ar mivyavarT paTologiuris fsi-
qologiur daskvnamde. magaliTad, geniosebis
inteleqtis done ukiduresad iSviaTia, magram
es sasurveladac aris miCneuli. meore mxriv,
ukiduresad dabali inteleqti, aseve, iSvia-
Tobaa, magram es arasasurvelad iTvleba;
amitom xSirad mas paTologiuris kategorias
miakuTvneben;
6. damkvirveblis diskomforti. individi dis-
komforts uqmnis sxvebs imiT, rom garkveulad
afrTxobs an distress badebs maTSi. Sua
quCaSi mimavali, sakuTar TavTan xmamaRal
kamaTSi CarTuli qali damkvirveblis
diskomforts iwvevs mZRolSi, romelic
misTvis gverdis avlas cdilobs;
7. zneobrivi da idealuri standartebis rRveva.
individi arRvevs molodins imis Taobaze,
Tu rogor unda moiqces socialuri normebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. am kriteriumis mixedviT,
adamianebs SeiZleba paTologiuri vuwodoT,
Tu maT ar surT muSaoba anda ar swamT
RmerTis. paTologiuris es kriteriumi rele-
vanturia samarTlebriv situaciebSic. am
Temas eZRvneba CanarTi fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi~.
SegiZliaT dainaxoT, Tu ratom ar aris paTo-
logiuris es kriteriumebi myisierad aSkara yve-
la damkvirveblisTvis? ganvixiloT mxolod
bolo kriteriumi. fsiqikurad avad xarT, Tu ar
gsurT muSaoba maSinac ki, rodesac es paTolo-
giurad iTvleba sazogadoebis normebis mixedviT?
an ganvixiloT ufro seriozuli simptomi. Cvens
kulturaSi cudia~, Tu halucinaciebi gvaqvs,
radganac isini fsiqikuri darRvevis niSnebad
aRiqmeba, magram es kargia~ im kulturebSi, sadac
halucinaciebi interpretirdeba, rogorc spiri-
tualuri Zalebdan momdinare mistikuri xilvebi.
sworia es daskvna? winamdebare Tavis bolos
606
ganvixilavT zogierT uaryofiT Sedegsa da
safrTxes, romelic aseTi sazogadoebis mier
regulirebad msjelobebsa da maTze dafuZnebul
gadawyvetilebebs ukavSirdeba.
Cven ufro meti darwmunebulobiT mivakuT-
vnebT qcevas paTologiuris kategorias, rodesac
gvaqvs da dasabuTebulia erTze meti indikatori.
rac ufro ukiduresad da mkveTrad aris gamo-
xatuli indikatorebi, miT ufro metad dar-
wmunebulni SeiZleba viyoT, rom isini paTo-
logiur mdgomareobaze miuTiTeben. arc erTi am
kriteriumTagani ar aris aucilebeli piroba,
romelic saerTo iqneboda paTologiuris yvela
SemTxvevisTvis. magaliTad, saqmis ganxilvisas,
romelic stenfordis damamTavrebeli kursis
studentis mier Cadenil mkvlelobas Seexeboda,
aRweraSi ar iyo arc danaSaulis grZnoba da
arc sindisis qenjna; am studentma ki CaquCiT
mokla maTematikis profesori da Semdeg misi
kabinetis karze gaakeTa warwera: dRes ar aris
miRebis saaTebi~. pirovnuli tanjvis ararsebo-
bisda miuxedavad, ar unda viyoymanoT, rodesac
am ukidures qcevas paTologiuris kategoriaSi
movaTavsebT. isic marTalia, rom arc erTi calke
aRebuli kriteriumi TavisTavad ar aris sakma-
risi piroba imisaTvis, rom paTologiuri qcevis
yvela SemTxveva ganvasxvavoT normis farglebSi
arsebuli qcevis variaciebisgan. normalursa da
paTologiurs Soris gansxvaveba ar aris imdenad
qcevis or damoukidebel tips Soris arsebuli
gansvla (gansxvaveba), ramdenadac is xarisxi, ra
xarisxiTac pirovnebis qmedeba Tanxvdeba
paTologiuris SeTanxmebul kriteriumTa
erTobliobas. umjobesia, fsiqikuri aSliloba
ganvixiloT, rogorc kontiniumi fsiqikur jan-
mrTelobasa da fsiqikur daavadebas Soris, ro-
gorc naCvenebia suraTze 15.1.
ramdenad misaRebia TqvenTvis paTologiuris
Sesaxeb es mosazrebebi? miuxedavad imisa, rom
kriteriumebi sakmarisad mkafiodaa gamokveTili,
fsiqologebs mainc afiqrebT obieqturobis prob-
lema.
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis kontiniumi
vinaidan normasa da paTologias Soris gansxvaveba fardobiTi ufroa, vidre absoluturi, sasargebloa
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis, rogorc kontiniumis ganxilva. erT boloSi moTavsebulia qcevebi, romlebic
gansazRvravs optimalur fsiqikur janmrTelobas; meore boloSi ki _ qcevebi, romlebic minimalur
fsiqikur janmrTelobas aRweren. maT Soris moTavsebulia TandaTanobiT mzardi araadapturi
qcevebi.
suraTi
15.1
individualuri, jgufuri da
garemos faqtorebi erTad
efeqturad muSaobs da
uzrunvelyofs:
subieqtur kargad yofnas;
optimalur ganviTarebas da
gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis
gamoyenebas;
marTlmsajulebasTan
Tavsebadi miznebis miRwevas;
fundamenturi Tanasworobis
mdgomareobebs.
individualuri, jgufuri da
garemos faqtorebi erTmaneTTan
konfliqtSi modian da iwveven:
subieqtur distress;
gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis
gauaresebas an arasakmaris
ganviTarebas;
warumateblobas miznis
miRwevaSi;
destruqciul qcevas;
usamarTlobis ganmtkicebas.

optimaluri
fsiqikuri
janmrTeloba
minimaluri
fsiqikuri
janmrTeloba
607
obieqturobis problema
gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, rom mocemul
individs fsiqologiurad aSlili, an paTolo-
giuri vuwodoT, yovelTvis qcevis Sesaxeb
msjelobas warmoadgens. mravali mkvlevris
mizania am msjelobebisTvis obieqturobis mini-
Weba, yovelgvari mikerZoebis gareSe. zogierTi
fsiqologiuri aSlilobisaTvis, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, depresia an Sizofrenia, diagnozi
xSirad akmayofilebs obieqturobis standartebs.
sxva SemTxvevebi ufro metad problemuria.
rogorc vnaxeT fsiqologiis Seswavlisas, qcevis
mniSvneloba erTdroulad ganpirobebulia misi
SinaarsiTa da misi konteqstiT. erTi da igive
moqmedeba sxvadasxva garemoSi sruliad
gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebis matarebelia.
vTqvaT, mamakaci kocnis mamakacs. es SeiZleba
iyos homoseqsualistTa urTierTobis maniS-
nebeli aSS-Si, misalmebis rituali safrangeTSi
an mafiis sasikvdilo kocna~ siciliaze. qcevis
mniSvneloba yovelTvis damokidebulia kon-
teqstze.
vnaxoT, ratom aris obieqturoba aseTi mniS-
vnelovani sakiTxi. istoria savsea iseTi situ-
aciebis magaliTebiT, romelSic paTologiuris
Sesaxeb daskvna individTa moraluri, an poli-
tikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebas emsaxureboda.
magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT 1851 wels samedi-
cino JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli statia negroi-
duli rasis daavadebebi da fizikuri Tavise-
burebebi~. doqtori samuel qarTraiTi (Dr. Samuel
Cartwright) luizianas samedicino asociaciis mier
iyo daniSnuli afrikuli warmoSobis amerikeli
monebis ucnauri~ praqtikis kvlevis komitetis
Tavmjdomared. kvlevis Sedegad dagrovil iqna
monobis praqtikis gasamarTlebeli utyuari
mecnieruli mtkicebulebani~. aRmoCenil iqna
zogierTi daavadeba~, romelic manamde ucnobi
iyo TeTrkanianTa rasisaTvis. erT-erTi aRmoCena
is iyo, rom Savkanianebi TiTqosda daavadebulni
iyvnen sensoruli daavadebiT, rac maT dasjisas
tkivilisadmi ugrZnobs xdida~ (amitom ar unda
daezogaT isini). komitetma, aseve, aRmoaCina
daavadeba drapetomania (drapetomania), anu Tavi-
suflebis Ziebis mania _ fsiqikuri aSliloba,
romelic batonisgan gaqcevas aiZulebda zo-
gierT monas. saWiro iyo gaqceuli monebis daWera,
raTa saTanadod emkurnalaT daavadebisaTvis
(Chorever, 1891).
SedarebiT axlo warsulSi sabWoTa kavSiris
liderebs wesad hqondaT politikuri disiden-
tebis, maTi miuRebeli devianturi ideologiis
gamo (sur. 15.2) fsiqikurad aSlilad gamocxadeba
da maTi moSorebul fsiqiatriul saavadmyo-
foebSi xangrZlivi periodiT gagzavna.
Tu individs erTxel miawebeben paTolo-
giuris~ iarliys, adamianebs aqvT tendencia,
rom Semdgom mis mier ganxorcielebul qcevasac
am daskvnis Sesabamisi interpretacia miscen.
devid rozenhanma (David Rozenhan) da misma
kolegebma aCvenes, rom SeiZleba SeuZlebeli
iyos Seracxadad~ yofna Seuracxad adgilze~.
saidan
viciT
Seracxadad darCena Seuracxad~
adgilze
rozenhanma da Svidma Seracxadma ada-
mianma sxvadasxva fsiqiatriul saavadmyo-
foSi moaxerxes pacientis statusiT mox-
vedra erTi simptomis _ halucinaciebis
suraTi
15.2
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_ simulirebiT. rvave fsevdopacients mi-
Rebisas paranoiduli Sizofreniis an mani-
akalur-depresiuli aSlilobis diagnozi
dausves. miRebis Semdeg isini sruliad
normalurad iqceodnen, Tumca, rozenhanis
dakvirvebis mixedviT, rodesac Seracxadi
adamiani Seuracxad adgilze xvdeba, ufro
metad mosalodnelia, rom isic Seuracxa-
dad miiCnion; misi nebismieri qcevis xela-
xali interpretireba konteqstis Sesaba-
misad xdeba. fsevdopacientebi raciona-
lurad rom uxsnidnen saavadmyofos Tanam-
Sromlebs TavianT situacias, maT inte-
leqtualuri~ dacvis gamoyenebas miawer-
dnen, dakvirvebebis Canawerebis warmoebas
ki Caweris sindromad~ miiCnevdnen. fsev-
dopacientebma TiTqmis sami kvira gaatares
palatebSi da arc erTi CauTvliaT saavad-
myofos TanamSromlebs Seracxadad. ro-
desac maT sabolood daixsnes Tavi (mxo-
lod meuRleebisa da kolegebis daxma-
rebiT), saavadmyofodan gawerisas maTi
diagnozi isev Sizofrenia~ iyo, Tumca,
remisiis periodSi~; amrigad, maTi simpto-
mebi aRar iyo aqtualuri.
rozenhanis kvlevebma aCvena, Tu rogoraa
damokidebuli paTologiebis Sesaxeb mosazreba
Tavad qcevis miRma arsebul faqtorebze.
fsiqiatr tomas szaszis (Thomas Szasz) Tval-
sazrisiT, fsiqikuri daavadeba arc ki arsebobs
_ es miTia~ (1961, 1977, 1995). igi amtkicebs, rom
fsiqikuri daavadebis arsebobis damadastu-
reblad gamoyenebuli simptomebi mxolod da
mxolod samedicino iarliyebia, romelic soci-
alur problemebSi _ devianturi (normidan ga-
daxrili) adamianebis mier socialuri normebis
darRvevaSi _ profesiuli Carevis sanqcias
iZleva. erTxel daasvamen ra daRs, am adamianebs
maTi gansxvavebulobis~ problemis gamo an
rbilad da Tbilad eqcevian, an uxeSad da
sastikad, arsebuli status-qvos~ darRvevis
safrTxis gareSe.
klinicistTa mcire jgufi Tu midis ase Sors,
ZiriTadad, imitom, rom kvlevaTa da mkurnalo-
baTa didi nawili pirovnuli distresis gagebasa
da Semsubuqebaze fokusirdeba. winamdebare TavSi
aRweril aSlilobaTa umetesobis SemTxvevaSi
individebi TavianT qcevas paTologiurad, an
garemosadmi mcired Seguebulad miiCneven.
amgvarad, am msjelobas mivyavarT mosazrebamde,
rom SeuZlebelia arsebobdes paTologiuris
sruliad obieqturi Sefaseba. fsiqologiuri
aSlilobis TiToeuli tipis aRwerisas unda
SeecadoT imis gagebas, Tu ratom sjeraT
klinicistebs, rom simptomTa erToblioba, rom-
liTac warmodgenilia qceviTi paterni, indi-
vidisTvis ufro seriozuli movlenaa, vidre
ubralod socialuri normebis darRveva.
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis konteqstze
Seqmnili warmodgenis dasasruleblad axla
paTologiuris cnebisa da paTologiuri qcevis
mkurnalobis zogierT istoriul moments
SevexebiT. amis Semdeg ki im zogad mizezobriv
faqtorebs mivubrundebiT, romelTac mkvlevrebi
paTologiuris gamomwvev Zalebad miiCneven.
istoriuli perspeqtivebi
istoriis manZilze adamianebs eSinodaT
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis, radgan eSmaks
ukavSirebdnen maT. am SiSis gamo isini agresi-
ulad epyrobodnen avadmyofebs da gadamwyvet
zomebs iRebdnen yvela im qcevis aRmosafxvre-
lad, romelsac ucnaurad, an paTologiurad
miiCnevdnen. adamianebi, romlebic aseT qcevebs
axorcielebdnen, sapyrobileebSi xvdebodnen da
ganwirulni iyvnen radikaluri samedicino mkur-
nalobisTvis. fsiqikur avadmyofobasa da eSmaks
Soris kavSiris arsebobis Sesaxeb crurwmenebi
iseTive Zvelia, rogorc kacobriobis istoria.
arqeologebs aRmoCenili aqvT preistoriuli
gaxvretili Tavis qalebi. es aRmoCenebi,
SesaZloa, miuTiTebdes Cvens winaprebSi arse-
bul rwmenaze, rom aseTi naxvretebi individSi
Casaxlebul demonebs gaqcevis saSualebas
aZlevda.
Semdgom, Sua saukuneebSi arsebuli Selocvebi
mowodebuli iyo isteriis Sesamsubuqeblad, rom-
lis simptomebi iyo paralizeba an tkivilebi,
Tavbrusxvevebi, koWloba da sibrmave. Tavdapir-
velad fiqrobdnen, rom isteriiT mxolod qalebi
avaddebodnen, daavadebis mizezs ki eSmakis kon-
trolis, zegavlenis qveS moqceuli moxetiale
saSvilosno warmoadgenda (Veith, 1965). miaqcieT
yuradReba, rogor Cans qvemoT warmodgenil Se-
T
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609
locvaSi rwmena fsiqologiur aSlilobebSi
demonuri Zalebis rolis Sesaxeb.
o, saSov, saSov, saSov, cilindrulo
saSov, wiTelo saSov, TeTro saSov, msuqano
saSov, sisxlmdeno saSov, farTo saSov,
gaberilo saSov, o, demonuro... mogiwodeb
Sen, o, saSov, wminda samebis saxeliT
dabrunde im adgilze, saidanac arc unda
daiZra da arc waxvide... da dabrunde
risxvis gareSe im adgilze, sadac Tavda-
pirvelad dagafuZna maRalma RmerTma
(Zilboorg and Henry, 1941, citirebulia Nietzel
et al.-Si, 1991, gv.19).
1692 wels salemis kolonia masaCusetSi mra-
val axalgazrda qals aReniSneboda konvulsiebi,
pirRebineba da sisuste. isini aRwerdnen Sebo-
Wilobis, Cxvletisa da dakbenilobis SegrZne-
bebs. mravali maTgani droebiT dabrmavda an
dayruvda; zogierTebi haerSi frenis xilvebsa
da SegrZnebebs aRwerdnen. aseTma ucnaurma
simptomebma axsnis farTomasStabian Ziebas STa-
beres suli. mravali adamiani Tvlida, rom
simptomebi eSmakis moqmedebis Sedegs warmoad-
genda, rasac is miwieri grZneulebis Zalisxme-
viT axalgazrda qalebis gonebasa da sxeulze
zemoqmedebiT aRwevda. am Teoriebs jadoqrobis
panika da grZneulebad wodebuli 20-ze meti
qalis egzekucia mohyva.
XVIII saukunemde dasavlur sazogadoebebSi
fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebs ugono qmnile-
bebad miiCnevdnen, romelTa gakontroleba mxo-
lod jaWvebiTa da fizikuri discipliniT iyo
SesaZlebeli. saavadmyofoebSi zrunvis nacvlad
maT damnaSaveebTan erTad amyofebdnen sapyrobi-
leebSi. axla vnaxoT, rogor daiwyo am mdgomare-
obis Secvla.
samedicino modelis warmoqmna
XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi paTologiuri
qcevis mimarT axali damokidebuleba gaCnda _
adamianebma fsiqologiuri problemebis mqone
individTa avadmyofebad, daavadebiT datanju-
lebad ufro daiwyes aRqma, vidre Sepyrobilebad
an uzneoebad. amis Sedegad TandaTanobiT
SeuracxadebisTvis keTilganwyobili pirobebis
Sesaqmnelad mTeli rigi reformebi ganxorci-
elda. filip pineli (Philippe Pinel, 1745-1826) erT-
erTi pirveli klinicisti iyo, romelmac am
ideebis gamoyenebiT fsiqologiuri sirTuleebis
klasifikaciis sistemis ganviTarebis mcdeloba
ganaxorciela da sayrdenad aiRo mosazreba imis
Sesaxeb, rom azrovnebis, guneba-ganwyobilebisa
da qcevis aSlilobebi bevrad hgavs fizikur,
organul daavadebebs. aseTi sistemis mixedviT,
TiToeul daavadebas gaaCnia damaxasiaTebel
simptomTa erToblioba, romelic ganasxvavebs
mas sxva aSlilobisgan da janmrTeli funqci-
onirebisgan. aSlilobebi klasificirebulia
dakvirvebadi simptomebis paternebis, darRvevis
dasawyisisTvis arsebuli pirobebis, aSlilobis
bunebrivi mimdinareobisa da mkurnalobisadmi
daqvemdebarebulobis mixedviT. aseTma saklasifi-
kacio sistemebma, bunebismetyvelTa mier gamoyene-
buli biologiuri saklasifikacio sistemebis
Seqmnis Semdeg, modelireba ganicada da mo-
wodebuli iyo klinicistebisTvis gavrcelebu-
li aSlilobebis gacilebiT iolad amocnobaSi
daxmarebis gasawevad.
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1896 wels germanelma fsiqiatrma emil kre-
pelinma (Emil Kraepelin, 1855-1926) Seqmna fsiqolo-
giuri aSlilobebis pirveli realurad amomwu-
ravi klasifikacia. vinaidan swamda, rom fsi-
qologiur problemebs fizikuri safuZveli
hqonda, man samedicino diagnozis suliskveTebiT
aRwera fsiqologiuri diagnostirebisa da
klasifikaciis procesi; im suliskveTebiT, rome-
lic dResdReobiTac arsebobs (Rosenhan &
Seligman, 1989). misi Sexedulebebi yvelaze iolad
da swrafad damkvidrda fsiqiatrebis terminolo-
giaSi _ saubaria fsiqikur daavadebaze da
fsiqikurad daavadebuli pacientebis mkurnalo-
baze maTi daavadebuli tvinebis gankurnebis
imediT.
fsiqologiuri modelebis warmoqmna
samedicino midgomis alternatiuli mimdina-
reoba paTologiuri qcevis fsiqologiur
mizezebsa da mkurnalobaze fokusirdeba. es
mosazreba kargad gamoikveTa XVIII saukunis
dasasrulisaTvis, rasac xeli Seuwyo franc
mesmeris (Franz Mesmer, 1734-1815) STambeWdavma
Sromebma. mesmers miaCnda, rom mraval aSlilo-
bas, maT Soris isteriasac, mis mier cxovelur
magnetizmad wodebuli idumalebiT moculi
Zalis nakadSi gaCenili darRvevebi iwvevda.
man aRmoaCina cxoveluri magnetizmis Seswavlis
ramdenime axali teqnika, maT Soris erT-erTi
TandaTanobiT cnobili gaxda, rogorc hipnotiz-
mi, rac, Tavdapirvelad, mesmerizmad moixsenie-
boda misi aRmomCenis sapativcemulod (Darnton,
1968; Pattie, 1994).
miuxedavad imisa, rom mesmeris zogadi Teoria
cxoveluri magnetizmis Sesaxeb diskrediti-
rebul iqna, hipnozis miseuli teqnika mravalma
mkvlevarma gadaiRo da aiTvisa. maT Soris iyo
cnobili frangi nevrologi Jan Sarko (Jean
Charcot, 1825-1893). Sarkom aRmoaCina, rom isteriis
zogierTi simptomis likvidireba, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, kidurebis paralizeba, SesaZlebelia,
rodesac pacienti hipnoturi zemoqmedebis qveS
imyofeba. hipnozs janmrTel individebSi
isteriis simptomebis gamowvevac ki SeuZlia,
riTac kargad aCvenebs fsiqologiuri faqtorebis
rols im problemebis warmoqmnaSi, romelTac
mxolod fizikuri safuZvlis mqoned miiCnevdnen.
Sarkos erT-erTma studentma, zigmund
froidma ganagrZo hipnoziT eqsperimentireba.
igi am eqsperimentebs pirovnebisa da paTologiis
Sesaxeb Tavisi fsiqodinamikuri Teoriis Semu-
SavebisTvis iyenebda, romelic, aseve, axdens
zegavlenas fsiqopaTologiis bunebisa da mize-
zebis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove Teoriebze (man Semdgom
Sewyvita praqtikaSi hipnoTerapiis gamoyeneba
da xeli mihyo fsiqoanalizs, rogorc fsiqo-
logiuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobis meTods).
paTologiuris Sesaxeb Tanamedrove mosazre-
bebi, umravles SemTxvevaSi, fsiqikuri daava-
debebis samedicino da fsiqologiuri mode-
lebis aspeqtTa kombinirebul variants warmoad-
gens. qvemoT swored paTologiuris mizezebis
axsnis am ZiriTad saxeebze visaubrebT.
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611
fsiqopaTologiis etiologia
etiologia exeba fsiqologiuri da samedici-
no problemebis ganviTarebis mizezebsa da
xelSemwyob faqtorebs. Tu viciT, ratom Cndeba
aSliloba, saidan momdinareobs is da ra zegav-
lenas axdens azrovnebaze, emociebsa da qceviT
procesebze, SesaZlebeli xdeba mkurnalobis
da, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, misi prevenciis axali
gzebis povna. TiToeuli aSlilobis ganxilvisas
mniSvnelovani sakiTxi iqneba mizezebis analizi.
qvemoT mizezobrivi faqtorebis or did
kategoriaze _ biologiursa da fsiqologiurze
_ visaubrebT.
biologiuri midgomebi
samedicino modelis tradiciebze Camoyali-
bebuli Tanamedrove biologiuri midgomis
daSvebis Tanaxmad, fsiqologiuri darRvevebi
gamowveulia bazisuri biologiuri faqtorebiT.
biologi mkvlevrebi da klinicistebi xSirad
ikvleven Tavis tvinis struqturul anomaliebs,
biologiur procesebsa da genetikur zegavle-
nebs.
Tavis tvini rTuli organoa, romlis ur-
TierTdakavSirebuli elementebi myife balansSi
imyofebian erTmaneTTan. mis qimiur gadamtanebSi
_ neirogadamtanebSi, an mis qsovilSi momxdar
mcireoden cvlilebasac ki SeiZleba mniSvne-
lovani Sedegi mohyves. am cvlilebebis mizezi
mravali ram SeiZleba iyos, maT Soris genetikuri
faqtorebi, Tavis tvinis dazianeba da infeqcia.
wina TavebSi vnaxeT, rom Tanamedrove teqno-
logia fsiqikuri janmrTelobis profesiona-
lebs, qirurgiuli Carevis gareSe, cocxali
individebis Tavis tvinis struqturisa da spe-
cifikuri bioqimiuri procesebis dakvirvebis
saSualebas aZlevs. am teqnikis gamoyenebiT
biologiurad orientirebuli mkvlevrebi axal
kavSirebs ikvleven fsiqologiur aSlilobebsa
da Tavis tvinis specifikur anomaliebs Soris.
amasTanave, qceviTi genetikis sferoSi mimdinare
miRwevebma gaaumjobesa specifikur genebsa da
fsiqologiur aSlilobebs Soris kavSirebis
dadgenis SesaZlebloba. SevecdebiT ra paTolo-
giuris sxvadasxva formebis bunebis Secnobas,
winamdebare TavSi biologiuri axsnis sxvadasxva
tips mimovixilavT.
fsiqologiuri midgomebi
fsiqologiuri midgomebi fsiqopaTologiis
ganviTarebaSi fsiqologiuri da socialuri
faqtorebis rolze fokusirdeba. am midgomebSi
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis safuZvlad pirov-
nul gamocdilebas, travmebs, konfliqtebsa da
garemos faqtorebs miiCneven. Cven ganvixilavT
paTologiis sam ZiriTad fsiqologiur mod-
els: fsiqodinamikurs, bihevioralursa da kog-
niturs.
fsiqodinamikuri modeli. biologiuri midgo-
mis msgavsad, fsiqodinamikuri modelis mixedviT,
fsiqopaTologiis mizezebi pirovnebis SigniTaa
lokalizebuli, Tumca, zigmund froidis (am
modelis avtoris) mixedviT, Sinagani faqtorebi
fsiqologiuri ufroa, vidre biologiuri.
rogorc wina TavebSi aRvniSneT, froids miaCnda,
rom mravali fsiqologiuri aSliloba yvela
adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli fsiqikuri kon-
fliqtebisa da egos dacviTi reaqciebis nor-
maluri~ procesebis gamZafrebis Sedegia. fsiqo-
dinamikuri modelis mixedviT, adreuli bavSvobis
gamocdileba orives ayalibebs _ normalur
da paTologiur qcevasac.
fsiqodinamikuri modelis Tanaxmad, qceva
xSir SemTxvevebSi gaucnobierebeli ltolvebiTa
da survilebiTaa motivirebuli. fsiqopaTo-
logiis simptomebi gaucnobierebeli konfliqte-
bidan da azrebidan iRebs saTaves. Tu aracnobieri
konfliqtur mdgomareobaSi imyofeba da savsea
daZabulobiT, pirovnebas SfoTva da sxva
aSlilobebi Seawuxebs. am fsiqikur konfliqtTa
umravlesoba idis araracionaluri, siamovnebis
maZiebeli impulsebisa da superegodan momdinare
internalizebuli socialuri iZulebebis ur-
TierTdapirispirebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba.
Cveulebisamebr, am dapirispirebaSi momrigeblis
rols ego asrulebs, Tumca, bavSvobaSi paTo-
logiis ganviTarebam SeiZleba Seasustos mis
mier am funqciis Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba.
erTmaneTTan konfliqtSi myofi motivebisTvis
da SfoTvisTvis Tavis aridebas individebi
dacvis iseTi meqanizmebis SemuSavebiT cdiloben,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, gandevna, an uaryofa.
dacvis meqanizmebis moWarbebulad gamoyenebas
Tan sdevs realobis damaxinjeba, an TviTdaman-
etiologia (Etiology) _ aSlilobis ganviTarebis
mizezebi, an masTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebi.
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612
greveli qcevebi. individma SeiZleba imdenad
didi raodenobis fsiqikuri energia daxarjos
SfoTvisa da konfliqtisgan Tavis dasacavad,
rom mcireodeni energiaRa darCes nayofieri da
komfortuli cxovrebisTvis.
bihevioraluri modeli. xazs usvamen ra
dakvirvebad reaqciebs, bihevioristebi naklebad
saubroben hipoTetur fsiqodinamikur proce-
sebze. maT miaCniaT, rom paTologiuri qcevis
SeZena janmrTeli qcevis msgavsad _ daswavlisa
da ganmtkicebis meSveobiT _ xdeba. isini
yuradRebis miRma toveben Sinagan fsiqologiur
fenomenebsa da adreuli bavSvobis gamocdilebas,
Tumca, xazs usvamen mimdinare qcevasa da mimdi-
nare mdgomareobebs da im ganmamtkiceblebs,
romlebic inarCuneben qcevas. fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis simptomebi individebis mier TviT-
damangreveli an araefeqturi qcevebis daswavlis
Sedegad warmoiqmneba. nebismieri arasasurveli,
paTologiuri qcevis garemoSi arsebuli Sem-
TxveviTi ganmamtkiceblebis moZiebiT mkvlev-
rebs, an klinicistebs SeuZliaT maT Secvlaze
mimarTuli mkurnalobis gzebis dasaxva da
arasasurveli qcevis Caqroba. araadapturi qceviT
gamowveuli procesebis kvlevisas bihevioristebi
klasikuri da operantuli ganpirobebis mode-
lebs eyrdnobian (ix. Tavi 7).
kognituri modeli. fsiqopaTologiisadmi kog-
nitur midgomas xSirad bihevioralur Tvalsaz-
risTan erTad iyeneben. kognituri midgomis mixed-
viT, fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis saTaveebs
yovelTvis ver aRmovaCenT obieqturad arsebuli
garemos stimulebSi, ganmamtkiceblebsa da
TvalsaCino reaqciebSi. mniSvneloba aqvs imas,
Tu rogor aRiqvamen adamianebi sakuTar Tavsa da
garemos da ras fiqroben maT Sesaxeb. kognitur
cvladebs Soris, romelTac SeiZleba sworad an
arasworad warmarTon adapturi qceva, aris
pirovnebis mier mniSvnelovani ganmamtkiceblebis
gakontrolebis xarisxis subieqturi aRqma, sa-
frTxis momtan movlenebTan gamklavebis SesaZ-
leblobis pirovnuli rwmena da movlenebis
interpretacia situaciuri Tu pirovnuli faqto-
rebis terminebiT. kognituri midgomis mixedviT,
fsiqologiuri problemebi realuri situaciis
aRqmis damaxinjebis, mcdari msjelobebis, an
problemis gadawyvetis uSedego mcdelobebis
Sedegia.
sociokulturuli midgoma. fsiqopaTologiis
Sesaxeb sociokulturuli mosazreba xazs usvams
kulturis rols paTologiuri qcevis gansazR-
vrasa da etiologiaSi. Cven ukve SevexeT diagnos-
tirebaze kulturis zegavlenas, rodesac obieq-
turobis problemaze vsaubrobdiT. Cven vTqviT,
rom sxvadasxva kulturaSi erTsa da imave qcevas
sxvadasxva interpretacia SeiZleba hqondes:
zRurbli, romelzec garkveuli qcevis tipi
individisTvis adaptaciaSi problemebis Semqmne-
li gaxdeba, nawilobriv, mis kulturul konteq-
stzea damokidebuli. rac Seexeba etiologias,
gansakuTrebuli kulturuli garemo pirobebi,
sadac cxovroben adamianebi, SeiZleba gansazR-
vravdes im pirobebs, romlebic xels uwyoben
fsiqopaTologiis calkeuli tipebis an qveti-
pebis gamoyofas. Cven mogvianebiT, klasifikaciis
Sesaxeb qveTavSi, visaubrebT aseT, kulturasTan
SeWidul sindromebze.
axla ukve SegiqmeniT zogadi warmodgena im
ZiriTad midgomebze, romlebsac mkvlevrebi
fsiqikuri daavadebis warmoqmnis Sesaxeb gvTava-
zoben. unda aRiniSnos, rom, miaCniaT ra fsiqopa-
Tologia mTeli rigi biologiuri da fsiqolo-
giuri faqtorebis rTuli urTierTqmedebis
Sedegad, Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi ufro da ufro
metad ikaveben interaqcionistul pozicias. ase
magaliTad, genetikurma predispoziciam neiro-
gadamtanebis, an hormonebis doneze zemoqmedebiT
SeiZleba mowyvladi gaxados pirovneba fsiqolo-
giuri aSlilobisadmi, magram aSlilobis sru-
lad ganviTarebisTvis fsiqologiuri an socia-
luri stresi, an daswavlili qceva iyos saWiro.
Semdeg nawilSi im mcdelobebze gveqneba
saubari, romelic ganxorcielda aSlilobebis
sxvadasxva kategoriebis klasificirebisa da
aRwerisaTvis.
Sejameba
paTologia ganisazRvreba mTeli rigi krite-
riumebis gaTvaliswinebiT: distresi, an uuna-
roba, araadapturoba, araracionaluroba, ara-
prognozirebadoba, araSablonuroba da statis-
tikuri iSviaToba, damkvirveblis doskomforti
da zneobrivi da idealuri standartebis rRveva.
arc erTi am kriteriumTagani ar aris aucile-
beli da sakmarisi piroba fsiqikuri daavadebis
gansazRvrisaTvis. mkvlevrebis upirvelesi
mizania fsiqologiuri aSlilobebisadmi
obieqturi mosazrebebis Camoyalibeba; es mizani
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613
rTulia, radganac paTologiuris Sesaxeb das-
kvnebi xSirad aris damokidebuli konteqstze.
kacobriobis TiTqmis mTeli istoriis manZilze
fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebs arasworad
epyrobodnen, anda sapyrobileebSi amwyvdevdnen.
mas Semdeg ganviTarda maTdami midgomis Seda-
rebiT adamianuri meTodebi, rac iseTma adamia-
nebma, rogorebic iyvnen pineli, mesmeri da
krepelini, am aSlilobebis daavadebebad gan-
xilva daiwyes. es daavadebebi kategorizaciasa
da mkurnalobas eqvemdebarebodnen. fsiqikuri
daavadebis etiologiis asaxsnelad Tanamedrove
mkvlevrebi, Cveulebisamebr, biologiuri da
fsiqologiuri faqtorebis interaqciul mod-
els mimarTaven xolme.
fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis klasifikacia
ratom aris sasargeblo fsiqologiuri aSli-
lobebis klasifikaciis sistemis arseboba? ra
upiratesobebs iZleva paTologiuris amomwuravi
Sefasebis gziT misi sxvadasxva tipebis erTmane-
Tisgan gamijvna? fsiqologiuri diagnozi aris
paTologiurisTvis dakvirvebadi qcevis paternis
klasificirebisa da kategorizaciis Sedegad
micemuli iarliyi garkveuli diagnostikuri
sistemis farglebSi. aseTi diagnozis miReba
gacilebiT ufro rTulia, vidre samedicino
diagnozis. samedicino konteqstSi diagnosti-
rebisas eqims iseT fizikur monacemebze SeuZlia
dayrdnoba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, rentgenis
suraTi, sisxlis analizi da biofsia. fsiqolo-
giuri aSlilobebis SemTxvevaSi diagnozisTvis
saWiro monacemebs individis moqmedebis inter-
pretaciidan viRebT. klinikosTa maqsimaluri
SeTanxmebulobisa (konsistenturobis) da maT
diagnostikur Sefasebebs Soris Tanmimdevru-
lobis misaRwevad, fsiqologebma diagnosti-
rebisa da klasifikaciis sistema ganaviTares,
romelic uzrunvelyofs simptomebis detalur,
zedmiwevniT aRweras imdenad, ramdenadac sxva
kriteriumebi exmareba praqtikosebs imis gada-
wyvetaSi, aris Tu ara pirovnebis qceva gar-
kveuli aSlilobis maniSnebeli.
klasifikaciis miznebi
imisaTvis, rom maqsimalurad sasargeblo
iyos, diagnostikuri sistema Semdeg sam sarge-
bels unda iZleodes:
saerTo stenografiuli ena. klinikosTa
da fsiqopaTologiis sferoSi momuSave mkvlevar-
Ta Soris swrafi da gasagebi urTierTobisTvis
praqtikosebi sayovelTaod SeTanxmebuli mniS-
vnelobebis mqone terminebs eZeben. diagnos-
tikuri kategoria, rogoricaa depresia, didi
raodenobis kompleqsur informacias aerTianebs,
romelSic Sedis damaxasiaTebeli simptomebi
da aSlilobis tipuri mimdinareoba. klinikur
garemoSi, rogoricaa, klinikebi da saavadmyo-
foebi, diagnostikuri sistema fsiqikuri jan-
mrTelobis profesionalebs ufro efeqturi ko-
munikaciis saSualebas aZlevs im adamianebis
Sesaxeb, visac exmarebian. fsiqopaTologiis
sxvadasxva aspeqtebis kvlevisas an mkurnalobis
programebis Sefasebisas mkvlevrebi unda SeTan-
xmdnen dasakvirvebeli aSlilobis Taobaze.
etiologiis gageba. idealur SemTxvevaSi,
konkretuli aSlilobis diagnozma naTeli unda
mohfinos simptomebis gamomwvev mizezebs.
samwuxarod, mravali fsiqologiuri aSlilobis
etiologiis Sesaxeb arsebiTi uTanxmoebis an
sakmarisi informaciis uqonlobis gamo Znelia
am miznis miRweva.
mkurnalobis dagegmva. diagnozma, aseve,
unda gvikarnaxos, Tu mkurnalobis ra tipebi
unda gamoviyenoT konkretuli aSlilobisaTvis.
mkvlevrebma da klinikosebma aRmoaCines, rom
garkveuli mkurnaloba an Terapia ufro efeqtu-
rad moqmedebs garkveuli tipis fsiqologiur
aSlilobebze. magaliTad, Sizofreniis dros
sakmaod efeqturi medikamentebi sruliad
usargebloa da zogjer ufro amZimebs kidec
mdgomareobas depresiis SemTxvevaSi. mkurnalo-
bebis efeqturobisa da specifikurobis Sesaxeb
codnis Semdgomi gaRrmaveba daaCqarebs da ufro
sandos gaxdis diagnostirebis process, rac
metad mniSvnelovania.
fsiqologiuri diagnozi (Psychological diagnosis)
_ fsiqologiuri paTologiisTvis dakvirvebuli
qcevis paternis klasificirebisa da katego-
rizaciis Sedegad micemuli iarliyi garkveuli
diagnostikuri sistemis farglebSi.
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614
DSM-IV-TR
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi yvelaze far-
Tod miRebuli saklasifikacio sqema amerikis
fsiqiatriul asociacias ekuTvnis. mas fsiqikuri
aSlilobebis diagnostikuri da statistikuri
saxelmZRvanelo ewodeba. meoTxe gamocemis (DSM-
IV, 1994) teqsturi gadasinjva~ 2000 wels gamoq-
veynda da mas klinikosebi da mkvlevrebi DSM-
IV-TR-is saxeliT icnoben. masSi klasifici-
rebulia, gansazRvrulia da aRwerilia 200-ze
meti fsiqikuri aSliloba.
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebisadmi midgomebis
mravalferovnebiT gamowveuli diagnostikuri
sirTuleebis Sesamcireblad DSM-IV-TR-Si yurad-
Reba simptomTa paternebis aRwerasa da aSli-
lobebis mimdinareobebze ufro metad aris
gamaxvilebuli, vidre etiologiur Teoriebsa
da mkurnalobis strategiebze. wmindad aRweriTi
xasiaTis terminebi klinikosebsa da mkvlevrebs
problemebis aRsawerad sayovelTao, saerTo enis
gamoyenebis saSualebas aZlevs nacvlad imisa,
rom SeTanxmebis miuRwevlad datovon Sexvedrebi
da ikvlion, Tu romeli Teoriuli modeli
ukeT xsnis arsebul problemebs.
DSM-is pirveli versia, romelic 1952 wels
gamoCnda (DSM-I), ramdenime aTeul fsiqikur daa-
vadebas moicavda. 1968 wels gamosuli, gada-
sinjuli DSM-II ufro metad Seesatyviseboda
meore popularul sistemas _ msoflio janmrTe-
lobis organizaciis daavadebaTa internaciona-
lur klasifikacias (ICD _ International Classifica-
tion of Diseases). DSM-is meoTxe gamocema (DSM-IV,
1994) komitetebisa da mecnierebis ramdenime-
wliani intensiuri muSaobis Semdeg gamovida.
cvlilebebis gansaxorcieleblad (1987 wels
gamosul DSM-III-R-Si) am komitetebma dawvrile-
biT ganixiles fsiqopaTologiaSi dagrovili
gamokvlevebis uzarmazari raodenoba da, aseve,
Seamowmes, Tu ramdenad muSaobda SemoTavazebuli
cvlilebebi realur klinikur pirobebSi. DSM-
IV, aseve, srulad Seesabameba ACD-is meaTe
gamocemas. DSM-IV-TR-Si (2000), DSM-IV-is teqstur
gadasinjvaSi, axali kvlevebis Sedegebic aris
mocemuli, Tumca, saerTod ar aris Secvlili
DSM-IV-is klasifikaciis struqtura.
fsiqologiur aSlilobasTan SesaZlo kavSir-
Si myofi fsiqologiuri, socialuri da fizikuri
faqtorebis ganxilvisas klinikosebis dasax-
mareblad DSM-IV-TR ganzomilebebs, anu RerZebs
iyenebs, romlebzec mocemulia informacia yvela
am faqtoris Sesaxeb (ix. cxrili 15.1).
ZiriTad klinikur aSlilobaTa umravlesoba
I RerZzea moTavsebuli. aq Sedis yvela aSli-
loba, gonebrivi CamorCenilobis garda, romelic
DSM-IV-TR _ amerikis fsiqiatriuli asociaciis
amJamad momqmedi diagnostikuri da statistikuri
saxelmZRvanelo, romelSic klasificirebulia,
ganmartebulia da aRwerilia fsiqikuri aSli-
lobebi.
DSM-IV-TR-is xuTi RerZi
cxrili
15.1
RerZebi informaciis klasi aRwera
RerZi I
RerZi II
RerZi III
RerZi IV
RerZi V
klinikuri aSlilobebi
(a) pirovnuli aSlilobebi
(b) gonebrivi CamorCeniloba
zogadi samedicino
mdgomareobebi
fsiqosocialuri da garemos
problemebi
funqcionirebis mTlianobiTi
Sefaseba
es fsiqikuri aSlilobebi warmoadgens qceviTi an
fsiqologiuri problemebis simptomebs, an paternebs, romelic,
rogorc wesi, mtkivneulia da auaresebs funqcionirebas
romelime sferoSi. aq Setanilia aSlilobebi, romlebic Tavs
iCens Cvilobis, bavSvobis an Wabukobis periodSi.
samyaros aRqmisa da masze reagirebis disfunqcionaluri
paternebi.
am RerZze warmodgenilia fizikuri problemebi, romelic
ukavSirdeba I da II RerZebze aRwerili fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis gagebas, an mkurnalobas.
am RerZze warmodgenilia is fsiqosocialuri da garemos
stresorebi, romelmac SeiZleba zegavlena moaxdinos
aSlilobis diagnostirebasa da mkurnalobaze da
gamojanmrTelebis albaTobaze.
am RerZze warmodgenilia fsiqologiur, socialur da
profesionalur sferoebSi individis mimdinare funqcionirebis
erTiani done.
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bavSvobaSi iCens Tavs. II RerZze mocemulia
rogorc gonebrivi CamorCeniloba, aseve, pirov-
nuli aSlilobebi. es problemebi SeiZleba Tan
sdevdes I RerZis aSlilobebs. III RerZi moicavs
informacias zogadi samedicino mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb, rogoricaa, magaliTad, diabeti, rac
SeiZleba relevanturi iyos I an II RerZze gan-
Tavsebuli aSlilobis gagebisas, an mkurna-
lobisas. IV da V RerZebi uzrunvelyofs dama-
tebiT informacias, romelic SeiZleba sasargeb-
lo iyos konkretuli individisTvis mkurnalo-
bis kursis dagegmvisas, an prognozis Sefasebisas
(momavali cvlilebebis winaswar ganWvretisas).
IV RerZi afasebs fsiqosocialur da garemodan
momdinare problemebs, romlebmac SeiZleba
axsnas pacientis stresuli reaqciebi, an stres-
Tan misi gamklavebis resursebi. V RerZze kli-
nikosebi afaseben individis funqcionirebis
saerTo, zogad dones. DSM-IV-TR-is sistemis
sruli diagnozi TiToeuli RerZis ganxilvas
unda moicavdes.
diagnostikuri kategoriebis
ganviTareba
diagnostikuri kategoriebi da maTi organize-
bisa da warmodgenisTvis gamoyenebuli meTodebi
DSM-is yovel gadanisjvaSi icvleboda. es
cvlilebebi fsiqikuri janmrTelobis eqsperte-
bis umravlesobis mosazrebaTa cvlilebebs
asaxavs imis Taobaze, Tu konkretulad risgan
Sedgeba fsiqologiuri aSliloba da sad unda
gaiaros zRvarma aSlilobaTa sxvadasxva tipebs
Soris. aseve, maTSi asaxulia sazogadoebaSi
paTologiuris Sesaxeb arsebuli mosazrebebis
cvlilebebi.
TiToeuli DSM-is gadasinjvis procesSi
gamoiricxa zogierTi diagnostikuri kategoria,
zogierTi ki, piriqiT, daemata kidec. magaliTad,
DSM-III-is (1980w.) SesavalSi amoRebulia nevro-
tul da fsiqotur aSlilobebs Soris gansxva-
vebis tradiciuli ganmarteba. nevrotuli aSli-
lobebi, anu nevrozebi Tavdapirvelad gaigeboda,
rogorc SedarebiT zogadi fsiqologiuri
problemebi, romlis drosac pirovnebas ar aRe-
niSneboda tvinis paTologiis niSnebi, Warbad
araracionaluri azrovneba da ar arRvevda
ZiriTad normebs, Tumca, ganicdida subieqtur
distress, an xasiaTdeboda TviTdamangreveli
an daZlevis araadekvaturi strategiebiT. fsi-
qoturi aSlilobebi, anu fsiqozebi nevrotuli
problemebisgan gansxvavebulad moiazreboda
rogorc xarisxis, ise _ simwvavis mixedviT.
miaCndaT, rom fsiqoturi qceva mniSvnelovan-
wilad gadis socialuri normebis farglebidan
da mas Tan axlavs racionaluri azrovnebisa
da zogadad emociur da azrovnebis procesebSi
arsebiTi, Rrma darRvevebi. DSM-III-is sakonsul-
tacio komitetebi xvdebodnen, rom terminebi
nevrotuli aSlilobebi da fsiqoturi aSlilo-
bebi Zalze ganzogadda Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT
da usargeblo gaxda, rogorc diagnostikuri
kategoria (Tumca, am terminebs mravali fsiqiat-
ri da fsiqologi isev iyenebs pirovnebis darRve-
vebis zogadi donis aRsawerad).
DSM-is gamocemebis manZilze calkeuli
diagnozebic erTveboda da akldeboda CamonaT-
vals. amis erT-erTi saukeTeso magaliTia homo-
seqsualoba. SegiZliaT gaixsenoT XII Tavidan,
rom 1973 wels amerikis fsiqiatriulma asociaciam
xma misca fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis nusxidan
homoseqsualurobis amoRebas. im dromde homo-
seqsualoba DSM-Si Setanili iyo, rogorc
fsiqikuri daavadeba.
fsiqiatri eqspertebis mosazrebebis Secvla
kvlevebis Sedegebma gamoiwvia, romelmac aCvena
homoseqsuali mamakacebisa da lesboseli
qalebis, zogadad, fsiqikuri janmrTeloba.
dResdReobiT homoseqsualobas ubralod
seqsualuri TviTgamoxatvis erT-erT variantad
miiCneven. is mxolod maSin Tanxvdeba DSM-IV-
TR-is diagnozs, rodesac individs aReniSneba
mdgradi da SesamCnevi distresi seqsualur
orientaciasTan dakavSirebiT~ (DSM-IV-TR, 2000,
nevrotuli aSliloba (Neurotic disorder) _ fsi-
qikuri aSliloba, romlis drosac pirovnebas
ar aReniSneba Tavis tvinis paTologiebi da ar
avlens moWarbebul, mkveTrad gamoxatul
iracionalur azrovnebas, an ar arRvevs qcevis
ZiriTad normebs, Tumca, ganicdis subieqtur
distress. es kategoria gadmotanilia DSM-III-
dan.
fsiqoturi aSliloba (Psychotic disorder) _ mwvave
fsiqikuri aSliloba, rodesac uaresdeba indi-
vidis mier realobis aRqma, rac vlindeba azrov-
nebis, emociebisa da aRqmis sferoSi warmoqmnil
sirTuleebSi; aRar gamoiyeneba, rogorc
diagnostikuri kategoria DSM-III-is Semdeg.
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gv.582). diagnostikuri kriteriumi, cxadia, gamo-
iyeneba im homoseqsualebis mimarT, visac awuxebs
es problema.
dabolos, DSM-is adreuli gamocemebis kri-
tikosebs afiqrebdaT is faqti, rom fsiqo-
logiuri aSlilobebis SemTxvevebSi yuradRebis
miRma rCeboda kulturuli variaciebi. DSM-IV-
TR-Si aSlilobaTa umravlesobis aRwera moicavs
informacias specifikuri kulturuli maxasia-
Teblebis~ Sesaxeb. metic, danarTSi aRwerilia
daaxloebiT 25-mde kulturasTan SeWiduli
sindromi: ganmeorebiTi, normidan gadaxrili
qcevis adgilobrivad specifikuri paternebi
da Semawuxebeli gamocdileba, romelic SeiZleba
ukavSirdebodes, an ar ukavSirdebodes DSM-IV-
is garkveul diagnostikur kategorias~ (DSM-
IV-TR, 2000, gv.898). qvemoT moyvanilia ramdenime
magaliTi:
Boufee delirante. aJitirebuli da agresi-
uli qcevis moulodneli amofrqveva, SesamCnevi
dabneuloba da fsiqologiuri agzneba~ (gv.899);
aRniSnulia dasavleT afrikaSi, taitze;
Koro. moulodneli da intensiuri SfoTva
imis Taobaze, rom penisi (an, qalebis SemTxvevaSi,
sasqeso bageebi da sarZeve jirkvlebi) mowydeba
sxeuls, ramac SesaZloa sikvdili gamoiwvios~
(gv. 900); aRniSnulia samxreT da aRmosavleT
aziaSi;
Taijin Kyofusho. individis intensiuri
SiSi imis Taobaze, rom individis sxeuli, sxeu-
lis nawilebi an funqciebi arasasiamovno, samar-
cxvino, an Seuracxmyofelia sxva adamianebi-
saTvis Tavisi garegnobiT, suniT, saxis gamo-
1981 wlis 30 marts msof-
lio SeZra aSS-is prezidentis
_ ronald reiganis mkvle-
lobis TiTqmis warmatebulma
mcdelobam, romelic jon
hiklim ganaxorciela. 1982
wlis ivnisSi, Sokma yvela
zRvars gadaaWarba, rodesac
naficma msajulebma hinkli
udanaSaulod cnes Seura-
cxadobis gamo~. ramdenad misa-
Rebi iyo es? ras niSnavs, rom
viRac Seuracxadia?
Seuracxadoba ar aris gan-
martebuli DSM-IV-TR-Si; ar
arsebobs misi sayovelTao
klinikuri gansazRvreba. me-
tic, Seuracxadoba popula-
ruli kulturisa da samar-
Tlebrivi sistemis cnebaa.
samarTalSi Seuracxadobis
gaTvaliswinebis praqtika 1843
wlidan iRebs saTaves, rode-
sac inglisSi deniel mak-
naTeni (Daniel M`Naghten) mkvle-
lobaSi udanaSaulod cnes
Seuracxadobis mizeziT. misi
savaraudo msxverpli brita-
neTis premier ministri iyo.
maknaTens swamda, rom mas Rmer-
Tma Caagona mkvleloba (man
SemTxveviT premier ministris
nacvlad misi mdivani mokla).
bodvebis gamo igi cixis nacv-
lad fsiqiatriul saavadmyo-
foSi moaTavses. am verdiqtis
Tanmdevma risxvam biZgi misca
lordTa palatas, rom gamoe-
kveTa mimarTuleba, e.w. makna-
Tenis wesi, romelic gansazR-
vravda Seuracxadobis far-
glebs. am wesis mixedviT, dam-
naSave ver unda xvdebodes mis
mier ganxorcielebuli qmede-
bebis xasiaTsa da kategorias;
anda Tu xvdeba, ar unda ico-
des, rom rasac akeTebs, ar aris
swori.~
marTla gvicavs Tu ara Seuracxadoba
aris ki maknaTenis wesi
damnaSaveobis an udanaSaulo-
bis samarTliani sazomi? fsi-
qikuri daavadebebis gagebaSi
winsvlasTan erTad, mkvlev-
rebma ufro meti ician im
garemoebebis Sesaxeb, romel-
Sic damnaSave SesaZloa ansxva-
vebdes swors mcdarisgan _
damnaSavem SesaZloa icodes,
rom mis mier ganxorciele-
buli qmedeba arasamarTleb-
rivi an arazneobrivi iyo,
magram mainc ver SeZlos moqme-
debis daTrgunva da misgan
Tavis Sekaveba (disociaciis am
tipis Sesaxeb SfoTviTi aSli-
lobebis ganxilvisas visaub-
rebT). xSirad, magaliTad,
fobiebis mqone adamianebma
ician, rom oboba maT arafers
dauSavebs, magram ar xelewi-
febaT misi danaxvisas panikuri
qcevisagan Tavis Sekaveba.
Seuracxadoba (Insanity) _ samarTlebrivi (ara
klinikuri) aRniSvna im mdgomareobisa, romlis
drosac individi ganixileba, rogorc iuri-
diulad Seuracxadi, an araqmediTi, arakom-
petenturi.
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metyvelebiT an moZraobiT~ (gv. 903); aRniSnulia
iaponiaSi.
aRvwerT ra fsiqologiuri aSlilobis Ti-
Toeul ZiriTad formas, mniSvnelovania gvax-
sovdes, rom erTsa da imave qcevas yvela kultura
ar miiCnevs erTnairad normalurad an paTo-
logiurad.
Sejameba
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis klasificirebis
mizania rogorc sxvadasxva aSlilobebis aRwe-
risa da ganxilvis sayovelTaod miRebuli ste-
nografiuli enis uzrunvelyofa, ise _ etio-
logiisa da mkurnalobis gegmis dadgena. DSM-
IV-TR warmoadgens yvelaze farTod gamoyenebad
saklasifikacio sistemas; mTeli informacia xuT
RerZzea mocemuli. diagnostikuri kategoriebi
droTa ganmavlobaSi ganviTarda, raTa sistema
ufro Tanmimdevruli da gamosadegi gamxdariyo.
fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis ZiriTadi
tipebi
mas Semdeg, rac aRvwereT paTologiuris
Sesaxeb msjelobis ZiriTadi farglebi, miva-
deqiT ZiriTad informacias _ iseTi ZiriTadi
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mizezebsa da
Sedegebs, rogoricaa SfoTva, depresia da Sizof-
renia. TiToeuli kategoriis SemTxvevaSi jer
aRvwerT, ras ganicdian Tavad daavadebuli
individebi da rogor aRiqvamen maT damkvir-
veblebi. Semdeg ganvixilavT, Tu rogor xsnian
etiologiisadmi biologiuri da fsiqologiuri
midgomebi am aSlilobebis ganviTarebas.
arsebobs fsiqopaTologiis mTeli rigi sxva
kategoriebi, romelTa ganxilvasac ver davuT-
mobT dros, Tumca, qvemoT mocemulia maT Soris
fsiqikuri daavadebis Se-
saxeb aseTi mosazreba samar-
Tlebriv standartebSic iqna
CarTuli, ramac imoqmeda
hinklis SemTxvevaSi. mis
nafic msajulebs miaCndaT,
rom hinkli ar akontrolebda
Tavis qcevas, romelic msaxiob
judi fosteris akviatebidan
momdinareobda.
gaanTavisufles Tu ara
hinkli? _ araviTar SemTxv-
evaSi. igi vaSingtonis olqis
wm. elizabetis fsiqiatriul
klinikaSi moaTavses da 2001
wlamde iq imyofeboda.
faqtobrivad, Seuracxadobis,
rogorc dacvis, sazoga-
doebaSi arsebuli erT-erTi
ZiriTadi araswori gageba
mkvlelebs Tavisuflad
darCenis saSualebas aZlevs
(Caplan, 1992; Silver et al., 1994).
Seuracxadobis sarCeliT
udanaSaulod miCneul in-
dividTa daaxloebiT 90%
fsiqiatriul klinikebSi
xvdeba. hinklis SemTxvevis
msgavs SemTxvevebSi indi-
videbs sazogadoebaSi mxo-
lod mas Semdeg uSveben, rac
eqspertebi daadgenen, rom
isini aRar arian saSiSni. dapa-
timrebisgan gansxvavebiT, xSi-
rad winaswar ar aris gansa-
zRvruli, Tu ra vadiT aTav-
seben individs fsiqiatriul
dawesebulebaSi. rogor fiq-
robT, hinklis SemTxvevaSi
ramdenad darwmunebulni unda
yofiliyvnen fsiqiatrebi da
fsiqologebi, rom hinklis
gamoSvebaze Tanxmoba gane-
cxadebinaT?
hinklis SemTxvevis Sede-
gad mravalma sasamarTlom
Secvala Seuracxadobis dac-
vis arsebuli standartebi:
ZiriTadi mimarTuleba Seura-
cxadobis gamo udanaSaulod
cnobis~ verdiqtis miRebis
garTuleba iyo (Appelbaum,
1994). iyo Tu ara es cvli-
lebebi aucilebeli? praqti-
kuli motivebidan gamomdinare,
pasuxi TiTqmis ueWvelad aris
ara~. miuxedavad im didi
yuradRebisa, romelsac sain-
formacio saSualebebSi uT-
moben Seuracxadobis mo-
Txovnebs da, Sesabamisad,
sazogadoebis kargad infor-
mirebulobisa mis Sesaxeb,
aseTi sarCelebi sakmaod
iSviaTia (Blau et al., 1993; Lym-
burner & Roesch, 1999). magaliTad,
erT-erTi kvlevis Sedegad
aRmoCnda, rom baltimorSi,
merilendSi 60 432 sabral-
debo aqtidan mxolod 190-ma
damcvelma (0.31%) Seitana Seu-
racxadobis sarCeli da mxo-
lod 8 maTgani (4.2%) iqna
dakmayofilebuli (Janofski et al.,
1996). amgvarad, mcirea alba-
Toba imisa, rom Tqven odesme
mogmarTaven TxovniT, rom
dajdeT nafic msajulTa
skamze da gansajoT, meore
adamiani Seuracxadia Tu ara,
magram warmoidgineT, rom es
moxda. vTqvaT, Tqven jefri
dameris saqmis ganxilvisas
iyaviT msajuli, romelic
kanibaluri ritualebiT iyo
dakavebuli da romelic
Seracxadad cnes (msajulebma
uaryves Seuracxadobis dacva).
rogor imoqmeda am TavSi mi-
Rebulma informaciam Tqvens
mosazrebebze?
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yvelaze mniSvnelovanTa Sesaxeb mokle, Semaja-
mebeli informacia.
nivTierebebis gamoyenebis aSlilobebi
moicavs alkoholsa da qimiur nivTierebebze
damokidebulebasa da maT borotad gamoyenebas.
nivTierebebis borotad gamoyenebis Sesaxeb
mravali sakiTxi cnobierebis mdgomareobebis
uaxloes konteqstSi ganvixileT (ix. Tavi 6).
somatoformul aSlilobebSi Sedis
fizikuri (somaturi) simptomebi, rogoricaa:
kidurebis paralizeba, an tkivilebi, fizikuri
mizezis gareSe. es kategoria moicavs isteriad
wodebul simptomebs.
seqsualuri aSlilobebi seqsualuri
Sekavebisa da disfunqciis problemebsa da
deviantur seqsualur praqtikas moiazrebs.
aSlilobebi, romlis diagnostireba,
Cveulebisamebr, CvilobaSi, bavSvobaSi, an
WabukobaSi xdeba, moicavs gonebriv Camor-
Cenilobas, komunikaciur aSlilobebs, rogori-
caa: enabluoba da autizmi.
kvebis aSlilobebi, rogoricaa: anoreqsia
da bulimia, me-12 TavSia ganxiluli.
winamdebare TavSi SevafasebT im sixSires,
ra sixSiriTac aReniSnebaT individebs calkeuli
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi. monacemebi miRebu-
lia kvlevebidan, romelSic 20 000-ze meti
adamiani monawileobda da, Sesabamisad, fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis Sesaxeb istoriebi populaciis
didi SerCevebidan aris miRebuli. diagramebSi
asaxulia sxvadasxva aSlilobebis gavrceleba
erTi Tvis, erTi wlis da mTeli cxovrebis
periodSi (Kessler et al., 1994; Regier et al., 1993a, 1993b).
citirebuli diagramebi da cxrilebi aRebulia
National Comorbidity Study-dan (NCS), romelSic 15-
dan 54 wlamde 8 098 amerikeli monawileobda
(Kessler et al., 1994). miuxedavad imisa, rom am SerCevas
mozrdilebad~ movixseniebT, unda aRvniSnoT,
rom masSi monawileobdnen mozardebi da ar
monawileobdnen ufrosi asakis mozrdilebi.
aseve, aRsaniSnavia, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi erTsa
da imave individebs cxovrebis garkveul etapze
erTdroulad erTze meti aSliloba aReniS-
nebodaT. es fenomeni komorbidulobis saxeliT
aris cnobili (morbidulobas daavadebis arse-
bobas uwodeben, komorbidulobas ki _ daavade-
baTa Tanaarsebobas). NCS-Si dadginda, rom
individTa 56%-s, romelic Tvlida, rom aqvT
erTi aSliloba, realurad erTdroeulad ori
an meti aSliloba aReniSneboda. mkvlevrebma
sxvadasxva fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis komorbi-
dulobis paternebis intensiuri Seswavla dai-
wyes.
gaecnobiT ra sxvadasxva fsiqologiuri
darRvevebisaTvis tipur simptomebsa da gamocdi-
lebebs, gagiCndebaT grZnoba, rom zogierTi
maxasiaTebeli Tqvenc, yovel SemTxvevaSi
xandaxan mainc, an Tqvens irgvliv arsebul
romelime Tqvens nacnobsac axasiaTebs. Cven mier
aRwerili zogierTi aSliloba arc ise iSviaTad
gvxvdeba, amitom gasakviri iqneba, Tu isini
sruliad ucxod mogeCvenebaT. bevrs axasiaTebs
adamianuri sisusteebi, romelTac konkretuli
fsiqologiuri aSlilobis kriteriumTa nusxaSi
SexvdebiT. am msgavsebebis gacnobiereba xels
Seuwyobs paTofsiqologiis gagebas, magram unda
gaxsovdeT, nebismieri aSlilobis diagnozi
mTel rig kriteriumebzea damokidebuli da
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis gamocdil profesi-
onalebs saWiroebs. gTxovT, winaaRmdegoba
gauwioT cdunebas da ar gamoiyenoT axlad
SeZenili codna megobrebisTvis da ojaxis wevre-
bisTvis paTologiuris diagnozis dasasmelad.
Cven dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT SfoTvasa da
depresias da SedarebiT mokled visaubrebT
pirovnul aSlilobebsa da disociaciur aSli-
lobebze.
SfoTviTi aSlilobebi
garkveul cxovrebiseul situaciebSi TiTo-
eul Cvengans ganucdia SfoTva an SiSi. Tumca,
zogierTi adamianisTvis SfoTva imdenad prob-
lemuri xdeba, rom efeqturad funqcionirebasa
da yoveldRiuri cxovrebiT tkbobaSi uSlis
xels. dadgenilia, rom mozrdili mosaxleobis
TiTqmis 25%-s drodadro aReniSneba sxvadasxva
SfoTviTi aSlilobebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
simptomebi (Kessler et al., 1994). TiToeul am
aSlilobaSi SfoTva gadamwyvet rols asrulebs,
Tumca, isini erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian
SfoTvis gancdis xarisxiT, SfoTvis simwvaviT/
komorbidi (Comorbidity) _ erTdroulad erTze
meti aSliloba.
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siRrmiTa da misi gamomwvevi situaciebiT. Cven
mimovixilavT ZiriTad kategoriebs, esenia: gene-
ralizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba, panikuri aS-
liloba, fobiuri aSliloba, obsesiur-kompul-
suri aSliloba da posttravmatuli stresis
aSliloba.
generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba
rodesac pirovneba drois umetes nawils,
sul mcire, eqvsi Tvis manZilze, SfoTvaSi, an
nerviulobaSi atarebs, klinikosebi mas genera-
lizebuli SfoTviTi aSlilobis diagnozs
usvamen. xSirad SfoTva specifikur cxovrebi-
seul situaciazea fokusirebuli, rogoricaa:
ararealuri SfoTva finansebis, an sayvareli
adamianis kargad yofnis Taobaze. SfoTvis
gamoxatvis gzebi _ specifikuri simptomebi _
varirebs pirovnebidan pirovnebamde, magram
generalizebuli SfoTvis diagnozis dasmisaTvis
pacients, sul mcire, sami sxva simptomic unda
aReniSnebodes, rogoricaa: kunTebis daZabuloba,
gadaRliloba, mousvenroba, susti koncentracia,
gaRizianebadoba, an Zilis problemebi.
generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba fun-
qcionirebis gauaresebas iwvevs, radganac SeuZ-
lebelia pirovnebis nerviulobis gakontro-
leba, an gverdze gadadeba. SfoTvis wyaroebze
koncentrirebis gamo individi veRar uTmobs
sakmaris yuradRebas socialur Tu samsaxu-
reobriv valdebulebebs. am sirTuleebs aSli-
lobasTan dakavSirebuli fizikuri simptomebic
erTvis Tan.
panikuri aSliloba
generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSlilobisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli SfoTvis qronikulad arsebobi-
sgan gansxvavebiT, panikuri aSlilobis mqone
adamianebi ganicdian moulodneli, mwvave panikis
Setevebs, romelic mxolod ramdenime wuTi
SeiZleba grZeldebodes. es Setevebi intensiuri
daZabulobis, SiSis, an saSinelebis grZnobebiT
iwyeba. am grZnobebs Tan axlavs SfoTvis
fizikuri simptomebi, maT Soris TviTregu-
lirebadi hiperaqtiuroba (rogoricaa aCqarebuli
guliscema), Tavbrusxveva, gonebis dakargva da
xuTvis, an daxrCobis SegrZnebebi. Setevebi mou-
lodnelia im TvalsazrisiT, rom maT ar iwvevs
raime konkretuli situacia.
qvemoT mocemuli panikis Setevis dros gake-
Tebuli komentari dagexmarebaT imis SefasebaSi,
Tu ra sixSiriT ganicdis am aSlilobis mqone
es pirovneba panikis Setevebs:
o, me ver gavakeTeb amas. veravin da-
mexmareba, veravin SeZlebs am grZnobis
gagebas. es hgavs grZnobas, romelic Txe-
midan fexis TiTebamde gagirbens sxeulSi
da me mZuls es grZnoba. Zalze SeSinebuli
var... TiTqos vkvdebi, an raRac msgavsi
(Muskin & Fyer, 1981, gv.81).
panikuri aSlilobis diagnostireba maSin
xdeba, rodesac individs aReniSneba panikis
ganmeorebiTi moulodneli Setevebi da, amas-
Tanave, intensiurad nerviulobs Semdgomi
Setevebis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobaze.
SfoTviTi aSlilobebi (Anxiety disorder) _ fsiqi-
kuri aSlilobebi, romelic xasiaTdeba fsiqo-
logiuri agznebiT, daZabulobis grZnobiT da
TvalsaCino mizezis gareSe warmoqmnili inten-
siuri daZabulobiT.
generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba (Gener-
alized anxiety disorder) _ SfoTviTi aSliloba,
rodesac individi ganicdis SfoTvas an ner-
viulobs specifikuri safrTxis an safrTxis
momatni obieqtis ararsebobis pirobebSi, sul
mcire, eqvsi Tvis manZilze.
panikuri aSliloba (Panic disorder) _ SfoTviTi
aSliloba, rodesac individi ganicdis mou-
lodnel mwvave panikur Setevebs, rac inten-
siuri daZabulobis, SiSisa, an saSinelebis
grZnobiT iwyeba.
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DSM-IV-TR-is mixedviT, panikuri aSlilobis
diagnostireba unda moxdes agorafobiis Tan-
mxlebi arsebobis, an ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi.
agorafobia iseT xalxmraval adgilebSi, an
Ria sivrceSi yofnis ukiduresi SiSia, saidanac
gaqceva rTuli, an samarcxvino SeiZleba iyos.
agorafobiis mqone individebs, rogorc wesi,
aSinebT iseTi adgilebi, rogoricaa: _ xalx-
mravali oTaxebi, saseirno adgilebi, avtobusebi
da avtomagistralebi. maT xSirad eSiniaT, rom,
Tu saxlis gareT SeeqmnebaT garkveuli
sirTuleebi, rogoricaa Sardis Seukavebloba
Sardis buStze kontrolis dakargvis gamo, an
panikis Setevis simptomebi, SeuZlebeli iqneba
daxmarebis miReba samarcxvino situaciaSi
aRmoCndebian. es SiSebi zRudavs maT Tavisuf-
lebas, ukidures SemTxvevebSi ki sakuTari
saxlebis patimrebad gadaiqcevian xolme.
SeniSneT, Tu ratom aris dakavSirebuli
agorafobia panikur aSlilobasTan? panikis
Setevebis mqone zogierTi (magram ara yvela)
adamianisTvis momavali Setevis saSiSroeba _
umweobis grZnoba misi dawyebisas _ SeiZleba
sakmarisi gaxdes CaketilobisTvis. agorafobiis
mqone pirovnebam SeiZleba datovos saxlis
usafrTxo garemo, magram TiTqmis yovelTvis
ukiduresi SfoTvis TanxlebiT.
fobiebi
SiSi aris racionaluri reaqcia obieqturad
identificirebul garegan safrTxeze (rogoricaa
xanZari, an yaCaRoba quCaSi), ramac SeiZleba
aiZulos adamiani, rom gaiqces, an gadavides
Setevaze Tavdacvis mizniT. amis sapirispirod,
fobiis mqone adamians aReniSneba specifikuri
obieqtis, moqmedebis, an situaciis mdgradi da
araracionaluri SiSi, romelic moWarbebulo-
biTa da umizezobiT xasiaTdeba da realobas
safrTxis momtanad aRaqmevinebs adamians.
mraval adamians aSfoTebs obobebi, an gvelebi
(an mravalarCevniani testebic ki). es msubuqi
SiSebi ar aferxebs individTa yoveldRiur
saqmianobas. Tumca, fobiebi zegavlenas axdens
adaptaciaze, mniSvnelovan distress iwvevs da
miznebis miRwevisaTvis aucilebel moqmedebebs
aferxebs. Zalze speficikurma, aSkarad SezRu-
dulma fobiamac ki SeiZleba udidesi gavlena
moaxdinos konkretuli individis cxovrebaze.
DSM-IV-TR-Si fobiebis ori kategoriaa aRwerili:
socialuri fobiebi da specifikuri fobiebi
(ix. cxrili 15.2).
socialuri fobia aris mdgradi da iraciona-
luri SiSi, romelic warmoiqmneba iseTi
sazogadoebrivi situaciis winaswar warmodge-
nisas, romelSic individi SeiZleba sxvaTa
dakvirvebis obieqti gaxdes. socialuri fobiis
mqone adamians samarcxvino qcevis ganxorcie-
lebis eSinia. pirovneba acnobierebs, rom SiSi
moWarbebuli da safuZvels moklebulia, magram
SiSi mainc aiZulebs mas, rom Tavi aaridos
iseT situaciebs, sadac arsebobs sxvaTa dakvir-
vebis obieqtad gaxdomis SesaZlebloba.
socialuri fobia xSirad TviT-damakmayo-
filebel winaswar ganWvretas gulisxmobs. in-
agorafobia (Agoraphobia) _ iseT xalxmraval
adgilebSi, an Ria sivrceSi yofnis ukiduresi
SiSi, saidanac gaqceva SeiZleba rTuli, an
samarcxvino iyos.
SiSi (Fear) _ racionaluri reaqcia obieqturad
identificirebul garegan safrTxeze, ramac
SeiZleba aiZulos adamiani, rom gaiqces, an
gadavides Setevaze Tavdacvis mizniT.
fobia (Phobia) _ specifikuri obieqtis, aqtivobis,
an situaciis mdgradi da iracionaluri SiSi,
romelic moWarbebulobiTa da umizezobiT
xasiaTdeba; romelic realobas safrTxis
momtanad aRaqmevinebs adamians.
socialuri fobia (Social phobia) _ mdgradi da
iracionaluri SiSi, romelic warmoiqmneba
iseTi sazogadoebrivi situaciis winaswar
warmodgenisas, romelSic individi sxvaTa dak-
virvebis obieqti SeiZleba gaxdes.
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divids SeiZleba imdenad eSinodes sxvaTa
dakvirvebis obieqtad yofnisa da uaryofis, rom
warmoqmnili SfoTva sakmarisi iyos aqtivobis
realurad gasauareseblad. maSinac ki, rodesac
socialuri fobiis mqone adamianebi warmate-
bulni arian socialur garemoSi, isini ar uSveben,
rom warmateba dadebiTad aisaxos maTze (Wallace &
Alden, 1997). amerikel mozrdilTa 13.3%-s aReniSneba
socialuri fobia (Magee et al., 1996).
specifikuri fobiebi Tavs iCenen zogierT
sxvadasxva tipis obieqtebze, an situaciebze
reaqciis saxiT. rogorc naCvenebia 15.2 cxrilSi,
specifikuri fobiebi dayofilia ramdenime
qvetipad. magaliTad, cxoveluri tipis specifi-
kuri fobiis mqone individs SeiZleba obobebze
hqondes fobiuri reaqciebi. TiToeul SemTxve-
vaSi fobiuri reaqcia SemaSinebeli obieqtis
realurad arsebobisas, an warmodgenisas war-
moiqmneba. kvlevis mixedviT, amerikel mozrdil-
Ta 11.3%-s aReniSneba specifikuri fobia (Magee
et al., 1996).
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobebi
SfoTviTi aSlilobebis mqone zogierTi
adamiani iketeba azrebisa da qcevebis specifikur
paternebSi.
mxolod raRac erTi wlis win 17 wlis
jimi mravalmxrivi niWiT dajildoebuli
da farTo interesebis mqone normaluri
Wabuki iyo. Semdeg, TiTqmis erTbaSad,
fsiqologiuri uunarobis gamo, martosul
gariyulad, socialuri cxovrebidan ga-
moTiSulad iqca. kerZod, mas banaobis
akviateba (obsesia) ganuviTarda. aikviata
ra azri, rom WuWyiani iyo, ganurCevlad
imisa, Tu ras SeigrZnobda, man drois udi-
desi nawilis gatareba warmosaxviTi WuW-
yis CamobanaSi daiwyo. Tavdapirvelad da-
banvis rituali mxolod dasvenebis dReeb-
sa da saRamoebs ikavebda, magram male am
gavrcelebuli fobiebi
cxrili
15.2
ZiriTadi tipebi
sqesobrivi gansxvaveba gamovlenis tipuri asaki
socialuri fobiebi (raime damamcireblis
keTebis dros dakvirvebis obieqtad yofnis
SiSi)
specifikuri fobiebi
cxovelebis tipi
katebi (ailurofobia)
ZaRlebi (kinofobia)
mwerebi (inseqtofobia)
obobebi (araknofobia)
gvelebi (ofidiofobia)
mRrRnelebi (rodentofobia)
bunebrivi garemos tipi
Stormebi (brontofobia)
simaRleebi (akrofobia)
sisxlis-infeqciis-dazianebis tipi
sisxli (hematofobia)
nemsebi (belonofobia)
situaciuri tipidaxuruli
sivrceebi (klaustrofobia)
rkinigza (saidrodromofobia)
umravlesoba qalia
TiTqmis yvela qalia
umravlesoba an TiTqmis
yvela qalia
umravlesoba qalia
TiTqmis yvela qalia
mozardobis periodi
bavSvoba
bavSvoba
nebismieri asaki
bavSvoba an 20-iani wlebis
Sua periodi
specifikuri fobiebi (Specific phobias) _ fobiebi,
romlebic Tavs iCenen specifikuri tipis obi-
eqtebze, an situaciebze reaqciis saxiT.
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qcevam imdenad daikava mTeli misi dro,
rom skolis mitovebasac ki aiZulebda.
jimi itanjeboda mdgomareobisgan, romelic
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobis saxeliT aris
cnobili (obsessive-compulsive disorder _ OCD), ro-
melic, monacemebis mixedviT, amerikel
mozrdilTa 2.5%-s aReniSneba cxovrebis rome-
lime etapze (DSM-IV-TR). obsesiebi (akviatebebi)
aris azrebi, xatebi an impulsebi (rogoric
iyo jimis rwmena imis Sesaxeb, rom WuWyiani
iyo), romelic maTi gandevnis mcdelobisda
miuxedavad, mainc meordeba an narCundeba. ob-
sesiebi ganicdeba, rogorc arasasurveli SeWra
cnobierebaSi; isini suleluri, an autanelia
da miuRebelia im pirovnebisTvis, vinc ganicdis
maT. Tqven SeiZleba gqondeT garkveuli tipis
msubuqi obsesiebis gamocdileba, rogoricaa
wvrilmani safiqralebis akviatebebi, vTqvaT,
namdvilad Cavkete kari?~ an gamovrTe Tu ara
gazqura?~ obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobis mqo-
ne adamianTa obsesiuri azrebi gacilebiT metad
iZulebiTia, met distress iwvevs da SeiZleba
imoqmedos socialur da profesiul saqmiano-
baze.
kompulsiebi (iZulebebi) ganmeorebiTi, mizan-
mimarTuli moqmedebebia (rogoric iyo jimis
banaoba), romelic obsesiebze sapasuxod xor-
cieldeba garkveuli wesebis mixedviT, an ri-
tualebis saxiT. kompulsuri qceva SiSis
momgvrel raime situaciasTan dakavSirebuli
diskomfortis Sesamcireblad, an aRsakveTad
xorcieldeba, magram is an mizanSeuwonelia, an
_ aSkarad moWarbebuli. tipuri kompulsiebi
moicavs dabanvis dauZlevel swrafvas, sinaTlis,
an sxva xelsawyoebis gamorTulobis gadamowmebas
da sagnebisa da sakuTrebis gadaTvlas.
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobis mqone in-
dividebi, sawyis periodSi mainc, ewinaaRmde-
gebian kompulsiebs. simSvidis mdgomareobaSi
ar vlindeba kompulsiebis arseboba, Tumca,
SfoTvis gaCenisTanave, dauZleveli xdeba
daZabulobis Semcirebaze mimarTuli ritualuri
kompulsuri qcevis Zala. tkivilis nawili, ro-
melsac am fsiqikuri problemis mqone adamia-
nebi ganicdian, obsesiebis iracionalurobis,
an moWarbebulobis da maTi Semcirebis unaris
arqonis gacnobierebiT gamowveuli frustra-
ciidan momdinareobs.
posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba
XIII TavSi warmogidgineT diskusia or qal-
batons Soris, romlebic jer kidev ebrZodnen
gaupatiurebis Sedegebs. saubari asaxavda ori
qalbatonis mimdinare SfoTvas. erTi ambobda,
rom SiSisa da risxvis xangrZlivi periodi~
gaiara da esizmreboda, Tu rogor esxmodnen
Tavs saerTo saZineblis win, megobrebi ki idgnen,
uyurebdnen da ar fiqrobdnen dasaxmareblad
misvlas. meores, romelic sirbilis (varjiSis)
dros gaaupatiures, isev eSinoda sirbilis
ganaxlebis: yovelTvis, roca sarbenad mivdivar,
mudmivad meSinia. majiscema miormagdeba. cxadia,
marto aRar davdivar sarbenad, magram SiSi jer
isev rCeba~. am qalbatonebs posttravmatuli
stresis aSliloba (posttraumatic stress disorder _
PTSD) aqvT. es aris SfoTviTi aSliloba, ro-
melic xasiaTdeba travmatuli movlenis ganmeo-
rebadi mdgradi gancdebiT, Tanmxlebi distresis
gamomwvevi mogonebebiT, sizmrebiT, halucinaci-
ebiTa da disociaciuri xatebiT, anu e.w. fleS-
beqebiT (flashbacks). individebs PTSD SeiZleba
ganuviTardeT gaupatiurebaze, sicocxlisaTvis
safrTxis momtan cxovrebiseul movlenebze, an
Zlier dazianebaze, travmaze, anda stiqiur
ubedurebaze reaqciis saxiT (Davidson et al., 1991;
Kairbank et al., 1993; Foa & Riggs, 1995; Green, 1994).
adamianebs PTSD SeiZleba ganuviTardeT, rodesac
Tavad arian travmis msxverplni, an rodesac
xdebian msxverplis mowmeni. arsebobs albaToba
imisa, rom PTSD-is mqone adamianebs amavdroulad
sxva fsiqopaTologiebic aReniSnebodeT, rogo-
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSliloba (Obsessive-com-
pulsive disorder OCD) _ fsiqikuri aSliloba,
romelic xasiaTdeba obsesiebiT, anu akviate-
buli, ganmeorebadi azrebiT, warmodgenebiT
an impulsebiT, romelic meordeba da ewinaaR-
mdegeba gandevnis mcdelobebs da kompulsiebiT,
anu ganmeorebadi, mizanmimarTuli moqmedebebiT,
romelic garkveuli wesebis mixedviT, an ri-
tualebis saxiT xorcieldeba.
posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba (Posttrau-
matic stress disorder PTSD) SfoTviTi aSliloba,
romelic xasiaTdeba travmatuli movlenis gan-
meorebadi mdgradi gancdebiT, Tanmxlebi di-
stresis gamomwvevi mogonebebiT, sizmrebiT, ha-
lucinaciebiTa da disociaciuri xatebiT/
fleSbeqebiT (flashbacks).
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ricaa klinikuri depresia, nivTierebebis boro-
tad gamoyenebis problemebi da seqsualuri dis-
funqciebi.
kvleva aCvenebs, rom amerikel mozrdilTa
daaxloebiT 8% cxovrebis manZilze erTxel
mainc avaddeba PTSD-iT (DSM-IV-TR, 2000). mTlia-
nobaSi mTeli mosaxleobis daaxloebiT sami
meoTxedi ganicdis movlenas, romelic SeiZleba
travmatulad miviCnioT, rogoricaa: seriozuli
ubeduri SemTxveva, stiqiuri ubedureba an
fizikuri Zaladoba (Green, 1994). kolejis studen-
tTa SerCevis 84%-ma aRniSna, rom gamocdilebaSi
hqondaT, sul mcire, erTi travmatuli movlena;
daaxloebiT erTma mesamedma ki _ oTxi da meti
aseTi calkeuli movlena daasaxela (Vrana &
Lauterbach, 1994). miuxedavad imisa, rom mamakacebi
da qalebi Tanabari sixSiriT ganicdian travma-
tul movlenebs, qalebSi orjer metia PTSD-is
ganviTarebis albaToba, vidre mamakacebSi (Breslau
et al., 1997). mamakacebisgan gansxvavebiT, qalebTan
gansakuTrebiT didia albaToba imisa, rom
bavSvobaSi miRebuli travmis Sedegad ganvi-
Tardes PTSD. mkvlevrebi jer kidev cdiloben
am sqesobrivi gansxvavebis gagebas.
posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba Zalian
arRvevs individis cxovrebas. rogor umklavde-
bian mkvlevrebi PTSD-isa da sxva SfoTviTi
aSlilobebis wyaroebis aRmoCenis rTul amoca-
nas? wyaroebis, mizezebis gagena fsiqologiuri
distresis Semsubuqebis imeds iZleva.
SfoTviTi aSlilobebi:
mizezebi
rogor xsnian fsiqologebi SfoTviTi aSli-
lobebis ganviTarebas? qvemoT ganxilul TiTo-
eul etiologiur midgomaSi (biologiuri, fsi-
qodinamikuri, bihevioraluri da kognituri)
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul faqtorebze keTdeba
aqcenti. vnaxoT, Tu rogor Seaqvs TiToeul
maTgans Tavisi ganumeorebeli wvlili SfoT-
viTi aSlilobebis bunebis garkvevaSi.
biologiuri
sxvadasxva mkvlevrebs miaCniaT, rom SfoTvas
biologiuri safuZvlebi aqvs. erT-erTi Teoria
cdilobs axsnas, Tu ratom aris garkveuli
fobiebi, vTqvaT, obobebis an simaRleebis SiSi,
ufro metad gavrcelebuli, vidre sxva safrTxe-
ebis, magaliTad, eleqtroobis, SiSebi. vinaidan
mravali SiSi saerToa sxvadasxva kulturisTvis,
SemoTavazebul iqna mosazreba, rom evoluciuri
warsulis garkveul etapze garkveuli SiSebi
zrdida Cveni winaprebis gadarCenis Sansebs.
SesaZloa, evoluciur warsulSi adamianebs Tan-
dayolili hqondaT seriozuli safrTxis ga-
momwvevi nebismieri ramis SiSi. am mzaobis hipo-
Tezis Tanaxmad, CvenSi mocemulia erTxel Sema-
Sineblad aRqmul stimulze swrafad da daufiq-
reblad~ reagirebis evoluciuri tendencia
(Ohman, 1986; Seligman, 1971); Tumca, es hipoTeza ar
xsnis im obieqtebze, an situaciebze reaqciis
saxiT ganviTarebul fobiebs, romelTac evolu-
ciuri istoriis manZilze ar hqoniaT gadarCe-
nisTvis mniSvneloba, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
nemsebis, manqanis tarebis an liftebis SiSi.
SfoTvis simptomebis garkveuli medikamen-
tebiT aRkveTis an, piriqiT, gamowvevis SesaZ-
lebloba SfoTviT aSlilobebSi biologiuri
faqtoris rolis damadasturebel monacemebs
iZleva (Holland et al., 1999; Klerman et al., 1994). maga-
liTad, gavixsenoT me-3 Tavidan, rom Tavis tvinSi
GABA neirogadamtanis Semcvelobis Semcirebisas
adamianebi xSirad ganicdian SfoTvas. rogorc
me-16 TavSi vnaxavT, GABA-is Semcvelobaze moqmedi
nivTierebebi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba SfoTviTi
aSlilobebis mkurnalobisas. mkvlevrebi isev
agrZeleben am aSlilobebis Tavis tvinSi ar-
sebuli safuZvlebis sakvlevi teqnikebis Seqmnas
(Malizia, 1999). magaliTad, PET- skanirebam gamoavlina
gansxvaveba panikuri aSlilobis mqone da sa-
kontrolo jgufis individTa GABA receptorebis
funqcionirebas Soris (Malizia et al., 1998). es
gansxvavebebi SeiZleba panikuri aSlilobis
warmoqmnis axsnaSi dagvexmaros. MRI teqnikis
saSualebiT OCD-s mqone pacientTa Tavis tvinSi
gamovlenil iqna Zalze farTod gavrcelebuli
paTologiebi, kerZod, mielinizirebuli nervuli
boWkoebis gacilebiT naklebi raodenoba, vidre
normalur Tavis tvinSi (Jenike et al., 1996). mkvlev-
rebi dResdReobiTac cdiloben OCD-s simpto-
mebsa da Tavis tvinis paTologiebs Soris damo-
kidebulebis gagebas.
dabolos, identuri da araidenturi tyupebis
Seswavla SfoTviTi aSlilobis xuTi katego-
riidan oTxisadmi midrekilebis genetikur safuZ-
vels iZleva (Skre et al., 1993). magaliTad, identuri
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tyupebis wyvilSi panikuri aSlilobis ganviTa-
rebis albaToba orjer metia, igive aSlilobis
araidentur tyupebTan ganviTarebis albaTo-
basTan SedarebiT. SfoTviTi aSlilobebis
erTaderT tips, romelsac ar gaaCnia genetikuri
faqtoris wvlilis damadasturebeli monacemebi,
fobiebi warmoadgens, sadac garemos faqtorebi
ufro metad aris CarTuli.
fsiqodinamikuri
fsiqodinamikuri modeli amodis daSvebidan,
rom SfoTviTi aSlilobebis simptomebi war-
sulis fsiqikuri konfliqtebidan, an SiSebidan
momdinareobs. simptomebi fsiqologiuri tki-
vilisgan individis dacvis mcdelobebs warmoad-
gens. amgvarad, panikuri Setevebi aracnobieri
konfliqtebis cnobierSi SeWris Sedegia. maga-
liTad, davuSvaT, bavSvi cnobieridan gandevnis
saxlis rTuli garemodan gaqcevis survils.
Semdgom cxovrebaSi obieqtma, an situaciam,
romelic simbolizebuli saxiT gamoxatavs
konfliqts, SeiZleba fobiis gaaqtiureba moax-
dinos. xidi, magaliTad, SeiZleba im gzis sim-
bolizacia iyos, romelic man unda gaiaros
saxlis samyarodan gare samyaroSi gasasvlelad.
amitom xidis danaxvam aracnobieri konfliqti
SeiZleba cnobierSi amoitanos, rasac fobiebis-
Tvis damaxasiaTebeli SiSi da SfoTva mohyveba
Tan. xidebisTvis Tavis arideba iqneba bavSvobaSi
saxlSi miRebul gamocdilebasTan dakavSire-
buli SfoTvisgan Tavisuflad darCenis sim-
boluri mcdeloba.
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobebis SemTxveva-
Si, obsesiuri qceva ganixileba, rogorc masTan
dakavSirebuli, SemaSinebeli survilebis, an
konfliqtebis mier warmoqmnili SfoTvis gada-
nacvlebis mcdeloba. obsesiis, romelic sim-
bolurad akrZalul impulss gamoxatavs, Canac-
vlebiT pirovneba garkveul Semsubuqebas aRwevs.
magaliTad, zemoT aRwerili jimis mier gancdili
WuWyis akviatebuli (obsesiuri) SiSi SeiZleba
seqsualurad aqtiurad yofnis survilsa da
sakuTari reputaciis gaWuWyianebis~ SiSs Soris
warmoqmnili konfliqtidan momdinareobdes.
kompulsuri saqmianoba, romelic mcire ritua-
luri moqmedebebis Sesrulebas gulisxmobs,
individisTvis, aseve, aracnobieri konfliqtidan
momdinare, sawyisi TemisTvis Tavis aridebis
saSualebas warmoadgens.
bihevioraluri
SfoTvis bihevioraluri axsnebi fokusirdeba
imaze, Tu rogor xdeba SfoTviTi aSlilobebis
simptomebis gamomuSaveba da ganmtkiceba.
mkvlevrebi ar eZeben safuZvelSi myof aracnobier
konfliqtebs, an adreuli bavSvobis gamocdi-
lebebs, radganac SeuZlebelia am fenomenebis
pirdapir dakvirveba. rogorc me-7 TavSi vnaxeT,
bihevioristuli Teoriebi xSirad xsnian fobi-
ebis ganviTarebas, romelTac klasikurad gan-
pirobebul SiSebad miiCneven. gavixsenoT patara
alberti, romelsac jon vatsonma da rozali
reinerma TeTri virTxis SiSi ganuviTares.
bihevioraluri axsnis Tanaxmad, manamde neit-
raluri obieqti, an situacia SemaSinebel gamoc-
dilebasTan Sewyvilebis saSualebiT fobiis
stimulad gadaiqceva. magaliTad, Tu deda bavSvis
gvelTan miaxloebisas yviris gafrTxilebis
niSnad, bavSvs SeiZleba gvelebis fobia Camou-
yalibdes. am gamocdilebis Semdeg gvelebze
fiqrmac ki SeiZleba gamoiwvios SiSis talRa.
fobias inarCunebs SfoTvis Semcireba/reduqcia,
rasac adgili aqvs SemaSinebeli situaciisTvis
Tavis aridebis SemTxvevaSi.
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobis biheviora-
luri analizi aCvenebs, rom kompulsur qcevas
SeuZlia akviatebul (obsesiur) azrebTan dakav-
Sirebuli SfoTvis Semcireba, riTic xdeba
kompulsuri qcevis ganmtkiceba. magaliTad, Tu
qals nagavze xelis mokidebiT mowamvlis
(kontaminaciis) eSinia, xelebis dabana Seamci-
rebs SfoTvas, rac, Sesabamisad, ganmamtki-
cebelic iqneba. fobiebis msgavsad, obsesiur-
kompulsuri aSlilobebis SenarCuneba SfoTvis
Semcirebis, anu reduqciis saSualebiT xdeba,
rac Tan sdevs kompulsur qcevebs.
kognituri
SfoTvis Taobaze kognituri mosazrebebi
yuradRebas amaxvilebs im perceptul procesebsa
da ganwyobebze, romelmac SeiZleba daamaxinjos
pirovnebis winaSe arsebuli safrTxis miseuli
Sefaseba. man SeiZleba an gadaafasos safrTxis
xasiaTi an realuroba, an saTanadod ver
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625
Seafasos safrTxisadmi efeqturad gamklavebis
sakuTari SesaZleblobebi. magaliTad, socia-
luri fobiis mqone adamianma farTo auditoriis
winaSe sityviT gamosvlis win SeiZleba xeli
Seuwyos SfoTvas:
ra moxdeba, Tu damaviwydeba, ra unda
vTqva? sulelad gamovCndebi mTeli am
xalxis winaSe. Semdeg ufro metad avner-
viuldebi da gaoflianebas daviwyeb, xma
amikankaldeba da kidev ufro sulelurad
gamovCndebi. roca ar unda mnaxon am
adamianebma am wuTidan, maT vemaxsovrebi,
rogorc suleli adamiani, romelic si-
tyviT gamosvlas cdilobda.
SfoTviTi aSlilobebis mqone adamianebs
TavianTi distresi xSirad gardauvali ubedu-
rebis maniSneblad miaCniaT. maTma reaqciam
SeiZleba Caketili wre Sekras: pirovnebas eSinia
ubedurebis, romelic SfoTvis momatebas iwvevs;
es ki, Tavis mxriv, amZafrebs SfoTvis SegrZnebas
da ganamtkicebs pirovnebis SiSebs (Beck & Emery,
1985).
es kognituri axsna fsiqologebma SfoTvi-
sadmi mgrZnobelobis gazomviT Seamowmes: indi-
videbs sjeraT, rom iseT sxeulebriv simptomebs,
rogoricaa zedapiruli da xSiri sunTqva, an
gaxSirebuli guliscema, SeiZleba damRupveli
Sedegebi mohyves. SfoTvisadmi maRali mgrZno-
belobis mqone adamianebs axasiaTebT daTanxmebis
tendencia iseT debulebebze, rogoricaa _
rodesac vamCnev, rom guliscema mixSirdeba,
vnerviulob, rom SeiZleba gulis Seteva damemar-
Tos.~ erT-erT kvlevaSi mkvlevrebi afasebdnen
im studentTa jgufis mgrZnobelobas SfoT-
visadmi, romelic aSS-is sahaero akademiis kadet-
Ta ZiriTadi wvrTnis stresul kurss gadioda.
am studentTa daaxloebiT 20%-s, romelsac
SfoTvisadmi mgrZnobelobis 90 procentilze
maRali maCvenebeli daudginda, xuTkviriani
kursis ganmavlobaSi aReniSneboda panikis Seteva,
mTliani jgufis darCenili nawilis 6%-isgan
gansxvavebiT (Schmidt et al., 1997). es monacemebi
gvafiqrebinebs, rom zogierT individs imis gamo
SeiZleba daemarTos panikis Seteva, rom igi
sakuTar sxeulebriv agznebas SiSis mniSvnelo-
bis mqoned miiCnevs.
saidan
viciT
SfoTvasTan dakavSirebuli sityvebis
gadamuSaveba da panikuri aSliloba
kognituri Teoriebis mixedviT, SfoT-
viTi aSlilobebis mqone adamianebi moma-
tebul mgrZnobelobas unda avlendnen
safrTxesTan dakavSirebul cnebebze. pani-
kuri aSlilobis mqone individebisTvis
am cnebebSi panikis Setevis fiziologiuri,
sxeulTan dakavSirebuli simptomebi Sedis,
magaliTad, Tavbrusxveva, gonebis dakargva
da Sekavebuli sunTqva. panikuri aSli-
lobis mqone individebs mkvlevarTa jgufi
warudgenda sityvebis rogorc am katego-
rias, ise _ sakontrolo CamonaTvals (maga-
liTad, delikaturi, neli da megobruli)
Zalze xanmokle drois, daaxloebiT wamis
1/100-is ganmavlobaSi. cdis pirebs evale-
bodaT TiToeul cdaSi wardgenili si-
tyvebis aRdgena. panikuri aSlilobis mqone
cdis pirTa Sedegebi dardeboda sakon-
trolo jgufSi miRebul Sedegebs. kogni-
turi Teoriis hipoTezis mixedviT, mxolod
panikuri aSlilobis mqone cdis pirebi
SeZlebdnen sxeulTan dakavSirebuli si-
tyvebis CamonaTvalidan ufro metis
cnobas, vidre sakontrolo jgufSi. es
hipoTeza dadasturda: panikuri aSlilobis
mqone pacientebma sxeulTan dakavSirebuli
kategoriidan 2.6-ze meti sityva icnes
maSin, roca janmrTelma sakontrolo
jgufma _ mxolod 0.7 sityva (Pauli et al.,
1997).
kvlevis Sedegad, aseve, dadginda, rom SfoTvis
mqone pacientebi xels uwyoben SfoTvis Senar-
Cunebas kognituri tendenciurobiT, rac wina
planze swevs da metad gamokveTils xdis
SemaSinebel stimuls. es Sedegebi gvafiqre-
binebs, rom SfoTvis mqone pacientebs, SesaZloa,
yuradRebisa da informaciis gaSifvris ten-
dencia axasiaTebT, rac gansakuTrebiT zrdis
SemaSinebeli stimulis SemCnevis albaTobas
maSinac ki, rodesac es stimuli mxolod wamis
1/100-s grZeldeba.
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626
TiToeuli ZiriTadi midgoma SfoTviTi aSli-
lobebisadmi etiologiuri mozaikis mxolod
nawils xsnis. TiToeuli mimarTulebiT mimdi-
nare gamokvlevebi naTels gaxdis mizezebs da,
Sesabamisad, mkurnalobisken mimaval gzas. axla,
rodesac ukve gvaqvs bazisuri codna SfoTviTi
aSlilobebis Sesaxeb, gadavideT paTologiuris
sami didi kategoriidan Semdegis ganxilvaze,
romelsac, aseve, detalurad ganvixilavT. es
aris guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi.
aSlilobebi
aucileblad geqnebodaT cxovrebaSi perio-
debi, rodesac Tavs saSinlad daTrgunulad, an
warmoudgenlad bednierad grZnobdiT. Tumca,
zogierTi adamianis SemTxvevaSi ganwyobilebis
ukiduresi gamovlinebebi arRvevs maTi cxovrebis
normalur ritms. guneba-ganwyobilebis aSli-
loba warmoadgens emociur darRvevas, rogori-
caa Rrma depresia an depresia, romelic maniasTan
monacvleobiT iCens Tavs. mkvlevrebma daadgines,
rom mozrdilTa daaxloebiT 19%-s aReniSneba
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi (Kessler et al.,
1994). Cven aRvwerT or ZiriTad kategorias: kli-
nikur depresiul aSlilobasa da bipolarul
aSlilobas.
klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba
depresias fsiqopaTologiaSi surdos analo-
gad miiCneven, radganac Zalze xSirad emarTebaT
adamianebs da cxovrebis garkveul periodSi
TiTqmis yvela Cvengans ganucdia sruli aSli-
lobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. ama Tu im
periodSi nebismier Cvengans udardia da uglovia
sayvareli adamianis dakargva, an sevdiani da
ganawyenebuli yofila sasurveli miznis miR-
wevaSi warumateblobis gamo. es sevdiani grZnobebi
mxolod erTi simptomia im simptomTa Soris,
romelsac ganicdian klinikuri depresiuli
aSlilobis mqone individebi (ix. cxrili 15.3).
depresiis diagnozis mqone individebi erTma-
neTisgan arsebuli simptomebis siRrmiTa da
xangrZlivobiT gansxvavdebian. Tu mravali maT-
gani cxovrebis garkveuli etapis mxolod ram-
denime kviris manZilze ebrZvis klinikur dep-
resias, arseboben iseTebic, visTvisac es epizo-
dur, an qronikul xasiaTs atarebs wlebis ganmav-
lobaSi. guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebis
gavrcelebis statistikis mixedviT, qalTa 21%-
sa da mamakacTa 13%-s cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi
erTxel mainc aReniSneba klinikuri depresia
(Kessler et al., 1994).
depresia uzarmazar fasad ujdeba Tavad daava-
debuls, mis ojaxsa da sazogadoebas. evropaSi
Catarebul erT-erT gamokvlevaSi gamovlinda,
rom rekurentuli depresiis mqone adamianebi
mTeli TavianTi mozrdili cxovrebis mexuTeds
klinikebSi atareben, xolo maTi 20% simptomebis
gamo sruliad araqmediTunariania da veRar
axerxebs samuSaoze dabrunebas (Holden, 1986). aSS-
is fsiqiatriul klinikebSi yvela diagnosti-
rebul daavadebaTa umravlesobas depresia
warmoadgens, magram jer isev miaCniaT, rom es
ar aris diagnostirebisa da mkurnalobis sruli
klinikuri depresiuli aSlilobis
maxasiaTeblebi
cxrili
15.3
maxasiaTebeli magaliTi
disforiuli
ganwyobileba
mada
Zili
motoruli
aqtivoba
danaSaulis
gancda
koncentracia
suicidi
sevda, daTrgunuloba, uimedoba;
TiTqmis yvela Cveuli
saqmianobisadmi interesis an maTgan
siamovnebis miRebis unaris dakargva.
umadoba; mniSvnelovani kleba wonaSi.
insomnia an hipersomnia (uZiloba an
moWarbebuli Zilianoba)
SesamCnevi Senelebuloba (motoruli
CamorCena) an agznebuloba.
usargeblobis gancda; TviT-gankicxva/
TviTgvema
azrovnebisa da koncentrirebis
Semcirebuli unari; gulmaviwyoba.
akviatebuli fiqri sikvdilis
Sesaxeb; suiciduri ideebi an
mcdelobebi.
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSliloba (Mood disorder)
_ guneba-ganwyobilebis darRveva, rogoricaa
Rrma depresia, an maniasTan adgilmonacvle
depresia.
klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba (Major depres-
sive disorder) _ guneba-ganwyobilebis aSliloba,
romelic xasiaTdeba droSi ganfenili daT-
rgunulobis intensiuri grZnobiT bipolaruli
depresiis maniakaluri fazis gareSe.
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627
suraTi. klinikuri depresiuli aSlilobis mqo-
ne individTa naxevarze naklebi Tu iRebs raime
saxis profesiul daxmarebas (Regier et al., 1993b).
bipolaruli aSliloba
bipolaruli aSliloba xasiaTdeba Rrma dep-
resiuli periodebis maniakalur epizodebTan
monacvleobiT. maniakalur epizodSi pirovneba,
rogorc wesi, uCveulod mxned da eqspansiurad
iqceva da aseve grZnobs Tavs, Tumca, xandaxan
individis wamyvani ganwyobileba gaRizianeba-
doba ufroa, vidre aweuli guneba-ganwyobileba
da enTuziazmi, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, roca
igi ramenairad winaaRmdegobas grZnobs. mania-
kalur periodSi individi xSirad ganicdis
moWarbebul TviTpativiscemas, an ararealur
rwmenas imisa, rom igi gansakuTrebul SesaZleb-
lobebsa da Zalas flobs. individs SeiZleba
aReniSnebodes Zilis moTxovnilebis mkveTri
Semcireba da SeiZleba Warbad iyos dakavebuli
samsaxureobrivi Tu sxva socialuri, an siamov-
nebis momtani saqmianobiT. Sepyrobilia ra ma-
niakaluri ganwyobilebiT, individi avlens usa-
fuZvlo optimizms, midis usargeblo riskze,
iZleva nebismier dapirebas da SeuZlia yvela-
fris darigeba-gaCuqeba.
semi kolejis 20 wlis studentia, romelsac
maniakaluri epizodis simptomebi aReniSneba:
bolo periodSi semi Tavs fantastiurad
grZnobda. mas imdeni energia hqonda, rom
TiTqmis arasodes sWirdeboda Zili da
igi sruliad darwmunebuli iyo, rom
skolaSi saukeTeso moswavlea. mas aner-
viulebda, rodesac vinme Zalze nela iq-
ceoda; maT ar SeeZloT misi monologebis
brwyinvalebis gageba da aravis xele-
wifeboda misi tempiT cxovreba. sems hqonda
finansebTan dakavSirebuli aRmafrTova-
nebeli ideebi da ver xvdeboda, ratom ar
cdilobdnen misi megobrebi mis gegmebSi
CarTvas.
rodesac mania Semcirebas iwyebs, semis msgavsi
adamianebi maT mier dauokeblobis periodSi
Seqmnili usiamovnebebisa da zianis gamosworebas
cdiloben. amgvarad, maniakaluri epizodi
TiTqmis yovelTvis Rrma depresiuli periodiT
icvleba.
bipolaruli aSlilobebisas guneba-ganwyo-
bilebis darRvevebis xangrZlivoba da sixSire
pirovnebidan pirovnebamde varirebs. zogierT
maTgans normaluri funqcionirebis xangrZlivi
periodebi aqvT, romelTac drodadro xanmokle
maniakaluri, an depresiuli epizodebi wyvets,
Tumca arsebobs adamianTa mcire raodenoba,
romelTac gansakuTrebiT ar gaumarTlaT da
romelTa cxovrebaSi maniakalur epizodebs
pirdapir klinikuri depresia cvlis, Semdeg
isev maniakaluri faza brundeba da ase uwyvetad
viTardeba dausrulebeli cikli, romelic an-
grevs da anadgurebs Tavad am aSlilobis mqone
adamianebs, maT ojaxebs, megobrebsa da Tanam-
Sromlebs. maniakalur periodSi maT SeiZleba
bipolaruli aSliloba (Bipolar disorder) _ guneba-
ganwyobilebis aSliloba, romelic xasiaTdeba
depresiisa da maniis periodebis monacvleobiT.
maniakaluri epizodi (Manic episode) _ bipo-
laruli aSlilobis komponenti, romelic
xasiaTdeba ukiduresi aRfrTovanebisa da usa-
zRvro eiforiis periodebiT, grandiozulobis
grZnobebiTa da azrebiT, sakmarisi mizezis da
realuri pirovnuli SesaZleblobebis ar-
arsebobis pirobebSi
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628
waagon mTeli danazogi, an ucnobebs guluxvi
saCuqrebi daurigon, rac gaamZafrebs danaSaulis
grZnobas Semdgom depresiul fazaze. bipola-
ruli aSliloba gacilebiT iSviaTia, vidre
klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba. is mozrdil-
Ta 1.6%-Tan aRiniSneba da Tanabrad nawildeba
mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris (Kessler et al., 1994).
aSlilobebi: mizezebi
ra faqtorebi moqmedebs guneba-ganwyobilebis
aSlilobis ganviTarebaze? am kiTxvas biolo-
giuri, fsiqodinamikuri, bihevioraluri da
kognituri midgomebis poziciebidan davsvamT.
unda aRiniSnos, rom klinikuri depresiuli
aSliloba, misi gavrcelebulobis gamo, bi-
polarul aSlilobaze metad aris Seswavlili
da es garemoeba Cvens mimoxilvaSi aisaxeba.
biologiuri
garkveuli tipis kvlevebis Sedegebi guneba-
ganwyobilebis aSlilobebSi biologiur faq-
torze migvaniSnebs. magaliTad, is faqti, rom
sxvadasxva nivTierebebiT SesaZlebelia mania-
kaluri da depresiuli simptomebis Semsubuqeba,
imaze miuTiTebs, rom bipolaruli aSlilobis
or ukidures gamovlinebas Tavis tvinis gan-
sxvavebuli mdgomareoba udevs safuZvlad. ori
qimiuri agentis, serotoninisa da norepinef-
rinis, Semcvelobis Semcireba depresias ukav-
Sirdeba, momateba ki _ manias, Tumca, jerjerobiT
ar aris aRmoCenili guneba-ganwyobilebis aS-
lilobebis zusti bioqimiuri meqanizmi (Duman
et al., 1997). mkvlevrebi PET skanirebas iyeneben
maniakalur da depresiul fazebze Tavis tvinSi
cerebraluri glukozis (saqaridis saxeoba,
romelic energiis gamosanTavisufleblad gamoi-
yeneba) metabolizmSi sxvaobis dasadgenad (ix.
sur. 15.3), magram aseTi gansxvavebebi ganwyobi-
lebis ori mdgomareobis Sedegi ufro SeiZleba
iyos, vidre mizezi.
matulobs monacemebi imis Sesaxeb, rom
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobaze genetikuri
faqtorebi axdens gavlenas (McGue & Christensen,
1997). tyupebis Seswavlam aCvena, rom, Tu iden-
turi tyupebidan erT-erTi guneba-ganwyobilebis
aSlilobiT avaddeba, arsebobs 67%-iani Sansi,
rom meore tyupiscalsac aRmoaCndes igive
aSliloba. es monacemi mxolod 20%-s udris
araidentur tyupebSi, romelTac ar aqvT iden-
turi genetikuri masala (Ciaranello & Ciaranello,
1991; Gershon et al., 1987). iReben ra mosazrebas gu-
neba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebis Tandayoli-
lobis Sesaxeb, mkvlevrebi Taobidan Taobamde
am daavadebis gadacemaze pasuxismgebeli gene-
tikuri masalis konkretuli lokalizaciis
adgilis dadgenas cdiloben.
kvlevaTa erT-erT seria pensilvaniaSi emiSebis
Temis warmomadgenelTa bipolaruli aSlilobis
paternze iyo mimarTuli (Egeland et al., 1987). emiSebi
aseTi kvlevebisTvis idealuri monawileebi
arian maTi didi ojaxebis, detaluri genea-
logiuri Canawerebis warmoebis, genetikurad
izolirebulobisa da maT Soris iseTi qceviTi
faqtorebis iSviaTobis gamo, rogoricaa, alko-
holizmi da Zaladoba, (romelic zegavlenas
moaxdenda monacemebze). am religiuri seqtis
yvela 15 000 wevri XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi
evropidan migrirebuli 30 wyvilis STamoma-
valia. aris tendencia, rom bipolaruli depresia
suraTi
15.3
bipolaruli depresiis PET skanireba
PET skanireba maniakaluri frazis dros, depre-
siulobasTan SedarebiT, cerebraluri glukozis
metabolozmis ufro maRal dones aCvenebs. zeda
da qveda rigze depresiul fazaSi myofi pacientis
monacemebia, Sua rigze ki _ maniakalur fazaSi
myofis.
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Taobebis manZilze gamovlindes zogierT, magram
ara yvela ojaxSi. es kanonzomiereba mkvlevrebs
aSlilobis mqone da misgan Tavisufali indi-
videbis genetikuri masalis uSualod Sedarebis
saSualebas aZlevs. miuxedavad imisa, rom naad-
revi aRmoCnda bipolaruli genis~ identifi-
cirebaSi warmatebis Sesaxeb pirveli moxsene-
bebi (Kelsoe et al., 1989), mkvlevrebi ar kargaven
optimizms da Tvlian, rom es Sedarebebi moitans
im codnas, romelsac eZieben (Berrettini et al., 1997;
Ginns et al., 1992; Kelsoe et al., 1993).
fsiqologiuri aSlilobis erT-erTi tipis
gagebisadmi biologiuri midgomis TvalSisacemi
magaliTi depresiis uCveulo formis kvlevidan
modis. zogierT adamians regularulad eufleba
depresia zamTris TveebSi, gansakuTrebiT grZeli
skandinaviuri zamTris dros, rodesac dRe
xanmoklea (ix. sur. 15.4). guneba-ganwyobilebis
am darRvevas samarTlianad uwodes sezonuri
afeqturi aSliloba _ saa (anu SAD _ seasonal
affective disorder). mkvlevrebma Seqmnes Terapiuli
teqnika, romelic sruliad efeqturad amsubuqebs
SAD-s _ pacientebs sistematurad waredgine-
bodaT mkveTri TeTri manaTobeli sinaTle (Blehar
& Rosental, 1989). mkvlevrebi amtkiceben, rom
sinaTliT Terapias SeuZlia zegavlena moax-
dinos neirogadamtan serotoninze, romelic,
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, depresiis gamomwvev
faqtorad aris miCneuli.
saidan
viciT
serotonini da sezonuri afeqturi
aSliloba (saa)
saa-is mqone pacientebi yovel saRamos,
sakuTar saxlSi sinaTlis Terapiis _
mkveTri manaTobeli sinaTlis orsaaTian
kurss gadiodnen. mxolod is pacientebi
(14-dan 12 pacienti) monawileobdnen kvle-
suraTi
15.4
sezonuri afeqturi aSliloba
sezonuri afeqturi aSlilobis mqone individebs depresiis simptomebi xanmokledRian sezonebze aReniSnebaT.
diagramaze mocemulia maRali ukuproporciuli mimarTeba depresiis SemTxvevebsa (nawili A) da dRis
sinaTlis xangrZlivobias (nawili B) Soris
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630
vis meore etapSi, romelTac sinaTlis
Terapiam SedarebiT Seumsubuqa mdgomare-
oba. am etapze mowmdeboda hipoTeza imis
Sesaxeb, rom sinaTlis Terapia zegavlenas
axdens Tavis tvinSi serotoninis Semcve-
lobaze. eqsperimentuli jgufis pacien-
tebi Tavis tvinSi serotoninis Semcve-
lobis Semcirebaze mimarTul dietaze
dasves; sakontrolo jgufis pacientebs
ki serotoninis Semcvelobis SesanarCune-
beli dieta daeniSnaT. eqsperimentuli
jgufis pacientebs saa-is simptomebis re-
cidivi aReniSnaT, sakontrolo jgufis
pacientebs ki _ ara. es faqti gvafiqre-
binebs, rom sinaTlis Terapia Tavdapir-
velad pasuxismgebeli iyo serotoninis
Semcvelobis aRdgenaze, ramac pacientebs
aradepresiuli afeqtis gancdis saSualeba
misca, anu Tavidan aacila depresiuli
simptomatika (Neumesiter et. al., 1997).
Tqven, SesaZloa, moeliT, rom adamianebma
wamlebi unda miiRon Tavis tvinSi neiro-
gadamtanebis moqmedebaze gavlenis mosaxdenad
(zogierT maTganze me-16 TavSi visaubrebT), Tumca,
es kvleva aCvenebs, rom sinaTlis Terapias
iseTive efeqti SeiZleba hqondes, rogorc
zogierT fsiqoaqtiur wamals. mkurnalobis
orive saxeoba _ medikamenturi, an sinaTlis
Terapia _ ganamtkicebs mosazrebas aSlilobis
etiologiaSi biologiuri wonasworobis dar-
Rvevis rolis Sesaxeb. amave dros, Tu SAD-is
aRwerilobaSi sakuTar Tavs icnobT, gaerkvieT
sakuTar Tavsa da am problemaSi.
axla vnaxoT, damatebiT ras gacnobebT guneba-
ganwyobilebis aSlilobebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb
sami ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri midgoma.
fsiqodinamikuri
fsiqodinamikuri midgomis mixedviT, depre-
siis ganviTarebaSi gadamwyvet rols aracno-
bieri konfliqtebi da bavSvobidan momdinare
mtruli grZnobebi asrulebs. froids depresiul
adamianebTan TviTkritikasa da danaSaulis
grZnobasTan uxdeboda Sejaxeba. mas miaCnda,
rom Tavdapirvelad sxvaze, Semdeg ki sakuTar
Tavze mimarTuli risxva warmoadgenda am TviT-
gankicxvis wyaros. es risxva bavSvobis gansakuT-
rebulad Zlier da damokidebul urTierTobas
ukavSirdeba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mSoblisa
da Svilis urTierToba, sadac ar xdeba
pirovnebis moTxovnilebebisa da molodinebis
dakmayofileba. mozrdilobaSi gancdili dana-
kargi, realuri iqneba es Tu simboluri, aaqti-
urebs mtrul grZnobebs, romelic axla ukve
pirovnebis egoze miemarTeba da Sedegad depre-
siisTvis damaxasiaTebel TviTgankicxvas iwvevs.
bihevioraluri
depresiis fesvebis aracnobierSi Ziebis
nacvlad, bihevioraluri midgoma pirovnebis mier
miRebuli dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkicebis
raodenobis efeqtze amaxvilebs yuradRebas
(Lewinsohn, 1975; Lewinsohn et al., 1985). am Tval-
sazrisis mixedviT, depresiuli grZnobebi maSin
viTardeba, rodesac individi garemodan arasak-
maris dadebiT ganmtkicebasa da bevr sasjels
iRebs danakargis, an raime sxva mniSvnelovani
cxovrebiseuli cvlilebebis Semdeg. sakmarisi
dadebiTi ganmtkicebis gareSe pirovneba sevdiani
da gulCaTxrobili xdeba. sevdianobis mdgomare-
obas dasawyisSi sxvaTa mxridan momatebuli
yuradReba da TanagrZnoba ganamtkicebs (Biglan,
1991), Tumca, Cveulebisamebr, Tavidan TanagrZno-
biT ganmsWvalul megobrebs Rlis depresiuli
pirovnebis uaryofiTi guneba-ganwyobileba da
damokidebulebebi da mas Tavs arideben. es
reaqcia spobs dadebiTi ganmtkicebis erT-erT
wyaros da pirovneba ufro metad iZireba
depresiaSi. kvleva, aseve, aCvenebs, rom depresiul
adamianebs dadebiTi ukukavSiris verSefasebisa
da uaryofiTi ukukavSiris gadafasebis tendencia
axasiaTebT (Kennedy & Craighead, 1988; Nelson &
Craighead, 1977).
kognituri
kognituri midgomis farglebSi depresiis
Sesaxeb ori Teoria arsebobs. erTi Teoriis
mixedviT, aRqmis sqemebis Camoyalibebas uar-
yofiTi (negatiuri) kognituri sqema (ix. Tavi 5)
ganapirobebs _ adamianebs uaryofiTi mosazre-
bebi SeeqmnaT maT cxovrebaSi mimdinare im
movlenebze, romelzec pasuxismgeblobas grZno-
ben. meore, axsnis stilis Teoria miiCnevs, rom
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depresias iwvevs individis rwmena imisa, rom
igi sakmaod, an saerTod ver akontrolebs
sakuTari cxovrebis mniSvnelovan movlenebs.
TiToeuli am modelTagani xsnis depresiuli
gamocdilebis zogierT aspeqts. ganvixiloT
TiToeuli maTgani.
aaron bekma (Aaron Beck, 1983, 1985, 1988), dep-
resiis wamyvanma mkvlevarma, ganaviTara kognituri
sqemebis Teoria. bekis mixedviT, depresiuli
adamianebi sami tipis uaryofiTi kogniciiT
gamoirCevian, rasac igi depresiul kognitur
triadas uwodebs. esaa uaryofiTi Sexeduleba
sakuTar Tavze, mimdinare movlenebsa da moma-
valze. depresiul adamianebs axasiaTebT ten-
dencia imisa, rom sakuTari Tavi garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT araadekvaturad, an naklovanad
aRiqvan, mimdinare movlenebs mouZebnon uar-
yofiTi axsna da sjerodeT mtanjveli da sir-
TuleebiT aRsavse momavlis. uaryofiTi az-
rovnebis paterni Crdilavs yvela gancdas da
depresiis kidev erT maxasiaTebels qmnis. indi-
vidi, romelic yovelTvis uaryofiT Sedegs moe-
lis, ver iqneba motivirebuli raime miznis
miRwevaze, rasac Tan sdevs depresiis gamokveTili
maxasiaTebeli _ nebisyofis paralizeba.
axsnis stilis Teoriis mixedviT, romelic
martin seligmens (Martin Seligman) (ix. Tavi 12)
ekuTvnis, individebs sjeraT, sworad an mcdarad,
rom ar SeuZliaT maTTvis mniSvnelovani
momavlis gakontroleba. seligmenis Teoria
ganviTarda kvlevidan, romelSic naCvenebi iyo
depresiismagvari simptomebi ZaRlebSi (mogvia-
nebiT ki, sxva saxeobebSic). seligmeni da maieri
(1967) ZaRlebze mtkivneuli da gardauvali
eleqtroSokiT zemoqmedebdnen: rac ar unda
eqnaT ZaRlebs, Sokisgan gaqcevis gza ar
arsebobda. ZaRlebs ganuviTardaT, rogorc
seligmenma da maierma uwodes, daswavlili
umweoba. daswavlili umweoba sami tipis defi-
citiT xasiaTdeba: motivaciuri deficitiT _
ZaRlebi ar Cqarobdnen cnobili moqmedebebis
dawyebas; emociuri deficitiT _ isini rigi-
dulni, gulgrilni, SeSinebulni da ubedurni
Candnen; kognituri deficitiT _ isini cudad
iTvisebdnen axal situaciebs. iseT situaciaSic
ki, sadac eZleodaT SokisTvis Tavis aridebis
SesaZlebloba, isini ar daiswavlidnen aseT
qcevas (Maier & Seligman, 1976).
seligmens miaCnda, rom depresiuli adamiane-
bic daswavlili umweobis mdgomareobaSi imyo-
febian: isini elian, rom, rac ar unda gaakeTon,
yvelaferi uSedego iqneba (Abramson et al., 1978;
Peterson & Seligman, 1984, Seligman, 1975); Tumca, am
mdgomareobis warmoqmna didad aris damoki-
debuli imaze, Tu rogor xsnis individi mis
cxovrebaSi mimdinare movlenebs. rogorc me-12
TavSi iTqva, arsebobs axsnis stilis sami
ganzomileba: Sinagani-garegani (internaluri-
eqsternaluri), zogadi-konkretuli (globa-
luri-specifikuri) da ucvleli-cvalebadi
(stabiluri-arastabiluri). vTqvaT, fsiqologiis
gamocdaze dabali Sefaseba miiReT. Tqven
gamocdis uaryofiT Sedegs Sinagan faqtors
miawerT (me suleli var~), rac ufro dagasev-
dianebT, vidre garegani faqtori (gamocda
namdvilad Zneli iyo~), ramac SeiZleba ganga-
risxoT. Sedegis asaxsnelad Tqven SegeZloT
inteleqtze metad cvalebadi Sinagani mdgo-
mareoba agerCiaT. nacvlad imisa, rom is Sinagani,
ucvleli faqtorisTvis (sisulele) migeweraT,
romelic zogad, anu Sors mimaval gavlenas
axdens, Tqven SemoifargleT fsiqologiis
gamocdasTan an kursTan dakavSirebuli axsniT
daswavlili umweoba (Learned helplessness) _
zianis momtani stimulis arsebobis pirobebSi
reaqciis ar, qonis zogadi paterni, romelic
xSirad Tan erTvis mdgomareobas, rodesac
individi ganicdis araSemTxveviTi, gardauvali
uaryofiTi stimulis zemoqmedebas.
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(me ar vvargivar fsiqologiis kursisaTvis~).
axsnis stilis Teoriis Tanaxmad, individebi,
romlebic warumateblobas Sinagan, ucvlel da
zogad mizezebs miaweren, mowyvladni arian
depresiisadmi. es prognozi mravalgzis dadas-
turda (Peterson & Seligman, 1984; Seligman, 1991).
depresiis orive kognituri TeoriisTvis
misaRebia mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom is stili,
romliTac depresiuli adamianebi ganixilaven
sakuTar Tavsa da maT cxovrebaSi mimdinare
movlenebs, maT depresiul mdgomareobaSi am-
yofebs. magaliTad, adamianebs, zogadad, axa-
siaTebT TviTdadasturebis, anu maTi me-
koncefciis Sesatyvisi informaciis moZiebis
tendencia (Swann, 1990, 1997). am tendencias uar-
yofiTi Sedegebi moaqvs depresiuli ada-
mianebisaTvis.
saidan
viciT
TviTdadastureba da depresia
mkvlevrebma erTmaneTisgan ganarCies
individTa sami jgufi: erTi jgufi dep-
resiuli iyo, meore jgufi _ aradepre-
siuli, magram xasiaTdeboda dabali TviT-
pativiscemiT da mesame jgufi, romelic,
aseve, aradepresiuli iyo da xasiaTdeboda
maRali TviTpativiscemiT. TiToeuli jgu-
fis cdis pirebma interviusTvis mosamza-
debel etapze mTel rig kiTxvarebze gasces
pasuxi. interviuze cdis pirebs uTxres,
rom am kiTxvarebs orma studentma gasca
pasuxi da TiToeulze daiwera pirovnebis
daxasiaTeba~, rasac win uZRvoda sruli
pirovnuli Sefaseba. realurad, cdis pirebs
miawodes erTi da igive daxasiaTeba _ erTi
dadebiTi (es pirovneba kargad damkvid-
rebuli, TviTdarwmunebuli da bednieria~
da a.S.) da erTi uaryofiTi (es pirovneba
ubeduria, daurwmunebelia, arakomfor-
tulad grZnobs Tavs sxvebTan~ da a.S.).
cdis pirebs moeTxovebodaT, amoerCiaT, Tu
romel srul Sefasebas waikiTxavdnen.
Sedegebi 15.4 cxrilSia mocemuli. rogorc
xedavT, depresiuli cdis pirebi araTa-
nabrad iyvnen dainteresebulni uaryofiTi
Sefasebis wakiTxviT; dabali TviTpati-
viscemis mqone individebTanac gamovlinda
uryofiTi ukukavSiris miRebisken midre-
kileba maSin, roca maRali TviTSefasebis
mqone individebi aSkarad dadebiT uku-
kavSirs aniWebdnen upiratesobas. cxrili
15.4 imasac aCvenebs, Tu ramdenad zustad
miaCndaT TiToeul jgufs daxasiaTebebis
dadebiToba da uaryofiToba.
miaqcieT yuradReba, rom mxolod depre-
siul cdis pirebs sjerodaT, rom uaryo-
fiTi daxasiaTeba ufro zusti iyo (Giesler
et al., 1996).
Tqven SeiZleba moelodiT, rom depresiuli
adamianebi sakuTari Tavis amowevas~ Seecde-
bodnen dadebiTi ukukavSiris moZiebiT. es
eqsperimenti aCvenebs, rom, piriqiT, isini
TavianTi depresiis Sesabamis informacias eZeben,
romelic TiTqmis ueWvelad xels uwyobs
depresiis SenarCunebas.
me-16 TavSi vnaxavT, rom depresiis kognituri
Teoriebidan miRebulma codnam biZgi misca
Terapiis warmatebuli formebis Seqmnas. amJamad
depresiis Seswavlis ori sxva mniSvnelovani
aspeqti arsebobs: didi gansxvaveba mamakacebsa
da qalebSi depresiis gavrcelebaSi da kavSiri
depresiasa da suicids (TviTmkvlelobas) Soris.
TviTangariSi da depresia
cxrili
15.4
depre-
siuli
dabali TviT-
pativiscema
dabali TviT-
pativiscema
negatiuri
Sefasebis
amorCevis
procenti
arCeuli
daxasiaTebis
sizuste*
dadebiTi
daxasiaTeba
uaryofiTi
daxasiaTeba
Sereuli
82
5.67
7.89
-2.22
64
6.60
6.48
0.12
25
9.70
2.45
7.25
*sizustis reitingi 11-qulian skalaze gakeTda misi
saerTod ararsebobidan (1) maqsimalur (11) sizustemde.
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depresia: sqesTa Soris
gansxvavebani
depresiis kvlevis erT-erTi centraluri
sakiTxia is, Tu ratom emarTebaT qalebs
depresia mamakacebze orjer xSirad. suzan nolen-
hoeqsemas (Susan Nolen-Hoeksema, 1990; Nolen-Hoeksema
et al., 1999) gonebamaxviluri SemoTavazeba Seexeba
reaqciis stils, romliTac mamakacebi da qalebi
uaryofiT guneba-ganwyobilebaze dgebian. am
mosazrebis mixedviT, rodesac qalebi ganicdian
sevdas, maT TavianTi grZnobebis SesaZlo
mizezebze fiqrisken midrekileba axasiaTebT;
mamakacebi ki, piriqiT, aqtiurad cdiloben
depresiuli grZnobebis Tavidan moSorebas sxva
rameze yuradRebis gadataniT, an fizikuri
saqmianobebis wamowyebiT, romlis drosac aRar
fiqroben mimdinare emociur mdgomareobaze. am
modelis Tanaxmad, qalebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
metad Cafiqrebuli, gansjiTi (ruminative) reaqciis
stili, TavianT problemebze akviatebulad
fiqris tendencia zrdis maT mowyvladobas
depresiisadmi (Butler & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1994). kog-
nituri midgomis Tanaxmad, uaryofiT ganwyo-
bilebaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba aZlierebs
fiqrs uaryofiTi movlenebis Sesaxeb, rac, Tavis
mxriv, zrdis uaryofiTi grZnobebis raodenobasa
da/an intensiurobas. kvleviT dasturdeba, rom
individebSi, romlebic zogadad msjeloben,
fiqroben depresiaze, ufro mosalodnelia mwvave
depresiuli epizodebis ganviTareba (Just & Al-
loy, 1997; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1993). qalTa da
mamakacTa Soris reaqciis stilis mixedviT
arsebuli gansxvaveba qalebs bavSvobaSi
depresiis ganviTarebis didi risks uqmnis (Nolen-
Hoeksema & Girgus, 1994).
amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciis iniciativiT
depresiisas sqesobrivi gansxvavebebis kvlevis
gadasinjvam aCvena, rom depresiis maRali riski
qalebSi SeiZleba gagebul iqnes mxolod,
rogorc mTeli rigi fsiqologiuri, socialuri,
ekonomikuri da biologiuri faqtorebis ur-
TierTqmedebis Sedegi (McGrath et al., 1990). mraval
kulturaSi zogierTi am faqtorTagani qalad
yofnis gamocdilebas ukavSirdeba, raSic moiaz-
reba qalebze fizikuri da seqsualuri Zala-
dobis, an siRaribeSi cxovrebisa da bavSvebisa
da asakovani mSoblebis momvlelis funqciebis
Semsruleblis ufro meti albaToba. aseTi
gamokvlevebi miuTiTebs, rom depresiis mizezi
SeiZleba faqtorTa rTuli kombinacia iyos da
rom normaluri~ qcevidan depresiisken mravali
gza midis.
suicidi
gadarCenisa da warmatebis miRwevis survili
damsxvreuli da ganadgurebulia... dgeba dro,
rodesac yvelaferi kargavs brwyinvalebas,
rodesac ikargeba imedis sxivi~ (Shneidman, 1987,
gv.57). suicidaluri axalgazrda mamakacis am
sevdian gamonaTqvamSi nebismieri fsiqologiuri
aSlilobis ukiduresi Sedegi _ suicidia (TviT-
mkvleloba) asaxuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom
depresiul adamianTa umravlesoba ar iklavs
Tavs, analizi aCvenebs, rom mTlianad ganxor-
cielebul TviTmkvlelobaTa 50-80% depresiul
adamianTa mier ganxorcielebul mcdelobebze
modis (Shneidman, 1985). mTlianad aSS-is mosax-
leobaSi oficialurad TviTmkvlelobad miCneul
sikvdilTa raodenoba daaxloebiT 30 000-s
Seadgens. miaweren ra mraval TviTmkvlelobas
ubedur SemTxvevebs, an sxva mizezebs, realuri
raodenoba, albaT, ufro metia. miuxedavad imisa,
rom TviTmkvleloba aSS-is yvela asakis mosaxle-
obaSi sikvdilianobis merve wamyvani mizezia,
SemTxvevaTa mesamedi 15-dan 24 wlis asakamde
adamianebze modis (Murphy, 2000). TiToeul ganxor-
cielebul TviTmkvlelobaze 8-20 suicidaluri
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mcdeloba modis. kolejis 594 pirvelkurselTa
gamokvlevam aCvena, rom 26%-s nafiqri hqonda
TviTmkvlelobaze ukanaskneli 12 Tvis manZilze,
2%-ma realurad scada Tavis mokvla amave pe-
riodSi, 10%-s ki cxovrebis garkveul periodSi
ganxorcielebuli hqonda Tavis mokvlis mcde-
loba (Meehan et al., 1992). vinaidan depresias qaleb-
Si ufro xSirad vxvdebiT, ar aris gasakviri,
rom qalebi Tavis mokvlas samjer ufro xSirad
cdiloben, vidre mamakacebi; Tumca, mamakacebis
mier ganxorcielebuli mcdeloba ufro xSirad
aris warmatebuli. am gansxvavebas iwvevs is
faqti, rom mamakacebi ufro xSirad iyeneben
cecxlsasrol iaraRs, qalebi ki mimarTaven
naklebad mtkivneul saSualebebs, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, saZile abebi (Berman & Jobes, 1991).
bolo aTwleulebis erT-erT sagangaSo socia-
lur problemas mozardTa suicidi warmoadgens.
yovel cxra wuTSi erTi mozardi cdilobs
Tavis mokvlas da yovel 90 wuTSi mcdeloba
warmatebulia. yovel kviraSi 1 000 mozardis
mier Tavis mokvlis mcdelobidan 125 aRwevs
mizans. 1960 wlidan amerikel mozardebSi
TviTmkvlelobis sixSire 200-dan 300%-mde gaizar-
da (Garland & Zigler, 1993). Tavgamodebuli mcdelobe-
bisda miuxedavad, mozard vaJebSi oTxjer metia
warmatebuli suicidis SemTxvevebi, vidre mozard
gogonebSi (Bingham et al., 1994). sainteresoa, rom
afrikuli warmoSobis amerikelebis orive sqesis
mozardebSi gacilebiT naklebia TviTmkvle-
lobis sixSire, TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT,
miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs am monacemebis
zusti axsna (Bingham et al., 1994; Murphy, 2000). es
rasobrivi gansxvaveba mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
grZeldeba. monacemebis rasobrivma, sqesisa da
asakis niSnis mixedviT Sedarebam aCvena, rom
TviTmkvlelobis yvelaze maRali riskis winaSe
TeTrkaniani mowifuli mamakacebi dganan, yvelaze
mcire riskis winaSe ki _ afrikuli warmoSobis
amerikeli qalebi.
cxovrebis rogori stili ubiZgebs mozardebs
TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobisken? orive sqesis-
Tvis winmswreb travmatul movlenas axlo
urTierTobis rRveva warmoadgens (Gould et al.,
1996). sxva mniSvnelovanma movlenebma, romelic
sircxvilisa da danaSaulis grZnobas iwvevs,
SeiZleba daTrgunos moumwifebeli ego da
mozardma TviTmkvlelobis mcdeloba gana-
xorcielos. aseT movlenaTa ricxvSi Sedis,
upirveles yovlisa, Tavdasxma, cema, gaupatiureba
an dapatimreba. metic, homoseqsuali da lesbo-
seli mozardebi ufro meti riskis winaSe dganan,
vidre danarCenebi (Radkowsky & Siegel, 1997; Remafedi,
1999). suicidis aseTi maRali sixSire ueWvelad
asaxavs homoseqsualuri orientaciisadmi Seda-
rebiT nakleb socialur mxardaWeras. TviTmkvle-
loba ukiduresi reaqciaa, romelsac gansakuT-
rebiT maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac mozards ar
SeuZlia sxvebisaTvis daxmarebis Txovna.
mozardTa suicidi aris ara imwuTieri ze-
gavlenis Sedegad, impulsurad ganxorcielebuli
aqti, aramed, Cveulebisamebr, Sinagani areu-
lobisa da garegani usiamovnebebis periodis
finaluri stadia. suicidis axalgazrda msxver-
plTa umravlesoba acnobebs sxvebs, an wers
Tavisi ganzraxvis Sesaxeb. amrigad, TviTmkvle-
lobis Sesaxeb saubari yovelTvis seriozulad
unda iqnes miRebuli (Marttunen et al., 1998).
suiciduri azrovnebisa da gancdebis amocnoba,
ramac SeiZleba warmoqmnas, an gaaZlieros aseTi
destruqciuli azrebi, pirveli nabijia preven-
ciis mimarTulebiT. fsiqologi edvin Sneidmeni
(Edwin Shneidmen, 1999), romelmac 40 weliwadi
miuZRvna suiciduri tendenciebis mqone
adamianebis Seswavlasa da mkurnalobas, askvnis,
rom suicidi aRelvebuli da Seviwroebuli
gonebis mier autaneli da dausrulebeli tki-
vilis pirobebSi ganxorcielebuli Tavganwir-
vis aqtia... faqtia, rom Cven SegviZlia tkivilis
daameba, uaryofili moTxovnilebebis dakmayo-
fileba da suicidur azrovnebamde Seviwroebu-
lobis Semcireba~ (1987, gv.58). suiciduri
ganzraxvebis niSnebisadmi mgrZnobiaroba da
sakmarisi Carevis uzrunvelyofa arsebiTia
rogorc mozardi, ise mowifuli adamianebis
sicocxlis gadasarCenad, romelTac sruli
TviTganadgurebis garda ver ipoves sirTulee-
bisgan Tavis daRwevis sxva saSualeba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom, rogorc zemoT aR-
vniSneT, TviTmkvlelobis sixSire, zogadad,
araTeTrkanianebSi ufro dabalia TeTrkania-
nebTan SedarebiT, arsebobs erTi gansacvif-
rebeli gamonaklisi: adgilobriv amerikel
mozardebSi TviTmkvlelobis sixSire xuTjer
aRemateba mTeli mosaxleobis mozardebis
Sesabamis maCvenebels. suicidi TviTganadgure-
baze mimarTuli qcevis erT-erTi formaa da
aSS-is adgilobriv amerikul TemebSi miRebuli
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destruqciuli qcevis nawils warmoadgens
(Strickland, 1997). adgilobrivi amerikeli fsi-
qologi tereza lafroboizi (Teresa LaFromboise),
romelic am problemas ikvlevda da profilaq-
tikisa da mkurnalobis strategiebi ganaviTara,
Tavis tomSi mozardTa suicidis socialur
mizezebze saubrobs. farTod gavrcelebul
siRatakesa da umuSevrobasTan erTad, suicidis
sixSires ganapirobebs ojaxebis ngreva, sayovel-
Tao gaWirveba, didi raodenobis danakargebi
(es SeiZleba iyos sikvdili, ojaxidan wasvla
an ganqorwineba), nivTierebebis borotad gamoye-
neba, ojaxebis momatebuli aramdgradoba da
mniSvnelovani mzrunvelis dapatimreba~ (LaFrom-
boise, 1988, gv.9). garda amisa, adgilobriv ameri-
kelebs sjeraT, rom sulier samyaroSi myof
TavianT winaprebTan uwyveti kavSiriT cxovreba
gulisxmobs, rom sikvdili arc ise saSiSia.
Cven ukve mimovixileT fsiqopaTologiis ori
ZiriTadi klasi: SfoTviTi aSlilobebi da gu-
neba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi. sanam Sizofre-
niaze visaubrebdeT, mokled ganvixiloT pirov-
nuli aSlilobebi da disociaciuri aSli-
lobebi.
pirovnuli aSlilobebi
pirovnuli aSliloba warmoadgens aRqmis,
azrovnebisa da qcevis xangrZliv (qronikul),
xist, araadaptur paterns, romelic seriozulad
auaresebs individis funqcionirebis SesaZleb-
lobas socialur da sxva garemoSi da SeuZlia
mniSvnelovani distresis gamowveva. misi amoc-
noba, Cveulebriv, siWabukis an adreuli mowifu-
lobis asakSi xdeba SesaZlebeli. pirovnuli
aSlilobis mravali saxeoba arsebobs (DSM-IV-
TR-Si mocemulia 10 sxvadasxva tipis pirovnuli
aSliloba). Cven ganvixilavT oTx maTgans: para-
noidul, Teatralur, narcisul da antisocia-
lur pirovnul aSlilobas.
paranoiduli pirovnuli aSlilobis mqone
adamianebs maTTan kontaqtSi myofi pirovnebebis
motivebisadmi undoblobis da eWvianobis
mdgradi paterni axasiaTebT. isini eWvoben, rom
sxva adamianebi maTTvis zianis miyenebasa da
motyuebas cdiloben. maT SeuZliaT sruliad
uwyinar situaciebs faruli usiamovno mniSvne-
loba mouZebnon; moelian, rom maTi megobrebi,
meuRle an mSoblebi uRalateben maT.
Teatraluri pirovnuli aSliloba moWarbe-
buli emociurobiTa da yuradRebis ZiebiT xa-
siaTdeba. am aSlilobis mqone adamianebs yo-
velTvis yuradRebis centrSi surT yofna da
Tu ver aRweven amas, yuradRebis misapyrobad
raime araadekvaturis gakeTeba SeuZliaT. isini
didi TeatralurobiT ayeneben TavianT mo-
Txovnebs, Tumca, naklebad interesdebian uku-
kavSiriT; amasTanave, umniSvnelo movlenebzec
moWarbebuli emociurobiT reagireben.
narcisuli pirovnuli aSlilobis mqone
adamianebi sakuTari mniSvnelobis moWarbebuli
grZnobiT, warmatebisa da Zalis fantaziebis
siWarbiTa da mudmivi aRtacebis obieqtad yofnis
moTxovnilebiT gamoirCevian. am adamianebs
xSirad eqmnebaT problemebi pirovnebaTSoris
urTierTobebSi; maT aqvT tendencia, rom
sxvebTan ormxrivi pasuxismgeblobis gareSe
gansakuTrebuli keTilganwyobis, uflebebis
mqoned igrZnon Tavi da sxva adamianebi sakuTari
miznebisaTvis gamoiyenon. garda amisa, uWirT
sxvaTa grZnobebis SemCneva da Tanagancda.
antisocialuri pirovnuli aSliloba gamoir-
Ceva upasuxismgeblo, an ukanono qcevebis
xangrZlivi paterniT, romelic arRvevs socia-
lur normebs. Cveul qcevaTa rigSi Sedis
sicrue, qurdoba da Cxubi. antisocialuri
pirovnuli aSlilobis mqone adamianebs xSirad
ar scxveniaT da ar awuxebT sindisis qenjna
maT mier Cadenili zianismomtani qcevebis gamo.
socialuri normebis darRveva cxovrebis ad-
reuli periodidan iwyeba, es SeiZleba iyos
klasSi areulobebis gamowveva, CxubebSi CarTva
da saxlidan gaqceva. es moqmedebebi sxvaTa
uflebebisadmi gulgrilobiT gamoirCeva. anti-
socialur pirovnul aSlilobas xSirad sxva
paTologiebic axlavs Tan. magaliTad, erT-erT
kvlevaSi individTa daaxloebiT 25%-s, romelic
akmayofilebda opiumis borotad gamoyenebis
kriteriums, antisocialuri pirovnuli aSli-
lobac daudginda (Brooner et al., 1997).
miuxedavad imisa, rom pirovnuli aSlilobebi
ufro naklebad aris Seswavlili, vidre sxva
pirovnuli aSliloba (Personality disorder) _ aR-
qmis, azrovnebisa da qcevis qronikuli, xisti,
araadapturi paterni, romelic seriozulad
auaresebs individis funqcionirebis SesaZleb-
lobas socialur da sxva garemoSi.
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tipis aSlilobebi, aris monacemebi, romelic
am aSlilobebSi genetikuri komponentis arse-
bobaze miuTiTebs (Livesley et al., 1993; Nigg & Gold-
smith, 1994). Tu pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis
Tandayolilobis Sesaxeb msjelobas gavixsenebT
me-14 Tavidan, ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom am
maxasiaTeblebis mqone aSlilobebic Tanda-
yolilia. arsebobs pirovnuli aSlilobebis
gamomwvev garemo pirobebze mimarTuli kvlevebic
(Norden et al., 1995; Paris, 1997). ganvixiloT genetikisa
da garemos urTierTqmedebebi, romlebic antiso-
cialur pirovnul aSlilobas iwveven.
saidan
viciT
genetika, garemo da antisocialuri
pirovnuli aSliloba
mkvlevarTa jgufma Seadgina SerCeva,
sadac Sedioda 95 mamakaci da 102 qali,
romlebic Svilad aiyvanes dabadebidan
ramdenime dReSi. Sesabamis uwyebebSi dacu-
li monacemebi sakmaris informacias iZle-
oda maTi biologiuri mSoblebis Sesaxeb,
amitom mkvlevrebs SeeZloT daedginaT, ro-
mel cdis pirTa mSoblebs aReniSnebodaT
antisocialuri pirovnuli aSliloba. es
monacemebi aSlilobaSi genetikuri faqto-
ris wvlilis Sefasebis saSualebas iZle-
oda. mkvlevrebma mimRebi ojaxebis cxov-
rebis pirobebis, garemoebebis Sesaxebac
moipoves informacia: interviuirebis saSua-
lebiT sazRvravdnen, Tu romeli cdis
pirebi gaizardnen mimReb mSoblebTan
araxelsayrel garemoSi; magaliTad, vis
hqonda qorwinebis, iuridiuli, nivTiere-
bebze, an alkoholze damokidebulebis
problemebi. es monacemebi antisocialur
pirovnul aSlilobaSi garemos wvlilis
Sefasebis SesaZleblobas iZleoda. Sede-
gebma aCvena, rom mniSvnelovani iyo orive
tipis zegavlena: aSlilobis mqone biolo-
giuri mSoblebis SvilebTan, an araxel-
sayrel garemoSi gazrdil cdispirebTan,
saSualod, ufro meti iyo antisocialuri
pirovnuli aSlilobis albaToba (Cadoret
et al., 1995).
am Sedegebidan vxedavT, rom antisocialuri
pirovnuli aSlilobis ganviTarebis riskis wi-
naSe pirovneba SeiZleba bunebam an aRzrdam,
genetikurma an garemos faqtorebma daayenos.
amave dros, es aSliloba ar uviTardeboda im
adamians, romlis mSoblebsac aReniSnebodaT
pirovnuli aSlilobebi, an romelic rTul
garemo pirobebSi izrdeboda. mkvlevrebs kvlav
surT imis garkveva, Tu ra ganapirobebs zogierTi
adamianis mowyvladobasa da zogierTis moqni-
lobas.
disociaciuri aSlilobebi
disociaciuri aSliloba aris identurobis,
mexsierebisa da cnobierebis integraciis dar-
Rveva. adamianebisTvis mniSvnelovania, rom
akontrolebdnen TavianT qcevas, anu emociebs,
azrebsa da moqmedebebs. TviTkontrolis aR-
qmisTvis arsebiTia individualurobis SegrZneba
_ me-s (self) sxvadasxva aspeqtebis SeTanxmebuloba
(konsistenturoba) da identurobis uwyvetoba
drosa da sivrceSi. fsiqologebs miaCniaT, rom
disociaciur mdgomareobaSi individebi gaurbian
sakuTar konfliqtebs SeTanxmebulobisa da
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637
uwyvetobis daTmobis gziT da uaryofen sakuTari
Tavis nawilebs. yovelgvari organuli disfun-
qciis ararsebobis pirobebSi fsiqologiuri
faqtorebiT gamowveul process, romelic
mniSvnelovani pirovnuli gamocdilebis davi-
wyebaSi mdgomareobs, disociaciur amnezias
uwodeben da is disociaciis erT-erTi magali-
Tia. fsiqologebma daiwyes monacemebis Segroveba
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xarisxiT SeiZleba axldes
Tan mexsierebis aseTi danawevreba (disociacia)
bavSvobaSi seqsualuri da fizikuri Zaladobis
SemTxvevebs (Spiegel & Cardena, 1991). mwvave/Rrma
travmis sxva tipebi, rogoricaa 1991 wels
oklendsa da berkliSi (kaliforniis Stati)
momxdari xanZari, romelmac 25 sicocxle Se-
iwira da milion dolarze meti zarali moitana,
aseve iwvevs disociaciis simptomebs (Koopmen
et al., 1996).
disociaciuri identobis aSliloba (dia)
(Dissociative Identity Disorder _ DID), warsulSi cnobi-
li Sedgenili pirovnuli aSliloba (multiple
personality disorder), disociaciuri fsiqikuri aS-
lilobaa, rodesac erT individSi arsebobs ori
an meti calkeuli pirovneba. yovel mocemul
momentSi erT-erTi maTgani dominanturia da
individis qcevas warmarTavs. disociaciuri
identobis aSliloba popularul enaze gaxle-
Cili pirovnebis saxeliT aris cnobili da
xandaxan mas SecdomiT Sizofreniasac (aSli-
loba, romelsac Semdeg nawilSi ganvixilavT
da vnaxavT, rom am dros pirovneba xSirad
uaresdeba, magram ar ixliCeba orad) uwodeben
xolme. dia-is SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli warmoqm-
nili pirovneba raime mniSvnelovani niSniT
originaluri me-s (self) sapirispiroa _ maT Soris
gansvlas eqneba adgili, Tu sawyisi pirovneba
sustia da seqsualurad mimzidveli, maSin erTi
pirovneba morcxvi, SeboWili iqneba, meore ki _
mfrTxali da seqsualurad gulubryvilo.
TiToeul pirovnebas Taviseburad ganumeorebeli
identoba, saxeli da qceviTi repertuari aqvs.
zogierT SemTxvevaSi yalibdeba mTeli rigi
sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblebisa, romelic pirovnebas
rTul cxovrebiseul situaciasTan gamklavebaSi
exmareba. qvemoT mocemulia nawyveti dia-is mqone
qalis wamyvani~ pirovnebis angariSidan (Ma-
son, 1997, gv.44):
rogorc talRebi atrialebs okeanes
Signidan gareT da gadaalagebs wyals,
sxvadasxva CvenTagani trialebs wreze, mo-
dis da midis miqcevasaviT da miedineba
zogjer mSvidad, zogjer _ mSfoTvared.
bavSvi aferadebs flomasterebiT. igi
gverdze iweva da adgils administrators
uTmobs, romelic bankis angariSs aTan-
disociaciuri aSliloba (Dissociative disorder) _
pirovnuli aSliloba, romelsac axasiaTebs
identurobis, mexsierebisa da cnobierebis in-
tegraciis darRveva.
disociaciuri amnezia (Dissociative amnesia) _
mniSvnelovani pirovnuli gamocdilebis gax-
senebis unaris arqona, romlis mizezia fsiqo-
logiuri faqtorebi, yovelgvari organuli
disfunqciis arsebobis gareSe.
disociaciuri identobis aSliloba (dia) (Dis-
sociative identity disorder DID) _ disociaciuri
fsiqikuri aSliloba, rodesac erT individSi
arsebobs ori an meti calkeuli pirovneba;
warsulSi cnobili iyo, rogorc Sedgenili
(multiple) pirovnuli aSliloba.
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xmebs. mcire xnis Semdeg mkvdari Cvili
iwevs win da umoZraod wevs iatakze. igi
droebiT ase rCeba, magram aravis swydeba
guli _ es misi droa. cocxali Cvili
xoxavs da Cerdeba mtverSi amogangluli.
mzareuli sami dRis saWmels amzadebs da
TiToeuls calke paketSi alagebs _ Cven
yvelas sxvadasxva midrekilebebi, mis-
wrafebebi da antipaTiebi gvaqvs. SeSine-
buli me~ xmamaRla yviris, daWrili _
kvnesis, mgloviare _ moTqvams.
SegiZliaT Tqveni Tavi daayanoT am qalis
adgilze da warmoidginoT, rogori iqneba amdeni
pirovnebebis~ _ bavSvis, mkvdari Cvilis, co-
cxali Cvilis, mzareulisa da a.S. _ erT TavSi
moTavseba?
zogierT fsiqologs miaCnia, rom disocia-
ciuri aSlilobis mqone pirovnebis Semadgenili
pirovnebebis ganviTareba gadarCenis arsebiT
funqcias emsaxureba. dia-is msxverpli SeiZleba
ecemaT, daemwyvdiaT, an mietovebinaT im
adamianebs, visac, savaraudod, uyvarda igi; maT,
viszec imdenad iyvnen damokidebulni, rom ar
SeeZloT maTTan SebrZoleba, maTgan wasvla da
maTi SeZulebac ki. fsiqodinamikuri Tvalsaz-
risis mixedviT, es msxverplebi danawevrebis
(disociaciis) saSualebiT simbolurad gaeqcnen
gadatanil saSinelebas. ufro Zlieri Sinagani
xasiaTebis SeqmniT maT daicves TavianTi ego
arsebuli travmatuli situaciisagan. rogorc
wesi, dia-is msxverpls warmoadgenen qalebi,
romlebic bavSvobaSi, xangrZlivi periodis
ganmavlobaSi fizikurad, an seqsualurad iqnen
Zalze Seuracxyofilni mSoblebis, naTesavebis,
an axlo megobrebis mier. erT kvlevaSi kiTxvaris
saSualebiT mopovebul iqna 448 klinikosis
monacemi, romelTac gamocdilebaSi hqondaT
disociaciuri identobis aSlilobisa da kli-
nikuri depresiis (gamoiyeneboda Sesadareblad)
SemTxvevebze muSaoba. rogorc 15.5 cxrilSia
naCvenebi, dia-is 355 SemTxvevaSi wamyvani ma-
xasiaTebelia Seuracxyofa, romelic TiTqmis
yvelasaTvis saerToa da romelsac adgili aqvs
3 wlis asakidan da aT welze metxans grZel-
deba. miuxedavad imisa, rom 235 depresiul
pacientTanac aRiniSneboda Seuracxyofis xSiri
SemTxvevebi, es maCvenebeli mniSvnelovnad mcire
iyo dia-is mqone individTa gamocdilebasTan
SedarebiT (Schultz et al., 1989). miuxedavad imisa,
rom es monacemebi da zemoT moyvanili pirov-
nuli angariSebi eWvgareSea, mravali fsiqologi
mainc skeptikurad uyurebs dia-is diagnozs
(Lilienfeld et al., 1999; Spanos, 1994). ar arsebobs sando
monacemebi am aSlilobis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb
(DSM-IV-TR, 2000). skeptikosebi xSirad gamoTqvamen
masazrebas, rom Terapevtebs, visac swamT~ dia-
is arsebobis, SeuZliaT misi Seqmna _ es Tera-
pevtebi TavianT pacientebTan, xSirad hipnoturi
zemoqmedebisas, saTanado kiTxvebis dasmiT biZgs
aZleven Semadgenili pirovnebebis warmoqmnas~.
sxva fsiqologebs miaCniaT, rom sakmarisi
monacemebi arsebobs dia-is diagnozis sasargeb-
lod, romelic aCvenebs, rom is ar aris mxolod
gulmodgine Terapevtebis mier Seqmnili pro-
duqti (Gleaves, 1996). yvelaze uwyinari daskvna
Semdegi SeiZleba iyos: dia-is diagnozis mqone
adamianTa jgufSi zogi SemTxveva namdvilia,
WerSmaritia maSin, rodesac zogierTi SemTxveva
Terapevtisgan aris gaCenili.
Sejameba
SfoTviTi aSlilobebi xuT kategoriad iyofa:
generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba, panikuri
aSliloba, fobiebi, obsesiur-kompulsuri aSli-
Seuracxyofis Sesaxeb gamokiTxvis
Sedegebi: disociaciuri identobis
aSlilobisa (DID) da depresiis
Sedareba
cxrili
15.5
kiTxvaris debuleba
DID (%)
depresia (%)
Seuracxyofis
SemTxveva
tipebi
fizikuri
seqsualuri
fsiqologiuri
uaryofa
yvela zemoT
CamoTvlili erTad
fizikuri da
seqsualuri
98
82
86
86
54
47
74
(N=355)
54
24
25
42
21
6
14
(N=235)
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SegimCneviaT, rom imaze met
dros atarebT internetSi,
vidre unda~ atarebdeT? me-
gobrebTan internetis saSua-
lebiT saubari girCevniaT
maTTan piradad urTierTobas?
internetze xarjavT dros,
romelsac sxva mniSvnelovan
saqmianobas unda uTmobdeT,
rogoricaa gamocdebisTvis
mzadeba an Zili? SeiZleba
vTqvaT, rom Tqven damoki-
debuli (addicted) xarT inter-
netze?
ukanaskneli ramdenime wlis
manZilze internetomaniis~
sakiTxs didi adgili eTmoba
popularul presaSi: es axali
istoriebi qmnian (xSir Sem-
TxvevebSi) mozardi vaJis xats,
romelic realuri samyaros
adamianebTan kontaqtze uars
ambobs da chat-oTaxebisa da
MUD-is kiber-samyaroSi uCi-
nardeba. zogierT mkvlevars
aRmoCenili aqvs realuri
SemTxvevebi, romelic Tan-
xvdeba sainformacio saSua-
lebebSi Seqmnil aseT xats.
maT internetomaniis~ diag-
nozi miusadages (magaliTad,
Young, 1998). sxva mkvlevrebi
ufro skeptikurni rCebian am
diagnozis, rogorc fsiqopa-
Tologiis calkeuli tipis,
mimarT. vnaxoT, ratom.
rogorc aRvwereT, fsiqo-
paTologiis TiToeuli ti-
pisaTvis aucilebelia, rom
individi aSkarad specifikuri
tipis araadaptur qcevebs
axorcielebdes, rogorc aR-
niSnulia DSM-IV-TR-Si. Tumca,
internetze damokidebulobis,
internetomaniis~, Semo-
Tavazebuli diagnozis Sem-
TxvevaSi gaugebaria, Tu
konkretulad romeli qcevaa
araadapturi im qcevaTa Soris,
romelsac individi qselSi
yofnis dros axorcielebs.
erT-erTi mkvlevris sityvebiT:
Tu zogierTi adamiani mija-
Wvulia internetze, mainc ra-
zea igi mijaWvuli?~ (Griffiths,
1998, gv.72).
gadavxedoT im miznebs, ro-
melsac emsaxureba individebis
mier internetis gamoyeneba da
mTeli rigi aqtivobebisa, rom-
liTac isini dakavebulni arian
xazze yofnisas. magaliTad,
adamianebi qselSi Sedian in-
formaciis mosaZieblad, saTa-
maSod da romantikuli an seq-
sualuri partniorebis sapov-
nelad. SeuZliaT ki adamianebs,
damokidebulni gaxdnen miz-
nebisa da aqtivobebis er-
Tobliobaze, romelTac in-
terntomaniis~ diagnozs usa-
dageben? Tu arsebobs inter-
netis gamoyenebis ufro spe-
cifikuri aspeqtebi, romelic
fsiqologiuri Seguebis prob-
lemebs iwvevs? Tu es ukanas-
kneli mosazreba sworia, maSin
arsebobs albaToba imisa, rom
mocemul individs aRmoaCndeba
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis
profesionalebis mier ukve
dadgenili ufro specifikuri
marTla arsebobs Tu ara ìnternetomania~?
diagnozi. magaliTad, rogorc
vnaxeT, DSM-IV-TR-Si gansazR-
vrulia socialuri fobiis
kategoria. ufro miwanSewo-
nili iqneboda, rom indi-
vidisTvis, romelic zRudavs
sxva adamianebTan urTierTobas
internet-urTierTobis sasar-
geblod, socialuri fobiis
diagnozi dagvesva da ara _
internetomaniis~. adamianebis
mier internetis moWarbebulad
gamoyenebis gzebi SeiZleba
warmoadgendes cnobili aSli-
lobebis simptomebs, Tumca,
TavisTavad internetis Warbad
moxmareba ver kvalificirdeba,
rogorc aSliloba.
unda aRiniSnos, rom Cven
ar uarvyofT im faqtis arse-
bobas, rom adamianTa mcire
procenti internets pirov-
nuli, socialuri da profe-
siuli cxovrebisTvis saziano
gzebiT iyenebs. magaliTad,
kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom adami-
anebi, romlebic intensiurad
iyeneben internets, izoli-
rebulad da martosulad
grZnoben Tavs (Kraut et al., 1998;
Nie & Erbring, 2000). Tumca, risi
frTxilad SemoTavazeba da
gaazrebac gvsurs, aris mosaz-
reba imis Sesaxeb, rom arsebobs
internetis zogadi maxasia-
Teblebi, romelic fsiqopaTo-
logiis specifikur formas
iwvevs da am fsiqopaTologias
samarTlianad uwodeben inter-
netze damokidebulebas _
internetomanias~.
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Sizofreniuli aSlilobebi
TiToeulma Cvenganma icis, rogoria depresi-
uloba an SfoTvis gancda maSinac ki, rodesac
umravlesobas ar gangvicdia es grZnobebi
aSlilobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli simwvaviT. Si-
zofrenia ki aris aSliloba, romelic nor-
maluri funqcionirebisgan Tvisobrivad gan-
sxvavebul mdgomareobas gulisxmobs. Sizof-
reniuli aSliloba fsiqopaTologiis mwvave
formaa, romlis drosac dezintegrirebulia
pirovneba, darRveulia azrovneba da aRqma,
gasadavebulia emociebi. Sizofreniuli aS-
lilobis mqone pirovnebebi swored iseTebi arian,
rogorsac yvelaze xSirad warmovidgenT xolme
sigiJisa da Seuracxadobis Sesaxeb fiqris dros.
SizofreniiT daavadebuli mravali adamia-
nisTvis avadmyofoba cxovrebiseuli ganaCenia
ganTavisuflebis SesaZleblobis gareSe, ro-
melsac isini ganmartoebulni da izolirebulni
zidaven da iZulebulni arian yvelasgan moSo-
rebiT icxovron. miuxedavad imisa, rom Sizof-
renia SedarebiT iSviaTia _ aSS-is mozrdili
mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 0.7%-s aReniSneba
cxovrebis romelime etapze (Kessler et al., 1994) _
es monacemi gulisxmobs, rom daaxloebiT ori
milioni adamiani itanjeba am yvelaze saidum-
loebiT moculi da tragikuli fsiqikuri aSli-
lobiT. fsiqiatriuli klinikebis adgilTa naxe-
vari Sizofreniis mqone pacientebs ukaviaT, rad-
ganac mravali maTgani Tavisi cxovrebis umetes
nawils saavadmyofoSi atarebs, normalur~
cxovrebaSi odesme dabrunebis mcire imediT.
mark voneguti (Mark Vonnegut), mweral kurt
vonegutis vaJiSvili, 25 wlisac ar iyo, rodesac
Sizofreniis simptomebma iCina Tavi. samoTxis
eqspresSi~ (Eden Express, 1975) igi sakuTari
gamocdilebidan mogviTxrobs realobidan
gasvlisa da saboloo gamojanmrTelebis Sesaxeb.
erTxel, xexilis gasxvlisas misma realobam
damaxinjeba daiwyo:
damainteresa, tkivils xom ar vayenebdi
xeebs da mobodiSeba daviwye. TiToeulma
maTganma pirovnebis saxe miiRo. damain-
teresa, romelimes movwondi Tu ara.
mTlianad mSTanTqa TiToeuli xis Tvali-
loba da posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba.
generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba qroni-
kuli SfoTviT xasiaTdeba maSin, roca panikuri
aSliloba mwvave SfoTvas ukavSirdeba. fobiebs
axasiaTebs imdenad Zlieri iracionaluri SiSi,
rom isini gansjis unarze zemoqmedeben. obse-
siebi arakontrolirebadi, damangreveli azrebia,
kompulsiebi ki, aseve, arakontrolirebadi
qcevebi. travmatulma movlenebma, rogoricaa
gaupatiureba, an Rrma dazianeba, SeiZleba post-
travmatuli stresis aSlilobis ganviTareba
gamoiwvios. mkvlevrebma aCvenes SfoTvis aS-
lilobebs, genetikur faqtorebsa da Tavis tvinis
paTologiebs Soris kavSiris arseboba. am aSli-
lobaTa fsiqologiur axsnebSi klasikuri ganpi-
robebuloba da kognituri tendenciuroba
moiazreba.
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebSi Sedis
klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba _ fsiqopa-
Tologiis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma da
bipolaruli aSliloba. depresia iwvevs guneba-
ganwyobilebis, Semecnebisa da motivaciis cvli-
lebebs. bipolaruli depresiis mqone adamianebi
ganicdian depresiisa da maniis periodebis
monacvleobas. mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom guneba-
ganwyobilebis aSlilobis genetikuri kompo-
nenti iseve ukavSirdeba depresiasa da manias,
rogorc cvlilebebi Tavis tvinis funqci-
onirebaSi. depresiis Teoriebi xSirad amax-
vileben yuradRebas kognitur interpretaciaze,
romelsac adamianebi aZleven TavianT cxov-
rebiseul gamocdilebas. seriozuli depresiis
maRali sixSire qalebSi, SesaZloa, dakavSi-
rebuli iyos qalebisa da mamakacebis mier
depresiaze reagirebis gansxvavebul gzebTan.
depresiuli individebi sakmaod xSirad fiqroben
TviTmkvlelobaze.
pirovnuli aSlilobebi azrovnebisa da
qcevis araadapturi formebia; isini SeiZleba
imdenad Rrma iyos, rom ziani miayenos normalur
funqcionirebas socialur da profesiul
garemoSi. disociaciuri aSlilobebi identobis
mTlianobis darRvevebia. miuxedavad imisa, rom
mkvlevrebi disociaciuri identobis aSlilobis
mizezad bavSvobaSi gadatanil seqsualur
Seuracxyofas miiCneven, aSlilobis gavrce-
lebuloba sakamaTo rCeba.
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erebam da daviwye SemCneva, rom isini yo-
velTvis imdenad msubuqad anaTebdnen, rom
rbili, Signidan momdinare sinaTlis na-
Teba totebis irgvliv ifrqveoda; da saida-
nRac warmoudgenlad danaoWebuli, gar-
damavalferebiani saxe movida. Tavidan
mxolod ganusazRvrel manZilze myof
patara wertilad moCanda, igi win moiwevda
da bolos uzarmazari gaxda. mis garda
veRarafers vxedavdi. guli gamiCerda. dro
usasrulod gaiWima. saxis Tavidan moSo-
reba vcade, magram man damcina... misTvis
TvalebSi Sexedva vcade da gavacnobiere,
rom fexqveS miwa gamomecala (1975, gv. 96).
vonegutis aRwera garkveul warmodgenas Segiq-
mniT Sizofreniis simptomebze.
Sizofreniis samyaroSi azrovneba aralogi-
kuri xdeba; ideaTa Soris asociaciebi Soreuli
da yovelgvar sqemas moklebulia. xSirad
aRiniSneba halucinaciebi, romelic warmosaxviT
sensorul aRqmebs _ xatebs, sunebs an, yvelze
xSirad, bgerebs (Cveulebriv, xmebs) moicavs da
romelTac pacientebi realurad miiCneven.
pirovnebas SeiZleba esmodes xma, romelic uwyvet
komentars ukeTebs mis qcevas, an ramdenime xmis
saubari; damaxasiaTebelia bodvebic _ cru, an
iracionaluri rwmena, romelsac adgili aqvs
sawinaaRmdegos naTlad arsebobis pirobebSi.
metyveleba SeiZleba araTanmimdevruli gaxdes
_ erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli, an gamogonili
sityvebis sityvier salaTas~ daemsgavsos, an
individi sulac damunjdes. emociebs gasadaveba
axasiaTebs, qreba maTi garegani gamoxatuleba,
an SeiZleba situaciis Seusabamo iyos. fsiqomo-
toruli qceva SeiZleba dezorganizebuli (gri-
masebi, ucnauri manerebi), poza ki _ rigiduli
gaxdes. mxolod zogierTi simptomis arsebobis
SemTxvevaSic ki mosalodnelia profesiuli
funqcionirebisa da pirovnebaTSorisi urTier-
Tobebis gauareseba, radganac pacienti socia-
lurad gariyuli, an emociurad gulgrili xdeba.
fsiqologebi simptomebs dadebiT da uaryofiT
kategoriebSi aTavseben. Sizofreniis mwvave anu
aqtiuri fazis dros gamokveTilia dadebiTi
simptomebi _ halucinaciebi, bodvebi, araTanmim-
devruloba da dezorganizebuli qceva, sxva
dros ki uaryofiTi simptomebi _ socialuri
gariyuloba da gasadavebuli emociebi. zogierT
individs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mark voneguti,
Sizofreniis mxolod erTi, an ori mwvave faza
aReniSneba da Semdeg normalur, Cveul cxovrebas
ubrundeba. sxvebs, romelTac xSirad qronikul
avadmyofebad miiCneven, axasiaTebT ganmeorebadi
mwvave fazebi uaryofiTi simptomebis xanmokle
periodebiT an calkeuli mwvave fazebi uaryo-
fiTi simptomebis xangrZlivi periodebiT. yve-
laze metad `darRveuli~ individebic ki ar
imyofebian mudmivad mwvave bodviT mdgomareobaSi.
Sizofreniis ZiriTadi tipebi
SizofreniisTvis damaxasiaTebeli simptome-
bis mravalferovnebis gamo, mkvlevrebi mas
calkeuli tipebis erTobliobad miiCneven da
ara _ erTeul aSlilobad. 15.6 cxrilSi moce-
mulia Sizofreniis xuTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli
qvetipi.
Sizofreniuli aSlilobis ti pebi
cxrili
15.6
Sizofreniis tipebi
ZiriTadi simptomebi
dezorganizebuli
katatoniuri
paranoiduli
aradiferencirebuli
rezidualuri
araadekvaturi/araSesatyvisi
qceva da emociebi;
araTanmimdevruli metyveleba.
gayinuli, rigiduli an
iolad agznebadi qceva.
grandiozulobis an devnis
mania.
simptomebTa Sereuli nakrebi
azrovnebis aSlilobebiTa
da sxva tipis
maxasiaTeblebiT.
ar aris warmodgenili
ZiriTadi simptomebi, Tumca,
aRiniSneba aSlilobis
ganaxlebis Tanmxlebi,
meorexarisxovani simptomebi.
Sizofreniuli aSliloba (Schizophrenic disorder)
_ fsiqopaTologiis mwvave forma, romelic
xasiaTdeba integrirebuli pirovnuli funqcio-
nirebis rRveviT, realobidan gasvliT, emociuri
gaukuRmarTebebiTa da azrovnebis darRveviT.
halucinacia (Hallucinations) _ cru, aRqma, ro-
melsac adgili aqvs obieqturi gamRizianeblis
bodva (Delusions) _ cru an iracionaluri rwmena,
romelsac adgili aqvs sawinaaRmdegos naTlad
arsebobis pirobebSi.
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dezorganizebuli tipi
Sizofreniis am qvetipis SemTxvevaSi individs
araTanmimdevruli azrovneba da moWarbebulad
ucnauri da dezorganizebuli qceva axasiaTebs.
emociebi gasadavebuli, an situaciis Seusabamoa.
xSirad pirovneba sulelurad an bavSvurad
iqceva, magaliTad, xiTxiTebs yovelvgari Tval-
saCino mizezis gareSe. metyveleba SeiZleba im-
denad araTanmimdevruli da uCveulo sityve-
biTa da daumTavrebeli winadadebebiT aRsavse
gaxdes, rom dairRves sxva adamianebTan komuni-
kacia. Tu adgili aqvs bodvebs an halucinaciebs,
isini ar Seexeba gasageb Temas.
mister f.b. 30 wels mitanebuli hospita-
lizebuli fsiqikuri pacienti iyo. ro-
desac mas saxeli hkiTxes, man upasuxa,
rom cdilobda mis daviwyebas, radganac
yovelTvis atirebda Tavisi saxelis
gagoneba. Semdeg igi ramdenime wuTis
ganmavlobaSi gulamoskvniT tiroda. ro-
desac raime seriozulisa da sevdianis
Sesaxeb hkiTxes, mister f.b.-ma xiTxiTi
da sicili daiwyo. rodesac hkiTxes mniS-
vneloba andazisa When the cats away, the
mice will play~
2
, man upasuxa: nakleb adgils
ikavebs. katam ar icis, ras akeTebs Tagvi
da Tagvma ar icis, ras akeTebs kata. kata
ufro saeWvo mxares warmoadgens, vidre
Tagvi. dumbo kargi biWi iyo. man dainaxa,
rac katam gaakeTa, Tavisi Tavi katasTan
daayena, amrigad, xalxi aRar Sexedavda
maT, rogorc komediantebs~ (Zimbardo, Per-
sonal Communication, 1957).
mister f.b-is maneruloba, depersonalize-
buli, araTanmimdevruli metyveleba da bodvebi
am tipis Sizofreniis ZiriTadi niSnebia.
katatoniuri tipi
Sizofreniis katatoniuri tipis wamyvani
maxasiaTebelia motoruli aqtivobis darRveva.
xandaxan am aSlilobis mqone adamianebi stu-
porSi arian gayinulni. individebi umoZraod,
xSirad ucnaur pozebSi, rCebian xangrZlivi
periodis manZilze da ar/an sustad reagireben
garemoSi mimdinare movlenebze. sxva dros es
pacientebi moWarbebuli motoruli aqtivobiT
xasiaTdebian, romelic aSkarad umiznod da
garegani gamRizianeblebis zemoqmedebis gareSe
xorcieldeba. katatoniur tips ukiduresi nega-
tivizmic axasiaTebs, romelic aSkarad aramo-
tivirebulad ewinaaRmdegeba yvela instruqcias.
paranoiduli tipi
Sizofreniis am tipis mqone adamianebs rTuli
da sistematuri bodvebi axasiaTebT, romlebic
garkveul Temebzea mimarTuli:
devnis bodva. individebi grZnoben, rom
maT mudmivad uTvalTvaleben, SeTqmulebas
uwyoben da rom maT sicocxles safrTxe emuqreba.
grandiozulobis bodva. individebs sje-
raT, rom isini mniSvnelovani da amaRlebuli
arsebani arian _ milionerebi, didi gamomgo-
neblebi an religiuri figurebi, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, ieso qriste. devnis bodvas SeiZleba
grandiozulobis bodva axldes Tan _ individi
didi pirovnebaa, magram mas mudmivad ewinaaR-
mdegebian eSmakeuli Zalebi.
eWvianobis bodva. individi yovelgvari
mizezis gareSe darwmunebulia, rom megobrebi
Ralatoben mas. isini igoneben TavianTi Teoriis
Sesatyvis monacemebs da adastureben~ bodvis
simarTles.
paranoiduli Sizofreniis mqone individeb-
Tan simptomebis gamovlena, Sizofreniuli aS-
lilobis sxva tipebis simptomebTan SedarebiT,
cxovrebis ufro gviandel periodSi iwyeba.
paranoiduli Sizofreniis mqone individebi
iSviaTad axorcieleben aSkarad dezorganizebul
qcevas, Tumca, maTi qceva daZabuli da sruliad
formaluria.
aradiferencirebuli tipi
Sizofreniis es krebiTi kategoria aRwers
pirovnebas, romelsac aReniSneba gamokveTili
bodvebi, halucinaciebi, araTanmimdevruli
metyveleba, an Zalze dezorganizebuli qceva,
rac erTze meti tipis kriteriumebs, an gaur-
kvevel, bundovan tips Seesabameba. individis
mier gancdil simptomTa am nazavSi ar xdeba
2
sityva-sityviTi qarTuli Targmani ase JRers:
rodesac kata midis, Tagvebi TamaSoben~; Sinaarsobrivad
_ uZaRlo qveyanaSi katebs ayefeben.~ (mTargmnelis
SeniSvna)
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sxvadasxva Sizofreniuli reaqciebis erTmaneTi-
sgan gamodiferencireba.
rezidualuri tipi
rezidualuri tipis diagnozis mqone indivi-
debs, Cveulebisamebr, Sizofreniis ZiriTadi
ganvlili epizodi awuxebT, Tumca, amasTanave,
Tavisufalni arian iseTi ZiriTadi simptome-
bisgan, rogoricaa halucinaciebi an bodvebi.
aSlilobis arseboba Tanmxlebi, meorexaris-
xovani, dadebiTi an gasadavebuli afeqtis msgavsi
uaryofiTi simptomebiT vlindeba. rezidualuri
tipis diagnozi SeiZleba miuTiTebdes imaze,
rom pirovnebis avadmyofoba remisiis fazaSi
Sedis, anu faruli xdeba.
Sizofreniis mizezebi
sxvadasxva etiologiuri midgoma Sizofreniis
Zalze gansxvavebul sawyis mizezebze, misi
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva gzebsa da mkurnalobis
sxvadasxva mimarTulebebze miuTiTebs. gadavxe-
doT Sizofreniuli aSlilobis ganviTarebis
gzebis SecnobaSi sxvadasxva midgomebis mier
Setanil wvlils.
genetikuri midgomebi
didi xania cnobilia, rom Sifozrenias oja-
xebSi gavrcelebis tendencia axasiaTebs (Bleuler,
1978; Kallmann, 1946). kvlevis sami damoukidebeli
mimarTuleba _ ojaxebis kvleva, tyupebis kvleva
da gaSvilebis SemTxvevebis Seswavla _ erTsa
da imave daskvnamde midis: Sizofreniis gamov-
lenis albaToba im individebTan ufro metia,
visac genetikuri kavSiri aqvs am aSlilobis
mqone adamianTan, vidre maTTan, visac ar aqvs
aseTi naTesauri kavSiri (Kendler & Diehl, 1993; Tsuang,
2000). 15.5 suraTze mocemulia sxvadasxva tipis
naTesavebisgan Sizofreniis miRebis riskis
xarisxis maCveneblebi. es monacemebi Sizofreniis
mkvlevarma irving gotesmanma (Irving Gottesman, 1991)
dasavleT evropaSi 1920-1987 wlebSi Caratebuli
TiTqmis 40 sando kvlevis Sedegebis gaerTianebiT
miiRo da maqsimalurad viwro kategoriebSi
moaTavsa. rogorc xedavT, monacemebi genetikuri
naTesaobis xarisxis mixedviT aris dalagebuli,
rac maRal korelaciaSi imyofeba riskis xaris-
suraTi
15.5
Sizofreniis
ganviTarebis
genetikuri riski
grafikze naCvenebia Sizofre-
niis ganviTarebis riskis saSua-
lo maCveneblebi. monacemebi
mogrovda ojaxebisa da tyu-
pebis kvlevebiT, romelic ev-
ropis mosaxleobaSi ganxor-
cielda 1920-1987 wlebSi; gamov-
linda maRali korelacia ris-
kis xarisxsa da genetikuri na-
Tesaobis xarisxs Soris.
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xTan. magaliTad, rodesac orive mSobeli daava-
debulia SizofreniiT, maT SvilebSi am aSli-
lobis gamovlenis riski 46%-s udris, mTeli
populaciis 1%-Tan SedarebiT. rodesac mxolod
erTi mSobelia avad, Svilebis daavadebis riski
mkveTrad mcirdeba 13%-mde. aRsaniSnavia, rom
albaToba imisa, rom identur tyupebs orives
aRmoaCndeba Sizofrenia, daaxloebiT samjer
aRemateba araidentur tyupebSi am aSlilobis
gamovlenis albaTobas.
mkvlevrebi gaSvilebis SemTxvevebis Seswav-
lasac mimarTaven imis saCveneblad, rom geneti-
kuri faqtorebi mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens
Sizofreniis etiologiaze (Kety et al., 1994). gan-
vixiloT kvleva, romelSic fasdeboda Sizof-
reniis mqone pacientTa biologiur da mimReb
naTesavebSi azrovnebis aSlilobebis SemTxve-
vebis sixSire.
saidan
viciT
azrovnebis aSlilobebi Sizofreniis
mqone pacientTa biologiur da mimReb
naTesavebSi
am kvlevaSi Sizofreniis mqone iseTi
pacientebi aarCies, romelTac aSliloba
gaSvilebis Semdeg ganuviTardaT. sakontro-
lo SerCeva Sizofreniis mqoneTa SerCevas
Seesabameboda sqesisa da asakis mixedviT;
sakontrolo SerCevaSi Semaval cdis pirebs
ar hqondaT fsiqiatriul klinikaSi yofnis
gamocdileba. Caweres eqsperimentuli da
sakontrolo SerCevebis cdis pirTa da
maTi biologiuri naTesavebis metyveleba,
genetikis mniSvnelovnebis Sesafaseblad
da maTi mimRebi naTesavebis metyveleba,
garemos mniSvnelovnobis Sesafaseblad.
am verbalur masalaze dayrdnobiT, Ti-
Toeul individs (aseve, mSoblebsa da
naTesavebs) mieniWa azrovnebis aSlilobis
maCvenebeli, risTvisac gamoyenebul iqna
azrovnebis aSlilobis indeqsi (Thought
Dosirder Index _ TDI). Sedegebi mocemulia 15.7
cxrilSi _ TDI-is yvelaze maRali maCvene-
beli metad darRveul azrovnebaze miu-
TiTebs. Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom Sizof-
reniuli aSlilobis mqone naSvilebi cdis
pirebis biologiurma naTesavebma azrov-
nebis aSlilobis ufro maRali maCvene-
beli miiRes, vidre sakontrolo SerCevis
naSvilebi cdis pirebis biologiurma
naTesavebma. Tumca, orive SerCevis naSvi-
lebTa naTesavebi ar gansxavdebodnen er-
TmaneTisgan azrovnebis aSlilobis mi-
xedviT. monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom ge-
netikuri faqtori garemos faqtorze metad
miuTiTebs imaze, Tu vis aRmoaCndeba az-
rovnebis aSlilobebi (Kinney et al., 1997).
TiTqmis yvela naSvilebi individi dabade-
bidan mcire xnis Semdeg daaSores TavianT bio-
logiur ojaxs. Sesabamisad, rasac ar unda ga-
moewvia Sizofreniis mqone gaSvilebul indi-
videbSi azrovnebis aSlilobis Zalian maRali
xarisxi da SedarebiT maRali maCvenebeli maT
biologiur naTesavebSi, ver mivakuTvnebT mas
garemos faqtorTa rigs.
sxvadasxva tipis monacemebi erTiandeba da
yalibdeba Semdegi daskvnis saxiT: zogierTi
individi Tandayolili, memkvidreobiT miRebuli
genetikuri masalis matarebelia, romelic mas
Sizofreniis riskis winaSe ayenebs. mkvlevrebi,
romelTac surT am paTologiuri genetikuri
azrovnebis darRvevis maCveneblebi
Sizofreniis mqone naSvileb individebSi,
sakontrolo SerCevis naSvileb
individebsa da maT naTesavebSi
cxrili
15.7
azrovnebis darRvevis indeqsi
Tavad naSvilebi
individebi
maTi biolo-
giuri naTesavebi
maTi biolo-
giuri dedmami-
Svilebi da
naxevrad ded-
mamiSvilebi
maTi mimRebi
naTesavebi
Sizofreniis
mqone naSvilebi
individebi
4.82
1.37
1.44
1.11
sakontrolo
SerCevis
naSvilebi
individebi
1.15
0.99
0.82
1.31
gansxva-
veba
3.67
0.38
0.62
-0.20
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masalis gamocalkeveba, emiSebis populaciaSi
bipolaruli daavadebis genetikuri wyaroebis
kvlevis ganxilvisas aRwerili midgomis msgavs
pozicias ikaveben. kvlevis mizania genebis im
wilis dadgena, romelic aSlilobis mqone in-
dividebs misgan Tavisufali individebisgan ga-
nasxvavebs. mkvlevrebi progress aRweven genTa
im kombinaciebis aRmoCenaSi, romelic adamianebs
Sizofreniis riskis winaSe ayenebs (Brzustowicz
et al., 2000).
miuxedavad imisa, rom genetikur msgavsebasa
da Sizofreniis risks Soris ueWvelad maRali
korelaciaa, yvelaze didi genetikuri msgavsebis
jgufebSic ki, risk-faqtori 50%-ze naklebia
(ix. sur. 15.6). es imaze metyvelebs, rom genebis
rolis garda, garemos pirobebic aucilebelia
aSlilobis ganviTarebisaTvis. Sizofreniis
mizezis Sesaxeb farTod gavrcelebuli hipoTeza
midrekileba-stresis hipoTezis (diathesis-stress
hypothesis) saxeliT aris cnobili. am hipoTezis
Tanaxmad, genetikuri faqtorebi riskis winaSe
ayenebs individs, magram maT garemos stresis
faqtorebic unda daerTos, raTa potenciurma
riskma gamovlenili (manifestirebuli) Sizof-
reniuli aSlilobis saxe miiRos. ganvixileT
ra Sizofreniis biologiuri aspeqtebi, axla
am aSlilobis warmoqmnis damaCqarebeli garemos
stresorebis tipebze visaubrebT.
Tavs tvinis funqcionireba da
biologiuri maniSneblebi
arsebobs Sizofreniisadmi meore biologiuri
midgoma, romelic am aSlilobis mqone individTa
Tavis tvinSi arsebuli darRvevebis ZiebiT aris
dakavebuli. am mimarTulebiT warmoebul kvle-
vaTa umravlesoba Tavis tvinis gamosaxvis teq-
nikebs eyrdnoba (ix. Tavi 3), romelic Sizof-

Sizofreniki,
adreuli
dasawyisi
N=5
sawyisi etapi
riski
fsiqikuri
janmrTeloba 30
wlis asakSi
fsiqikuri
janmrTeloba
riskis
periodis
bolos
SizofrenikTa
Svilebi
N=100
aranairi riski
N=90-50
maRali riski
N=10-50
Sizofreniki
N=5
araSizofreniki
N=5-45
araSizofreniki
N=90-50
Sizofreniki,
gviani
dasawyisi
N=5
ara
Sizofreniki,

N=0-40
ara
Sizofreniki,

N=90-50
suraTi
15.6
Sizofreniuli aSlilobis genetikuri riski
Sizofreniis mqone mSobelTa 100 bavSvisgan Semdgar SerCevaSi 50-dan 10%-s aqvs Sizofreniis
ganmapirobebeli genetikuri struqtura. amasTan, daaxloebiT 5%-s cxovrebis sawyis etapze, 5%-s
ki Semdgom cxovrebaSi ganuviTarda aSliloba. aRsaniSnavia, rom maRali riskis mqone cdis pirTa
40% ar daavadda SizofreniiT.
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reniis mqone da sakontrolo SerCevis norma-
luri individebis Tavis tvinis struqturisa
da funqcionirebis uSulod Sedarebis saSua-
lebas iZleva (Gur & Pearlson, 1993; Marsh et al., 1997;
Vita et al., 2000). magaliTad, magnituri rezonansis
procedura imis saCveneblad gamoiyeneba, rom
Sizofreniis mqone individTa 50%-ze mets ga-
didebuli aqvs parkuWebi _ Tavis tvinis struq-
turebi, romelSic miedineba cerebrospinaluri
siTxe (Degreef et al., 1992). bavSvobaSi gamovlenili
Sizofreniis mqone individebTan mozardobis
periodSi aRiniSneba parkuWebis zomis progre-
suli zrda (Rapoport et al., 1997). garda amisa, gamo-
saxvis teqnikebiT dadgenilia, rom Sizofreniis
mqone individebs sakontrolo jgufisgan gansxva-
vebuli Tavis tvinis aqtivobis paternebi SeiZle-
ba axasiaTebdeT. magaliTad, erT-erT kvlevaSi
Seswavlil iqna identuri tyupebis SemTxvevebi,
rodesac erT-erTi an orive tyupiscali Sizofre-
niiT iyo daavadebuli (Berman et al., 1992). mxolod
im individebs aReniSnebodaT Tavis tvinis Sub-
lis wilebis dabali aqtivoba normasTan Seda-
rebiT, romelTac realurad hqondaT Sizofrenia.
kvlevis aseTi sqemiT genetika~ konstantad
iqceva, rac am aSlilobis kidev erTi biolo-
giuri aspeqtis gamovlenis saSualebas iZleva.
mkvlevrebi agrZeleben Sizofreniis biolo-
giuri maniSneblebis CamonaTvalis Sevsebas.
biologiuri maniSnebeli daavadebis gazomvadi
indikatoria, romelic SeiZleba iyos, an arc
iyos, mizezobrivi~ (Szymaski et al., gv. 99). sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, biologiuri maniSnebeli
SeiZleba korelirebdes daavadebasTan, Tumca,
ar iwvevdes mis ganviTarebas. dResdReobiT ar
aris cnobili arc erTi maniSnebeli, romelic
zustad iwinaswarmetyvelebda Sizofrenias, mag-
ram maniSneblebs didi potenciuri Rirebuleba
aqvT diagnostirebisa da kvlevisaTvis. magali-
Tad, Sizofreniis mqone pirovnebebTan ufro
metad mosalodnelia vizualuri velis Tva-
lierebisas Tvalebis moZraobis disfunqciis
gamovlena, vidre Cveulebriv adamianebTan.
SesaZlebelia am biologiuri maniSneblis
raodenobrivi Sefaseba da es Sefaseba ojaxebSi
Sizofreniis arsebobas ukavSirdeba (Clementz &
Sweeney, 1990; Lencer et al., 2000). mkvlevrebi agrZe-
leben kvlevas Tvalebis moZraobis im specifi-
kuri elementebis aRmoCenis mimarTulebiT,
romelic maqsimalurad zustad ganasxvavebs
Sizofreniis mqone individebs sxva fsiqikuri
aSlilobebis mqone individebisgan (Katsanis et
al., 1997; Sweeney et al., 1994). biologiuri maniS-
neblebis zusti codna mkvlevrebs am aSlilobis
ganviTarebis risk-jgufebis gamovlenaSi daex-
mareba.
Sizofreniis simptomTa farTo speqtrTan
gacnobis Semdeg, albaT, aRar gikvirT biolo-
giuri darRvevebis Sesabamisi diapazonis arse-
boba, romelic SeiZleba Sizofreniis mizezs
an Sedegs warmoadgendes. rogor uwyobs xels
garemos maxasiaTeblebi risk-jgufSi Semaval
adamianebs daavadebis ganviTarebaSi?
midrekileba-stresis hipoTeza (Diathesis-stress
hypothesis) _ hipoTeza zogierTi aSlilobis
mizezis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa Sizofrenia, romlis
mixedviTac, individSi genetikuri faqtorebi
qmnian garkveuli aSlilobisadmi midrekilebas,
magram garemo pirobebidan momdinare stresulma
faqtorebma biZgi unda misces am potencias,
raTa gamovlindes.
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ojaxuri urTierToba, rogorc stresori
rogorc Znelia imis mtkiceba, rom Zalze
specifikuri biologiuri faqtori Sizofreniis
sakmarisi mizezia, aseve, ver vityviT gadaWriT,
rom fsiqologiuri faqtori aucilebeli pirobaa
amisaTvis. sociologebi, ojaxis Terapevtebi da
fsiqologebi ikvleven ojaxSi roluri urTi-
erTobebisa da komunikaciis stilis gavlenas
Sizofreniis ganviTarebaze. gamokvlevis mizania
garemos im pirobebis dadgena, romelic zrdis
Sizofreniis albaTobas da risk-jgufSi Semavali
individebis dacva am pirobebisgan.
mkvlevrebs gaaCniaT im TeoriaTa empiriuli
dasabuTeba, romlebic xazs usvams mSoblebis
urTierTobaSi gadaxrebis (deviaciebis) zegav-
lenas Sizofreniis ganviTarebaze (Milkowitz, 1994;
Wearden et al., 2000). am gadaxrebSi Sedis ojaxSi
saerTo yuradRebis ganawilebis SeuZlebloba;
mSoblebis mier ojaxis danarCeni wevrebis
mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebis an gasagebi da
zusti komunikaciis sirTuleebi. kvlevebi aCve-
nebs, rom, im ojaxis metyvelebis paternebi, sadac
Sizofreniis mqone wevri cxovrobs, naklebi
gulisxmierebiTa da naklebi interpersonaluri
mgrZnobelobiT xasiaTdeba, vidre Cveulebrivi
ojaxebis.
gadauWreli rCeba sakiTxi: devianturi ojaxis
struqtura Sizofreniis mizezia, Sizofreniis
simptomebis mqone individze reaqciaa, Tu erTic
aris da meorec (Rosenfarb et al., 1995)? am kiTxvaze
pasuxis gasacemad mkvlevrebi prospeqtul (moma-
valze orientirebul) kvlevebs axorcieleben:
isini zomaven ojaxis funqcionirebas, raTa naxon,
Tu romeli paterni uZRvis win Sizofreniis
ganviTarebas, an mis ganmeorebas momavalSi. ma-
galiTad, erT-erTi kvleva Seexeboda pacientTa
naTesavebis empaTiis unars, rac maT mier pa-
cientebis guneba-ganwyobilebis mdgomareobis
wvdomisa da gagebis SesaZleblobaSi gamoixa-
teboda (Giron & Gomez-Beneyto, 1998). ori wlis
Semdeg im pacientebTan ufro meti iyo Sizof-
reniis simptomTa gameorebis albaToba, romelTa
naTesavebsac empaTiis dabali done aReniSnebodaT.
am kvlevis Sedegebi Tanxvdeba sxva kvlevebiT
miRebul monacemebs, romlis Tanaxmadac, ojaxis
faqtori mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs individis
funqcionirebaSi simptomebis pirvelad gamoCenis
Semdeg.
saidan
viciT
emociis gamoxatva da simptomis
gameoreba
Sizofreniis dros ojaxuri komuni-
kaciis rolis Sesaswavlad, mkvlevrebma
gansazRvres cneba emociis gamoxatva. emo-
ciis gamoxatvis maRali xarisxis mqoned
miiCnevdnen ojaxebs, Tu pacientis mimarT
mravlad gamoiTqmeboda kritikuli komen-
tarebi, Tu ojaxis wevrebi Warbad iyvnen
CarTulni pacientis cxovrebaSi (vTqvaT,
iyvnen zedmetad mzrunvelni da momabez-
rebelni) da Tu maT zogadad arakeTilgan-
wyobili damokidebuleba hqondaT pa-
cientisadmi. erT kvlevaSi Segrovda
monacemebi Sizofreniis mqone 65 pacientis
ojaxis Sesaxeb, romlebic SedarebiT
stabilur periodebSi saxlSi cxovrobdnen.
TiToeuli ojaxi fasdeboda emociis gamo-
xatvis moculobis mixedviT: rodesac cxra
Tvis Semdeg Seafases pacientTa mdgoma-
reoba, emociis gamoxatvis maRali xarisxis
mqone ojaxebSi mcxovreb pacientTa 50%-s
aReniSneboda ganmeorebiTi simptomatika
maSin, roca analogiuri mdgomareoba emo-
ciis gamoxatvis dabali xarisxis mqone
ojaxebSi mcxovreb pacientTa mxolod 17%-
Tan dafiqsirda. Tumca, emociis gamoxatvis
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zogierTi aspeqti sasargeblo aRmoCnda
pacientebisaTvis. is pacientebi, romelTa
ojaxebic metad iyvnen CarTulni mis
cxovrebaSi, cxra Tvis Semdeg socialurad
ukeT Seguebulni aRmoCndnen. albaT,
rigiduli ojaxuri garemo arTulebs saa-
vadmyofodan gare samyaroSi gasvlas (King
& Dixon, 1996).
es kvleva imeorebs zogad models: Svilebis
mimarT mSoblebis kritikis, mtruli damoki-
debulebisa da momabezreblobis SemcirebasTan
erTad, Sesabamisad, mcirdeba mwvave Sizofre-
niuli simptomebis gameorebis sixSire da ganmeo-
rebiTi hospitalizaciis saWiroeba (Wearden et
al., 2000). qveteqsti isaa, rom mkurnaloba mimar-
Tul unda iqnes mTel ojaxze, rogorc sistemaze,
raTa Seicvalos daavadebuli Svilisadmi damo-
kidebulebis stili.
Sizofreniis Cven mier ganxiluli mTeli
rigi interpretaciebis da mniSvnelovani kvle-
vebis miuxedavad Riad darCenili kiTxvebi gviC-
venebs, Tu ramdenad bevria kidev Sesaswavli am
mZlavri fsiqologiuri aSlilobis Sesaxeb.
garTulebul gagebas iwvevs is faqti, rom
Sizofreniad wodebuli fenomeni, albaT, uke-
Tesia ganvixiloT, rogorc aSlilobaTa jgufi,
TiToeuli SesaZlo calkeuli mizezebiT. gene-
tikuri midrekileba, Tavis tvinSi mimdinare
problemebi da ojaxuri urTierTobebi _ TiTo-
euli maTgani ganisazRreba, rogorc monawile,
sul mcire, zogierT SemTxvevaSi. mkvlevrebs
jer kidev gansasazRvri aqvT im elementTa
kombinirebis konkretuli gzebi, romelTac
Sifozreniis ganviTarebamde mivyavarT.
Sejameba
Sizofreniis simptomebSi Sedis aralogikuri
azrovneba, halucinaciebi, bodvebi, araTanmim-
devruli metyveleba, gasadavebuli emociebi da
dezorganizebuli fsiqomotoruli qceva. arse-
bobs Sizofreniis xuTi tipi: dezorganizebuli,
katatoniuri, paranoiduli, aradiferencirebuli
da rezidualuri. arsebobs Sizofreniis geneti-
kurad gadacemis utyuari dasabuTeba. garda amisa,
mkvlevrebma am aSlilobasTan SeWiduli Tavis
tvinis anomaliebi da sxva biologiuri maniS-
neblebic aRmoaCines. ojaxuri urTierTobebis
garkveulma paternebma, maT Soris emociis ga-
moxatvam, SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos Sizofreniuli
aSlilobis warmoqmnas, mimdinareobas an
gameorebas.
fsiqikuri daavadebis daRi
(stigma)
winamdebare Tavis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes
amocanas fsiqikuri daavadebis, rogorc gasaidum-
loebulisa da mistikuris, Sesaxeb warmodgenis
gabaTileba warmoadgenda. es dagexmarebaT,
gaigoT, rom paTologiuri qceva sinamdvileSi
sruliad Cveulebrivi da gavrcelebuli mov-
lenaa. fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mqone ada-
mianebs xSirad devianturis (normidan gadax-
rilis) iarliys awebeben; sazogadoeba Zvir sa-
zRaurs moiTxovs maTgan, vinc scildeba misi
normis farglebs. Tumca, devianturis iarliyi
ar Seesatyviseba arsebul realobas: rodesac
aSS-is axalgazrda da Sua asakis mozrdilebis
50%-s cxovrebis manZilze erTxel mainc aReniS-
neba romelime fsiqiatriuli aSliloba (Kessler
et al., 1994). fsiqopaTologia, statistikurad mainc,
SedarebiT normis farglebSi Tavsdeba.
normalur cxovrebaSi~ fsiqopaTologiis
SeWris sixSiris dadgenisda miuxedavad, fsiqo-
logiuri aSlilobebis mqone adamianebs xSirad
iseT daRs asvamen, romelsac ar vxvdebiT fi-
zikurad daavadebulTa SemTxvevaSi. daRi (stigma)
samarcxvino niSania; fsiqologiur konteqstSi
es aris pirovnebisadmi uaryofiTi damoki-
debulebebis erToblioba, romelic mijnavs mas,
rogorc miuRebels (clausen, 1981). gavixsenoT Tavis
dasawyisSi citirebuli sityvebi: pacientsa
da sazogadoebas ganaTleba sWirdebaT fsiqikuri
daavadebis Sesaxeb, radganac adamianebi dagvci-
nian da arasworad gveqcevian, zogjer araswora-
dac esmiT Cveni gadamwyvet momentebSi~. sxva
gamojanmrTelebuli pacienti wers: _ CemTvis
daRi (Stigma) _ individze, an jgufze adamianebis
uaryofiTi reaqcia garkveuli savaraudo ara-
srulfasovnebis, an gansxvavebulobis gamo, rac
damamcireblad moqmedebs maTze.
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fsiqikuri daavadebis daRi iseTive damangreveli
iyo, rogorc Tavad saavadmyofoSi yofna~. igi
cxadad aRwers Tavis pirad gamocdilebas:
fsiqikuri daavadebis mizeziT saavadmyo-
foSi moxvedramde SesaSuri cxovrebiT
vcxovrobdi. Cemi albomi savse iyo jil-
doebiT, premiebiTa da mosawvevebiT... fsi-
qikuri daavadebis krizisi birTvul afeT-
qebasaviT iyo Cems cxovrebaSi. yvelaferi,
rac manamde vicodi da siamovnebas mani-
Webda, moulodnelad Seicvala, ucnauri
bunebrivi ukuprocesis msgavsad _ mSve-
nieri peplidan Wuprisken. es iyo nawi-
lobriv arCeulis, nawilobriv _ Tavsmox-
veuli Cemi cxovrebis xarisxis Sekaveba,
SezRudva, Caketva. mravaljeradma uar-
yofam, Cems irgvliv arsebuli sxvebis
mouqnelobam da Cemma sakuTarma diskom-
fortma da TviTcnobierebam ganmartoebuli
Caketilobisken mibiZga.
fsiqikuri daavadebisgan gamojanmrTe-
leba da misi Sedegebi brZolas moicavda
_ brZolas winaaRmdeg Cemi sakuTari sxe-
ulisa, romelic energiisgan daclilad
da amtanobas moklebulad gamoiyureboda,
da sazogadoebisa, romelic uxalisod
miRebda (Houghtin 1980, gv. 7-8).
fsiqologiuri darRvevebis mqone adamiane-
bisadmi uaryofiT damokidebulebas mravali
wyaro aqvs: masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi
fsiqiatriul pacientebs Zaladobis Semcveli
danaSaulisken midrekilebas miaweren; miRebulia
xumroba fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebze;
ojaxebi uaryofen erT-erTi wevris fsiqikur
sirTuleebs; samarTlebrivi terminologia xazs
usvams fsiqikur uunarobas. garda amisa, ada-
mianebi Tavad asvamen sakuTar Tavs daRs imiT,
rom malaven arsebul fsiqologiur sirTuleebs,
an fsiqiatriul klinikaSi yofnis gamocdilebas.
mkvlevrebma daadgines mTeli rigi gzebisa,
romliTac fsiqikuri daavadebis daRi uaryo-
fiTad zemoqmedebs adamianTa cxovrebaze (Farina
et al., 1996; Wright et al., 2000). fsiqikuri daavadebis
mizeziT klinikaSi moxvedrili 84 mamakacisgan
Semdgar SerCevaSi 6%-ma aRniSna, rom saavad-
myofoSi moxvedris gamo dakarga samuSao; 10%-s
uari uTxres binis an oTaxis daqiravebaze; 37%-s
sxvebi Tavs aridebdnen; 45% aRniSnavda, rom
fsiqikuri daavadebis gamocdilebas sxvebi
maTTvis tkivilis misayeneblad iyenebdnen.
mxolod 6%-s ar hqonia uaryofis SemTxvevebi
(Link et al., 1997). mamakacTa am jgufma mkurnalobis
erTwliani kursi gaiara, rasac maTi fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis mniSvnelovani gaumjobeseba
mohyva, Tumca, wlis bolos ar aRiniSneboda
cvlilebebi maT mier daRis aRqmaSi: miuxedavad
maTi funqcionirebis gaumjobesebisa, pacientebs
ukve aRar hqondaT garemosgan keTilad mopyrobis
molodini. am tipis kvlevam aCvena, rom mraval
adamians ambivalenturi, gaorebuli damokide-
buleba aqvs fsiqikuri aSlilobebisadmi: dax-
marebisken swrafva da aSlilobis mqone adami-
anTa problemebisTvis iarliyis miwebebis daS-
veba. aseT damokidebulebas Semsubuqebac moaqvs
da daRic; mkurnaloba aumjobesebs cxovrebis
xarisxs, daRi ki, amave dros, auaresebs mas
(Rosenfield, 1997).
damatebiT sirTules qmnis is faqti, rom
fsiqikuri daavadebis mqone adamianebi xSirad
axdenen uaryofis molodinebis internalizacias
(gaSinagnebas),
3
ramac, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba uar-
yofiTi urTierTqmedeba gamoiwvios (Link et al.,
1997). ganvixiloT qvemoT aRwerili klasikuri
eqsperimenti.
saidan
viciT
uaryofis molodini
29 mamakacma, romlebic manamde fsiqikuri
daavadebis mizeziT iyvnen klinikaSi mo-
Tavsebulni, sakuTari surviliT miiRes
monawileoba winamdebare kvlevaSi. maT
icodnen, rom kvleva yofil fsiqiatriul
pacientebTan samuSaos povnasTan dakav-
Sirebul sirTuleebs exeboda. cdis pirebs
acnobes, rom maT saqmiani dawesebulebidan
mowveul kadrebis momzadebis specia-
listTan, trenerTan mouwevdaT urTier-
Toba. cdis pirTa erT naxevars uTxres,
3
internalizacia _ gaSinagneba da ara _ gaTaviseba,
radgan gaTaviseba niSnavs cnobierebis komponentis
arsebobas _ adamiani cnobierad iTavisebs informacias,
xolo gaSinagneba gulisxmobs iracionaluri kompo-
nentis arsebobas, romelic cnobierebis miRma, avtoma-
turad Semodis.
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rom trenerma icoda maTi statusis (yo-
fili fsiqiatriuli pacientebi) Sesaxeb;
meore naxevars ki uTxres, rom treners
isini saavadmyofoSi myof samedicino, an
qirurgiul pacientebad miaCnda. realurad,
treneri~ eqsperimentatoris mokavSire
iyo, romelmac araferi icoda imaze, Tu
ra icodnen cdis pirebma misi codnis
Sesaxeb. amgvarad, man ar icoda, Tu romeli
cdis piri fiqrobda, rom mas hqonda infor-
macia maTi eqspacientobis Sesaxeb. Sesa-
bamisad, nebismieri gansxvaveba urTier-
TobaSi im drois ganmavlobaSi, romelic
erTad unda gaetarebinaT cdis pirebsa da
eqsperimentatoris asistents, SeiZleboda
cdis pirTa molodinebisTvis migvewera.
aRmoCnda, rom pacientebi, romelTac
sjerodaT, rom eqsfsiqiatriuli pacien-
tebis iarliys atarebdnen, naklebs lapa-
rakobdnen sesiis ganmavlobaSi da efeq-
turad warmoadgines Tavi erToblivi amo-
canis Sesrulebisas. metic, am jgufis cdis
pirebs asistentma ufro daZabuli da
mSfoTvare~ uwoda imis codnis gareSe,
Tu romel jgufs miekuTvnebodnen isini
(Farina et al., 1971).
aq mniSvnelovania daskvna, rom adamianebma,
romelTac sjeraT, rom sxvebma maT fsiqikuri
daavadebis~ iarliyi miawebes, SeiZleba imgvarad
Secvalon urTierTqmedeba, rom WeSmariti
diskomforti SeeqmnaT _ uaryofis molodinma
SeiZleba warmoSvas uaryofa; fsiqikuri daavadeba
kidev erT samwuxaro TviTqmnad winaswarmatyve-
lebad SeiZleba iqces.
bolo SeniSnva daRis Sesaxeb: kvlevam aCvena,
rom im adamianTa damokidebulebebi, visac
warsulSi kontaqti hqonia fsiqikuri daavadebis
mqone adamianTan, naklebad ganicdis daRis
moqmedebas. magaliTad, studentebi, romlebmac
waikiTxes Sizofreniisgan gankurnebuli jimis
Sesaxeb, ufro optimisturad uyurebdnen mis
momavals im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac maT ukve
hqondaT fsiqikuri aSlilobis mqone individTan
urTierTobis gamocdileba (Penn et al., 1999). aseve,
studentebis mier Sizofreniis mqone pacien-
tebisgan momdinare safrTxis Sefaseba SedarebiT
naklebi iyo, Tu maT gamocdilebaSi hqondaT
maTTan urTierToba (Penn et al., 1999). vimedovnebT,
rom winamdebare da Semdeg TavTan gacnoba
dagexmarebaT Tqveni mosazrebebis (Tu ras
niSnavs, iyo fsiqikurad avad da ras niSnavs
iyo gankurnebuli~) modifikaciasa da fsiqi-
kurad daavadebuli individebis mimarT toleran-
tulobisa da TanagrZnobis momatebaSi.
fsiqopaTologiasTan gacnobisas Tqven
SegeZloT SegeTvisebinaT normis, realobisa
da socialuri Rirebulebebis cnebebi. fsiqolo-
giuri aSlilobebis Secnobis, mkurnalobisa
da, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, profilaqtikis gzebis
Ziebisas mkvlevrebi ara marto exmarebian maT,
vinc itanjeba am aSlilobebisgan da cxovre-
biseuli sixarulis miRma rCeba, aramed afar-
Toeben adamianis bunebis fundamentur gagebas.
rogor axdenen fsiqologebi da fsiqiatrebi
araswori fsiqikuri procesebis sworad warmar-
Tvas da usargeblo qcevebis Secvlas? amas
Terapevtebisadmi miZRvnil Semdeg TavSi vnaxavT.
Sejameba
fsiqikurad daavadebulad wodebuli mravali
adamiani itanjeba stigmisgan. stigmam pirovneba-
TSorisi da sazogadoebrivi gaucxoebis sxvada-
sxva forma SeiZleba warmoqmnas. pacientebi mkur-
nalobis Sedegad fsiqikuri daavadebis Semsu-
buqebis SemTxvevaSic ki ganicdian stigmis ze-
moqmedebas. metic, Tavad pacientebis molo-
dinebma maTze sxvebis SesaZlo reaqciebis Tao-
baze, SeiZleba gamoiwvios is uaryofiTi reaq-
ciebi, risic ase eSiniaT maT.
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sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
fsiqologiuri aSli-
lobebis buneba
paTologiebis Sesaxeb das-
kvna keTdeba im xarisxis
mixedviT, ra xarisxiTac
pirovnebis moqmedeba Tan-
xvdeba indikatorTa er-
Tobliobas, romelSic
Sedis distresi, araadek-
veturoba, araracionalu-
roba, araprognozireba-
doba, araSablonuroba,
damkvirveblis diskomfor-
ti da socialuri normebis
standartebis darRveva.
adreul periodSi fsi-
qikurad daavadebul ada-
mianebs xSirad epyrobod-
nen, rogorc demonebiT
Sepyrobilebs, an arasrul-
fasovan, adamianze dabla
mdgom arsebebs.
fsiqikuri daavadebisadmi
Tanamedrove midgomebis
warmoqmna daiwyo imis gac-
nobierebiT, rom fsiqikuri
aSlilobebi avadmyofobaa,
romelic mkurnalobas sa-
Wiroebs.
arsebobs mTeli rigi mid-
gomebisa, romelic fsiqo-
paTologiis etiologias
ikvlevs.
biologiuri midgoma Tavis
tvinis paTologiebze, bio-
qimiur procesebsa da gene-
tikur zegavlenaze foku-
sirdeba.
fsiqologiur midgomebSi
moiazreba fsiqodinamikuri,
bihevioraluri, kognituri
da sociokulturuli mo-
delebi.
fsiqologiuri aSli-
lobebis klasifikacia
fsiqologiuri aSlilo-
bebis saklasifikacio
sistema fsiqopaTologiisa da
specifikuri SemTxvevebis zo-
gadi tipebis Sesaxeb komunika-
ciis saerTo, sayovelTaod mi-
Rebul parametrebs (common
shorthand) unda uzrunvelyof-
des.
yvelaze farTod miRebul sa-
diagnostiko da saklasifika-
cio sistemas DSM-IV-TR war-
moadgens.
DSM-IV-TR xuTRerZian mraval-
ganzomilebian sistemas iyenebs,
rac exmareba fsiqikuri jan-
mrTelobis profesionalebs im
fsiqologiuri, fizikuri da
socialuri faqtorebis gan-
xilvisas, romelic SesaZloa
romelime konkretul aSli-
lobas Seesabamebodes.
fsiqologiuri aSli-
lobebis ZiriTadi
tipebi
SfoTviTi aSlilobebis xuTi
ZiriTadi tipi arsebobs, esenia:
generalizebuli, panikuri,
fobiuri, obsesiur-kompulsuri
da posttravmaturi stresis
aSliloba.
guneba-ganwyobilebis aS-
lilobebSi moiazreba emociis
darRvevebi. yvelaze gavr-
celebul afeqtur aSlilobas
klinikuri depresiuli aS-
liloba warmoadgens maSin,
roca bipolaruli aSliloba
gacilebiT iSviaTia.
suicidi yvelaze xSiria
depresiis mqone adamianebSi.
biologiuri da fsiqologiuri
axsna SfoTviTi da guneba-
ganwyobilebis aSlilobebis
etiologiis sxvadasxva aspeqts
ganixilavs.
pirovnuli aSlilobebi war-
moadgens aRqmis, azrovnebisa
da qcevis xangrZliv da xist
paternebs, romelic auaresebs
individis funqcionirebas.
disociaciuri aSlilobebi
gulisxmobs pirovnuli iden-
tobis, mexsierebisa da cno-
bierebis integralurad
funqcionirebis darRvevas.
Sizofreniuli aSli-
lobebi
Sizofrenia fsiqopaTo-
logiis mwvave formaa, ro-
melic xasiaTdeba aRqmis,
emociebis, qcevisa da metyve-
lebis ukiduresi darRveviT.
arsebobs Sizofreniis xuTi
qvetipi, esenia: dezorga-
nizebuli, katatoniuri, pa-
ranoiduli, aradiferen-
cirebuli da rezidualuri.
Sizofreniis savaraudo
mizezebi, damamtkicebeli
sabuTebi aRmoCenilia sxva-
dasxva faqtorebSi, maT Soris
aris genetikuri, Tavis tvinis
paTologiebi da ojaxuri
procesebi.
fsiqikuri daavadebis
daRi
fsiqologiuri aSlilobis
mqone adamianebs xSirad iseT
iarliyebs awebeben, ro-
melsac ar vxvdebiT fizi-
kurad daavadebuli ada-
mianebis SemTxvevaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom fsi-
qologiuri aSlilobebis
mkurnalobas dadebiT cvli-
lebebamde mivyavarT, fsi-
qikur daavadebasTan dakav-
Sirebuli daRi cxovrebis
xarisxze uaryofiT gavlenas
axdens.
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652
ZiriTadi cnebebi
agorafobia
bipolaruli aSliloba
bodva
generalizebuli SfoTviTi
aSliloba
aSliloba
daswavlili umweoba
disociaciuri amnezia
disociaciuri aSliloba
disociaciuri identobis
aSliloba
DSM-IV-TR
etiologia
klinikuri depresiuli
aSliloba
komorbidi
maniakaluri epizodi
midrekileba-stresis
hipoTeza
nevrotuli aSliloba
obsesiur-kompulsuri
aSliloba
paTofsiqologia
panikuri aSliloba
pirovnuli aSliloba
posttravmatuli stresis
aSliloba
stigma (daRi)
fsiqoturi aSliloba
fsiqologiuri diagnozi
fsiqopaTologiuri
funqcionireba
fobia
Seuracxadoba
Sizofreniuli aSliloba
SiSi
SfoTviTi aSliloba
socialuri fobia
specifikuri fobiebi
halucinaciebi
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653
p i rov n e b i s cv li le b e b i s Te ra p i e b i p i rov n e b i s cv li le b e b i s Te ra p i e b i p i rov n e b i s cv li le b e b i s Te ra p i e b i p i rov n e b i s cv li le b e b i s Te ra p i e b i p i rov n e b i s cv li le b e b i s Te ra p i e b i
16
Terapiuli konteqsti
miznebi da ZiriTadi Tera-
piebi Terapevtebi da Te-
rapiuli garemo istoriuli
da kulturuli konteqsti
fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi
neofroidianuli Terapiebi
sdevs Tu ara gandevnili mogonebebi
adamians mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
bihevioraluri Terapia
kontrganpirobeba pirobiTi
ganmamtkiceblebis marTva
socialuri daswavlis Tera-
pia generalizaciis teq-
nikebi
kognituri Terapiebi
kognitur-bihevioraluri
modifikacia mcdari warmod-
genebis Secvla
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: Terapia
kompiuteris saukuneSi
egzistencialur-humanisturi
Terapiebi
klientze centrirebuli
Terapia geStalt-Terapia
jgufuri Terapiebi
ojaxuri wyvilebisa da
ojaxis Terapia sazogado-
ebrivi mxardaWeris jgufebi
biosamedicino Terapiebi
fsiqoqirurgia da eleqtro-
konvulsiuri Terapia
farmakoTerapia
ramdenad muSaobs Terapia
Terapiis Sedegianobis Se-
faseba mkurnalobis Sefa-
seba prevenciis strategiebi
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
654
vtobiografiaSi mxeci~ treisi
tomsoni (1995) aRwers 25 wlian
brZolas depresiasTan. am nawyvet-
Si tomsoni aRwers Tavis adreul urTierTobas
qalTan, romelsac sxvisi rCeviT mimarTa daxma-
rebisTvis.
is fsiqoTerapevti iyo. me mas amanda
meihiud movixsenieb. Cven erTad unda
gagvetarebina Semdgomi aTi weliwadis
umetesi nawili.
amanda iyo saSualo asakis, masiuri,
gemovnebiT Cacmuli, gawonasworebuli qa-
li. misi kilo, romelic Cems gamocdil
smenas ar gamoparvia, maRal sazogadoebaSi
aRzrdaze an, sul cota, samxreTul
daxvewilobaze mianiSnebda. misi ofisi at-
lantis feSenebelur nawilSi, baqhedSi
mdebareobda.
pirvel Sexvedraze SevTanxmdiT, rom
Semxvdeboda kviraSi erTxel, oTxSabaTobiT,
saaTSi ormocdaTxuTmeti dolaris safa-
surad.
amanda Wkviani da kompetenturi qali
Canda, romelsac SeeZlo CemTvis daxmarebis
gaweva. magram, rogorc Tavad miTxra, Terapia
ar iqneboda advili da oridan xuT wlamde
intensiuri muSaoba dagvWirdeboda. ori-
xuTi weli CemTvis patimrobis tolfasi
iyo.
dasawyisSi, 1977 wlis zamTarSi, masTan
yovelkvireuli seansebi Cemi stabilurobis
saSualeba iyo, radgan vicodi, rom Cems
qaotur azrebs mousmendnen da seriozulad
aRiqvamdnen. gasul gazafxuls dawyebulma
depresiam nel-nela iklo. gazafxulisTvis
Tavs vgrZnobdi ukeTesad ara bednierad,
magram TviTmkvlelobasTan dakavSirebuli
fiqrebi aRar mawuxebda. axla vfiqrob, rom
Terapia realurad amuSavda.
Tumca, rodesac Zlierma krizisma gada-
iara, seansebi deda-Svilis xangrZliv brZo-
las daemsgavsa. amandasTan SemeZlo xmis
amaRleba, rasac ver vaxerxebdi dedasTan.
saxlSi arasodes vyofilvar Cem nebaze;
dedaCems imdenad esaWiroeboda simSvide
da usafrTxoeba, rom mozardisTvis Cveuli
gasarTobebi _ lawiraki biWebi, Cum-Cumad
kanafis moweva, uxeSi, uxamsi musika _ anad-
gurebda mas, dedaCemi amandam Caanacvla...
amandas imisTvis uxdida dedaCemi fuls,
rom CemTvis gaeZlo. es Taviseburad Sesa-
niSnavi sistema iyo _ erTgvari pasiur-
agresiuli janyi (gv. 62-65).
a
am nawyvetSi mocemulia pirovnuli cvli-
lebebis Terapiis mravali TvalsaCino maxasia-
Tebeli. umniSvnelovanesia, rom, tomsonis TqmiT,
man fsiqoTerapiuli kursis Sedegad Tavi ukeT
igrZno, Tumca, es ar iyo myisieri Sedegi. tom-
sonis depresia imdenad damangreveli iyo, rom
mas uwyveti mkurnaloba esaWiroeboda. aseve,
monaTxrobidan Cans, rom Terapiuli urTier-
Tobebi pirovnuli urTierTobebia. amandas,
fsiqoTerapevts, hqonda garkveuli Tvisebebi,
romlebic dasawyisSi dadebiTad moqmedebda
tomsonis fsiqikur janmrTelobaze, magram Tera-
piis msvlelobisas, amave Tvisebebma igi tom-
sonis dedis `Semcvlelad~ aqcia.
winamdebare TavSi SevexebiT TiToeul dasaxe-
lebul Temas. ganvixilavT Terapiis tipebs, rom-
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lebic pirovnuli kontrolis aRdgenaSi exma-
reba mTeli rigi aSlilobebis mqone adamianebs.
davsvamT mravlismomcvel kiTxvebs: ra gavlenas
axdens istoriuli, kulturuli da socialuri
Zalebi fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkurna-
lobaze? rogor urTierTmoqmedebs erTmaneTTan
Teoria, kvleva da praqtika, rodesac mkvlevrebi
qmnian da amowmeben mkurnalobis meTodebs?
rogor vimoqmedoT racionalurobas moklebul
gonebaze, rogor SevcvaloT arakontrolirebadi
qceva da emociebi, rogor gamovasworoT tvinis
anomaliebi?
winamdebare TavSi ganxilulia Terapiis
ZiriTadi tipebi, romelsac iyeneben janmrTe-
lobis dacvis sferoSi dakavebuli Tanamedrove
profesionalebi. esenia fsiqoanalizi, qcevis
modifikacia, kognituri cvlilebebi, humanis-
turi Terapia da farmakoTerapia. Cven ganvixi-
lavT am meTodebis moqmedebis principebs. garda
amisa, SevafasebT, Tu ramdenad sandoa TiToeuli
saxis Terapiis warmatebulobis Sesaxeb mtkice-
bulebebi.
Terapiuli konteqsti
fsiqikuri aSlilobebis samkurnalod mraval-
gvari Terapia arsebobs. mravali mizezis gamo
iTxovs zogierTi adamiani (da zogic, saWiroebis
miuxedavad, ar iTxovs) daxmarebas. aseve, sxvada-
sxvagvaria Terapiis miznebi, is garemo, sadac
Terapia xorcieldeba da Tavad Terapevtebic,
Tumca, pirovnebis cxovrebaSi nebismieri aseTi
Careva mowodebulia misi funqcionirebis gar-
kveuli mimarTulebiT Sesacvlelad.
miznebi da ZiriTadi Terapiebi
Terapiuli procesi SeiZleba moicavdes oTx
ZiriTad Temas an mizans:
1. problemuri momentebis diagnostireba, ar-
sebuli problemisTvis, savaraudod, saTanado
fsiqiatriuli (DSM-IV-TR) kategoriis gansa-
zRvra da aSlilobis klasificireba.
2. savaraudo etiologiis dasaxeleba aSli-
lobis SesaZlo mizezebis da simptomTa fun-
qciebis identificireba.
3. problemis Semdgomi ganviTarebis prognozi-
reba, anu Sefaseba mkurnalobis SemTxvevaSi
da mkurnalobis gareSe.
4. mkurnalobis garkveuli formebis SerCeva
da ganxorcieleba, romliTac SesaZlebeli
gaxdeba Semawuxebeli simptomebis Semcireba
an gaqroba da, Tu moxerxda, maTi mizezebis
mospobac.
Tu tvins kompiuters SevadarebT, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom fsiqikuri problemebi Tavs iCens
an hardware-Si, an _ software-Si, romelic aprog-
ramebs mis funqcionirebas. fsiqikuri aSlilo-
bebis mkurnalobis ori ZiriTadi tipi mimar-
Tulia an erTze, an _ meoreze.
biosamedicino Terapiebi fokusirdeba hard-
ware-is, anu im meqanizmebis Secvlaze, romelic
safuZvlad udevs centraluri nervuli sistemis
moqmedebas. mas farTod iyeneben fsiqiatrebi
da eqimebi, rodesac tvinis funqcionirebis
Secvlas cdiloben qimiuri an fizikuri in-
tervenciebiT; aq Sedis qirurgia, eleqtroSoki
da medikamentebi, romlebic uSualod zemoqme-
debs tvini-sxeulis kavSirze.
fsiqologiuri Terapiebi, romelTac erTad
fsiqoTerapias uwodeben, software-is Secvlazea
orientirebuli; misi samiznea adamianebis mier
mcdarad daswavlili sityvebi, azrebi, inter-
pretaciebi da ukukavSiri, romelic ganapirobebs
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis strategiebs. am Tera-
piebs axorcieleben rogorc klinikuri fsi-
qologebi, ise _ fsiqiatrebi. arsebobs fsiqo-
Terapiis oTxi ZiriTadi saxe: fsiqodinamikuri,
bihevioraluri, kognituri da egzistencialur-
humanisturi.
fsiqodinamikuri midgoma nevrotul tanjvas
Sinagani, dauZleveli travmis an konfliqtis
biosamedicino Terapiebi (Biomedical therapies) _
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkurnaloba, ro-
melic cvlis tvinis funqcionirebas qimiuri,
an fizikuri Carevis gziT, rogoricaa medi-
kamentebiT mkurnaloba, qirurgia, an eleqtro-
konvulsiuri Terapia.
fsiqoTerapia (Psychotherapy) _ TerapiaTa jgu-
fidan nebismieri, romelic gamoiyeneba fsiqo-
logiuri aSlilobebis samkurnalod da foku-
sirebulia konkretul aSlilobasTan dakav-
Sirebuli araswori qcevis, azrebis, aRqmebisa
da emociebis Secvlaze.
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garegan simptomad miiCnevs. fsiqodinamikosi
Terapevtebi fsiqikur aSlilobebs ganmakur-
nebeli saubriT~ mkurnaloben, romlis drosac
Terapevti exmareba pirovnebas, rom man dainaxos
kavSiri TvalsaCino simptomebsa da maT SesaZlo
gamomwvev gadauWrel dafarul konfliqtebs
Soris.
bihevioraluri Terapia Tavad qcevas mkurna-
lobs, rogorc darRvevas, romelic unda Seic-
valos. aSlilobebi ganixileba, rogorc das-
wavlili qceviTi paternebi da ara, rogorc
fsiqikuri daavadebis simptomebi. qceva SeiZleba
Seicvalos sxvadasxva gziT, maT Soris, sasur-
veli da arasasurveli reaqciebis ganmamtkiceb-
lebis SecvliT, gamomuSavebuli reaqciebis
CaqrobiT da problemis efeqturad gadaWris
modelebis uzrunvelyofiT.
kognituri Terapia cdilobs adamianis azrov-
nebis nakadis restruqturizacias, rasac prob-
lemis mizezis Sesaxeb pirovnebis mier Seqmnili,
xSirad damangreveli TviTdamarwmunebeli
debulebebis SecvliT aRwevs. restruqturi-
rebuli kogniciebi, Tavis mxriv, cvlis pirov-
nebis midgomas siZneleebis gansazRvrisa da
axsnisadmi, rac xSirad problemebis daZlevis
SesaZleblobas iZleva.
egzistencialur-humanistur tradiciebze
aRmocenebuli Terapiebi pacientis faseulo-
bebze koncentrirdebian da mimarTulni arian
TviTaqtualizaciisaken, fsiqologiuri zrdi-
saken, ufro Sinaarsiani pirovnebaTSorisi
urTierTobebis ganviTarebisaken. isini arsebiTad
janmrTeli adamianebis funqcionirebis gaumjo-
besebaze ufro fokusirdebian, vidre seriozuli
darRvevebis mqone individTa simptomebis ko-
regirebaze.
Terapevtebi da Terapiuli
garemo
rodesac fsiqologiuri problemebi Cndeba,
adamianTa umetesoba nacnob wreebSi eZebs
araformalur konsultantebs. es SeiZleba iyos
ojaxis wevri, uaxloesi megobari, piradi eqimi,
advokati, sayvareli maswavlebeli, xelmZRva-
neloba an sabWo. religiuri orientaciis ada-
mianisTvis es SeiZleba iyos sasuliero piri.
sxvebi rCevisTvis mimarTaven da esaubrebian
barmenebs, gamyidvelebs, taqsis mZRolebsa da
nebismiers, vinc mousmens maT. sazogadoebaSi
arsebuli araformaluri Terapevtebis mxrebze
mravali frustracia da konfliqti gadadis.
rodesac problemaTa diapazoni SemosazRvrulia,
araprofesionalTa daxmareba sakmaod didia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom dResdReobiT adamianebi
ufro xSirad mimarTaven Terapias, vidre adre,
isini, Cveulebriv, mxolod maSin akiTxaven
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis specialistebs,
rodesac fsiqologiuri problemebi mwvavdeba,
an droSi xangrZlivdeba. am dros maT sxvadasxva
saxis TerapevtTan SeuZliaT misvla.
fsiqolog-konsultants, Cveulebriv, iseT
sferoebSi uwevs adamianebis megzuroba, ro-
goricaa profesiis arCeva, skolis problemebi,
narkotikebix moxmareba da ojaxuri konfliqti.
xSirad es konsultantebi konkretul proble-
mebTan dakavSirebul garemoSi _ biznesis sfe-
roSi, skolebSi, cixeebSi, samxedroTa momsaxu-
rebis centrebSi, an raionul klinikebSi muSa-
oben. isini iyeneben intervius, testebs da
iZlevian rCevebs, raTa daexmaron adamianebs
konkretuli problemebis gadaWrasa da arsebuli
sirTuleebis daZlevaSi.
klinikuri socialuri muSaki fsiqikuri jan-
mrTelobis specialistia, romelsac socialuri
muSaobis skola amzadebs da mowodebulia
fsiqiatrebTan da klinikur fsiqologebTan
TanamSromlobisTvis. mravali fsiqiatrisa da
fsiqologisgan gansxvavebiT, am konsultantebs
naswavli aqvT adamianTa problemebis socialuri
konteqstis gaTvaliswineba da amitom SeuZliaT
Terapiis procesSi ojaxis wevrebis CarTva an,
sul mcire, klientis ojaxur Tu samuSao ga-
remosTan gacnoba.
RvTismsaxuri-konsultanti religiuri jgu-
fis wevria, romelic fsiqologiuri aSli-
lobebis mkurnalobaSi specializirdeba. xSirad
fsiqolog-konsultanti (Counseling psychologist)
_ fsiqologi, romelic specializirdeba iseT
sferoebSi, rogoricaa profesiis arCeva, sas-
kolo problemebi, narkotikebis moxmareba da
ojaxuri konfliqti.
klinikuri socialuri muSaki (Clinical social worker)
specialuri programiT momzadebuli fsi-
qikuri janmrTelobis profesionali, romelic
adamianTa problemebs socialur konteqstSi
ganixilavs.
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es konsultantebi sulierebaze zrunvas prob-
lemaTa praqtikul gadawyvetasTan aerTianeben.
klinikuri fsiqologi aris specialisti, ro-
melic universitetSi specializirdeba fsiqo-
logiuri problemebis Sefasebasa da mkur-
nalobaSi; klinikis pirobebSi, superviziis CaT-
vliT, gavlili unda hqondes internatura da
unda hqondes filosofiur an fsiqologiur
mecnierebaTa doqtoris
1
akademiuri xarisxi. am
fsiqologebs gacilebiT farTo codna aqvT
fsiqologiaSi, testirebasa da kvlevaSi, vidre
fsiqiatrebs.
fsiqiatri aris specialisti, romelsac miRe-
buli unda hqondes medicinis doqtoris aka-
demiuri xarisxisTvis saWiro sruli samedicino
ganaTleba da, aseve, doqtoranturis dasrulebis
Semdeg gavlili unda hqondes specializacia
fsiqikur da emociur aSlilobebSi.
fsiqoanalitikosi aris medicinis an filo-
sofiur mecnierebaTa doqtoris akademiuri xa-
risxis mqone Terapevti, romelic doqtorantu-
raSi fsiqikuri aSlilobebis gagebisa da mkur-
nalobisadmi froidiseul midgomaSi speci-
alizirdeboda.
CamoTvlili specialistebi sxvadasxva ga-
remoSi muSaoben. es SeiZleba iyos saavadmyofoebi,
klinikebi, skolebi da kerZo ofisebi. huma-
nisturi orientaciis zogierTi Terapevti, ufro
bunebriv garemoSi muSaobis mizniT, sakuTar
saxlSi amjobinebs jgufuri seansebis Catarebas.
TerapiebisTvis, romelic klientis garemocvis
CarTvasac gulisxmobs mkurnalobis procesSi,
SeiZleba gamoiyos iseTi adgilebi, rogoricaa
calke Sesasvlelis mqone oTaxebi, an samloc-
velo saxlebi. dabolos, Terapevtebi, romlebic
klientebTan in vivo TerapiiT muSaoben, arsebul
problemebTan asocirebul garemoSi amjobineben
muSaobas. magaliTad, klientebTan, romelTac
frenis eSiniaT, TviTmfrinavSi muSaoben, socio-
fobiis mqone klientebTan ki _ xalxmraval
savaWro centrebSi.
Terapiaze mosul adamians, rogorc wesi,
klients, an pacients uwodeben. termins pacienti
is specialistebi iyeneben, romlebic fsiqo-
logiuri problemebis mkuralobas biosa-
medicino kuTxiT udgebian, termins klienti ki
_ isini, vinc fsiqologiur aSlilobebs cxovre-
biseul problemebad~ miiCneven da ara fsiqikur
daavadebad. Cven TiToeuli midgomis ganxilvisas
misTvis damaxasiaTebel termins gamoviyenebT:
pacients biosamedicino da fsiqoanalituri
TerapiebisTvis da klients _ sxva danarCenis-
Tvis.
vidre Tanamedrove Terapiebsa da Terapevtebze
ufro dawvrilebiT SevCerdebodeT, jer gan-
vixiloT fsiqikurad daavadebulTa mkurnalobis
1
arsebobs doqtoris ori saxis xarisxi: (1) Ph.D _
filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtori; eniWeba nebismieri
profesiis adamians, romelic akmayofilebs saTanado
kriteriumebs; (2) magaliTad, M.D. _ xarisxi, romelic
eniWeba romelime konkretuli specialobis mqone adamians,
romelic aris Tavisi saqmis profesionali da akmayo-
filebs saTanado kriteriumebs; am SemTxvevaSi medicinis
mecnierebaTa doqtori (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
RvTismsaxuri-konsultanti (Pastoral counselor)
religiuri fenis warmomadgeneli, romelic
specializirdeba fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
mkurnalobaSi da xSirad sulierebaze zrunvas
problemaTa praqtikul gadawyvetasTan aer-
Tianebs.
klinikuri fsiqologi (Clinical psychologist) pi-
rovneba, romelsac miRebuli aqvs doqtoris
xarisxi fsiqologiaSi da specializirdeba
fsiqologiuri problemebis Sefasebasa da
mkurnalobaSi.
fsiqiatri (Psychiatrist) pirovneba, romelsac
aqvs medicinis doqtoris xarisxi da doqto-
ranturis dasrulebis Semdeg gavlili aqvs
specializacia fsiqikur da emociur aSli-
lobebSi. fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis samkur-
nalod fsiqiatrs SeuZlia medikamentebis da-
niSvna.
fsiqoanalitikosi (Psychoanalyst) _ pirovneba,
romelsac aqvs medicinis an filosofiur mec-
nierebaTa doqtoris xarisxi da romelic doq-
toranturaSi specializirdeboda fsiqikuri aS-
lilobebis gagebisa da mkurnalobisadmi
froidiseul midgomaSi.
pacienti (Patient) termini gamoiyeneba im pi-
rovnebis aRsaniSnad, romlis mimarTac xor-
cieldeba Terapiuli RonisZiebebi. mas iyeneben
specialistebi, romlebic fsiqologiuri
problemebis mkuralobas biosamedicino kuTxiT
udgebian.
klienti (Client) termini gamoiyeneba im pi-
rovnebis aRsaniSnad, romlis mimarTac xor-
cieldeba Terapiuli RonisZiebebi. mas iyeneben
specialistebi, romlebic fsiqologiur aS-
lilobebs `cxovrebiseul problemebad~ miiC-
neven da ara fsiqikur daavadebad.
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ganviTarebis istoriuli pirobebi, Semdeg gava-
farTovoT dasavluri kulturisTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli xedvis kuTxe da sxva kulturebSi
miRebul mkurnalobis praqtikasac gavecnoT.
istoriuli da kulturuli
konteqsti
rogor gimkurnalebdnen gasul saukuneebSi,
Tu fsiqologiuri problemebi SegeqmnebodaT?
Tu evropasa, an aSS-Si icxovrebdiT, metad
mosalodneli iqneboda, rom mkurnaloba uSedego
yofiliyo, Tumca, arc gavnebdaT rames. sxva
kulturebSi fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
mkurnaloba, Cveulebisamebr, religiur da
socialur faseulobaTa ufro farTo konteqstSi
ganixileboda da ufro adamianur mopyrobasac
imsaxurebda.
dasavluri mkurnalobis istoria
XIV saukunis dasavleT evropaSi mosaxleobis
zrdam da migraciam umuSevroba da socialuri
gaucxoeba gamoiwvia, rasac, Tavis mxriv, siRaribe,
danaSauli da fsiqologiuri problemebi mohyva.
maleve gaixsna specialuri dawesebulebebi,
sadac sazogadoebis sami axali usargeblo~
kategoriis _ RaribTa, damnaSaveTa da fsiqikurad
daavadebulTa _ warmomadgenlebs aTavsebdnen.
1403 wels londonis beTlemis wminda mari-
amis hospitalma fsiqologiuri problemebis
mqone pirveli pacienti miiRo. momdevno 300
wlis manZilze sulierad daavadebul pacientebs
jaWvebiT abamdnen, awamebdnen da garkveuli
sazRauris fasad xalxs gasarTobadac uCveneb-
dnen. droTa ganmavlobaSi beTlemis transfor-
mirebuli dasaxeleba bedlemi~
2
qaosis sino-
nimad iqca, hospitalSi gamefebuli saSineli
uwesrigobisa da pacientebisadmi araadamianuri
mopyrobis gamo (Foucault, 1975).
fsiqologiuri problemebisadmi, rogorc
fsiqikuri daavadebebisadmi, damokidebuleba
evropaSi mxolod XVIII saukunis bolosTvis
gaCnda. 1801 wels frangi eqimi filip pineli
(Philippe Pinel) werda: fsiqikurad daavadebuli
adamianebi, romlebic ar arian damnaSaveni da
ar imsaxureben sasjels, avadmyofebi arian,
romelTa samwuxaro mdgomareoba yvelanair
zrunvasa da yuradRebas imsaxurebs, romelic
nebismier tanjul adamianur arsebas ekuTvnis.
unda vecadoT, rom maT umartivesi saSualebebiT
davubrunoT saRi goneba~ (Zilboorg & Henry, 1941,
gv. 233-324).
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi fsiqologiuri
darRvevebis mqone adamianebs, maTive da sazoga-
doebis usafrTxoebis mizniT, izolaciaSi amyo-
febdnen, Tumca, ar mkurnalobdnen. XIX saukunis
Sua wlebSi, rodesac fsiqologiam, rogorc
mecnierebis dargma, garkveuli ndoba da pativis-
cema moipova, qveyanaSi mkurnalobis kulti~
gaCnda. im periodSi Seuracxadobas garemodan
momdinare stresis Sedegad miiCnevdnen, rasac
axlad ganviTarebadi qalaqebis aurzaursa da
areulobas ukavSirebdnen. Sesabamisad, sigiJes
socialur problemad aRiqvamdnen, romelsac
iseve esaWiroeboda fsiqikuri higieniT~ (Men-
tal Hygiene) mkurnaloba, rogorc gadamdeb fizi-
kur daavadebas _ fizikuri higieniT.
2
badlam inglisurad ,,bad~ _ `cudi~.
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1900-ian wlebSi kliford birsma (Clifford Beers)
dasabami misca fsiqikuri higienis moZraobas.
droTa ganmavlobaSi fsiqikurad daavadebul
pacientTa SezRudvas axali sareabilitacio
mizani gamouCnda. suliT avadmyofTa TavSesaf-
rebi am socialur-politikuri moZraobis Zi-
riTad elementad iqca. maT aTavsebdnen soflad,
qalaquri cxovrebis stresisgan moSorebiT
mowyobil aseT TavSesafrebSi ara marto dacvis,
aramed mkurnalobis mizniTac (Rothman, 1971).
samwuxarod, mravali aseTi TavSesafari maleve
gadaiWeda. reabilitaciis humanuri mizani uc-
nauri adamianebis daSorebul adgilebSi mo-
TavsebiT Seicvala. es uzarmazari fsiqiatriuli
dawesebulebebi, arasakmarisi odenobis momsaxure
personaliT, mcirediT Tu gansxvavdeboda dar-
Rvevebis mqone individebisTvis gankuTvnili
konteinerisgan (Scull, 1993). 1960-iani wlebidan
reformatorebma aseTi TavSesafrebis winaaRmdeg
daiwyes gamosvla, sul mcire, im fsiqiatriuli
pacientebis deinstitucionalizaciis sasargeb-
lod, visac ambulatoriuli mkurnalobisa da
saTanado sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris pirobebSi
normalurad SeeZloT funqcionireba. samwuxa-
rod, mravali deinstitucionalizebuli anu
fsiqiatriuli klinikidan gawerili pacienti
ver iRebs saTanado daxmarebas Tavis sacxov-
rebel adgilze. magaliTad, gamokvlevebma aCvena,
rom seriozuli fsiqikuri daavadebis mqone 438
individidan 24% usaxlkaro iyo (Kuno et al., 2000).
kulturuli simboloebi da gankurnebis
rituali
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobis
istoriuli tendenciebis mimoxilva dasavluri
mosazrebebiTa da praqtikebiT Semoifargleboda,
romelic xazs usvams individis unikalurobas,
damoukideblobas da warmatebasa Tu warumateb-
lobaze pirovnul pasuxismgeblobas. demono-
logia da daavadebis modeli igive aqcents
akeTebs da fsiqikur aSlilobas ganixilavs,
rogorc pirovnebis SigniT mimdinare process
da individis marcxs.
mravali sxva kultura ar iziarebs am mo-
sazrebas (Triandis, 1995). anTropologebma gaaa-
nalizes fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis axsnebi
da mkurnalobisadmi midgomebi sxvadasxva
kulturaSi (Bourguignon, 1979; Evans-Pritchard, 1937;
Kluckhohn, 1944; Marsella, 1979). magaliTad, afrikul
msoflmxedvelobaSi aqcenti keTdeba TanamSrom-
lobaze, urTierTdamokidebulebaze, tomis
gadarCenaze, bunebasTan erTianobasa da jgufur
pasuxismgeblobaze (Nobles, 1976). fsiqikurad daa-
vadebuli adamianebis sazogadoebidan CamoSo-
rebiT mkurnaloba ewinaaRmdegeba mravali ara-
evropuli kulturis azrovnebas. mraval af-
rikul kulturaSi gankurneba socialur konteq-
stSi xorcieldeba; procesSi CarTulia daava-
debulis rwmena, ojaxi, samuSao da Cveuli
garemo. Terapiis procesSi jgufuri mxardaWeris
gamoyenebis afrikuli praqtika daixvewa da
qselur Terapiad~ wodebul procedurad Camo-
yalibda, sadac mkurnalobaSi CarTulia pacien-
tis mTliani garemocva _ naTesavebis, Tanam-
Sromlebisa da megobrebis CaTvliT (Lambo, 1978).
bevr kulturaSi fsiqikuri da fizikuri daa-
vadebebis mkurnaloba religiasa da jadoqrobas
ukavSirdeba. gansakuTrebuli adamianebi, ro-
melTac Samanebs uwodeben, gansakuTrebul mis-
tikur Zalas floben TavianTi daavadebuli Tana-
moZmeebisTvis daxmarebis gasawevad. Samanizmi
uZvelesi da mZlavri spiritualuri tradiciaa,
romelic TiTqmis 30 aTasi wlis manZilze
gamoiyeneba. Samanistur tradiciaSi tanjvasa
da avadmyofobas uZlurebis Sedegad miiCneven.
kulturuli rwmenis es sistema bedisweris, an
iRblis im uxilavi Zalebis personalizacias
axdens, romelic zemoqmedebs individis cxov-
rebaze da problemebs uqmnis mas. aseTi perso-
nalizacia borot Zalebze uSualo zemoqmedebis
da savaraudo saswaulmoqmedi mkurnalis mxridan
daxmarebis saSualebas iZleva (Middleton, 1967).
xSirad paTologiuri mdgomareoba, romelsac
daavadebuli adamianis Sepyrobilobis Sedegad
miiCneven, mkurnali Samanis Terapiuli CareviT
icvleba. Zrwolvis gamosawvevad da cnobierebis
mdgomareobis Sesacvlelad dolebze dakvra,
Selocvebi da sxva ritualebi gamoiyeneba, rac
axali codnisa da Zalis Ziebisken mimarTavs
individs (Wash, 1990).
xalxuri gankurnebis ceremoniebSi mniSvne-
lovani funqcia ekisreba simboloebs, miTebsa
Samanizmi (Shamanizm) spiritualuri tradicia,
romelic moiazrebs mkurnalobas da sulier
samyarosTan kontaqts.
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da ritualebs (Levi-Strauss, 1963). ritualuri gan-
kurnebis ceremonia gankurnebis process gansa-
kuTrebul emociur intensiobasa da mniSvne-
lobas sZens. is aZlierebs pacientis STago-
nebadobas da mniSvnelovnebis gancdas, SeSli-
lobis dasamarcxeblad zebunebriv ZalebTan
akavSirebs daavadebul adamians, Samansa da Tems
(Devereux, 1961). erT-erT Terapiul teqnikas, ro-
melsac gankurnebis mraval ceremoniaSi iyeneben,
cnobierebis disociacia ewodeba. am dros daava-
debuli adamiani, an morwmune mkurnali cno-
bierebis Secvlil mdgomareobaSi gadadis.
dasavluri TvalsazrisiT, disociacia Tavis-
Tavad aris fsiqikuri aSlilobis simptomi,
romelic prevencias, an gamosworebas saWiroebs.
sxva kulturebSi ki cnobierebis Secvlil
mdgomareobaSi keTili sulebi esaubreba adamians
da boroti ganidevneba. cnobierebis ritualuri
Secvla niu iorkis puertorikeli espiritistas~
(Espiritistas) kultis RvTismsaxurebisas gamoiye-
neba. maT gankurnebis ceremoniaSi Sedis adamia-
nis miRma arsebul keTil sulebTan urTierToba
(Garrison, 1977).
miuxedavad imisa, rom Samanebi da sxva mkur-
nalebi gansakuTrebul rols asruleben gan-
kurnebis ritualebSi, makurnebeli Zala xSirad
scildeba erT konkretul mkurnals da gaci-
lebiT did spiritualur Zalebs uerTdeba (Katz,
1982, 1993). fijize gavrcelebuli gankurnebis
meTodebis aRwerisas fsiqologi riCard kaci
(Richard Katz) wers: sulebTan kavSiri im Zale-
bisadmi damyolobas moiTxovs, romelic scil-
deba erT konkretul mkurnals da gankurnebaSi
mkurnalis wvlilis Tavmdablur Sefasebas mo-
iazrebs. fijeli mkurnali ar amtkicebs, rom
Tavad flobs manas (Temis winaprebisgan miRebul
sulier Zalas) da mis makurnebel moqmedebas
ar aRiqvams sakuTar damsaxurebad~ (gv. 327-328).
kaci naTlad gvaCvenebs TvalsaCino sxvaobas
aRwerilsa da dasavlur praqtikas Soris:
dasavlel eqims ki, piriqiT, pretenzia aqvs
mkurnalobisa da gankurnebis kontrolze. kom-
petenturobas, anu imis codnas, Tu ra aris
gasakeTebeli, an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, sakuTari
ucodinarobis ardanaxvas, ufro meti mniSvne-
loba eniWeba, vidre adamianis bunebriv mo-
wyvladobas daavadebisadmi~ (gv. 28).
zogierTi es aradasavluri midgoma gzas
ikvlevs dasavluri mkurnalobis praqtikaSi
(Katz, 1982, 1983). amis naTeli magaliTebia im
uaxles Terapiul midgomebSi socialur gare-
mosTan urTierTqmedebis koncefciis gavlena
da ojaxur garemosa da mxardamWer garemocvaze
mimarTuloba, romlebic xazs usvamen sazo-
gadoebrivi mxardaWeris sistemisa da ojaxuri
Terapiis mniSvnelovnebas. sxva dasavleli praq-
tikosebi SamanebTan erTad muSaoben, raTa
SesaZlebeli gaxdes dasavluri fsiqoTerapiisa
(romelSic TviTanalizi moiazreba) da koleq-
tivisturi sazogadoebebis Terapiebis (romelic
individs arsebul sazogadoebriv konteqstSi
moazrebs) integrireba. es mcdeloba Terapias,
kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, klientTa ufro
farTo speqtrisTvis xdis misaRebs (Kraut, 1990).
istoriuli tendenciebisa da zogierTi
kulturuli variaciis mokle mimoxilvis Semdeg,
ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT Tanamedrove
praqtikaSi gamoyebuli Terapiebi.
Sejameba
Terapiuli garemos mTavari mizania fsiqikuri
daavadebis mizezebis gansazRvra da mkurnalobis
dagegmva. arsebobs biologiuri da fsiqolo-
giuri mimarTulebis Terapiebi. Terapevtebi bev-
rgan muSaoben da sxvadasxva saxis Terapiul
meTodebs iyeneben. dasavlur kulturaSi fsi-
qikurad daavadebul adamianebs, Tavdapirvelad,
sazogadoebisgan izolirebulad amyofebdnen.
fsiqikuri daavadebis, rogorc gankurnebadi
avadmyofobis, modelis ganviTarebas ufro
adamianuri mkurnalobis meTodebis Seqmna mohyva.
mravali aradasavluri kultura xazs usvams
farTo sazogadoebriv da spiritualur kon-
teqsts, sadac viTardeba da ikurneba fsiqikuri
daavadeba. dasavleli praqtikosebi am sxva
kulturebidan TandaTanobiT iTviseben sazo-
gadoebrivi mkurnalobis zogierT models.
ritualuri mkurnaloba (Ritual healing) ce-
remonia, romelic mkurnalobis process gan-
sakuTrebul emociurobasa da mniSvnelobas
sZens.
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fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebis SemTxvevaSi uS-
veben, rom pacientis problemebs aracnobier
impulsebsa da cxovrebiseuli situaciebidan
momdinare SezRudvebs Soris warmoqmnili
daZabuloba warmoSobs, aSlilobis birTvsa da
saTaveebs ki Tavad daavadebul pirovnebaSi
eZieben.
fsiqoanalizi im saxiT, rogoric Seqmna zig-
mund froidma (Sigmund Freud), warmoadgens
intensiur da droSi gaxangrZlivebul Terapiul
teqnikas, romelic ikvlevs nevrotuli da mSfoT-
vare pirovnebis aracnobier motivebsa da kon-
fliqtebs. rogorc wina TavebSi vnaxeT, froidis
Teoriis mixedviT, SfoTviTi aSlilobebi im
Sinagani konfliqtebis adekvaturad mogvarebis
unaris arqonas warmoadgens, romelic war-
moiqmneba idis aracnobier, iracionalur im-
pulsebsa da superegos internalizirebul (anu
gaSinagnebul) socialur moTxovnebs Soris.
fsiqoanalizis mizania intrafsiqikuri harmo-
niis damyareba, rac idis Zalebis metad gacno-
bierebas, superegos moTxovnebisadmi zedmetad
damyolobis Semcirebasa da egos rolis gaZ-
lierebas gulisxmobs.
TerapevtisTvis umniSvnelovanesia, gaarkvios,
rogor iyenebs pacienti represiis, anu gandevnis
process konfliqtebTan gamklavebisas. simptomi
ganixileba, rogorc aracnobieridan wamosuli
Setyobineba imis Sesaxeb, rom raRac ar aris
wesrigSi. fsiqoanalitikosis amocanaa, daex-
maros pacients gandevnili azrebis cnobierebaSi
amotanaSi da aRmoaCeninos
3
arsebul simptomebsa
da gandevnil konfliqtebs Soris arsebuli
kavSiri. fsiqodinamikuri TvalsazrisiT, Terapia
warmatebulia, pacienti ki _ gamojanmTelebuli
mxolod maSin, rodesac igi adreul bavSvobaSi
ganxorcielebuli gandevnisgan gaTavisufl-
deba~. vinaidan Terapevtis ZiriTadi mizani
pacientisTvis im kavSiris danaxvisken, anu in-
saitisken wayvanaa, romelic awmyoSi arsebul
simptomebsa da warsul gamocdilebas Soris
arsebobs, fsiqodinamikur Terapias xSirad
insaitur Terapiasac uwodeben.
tradiciuli fsiqoanalizi didi xnis win
gandevnili (anu daviwyebuli) mogonebebis aR-
dgenisa da mtkivneuli grZnobebis gavliT efeq-
tur gadawyvetamde misvlis mcdelobaa. Sesa-
bamisad, es aris droSi gaxangrZlivebuli, anu
grZelvadiani Terapia (romelic SeiZleba, sul
mcire, ramdenime weliwadi _ kviraSi xuT sean-
samde _ grZeldebodes). garda amisa, is saWiroebs
kargi metyvelebis mqone introspeqciul pacien-
tebs, romlebic sakmarisad Zlierad arian moti-
virebulni TerapiisTvis da SeuZliaT soliduri
Tanxis gadaxda (fsiqodinamikuri Terapiis Seda-
rebiT gviandel formebSi gacilebiT Semok-
lebulia Terapiuli procesis xangrZlivoba.)
gandevnili konfliqtebis gacnobierebasa da
maT mogvarebaSi pacientisTvis daxmarebis ga-
sawevad fsiqodinamikuri tradiciebiT momuSave
Terapevtebi sxvadasxva teqnikebs iyeneben; esenia:
Tavisufali asociaciebi, winaaRmdegobis ana-
lizi, sizmrebis analizi, gadatanisa da kon-
trgadatanis analizi.
Tavisufali asociaciebis meTodi da
kaTarzisi
ZiriTad meTods, romelic fsiqoanalizSi
gamoiyeneba aracnobieris gamokvlevisa da gan-
devnili masalis gamonTavisuflebisTvis, Ta-
visufali asociaciebis meTodi ewodeba. paci-
enti, romelic moxerxebulad zis skamze, an
fsiqoanalizi (Psychoanalysis) fsiqodinamikuri
Terapia, romelic Seqmna froidma; es aris in-
tesiuri da droSi gaxangrZlivebuli teqnika,
romelic mowodebulia nevrotuli da mSfoT-
vare individebis aracnobieri motivebisa da
konfliqtebis gamosakvlevad.
insaituri Terapia (Insight Therapy) teqnika,
romliTac Terapevts pacienti mihyavs im kav-
Siris danaxvisken, aRmoCenisken anu insaitisken,
romelic awmyoSi arsebul simptomebsa da
warsul gamocdilebas Soris arsebobs.
3
aq originalur teqstSi gamoyenebulia sityva in-
sight, romelic wvdomas~ da intuicias~ niSnavs. es
termini Targmanis gareSec xSirad gamoiyeneba amave
konteqstSi (magaliTad, emociuri insaiti~ an in-
teleqtualuri insaiti~) Tumca, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi
umjobesad CaiTvala misi Targmna (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
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wevs taxtze, SeZlebisdagvarad aTavisuflebs
gonebas da uwyvetad aRwers sakuTar azrebs,
survilebs, fizikur SegrZnebebsa da warmodge-
nebs. pacients sTxoven, rom aRweros TavSi mo-
suli nebismieri azri Tu grZnoba, ganurCevlad
imisa, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovnad eCveneba is
mas.
froids miaCnda, rom asociaciebi ganpiro-
bebulia da ar aris SemTxveviTi. analitikosis
amocanaa, Tvali gaadevnos maT da ubralo
sityvebis miRma nagulisxmevi realuri mniSvne-
lobebi dainaxos. pacients Zlieri grZnobebis
gamoxatvis saSualeba eZleva, romelic, rogorc
wesi, avtoritetul figurebzea mimarTuli da
romelic gandevnil iqna dasjis, an samagieros
mizRvis SiSiT. nebismier emociur ganmuxtvas,
romelic xdeba Terapiul garemoSi aman sxva
procesis Sedegad, kaTarzisi ewodeba.
winaaRmdegoba
fsiqoanalitikosi gansakuTrebul mniSvne-
lobas aniWebs sakiTxebs, romelTa ganxilvac
ar surs pacients. Tavisufali asociaciebis
dros garkveul momentSi pacienti avlens
winaaRmdegobas, anu mas ar surs, an ar SeuZlia
garkveul mosazrebebze, survilebsa Tu gamoc-
dilebaze saubari. aseT winaaRmdegobas aracno-
biersa da cnobiers Soris barierad miiCneven.
es masala (anu masala, romelsac barieri akavebs
da ar amodis Tavisuflad asociacirebis dros)
xSirad individis seqsualur cxovrebas (aq Sedis
yvelaferi, rac mas siamovnebas aniWebs) an
mSoblebisadmi mtrul, ganawyenebul damoki-
debulebas ukavSirdeba. saboloo jamSi, rodesac
gandevnili masala zedapirze amodis, pacienti,
rogorc wesi, amtkicebs, rom is umniSvnelo,
absurduli, araSesatyvisi, an Zalze arasasia-
movnoa imisaTvis, rom ilaparakos masze. Tera-
pevti ki sruliad sapirispiros fiqrobs. fsiqo-
analizis mizania, daZlios winaaRmdegoba da
pacients misces SesaZlebloba, Tvali gaus-
woros am mtkivneul azrebs, survilebsa Tu
gamocdilebas.
sizmris analizi
fsiqoanalitikosebs miaCniaT, rom sizmari
pacientis aracnobieri motivebis Sesaxeb infor-
maciis mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens. ro-
desac adamians sZinavs, superego SedarebiT nak-
lebad akontrolebs ididan momdinare miuRebel
impulsebs, amitom motivebi, romelTa gamoxatvac
ver xerxdeba cxadSi, SeiZleba sizmris saxiT
gamovlindes. fsiqoanalizis mixedviT, sizmars
ori saxis Sinaarsi aqvs: manifesturi, anu xi-
luli Sinaarsi, romelic gaRviZebis Semdeg
axsovs adamians da latenturi, anu faruli
Sinaarsi _ realuri motivebi, romlebic gamov-
lenas cdiloben, Tumca, imdenad mtkivneuli
da miuRebelia, rom damaxinjebulad, simbo-
loebis saxiT gamoixateba. Terapevti am da-
faruli motivebis gamovlenas sizmris analiziT
cdilobs; es aris Terapiuli meTodi, romelic
gulisxmobs pirovnebis sizmris Sinaarsis gar-
Cevas da miznad isaxavs safuZvlad mdebare an
damaxinjebuli motivebis, mniSvnelovani cxov-
rebiseuli gamocdilebisa da survilebis simbo-
luri mniSvnelobebis gamovlenas.
Tavisufali asociacia (Free association) Tera-
piuli meTodi, rodesac pacienti uwyvetad,
gaazrebis gareSe saubrobs sakuTar azrebze,
survilebze, fizikur SegrZnebebsa da war-
modgenebze.
kaTarzisi (Catharsis) Zlieri, magram, rogorc
wesi, gandevnili emociebis gamoxatvis procesi.
winaaRmdegoba (Resistance) fsiqoanalizis
msvlelobisas pacients ar surs, an ar SeuZlia
garkveul mosazrebebze, survilebsa Tu gamoc-
dilebaze saubari.
sizmrebis analizi (Dream analysis) sizmrebis
fsiqoanalituri interpretacia, riTac xdeba
pacientis aracnobieri motivebisa da kon-
fliqtebis wvdoma.
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gadatana da kontrgadatana
fsiqoanalituri Terapiis intensiuri kursis
dros pacients, rogorc wesi, Terapevtis mimarT
emociuri reaqcia uyalibdeba. xSirad xdeba
Terapevtis identificireba warsulSi gadata-
nili emociuri konfliqtis centralur figu-
rasTan _ umeteswilad, mSobelTan, an seqsualur
partniorTan. am emociur reaqcias gadatana, anu
transferi ewodeba. gavixsenoT nawyveti treisi
tomsonisa da misi Terapevtis, amandas urTier-
Tobis Sesaxeb _ is naTlad axdenda mis iden-
tificirebas dedasTan (dedaCemi amandam Caa-
nacvla...~). gadatanas ewodeba dadebiTi, rodesac
Terapevti siyvarulis, an aRtacebis obieqti
xdeba; gadatana aris uaryofiTi, rodesac igi
mtruli damokidebulebis, an Suris obieqtad
iqceva. xSirad xdeba, rom pacientis damoki-
debuleba ambivalenturia da dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi emociebis nazavs warmoadgens. gada-
tanasTan gamklaveba rTuli amocanaa analiti-
kosisTvis, Tundac, pacientis emociuri mowyvla-
dobis gamo. miuxedavad amisa, es aris mkur-
nalobis arsebiTi da mniSvnelovani nawili.
warsulis gamocdilebasa da damokidebulebebSi
realuri wyaros moZiebiTa da gacnobierebiT,
Terapevti pacients masze gadatanili grZnobebis
interpretirebaSi exmareba (Henry et al., 1994).
pacientze Terapevtis reaqciaSic CarTulia
piradi grZnobebi. kontrgadatana, anu kontr-
transferi Seexeba imas, Tu ra xdeba, rodesac
Terapevts moswons, an ar moswons pacienti,
radgan pacienti mis cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani
figuris msgavsad aRiqmeba. kontrgadatanis
damuSavebisas Terapevti SeiZleba sakuTari
aracnobieri mamoZravebeli Zalebis gacnob-
ierebamde mivides. igi pacientis cocxal sar-
ked~ iqceva, pacienti ki, Tavis mxriv, misTvis
iZens amave funqcias. Tu Terapevti ver axerxebs
kontrgadatanis efeqtis gacnobierebas, Terapia
SeiZleba warumatebeli gamodges (Winarick, 1997).
am saxis Terapiuli urTierTobis emociurad
datvirTulobisa da pacientis mowyvladobis
gamo, Terapevtma mkacrad unda daicvas zRvari,
romelic pacientze profesiul zrunvasa da
mis problemebSi pirad CarTulobas Soris
gadis. cxadia, rom Terapiulma situaciam iolad
SeiZleba daarRvios balansi, rac unda gaac-
nobieros da gaiTvaliswinos Terapevtma.
neofroidianuli Terapiebi
froidis mimdevrebma SeinarCunes misi mravali
ZiriTadi idea, Tumca, zogierTma principma da
praqtikulma meTodma modificieba ganicada.
zogadad, neofroidistebi, froidTan SedarebiT,
ufro met aqcents akeTeben: (1) pacientis awmyo
socialur garemoze (da naklebad fokusirdebian
warsulze); (2) cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis
mimdinare gavlenaze (da ara mxolod bavSvobis
konfliqtebze); (3) socialuri motivaciis
rolsa da pirovnebaTSoris sasiyvarulo ur-
TierTobebze (da naklebad fokusirdebian bio-
logiur instinqtebsa da egoistur moTxov-
nilebebze); (4) egos funqcionirebis mniS-
vnelovnebaze da me-koncefciis ganviTarebaze
(da nakleb yuradRebas aqceven idsa da super-
egos Soris konfliqts).
me-14 TavSi vaxseneT ori cnobili neofro-
idisti _ karl gustav iungi da alfred adleri.
SedarebiT Tanamedrove fsiqodinamikur neo-
froidianul mosazrebebzec rom Segveqmnas war-
modgena, gavecnoT hari stek salivanis, melani
kleinisa da hainc kohutis Sromebs (froidis
wris sxva wevrebis Sesaxeb ix. Ruitenbeek, 1973).
hari stek salivans (Harry Stack Sullivan, 1953)
miaCnia, rom froidis Teoriasa da TerapiaSi ar
aris gaTvaliswinebuli socialuri urTier-
Tobebis roli da miRebis, pativiscemisa da
siyvarulis moTxovnilebebi. misi azriT, fsi-
qikuri aSlilobebi moicavs ara marto trav-
matul intrafsiqikur procesebs, aramed _ prob-
lemur interpersonalur urTierTobebsa da
Zlier socialur zewolasac ki. patara bavSvs
usafrTxoebis grZnoba da sxvebis mxridan zrunva
da siTbo esaWiroeba. SfoTva da sxva fsiqikuri
daavadebebi mSoblebTan da mniSvnelovan
sxvebTan urTierTobebSi usafrTxoebis ararse-
bobidan momdinareobs. salivanis azriT, sakuTar
gadatana (Transference) procesi, rodesac fsi-
qoanalizis msvlelobisas pacienti Terapevtze
mimarTavs im grZnobebs, romelic Tavdapirvelad
warsuli emociuri konfliqtis centralur,
mniSvnelovan figuraze miemarTeboda.
kontrgadatana (Countertransference) situacia,
rodesac fsiqoanalitikoss pirovnuli grZno-
bebi uCndeba pacientis mimarT, radgan pacients
sakuTar cxovrebaSi arsebuli mniSvnelovani
adamianis msgavsad aRiqvams.
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1969 wlis 22 seqtembers, Crdi-
loeT kaliforniaSi, rva wlis
suzan neisoni gauCinarda. amave
wlis dekemberSi ipoves misi
gvami. oci wlis manZilze aravin
icoda, vin mokla igi. 1989 wels
mxaris gamomZieblebs suzanis
megobari eilin franklin-lips-
keri daukavSirda. eilinma
uTxra maT, rom fsiqoTerapiis
daxmarebiT, man aRidgina didi
xnis win gandevnili, daviwyebu-
li saSineli mogonebebi imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra SeemTxva suzans.
1990 wlis Semodgomaze eilinma
daadastura, rom oci wlis win
man sakuTari TvaliT naxa, rogor
gaaupatiura suzani misma mamam,
jorj franklinma da Semdeg
sikvdilamde rogor urtya qvis
keti (Marcus, 1980, Workman, 1990).
eilinma isic Tqva, rom mama mok-
vliT daemuqra, Tu vinmes uam-
bobda nanaxis Sesaxeb. es Cveneba
sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis,
rom jorj franklini damnaSa-
ved ecnoT damamZimebel viTare-
baSi Cadenil mkvlelobaSi.
Teoriulad Tu vimsjelebT,
rogor daifara mogonebebi 20
wlis manZilze? am kiTxvaze
pasuxi gandevnili mogonebebis
froidiseul koncefciaSi iRebs
saTaves. rogorc aRvniSneT,
froidi (1923) fiqrobda, rom
adamianis cxovrebiseuli gamoc-
dilebis zogierTi mogoneba sak-
maris safrTxes uqmnis mis
keTildReobas, amitom es mogo-
nebebi ganidevneba cnobierebidan.
klinikur fsiqologebs xSirad
SeuZliaT, rom daexmaron kli-
ents sakuTari cxovrebis ga-
kontrolebaSi. amisaTvis cxov-
rebis damangreveli paternebi
interpretirdeba, rogorc gan-
devnili mogonebebis Sedegi. Te-
rapiis mniSvnelovan mizans am
gandevnil mogonebebiTan mimar-
TebaSi kaTarzisis miRweva war-
moadgens.
magram gandevnili mogonebebi
yovelTvis ar rCeba Terapevtis
kabinetSi. ukanaskneli wlebis
manZilze masmediaSi intensiurad
saubroben gandevnili mogonebebis
STambeWdavi gacnobierebis Sem-
Txvevebze. drois xangrZlivi
periodis gasvlis Semdeg indivi-
debi moulodnelad detalurad
ixseneben SemaZrwunebel movle-
nebs, rogoricaa mkvlelobebi, an
bavSobaSi gadatanili seqsua-
luri Zaladoba. SesaZlebelia,
rom es yvelaferi marTali iyos?
me-8 TavSi ganxiluli mowmeTa
mexsierebis kvleva skepticizmis
safuZvels iZleva (Loftus, 1993;
Loftus & Ketcham, 1994, Lynn & Payne,
1997). xsenebuli kvlevidan SegviZ-
lia gavixsenoT, rom adamianebi
WeSmarit mogonebebad miiCnevdnen
xelovnuri wyarodan miRebul
informacias. es maSinac xdeboda,
rodesac maT, rogorc mowmeebs,
afrTxilebdnen, rom isini Secdo-
maSi Seiyvanes. Sesabamisad, mogo-
nebis arseboba TavisTavad ar iZ-
leva misi wyaros ueWveli san-
doobis mtkicebis safuZvels.
faqtobrivad, ukanasknel wleb-
Si, popularul mediaSi gandev-
nili mogonebebis Sesaxeb xSiri
saubari SeiZleba Tavad iqces
xelovnul wyarod~. televiziiT
nanaxi individis pirovnul mogo-
nebad SeiZleba iqces, Tu mas aRar
axsovs, rom es televizorSi naxa.
amrigad, gandevnili mogonebis
mediaSi mosmenilma daxasiaTebam
zogierTi individi igive mogone-
bebis gaxsenebamde~ SeiZleba
miiyvanos. individma, praqtiku-
lad, dakarga mogonebis wyaro,
sdevs Tu ara gandevnili mogonebebi adamians
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
fsiqologia Cvens saukuneSi
magram SeinarCuna Sinaarsi (John-
son et al., 1993). fsiqoTerapevtebma,
romelTac sjeraT gandevnili
mogonebebis, fsiqoTerapiis me-
qanizmebis saSualebiT, SeiZleba
isini Caunergon kidec pacients
( de Rivera, 2000; Sarbin, 1997) .
magaliTad, mkvlevrebma Seiswav-
les qalebi, romlebmac, saboloo
jamSi, uari Tqves sakuTar bral-
debebze da aRiares, rom aravis
gauupatiurebia bavSvobaSi. es
qalebi mixvdnen, rom maTi mo-
gonebebi~ gaupatiurebis Sesaxeb
ararealuri iyo. es gamokvlevebi
adasturebs, rom Terapevtebi
xSirad ubiZgeben pacientebs aseTi
mogonebebis aRmoCenisken da
sityvier waxalisebas ar iSu-
reben, rodesac mogoneba~ gamom-
zeurdeba (de Rivera, 1997). aseTi
SemTxvevebi afiqrebinebs klini-
cistebs, rom Seswavlil unda
iqnes Terapiis procesSi CarTuli
socialuri Zalebi, raTa gaar-
kvion, Tu rogor xorcieldeba
Terapevtis Teoria pacientis
realobaSi (Lynn et al., 1997).
gandevnili mogonebebis aR-
dgenis rwmenam SeiZleba mniS-
vnelovnad Seamsubuqos fsiqo-
analitikosTa pacientebis mdgo-
mareoba. faqtobrivad, aRdgenili
mogonebebis garkveuli nawili
adreuli travmatuli gamocdi-
lebis sando asaxvas warmoadgens
(Schooler & Eich, 2000; Williams, 1995).
miuxedavad amisa, Tu davinte-
resdebiT, SeuZlia Tu ara warsu-
lis gandevnil mogonebebs awmyo
diskomfortis axsna, darwmune-
bulni unda viyoT, rom pasiurad
ar viRebT Cveni cxovrebis viRa-
ciseul versias. jorj fran-
klinis sabednierod, eWvi Sei-
tanes misi qaliSvilis gandevnil
mogonebebSi, rac sakmarisi gaxda
verdiqtis uarsayofad.
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me-ze warmodgenaTa sistema mowodebulia SfoT-
vis optimaluri donis SesanarCuneblad. es
sistema bavSvis pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTo-
bebis gamocdilebidan momdinareobs da orga-
nizebulia me-s cnebis irgvliv; masSi Sedis:
kargi-me (asocirebulia dedis siTbosTan), cudi-
me (asocirebulia dedis daZabulobidan, romel-
sac is bavSvTan urTierTobisas avlena), ara-me
(disociaciuri me, romelic miuRebelia da-
narCeni me-sTvis).
aseT interpersonalur Tvalsazrisze dafuZ-
nebuli Terapia moicavs Terapevtis ganwyo-
bebisadmi pacientis grZnobebze dakvirvebas.
Terapiuli interviu ganixileba, rogorc socia-
luri garemo, sadac orive mxaris grZnobebi da
ganwyobebi zemoqmedebs erTmaneTze. pacienti
frTxilad mihyavT iqamde, rom gamoTqvas sakuTari
varaudebi Terapevtis ganwyobebis Sesaxeb. garda
amisa, salivanisTvis Terapiuli situacia,
upirvelesad, iseTi situaciaa, sadac Terapevti
siyvaruliT swavlobs da aswavlis (Wallach &
Wallach, 1983).
melani kleini (1975) gaemijna froidis mosaz-
rebas oidiposis konfliqtis fsiqopaTologiis
ZiriTad wyarod aRiarebis Sesaxeb. vinaidan
froidi oidipuri periodidan (4-5 wlis asaki)
momdinare nevrotul simptomebze fokusirdeboda,
Terapiuli Carevis amocana am aracnobieri seq-
sualuri konfliqtebis interpretireba da saaS-
karaoze gamotana iyo. Tumca, zogierTi Terapevti
sirTuleebs awydeboda im pacientebTan muSao-
bisas, romelTa konfliqtebi verbaluri mexsie-
rebis ganviTarebamde gacilebiT adreuli pe-
riodidan iRebda saTaves, rac xSirad, Tavis
mxriv, gacilebiT mkveTrad gamoxatuli paTo-
logiis mizezi xdeboda. es pacientebi xSirad
itanjebodnen ararealurobis, sicarielis da
cxovrebis sazrisis dakargvis grZnobebiT. kleins
miaCnda, rom superegos primitiuli formebi
cxovrebis pirvelive TveebSi Cndeba. igi am-
tkicebda, rom oidiposis seqsualuri konfliqtis,
rogorc fsiqikis umniSvnelovanesi maorgani-
zebeli faqtoris, nacvlad sqesobrivi mikuT-
vnebulobis gacnobierebas win uswrebs sikvdilis
instinqti, rac Sinagani agresiuli impulsis
gaCenas iwvevs da romelic, aseve, mniSvnelovania
fsiqikis organizebisTvis. kleini, aseve, amtki-
cebda, rom fsiqikis ori fundamenturi maorgani-
zebeli Zalaa agresia da siyvaruli, agresia
anawevrebs da siyvaruli aerTianebs fsiqikas.
samyaros agresiuli danawevrebisas xdeba
arasasurvelis uaryofa da sasurvelis SenarCu-
neba; siyvaruli badebs erTianobasa da mTliano-
bas. kleinisTvis siyvaruli mxolod erotikuli
ltolvebis ganxorcieleba ki ar iyo, aramed _
WeSmariti sikeTe da namvdili zrunva sxvebze.
Tumca, es cnobieri siyvaruli dakavSirebulia
sinanulTan sayvarel adamianebze mimarTuli
savaraudo destruqciuli siZulvilisa da
potenciuri Zaladobis gamo. amrigad, kleinma
axsna erT-erTi udidesi saidumlo, romelsac
awydeba yvela adamiani _ siyvaruli da siZul-
vili _ Cveni pirovnuli samoTxe da jojoxeTi
_ ganuyofelia erTmaneTisgan~ (Frager & Fadiman,
1998, gv. 135). kleinis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom
samyaros Cveneuli gancdis samSeneblo agurebs~
siyvarulisa da siZulvilis obieqtebTan _ Cveni
cxovrebis mniSvnelovan adamianebTan _ urTier-
Toba qmnis _ fsiqoanalituri Teoriisa da praq-
tikis centralur mosazrebad iqca da obieqti-
urTierTobis Teoria (Object relation theory) ewoda.
kleinma, aseve, pirvelma gamoiyena agresiuli
obieqti-urTierTobis Teoria (Object relation
theory) fsiqoanalitikuri Teoria, romelic
momdinareobs melani kleinis mosazrebidan imis
Sesaxeb, rom samyaros Cveneuli gancdis sam-
Seneblo agurebs~ siyvarulisa da siZulvilis
obieqtebTan _ Cveni cxovrebis mniSvnelovan
adamianebTan _ urTierToba qmnis.
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da seqsualuri ltolvebis damarwmunebeli
interpretacia fsiqoanalizis pacientebTan.
fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi, aniWeben ra sxva-
dasxva xarisxis mniSvnelobas froidis koncef-
ciebs, isev viTardeba. erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
axali mimarTulebaa me-s (self) mimarT Tanamedrove
interesi; kerZod, interesis sagans Seadgens is,
Tu rogor xdeba individis me-koncefciis, anu
sakuTar Tavze warmodgenis Camoyalibeba, rogor
aRiqvams, rogor ganicdis mas mocemuli pirov-
neba da rogor xdeba, rom xandaxan is sxvaTa
mxridan Tavdasxmis obieqtad iqceva, romelsac
dacva sWirdeba. am mimarTulebis wamyvani
damcveli da fsiqoanalizSi obieqti-urTier-
Tobis skolis damaarsebelia hainc kohuti (1977;
Siegel, 1996). misi saavtoro Terapia fokusirdeba
imis garkvevaze, Tu rogor saWiroebs me-s
sxvadasxva aspeqtebi me-obieqtebs _ gulisxmier
adamianebs da mniSvnelovan sagnebs, rac nebismier
adamians sWirdeba optimaluri pirovnuli
funqcionirebis SesanarCuneblad. me-fsiqolo-
giis am formisTvis mniSvnelovania me-s gamoc-
dileba da, gansakuTrebiT, is gamocdileba, ro-
melic me-s fragmentacias iwvevs. Sesabamisad,
Terapevtis amocanaa, SeZlebisdagvarad Rrmad
Cawvdes sxvadasxva fsiqologiur mdgomareobas,
romelsac ganicdis klienti da, amasTan,
gaiTvaliswinos klientis gancdebis miseuli
(klientiseuli) xedva (Chicago Institute for Psycho-
analysis, 1992).
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom fsiqoanalitur Te-
rapias miznis misaRwevad xSirad drois xan-
grZlivi periodi sWirdeba. Tumca, xSirad ada-
mianebi iseTi aSlilobebiT itanjebian, rome-
lic gacilebiT swraf gankurnebas saWiroebs.
bihevioraluri Terapia, romelsac axla ganvi-
xilavT, simptomebisgan swafad gaTavisuflebis
SesaZleblobas iZleva.
Sejameba
fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi zigmund froidis
aracnobieri konfliqtisa da gandevnis Teo-
riidan iReben saTaves. Terapevtebi pacientTan
kaTarzisis misaRwevad da fsiqikuri energiis
gamosaTavisufleblad sxvadasxva teqnikebs
iyeneben, maT Soris Tavisufal asociaciebs,
sizmrebis analizs da gadatanis interpretacias.
neofroidianeli Terapevtebi SedarebiT met
mniSnelobas aniWeben pacientis awmyo socialur
garemos, cxovrebiseuli movlenebis mimdinare
gavlenas, socialuri motivaciis rols, pirov-
nebaTSoris urTierTobebs da me-koncefciis
ganviTarebas.
Tu fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi hipoTetur
Sinagan mizezebze fokusirdebian, bihevioralur
TerapiaTa yuradRebis sagans dakvirvebadi
garegani qceva warmoadgens. bihevioraluri ori-
entaciis Terapevtebi amtkiceben, rom paTo-
logiuri qcevebis SeZena iseve xdeba, rogorc
normaluris _ daswavlis procesiT, romelic
ganpirobebulobisa da daswavlis ZiriTadi ka-
nonebis mixedviT xorcieldeba. bihevioraluri
Terapevtebi iyeneben ganpirobebisa da ganmtki-
cebis principebs, fsiqikur aSlilobebTan aso-
cirebuli arasasruveli qcevis paternebis
modificirebis mizniT.
terminebi bihevioraluri (qceviTi) Terapia
da qcevis modifikacia xSirad sinonimebad
gamoiyeneba. oriveSi moiazreba daswavlis prin-
cipebis meToduri gamoyeneba sasurveli qcevis
sixSiris gazrdis, an arasasurveli qcevis six-
Siris Semcirebis mizniT. bihevioraluri Terapia
muSaobs devianturi qcevebisa da pirovnuli
problemebis farTo speqtrze, sadac Sedis
fobiebi, kompulsiebi (akviatebebi), depresia,
damRupveli miswrafebebi (magaliTad, alkoho-
lizmi, an narkotikebi), agresia da delikventuri
qcevebi. zogadad, bihevioraluri Terapia spe-
cifikur problemebTan ukeT muSaobs, vidre
zogadi xasiaTis pirovnul problemebTan: fobi-
is SemTxvevaSi is gacilebiT efeqturi iqneba,
vidre _ zogadi, usagno SfoTvisas.
Terapiebi warmoiqmna ganpirobebulobisa da
daswavlis Teoriidan, romelic pragmatuli,
qceviTi Terapia (Behavior therapy) ixileT
qcevis modifikacia.
qcevis modifikacia (Behavior modification) das-
wavlis principebis meToduri gamoyeneba sa-
surveli qcevis sixSiris gazrdis an arasa-
sruveli qcevis sixSiris Semcirebis mizniT.
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empiriuli kvlevis tradiciebzea dafuZnebuli.
yvela cocxali organizmis umTavresi amocanaa,
daiswavlos aqtualur socialur da fizikur
garemos moTxovnebTan adaptaciis xerxebi. Tu
organizmma ver daiswavla problemebis efeqtu-
rad daZleva, misi araadapturi reaqciebis
koregireba SesaZlebelia daswavlis (an xelaxa-
li daswavlis) principebze dafuZnebuli Terapi-
iT. samizne qceva ar ganixileba raime safuZvlad
mdebare procesis simptomad. simptomi Tavad
aris problema. fsiqodinamikosi Terapevtebis
prognozis mixedviT, mxolod garegani qcevis
koregirebiT, realuri Sinagani problemis gamov-
lenis gareSe, mxolod simptomis Canacvlebamde
mivalT, anu Tavs iCens axali fizikuri Tu
fsiqologiuri problema. Tumca, gamokvlevebi
aCvenebs, rom bihevioraluri TerapiiT paTo-
logiuri qcevis aRkveTis Semdeg aRar xdeba
axali simptomebiT misi Canacvleba (Kazdin, 1982;
Wolpe, 1986). piriqiT, samizne simptomebis gaqro-
bis Semdeg pacientebi xSirad aRniSnavdnen, rom
sxva, naklebad mniSvnelovani simptomebic gaqra~
(Sloane et al., 1975, gv. 219).
axla ganvixiloT bihevioraluri Terapiis
sxvadasxva formebi, romelTac Sveba moaqvT
daavadebuli adamianebisTvis.
kontrganpirobeba
ratom SfoTavs zogierTi adamiani iseT uw-
yinar gamRizianebelTan (anu stimulTan) Sex-
vedrisas, rogoricaa oboba, araSxamiani gveli,
an socialuri kontaqti? bihevioraluri axsna
aseTia: SfoTva warmoiqmneba ganpirobebis mar-
tivi principebis mixedviT, romelic me-7 da me-
15 TavSi ganvixileT. Zlieri emociuri reaqciebi,
romelic yovelgvari mizezis gareSe~ angrevs
pirovnebis cxovrebas, xSirad ganpirobebulia
pirovnebis mier warsulSi SeumCnevlad daswav-
lili reaqciebiT. kontrganpirobebisas Zveli,
araadapturi reaqciis Canacvlebis mizniT, xdeba
axali reaqciis gamomuSaveba. bihevioraluri
Terapiis Sesaxeb pirvel CanawerebSi swored
aseT logikas vxvdebiT. meri qover jonsma (Mary
Cover Jones, 1924) aCvena, rom pirobiTi refleqsis
gamomuSavebiT, anu ganpirobebiT SesaZlebelia
SiSis gadaCveva
4
(qvemoT mocemuli magaliTi
SevadaroT patara albertis magaliTs me-7
Tavidan).
misi pacienti 3 wlis biWuna iyo, saxe-
lad piteri, romelsac gaurkveveli mize-
ziT eSinoda kurdRlebis. Terapia moi-
cavda oTaxis erT mxares piteris gamok-
vebas, meore mxares ki kurdReli iyo mo-
Tavsebuli. mTeli rigi seansebis gan-
mavlobaSi kurdRels TandaTanobiT uax-
lovebdnen mas. sabolood, SiSi gaqra da
piteri Tavisuflad TamaSobda kurdRel-
Tan.
qover jonsis Semdeg bihevioristi Terapevtebi
kontrganpirobebis sxvadasxva teqnikebs _
sistematur desensitizacias, imploziur
5
Tera-
pias, situaciaSi daZirvas
6
da aversiul
7
Terapias
_ iyeneben.
sistematuri desensitizacia da sxva
eqspoziciuri Terapiebi
nervuli sistema erTdroulad ver iqneba
modunebulic (anu relaqsirebuli) da agzne-
bulic, radgan SeuZlebelia urTierTsapiris-
piro procesebis erTdroulad aqtivireba. es
martivi debuleba centraluria reciprokuli
(urTierT) Sekavebis TeoriisTvis, romelic
samxreT afrikelma fsiqiatrma jozef volpem
SemogvTavaza (Joseph Wolpe, 1958, 1973). avtori mas
SiSebisa da fobiebis samkurnalod iyenebda.
volpe Tavis pacientebs kunTebis modunebas da
Semdeg maTTvis SiSis momgvreli situaciis
warmosaxvas aswavlida. isini amas TandaTanobiT,
anu gradualurad akeTebdnen _ Soreuli aso-
ciaciebidan SemaSinebeli obieqtebis uSualo
xatebamde. relaqsirebul mdgomareobaSi Sema-
Sinebel stimulTan gradualuri fsiqologiuri
4
unlearned sityvasityviT SeiZleba iTargmnos, rogorc
gamoswavla~ (). vinaidan aseTi sityva lite-
raturul qarTulSi ar arsebobs, amitom iTargmna, ro-
gorc gadaCveva~ (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
5
implosion inglisuridan, SigniT mimarTuli afeT-
qeba~, implozia.
6
flooding _ inglisuridan, CaZirva~, daZirva~, siWarbe~.
7
aversion _ inglisuridan, zizRi~, zizRis obieqti~.
kontrganpirobeba (Counterconditioning) Tera-
piuli teqnika, romliTac xdeba gamomuSavebuli
axali reaqciiT araadapturi reaqciis Canac-
vleba.
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Sexvedra Terapiuli teqnikaa, romelic siste-
maturi desensitizaciis saxeliT aris cnobili.
desensitizaciuri Terapia sami ZiriTadi
etapisgan Sedgeba: (1) klienti axdens SfoTvis
gamomwvevi stimulebis identificirebas da
ierarqiulad alagebs maT _ yvelaze sustidan
yvelaze Zlieramde. magaliTad, cxrilSi 16.1
mocemuli ierarqia ekuTvnis students, romelSic
testireba Zlier SfoTvas iwvevs. yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom gamocdis uSualo molodini
(debuleba 14) man ufro stresulad miiCnia,
vidre Tavad gamocdaze gasvla (debuleba 13).
(2) klients aswavlian kunTebis TandaTanobiT
Rrmad modunebas. modunebis swavlebas, anu
relaqsaciis trenings ramdenime seansi sWirdeba,
romlis drosac klienti swavlobs daZabulo-
bisa da modunebulobis SegrZnebebis erTmaneTis-
gan garCevas da SfoTvis moxsnas fizikuri da
fsiqikuri modunebis misaRwevad. (3) bolos iwyeba
Tavad desensitizaciis procesi: relaqsirebuli
klienti cxadad warmoidgens SfoTvis gamomwvevi
stimulebis nusxidan yvelaze sust stimuls.
Tu mas amis gakeTeba diskomfortis gareSe SeuZ-
lia, gadadis Semdeg, SedarebiT Zlier stimulze.
garkveuli raodenobis seansebis Semdeg SesaZ-
lebeli xdeba stimulTa CamonaTvalSi pirvel
adgilze myofi (anu yvelaze metad damTrgunavi)
situaciis SfoTvis gareSe warmodgena. desensi-
tizaciis warmatebiT gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia
mTeli rigi problemebisas, romelic SeiZleba
adamians Seeqmnas, maT Soris iseTi generali-
zebuli SiSebis dros, rogoricaa scenis SiSi
da impotencia (Emmelkamp, 1990; Spiegler & Guevremont,
1998). mravali SefasebiTi kvleva aCvenebs, rom
am tipis bihevioraluri Terapia gansakuTrebiT
kargad muSaobs fobiebis mqone pacientebTan.
saidan
viciT
daZirvis Terapia sahaero buStebis
fobiis dros
bils, kolejis 21 wlis students, sa-
haero buStis gaskdomis xmis eSinoda.
amitom is Tavs aridebda iseT situaciebs,
sadac SeiZleboda gaegona buStis gas-
kdomis xma _ cekvis saRamoebs, wveulebebs
da sportul RonisZiebebs. bilma Tanxmoba
ganacxada fobiis dasaZlevad daZirvis
Terapiis gavlaze. Terapia Sedgeboda sami
Tanmimdevruli seansisgan _ bili Tera-
pevts xvdeboda yovel dRe, sami dRis
ganmavlobaSi. am periodSi aTasobiT buSti
gaskda. pirveli seansis dasawyisSi bilma
subieqturi diskomfortis maRali done
aCvena _ 100 qula (100-qulian skalaze,
sadac 0 aRniSnavda srul simSvides, 100 _
ukiduresad SeSinebuls). roca pirvelad
man subieqturi diskomforti mxolod 5
quliT gamoxata (imave 100-qulian skalaze),
ukanaskneli 115 buSti man Tavisi xeliT
gaxeTqa. daZirvis Terapiis Sedegad bili
aRar aridebda Tavs mxiarul, buStebiT
savse situaciebs (Houlihan et al., 1993).
testirebaze SfoTvis mqone studentis
mier Sedgenili SfoTvis gamomwvevi
stimulebis ierarqia
(SfoTvis mzardi TanmimdevrobiT)
cxrili
16.1
1. erTi Tve gamocdamde;
2. ori kvira gamocdamde;
3. erTi kvira gamocdamde;
4. xuTi dRe gamocdamde;
5. oTxi dRe gamocdamde;
6. sami dRe gamocdamde;
7. ori dRe gamocdamde;
8. erTi dRe gamocdamde;
9. gamocdis wina Rame;
10. gadmobrunebulad awyvia sagamocdo testis
furclebi;
11. sagamocdo testebis darigebis molodini;
12. sagamocdo oTaxis daxurul karTan dgoma;
13. uSualod testirebis procesi - xvebze pasuxebis
gacema;
14. gamocdis dRes universitetSi misvlis procesi.
sistematuri desensitizacia (Systematic desensi-
tization) bihevioraluri Terapiuli teqnika,
rodesac relaqsirebul mdgomareobaSi Sema-
Sinebel stimulTan SexvedriT klients as-
wavlian SfoTvis ganviTarebis Sewyvetas.
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imploziuri Terapia sistematuri desensiti-
zaciisgan diametralurad gansxvavebuli
midgomaa. nabij-nabij, gradualuri winsvlis
nacvlad, usafrTxo garemoSi klients dasa-
wyisSive waredgineba yvelaze SemaSinebeli
stimuli (SfoTvis gamomwvevi stimulTa ierar-
qiuli CamonaTvalidan). Terapiuli situacia
isea mowyobili, rom is ver gaeqceva SemaSinebel
stimuls. Terapevti aRwers klientis SiSTan
dakavSirebul ukiduresad SemaSinebel situa-
cias, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mTel sxeulze
Semoxveuli gvelebi da aiZulebs klients, rom
man srulad warmoidginos, SeZlebisdagvarad
Zlierad ganicados es situacia. iTvleba, rom
aseTma warmosaxvam panikis afeTqeba unda gamoiw-
vios. vinaidan es afeTqeba Sinagania (individis
SigniT xdeba), process implozias, anu SigniT
mimarTul afeTqebas uwodeben; aqedan momdina-
reobs saxelwodebac imploziuri Terapia.
rodesac situacia mravaljer meordeba, stimuli
kargavs Zalas da veRar axerxebs SfoTvis
gamowvevas. rodesac SfoTva aRar warmoiqmneba,
qreba is araadapturi qcevac, romelic misTvis
Tavis asarideblad gamoiyeneboda. am proceduris
ZiriTadi idea isaa, rom klients ar eZleva
SfoTvis gamomwvevi situaciis uaryofis, misTvis
Tavis aridebis Tu misgan ramenairad Tavis
daRwevis saSualeba. igi aRmoaCens, rom sti-
mulTan kontaqti sulac ar iwvevs im uaryofiT
Sedegs, rasac moeloda (Stampfl & Levis, 1967).
situaciaSi daZirva implozias hgavs, im gan-
sxvavebiT, rom am dros klients, misi TanxmobiT,
realurad aTavseben SiSis momgvrel situaciaSi.
magaliTad, klaustrofobiis mqone pirovnebas
bnel sxvenze aTavseben, bavSvs, romelsac wylis
eSinia _ auzSi.
daZirvis Terapiis kidev erTi forma war-
mosaxviT iwyeba. am SemTxvevaSi klients SeuZlia
mousminos Canawers, romelSic erTi an ori
saaTis ganmavlobaSi Zalze dawvrilebiT yvebian
fobiis Sesatyvisi ukiduresad SemaSinebeli
situaciis Sesaxeb. mas Semdeg, rac SeZrwuneba
da SiSi Cacxreba, klients aTavseben SiSis
momgvrel situaciaSi, romelic, cxadia, aRar
aris imdenad SemaZrwunebeli, ramdenadac Tavad
mis mier warmosaxuli situacia. daZirva
gacilebiT efeqturia, vidre sistematuri
desenzitizacia, rodesac saqme exeba zogierT
iseT qceviT problemas, rogoricaa agorafobia.
amasTan, praqtikuli gamocdilebis mixedviT,
klientTa umravlesobasTan miRebuli Sedegi
mdgradia (Emmelkamp & Kuipers, 1979).
sistematuri desensitizaciis, imploziuri
Terapiisa da daZirvis TerapiisTvis _ yvelas-
Tvis damaxasiaTebelia saerTo komponenti _
eqspozicia, anu stimulis wardgena. warmosaxviT
iqneba, realuri kontaqtiT Tu uaxlesi meTodiT
_ virtualurad (Rothbaum et al., 1995), klients
waredgineba is obieqti, an situacia, romelic
mas SiSs gvris. eqspoziciuri Terapia obsesiur-
kompulsuri aSlilobebis SemTxvevaSic gamoi-
yeneba. magaliTad, qalbatoni, romelsac akvia-
tebuli hqonda azri WuWyis Sesaxeb (anu xasiaT-
deboda WuWyis obsesiiT), iZulebiT (anu kompul-
surad) ibanda xelebs daskdomamde da dasis-
xlianebamde. igi zogjer Tavis mokvlazec ki
fiqrobda, imdenad gausaZlisi iyo aSliloba,
romelmac sruliad mowyvita normaluri cxov-
rebis ritms. bihevioristi Terapevtis meTval-
yurebis qveS es qalbatoni pirispir Seejaxa im
obieqtebs, romelic yvelaze metad aSinebda _
WuWysa da nagavs da TandaTanobiT xeliTac ki
Seexo. man isic ki moaxerxa, rom xuTi dRis
imploziuri Terapia (Implosion therapy) bihe-
vioraluri Terapiuli teqnika, romelic miznad
isaxavs stimulTan asocirebuli SfoTvis Sem-
cirebas, rac klientisTvis warmosaxviTi Sema-
Sinebeli stimulis wardgeniT xorcieldeba.
situaciaSi daZirva (Flooding) fobiebisTvis
gankuTvnili Terapia, rodesac klients, misi
TanxmobiT, waredgineba misTvis maqsimalurad
SemaSinebeli stimuli.
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manZilze ar daibana xelebi da saxe. yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom am SemTxvevaSi bihevioralur Te-
rapias damatebiTi komponenti aqvs _ reaqciis
prevencia. klients ara marto warudgines SiSis
gamomwvevi stimuli (WuWyi da nagavi), aramed
man aRkveTa kidec kompulsuri qceva (xelebis
dabana), romelic, Cveulebisamebr, amcirebda
SfoTvas. am TerapiiT qalbatonma iswavla SfoT-
vis Semcireba kompulsuri qcevis ganxor-
cielebis gareSe.
aversiuli Terapia
zemoT aRwerili eqspoziciuri Terapiis for-
mebi klients uSualod realurad uwyinar
stimulTan gamklavebaSi exmareba. magram ra unda
movimoqmedoT maT dasaxmareblad, visac saziano
stimulebi izidavs? narkotikebze damoki-
debuleba, seqsualuri perversiebi da umarTavi
Zaladoba is problemebia, romelTa SemTxvevaSic
devianturi qcevis aRmZvrelad mimzidveli
stimuli gvevlineba. aversiuli Terapiisas iyene-
ben kontrganpirobebis procedurebs, raTa moxdes
mocemuli stimulis Sewyvileba mZlavr damazia-
nebel stimulTan, rogoricaa, magaliTad, eleq-
truli Soki an safaRaraTo abebi. amavdroulad,
igive uaryofiT reaqciebs iwvevs mimzidveli
stimuli. Sedegad pirovnebas uyalibdeba aver-
siuli reaqcia am mimzidveli stimulis mimarT
_ ezizReba is da am zizRiT Caanacvlebs sti-
mulis adrindel sasurvelobas. magaliTad, aver-
siuli Terapia gamoiyeneba iseT individebTan,
romlebic TviTdamazianebel qcevebs axorci-
eleben, rogoricaa Tavis mravaljeradi dartyma
an mirtyma sxva sagnebze. aseTi qcevis ganxor-
cielebis dros individs msubuq eleqtrul
dartymas ayeneben. es mkurnaloba efeqturad
amcirebs TviTdamazianebel qcevas zogierTi,
magram ara yvela, pacientis SemTxvevaSi (Duker
& Seys, 1996).
ukiduresi formis aversiuli Terapia wamebas
gavs. sainteresoa, ratom eqvemdebarebian adamia-
nebi sakuTari nebiT am proceduras? Cveulebriv,
isini amas mxolod imitom akeTeben, rom rea-
lurad xedaven _ aseTi qcevis paternis droSi
gaxangrZlivebuli Sedegebi daangrevs maT jan-
mrTelobas, karieras, an ojaxur cxovrebas. garda
amisa, aseTi Terapiis gavlis mizezi institu-
ciuri zewolac SeiZleba gaxdes, rogorc xdeba,
magaliTad, patimrebisTvis gankuTvnil mkurna-
lobis zogierT programaSi. mravali kritikosis
azriT, aversiul TerapiaSi gamoyenebuli mtkiv-
neuli procedurebi: (1) zedmet Zalauflebas
aZlevs Terapevts; (2) damsjeli RonisZiebebi
ufroa, vidre _ Terapiuli; (3) ufro xSirad
gamoiyeneba iseT dawesebulebebSi, sadac adamia-
nebs TiTqmis ar aqvT arCevanis ufleba da
maTgan aravin iRebs proceduris Catarebis nebar-
Tvas. ukanasknel wlebSi, instituciur sareabi-
litacio programaSi CarTuli aversiuli Tera-
piis gamoyeneba eTikuri kodeqsiTa da Statis
8
kanoniT regulirdeba. imedia, aseTi SezRudvebis
pirobebSi aversiuli Terapia Terapiuli ufro
iqneba, vidre _ iZulebiTi da Zaladobrivi.
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis
marTva
kontrganpirobeba gamosadegia, rodesac SesaZ-
lebelia erTi reaqciis Canacvleba meore reaq-
ciiT. qcevis modifikaciis sxva meTodebi operan-
tuli ganpirobebis principebs efuZneba, rome-
lic b. f. skineris (B. F. Skinner) mier dawyebuli
kvlevebis tradiciebze Camoyalibda. pirobiTi
ganmamtkiceblebis marTva gulisxmobs mkurna-
lobis zogad strategias, romelic mimarTulia
qcevis Secvlaze misi Sedegebis modificirebis
gziT. bihevioralur TerapiaSi pirobiTi ganmam-
tkiceblebis marTvis ori ZiriTadi teqnika ar-
sebobs: dadebiTi ganmtkicebis strategia da
Caqrobis strategia.
dadebiTi ganmtkicebis strategia
rodesac reaqcias dauyovnebliv, uSualod
mohyveba waxaliseba, mosalodnelia, rom es
reaqcia ganmeordes da droTa ganmavlobaSi gax-
aversiuli Terapia (Aversion therapy) qceviTi
Terapiis tipi, romelic gamoiyeneba saziano
stimulebisaken midrekilebis mqone adamianebis
samkurnalod.
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTva (Contingency
menegement) zogadi mkurnalobis strategia,
romelic gulisxmobs qcevis Secvlas Tanmim-
devruli cvlilebis saSualebiT.
8
saubaria aSS-is Statebze (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
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Sirdes. operantuli daswavlis es ZiriTadi
principi Terapiul strategiad iqca, rodesac
sasurveli qcevis sixSiris Sesacvlelad gamoi-
yenes mas Semdeg, rac am qcevam arasasurveli
qceva Caanacvla. qcevis problemebze muSaobisas
STambeWdavi Sedegi miiRes, rodesac dadebiTi
ganmtkicebis procedura gamoiyenes. SegiZliaT
gaixsenoT me-7 TavSi ganxiluli ori magaliTi.
Cven aRvwereT, rogor gamoiyenes qcevis for-
mireba autisti bavSvis cxovrebis gasaumjobe-
seblad. pacienti sami wlis biWuna iyo, romel-
sac saTvale unda etarebina. Terapevtma pirobiT
ganmamtkiceblad xmauriani saTamaSo gamoiyena,
raTa is nel-nela, TandaTanobiT mieaxlovebina
saTvalemde. Cven, aseve, visaubreT Jetonebis
ekonomikaze, rodesac winaswar aris gansazRvru-
li (magaliTad, sakuTari Tavis movla da medi-
kamentebis miReba) sasurveli qceva da momsaxure
personali samizne qcevis yoveli ganxorcie-
lebisas individs Jetons aZlevs. es Jetonebi
mogvianebiT SeiZleba mTel rig waxalisebebsa
da privilegiebze gaicvalos (Kazdin, 1994; Martin
& Pear, 1999). waxalisebis aseTi sistemebi gansakuT-
rebiT efeqturia pacientis iseTi qcevebis
Sesacvlelad, rogoricaa sakuTari Tavis movla,
wesrigisa da sisufTavis dacva saarsebo gare-
moSi da xSiri dadebiTi socialuri urTierT-
qmedebebi.
sxva midgomaSi Terapevti gamorCeulad
ganamtkicebs arasasurveli qcevis sapirispiro
qcevas. am teqnikas warmatebiT iyeneben narko-
tikebze damokidebuli adamianebis mkurnalo-
bisas.
saidan
viciT
bihevioraluri mkurnaloba
narkotikebze damokidebulebisas
mkvlevrebma moZebnes 70 mamakaci da
qali, romelsac kokainze damokidebule-
bisgan gankurneba surda. TiToeulma mona-
wilem sakonsultacio seansebi gaiara, raTa
am damokidebulebis gadalaxvis stra-
tegiebsa da unar-Cvevebs gacnobodnen.
garda amisa, 36 monawiles aZlevdnen spe-
cialur baraTebs yovel jerze, rodesac
analizi aCvenebda, rom maTi Sardi ar
Seicavda narkotikul nivTierebas. TiTo-
euli baraTis Rirebuleba 25 cents Sead-
genda da mis sanacvlod sabiTumo saqonlis
SeZena SeiZleboda. dasawyisSi Sardis
yoveli uaryofiTi analizis SemTxvevaSi
monawileebs 10 baraTs aZlevdnen. mas
Semdeg, rac maTi Sardis analizi isev da
isev uaryofiTi iyo, yovel Semdeg jerze
baraTebis raodenoba izrdeboda. mona-
wileTaTvis baraTebi pirobiT ganmamtki-
ceblad iqca, romelic narkotikis gareSe
yofnasTan Seawyviles. danarCen 34 mona-
wilesac aZlevdnen baraTebs, Tumca, maTi
ganmamtkicebeli ar iyo Sewyvilebuli
narkotikis gareSe yofnasTan: Seuwyvi-
lebelTa~ jgufis TiToeuli wevri mimag-
rebuli iyo SewyvilebulTa~ jgufis ro-
melime wevrze da orive erTnairi odeno-
biTa da erTdroulad iRebda ganmtkicebas
(baraTebs). kvlevis aseTi sqemidan gamom-
dinare, SegviZlia darwmunebulni viyoT,
rom baraTebis nebismieri efeqti Sewyvi-
lebis Sedegi iyo da ara mxolod gan-
mtkicebis. faqtobrivad, pirobiTi gan-
mamtkiceblisa (baraTebis) da sasurveli
qcevis (narkotikis gareSe yofna) Sewyvi-
leba mdgradi aRmoCnda: kvlevis dasas-
rulisTvis da kvlevidan erTi wlis Sem-
degac SewyvilebulTa~ jgufis wevrebi,
SeuwyvilebelTa~ jgufis wevrebisgan gan-
sxvavebiT, uwyveti warmatebiT axerxebdnen
narkotikisgan Tavis Sesavebas (Higgins et
al., 2000).
SeiZleba, SeamCnieT, rom aq igive principi
moqmedebs, rac arasasurveli reaqciis sasur-
veliT Canacvlebisas (razec zemoT visaubreT):
adapturi qcevis albaTobis gasazrdelad
daswavlis ZiriTadi principebi gamoiyeneba.
Caqrobis strategia
ratom agrZeleben adamianebi imis keTebas,
rasac tkivili da tanjva moaqvs maSin, roca
sxvagvarad moqcevis SesaZlebloba gaaCniaT?
pasuxi aseTia: qcevis mraval formas mravalri-
cxovani da sxvadasxvagvari Sedegi aqvs, zogierTi
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maTgani dadebiTia da zogic _ uaryofiTi.
xSirad SeumCneveli dadebiTi ganmamtkicebeli
axerxebs qcevis SenarCunebas, misi aSkarad
uaryofiTi Sedegebis miuxedavad. magaliTad,
bavSvma, romelsac sjian cudi saqcielisTvis,
SeiZleba ganagrZos cudad moqceva, Tu dasja
misTvis yuradRebis miqcevis erTaderTi formaa.
Caqrobis strategia TerapiaSi gamosadegia
maSin, rodesac disfunqciuri qcevebis Senar-
Cuneba gaurkveveli ganmamtkicebeli garemo-
ebebiT xdeba. am ganmamtkiceblebis gamovlena
situaciis zedmiwevniTi analiziT SeiZleba.
Semdeg ise xdeba programis Sedgena, rom ara-
sasurveli qcevis ganxorcielebisas SeuZlebeli
gaxdes maTi gamoCena. Tu SesaZlebelia am
midgomis gamoyeneba da Tu klientis garemocvaSi
myofi adamianebi, romlebic uneburad ganam-
tkiceben qcevas, TanamSromloben TerapevtTan,
Caqrobis procedura amcirebs qcevis sixSires
da droTa ganmavlobaSi, TandaTanobiT sruliad
gaaqrobs mas. ganvixiloT klasis magaliTi.
mkvlevrebma gaarkvies, rom dawyebiTi skolis
oTxi moswavlis araadaptur qcevaze ganmamtki-
ceblad moqmedebda TanaklaselTa yuradReba.
mkvlevrebma miaRwies, rom bavSvebi yuradRebas
iCendnen am oTxi moswavlis misaRebi qcevebi-
sadmi da uyuradRebod tovebdnen arasasurvel
qcevebs. amiT maT SeZles moswavleTa araadapturi
qcevis paternebis Caqroba (Broussard & Northup,
1997).
aramizanmimarTuli ganmtkicebiT Sizofre-
niuli qcevis SenarCuneba da waxalisebac ki
SeiZleba. ganvixiloT aseTi situacia: mraval
fsiqiatriul klinikaSi dadgenili wesia, rom
momsaxure personali xSirad ekiTxeba pacientebs:
rogor grZnobT Tavs?~ rac socialuri
komunikaciis erTgvari formaa. pacientebs
xSirad arasworad esmiT es SekiTxva da hgoniaT,
rom amiT momsaxure personals diagnozisTvis
saWiro informaciis miReba surs. amitom sakuTar
azrebze, grZnobebze, ucnaur simptomebsa da
halucinaciebze iwyeben laparaks. aseT pasuxebs
sawinaaRmdego Sedegi moaqvs; momsaxure perso-
nali mihyavs daskvnamde, rom pacientebi sakuTar
TavSi arian Caflulni da aranormalurad
iqcevian. faqtobrivad, gamodis, rom, rac ufro
ucnaur simptomebs da sityvier masalas miawvdian
pacientebi, miT met yuradRebas miiReben mom-
saxure personalisgan, rac, Tavis mxriv, ganam-
tkicebs ucnauri simptomebis ganmeorebiT gamo-
xatvas. klasikur gamokvlevaSi naCvenebi iqna
Sizofreniuli qcevis STambeWdavi Semcireba,
rodesac momsaxure personals mieca martivi
instruqcia _ moexdinaT qcevis ignorireba da
mxolod normalurad moqcevis SemTxvevaSi
mieqciaT pacientebisTvis yuradReba (Ayllon &
Michael, 1959).
socialuri daswavlis
Terapia
bihevioraluri Terapiebis diapazoni so-
cialuri daswavlis Teoretikosebma gaafar-
Toves, romlebic miuTiTebdnen, rom adamianebi
sxva adamianebis qcevaze dakvirvebiT swavloben.
axal situaciebSi qcevis wesebs xSirad iseTi
simboluri saSualebebiT vswavlobT da viye-
nebT, rogoricaa realur cxovrebaSi, filmebsa
Tu televiziiT sxva adamianebis gamocdilebaze
dakvirveba. socialuri daswavlis Terapia mowo-
debulia problemur qcevaTa paternebis modi-
ficirebisTvis iseTi pirobebis SeqmniT, sadac
klienti xedavs, Tu rogor waxalisdeba modeli
ganxorcielebuli sasurveli qcevisTvis. das-
wavlis aseTi gaSualebuli procesi gansakuT-
rebiT Rirebulia fobiebis daZlevisa da soci-
aluri Cvevebis Camoyalibebisas. wina TavebSi
aRvniSneT, rom socialuri daswavlis es Teoria,
ZiriTadad, albert banduras (Albert Bandura)
naSromebSi damuSavda (1977, 1986). aq misi midgomis
mxolod or aspeqtze SevCerdebiT: modelis
mibaZvasa da socialuri unar-Cvevebis SemuSa-
vebaze.
modelis mibaZva
socialuri daswavlis Teoriis mtkicebiT,
individebi reaqciebs dakvirvebis meSveobiT
daiswavlian. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom fobi-
ebis mqone adamianebs unda SeeZloT, rom
modelis qcevis mibaZviT gadaeCvion SiSis
socialuri daswavlis Terapia (Social-learning
therapy) mkurnalobis forma, rodesac klienti
uyurebs, Tu rogor iRebs modeli waxalisebas
sasurveli qcevis ganxorcielebisaTvis.
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reaqcias. magaliTad, gvelebis SiSis mkurnalo-
bisas Terapevti jer aCvenebs klients, rom
SedarebiT usafrTxo garemoSi SesaZlebelia
gvelTan uSiSrad miaxloeba; es SeiZleba iyos
galiasTan axlos misvla, an misTvis xelis
Sexeba. amis Semdeg klients CvenebiTa da
waxalisebiT exmarebian, rom gaimeoros igive
qceva. TandaTanobiT formirdeba miaxloebis
qceva. sabolood, klients SeuZlia, rom gveli
xelSi aiyvanos da mas sxeulze Tavisuflad
moZraobis saSualeba misces. klients aranairi
qcevis ganxorcielebas ar aiZuleben. nebismier
momentSi warmoqmnili winaaRmdegobis daZleva
miaxloebis qcevis wina, warmatebul, naklebad
SemaSinebel safexurze dabrunebiT xdeba.
ramdenad Zlierad moqmedebs monawileobis
meSveobiT modelireba, kargad Cans kvlevaSi,
romelSic es teqnika simbolur modelirebas,
desensitizaciasa da sakontrolo jgufis
mdgomareobas Seadares. simboluri modelirebiT
Terapiisas pacientebi, romelTac naswavli
hqondaT relaqsacia, uyurebdnen films, sadac
ramdenime modeli uSiSrad epyroboda gvelebs.
Tu ekranze nanaxi maTSi SfoTvas iwvevda,
SeeZloT, nebismier dros gaeCerebinaT filmi
da modunebuliyvnen. sakontrolo jgufSi ar
yofila Terapiuli Careva. rogorc 16.1 sura-
Tidan Cans, monawileobis meSveobiT modelireba
aSkarad yvelaze warmatebuli iyo am teqnikebs
Soris. monawileobis meSveobiT modelirebis
jgufis 12-dan 11 monawile ganikurna gvelebis
SiSisgan (Bandura, 1970).
socialuri unar-Cvevebis SemuSaveba
socialuri daswavlis TerapevtTa mier Semo-
tanil umTavres siaxles warmoadgens araadek-
vaturi socialuri Cvevebis mqone adamianebisTvis
ufro efeqturad funqcionirebis swavleba.
fsiqikuri aSlilobis mqone adamianebi mraval
sirTules awydebian; Cveulebriv, janmrTel ada-
mianebsac xSirad eqmnebaT problemebi yovel-
dRiur cxovrebaSi, Tu isini uxerxulad grZnoben
Tavs sxvebTan urTierTobisas, mouxerxeblebi
arian, an ar SeuZliaT sakuTari poziciebis
dacva. socialuri unar-Cvevebi, anu urTierTobis
unar-Cvevebi reaqciaTa erTobliobaa, romelic
adamianebs socialuri miznebis efeqturad
miRwevis SesaZleblobas aZlevs, rodesac isini
mimarTaven sxvebs, an urTierTqmedeben sxvebTan.
am unar-CvevebSi Sedis imis codna, Tu (1) ra
(Sinaarsi) vTqvaT da movimoqmedoT mocemul
situaciaSi, raTa gamoviwvioT sasurveli reaqcia
(Sedegi); (2) rogor (stili) vTqvaT da moviqceT;
(3) rodis (dro) vTqvaT da vimoqmedoT.
urTierTobis unar-Cvevebis TvalsazrisiT, erT-
erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli problemaa sakuTar
TavSi daurwmunebloba _ sakuTari mosazrebebisa
Tu survilebis gamoxatva da dacva pirdapir,
gasagebad da agresiis gareSe (Alberti &Emmons,
1990; Bower & Bower, 1991). am problemis daZlevaSi
suraTi
16.1
monawilis modelirebis
Terapia
fotoze gamosaxuli cdis piri jer
models uyurebda, romelic TandaTa-
nobiT uaxlovdeboda gvels. Semdeg
Tavad gaimeora igive qceva. saboloo
jamSi, mas SeeZlo gvelis xlSi aReba
da sakuTar sxeulze misTvis moZra-
obis saSualebis micema. grafikze
asaxulia cdis piris mier ganxor-
cielebuli miaxlovebis qcevaTa ra-
odenoba monawileobis meSveobiT Te-
rapiamde (rac yvelaze efeqturi aR-
moCnda) da Semdeg; es qceva waredgina
danarCeni ori Terapiuli teqnikis
da sakontrolo jgufsac.
modelireba monawileobis meSveobiT (Participant
modeling) Terapiuli teqnika, rodesac Tera-
pevti uCvenebs sasurvel qcevas da klients
mxardamWeri waxalisebiT exmareba modelis mier
ganxorcielebuli qcevis gameorebaSi.
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dasaxmareblad socialuri daswavlis mravali
Terapevti gvirCevs qcevis repeticias _ imis
TvalsaCinod warmoadgenas, Tu rogor unda mo-
viqceT mocemul situaciaSi da ra sasurveli
dadebiTi Sedegebi mohyveba Cven mier ganxorcie-
lebul qcevas (Yates, 1985).
mozrdilTa paTologiur qcevas xSirad win
uswrebs socialuri unar-Cvevebis nakleboba
bavSvobaSi (Oden & Asher, 1977). amitom mkvlevarTa
da TerapevtTa mniSvnelovani Zalisxmeva mimar-
Tulia Caketil da fsiqikuri problemebis mqone
bavSvebSi sakuTar TavSi darwmunebulobis
ganviTarebaze (Fantuzzo et al., 1996; Pfiffer & McBurnett,
1997). erT-erTma gamokvlevam aCvena, rom drois
xanmokle periodSi SesaZlebeli iyo urTier-
Tobis Cvevebis swavleba winasaskolo asakis
bavSvebisTvis, romelTac socialurad izoli-
rebulad Tvlidnen.
saidan
viciT
sxvasTan urTierTobisas sakuTar TavSi
darwmunebulobis daswavla
skolis 24 moswavle SemTxveviTad moxv-
da sam sxvadasxva situaciaSi: maT unda
eTamaSaT Tavisive asakis mewyvilesTan, 1-
1,5 wliT umcros mewyvilesTan da marto,
mewyviles gareSe (sakontrolo). erTi Tvis
manZilze wyvilebi saTamaSod aTjer Sek-
ribes da TiToeuli Sexvedra mxolog 20
wuTi grZeldeboda. iwereboda maTi qceva
saklaso oTaxSi eqsperimentamde da Semdeg.
aRmoCnda, rom zemoT aRwerilma Carevam
Zlieri gavlena moaxdina. umcros mewyvi-
lesTan TamaSis SesaZleblobam gaaormaga
da sxva bavSvebis saSualo maCvenebels
miuaxlova TanaklaselebTan urTierTobis
sixSire im bavSvebTan, romlebic Caketi-
lebad da arakontaqturebad iTvlebodnen.
TanatolTan TamaSis gamocdilebamac
gazarda bavSvebis sociabiluroba, magram
Zalze mcired. mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom
erTi-erTze, wyvilSi TamaSis situacia
morcxv bavSvebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs,
rom socialurad usafrTxod igrZnon Tavi
da sakuTar TavSi darwmunebulebi iyvnen
sxvasTan urTierTobisas. maT SeeZloT
xelmZRvanelis rolSic gamoecadaT Tavi
mewyvilis umcrosi asakidan gamomdinare,
usafrTxo situaciaSi TamaSisas (Furman et
al., 1979).
sxva gamokvlevaSi emociuri problemebis
mqone hospitalizirebul bavSvebs, socialuri
unar-Cvevebis gavarjiSebis Sedegad, gauumjo-
besdaT socialur situaciebSi qcevis verba-
luri da araverbaluri komponenti (Matson et al.,
1980). bavSvebs sxvadasxvagvar socialur situa-
ciebSi saTanado sityvieri pasuxebis gacema
(daxmarebis gaweva, an komplimentis Tqma, Txov-
niT mimarTva) aswavles. maT, aseve, aswavles
saTanado emociebis demonstrireba (magaliTad,
gaRimeba Seqebisas), saubrisas sworad moqceva
(mosaubrisken saxiT mibruneba) da Tvalebis
kontaqtis damyareba (mosaubrisTvis TvalebSi
yureba). es gaumjobesebuli socialuri unar-
Cvevebi gavrcelda (anu generalizirda) im
situaciebzec, romelic ar Sedioda saswavlo
programaSi: bavSvebi gamomuSavebul unar-Cvevebs
palatebSic iyenebdnen. es dadebiTi Sedegi
Tveebis manZilze SenarCunda.
generalizaciis teqnikebi
biheviorist Terapevtebs yovelTvis ain-
teresebT Semdegi sakiTxi: ramdenad ganaxor-
cieleben maTi klientebi Terapiul garemoSi
daswavlil qcevebs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
(Kazdin, 1994). es sakiTxi yvela TerapevtisTvis
mniSvnelovania, radgan mkurnalobis efeqturo-
bis nebismieri sazomi grZelvadian cvlilebebs
unda moicavdes, romelic mas Semdegac Senar-
Cundeba, rac klienti datovebs Terapevtis taxts,
klinikasa Tu laboratorias.
rodesac Terapiul programaSi ar aris gaT-
valiswinebuli klientis realuri cxovrebis
mniSvnelovani mxareebi, Terapiis procesSi
qceviTi repeticia (Behaviotal rehearsal) pro-
cedura, romelic mowodebulia ZiriTadi unar-
Cvevebis gamomuSavebisTvis da ganmtkicebisTvis;
rodesac CarTulia socialuri unar-Cvevebis
gavarjiSebis programaSi, igulisxmeba, rom kli-
enti gonebaSi imeorebs sasurveli qcevis Tan-
mimdevrobas.
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qcevaSi miRweuli cvlilebebi droTa ganmav-
lobaSi, Terapiis dasrulebis Semdeg SeiZleba
daikargos. am TandaTanobiTi danakargis Tavidan
asacileblad miRebuli praqtikaa generalizaciis
teqnikebis SemuSaveba da maTi Terapiul pro-
cedurebSi CarTva. es teqnikebi mowodebulia,
raTa maqsimalurad miuaxlovon erTmaneTs Tera-
piuli garemosa da realuri cxovrebis samizne
qceva, ganmamtkiceblebi, modelebi da stimulis
moTxovnebi. magaliTad, klientebs aswavlian
qcevebs, romelic mis Cveul garemoSic gan-
mtkicdeba, iqneba es Tavazianobis gamoCena Tu
windaxeduleba. waxaliseba eZlevaT parcialuri
(nawilobrivi) ganmtkicebis ganrigiT, raTa miRe-
buli Sedegi realur situaciebSic SenarCundes,
sadac ganmtkiceba yovelTvis ar mosdevs qcevas.
TandaTanobiT amcireben sagrZnobi garegani
gamtkicebis molodins da, amasTan, aCveven soci-
alur miRebasa da SedarebiT bunebriv Sedegebs,
maT Soris sakuTari Tavisadmi wamaxalisebel
gamonaTqvamebs.
magaliTad, bihevioristma Terapevtebma Tan-
daTanobiTi Semcirebis meTodi 7 wlis biWu-
nasTan muSaobisas gamoiyenebs, romelic xSirad
paravda nivTebs Tanaklaselebs (Rosen & Rosen,
1983). biWs sjidnen, Tu Semowmebis Sedegad masTan
sxva bavSvebis nivTebs poulobdnen, an qulebiT~
ajildovebdnen (romelTa gadacvlac SesaZle-
beli iyo iseT sasiamovno ganmamtkiceblebze,
rogoricaa damatebiTi dasveneba), Tu mas aseTi
nivTebi ar hqonda. dasawyisSi 15 wuTSi erTxel
amowmebdnen. droTa ganmavlobaSi SemowmebaTa
ricxvi TandaTanobiT Seamcires da biWis Semow-
mebebs Soris intervali 2 saaTamde gazardes,
sabolood ki, sruliad Sewyvites. mas Semdegac
ki, rac sruliad Sewyvites ganmamtkiceblebiT
uSualo manipulacia, biWs aRaraferi mouparavs.
kognituri Terapiebis ganxilvamde, erTi
wuTiT SexedeT cxrils 16.2, dafiqrdiT da
fsiqoTerapiisadmi fsiqoanalitikuri da bihevoraluri midgomebis Sedareba
cxrili
16.2
sagani bihevioraluri Terapia
adamianis sawyisi
buneba
normaluri
adamianuri
ganviTareba
fsiqopaTologiis
buneba
Terapiis mizani
gamokveTili fsiqo-
logiuri sfero
drois aspeqti
aracnobieri
masalis roli
insaitis roli
Terapevtis roli
biologiuri instinqtebi, pirvel rigSi,
seqsualuri da agresiuli, romelTac dauyov-
neblivi gamonTavisufleba esaWiroebaT da
aiZuleben adamians, rom daupirispirdes socia-
lur realobas.
ganviTareba xdeba Tanmimdevrul stadiebze
konfliqtebis gadawyvetis Sedegad. identi-
fikaciisa da internalizaciis gziT yalibdeba
egos mxridan zrdasrulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
marTvis meqnizmebi da xasiaTis struqturebi.
paTologiaSi aisaxeba konfliqtis araadekva-
turi gadawyveta da ganviTarebis adreul
stadiebze fiqsacia, amis Sedegia Zalian Zlieri
impulsebi da/an maTi Sesustebuli kontroli.
fsiqoseqsualuri mowifulobis miRweva, egos
funqciebis gaZliereba da aracnobieri da
gandevnili impulsebis mxridan kontrolis
Sesusteba.
gamocdilebaSi arsebuli motivebi, grZnobebi,
fantaziebi da kogniciebi.
wasrulis konfliqtebisa da gandevnili grZno-
bebis cnobierebaSi amotanaze, garCevasa da
gaazrebaze orientacia.
es aris fsiqoanalizis centraluri sakiTxi,
romelsac neofroidianebeli SedarebiT nakleb
mniSvnelobas aniWeben.
insaits centraluri adgili ukavia; Cndeba mako-
regirebel emociur gamocdilebaSi.
Terapevti moqmedebs, rogorc gamomZiebeli:
eZebs pirvelad, sawyisi konfliqtebisa da wi-
naaRmdegobis warmoqmnis mizezebs; gamijnuli
da neitraluri, xels uwyobs gadatanis reaqciis
ganviTarebas.
fsiqoanalizi
sxva cxovelebis msgavsad, adamianebi mxolod
swavlis SesaZleblobiT ibadebian; daswavlis pro-
cesi igive principebs emorCileba adamianTan, ro-
melsac yvela sxva saxeobis SemTxvevaSi.
adapturi qcevebi daiswavleba ganmtkicebiTa da
mibaZviT.
problemuri qceva momdinareobs araadapturi qce-
vebis arasworad daswavlidan. simptomi aris prob-
lema da ar arsebobs aranairi safuZvlad mdebare
daavadeba.
aRikveTeba simptomaturi qceva da Canacvldeba
adapturi qcevebiT.
Terapia mimarTulia qcevaze da dakvirvebad grZno-
bebsa da moqmedebebze.
ainteresebT mxolod klientis qcevis ganmtkicebis
istoria. ikvleven da mkurnaloben awmyoSi realurad
arsebul qcevas.
ar ainteresebT aracnobieri procesebi da cnobieri
subieqturi gamocdileba.
insaiti zedmetia da/an ar aris saWiro.
Terapevti moqmedebs, rogorc treneri: exmareba
klients Zveli qcevisgan gadaCvevasa da/an axali
qcevis daswavlaSi. mniSvnelovania ganmamtkiceblebis
marTva; naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba pirovnebaTSoris
urTierTobas.
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gaiazreT, ra arsebiTi gansxvavebaa Cven mier
ganxilul or fsiqoTerapiul mimdinareobas _
fsiqoanalitursa da bihevioralurs _ Soris.
Sejameba
adapturi qcevis sixSiris gasazrdelad da
araadapturi qcevis sixSiris Sesamcireblad
bihevioraluri Terapia daswavlis principebs
iyenebs. kontrganpirobebis meTodebSi Sedis
sistematuri desensitizacia, implozia da daZ-
irva. TiToeuli Terapiuli meTodis arsebiTi
nawilia eqspozicia, anu stimulis wardgena.
aversiuli Terapiisas xdeba aversiuli sti-
mulisa da arasasurveli qcevis Sewyvileba.
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTvisas, samizne
qcevis gasaZliereblad, an Sesasusteblad,
dadebiTi ganmtkiceba da Caqrobis strategia
gamoiyeneba. socialuri daswavlis Terapiis
gamoyenebis erT-erTi mimarTulebaa fobiebis
moxsna; individebs SiSis daZleva modelis
mibaZviT SeuZliaT. Terapevtebi socialuri
daswavlis teqnikebs socialuri unar-Cvevebis
SemuSavebis mizniTac iyeneben.
kognituri Terapiebi
kognituri TerapiiT cdiloben problemuri
grZnobebisa da qcevebis Secvlas, mniSvnelovani
cxovrebiseuli movlenebisadmi klientis damo-
kidebulebis SecvliT. es Terapia efuZneba Semdeg
daSvebas: paTologiuri qcevis paternebi da
emociuri distresi momdinareobs problemebidan,
romelic exeba imas, Tu ras (kognituri Sinaarsi)
fiqroben da rogor (kognituri procesi) fiq-
roben adamianebi. kognituri Terapia sxvadasxva-
gvari SemecnebiTi procesebis cvlilebebsa da
kognituri gadastruqturebis sxvadasxva meTo-
debis swavlebaze fokusirdeba. am midgomis
zogierTi nairsaxeoba me-13 TavSi ganvixileT,
rogorc stresTan gamklavebisa da janmrTelobis
gaumjobesebis saSualebebi. am qveTavSi aRvwerT
kognituri Terapiis or ZiriTad formas: kogni-
tur bihevioralur modifikacias (sakuTari Tavis
rwmenis, anu TviTefeqturobis gamomuSavebis
CaTvliT) da mcdari warmodgenebis sistemebis
Secvlas (depresiis kognituri Terapiisa da
racionalur-emociuri Terapiis CaTvliT). Y
modifikacia
Cven is varT, rasac STavagonebT sakuTar
Tavs, rom unda viyoT da vakeTebT imas, rac
gvgonia, rom unda vakeToT. es aris kongitur-
bihevioraluri midifikaciis sawyisi piroba.
am Terapiul midgomaSi gaerTianebulia, erTi
mxriv, motivaciasa da qcevaze azrebisa da gan-
wyobebis gavlenis kognituri aqcenti da, meore
mxriv, qcevis modifikaciisas pirobiTi gan-
mtkicebis bihevioraluri aqcenti. arasasurveli,
miuRebeli qcevis paternebi modificirdeba
kognituri gadastruqturebis gziT _ sakuTar
Tavze uaryofiTi gamonaTqvamebis SecvliT
konstruqciuli, qmediTi gamonaTqvamebiT.
mocemuli Terapiuli midgomis kritikuli
nawilia fsiqoTerapevtisa da klientis mier
imis garkveva, Tu ras fiqrobs klienti da rogor
gamoxatavs problemas, romelic unda mogvardes
Terapiis procesSi. mas Semdeg, rac Terapevti
da klienti gaarkveven, Tu ra saxis azrebi
ubiZgeben klients araproduqtuli, an disfun-
qciuri qcevisken, isini axali, konstruqciuli
debulebebis SemuSavebas da TviTpativiscemis
Semamcirebeli, an SfoTvis gamomwvevi TviT-
ganmkicxavi debulebebis Semcirebas iwyeben
(Meichenbaum, 1977, 1985, 1993). magaliTad, negatiuri
debuleba saSinlad mosawyeni viyavi wveule-
baze, aRarasodes dampatiJeben~, Canacvldeba
konstruqciuli kritikiT: Tu minda, rom sain-
teresod gamoviyurebode, momavalSi raime damain-
trigebeli frazebi unda movifiqro saubris
dasawyebad, gaviwafo kargi anekdotis moyolaSi
kognituri Terapia (Cognitive therapy) fsiqoTe-
rapiuli mkurnalobis forma, romliTac cdi-
loben problemuri grZnobebisa da qcevebis
Secvlas, mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli mov-
lenebisadmi klientis damokidebulebis Sec-
vliT.
kognitur-bihevioraluri modifikacia (Cognitive
behavior modification) _ Terapiuli midgoma, ro-
melic aerTianebs motivaciasa da qcevaze az-
rebisa da ganwyobebis gavlenis kognitur aq-
cents da, meore mxriv, qcevis modifikaciisas
pirobiTi ganmtkicebis bihevioralur aqcents.
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da cocxlad gamovexmauro maspinZlis monaTx-
robs~. ganvlili situaciebis uaryofiTi momen-
tebis Zebnis nacvlad, romelTac veRar Secvlis,
klients momavali movlenebis dadebiT aspeq-
tebze fokusirebas aswavlian.
kognitur-bihevioraluri modifikacia klien-
ts qcevis warmatebulobaze ganawyobs. Terapev-
tebma ician, rom am molodinebis Seqmna zrdis
adamianebis mxridan efeqturad moqcevis alba-
Tobas. miRwevadi miznebis dasaxvis, maT misaRwe-
vad realisturi strategiebis SemuSavebis da
Sedegebis realisturad Sefasebis gziT viTar-
deba gawafulobis SegrZneba da sakuTari Tavis
rwmena, anu TviTefeqturoba (Bandura, 1992, 1997).
rogorc me-14 TavSi vnaxeT, TviTefeqturoba
mravalmxriv moqmedebs aRqmaze, motivaciasa da
qcevaze. sakuTari Tavis rwmenis Sefaseba
gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu ra Zalisxmevas gaiRebT
da ramdenad didxans SeewinaaRmdegebiT war-
moqmnil cxovrebiseul siZneleebs (Schwarzer,
1992). qcevis modelirebis zemoT aRwerili
procedura individebs saSualebas aZlevs, rom
gaiZlieron sakuTar qcevaSi darwmunebulobis
gancda, anu bihevioraluri TviTefeqturoba:
isini daiswavlian, rom xelewifebaT garkveuli
saxis qcevebis ganxorcieleba. amis sapirispirod,
sakuTar azrebsa da warmodgenebSi darwmu-
nebulobis, anu kognituri TviTefeqturobis
gamuSavebaze mimarTuli Terapia cvlis klientis
mosazrebebs sakuTari SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb.
magaliTad, erT gamokvlevaSi im studentebma,
romelTac sjerodaT, rom amocana, romelic
maTgan gadawyvetilebis miRebas iTxovda, gaaum-
jobesebda maT SesaZleblobebs, gacilebiT ukeT
warmoaCines sakuTari Tavi, vidre maT, visac
miaCnda, rom es amocana mxolod ukve arsebuli
SesaZleblobebis Sefasebis saSualeba iyo (Wood
& Bandura, 1989). am kvlevaSi iseTi azrebi, rogo-
ricaa me SemiZlia viswavlo amis ukeTesad
gakeTeba~, realurad exmareboda studentebs
amocanis ukeT SesrulebaSi.
mcdari warmodgenebis Secvla
zogierTi kognitur, bihevioraluri Tera-
pevti, pirvel rigSi, rwmenebis, ganwyobebisa
da azrTa Cveuli paternebis Secvlazea mimar-
Tuli. isini amtkiceben, rom mravali fsiqolo-
giuri problema sxva adamianebTan da movleneb-
Tan mimarTebaSi sakuTari Tavisadmi araadekva-
turi damokidebulebidan momdinareobs. mcdar
azrTa nakadi SeiZleba efuZnebodes; (1) usafuZ-
vlo, arakeTilgonier ganwyobebs (idealurad
swavla studentis umniSvnelovani Tvisebaa~);
(2) mcdar winapirobebs (Tu yvelafers gavakeTeb,
rasac momTxoven, popularuli gavxdebi~) da (3)
xist wesebs, romelTac qceva avtomatur reJimSi
gadahyavT ise, rom qcevis ukve arsebuli pater-
nebi maSinac ki meordeba, roca realurad ukve
usargebloa (unda davemorCilo xelmZRvane-
lobas~). emociur distress, anu sulier tanjvas
araswori warmodgenebi da arsebuli realobisa
da sakuTari warmosaxvebis (an molodinebis)
erTmaneTisgan gamijvnis unaris arqona badebs.
depresiis kognituri Terapia
kognitivisti fsiqoTerapevti pacients ex-
mareba, rom azrovnebis damaxinjebuli, araswori
paternebi problemebis gadawyvetis ufro efeq-
turi meTodebiT Caanacvlos. aaron bekma (Aaron
Beck, 1976) warmatebiT gamoscada da moargo kog-
nituri Terapia depresiis mkurnalobas. mkurna-
lobis formula man martivad Camoayaliba: Tera-
pevti exmareba pacients damaxinjebuli, mcdari
azrebis gamovlenasa da miRebuli gamocdilebis
formulirebis ufro realisturi gzebis aTvi-
sebaSi~ (gv. 20). magaliTad, depresiul individebs
SeiZleba sTxovon, rom daweron is uaryofiTi
azrebi, romlebic sakuTari Tavis mimarT uCnde-
baT; gaarkvion da gaiazron, ratom aris es
TviTkritikuli gamonaTqvamebi usafuZvlo da
SeimuSavon SedarebiT realisturi (da naklebad
damangreveli) warmodgenebi sakuTar Tavze.
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bekis azriT, depresia imitom xangrZlivdeba
droSi, rom adamianebma araferi ician im uar-
yofiTi avtomaturi azrebis Sesaxeb, romlebic,
Cveulebriv, maTgan damoukideblad warmoiqneba;
avtomaturi azrebis magaliTebia: verasodes
viqnebi iseTive kargi, rogoric Cemi Zmaa~, rom
gaigon simandvileSi rogori var, aravis veyva-
rebi~, arc ise Wkviani var, rom rames mivaRwio
skolaSi, sadac aseTi gacxarebuli brZolaa
pirvelobisTvis~. Terapevti oTx taqtikur svlas
axorcielebs, romelic mowodebulia depresiis
kognituri safuZvlis Sesacvlelad (Beck & Rush,
1989; Beck et al., 1979):
eWvqveS ayenebs klientis sayrden daSvebebs
sakuTari moqmedebebis Sesaxeb;
afasebs klientis xelT arsebul mtki-
cebulebebs, romlebic adastureben, an uaryofen
avtomaturi azrebis sizustes;
gadaaqvs braleuloba situaciur faqto-
rebze da ar miawers mas klientis mouxerxeb-
lobas an arakompetenturobas;
ganixilavs im rTuli amocanebis gada-
wyvetis alternatiul gzebs, romelTa uSedegod
gadawyveta SeiZleboda uaryofiT gamocdilebad
qceuliyo klientisTvis.
bihevioraluri Terapiebis msgavsad, am Tera-
piaSic centraluri adgili ukavia klientis
mimdinare mdgomareobas.
depresiul mdgomareobaSi yofnis erT-erTi
uaresi Tanmxlebi movlenaa misTvis damaxasia-
Tebeli uaryofiTi grZnobebiT cxovrebis auci-
lebloba da apaTiuroba. sakuTari uaryofiTi
guneba-ganwyobilebis Sesaxeb akviatebuli azrebi
mexsierebaSi acocxlebs yvelafers, rac ki
odesme cudi momxdara cxovrebaSi, rac, Tavis
mxriv, kidev ufro amwvavebs daTrgunulobis
gancdas. depresiuli adamianebi samyaros dep-
resiis Savi saTvaliT uyureben _ kritikas xe-
daven iq, sadac ar aris; Seqebas sarkazmad aRiq-
vamen, rac kidev erTi mizezia~ imisTvis, rom
depresiulebi iyvnen. kognituri Terapiebi aCere-
ben depresiis am daRmaval spirals imiT, rom
exmarebian klients, ufro metad ar CaiZiros
depresiaSi Tavad depresiis gamo (Teasdale, 1985).
kognituri Terapiebis daxvewis mizniT, mkvlev-
rebi agrZeleben depresiis gancdaSi siRrmise-
uli azrobrivi wvdomis (insaitis) gamoyenebas
(Jacobson et al., 1996; Teasdale et al., 1995). magaliTad,
erT-erTi gamokvleviT dasabuTda, rom Terapia
yvelaze efeqturia maSin, rodesac misi maxasia-
Teblebi miesadageba klientis mosazrebebs
sakuTari depresiulobis mizezebis Sesaxeb (Addis
& Jacobson, 1996). am codnis gaTvaliswinebiT, kli-
nicistebs yoveli individualuri klientisTvis
saTanado mkurnalobis misadageba SeuZliaT.
racionalur-emociuri Terapia
kognituri Terapiis erT-erTi adreuli for-
maa racionalur-emociuri Terapia (reT), rome-
lic albert eliss (Albert Ellis, 1962, 1995; Windy &
Ellis, 1997) ekuTvnis. racionalur-emociuri Terapia
pirovnebis Secvlis yovlismomcveli sistemaa,
romelic im iracionaluri azrebis transfor-
macias efuZneba, romelic arasasurvel, Zlieri
emociuri muxtis mqone iseT reaqciebs iwvevs,
rogoricaa Zlieri SfoTva. klientebs SeiZleba
hqondeT gamyarebuli ZiriTadi faseulobebi,
romlebic moiTxoven, rom iyvnen warmatebulni
da aRiarebulni; amtkiceben, rom maT samar-
Tlianad unda moeqcnen da karnaxoben maT, rom
irgvliv yvelaferi ufro sasiamovno unda iyos.
racionalur-emociuri TerapiiT momuSave
praqtikosi aswavlis klients, Tu rogor unda
gadaastruqturos yvela saWiroa~, valdebuli
xar~ da ase unda iyos~, romelic mis qcevas
akontrolebs da ar aZlevs sakuTari survili-
samebr cxovrebis saSualebas. Terapevtis
amocanaa, daanaxos klients, rom emociuri reaq-
cia, romelic Tan sdevs nebismier movlenas,
sinamdvileSi am movlenis Sesaxeb klientisTvis
ucnobi warmodgenebis arsebobis Sedegia. amiT
Terapevti klientis Caketil cnobierebaSi
SeWras cdilobs. magaliTad, sqesobrivi aqtis
dros orgazmis ararseboba (movlena) iwvevs
daTrgunulobisa da TviTgakicxvis emociur
reaqcias. emociuri reaqciis gamomwvevi warmod-
genebi daaxloebiT aseTia: ar vvargivar seq-
sualuri cxovrebisTvis, albaT, impotenti var,
racionalur-emociuri Terapia (reT) (Rational-
emotive therapy RET) pirovnebis Secvlis yov-
lismomcveli sistema, romelic im iracio-
naluri azrebis transformacias efuZneba,
romelic iwvevs arasasurvel, Zlieri emociuri
muxtis mqone iseT reaqciebs, rogoricaa Zlieri
SfoTva.
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radgan ise ver moviqeci, rogorc unda mov-
qceuliyavi~. Terapiis dros es (da sxva) warmod-
genebi Riad ganixileba racionaluri konfron-
taciiTa da momxdari movlenis iseTi sxva
mizezebis garCeviT, rogoricaa: gadaRla, alko-
holis zemoqmedeba, mcdari warmodgenebi sqesob-
rivi aqtis msvlelobaze, anda mocemul dros,
an am konkretul partniorTan urTierTobis
damyarebis survilis arqona. konfrontaciis
teqnikas Terapiuli zemoqmedebis sxva formebi
mohyveba, romliTac xdeba dogmaturi, iracio-
naluri azrovnebis Canacvleba racionaluri,
situaciurad ganpirobebuli ideebiT.
racionalur-emociuri Terapia mimarTulia
individisTvis sakuTari Rirebulebisa da poten-
cialis SegrZnebis gaZlierebaze, romlis rea-
lizeba mas Semdeg gaxdeba SesaZlebeli, rac
igi Tavs daaRwevs pirovnuli zrdis damab-
rkolebel mcdar warmodgenaTa sistemas. am
TvalsazrisiT, mas bevri aqvs saerTo humanistur
TerapiebTan, romelTac axla ganvixilavT.
Sejameba
kognituri Terapiebis msvlelobisas adamiane-
bis tanjvisgan gaTavisuflebas imis SecvliT
cdiloben, Tu ras da rogor fiqroben isini
cxovrebiseul movlenebze. kognitur- bihevio-
raluri modifikaciisas icvleba arasasurveli
qcevis paternebi; amisaTvis sakuTari Tavis Se-
saxeb uaryofiT gamonaTqvamebs cvlian konstruq-
ciuli, qmediTi gamonaTqvamebiT. depresiis kog-
nituri Terapiisas aRkveTen avtomatur azrebs,
cvlian klientis azrebis Cveul nakads da mim-
dinare movlenebis mizezebis axsnis Cveul pater-
nebs. racionalur-emociuri Terapia xels uwyobs
klients cnobierebaSi barierebis daZlevasa da
sakuTari survilebiT cxovrebis dawyebaSi.
egzistencialur-
humanisturi Terapiebi
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis problemebi, Sinaar-
siani adamianuri urTierTobebis arqona da iseTi
mniSvnelovani miznebis ararseboba, romel-
TaTvisac Rirs brZola _ tipuria egzistencia-
luri krizisebisTvis _ ase fiqroben adamianis
bunebisadmi humanisturi da egzistencialuri
midgomis momxreebi. es mosazrebebi gaerTianda
Terapiis ganzogadebul saxeobaSi, romelic
mimarTulia yvela adamianisTvis saerTo, yofie-
rebis ZiriTad problemebze.
rogorc me-14 TavSi vnaxeT, humanisturi
Teoriebis birTvs mTliani pirovnebis cneba
warmoadgens, romelic mudmivi cvlilebisa da
Camoyalibebis procesSi imyofeba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom garemo da memkvidreobiToba garkveul
SezRudvebs awesebs, adamianebi Tavad irCeven,
rani iyvnen; amisaTvis qmnian faseulobaTa
sistemebs da sakuTar gadawyvetilebebSi axor-
cieleben maT. Tumca, arCevanis Tavisuflebas
pasuxismgeblobac axlavs Tan. vinaidan adamianebi
bolomde mainc ver acnobiereben TavianTi qcevis
yvela SesaZlo Sedegs, SfoTva da sasowarkveTa
euflebaT. maT danaSaulis gancdac stanjavT,
sakuTari potencialis srulad realizebis
SesaZleblobebis xelidan gaSvebis gamo. egzis-
tencialuri fsiqologiis klinikisTvis gankuT-
vnili axali versia, romelic aerTianebs mis
mravalferovan Temebsa da midgomebs, efuZneba
mosazrebas, rom Tanamedrove cxovrebis damab-
neveli realoba adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebel
ori ZiriTadi saxis daavadebas aZlevs dasabams.
depresiuli da obsesiuri sindromebi realo-
bidan wasvlas asaxavs, sociopaTuri da narcisi-
stuli sindromebi ki _ am realobis eqspluata-
cias (Schneider & May, 1995).
fsiqoTerapevtebi, romlebic praqtikaSi iye-
neben adamianis bunebis zogadi Teoriis princi-
pebs, exmarebian klientebs, gansazRvron sakuTari
Tavisufleba, ganicadon da daafason yvela maTi
arsebuli, moqmedi me da mimdinare momentis,
imwuTieri gaelvebis simdidre da mraval-
ferovneba; SeZlon sakuTari individualurobis
damkvidreba da gamonaxon sakuTari potencialis
srulad realizebis (TviTaqtualizaciis) gzebi.
egzistencialur midgomaSi mniSvnelovania
mimdinare cxovrebiseuli situacia, romelic
pirovnebas gamocdilebaSi eZleva.
egzistencialur-humanisturma filosofiam,
aseve, dasabami misca moZraobas adamianis poten-
cialis ganviTarebisTvis, romelic amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi Camoyalibda XX saukunis
60-iani wlebis bolos. am moZraobaSi saSualo
adamianis potencialis ganviTarebis meTodebi
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gaerTianda, romelic miznad isaxavda mis ufro
srulad gamoyenebasa da pirovnuli gamocdi-
lebis mniSvnelovnad gamdidrebasa da gamraval-
ferovnebas. am moZraobis wyalobiT, Terapia,
romelic Tavdapirvelad mowodebuli iyo
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mqone adamiane-
bisTvis, gafarTovda da gamoyenebadi gaxda
fsiqikurad janmrTeli adamianebisTvisac, romel-
Tac surdaT, rom yofiliyvnen metad efeqturebi,
metad produqtulebi da gacilebiT ufro
bednieri adamianebi.
Cven ganvixilavT humanistur-egzistencialur
tradiciebze ganviTarebul sam Terapiul
midgomas: klientze centrirebul Terapias,
jgufur Terapiasa da ojaxuri wyvilebisa da
ojaxis Terapias.
klientze centrirebuli
Terapia
klientze centrirebulma Terapiam, romelic
karl rojersma (Carl Rogers, 1951, 1977) SemogvTavaza,
mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina imaze, Tu rogor
xedaven sxvadasxva mimarTulebis Terapevtebi
klient-Terapevtis urTierTobas. klientze
centrirebuli Terapiis upirvelesi mizania
pirovnebis jansaRi fsiqologiuri zrdis waxa-
liseba da xelSewyoba.
es midgoma efuZneba daSvebas, rom yvela
adamiani xasiaTdeba TviTaqtualizaciis _ sa-
fsiqoTerapiisadmi miZRvni-
li Tavis erT-erTi mniSvnelo-
vani mizania, daganaxoT misi
qmediTunarianoba da efeqturoba.
gamokvlevebisa da praqtikuli
SemTxvevebis aRweriT SegviZlia
dagarwmunoT, rom realurad
SesaZlebelia fsiqologiuri
tanjvis Semsubuqeba. XXI sau-
kunis dasawyisisTvis kompiu-
teruli teqnologiebis ganvi-
Tarebam da kompiuterebis iolad
xelmisawvdomobam SesaZlebeli
gaxada fsiqologTa da fsiqi-
kuri janmrTelobis sferoSi
dakavebul praqtikosTa xelT
arsebuli im saSualebebis dia-
pazonis gafarToveba, romlebic
Terapiuli cvlilebebis misaR-
wevad gamoiyeneba.
magaliTad, dResdReobiT mra-
val adamians aqvs SesaZlebloba
saubriT gankurnebis~ _ iseTi
interaqtiuri Terapiis, romelic
froidma da misma mimdevrebma
ganaviTares Terapevtisa da pa-
cientis pirispir urTierTobis
pirobebSi _ gamocdileba eleq-
tronuli fostiT, an internetiT
miiRos (Fink, 1999; King & Moreggi,
1998). kompiuteris gamoyenebiT
ganxorcielebuli Terapiisas
Terapevti da klienti eleq-
tronuli fostiT ukavSirdebian
erTmaneTs. mkvlevrebma Tavidanve
miuTiTes internetiT Terapiis
potenciur naklovanebebsa da
sargebelze. maTi azriT, aseTi
Terapiis nakli isaa, rom SezRu-
duli da damaxinjebuli infor-
maciis miwodebis SemTxvevaSi
Terapevtma SeiZleba araswori
diagnozi dasvas, gadamowmebis
saSualeba ki mas ar eqneba, ro-
gorc es pirispir situaciaSia
SesaZlebeli (King & Moreggi, 1998).
garda amisa, momxmareblebs iS-
viaTad SeuZliaT internet-fsi-
Terapia kompiuteris saukuneSi
qologTa kompetenturobis
gadamowmeba; kibersivrceSi
eqspertoba nebismierma SeiZ-
leba daibralos. miuxedavad
am naklovanebebisa, eleqtro-
nuli fostiT ganxorciele-
buli Terapia unikalur SesaZ-
leblobebs aZlevs Terapev-
tebsa da maT klientebs. maga-
liTad, bevr Terapevts miaCnia,
rom am formis Terapiis far-
dobiTi anonimuroba klientebs
yvelaze Semawuxebeli proble-
mebis gacilebiT swrafad da
sircxvilis gareSe gamovlenis
SesaZleblobas aZlevs; isini
SeiZleba gacilebiT gul-
wrfelni iyvnen, roca ar uwevT
sakuTar monaTxrobze Tera-
pevtis dakvirvebadi reaqciebis
gamo nerviuloba (Grohol, 1998).
kibersivrceSi Terapiis yvela
uaryofiTi da dadebiTi mxaris
gaTvaliswinebiT, mkvlevrebma
moZraoba adamianis potencialis ganviTa-
rebisTvis (Human-potential movement) _ Terapiuli
moZraoba, romelic moicavs yvela im meTods da
praqtikul saqmianobas, rac xels uwyobs
saSualo adamianis potencialis gamovlenas,
misi ufro srulad gamoyenebisa da pirovnuli
gamocdilebis mniSvnelovnad gamdidrebisa da
gamravalferovnebis mizniT.
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kuTari SesaZleblobebis realizaciis _ um-
Tavresi tendenciiT. rojersi darwmunebuli
iyo, rom organizmi bunebrivad iswrafvis yvela
sakuTari SesaZleblobis realizaciisken, raTa
gaZlierdes da gaumjobesdes~ (1959, gv. 196). jansaR
ganviTarebas araswori daswavlis paternebi
abrkolebs; amasTan, pirovneba eTanxmeba sxvebis
mier mis mimarT gamoTqmul Sefasebebs nacvlad
imisa, rom mousminos da miendos sakuTar gonebasa
da sxeuls. konfliqti, bunebrivad dadebiT me-s
xatsa da Tavsmoxveul uaryofiT kritikas Soris,
SfoTvasa da ubedurebis gancdas badebs. es
konfliqti, anu Seusabamoba SeiZleba cno-
bierebis farglebs miRma mimdinareobdes, amitom
adamiani Tavs ubedurad da gaufasurebulad
grZnobs, Tumca, ar icis, ratom.
rojersianuli Terapiis amocanaa iseTi Tera-
piuli garemos Seqmna, romelic klients saSua-
lebas aZlevs, naxos, Tu rogor unda moiqces
sakuTari Tavis gasaumjobeseblad da TviT-
aqtualizaciisTvis. vinaidan iTvleba, rom
adamiani bunebiT keTili da kargi arsebaa,
Terapevtis amocana ZiriTadad isaa, rom klients
daxmareba gauwios im dabrkolebebis gadalax-
vaSi, romelic zRudavs bunebrivad dadebiTi
midrekilebebis gamovlenas. ZiriTadi Terapiuli
strategiaa klientis grZnobebis danaxva, miReba
da gageba, rac upirobo keTilganwyobis _
gankiTxvis gareSe miRebisa da pativiscemis _
atmosferoSi xdeba. Terapevtic Tavisuflad
gamoxatavs klientTan sakuTar azrebsa da
grZnobebs. aseTi gulwrfelad gaxnili situa-
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis saer-
TaSoriso internet-sazogado-
eba Camoayalibes, romelic mo-
wodebulia internet-Terapiis
praqtikuli da eTikuri SezRu-
dvebis Sesaswavlad.
garda amisa, Terapevtebi
igoneben internetisa da kom-
piuterebis gamoyenebis axal
saSualebebs, romliTac SesaZ-
lebeli iqneba ufro viwro
profilis Terapiuli daxma-
rebis gaweva (Newman et al., 1999;
Strm et al., 2000). magaliTad,
mkvlevarTa erTma jgufma Seq-
mna kompiuteruli programa,
romelic mowodebuli iyo
panikuri aSlilobis kogni-
tur bihevioraluri mkur-
nalobisTvis (Newman et al.,
1997). eqsperimentSi Sedarda
cdis pirTa ori jgufis mkur-
nalobis monacemebi: erT
jgufs, nawilobriv, kompiu-
teris daxmarebiT umkurnales,
meorem ki _ tradiciuli Tera-
piis sruli kursi gaiara.
orive SemTxvevaSi mkurnaloba
bihevioralur komponents _
SemaSinebeli situaciebis war-
dgenas da relaqsacias da
kognitur komponents _ kog-
nitur gadastruqturebas mo-
icavda. Terapiuli programa
CatvirTuli iyo jibis por-
tatul kompiuterebSi. amitom
klientebs, msubuqi wonis gamo,
yvelgan SeeZloT maTi tareba.
kompiuteruli programa sxva-
dasxva saxis mxardaWeras uz-
runvelyofda; maT Soris iyo
moduli, romelsac ekranze
gamohqonda gamonaTqvamebi
sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb da Se-
Tavazebebi azrovnebis mimar-
Tulebis Secvlis Taobaze.
aseve, iyo moduli, romelic
axleburad sunTqvis Cvevas
karnaxobda klients. orive
Terapia warmatebuli aRmoCnda:
mkurnalobidan eqvsi Tvis Sem-
deg orive jgufs SenarCune-
buli hqonda TerapiiT miRwe-
uli Sedegebi. magaliTad, ori-
ve tipis mkurnalobis Semdeg
monawileTa 67%-s aRar aReniS-
neboda panikuri Setevebi. aseTi
gamokvlevebi imeds gvaZlevs,
rom Terapevtis Semcvleli
kompiuteruli programebiT
mkurnalobis kursis gavla
klientebs nebismier dros
SeeZlebaT.
rogorc winamdebare TavSi
vnaxeT, arsebul fsiqoTera-
piaTa umravlesobis ganviTa-
rebis aucilebel pirobas Te-
rapevtisa da pacientis Tu
klientis pirispir urTier-
Toba Seadgenda. XXI saukunis
dasawyisSi mkvlevrebi cdi-
loben, daadginon, Tu ra si-
tuaciebSia SesaZlebeli, rom
kompiuterebi da interneti am
pirispir urTierTobis sasar-
geblo damxmare gaxdes.
veb-gverdebi:
www.ismho.org - fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis saerTa-
Soriso internet-sazo-
gadoebis veb-gverdi.
www.metanoia.org/imhs/ - wamyva-
ni veb gverdi, sadac mo-
cemulia dadasturebuli
saTanado kvalifikaciis
mqone TerapevtTa CamonaT-
vali.
klientze centrirebuli Terapia (Client centered
therapy) mkurnalobisadmi humanisturi midgoma,
romelic xazs usvams pirovnebis jansaR fsiqo-
logiur zrdas; efuZneba mosazrebas, rom yvela
adamiani xasiaTdeba TviTaqtualizaciis um-
Tavresi tendenciiT.
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ciis gansamtkiceblad Terapevti cdilobs, rom
Tavadac ganimsWvalos klientis grZnobebiT.
aseTi empaTiisTvis saWiroa, rom Terapevti
klients epyrobodes, rogorc pativsacem, qmediT-
unarian pirovnebas, romelic ki ar unda gani-
kiTxos an Seafasos, aramed romelsac unda
daexmaros sakuTari individualobis aRmoCenaSi
(Meador & Rogers, 1979).
Terapevtis damokidebuleba da emociuri
stili klientis waxalisebis saSualebaa, raTa
man kidev erTxel gadaxedos pirovnuli
konfliqtis WeSmarit wyaroebs da gaTavisufldes
gavlenisgan, romelic TviTaqtualizacias
abrkolebs. Tu Terapevtebi, romlebic sxva
TerapiebiT muSaoben, mosmenilis interpretacias
axdenen, pasuxebs, an miTiTebebs iZlevian,
Terapevti, romelic klientze centrirebuli
TerapiiT muSaobs, mxardamWeri da monawile
msmenelia, romelic msjelobs da xandaxan
formas ucvlis klientis SefasebiT gamonaTqva-
mebsa da gamoxatul grZnobebs. klientze cen-
trirebuli Terapia cdilobs, rom aradireqti-
uli iyos _ is mxolod exmareba klients sakuTar
TavSi garkvevasa da sakuTari me-s miRebaSi.
rojerss miaCnda, rom, Tu adamianebs sxvebTan
Tavisuflad urTierTobisa da sakuTari Tavis
miRebis SesaZleblobas mivcemT, maT Tavad
SeeZlebaT sakuTari fsiqologiuri sijansaRis
aRdgena. am optimisturma mosazrebam da Te-
rapevtis, rogorc mzrunveli eqspertis, da
klientis, rogorc pirovnebis, humanurma urTi-
erTobam mraval praqtikos-Terapevtze moaxdina
gavlena.
geStalt-Terapia
geStalt-Terapia, pirovnebis mTlianobis aR-
dgenis mizniT, gonebisa da sxeulis gaerTi-
anebazea mimarTuli (gavixsenoT, aRqmisadmi
geStalt-fsiqologiuri midgoma, romelzec me-
5 TavSi gvqonda saubari). misi mizania sakuTari
Tavis Secnoba, anu TviTSemecneba, rac Sem-
degnairad miiRweva: klients exmarebian, rom
gamoxatos Sekavebuli grZnobebi da aRiaros
warsulis konfliqtebis Semdeg darCenili
daumTavrebeli saqmeebis arseboba, romlebic
mas axal urTierTobebSi gadaaqvs da romelTa
damTavreba aucilebelia pirovnuli zrdis
gasagrZeleblad. geStalt-Terapiis fuZemdebeli
_ fric perlzi (Fritz Perlz, 1969) Tavis klientebs
konfliqtebTan dakavSirebuli fantaziebisa da
Zlieri grZnobebis gaTamaSebas sTxovda. isini
aseve, aRadgendnen sakuTar sizmrebs, romelTac
perlzi maTi pirovnebis aracnobierSi gandevnil
nawilad miiCnevda. perlzi ambobda: Cven
xelaxla unda vaRiaroT da Cvenad miviRoT
sakuTari pirovnebis es proecirebuli, danawev-
rebuli nawilebi da Cvenad unda miviRoT is
dafaruli potenciali, romelic sizmarSi iCens
Tavs~ (1969, gv. 67).
geStalt-Terapiuli Sexvedrebis dros xdeba
monawileTa waxaliseba, rom aRadginon kontaqti
TavianT WeSmarit Sinagan xmebTan~ (Hatcher &
Himelstein, 1996). geStalt-Terapiis erT-erT
yvelaze cnobil meTods carieli skamis teqnika
ewodeba: Terapevti klientTan axlos dgams
cariel skams. klientma unda warmoidginos,
rom skamze moTavsebulia romelime grZnoba,
pirovneba, obieqti an situacia. igi esaubreba~
skamze mjdoms~. magaliTad, klientma SeiZleba
warmoidginos, rom skamze misi deda, an mama
zis; is maT mimarT gamoxatavs grZnobebs, romel-
Tac sxvagvarad ar gamoxatavda. Semdeg klientma
SeiZleba warmoidginos, rom axla es grZnobebi
sxedan~ skamze da maT gaesaubros~ imis Sesaxeb,
Tu ra gavlena aqvT maT klientis cxovrebaze.
es teqnika saSualebas aZlevs klients, daupi-
rispirdes da gamoikvlios gamoxatvis gareSe
darCenili Zlieri grZnobebi, romlebic, SesaZ-
loa, gavlenas axdendnen mis fsiqologiur
keTildReobaze.
Sejameba
egzistencialur-humanistur TerapiebSi
xazgasmulia mTliani pirovnebis cneba, romelic
mudmivi cvlilebisa da Camoyalibebis procesSi
imyofeba. karl rojersma Seqmna klientze
centrirebuli Terapia, romelic miznad isaxavs
aradireqtiuli garemos Seqmnas, sadac klienti
SeZlebs arasworad naswavli paternebis daZle-
vas da sakuTari Tavis gaumjobesebisa da
TviTrealizaciis miRwevas. geStalt-Terapia
geStalt- Terapia (Gestalt therapy) Terapia,
romelic mimarTulia pirovnebis gamTlianebis
mizniT gonebisa da sxeulis gaerTianebaze.
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xels uwyobs jgufis monawileebs gonebisa da
sulis gamTlianebaSi, rasac grZnobebis gamo-
xatviTa da konfliqtebis gacnobierebiT aRwevs.
mravali adamiani sargeblobs TviTdaxmarebis
jgufebis fsiqologiuri mxardaWeriT.
jgufuri Terapiebi
mkurnalobisadmi yvela aqamde ganxiluli
midgoma, pirvel rigSi, Terapevti-pacientis, an
Terapevti-klientis pirispir, erTi-erTze urTi-
erTobas iTvaliswinebda. miuxedavad amisa, dRes-
dReobiT mravali adamiani iRebs Terapiul
daxmarebas, rogorc jgufis wevri. jgufuri
Terapiis ganviTarebis ramdenime mizezi arsebobs.
aqve unda iTqvas, rom jgufuri Terapia zogjer
SeiZleba ufro efeqturi iyos, vidre indivi-
dualuri Terapia (Fuhriman & Burlingame, 1994). jgu-
furi Terapiis zogierTi upiratesoba praqti-
kuli xasiaTisaa: is ufro iafia da mcire rao-
denobis fsiqoTerapevtebs meti klientisTvis
SeuZliaT daxmarebis gaweva. danarCeni upirate-
sobebi jgufuri garemos Zalas, anu jgufis
efeqts ukavSirdeba: jgufi (1) SedarebiT usafr-
Txo garemos qmnis im adamianebisTvis, vinc
iolad eqceva sxvaTa gavlenis qveS da Tavad
ver axerxeben maTgan Tavis daRwevas; (2) iZleva
saSualebas, rom jgufSi mimdinare procesebma
gavlena moaxdinos calkeuli monawileebis
araadaptur qcevaze; (3) SesaZleblobas aZlevs
adamianebs, rom Terapiuli seansebis msvle-
lobisas daakvirdnen sxvebs da pirovnebaT-
Sorisi urTierTobis unar-Cvevebi gaivarjiSon;
(4) uzrunvelyofs pirveladi ojaxuri jgufis
analogias, rac emociuri gamocdilebis koregi-
rebis saSualebas iZleva.
jgufuri Terapiis zogierTi wanamZRvari
gansxvavdeba individualuri Terapiis wanamZRvre-
bisgan. jgufuri Terapiis socialuri garemo
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs viswavloT sakuTari
mosazrebebis gamoxatva iseTi formebiT, rom
isini sxvebisTvisac gasagebi gaxdes; vnaxoT,
ramdenad gansxvavdeba Cven mier sxvebze moxde-
nili STabeWdileba imisgan, rogori STabeWdi-
lebis moxdenasac vcdilobdiT, an imisgan,
rogoric warmogvidgenia sakuTari Tavi. garda
amisa, jgufi TvalsaCinod gvaCvenebs da gvarwmu-
nebs, rom Cveni simptomebi, problemebi da de-
vianturi~ qcevebi ar aris erTaderTi da ganu-
meorebeli _ isini sakmaod xSiria da adamianTa
did raodenobas axasiaTebs. vinaidan adamianebs
ar uyvarT sxvebTan TavianT uaryofiT mxareebze
saubari da sakuTar Tavze uaryofiTi informa-
ciis gacema, mosalodnelia, rom erTi da igive
problemis mqone mraval adamians egonos, rom
is aris erTaderTi, visac es problema aqvs~.
jgufur situaciaSi gamocdilebis gaziareba
exmareba adamianebs, gaaqarwylon es plura-
listuri umecreba _ mravali maTganisTvis
saerTo mcdari warmodgena unikalur, ganumeore-
bel marcxze. garda amisa, jgufuri Terapiis
procesSi dawyebuli urTierToba da urTierT-
daxmareba SeiZleba mkurnalobis dasrulebis
Semdegac gagrZeldes.
ojaxuri wyvilebisa da ojaxis
Terapia
jgufebis umravlesoba Sedgeba erTmaneTi-
sTvis ucxo adamianebisgan, romlebic jgufSi
droebiTi urTierTobebis dasamyareblad modian,
ramac SeiZleba garkveuli sargebeli misces
maT. ojaxuri wyvilebisa da ojaxis Terapiis
SemTxvevaSi Terapiul garemoSi Semodian
mravalmxrivi kavSirebiT gamyarebuli, ukve
arsebuli erTeulebi.
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saidan
viciT
ojaxis Terapia da mozardebis mier
narkotikebis moxmareba
mozardebis mier narkotikebis moxma-
rebis Sesamcireblad mkvlevarTa jgufma
gadawyvita jgufuri Terapiis gamoyeneba.
maTi ZiriTadi hipoTeza iyo: kvlevaSi
monawile mozardebi maSin ufro Seamci-
rebdnen narkotikebis moxmarebas, Tu
mTlianad Seicvleboda maTi ojaxuri
garemo. amitom ojaxis Terapiis samizne
iyo rogorc mozardTa moqmedebebis gamos-
woreba, ise _ mSoblebis mier gamoyenebuli
aRzrdis meTodebis gaumjobeseba. eqvs-
Tviani mkurnalobis kursis dasawyisisTvis
ojaxebze dakvirvebam gamoavlina, rom
mSoblebisTvis Cveuli uaryofiTi qcevebi
SvilebTan urTierTobisas (magaliTad,
uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatva, sityvieri
agresia) _ 72%, sWarbobda dadebiT qmedebebs
(magaliTad, optimizmisa da siyvarulis
gamoxatvas) _ 53%; Terapiis dasasru-
lisTvis ki, dadebiTma urTierTobis Cve-
vebma _ 77%, gadaaWarba uaryofiTs _ 47%.
garda amisa, im mSoblebis Svilebma, rom-
lebmac aRzrdis stilis zogadi gaum-
jobeseba aCvenebs, mniSvnelovnad Seamcires
narkotikebis moxmareba (Schmidt et al., 1996).
qorwinebaSi warmoqmnili problemebis Tao-
baze ojaxuri wyvilebis konsultacia partni-
orTa Soris informaciis gacvlis Cveuli pater-
nebis gamovlenas da Semdeg maTi urTierTqmedebis
xarisxis gaumjobesebas gulisxmobs (Napier, 2000).
wyvilTan erToblivi SexvedrebiT, xSir Sem-
TxvevebSi, maTi urTierTqmedebis videofirze
CaweriTa da Semdeg Canaweris garCeviT, Terapevts
SeuZlia daexmaros maT urTierTobis im ver-
baluri da araverbaluri stilebis danaxvasa
da garCevaSi, romelsac isini erTmaneTze upi-
ratesobis mopovebis, an marTvis, anda erTmaneTis
dabnevis da SecdomaSi Seyvanis mizniT iyeneben.
TiToeul mxares aswavlian, Tu rogor unda
ganamtkicos meoresTan sasurveli reaqciebi da
yuradRebis gareSe datovos arasasurveli reaq-
ciebi. garda amisa, isini iTviseben aradireq-
tiuli mosmenis unar-Cvevebs, raTa partniors
grZnobebisa da azrebis naTlad gamoxatvaSi
daexmaron. qorwinebis problemebis mogvarebi-
sTvis wyvilebis Terapia gacilebiT efeqturia,
vidre individualuri Terapia mxolod erTi
partniorisTvis. amasTan, Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom
mcirdeba ojaxuri krizisebis raodenoba, wyvili
ki inarCunebs qorwinebas (Shadisn et al., 1993, 1995).
ojaxuri Terapiis klienti mTliani ojaxia,
romelsac aqvs Tavisi birTvi, xolo ojaxis
TiToeuli wevri ganixileba, rogorc urTierT-
qmedebaTa sistemis wevri (Schwebel & Fine, 1994).
ojaxis fsiqoTerapevti ojaxis Sewuxebul,
aforiaqebul wevrebTan muSaobs da maT imis
garkvevaSi exmareba, Tu ra uqmnis erT, an
ramdenime maTgans problemebs. Terapiis mizania
adamianebs Soris fsiqologiuri manZilebis da
erTi mTlianis saxiT moqmedi adamianebis
pirovnebaTSorisi dinamikis Secvla, rac gan-
sxvavdeba calkeuli araadapturi individebis
qcevis Secvlisgan. ganvixiloT ojaxis Terapiis
magaliTi, romelic mozardebis mier narko-
tikebis moxmarebis mizeziT ganxorcielda.
es gamokvleva ojaxis Terapiis mniSvnelov-
nebis TvalsaCino magaliTia. vinaidan mTel
ojaxTan muSaobdnen, Terapiulma Carevam Secvala
garemos is faqtorebi, romelmac, SesaZloa, miiy-
vanes kidec mozardi narkotikebis gasinjvamde
da moxmarebamde.
ojaxis Terapias SeuZlia ojaxSi arsebuli
daZabulobis Semcireba da calkeuli wevrebis
funqcionirebis gaumjobeseba imiT, rom daex-
maros klientebs da daanaxos maTi urTierTobis
rogorc dadebiTi, ise _ uaryofiTi aspeqtebi.
virjinia satiri (Virginia Satir, 1967), ojaxis Te-
rapiis meTodebis avtori, aRniSnavda, rom ojaxis
TerapiiT dakavebuli fsiqoTerapevti mraval
rols asrulebs: is aris Terapiul seansebze
ganxorcielebuli urTierTqmedebebis inter-
pretatori da amxsneli; is aris gavlenis wyaro,
Suamavali da arbitri. ojaxis TerapiiT daka-
vebul praqtikosTa umravlesobas miaCnia, rom
Terapiis procesSi ganxiluli da mogvarebuli
problemebi situaciuri xasiaTisaa da adamianebs
Soris warmoqmnil siZneleebs, an socialuri
urTierTqmedebis problemebs warmoadgens, da
ara _ pirovnebebis dispoziciur aspeqtebs. es
siZneleebi droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba
warmoiqmnas, rodesac ojaxis wevrebi iZulebul-
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ni xdebian Seasrulon, an Tavis Tavze aiRon
arasasiamovno rolebi. ojaxis bunebrivi ganviTa-
rebis procesSi _ iqneba es samuSaos dakargva,
bavSvis skolaSi miyvana, qorwineba Tu bavSvis
dabadeba _ sruliad SesaZlebelia urTierT-
qmedebis araefeqturi formebis Camoyalibeba.
ojaxis Terapevtis amocanaa ojaxis struqturis
garkveva da masze moqmedi Zalebis (da es Zalebi
SeiZleba uamravi iyos) gamovlena. is muSaobs
ojaxis wevrebTan da am muSaobis mizania
disfunqciuri~ struqturuli elementebis gaq-
roba da axali, ufro efeqturi struqturebis
SemuSaveba da ganmtkiceba (Fishman, 1993).
sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris
jgufebi
fsiqoTerapiis ganviTarebaSi amaRelvebeli
periodi iyo TviTdaxmarebis jgufebisadmi
interesis gaZliereba. yovelwliurad amerikis
daaxloebiT 10 milioni mozrdili moqalaqe
dadis aseTi jfugebis Sexvedrebze (Kessler et al.,
1997). mxardamWeri jgufebis Sexvedrebi, rogorc
wesi, ufasoa, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
jgufis wamyvanebi ar arian janmrTelobis dacvis
sferoSi momsaxure profesionalebi. aseTi
jgufebi adamianebs saSualebas aZlevs, Sexvdnen
msgavsi problemebis mqone sxva adamianebs,
romlebic agrZeleben cxovrebas da xandaxan
wamratebebsac aRweven. specialur jgufebSi
TviTdaxmarebis idea pirvelad gamoiyena or-
ganizaciam anonimuri alkoholikebi~ (AA),
Tumca, alkoholizmis farglebidan gaitana da
ganavrco XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi dawyebulma
qalTa moZraobam, romelic mowodebuli iyo
sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis gaZlierebisTvis.
dResdReobiT mxardaWeris jgufebi oTxi Zi-
riTadi kategoriis problemebze muSaoben: da-
mokidebulebis sxvadasxva formebi, fizikuri
daavadebebi da fsiqikuri aSlilobebi, cxov-
rebiseuli cvlilebebi da sxva krizisebi, seri-
ozuli problemebis mqone megobrebis an
naTesavebis gamo miRebuli travmebi. ukanasknel
wlebSi adamianebma daiwyes internetis, rogorc
TviTdaxmarebis jgufebis kidev erTi formis,
gamoyeneba. zogadad, TviTdaxmarebis internet-
jgufebi imave sakiTxebiT arian dakavebulni,
romliTac maTi fizikuri oreulebi (Davison et
al., 2000). Tumca, interneti gansakuTrebiT mniSvne-
lovan Sexvedris adgils warmoadgens iseT
mdgomareobaSi myofi adamianebisTvis, romelTac
avadmyofobis _ magaliTad, qronikuli gadaRlis
sindromis, an gafantuli sklerozis _ gamo
SezRuduli aqvT gadaadgilebis SesaZlebloba.
jgufis Sexvedrebze fizikurad misvlis SeuZ-
lebloba aRar arTmevs adamianebs TviTdaxma-
rebis jgufebis muSaobidan sargeblis miRebis
saSualebas.
mkvlevrebi did yuradRebas uTmoben imis
garkvevas, Tu ra Taviseburebebi unda hqondes
TviTdaxmarebis jgufs, rom maqsimaurad efeqturi
iyos. rogorc maTi moRvaweobidan Cans, aseTi
jgufebi mTel rig funqciebs asruleben
TavianTi wevrebisTvis; magaliTad, adamianebs
unergaven imeds da rwmenas, rom SeuZliaT
sakuTari problemebis gakontroleba; uzrunvel-
yofen socialur mxardaWeras cxovrebiseuli
sirTuleebiT gatanjuli adamianebisTvis; uz-
runvelyofen aSlilobebisa da mkurnalobebis
Sesaxeb informaciis gacvlas (Riessman, 1997; Schiff
& Bargal, 2000). Tu aseT jgufSi monawileobas
gadawyvetT, gaiTvaliswineT, rom es jgufebi
gansakuTrebiT kargad moqmedebs adamianebis mier
sakuTari keTildReobis gancdaze, rodesac isini
kmayofilni arian SexvedrebiT (Schiff & Bargal,
2000). magaliTad, erTi gamokvlevis Sedegad
cnobili gaxda, rom is adamianebi, romelnic
gansakuTrebiT miejaWvnen anonimur alkoholikTa
sazogadoebas mas Semdeg, rac alkoholizmis
mkurnalobis kursi gaiares, alkoholisken mis-
wrafebis ganaxlebis gansakuTrebiT naklebi
midrekilebiT xasiaTdebodnen. naTelia, rom am
sazogadoebasTan mWidro urTierToba individebs,
alkoholizmis kontrolis TvalsazrisiT,
sakuTari qcevis sisworeSi darwmunebulobis
ganmtkicebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs (Morgenstern
et al., 1997).
TviTdaxmarebis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani
wvlili Seitana jgufuri Terapiebis gamoyenebam
ukurnebeli daavadebebis mqone adamianebTan.
aseTi Terapiis mizania, daexmaros pacientebsa
da maT ojaxebs, rom avadmyofobis periodSi
SeZlebisdagvarad savse cxovrebiT icxovron,
realurad Sexedon gardauval sikvdils da
Seeguon ukurnebel sens (Fobair, 1997; LrGrand, 1991).
ganukurnebel pacientebTan aseTi mxardamWeri
jgufebis muSaobis zogadi mimarTulebaa _ as-
wavlon maT, Tu rogor icxovron savse cxov-
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rebiT im momentamde, rodesac isini ityvian
mSvidobiT~ (Nungesser, 1990).
jgufuri Terapiebi bolo magaliTia Cven
mier ganxiluli Terapiebisa, romlebic mxolod
fsiqologiur mkurnalobazea dafuZnebuli _
mkurnalobaze, romelic zemoqmedebs tvinis
software-ze. axla SevudgebiT imis garkvevas, Tu
rogor muSaoben biosamedicino Terapiebi,
gonebaze zemoqmedebis mizniT, sxeulisa da tvi-
nis hardware-is Secvlaze,
Sejameba
jgufuri Terapiebi ufro xelmisawvdoms xdis
fsiqikur janmrTelobaze zrunvas; amasTan,
socialuri qcevebis dakvirvebisa da aTvisebis
SesaZleblobas iZleva. ojaxuri wyvilebisa da
ojaxis Terapia individis iseT problemebze
muSaobs, romlebic Seguebas ukavSirdeba da
urTierTobebis sistemebSi wrmoqmnili siZnele-
ebis Sedegebs warmoadgens. Terapiis mizania
wyvilebsa da ojaxebSi urTierTobebis siste-
mebis Secvla. mravali adamiani TviTdaxmarebis
jgufebSi iRebs fsiqologiur mxardaWeras. es
jgufebi individebs aZleven imeds, socialur
mxardaWeras da informacias rogorc fizikur,
ise _ kibersivrceSi.
tvinis ekologia myife balansiT xasiaTdeba.
rodesac tvinSi rame arasworad xdeba, Cven
qcevis paTologiuri paternebs, an ucnaur kog-
nitur da emociur reaqciebs vxedavT. garemos,
socialur Tu qceviT darRvevebs, rogoricaa
narkotikebi da Zaladoba, aseve, SeuZlia tvinis
qimiis da moqmedebis Secvla. biosamedicino
Terapiebi, umeteswilad, fsiqikur aSlilobebs
tvinis hardware-is problemebad miiCneven. fsi-
qologiuri aSlilobebis simptomebis Semsubu-
qebis sami saxis biosamedicino midgomas aRvwerT:
_ fsiqoqirurgias, eleqtrokonvulsiur Soks
da farmakoTerapias.
fsiqoqirurgia da
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia
los anjeles Taims~-is saTauri iuwyeboda:
tvinSi moxvedrili tyvia adamians fsiqikuri
daavadebisgan kurnavs~ (2/23/188). statia 19 wlis
axalgazrda mamakacis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobda,
romelic obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobiT
itanjeboda. TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobisas man
pirdapir SublSi isrola 22 kalibriani tyvia.
saintereso iyo, rom is gadarCa, ganikurna pa-
Tologiuri simptomatikisgan da uvneblad Seu-
narCunda gonebrivi SesaZleblobebi, Tumca,
problemis zogierTi mizezi jer kidev ar-
sebobda.
es SemTxveva biosamedicino Terapiis erT-
erTi yvelaze pirdapiri gamoyenebis SesaZleb-
lobas _ tvinSi qirurgiul Carevas _ gviCvenebs.
aseTi Careva tvinis nawilebs Soris kavSirebis
CaWras an mcire nawilis amokveTas gulisxmobs.
xSirad es ukanaskneli gzaa iseTi fsiqopaTo-
logiebis mkurnalobisas, romelTa daZleva ver
moxerxda sxva, ara aseTi ukiduresi Terapiuli
zemoqmedebiT. fsiqoqirurgia zogadi terminia,
romelic aerTianebs tvinis qsovilze ganxor-
cielebul qirurgiul procedurebs, fsiqolo-
giuri aSlilobebis Semsubuqebis, an aRkveTis
mizniT. Sua saukuneebSi fsiqoqirurgia SeS-
lilTa tvinebidan sisulelis marcvlis amo-
kveTas~ niSnavda, rac xatovnad aris asaxuli
maSindel graviurebsa da ferwerul tiloebze.
Tanamedrove fsiqoqirurgiul procedurebSi
Sedis korZiani sxeulis boWkoebis amokveTa
mwvave epilefsiuri gulyrebis Sesamsubuqeblad,
razec me-3 TavSi vsaubrobdiT _ limburi
sistemis funqcionirebis ganmapirobebeli gzebis
CaWra (amigdalotomia) da prefrontaluri
lobotomia. fsiqoqirurgiis yvelaze cnobili
formaa prefrontaluri lobotomia _ operacia,
romlis drosac iWreba Tavis tvinis Sublis
fsiqoqirurgia (Psychosurgery) _ fsiqologiuri
aSlilobis Semsubuqebis an aRkveTis mizniT
tvinis qsovilze ganxorcielebuli qirurgiuli
procedurebi.
prefrontaluri lobotomia (Prefrontal lobotomy)
_ operacia, romlis drosac iWreba Tavis tvinis
Sublis wilebisa da diencefalonis Semaer-
Tebeli nervuli boWkoebi, gansakuTrebiT, Ta-
lamusTan da hipoTalamusTan ganlagebuli
boWkoebi; fsiqoqirurgiis yvelaze cnobili
forma.
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wilebisa da diencefalonis SemaerTebeli ner-
vuli boWkoebi, gansakuTrebiT, TalamusTan da
hipoTalamusTan ganlagebuli boWkoebi. proce-
dura SeimuSava egaS moniSma (Egas Moniz). man
1949 wels nobelis premia miiRo mkurnalobis
sakuTar meTodSi, romelic, rogorc Canda,
cvlida fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianTa fin-
qcionirebas.
Tavdapirvelad lobotomiis kandidatebi
agznebadi Sizofreniuli pacientebi da kompu-
lsiuri da SfoTviTi aSlilobebis mqone paci-
entebi iyvnen. fsiqoqirurgiis efeqti STambeWdavi
iyo: proceduris Semdeg saxeze iyo axali pi-
rovneba, romelic ar xasiaTdeboda Zlieri emo-
ciuri agznebiT da, Sesabamisad, arc yovlis-
momcveli SfoTviT, danaSaulis gancdiTa da
risxviT itanjeboda. Tumca, operacia samudamod
anadgurebda adamianis bunebis arsebiT maxasia-
Teblebs: pacientebi, romelTac lobotomiis
procedura hqondaT gavlili, kargavdnen sakuTar
unikalur pirovnul maxasiaTeblebs. lobotomiis
Semdeg maT aRar SeeZloT momavlis dagegmva,
axasiaTebdaT gulgriloba garSemomyofTa
mosazrebebisadmi, infantilizmi, inteleqtua-
luri da emociuri gasadaveba; eseni iyvnen ada-
mianebi sakuTari me-s mTlianobis gancdis gareSe
(moniSis erT-erTi pacienti imdenad gaognebuli
da ganawyenebuli iyo aseTi moulodneli
SedegebiT, rom esrola kidec eqims, ris Semdegac
is nawilobriv paralizebuli darCa.) vinaidan
fsiqoqirurgiis moqmedeba Seuqcevadia da vina-
idan kargad aris cnobili misi mZime uaryofiTi
Sedegebi, dadebiTi ki _ naklebad TvalsaCinoa,
misi gamoyeneba Zalian SezRudulia.
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia (ekT) aris
Tavis tvinze eleqtruli Sokis gamoyeneba iseTi
fsiqiatriuli aSlilobebis mkurnalobis miz-
niT, rogoricaa Sizofrenia, mania da, yvelaze
xSirad, depresia. meTodika aseTia: pacientis
safeTqlebze moqmedeben susti eleqtruli
nakadiT (75-dan 100 voltamde) 1/10 wamidan erT
wamamde manam sanam ar moxdeba konvulsia.
konvulsia, Cveulebriv, 45-dan 60 wamamde grZel-
deba. pacients winaswar amzadeben aseTi mtkiv-
neuli mkurnalobisTvis _ amSvideben xanmokle
moqmedebis barbituratebiT da kunTebis mosa-
dunebeli preparatebiT, rasac pacienti ugono
mdgomareobaSi gadahyavs da rac minimumamde
amcirebs Zlier umarTav fizikur reaqciebs (Ab-
rams, 1992).
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia Zalze warma-
tebuli aRmoCnda Rrma depresiis simptomebis
SemsubuqebisTvis (Sackheim et al., 2000). misi Rirseba,
nawilobriv, isaa, rom Zalze swrafad moqmedebs.
rogorc wesi, sam-oTxdRiani mkurnalobis kursis
Semdeg depresiis simptomebi Sesustebas iwyebs
farmakoTerapiisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic erTi
an ori kviris Semdeg iwyebs moqmedebas. miuxe-
davad amisa, TerapevtTa umetesoba ekT-s mkur-
nalobis ukidures formad miiCnevs. is xSirad
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia (ekT) (Electrocon-
vulsive therapy ECT) _ eleqtrokonvulsiuli
Sokis gamoyeneba Rrma depresiis warmatebulad
samkurnalod.
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gamoiyeneba, rogorc saswrafo gadaudebeli mkur-
naloba suicidur, an cudad nakveb depresiul
pacientebTan da maTTan, vinc ar reagirebs anti-
depresantebze, an ver itans maT gverdiT
movelenebs.
Tu ekT ase kargad moqmedebs, ratom aris ase
xSirad demonizirebuli? magaliTad, 1982 wels
berklis (kaliforniis Stati) mcxovreblebma
xma misces fsiqikuri aSlilobebis samkurnalo
yvela saxelmwifo dawesebulebaSi eleqtro-
konvulsiuri Sokis gamoyenebis akrZalvas (Sem-
dgom es gadawyvetileba gabaTilda iuridiul
safuZvelze). ekT-is mimarT samecniero wreebis
uaryofiTi damokidebulebis ZiriTadi mizezi
isaa, rom ucnobia misi moqmedebis meqanizmebi.
es Terapia pacientze dakvirvebisas gaCnda,
romelsac erTdroulad Sizofrenia da epi-
lefsia hqonda. epilefsiuri gulyrebis Semdeg
mas Sizofreniis simptomebi umsubuqdeboda. kli-
nicistebma ivaraudes, rom igive efeqtis miRweva
xelovnurad gamowveuli gulyrebiTac iqneboda
SesaZlebeli. miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi daSveba
nawilobriv gamarTlda _ ekT gacilebiT uke-
Tesad amsubuqebs depresias, vidre Sizofranias
_ mkvlevrebs jer kidev win aqvT am SemTxveviTi
dakvirvebis mecnieruli dasabuTeba.
garda amisa, kritikosebs ekT-is SesaZlo
gverdiTi movlenebic aRelvebT (Breggin, 1979,
1991). eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia droebiT
dezorientaciasa da mexsierebis mTel rig dar-
Rvevebs iwvevs. pacientebi xSirad itanjebian
amneziiT _ aRar axsovT movlenebi, romlebic
win uswrebda mkurnalobas; rac ufro xangr-
Zlivia mkurnaloba, miT mZimea amneziac. Tumca,
gamokvlevam aCvena, rom, pacientebi, rogorc
wesi, aRidgenen mexsierebis Sinaarsebs mkurna-
lobis dasrulebidan ramdenime Tvis manZilze
(Cohen et al., 2000). metic, pacientebs, romelTac
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze eleqtrokonvu-
lsiuri Terapiis 100-ze meti procedura hqondaT
gavlili, ar aReniSnebodaT cvlilebebi funqci-
onirebaSi im pacientebTan SedarebiT, romelTac
arasodes gauvliaT aseTi procedura (Devanand
et a., 1991). dResdReobiT, tvinis muSaobis xanmokle
Seferxebebis minimizaciisTvisac ki, xSirad
eleqtrokonvulsiuri SokiT tvinis mxolod
erTi mxaris stimulacias axdenen da isic _
mxolod metyvelebis gauaresebis albaTobis
Sesamcireblad. aseTi calmxrivi ekT efeqturi
antidepresantia.
axla vnaxoT, ratom gaxda farmakoTerapia
fsiqopaTologiaSi biosamedicino Carevis yve-
laze polularuli forma.
farmakoTerapia
fsiqikuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobis isto-
riaSi uprecendento gadatrialeba iyo medi-
kamentebis aRmoCena, romelTac SeeZloT mSfoT-
vare pacientebis damSvideba, autisti pacientebis
realobasTan kontaqtis aRdgena da fsiqoturi
pacientebis halucinaciebis daTrgunva. es axali
Terapiuli epoqa 1953 wels, klinikebis Terapiul
programebSi trankvilizatorebis, gansakuT-
rebiT, qlorpromazinis, SetaniT daiwyo. medika-
mentebiT mkurnalobam TiTqmis dauyovnebliv
moipova aRiareba da pacientis qcevis efeqturi
Semcvlelis statusi. fsiqofarmakologia fsi-
qologiis dargia, romelic qcevaze medikamen-
tebis moqmedebas Seiswavlis. fsiqofarmako-
logiis sferoSi momuSave mkvlevrebi swavloben,
Tu rogor moqmedeben medikamentebi zogierT
biologiur sistemaze da rogor icvleba reaqcia
am zemoqmedebis Sedegad.
medikamentebiT mkurnalobis meTodebis aRmo-
Cenam udidesi gavlena moaxdina mZime aSli-
lobebis mqone pacientebis mkurnalobaze. fsi-
qiatriuli klinikebis momsaxure personals
aRar sWirdeboda mcvelebis rolSi yofna, pa-
cientebis izolatorebSi moTavseba an maTTvis
damamSvidebeli perangis Cacma. personalis
moraluri saxe gaumjobesda mas Semdeg, rac
fsiqiatriul dawesebulebebSi fsiqikurad daava-
debulTa ubralo patimroba reabilitaciiT
Seicvala (Swazey, 1974). metic, revoluciam,
romelic medikamentebiT mkurnalobis danergvas
mohyva, didi gavlena iqonia aSS-is fsiqiatri-
uli klinikebis kontingentze. 1955 wlisTvis
naxevar milionze meti adamiani (romelic, sa-
Sualod, iq ramdenime weliwads atarebda)
cxovrobda fsiqiatriul dawesebulebebSi. mkur-
nalobaSi qlorpromazinisa da sxva medikamen-
tebis gamoyenebam SeaCera da sapirispiro mimar-
fsiqofarmakologia (Psychopharmacology)
fsiqologiis dargi, romelic swavlobs qcevaze
medikamentebis moqmedebas.
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Tuleba misca pacientTa raodenobis zrdas.
1970-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis qveyanaSi arse-
bul fsiqiatriul pacientTa naxevarze naklebi
imyofeboda realurad fsiqiatriul klinikebSi
da isic, saSualod, mxolod ramdenime Tvis
manZilze.
dReisaTvis Terapiul programebSi sami
ZiriTadi kategoriis medikamentebi gamoiyeneba:
antifsiqoturi, antidepresantuli da anqsi-
olizuri naerTebi. rogorc dasaxelebebidan
Cans, es medikamentebi qimiuri gziT cvlian
tvinis specifikur funqciebs, romlebic fsi-
qotur simptomebze, depresiasa da ukidures
SfoTvazea pasuxismgebeli.
antifsiqoturi preparatebi
antifsiqoturi preparatebi cvlis bodviTi
mdgomareobebis, halucinaciebis, socialuri ga-
riyulobis (Caketilobis) da perioduli agzne-
badobis (aJitaciis) Sizofreniul simptomebs
(Dawkins et al., 1999). antifsiqoturi preparatebis
moqmedeba zRudavs neirogadamtan dofaminis
aqtivobas tvinSi. iseTi preparatebi, rogoricaa
qlorpromazini (aSS-Si savaWro dasaxeleba _
Torazini) da haloperidoli (cnobilia, rogorc
haldoli), dofanimuri receptorebis mgrZnobe-
lobas amcirebs an Trgunavs. klozapini (cnobi-
lia, rogorc klizarili), uaxlesi wamyvani
antifsiqoturi preparatia, romelic uSualod
amcirebs dofaminis aqtivobas da zrdis sero-
toninis aqtivobis dones, romelic akavebs dofa-
minur sistemas. miuxedavad imisa, rom es prepa-
ratebi amcireben, tvinis aqtivobis zogad dones,
isini ar arian mxolod trankvilizatorebi.
mravali pacientisTvis yvela es preparati ga-
cilebiT metia, vidre ubralod agznebis Sema-
sustebeli da damamSvidebeli. isini aqroben,
an amcireben Sizofreniis dadebiT simptomebs,
bodvebisa da halucinaciebis CaTvliT.
samwuxarod, antifsiqotur preparatebs uaryo-
fiTi gverdiTi moqmedeba axasiaTebs. vinaidan
dofamins Tavisi roli aqvs motorul kontrol-
Si, medikamenturi mkurnalobis kurss xSirad
axlavs kunTebis muSaobis darRvevebi. motoruli
kontrolis _ gansakuTrebiT saxis kunTebis
muSaobis _ gamorCeuli darRvevaa gviani dis-
kinezia, romelic antifsiqoturi preparatebis
zemoqmedebis Sedegad viTardeba. aseTi gverdiTi
movlenis mqone pacientebs aReniSnebaT ybis,
tuCebisa da enis uneblie moZraobebi. preparati
klozapini ufro SerCeviTad akavebs dofaminur
receptorebs, rac motoruli darRvevebis
ganviTarebis albaTobas amcirebs. samwuxarod,
im pacientTa 1-2%-Si, romelic klozapiniT
mkurnalobda, viTardeba iSviaTi daavadeba
agranuklocitozi, rodesac Zvlis tvini aRar
gamoimuSavebs sisxlis TeTr ujredebs.
mkvlevrebi agrZeleben preparatebis xangr-
Zlivi gamoyenebis Sedegebis Seswavlas; aseve,
swavloben pacientis mier preparatis miRebis
Sewyvetis Sedegebs. preparatis miRebis Sewyvetis
Semdeg recidivebis sixSiris maCvenebeli sakmaod
maRalia _ pacientTa or mesameds 18 Tvis gan-
mavlobaSi axali simptomebi uviTardeba; Tumca,
im pacientTa daaxloebiT erT mesamedTanac
mosalodnelia recidivebi, romlebic regula-
rulad iReben medikamentebs (Gitlin, 1990). amrigad,
antifsiqoturi preparatebi ar kurnavs Sizof-
renias _ isini ar aqroben safuZvlad mdebare
fsiqopaTologias. sabednierod, isini sakmaod
kargad axerxeben daavadebis yvelaze damangre-
veli simptomebis kontrols.
antidepresantebi
antidepresantebi aZliereben neirogadam-
tanebis _ norepinefrinisa da serotoninis _
aqtivobas (Holmes, 1994). tricikluri antidepre-
santebi, rogoricaa tofranili da elavili,
amcireben sinafsuri napralidan neirogadam-
tanebis ganmeorebiT STanTqmas. bicikluri anti-
depresanti prozaki amcirebs serotoninis gan-
meorebiT STanTqmas. monoaminoqsidazas (mao)
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inhibitorebi zRudaven ferment monoaminoq-
sidazas aqtivobas, romelic pasuxismgebelia
norepinefrinis daSlaze (metabolizmze). ro-
desac mao Sekavebulia, neirogadamtanTa meti
raodenoba xdeba Tavisuflad xelmisawvdomi.
antidepresantebi, Cveulebriv, warmatebiT
xsnian depresiis simptomebs, Tumca, gaumjobeseba
ar aReniSneba pacientTa 30-40%-s (es pacientebi
SeiZleba eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapiis kan-
didatebi gaxdnen) (Hirschfeld, 1999). prozaks in-
tensiurad aqebdnen, rogorc saswaulmomqmed
wamals, romelsac sxva danarCen wamlebze ga-
cilebiT mZlavri Terapiuli efeqti aqvs. zo-
gierT fsiqiatrs usityvod sjera prozakis
efeqturobis. Tavis Zalian popularul wignSi
prozakis mosmena~ (Kramer, Listening to Prozac, 1993)
fsiqiatri piter krameri aRwers mTel rig
SemTxvevebs, rodesac pacientebma, romelTac
prozaki hqondaT daniSnuli, gasaocari pirov-
nuli cvlilebebi ganicades. magaliTisTvis
ganvixiloT qalbatonis SemTxveva, romelsac
krameri tezs uwodebs. tezi Tavad gaecno kra-
mers da aRuwera sakuTari mZime cxovrebiseuli
pirobebi da depresiis istoria. prozakiT or-
kviriani mkurnalobis Semdeg tezi ukve sxva
adamianad iqca:
Cem win iyo pacienti, romlis qcevis
Cveuli stili STambeWdavad Secvliliyo.
is msubuqad saubrobda, aRar iyo daTrgu-
nuli da kedelze akruli; piriqiT, pepe-
lasaviT dafarfatebda adamianebs Soris.
iq, sadac sxvebis gulis mogebaze da ke-
Tilganwyobis mopovebaze mimarTuli qceva
iyo, axla sicocxlis siyvaruli da mxia-
ruleba sufevda (Kramer, 1993, gv. 11).
tezis mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba Zalze STam-
beWdavi iyo, Tumca, prozakisa da sxva fsi-
qoaqtiuri medikamentebis kritikosebi Relaven
imis gamo, rom prozaki ara marto depresias
xsnis, aramed pacientebs sakuTari indivi-
dualurobisa da SemoqmedebiTi sawyisisganac
aTavisuflebs~ (Breggin & Breggin, 1994).
liTiumis marilebi efeqturi aRmoCnda bipo-
laruli aSlilobebis mkurnalobaSi (Schou,
1997). adamianebi, romlebic umarTavi moWarbebuli
agznebis periodebs ganicdian, rodesac maTi
energia, erTi SexedviT, amouwuravia, qceva ki _
ucnauri da TvalSisacemi, maniakaluri siWarbis
mdgomareobidan liTiumis dozebiT gamoyavT.
pacientTa 60-80%-s, romlebic liTiumiT mkur-
nalobdnen, gamojanmrTelebis kargi Sansi aqvT
(Walden et al., 1998). Tumca, bipolaruli aSli-
lobis mqone im adamianebisTvis, romelTa mdgo-
mareoba xSirad irxeva maniakalur da depresiul
periodebs Soris, liTiumi naklebad efeqturia,
vidre mkurnaloba sxva preparatebiT, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, valproati _ preparati, romelic
Tavdapirvelad gulyrebis Sesakaveblad Seiqmna.
anqsiolizuri saSualebebi
antifsiqoturi da antidepresiuli prepara-
tebis msgavsad, anqsiolizuri, anu damamSvide-
beli saSualebebi, Cveulebriv, tvinSi neiroga-
damtanebis aqtivobis doneebis regulacias
axdens. sxvadasxva saxis SfoTviTi aSlilobis
dros sxvadasxva saxis preparatia yvelaze efeq-
turi (Spiegel et al., 2000). generalizebuli SfoT-
viTi aSliloba saukeTesod ikurneba benzodi-
azepinebiT, maT Soris valiumiT, an qsanaqsiT,
romelic neirogadamtan gaem-is
9
aqtiurobas
zrdis. vinaidan gaem Semakavebel neironebs
aregulirebs, misi aqtiurobis zrdiT mcirdeba
tvinis aqtiuroba im ubnebSi, romelic genera-
lizebul SfoTviT reaqciebs Seesabameba. pa-
nikuri aSlilobebi _ agorafobia da sxva fo-
biebi _ SeiZleba ganikurnos antidepresantebiT,
miuxedavad imisa, rom mkvlevrebma jer ar ician,
Tu ra biologiuri meqanizmi udevs amas safuZ-
vlad. obsesiur-kompulsuri aSliloba, romelic
serotoninis ukmarisobam SeiZleba gamoiwvios,
gansakuTrebiT kargad reagirebs iseT prepara-
tebze, rogoricaa prozaki, radgan is konkretu-
lad serotoninis moqmedebaze axdens gavlenas.
daniSnuleba fsiqoaqtiuri
preparatebisTvis
Cven mier aRweril medikamentebs, romlebic
mowodebulia sxvadasxvagvari fsiqikuri aSli-
lobebis simptomebis Sesamsubuqeblad, xSirad
aZleven adamianebs daniSnulebis saxiT. vinaidan
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis dacva TandaTanobiT
sazogadoebrivi jandacvis organizaciebis kom-
petenciis sferoSi gadadis da vinaidan miRebuli
9
gamaaminoerbomJava _ GABA-GammaAminoBatterAcid
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praqtikaa am sferoze xarjebis ekonomia, mcir-
deba pacientTa raodenoba, romlebic fsiqo-
Terapiuli daxmarebisTvis Terapevtebs akiTxaven;
isini fsiqoTerapias SedarebiT iafi saSualebiT
_ medikamenturi mkurnalobiT anacvleben. ax-
laxan Catarebulma gamokvlevam, romelic fsi-
qoaqtiuri medikamentebis pacientebisTvis gamo-
weris tendencias Seexeboda, aCvena, rom aSS-Si
1985 wlidan 1994 wlamde periodSi 20%-iT moimata
fsiqiatrebisTvis, pirveladi samedicino daxma-
rebis eqimebisTvis da sxva specialobis medi-
kosebisTvis mimarTvebis ricxvma _ 32.7 milio-
nidan 45.6 milion mimarTvamde (Pincus et al., 1998).
amasTan, adamianTa zogierTi jgufi ufro metad
iRebs medikamentebs, vidre _ sxvebi. erT-erT
gamokvlevaSi, romelic xuTi weliwadi grZel-
deboda, mkvlevrebi akvirdebodnen, Tu rogor
niSnavdnen medikamentebs kaliforniis zogadi
profilis oTxi saavadmyofos pirveladi gada-
udebeli daxmarebis samsaxuris (umeteswilad
TeTrkaniani) eqimebi. isini afroamerikelebs
ufro meti raodenobis antifsiqotur medika-
mentebs da ufro didi dozebiT uniSnavdnen,
vidre sxva pacientebs. Tumca, afroamerikeli
pacientebi sulac ar iyvnen ufro saSiSni, an
ufro metad daavadebulni, vidre danarCenebi
(segal et al., 1996). aseTi aRmoCenebi gviCvenebs, Tu
ratom miaCniaT farmakoTerapiis kritikosebs,
rom medikamentebi yovelTvis ar gamoiyeneba
mxolod samedicino miznebisTvis.
rodis aris aucilebeli medikamentebiT
mkurnaloba
Cven mokled mimovixileT fsiqologiuri aS-
lilobebis medikamenturi mkurnalobis zogi-
erTi SesaZlebloba. bevri garemoebaa, rodesac
medikamenturi mkurnalobis kursma SeiZleba
mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesos daavadebuli ada-
mianis cxovreba. Tumca, farmakoTerapiis nebis-
mieri kursi ar gamoricxavs fizikuri, an fsi-
qologiuri miCvevis SesaZleblobas da SesaZlo
seriozul gverdiT movlenebs. rogor afaseben
adamianebi am faqtorebs Semsubuqebis alba-
TobasTan mimarTebaSi? Cven, aseve, aRvniSneT,
rom medikamentma SeiZleba Seamsubuqos simptomi,
magram ver gankurnos misi ganmapirobebeli
paTologia. ramdenad arian adamianebi mzad, rom
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze miiRon medikamentebi?
am kiTxvebs kidev ufro aqtualurs da sain-
teresos xdis gamokvlevebi, romlebic aCveneben,
rom Terapiis zogierTi forma iseve moqmedebs
tvinze, rogorc medikamenturi mkurnalobis
kursi.
saidan
viciT
bihevioraluri Terapiis Sedegad
tvinSi momxdari cvlilebebi
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobis mqone
monawileebs unda aerCiaT da gaevloT
medikamenturi Terapia (fluoqsetin hidro-
qloridiT), an bihevioraluri Terapia
(stimulis wardgena da reaqciis aRkveTa).
emisiur-pozitronuli tomografiiT gada-
iRes pacientebis tvini mkurnalobamde da
mkurnalobis Semdeg, ramac orive saxis
Terapiis Semdeg tvinis funqcionirebaSi
erTnairi cvlilebebi aCvena (Baxter et al.,
1992; Schwartz et al., 1996).
am tipis kvlevebi SesaniSnav SesaZleblobebze
migviTiTebs: aramedikamentur Terapiebs SeiZleba
iseTive ganmkurnebeli efeqti hqondes tvinze,
rogorc medikamentebiT mkurnalobas, Tumca,
medikamentebiT mkurnalobisTvis damaxasia-
Tebeli SesaZlo uaryofiTi Sedegebis gareSe.
erTi TerapiisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba
meoresTan SedarebiT xSirad daavadebis sim-
wvaveze da sxvadasxva saxis Terapiebis damtki-
cebul efeqturobazea damokidebuli. magaliTad,
ganurCevlad riskisa, Sizofreniis mkurnaloba
ubralod aucilebelia medikamentebiT, raTa
pacientebs normalurad cxovrebis mcireodeni
SesaZlebloba mainc hqondeT. axla ganvixiloT
meTodebi, romlebsac mkvlevrebi Terapiis
sxvadasxva formebis efeqturobis Sesafaseblad
iyeneben.
Sejameba
Tanamedrove praqtikaSi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba
qirurgiuli procedurebi tvinze fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis Sesamsubuqeblad. eleqtrokonvul-
siuri Terapia sakmaod efeqturia Rrma depresiis
Sesamsubuqeblad. Tumca, vinaidan misdami damoki-
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debuleba isev sakamaToa, adamianebi eridebian
am saxis mkurnalobas. antifsiqoturi, antidepre-
siuli da anqsiolizuri preparatebi, rogorc
wesi, Semamsubuqeblad moqmedeben; isini tvinSi
neirogadamtanebis aqtiurobaze axdenen gavlenas.
medikamenturi mkurnalobis, gansakuTrebiT,
antidepresantebis, daniSvnebis ricxvma mkveTrad
moimata bolo aTwleulis manZilze.
davuSvaT, Tqvens cxovrebaSi dainaxeT prob-
lema da migaCniaT, rom misi daZleva mxolod
profesional klinicistTan urTierTqmedebiT
aris SesaZlebeli. Cven mravali saxis Terapiaze
visaubreT. rogor unda gavarkvioT, romeli
maTgani imoqmedebs saukeTesod da SegimsubuqebT
problemas? rogor davrwmundeT, rom romelime
maTgani saerTod imoqmedebs? am qveTavSi
ganvixilavT gamokvlevebs, romlebic miznad
isaxavs calkeuli Terapiebis Sedegianobis
Semowmebas da sxvadasxva Terapiebis urTierT-
Sedarebas. am kvlevebis zogadi mizania adamia-
nebisTvis daxmarebis gawevis yvelaze efeqturi
saSualebis gamovlena. Cven, aseve, mokled mi-
movixilavT prevenciis sakiTxs: ra da rogor
unda gaakeTon fsiqologebma winaswar, rom
Tavidan iqnes acilebuli fsiqikuri daavadeba?
Terapiis Sedegianobis
Sefaseba
britanelma fsiqologma hans aizenkma (Hans
Eysenck, 1952) furori moaxdina: man ganacxada,
rom fsiqoTerapia saerTod ar moqmedebs! man
xelT arsebuli yvela publikacia mimoixila,
sadac saubari iyo sxvadasxva saxis Terapiebis
Sedegianobaze da aRmoaCina, rom im pacientebis
mdgomareoba, romlebic aranair Terapias ar
iRebdnen, iseTive sixSiriT umjobesdeboda, ro-
gorc im pacientebisa, romlebic fsiqoanalitur
an sxva saxis insaituri Terapiis kurss gadi-
odnen. man ganacxada, rom nevrotuli proble-
mebis mqone adamianTa daaxloebiT ori mesamedi
TavisTavad gamojanmrTeldeboda problemis
gaCenidan ori wlis ganmavlobaSi.
aizenkis gamowvevis sapasuxod mkvlevrebma
Terapiis Sedegianobis Sefasebis ufro zusti
meTodologiebi SeimuSaves. aizenkis kritikulma
gamonaTqvamebma naTeli gaxada, rom mkvlevrebs
saTanado sakontrolo jgufebi sWirdebaT. mTeli
rigi mizezebis gamo, individTa garkveuli
procentis mdgomareoba, romelsac fsiqoTerapia
esaWiroeba, marTlac umjobesdeba yovelgvari
profesiuli Carevis gareSe. spontanuri remisiis
efeqti is bazisuri kriteriumia, romliTac unda
Sefasdes Terapiebis Sedegianoba. martivad rom
vTqvaT, unda Candes, rom raRacis keTeba gamojan-
mrTelebis SemTxvevaTa met procents iZleva,
vidre _ arafris keTeba.
aseve, mkvlevrebi cdiloben, dagvanaxon, rom
maT mier gamoyenebuli mkurnaloba ufro mets
akeTebs, vidre klientis sakuTari gankurnebis
molodinis gamoyenebaa. SegiZliaT gaixsenoT
Cven mier adre ganxiluli placebo efeqtebi:
bevr SemTxvevaSi adamianebis fsiqikuri Tu
fizikuri janmrTeloba mxolod imitom umjo-
besdeba, rom isini moelian gaumjobesebas. Tera-
piuli situacia xels uwyobs am rwmenis gan-
mtkicebas imiT, rom Terapevts mkurnalis speci-
fikur socialur rolSi ayenebs (Frank & Frank,
spontanuri remisiis efeqti (Spontaneous-remis-
sion effect) _ fsiqikuri problemebis mqone zo-
gierT pacientTa da klientTa, romelsac esa-
Wiroeba fsiqoTerapia, mdgomareobis gaum-
jobeseba yovelgvari profesiuli Carevis gareSe;
bazisuri kriteriumi, romliTac unda Sefasdes
Terapiebis Sedegianoba.
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1991). miuxedavad imisa, rom Terapiis placebo
efeqti Terapiuli Carevis mniSvnelovani nawi-
lia, mkvlevrebs, Cveulebriv, surT imis Cveneba,
rom maT mier gamoyenebuli Terapiis specifikuri
forma ufro Sedegiania, vidre placebo Terapia
(neitraluri Terapia, romelic mxolod gankur-
nebis molodins qmnis) (Enserink, 1999).
ukanasknel wlebSi mkvlevrebi Terapiul Sede-
gianobas statistikuri meTodis _ meta-analizis
_ gamoyenebiT afaseben. meta-analizi mkvlevrebs
formaluri meqanizmiT uzrunvelyofs, romelic
mowodebulia mravali sxvadasxvagvari eqsperi-
mentis monacemebSi zogadi daskvnebis gamosavle-
nad. bevr fsiqologiur eqsperimentSi mkvlevari
svams kiTxvas: gamovlinda Tu ara eqsperimentis
monawileTa umravlesobaSi Cem mier nawinaswar-
metyveli movlena?~ meta-analizis cdis pirebs
eqsperimentebi warmoadgenen. Terapiis Sedegia-
nobasTan mimarTebaSi mkvlevari svams kiTxvas:
gamoavlina Tu ara Sedegebis gamokvlevaTa um-
ravlesobam dadebiTi cvlilebebi?~ am kiTxvaze
pasuxia Zalze damajerebeli diax~ (Lipsey &
Wilson, 1993; Shadish et al., 1997). rogorc Cans,
Terapiuli kursebis umravlesobas sul mciredi
dadebiTi efeqti mainc aqvs, romelic SesaZlo
mkurnalobis gareSe~ an placebo~ efeqtebis
farglebs scildeba.
aseTi Sedegebis gamo, Tanamedrove mkvlevrebs
naklebad afiqrebT, moqmedebs Tu ara fsiqo-
Terapia; isini ufro metad arian dakavebulni
iseTi sakiTxebiT, rogoricaa: ratom moqmedebs
fsiqoTerapia da aris Tu ara romelime konkre-
tuli mkurnaloba yvelaze efeqturi konkretuli
problemisTvis da garkveuli tipis pacientebi-
sTvis (Drozd & Goldfried, 1996, Goldfried et al., 1990). unda
aRiniSnos, rom yovelTvis ar aris ioli im
kvlevebis urTierTSedareba, romlebic sxvadasxva
Terapiebis Sesaxeb iZlevian monacemebs. Zneli
gasaTvaliswinebelia TerapevtTa gamocdilebebs
Soris gansxavavebebi, Terapiis xangrZlioba,
pirveladi diagnozis sizuste, aSlilobis tipi,
pacientis sirTuleebis simwvavesa da tipebs
Soris gansxvavebebi, Sedegebis gazomvis meTodebi,
pacientis molodinebisa da SeTavazebuli Te-
rapiis urTierTTanxvedra da mkurnalobis das-
rulebis Semdeg pacientze dakvirvebis xangr-
Zlioba _ da es mxolod mcire nawilia para-
metrTa im grZeli CamonaTvalisa, romelic gaiT-
valiswinebul unda iqnes. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT,
mkvlevrebi jer kidev cdiloben am problemebis
daZlevas da depresiis mkurnalobis sxvadasxva
tipebis pirdapir Sedarebaze fokusirdebian.
mkurnalobis Sefaseba
depresiis farTo gavrcelebidan gamomdinare
(ix. Tavi 15), mravali gamokvleva, romelSic
sxvadasxva tipis Terapiebis urTierTSedarebas
axdenen, depresiuli adamianebis jgufebze
tardeba. erTi gansakuTrebiT gabeduli proeqti
daafinansa da koordinireba gauwia fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis nacionalurma institutma (aSS,
National Institute os Mental Health NIMH). am kvlevis
ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi iyo: (1) xanmokle fsiqo-
Terapiis ori gansxvavebuli formis _ trici-
kluri medikamenturi mkurnalobis da placebo
kontrolis _ Sedegianobis Sedareba; (2) 28
profesionali Terapevtis mier Catarebuli
mkurnalobis zusti gansazRvra da standarti-
zacia; amasTan, TiToeuli Terapevti Terapiis
oTxi tipidan erT-erTSi specializirdeboda da
TiToeuli tipis mkurnaloba sxvadasxva qalaqis
sam sxvadasxva dawesebulebaSi tardeboda; (3)
SemTxveviT SeirCa 240 ambulatoriuli pacienti,
romelic klinikuri depresiuli aSlilobis
standartul kriteriumebs akmayofilebda; (4)
dadginda Sefasebis standartizirebuli proce-
durebi Terapiis procesisa (magaliTad, Terapi-
uli seansebis videoCanawerebis) da saboloo
Sedegebis gasazomad gankuTvnili meTodikebis
monitoringisTvis mkurnalobis dasawyisSi, 16-
kviriani Terapiuli procesis ganmavlobaSi,
mkurnalobis dasasrulisTvis da dasrulebidan
18 Tvis Semdeg; (5) Sedegebis damoukidebeli
Sefaseba romelime dawesebulebaSi, romelic
ar monawileobda kvlevis arc erT fazaSi (Elkin
et al., 1989).
afasebdnen ori saxis fsiqoTerapias, romelic
specialurad Seiqmna, an modificirda arasaavad-
placebo Terapia (Placebo therapy) _ nebismieri
specifikuri klinikuri procedurisgan damouki-
debeli Terapia, romelic iwvevs klienti mdgo-
mareobis gaumjobesebas.
meta-analizi (Meta-analysis) _ hipoTezebis
Semowmebeli statiskituri meTodi, romelic
iZleva formalur meqanizms mravali sxvadasxva-
gvari eqsperimentis monacemebSi zogadi das-
kvnebis gamosavlenad.
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myofos pirobebSi depresiis samkurnalod. es
ori xanmokle Terapia iyo kognitur-biheviora-
luri Terapia da interpersonaluri fsiqo-
Terapia _ fsiqodinamikuri orientaciis Terapia,
romelic pacientebis mimdinare cxovrebasa da
pirovnebaTSoris urTierTobebze fokusir-
deboda. ormag brma proceduraSi, (anu eqsperimen-
tatorebma ar icodnen, romeli pacienti romel
preparats iRebda) tricikluri antidepresanti
imipramini da placebo kontrolis preparati
gamoiyenes. rogorc medikamentebis, ise place-
bos SemTxvevaSi TiToeul pacients kviraSi
erTxel naxulobda fsiqiatri, romelic
minimalur mxardamWer Terapias axorcieldebda.
Terapiis Sedegebis am samagaliTo kvlevis
monacemebis erTi nawili mocemulia suraTze
16.2. grafiki aCvenebs, rom Rrmad depresiuli
pacientebis mkurnalobis TiToeuli forma ufro
Sedegiani iyo, vidre placebo; amasTan, anti-
depresiuli medikamenti yvelaze Sedegiani
aRmoCnda, fsiqodinamikurma da kongitur-
bihevioralurma Terapiebma, Sedegianobis mixed-
viT, Sualeduri mdgomareoba daikaves (Klein &
Ross, 1993). Semdgom proeqtebSi mkvlevrebi afa-
sebdnen da erTmaneTs adarebdnen mxolod fsiqo-
Terapiis Sedegianobasa da kombinirebul fsiqo-
Terapiul da medikamentur mkurnalobas. erT-
erT gamokvlevaSi kombinirebuli Terapia yvela-
ze warmatebuli aRmoCnda (Keller et al., 2000). 519
monawilidan, romelmac mkurnalobis kursi
gaiara, simptomebis Semsubuqebis kvlevaSi
dadgenil kriteriumebs im monawileTa 55%-is
mdgomareoba akmayofilebda, vin mxolod medi-
kamenturi mkurnaloba miiRo da im monawileTa
52%-is mdgomareoba, vinc mxolod fsiqoTerapiiT
mkurnalobda, xolo im pacientebidan, vinc
iRebda kombinirebul _ fsiqoTerapiul da
medikamentur mkurnalobas _ 85%-s mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebis igive maCvenebeli hqonda.
depresiis mkurnalobis Sesafaseblad Cata-
rebuli kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom orive _ bio-
logiur da fsiqologiur _ mkurnalobas mniS-
vnelovani wvilili Seaqvs fsiqikuri janmrTe-
lobis gaumjobesebaSi. garda amisa, es kvlevebi
naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis im meTodebze,
romelTa gamoyenebiTac SeiZleba ganisazRvros,
Tu romeli Terapia iqneba saukeTeso TiToeuli
tipis aSlilobisTvis. suraTze 16.3 mocemulia
ganzogadebuli ierarqiuli sqema imisa, Tu ra
rols asrulebs Teoria, klinikaSi warmoebuli
dakvirveba da mecnieruli kvleva mkurnalobis
(rogorc fsiqikuri, ise _ fizikuri daavadebebis)
nebismieri formis ganviTarebasa da SefasebaSi.
is gviCvenebs, Tu ra saxis sistematuri kvlevaa
saWiro, rom klinicistebma ufro iolad gasa-
zRvron, Teoriis winaswarmetyvelebis Sesaba-
misad, marTlac cvlis rames Tu ara maT mier
gamoyenebuli Terapia. sqemis erT mxares xedavT
klinikaSi warmoebuli dakvirvebis Sedegebs _
klinicistis sakuTar gamocdilebas axali pro-
cedurebis gamoyenebisas. Cveulebisamebr, mkur-
nalobis axali meTodebi dasawyisisTvis praq-
tikaSi mkacri eqsperimentuli kontrolis gareSe
gamoicdeba. sqemis meore mxares Teoriis ganvi-
Tarebas xedavT. Teoria winaswarmetyvelebs im
meTodebis Sesaxeb, romelmac unda gaamarTlos
da imuSaos praqtikaSi, rac SeiZleba dadas-
turdes laboratoriuli gamokvlevebiT. es ori
saxis insaiti _ klinikuri da eqsperimentuli
_ erTiandeba da axal Terapias iZleva (Goldfried
& Wolfe, 1996; Seligman, 1996).
winamdebare Tavis daskvniT qveTavSi cxov-
rebis mniSvnelovan princips SevexebiT: rogori
suraTi
16.2
depresiis Terapiebi
depresiis simptomebi yvelaze metad medikamenturi
mkurnalobis Sedegad Semcirda, Tumca, simptomebi,
aseve, mniSvnelovnad Semcirda fsiqodinamikuri da
kognituri Terapiebis Sedegadac.
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Sedegianic ar unda iyos mkurnaloba, xSirad
ukeTesia daavadebis prevencia, vidre misi
mkurnaloba.
prevenciis strategiebi
ori megobari mdinaris piras seirnobda.
uecrad, mdinarem gatacebuli bavSvi
Camoatara. erT-erTi maTgani Caxta mdina-
reSi da bavSvi gadaarCina. amis Semdeg
megobrebma ganagrZes seirnoba. moulod-
nelad, kidev erTi bavSvi Camohyva dinebas.
pirveli bavSvis gadamrCeni isev gadaeSva
mdinareSi da isev gamoiyvana samSvidobos
mdinaris msxverpli. male mesame wyal-
waRebulic gamoCnda. jer isev mSrali
megobari swrafad gauyva mdinaris napirs
dinebis sapirispirod. maSvelma megobarma
gasZaxa: ei, sad midixar?~ mSralma mego-
marma upasuxa: vcdilob, im naZiralas
mivagno, vinc am bavSvebs wyalSi yris~
(Wolman, 1975, gv. 3).
am moTxrobis morali naTelia: problemis
prevencia, anu Tavidan acileba saukeTeso gada-
wyvetaa. Cven mier ganxiluli yvela tradiciuli
Terapia iseTi adamianis Secvlazea mimarTuli,
romelsac ukve aqvs problema, an romelic ara-
qmediTunariania. isini mas Semdeg iwyeben muSa-
obas, rac Tavs iCens problemuri qceva da es
gausaZlisi xdeba adamianisTvis. im droisaTvis,
rodesac adamiani mkurnalobas gadawyvets, an
iZulebuli gaxdeba, rom imkurnalos, fsiqikuri
aSliloba ukve kargad aris mokalaTebuli~
da damangrevlad moqmedebs mis yoveldRiur
funqcionirebaze, sazogadoebriv saqmianobaze,
samsaxursa Tu profesiul zrdaze.
ufro Sedegiani Terapiis Seqmna
fsqiqikuri/fizikuri daavadebebis mkurna-
lobis ganvioTarebis afexurebi
suraTi
16.3

mkurnalobis
mimdinare
statusi
pirveladi
kvleva _
Teoriuli
modeli
klinikuri
dakvirveba
gamocda
kontrolis
gareSe
klinikur
populaciaSi
sawyisi
gamokvlevebi
laboratoria
Si
axali
Terapia
moklevadiani
klinikuri
kvlevebi
kontroliT
grZelvadiani
klinikuri
kvlevebi
kontroliT
praqtikaSi
efeqturobis
Sefaseba
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fsiqologiuri problemebis prevencia ram-
denime doneze SeiZleba ganxorcieldes (Rabins,
1992, Reiss & Price, 1996). pirveladi prevencia mimar-
Tulia daavadebis ganviTarebamde mdgomareobis
Tavidan acilebaze. am mizniT, magaliTad, SeiZ-
leba gadaidgas nabijebi imisaTvis, rom indi-
videbs gamklavebis unar-Cvevebi davaswavloT,
romliTac isini garemos uaryofiTi aspeqte-
bisadmi, romelmac SeiZleba SfoTva, an depresia
gamoiwvion, metad adaptirebadni gaxdebian, an
romelTa saSualebiTac SeeZlebaT maTi Secvla
(Durlak & Wells, 1997; Kaplan, 2000). meoradi prevencia
cdilobs ukve ganviTarebuli aSlilobis simwva-
vis, an xangrZlivobis Semcirebas. es keTdeba
programebiT, romelic aSlilobis dasawyisSive
gamovlenisa da mkurnalobis dawyebis SesaZ-
leblobas iZleva. mesameuli prevencia cdilobs,
ar dauSvas recidivebi da amiT zRudavs fsiqolo-
giuri aSlilobis xangrZliv zemoqmedebas. mesa-
meuli prevenciuli zomebisTvis saWiroa, rom
ukve cnobili da SeZlebisdagvarad aRmofxvrili
iyos aSlilobis mizezebi.
dasaxelebuli tipebis prevenciis ganxorci-
eleba im msxvilmasStabian cvlilebebze mianiS-
nebda, romelic fsiqikuri janmrTelobis dacvis
zogadma mimarTulebam da ZiriTadma paradigmebma
ganicada. umniSvnelovanesi sistemuri cvli-
lebebia: (1) mkurnalobisTvis prevenciis damateba;
(2) daavadebebis mkurnalobis viwro samedicino
modelidan sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis ufro
farTo modelze gadasvla; (3) im situaciebsa da
garemo pirobebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba,
romelic adamianebs riskis winaSe ayenebs da
maT risk-jgufSi myofi adamianebisgan~ mijnavs;
(4) meti interesi Cveuli cxovrebiseuli garemos
situaciebisadmi, romelic xels uwyobs daava-
debis ganviTarebas da naklebi _ predispo-
ziciuri maxasiaTeblebis Ziebisadmi Tavad ada-
mianebSi (Ammerman & Hersen, 1997; Kendrick et al., 1996).
samedicino modeli mowodebulia daavadebuli
adamianebis mkurnalobisTvis; sazogadoebrivi
jandacvis modeli daavadebebisa da avadmyofobis
garemoSi arsebuli mizezebis gamovlenasa da
aRkveTas gulisxmobs. am midgomiT, daavadebuli
individi ganixileba, rogorc maspinZeli, an
matarebeli _ mimdinare daavadebis saboloo
Sedegi. rodesac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba im garemo
pirobebis Secvla, romelic daavadebis ganvi-
Tarebas ganapirobebs, mogvianebiT aRar gaxdeba
saWiro adamianebis Secvla Zvirad Rirebuli,
eqstensiuri mkurnalobiT. iseTi infeqciuri
daavadebebis mkveTri Semcireba, rogoricaa
tuberkulozi, yvavili da malaria, am midgomis
wyalobiT gaxda SesaZlebeli. rac Seexeba
fsiqopaTologias, am SemTxvevaSic SesaZlebelia
stresis mizezebis gamovlena garemosa Tu aqti-
vobis organizaciaSi. SeiZleba maT Sesustebaze
mimarTuli programis Seqmna da amiT im adamianTa
ricxvis Semcireba, vinc maTi moqmedebis samizne
gaxdeba. klinikuri ekologiis sfero afarTovebs
biosamedicino Terapiebis sazRvrebs imiT, rom
iseT aSlilobebs, rogoricaa SfoTviTi aSli-
loba da depresia, garemoSi arsebul gamRi-
zianeblebs ukavSirebs _ es SeiZleba iyos: qimi-
uri gamxsnelebi, xmauri, sezonuri cvlilebebi
da radiacia (Bell, 1982). vinaidan wvlili Seaqvs
fsiqopaTologiaSi, zogierTma Terapevtma gaa-
farTova garemos cneba da masSi garegani garemos
10
yvela is maxasiaTebeli CarTo, romelic norma-
lur adaptaciaze zemoqmedebs yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi (Ghadirian & Lehmann, 1993). aq Sedis,
kvebis zemoqmedeba, fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi,
terorizmi, bunebrivi ubedurebebi da socia-
luri mxardaWeris sistemebis ararseboba.
fsiqikuri aSlilobebis prevencia mraval-
mxrivi da rTuli amocanaa. masSi ara marto
relevanturi mizezobrivi faqtorebis gageba
moiazreba, aramed individualur, dawesebu-
lebebis da samTavrobo doneebze warmoqmnili
winaaRmdegobis daZleva cvlilebebisken mimaval
gzaze. aucilebelia seriozuli samecniero
kvleviTi Zalisxmeva prevenciuli RonisZiebebis
xangrZlivi sargeblis demonstrirebisTvis da
fsiqopaTologiisadmi sazogadoebrivi jandacvis
modelis gamoyeneba, raTa gamarTleba moeZebnos
amisaTvis gaRebul xarjebs sxva problemebis
winaSe, romelic, aseve, dauyovnebel gadawyvetas
saWiroebs. prevenciuli programebis saboloo
klinikuri ekologia (Clinical ecology) fsiqo-
logiis dargi, romelic iseT aSlilobebs, ro-
goricaa SfoTviTi aSliloba da depresia,
garemoSi arsebul gamRizianeblebs ukavSirebs.
10
External environment igulisxmeba yvelaferi is,
rac arsebobs adamianis gareT. amis sapirispiroa Sinagani
garemo, anu is, rac adamianis SigniTaa (mTargmnelis
SeniSvna).
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mizani sazogadoebis yvela wevrisTvis fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis SenarCunebis uzrunvelyofaa.
Sejameba
fsiqoTerapiiT dakavebuli mkvlevrebi cdi-
loben, gansazRvron, Terapiuli Carevis romeli
formebi uzrunvelyofen saukeTeso Sedegs. didi
raodenobis gamokvlevebis analizi aCvenebs, rom
mTlianobaSi fsiqoTerapia Sedegiania. farTo-
masStabiani kvlevebi, rogoricaa depresiis
mkurnalobis kvleva (romelic aSS fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis dacvis nacionaluri institutis,
koordinaciiT ganxorcielda), miznad isaxavs
calkeuli aSlilobebisTvis maqsimalurad Se-
degiani konkretuli tipis mkurnalobis gamov-
lenas. ukeTesi Terapiuli meTodis Seqmnis pro-
cesi laboratoriuli kvlevebis aRmoCenebsa
da klinikuri gamocdilebis Sedegebs aerTianebs.
prevenciuli mimarTuleba ubiZgebs klinicis-
tebs, rom Seecadon individebisTvis unar-
Cvevebis gamomuSavebas da maTi garemos Secvlas
ise, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes aSlilobis gan-
viTareba da misi Sedegebis minimizacia.
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
Terapiuli konteqsti
Terapia diagnozis dasmas
da mkurnalobis kursis
daniSvnas moiTxovs.
Terapia SeiZleba iyos
samedicino, an fsiqolo-
giuri.
arsebobs fsiqoTerapiis
oTxi ZiriTadi tipi:
fsiqodinamikuri, bihevio-
raluri, kognituri da
egzistencialur-humanis-
turi.
mravali sxvadasxva pro-
fesionali dakavebulia
fsiqoTerapiiT.
warsulSi fsiqikuri aS-
lilobebis mkurnaloba
uxeSi da araadamianuri
iyo.
fsiqikuri aSlilobis
daavadebad miCnevas pa-
cientTa ufro humanuri
meTodebiT mkurnaloba
mohyva.
kulturuli anTropo-
logia gviCvenebs, rom
mraval kulturaSi ar-
sebobs fsiqikuri aS-
lilobebis gagebisa da mkur-
nalobis meTodebi, rac mniS-
vnelovani gakveTili SeiZ-
leba iyos dasavluri Tera-
piuli praqtikisTvis.
zigmund froidis fsiqoana-
litikuri Teoriis safuZvel-
ze Seiqmna.
froidi xazs usvamda aracno-
bieri konfqliqtebis rols
fsiqopaTologiis etiolo-
giaSi. fsiqodinamikuri Tera-
piis mizani am konfliqtebis
gadaWraa.
am Terapiis mniSvnelovani
mdgenelebia: Tavisufali aso-
ciaciebi, winaaRmdegobisadmi
yuradReba, sizmrebis anali-
zi, gadatana da kontrgada-
tana.
neofroidianelebi met aq-
cents akeTeben pacientis aw-
myo, mimdinare socialur
situaciaze, pirovnebaTSoris
urTierTobebze da me-koncef-
ciaze.
bihevioraluri Terapiebi
daswavlis da ganmtkicebis
principebs iyenebs prob-
lemuri qcevis modifici-
rebisas, an aRkveTisas.
kontrganpirobebis meTo-
debiT xdeba uaryofiTi
qcevebis, rogoricaa, fo-
biuri reaqciebi, Canacvleba
ufro adapturi qcevebiT.
fobiebis modifikaciis
yvela teqnikisTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli elementia sti-
mulis wardgena.
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceb-
lebis marTva; pirobiTi gan-
pirobebuloba qcevis mo-
dificirebis mizniT gamo-
iyeneba; upiratesad iyeneben
dadebiT ganmtkicebasa da
reaqciis Caqrobas.
socialuri daswavlis
TerapiaSi qcevis modeli-
reba da socialuri unar-
Cvevebis gavarjiSeba gamoi-
yeneba, raTa individebs
sakuTari SesaZleblobebis
darwmunebaSi daexmaron.
697
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kognituri Terapiebi
kognituri Terapia mimar-
Tulia uaryofiTi, an ira-
cionaluri azrebis pater-
nebis Secvlaze, romelic
individs sakuTari Tavisa
da socialuri urTierTo-
bebis Sesaxeb gaaCnia.
modifikacia klientisgan
moiTxovs problemis Sesa-
xeb mosazrebaTa ufro me-
tad konstruqciuli pa-
ternebis daswavlas da
axali teqnikebis sxva, Tera-
piulisgan gansxvavebul
situaciebSi gamoyenebas.
kognituri Terapia war-
matebiT gamoiyeneba depre-
siis mkurnalobisTvis.
racionalur-emocionaluri
Terapia exmareba klientebs
gaacnobieron sakuTari ira-
cionaluri mosazrebebi sak-
uTari Tavis Sesaxeb, rom-
lebic xels uSliT maT
warmatebul cxovrebas.
turi Terapia
turi Terapiebi individebs
TviTaqtualizaciaSi ex-
mareba.
Terapevtebi cdiloben
aradireqtiulni iyvnen, ro-
desac klients exmarebian
sakuTar Tavze dadebiTi war-
modgenis SeqmnaSi, romel-
sac SeuZlia garemodan
momdinare kritikasTan gam-
klaveba.
geStalt-Terapia mimar-
Tulia erTian pirovnebaze
_ sxeulze, fsiqikasa da
sacxovrebel garemoze.
jgufuri Terapiebi
jgufuri Terapia saSua-
lebas aZlevs adamianebs,
daakvirdnen da CaerTon
socialur urTierTobebSi,
rac Seamcirebs maT fsiqo-
logiur problemebs.
ojaxis da ojaxuri wyvi-
lebis Terapia wyvilis, an
ojaxis situaciur siZne-
leebsa da pirovnebaTSoris
dinamikaze muSaobs; aq wyvili,
an ojaxi ganixileba, rogorc
sistema, romelic gaumjo-
besebas saWiroebs.
sazogadoebrivi da inter-
netis TviTdaxmarebis jgu-
febi SesaZleblobas aZlevs
individebs, miiRon infor-
macia da socialuri mxar-
daWeris pirobebSi sakuTar
TavSi darwmunebuloba ig-
rZnos.
fsiqikuri daavadebis fizio-
logiuri aspeqtebis cvli-
lebaze orientirdebian.
radikaluri da Seuqcevadi
moqmedebis gamo fsiqoqi-
rurgia iSviaTad gamoiyeneba.
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Te-
rapia Zalze efeqturia dep-
resiul pacientebTan, magram
is mainc sakamaTo sakiTxad
rCeba.
farmakoTerapiaSi Sedis
antifsiqoturi medikamentebi
SizofreniisTvis, antidepre-
santebi da anqsiolizuri
saSualebebi.
tradiciulma fsiqoTera-
piebma da medikamenturma
mkurnalobam SeiZleba tvin-
Si zogierTi erTnairi cvli-
leba gamoiwvios.
kvleva aCvenebs, rom mravali
Terapia ukeTes Sedegs iZ-
leva, vidre drois tyuilad
xarjva, an placebo Terapia.
Sefasebis proeqtebi, rogo-
ricaa depresiis Terapiebis
NIMH-is mier warmoebuli
kvleva, gvexmareba, rom vupa-
suxoT kiTxvas: ra qmnis Te-
rapiis efeqturobas?
prevenciis strategiebi au-
cilebelia fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis ganviTarebis
SesaCereblad da ukve war-
moqmnili aSlilobebis
Sedegebis minimizaciisTvis.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
aversiuli Terapia
qcevis repeticia
qcevis modifikacia
biosamedicino Terapia
kaTarzisi
klienti
klientze centrirebuli Te-
rapia
klinikuri ekologia
klinikuri fsiqologi
klinikuri socialuri muSaki
modifikacia
kognituri Terapia
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis
marTva
fsiqolog-konsultanti
kontrganpirobeba
kontrgadatana
sizmris analizi
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia
(ECR)
daZirva
Tavisuafali asociacia
geStalt-Terapia
moZraoba adamianis potencia-
lis ganviTarebisTvis
imploziuri Terapia
insaituri Terapia
meta-analizi
obieqti-urTierTobis Terapia
monawileobis meSveobiT mode-
lireba
RvTismsaxuri-konsultanti
pacienti
placebo Terapia
prefrontaluri lobotomia
fsiqiatri
fsiqoanalitikosi
fsiqofarmakologia
fsiqoqirurgia
fsiqoTerapia
racionalur-emociuri Terapia
(per)
winaaRmdegoba
ritualuri mkurnaloba
Samanizmi
socialuri daswavlis Terapia
spontanuri remisiis efeqti
sistemuri desensitizacia
gadatana
698
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s oci aluri p roces ebi da urTi erTobebi s oci aluri p roces ebi da urTi erTobebi s oci aluri p roces ebi da urTi erTobebi s oci aluri p roces ebi da urTi erTobebi s oci aluri p roces ebi da urTi erTobebi
17
situaciis Zala
rolebi da wesebi
socialuri normebi
konformuloba
situaciis Zala: mxilebani
faruli kameriT
rogor zemoqmedeben jgufebi
gadawyvetilebis miRebaze
socialuri realobis
konstruireba
atribuciis Teoriis
warmoSoba
atribuciis fundamenturi
Secdoma
sakuTari Tavisadmi
mikerZoeba
molodinebi da TviTqmnadi
winaswarmetyveleba
qcevebi, romlebic
amarTleben molodinebs
damokidebulebebi, maTi Secvla
da qceva
damokidebulebebi da qcevebi
darwmunebis procesi
sakuTari qmedebiT
darwmuneba
daTanxmeba
mowoneba
Seyvareba
urTierTobebi da interneti
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
700
ems siciliel papa salvatores
Zalian uyvarda opera, magram
metismetad Raribi iyo imisaTvis,
rom odesme Tavis axal samSobloSi amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi operis TeatrSi wasuliyo.
amis nacvlad, is yovel SabaTs usmenda patara
radioTi saopero gadacemebs metropoliten ope-
ridan, romelic Tavis fexsacmlebis SesakeTebel
saxelosnoSi, bronqsSi hqonda. is mTel xmaze
rTavda radios, xolo, Tu opera italiuri iyo,
tenoris partiebis umetesobas SemsrulebelTan
erTad TviTonac asrulebda. Tanac papa grZnobda
imis aucileblobas, rom gaenaTlebina amerike-
lebi~ da isini saopero xelovnebis saswau-
lisTvis eziarebina, amitom Tavisi saxelosnos
karsac aRebda, raTa radios xma quCebs grialiT
mosdeboda.
erT SabaT dRes, papaCemis netareba Tavxedi
biWebis jgufma daarRvia, romlebic mas sawyeni
epiTetebiT amkobdnen: turtliano, saidanac
mosulxar, iq waeTrie~ da uaressac eubnebodnen.
isini ise xmamaRla Rrialebdnen, rom papam
veRar SeZlo Tavisi sayvareli operis _ tra-
viatas~ mosmena. is TviTonac lanZRavda maT, magram
pasuxad ufro daundobel dacinvasa da abuCad
agdebas iRebda. garkveuli drois Semdeg biWebi
wavidnen, magram papas operis dasasrulis mosmeniT
aRaranairi siamovneba miuRia.
Semdeg SabaTs, saaTis sizustiT, biWebi isev
movidnen yviriliTa da lanZRviT. amjerad papa
salvatore gareT gamovida da biWebs uTxra: me
saTanadod ver Sevafase, Tu ra kargi xmebi gqoniaT,
modiT gaagrZeleT yvirili, rac SegiZliaT xma-
maRla da me TiToeul Tqvengans warmodgenisaTvis
25 cents gadagixdiT~. biWebmac yvirili daiwyes
da sirenebiviT naxevar saaTs mainc gahyvirodnen
gauCereblad. papa salvatorem maT safasuri gada-
uxada da isinic gancvifrebulebi da bednierebi
gaiqcnen koka-kolisa da kinosTvis naSovni fuliT.
momdevno SabaTs, rodesac isini kvlav gamo-
cxaddnen, papa salvatore gareT gamovida da
auwya biWebs, Tu rogor moswonda maTi Rriali,
Tanac ufro xmamaRali, vidre operisa Tu mezob-
lad momuSave sanagve manqanebis xmaa, magram, amas-
Tan, isic uTxra, rom erTi sawyali mewaRe iyo
da imis saSualeba ar hqonda, rom maTTvis ise
gadaexada, rogorc imsaxurebdnen da rom dRe-
vandeli SousTvis mxolod 10 centis gaRebas
SeZlebda.
Sen Cven patara bavSvebi xom ar ggonivarT,
bebruxanav? sulac ar vapirebT, Sous iafad
mowyobas, Seitene Seni fuli! _ am sityvebiT
isini iqaurobas moSordnen da, Tumca, isev ilan-
ZRebodnen, magram ufro dabal xmaze.
momdevno da yvela sxva SabaTs biWebma uari
Tqves beberi italieli mewaRis lanZRvaze, ro-
melsac Ciradac ar agdebdnen da romelsac axla
arxeinad SeeZlo, yovel SabaTs Tavisi opere-
bisaTvis esmina, ise xmamaRla CaerTo, rogorc
moisurvebda da Tavi ar Seewuxebina imaze fiqriT,
rom mas myudroebas daurRvevda an Seawuxebda
uxeSi, crurwmenebiT savse jeelebis banda.
C
Tu Tqven aRtacebaSi mogiyvanaT papa sal-
vatores qcevam, hkiTxeT Tqvens Tavs, ratom iyo
is ase efeqturi? ratom iyo, rom misma sawyisma
safasurma 25 centma ase Secvala situacia?
ratom moxda, rom sawyisi safasuris 10 centamde
dayvanam iZulebulni gaxada Tavxedebi, aRar
gahkarebodnen papa salvatores da mis operebs.
rogorc ki am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas Seec-
debiT, socialuri fsiqologiis fsiqologiis
im dargis samyaroSi moeqceviT, romelic swav-
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n+ ._.jj, r+jm. +j_jnm.
._.+n.ljn j+ln.l _. +.rm._jl n._r
n_.nj.
socialuri fsiqologia _njnn n
_.rn., r+jn jn._n ._.+n.lm. rn
_rmnjrmjn. _. _rmnjrm_.+_n_j_jjn
._jl. +.m .1rj1j, rulj1j, ._j+j1j,
+n_j. _. jj_j1j.
n._rn _njjn _njl .__ljl
jj_n .r +nn n._rn _ljjn _.r-
jn. n._rn _ljjn n .n,
+ur._n jjn., r+j1j socialuri cxo-
velis +ur.jn, u.nt+j_. m_ +j_._n
._njn .n.tj.. __r _.rm_ m_ .l_+.r._m,
n._rn _ljjn m._n m._n +n._
t_jn rj._r, .r+.t_ .l n+_r .rj-
., .jn_j _. _rmnjrmj+j_jj, r+-
jn ._.+n.ljn rn trnj_j.: n+ -
n._rn .rj+_n +.t.n.mjj, r+jn
trnj_j. jj_.: .j_j, n+ +_nlj. _.
lr+j, r+jn +j+_ .rj+n .r+.r-
m._jl jj_. (Sherif,1981).
.+ _. ++_j_l m._n _jl n._r-_nj-
n_rn __j_jn r.+_jln+j unrnm._ mj+.
.l_ntn._m. .+ m._n `nr_j l.nn ._.+n.ln
jj_n +._lrjj n._rn n_.njn
u..1j _n._rjm: +n+_ntn._m +r._.n
__j_n +..j, r+jnm. _._r_j., r+
n._rn n_.nn _+ln_lj +.t.n.mj-
j. _n +ln_lj_.ln ._jln +t_jl.
j_un.m n+.1j, m_ r. _njrm .l rr
+j+j_jm: j+_j n+ tjrtjn .ltn_. j___-
jnm, r+nm. _lr_nr_j., j.n_j. _.
n_j. n._rn rj.n n._rn
_.+_n_j_jjn: j+_j _n +ljn. _.
nj_.r_n _rmnjrmj .l_ntn._m. .+ m._-
n n_jljm, m_ r. ._jl. .t_jl _nj-
n_rn __j_jn _jl t_rj.1j. rr j+-
_+, +j-18 m._n l.t._m, _jl .l.n1 `nr_l_n
_ln_.l .1._jrn_.+_j ._._.rm_jm. rn_j
m._n .r.j_n mjrn. j++j_ njlj.
`r.jn_nm _. j_j_jnm, __`._tm _nmt_.:
.r_j m_ .r. _njn_rn _l. r.n+j
r ._.+n.ljn. _. .1._jn j_j__n_r
t_rj.n?
situaciis Zala
fsiqologia da cxovrebis~ nl. m._jn
_l.tjm, r+ _njjn, r+jn jj_n
+n1j1jn .tl. _n_ljl, `._tj u.1j
.lt_._j_ _jrjn jujjl. 1njrmn +.m.ln
jljn__r _.jrj ._, t_jn n-
jn+n_r _.jrj _. _nln +n+_nl.rj `rjj,
+j.+jln _n j_r.__j. .rj+ 1j+j+j_j.1j
.+.t_njjl. n._r _njj _jr.m,
r+ jj_n unrnm._n .l+.1__rjn +n1j1jn
n+ n._rn n_.nn +.t.n.mjjn., r-
+jn n trnj_j.. nnln .+_njjl, r+
n._rn n_.n. n+_jl._ unjr._ ._l-
rj nl_n_n_n jj_., r+ tnr._ `rj_.-
nrj `nr_lj.. _. +n .r_ .+_n-
j.1j, _.j_j. _. jtj__jj1j. r-
r `.`. ._.rj 1j+m +j_.lnn +..-
nmn_.l. .l, n._rn n_.nn 1j._-
jl. n+_jl._ j_n++_jn., r+ .+. _jl,
j.u., _jr _n _.lnjrj_jm. .+ j_jm._n
_jl n+ _.n__r __j_j. _. _.tj jj`jrn-
+jlj .l_ntn._m, r+jn tln.l ._.+n.ln
jj_.1j ulj._ j.+lj_, +.r.+ unjrn 1j._-
jln +jlj n_.n_rn _._jn +j+j_j..
rolebi da wesebi
r+jn socialuri rolebia mj_jlm_n +n.-
_jn? socialuri roli .rn n._r._ .l.-
1__r_n jj_n `.jrln, r+n .ltrnjj-
.. +jn.l `nr_ljn.l +j+_ n_.-
n.n .l ___n __ljnlnrjn.. .lt_._j-
_n n_.njn .lt_._j_n rjn
jr_jn j.uj. nuj_.. r_j.
.tn t.rm, j.u., +rj_n jl_jm
.__n, _n .l u+n rn. r_j. ._.
m.tn t.rm, mj_jl __jln r n_jm.
t_. j+mt_j_.n mj_jl, j.u., .__jmj
+j.rn .l jj_.rj_n njm. jnun.m,
socialuri fsiqologia (Social psychology) _
fsiqologiis dargi, romelic Seiswavlis
socialuri cvladebis gavlenas individis
qcevebze, damokidebulebebze (attitudes),
aRqmebsa da motivebze; is, agreTve, Seiswavlis
jgufebs da jgufTaSoris fenomenebs.
socialuri rolebi (Social roles) qcevis soci-
alurad gansazRvruli paternebi, romlebsac
moelian pirovnebisgan, romelic mocemul
garemoSi an jgufSi funqcionirebs.
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m_.n +n._j_lm, m_ rr r._._ j+ln.l j
.lt_._j_n rjn mj_jlm_n +j-l._j._
j.j_n. _. tj+n.__+ .lt_._j_n
n`n jj_j.
n_.njn, .rjm_j, t.n.m_j. n+nm, r+
._.+n.ljn j+rnjn.l jj_jn .r++.rm_j
wesebs, .l_ nm_.nnljjl `jn_n_r +mt_-
lj. 1njrmn jn eqspliciturad, m_..n-
l_.. +j+_n (+..nm._, l_ +j_m, .r
_.+m _.n), .l jj`nn_r._ _.n._j.
.__.n (`.n_n jnm __rj, _t .r
_.j.`.r._). t_. jjn implicituria. nnln
.r__j_ n_njn t_. ._.+n.ljm.l _rmnjrm-
jn. _.n._j.. r.+_jl._ t+.+._. jnuj.
.rmm +_n_., r.+_jl._ .t jnuj. t_.
._.+n.lm.l +n_., r_n jnuj., +.._jj
.l __r .tjnm, .l_. rrn. +n._jn
rj.jn. _+`n+jl. m_ ._j.r1j j_j. j
.jn_. n_.n.1j. _.+_n_j_n. +..nm._,
n.`ljn .r .tln ._j.r +_jljn m.l_.-
rjnm n+n nnm, r+, j.u., .m.l.__
_jr .+t. +._njrj., t _tj+.,
r+j+. .r nn .+ _._jrjn jn j.tj,
j.u., .r.r._ .n +nn .jnjn _.
n _tj._ _. .r._nt+njr._ +nnln. ++.-
_.n n_n j_n. ._jm, .l.1__rm,
r. jj nlm .+ n_.n.m.l _._._nrjnm.
r.+ .rn, r+ .j ._.+n.ljn, _j_jrn_,
t+._.. .`.r._jl, .l _. _+._ .rn.l?
mj_jl _j_jrn_, j.u., .r _n n_jm
jjn. _. rjn 1j._jln j.tj, +.r.+
jrm+. _.n__r+. n._r-_njn_r+.
jj`jrn+jl+., j.. jl_r_n ntn jj`jrn+jl+.,
.+ u.jn .l+._n_rjjn 1j+j+j_j.
.+._nl. (Haney & Zimbardo,1977; Zimbardo, 1975;
.+jrj_ njl. ._rn.n Lovibond et al.,1979).
saidan
viciT
socialuri rolebi fiqtiur cixeSi
_.n_rln.n 1._t_n jrm __nr.
_n. nrjln t+.+ _..r__n. _j_n _-
_jl +n _nm_ +j__rj.. `nnn
+.lj.l.+ +__jmr._ _..+_tr__.+nn .tn
nl. _ r.+_jln+j _mn + _.l..-
_jrn_ j+j_j.n ._jjlj r._j., +n-
j .l+.rj. +nn _ln_n_rn __j-
jn j.tj, .trn_j _. r_njn _..-
_j. .+n j+_j nn rjnrnrj_ njl.
.n_j +nn mnmn .l.j__jn _. m_.j.-
t_j_n ._.nj_.lj jl_r_n .r._
ntjn. .j nn ..n_j, _j1nl_jjn.
._.rj _. _+nln1ln +._n _ln_r+.
.._j .n_jln_n_.n l+rnm 647 +_jr_.
_. 1_r1j. _j_n t_. 8 __jln, .j_j
njl. _._._j_n _. _.l+rnn.
+n _. +nn m.l.+j._ljln +t.njjn
nj_ljl, r+jn .1jmn .+j_jjlj_
.lt._j. .+jt+._rljl _. m.lt+.
.l.t._j r__nrn.l jj`jrn+jln +l.n-
j.1j, r+jn ntjn j_l. nm_.n-
nlj_.. +ljn ..j_1j ._jnm, +-
t.njm. l.n `.n+rn, l.n _n 1j-
_.+tj__jn rn _.j_nr..
jj`jrn+jln j_j. +l.nj _n_n r._-
jln +t.nj __jln.l jnr., r+-
jn t.lrun_n _njn_rn jnrj-
n. _. .+_nmt_jn .__u_j1j _.ll+r-
n, j+n_r._ .n_r, _n1n__r._ _.l-
+rmj _. ._., lr+._r ._.+n.lj._
njljl +nlj_ln. `.n+rjn, jj`jrn+jln
+n+_nl.rjn `jrn_n ntjn n+j_j-
_ljl, 1j_.+tj__jjn _n .l_.r_._
8 ..m +_._ljl.
r. +t_. +. j+_j, r. __jlj+.
+.m1j _._nrj_n rjn .nm._nj?
1j_.+tj__jjn n __jljn, r+jn
wesebi (Rules) garkveul situaciaSi garkveuli
saxiT moqcevis moTxovnebi.
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703
+_n_n.ln _. _.rn n_jn nj_ljl, .-
rjn_._, 1_jr ._n_r._. _n njj-
_ljl. nnln +_.r._ +nmt__ljl, r+
`.n+rjn _nj__, j_j_.rn jj+.ln
.rjj _.+rnj_ljl jj. _.+r-
nj.1j _.rn mj+. `rn_njnjn _.-
_.r_. +.j_j_.. m.__.`nr_j._ `rn_nj-
njn _nmt_n, jrn _. m.l.._ljjm.l
._rn __j. j_n_.. +_n.ljnm
`.n+rjn +trn_.l +nrj `rjn _n
njmn `rn_njnjn _._.r_. n_j__.,
rrn nj _.+., unn _. _..l.. j-
jn._+n _._+rnj., .j_j, njmn
_.+.+nrjjn _. _.1r .+_.jn j-
r_j. _j__. m.l, rrn nj _.jn
tjnm rjt_., .1n__jn 1_r1j 1j_.+-
tj__jn _jtnm _. _.rjrn .+.. 1j_.+tj_-
_jjn +__+n_._ _n_ljl njmn .t.n
._jjn +_njrj., r+ `.n+rj m._n
__r +j._ _.+nrj_._ jrulm.
`.n+rn rn +j_+., +.l.+_j _nj-
n_r._ .n_r+. __jlj+. _ +.j
.+._nlj `.mn_rn jj_jn, `.n_r
nl.._+_j. _j__ljl _.+nrj. _. j_
jj_jl. 36 ..mn .r nj ._n, r+
`.n+.r+. 8412-+., _nnm .tnn _ln
jrm-jrm+. n_jr+., m._j__._jjn j_nrnn
_.nj. +. ._jlnlj_. +u_nl_.rjn j-
j_jn, .1r_ljn _j1r.ln1.n. _. _r+.
_j`rjn.. ++_j_l __jjn _n_j_ .+ `.-
n+.r .l__nm.r_. rj_n n+`+jn.
+jt_mj `.n+.r _n +mj tj_1j _n-
j+._rn .r+n .+l.j.rn ._l_.
+. j+_j, r. _.rj_n njl. +nn mt_l.
jj.jn j.tj.
.+ _r.+._n _. +__lj._ _r+. j+-
n_rn _. jj_nmn j_jjjn .+ t_mn `.n+.rn,
r+j+. rj_n rj.jn. .+._nl., _r1j
._rj njl. .lm._n__j_n .+ __j_ ntn_.l
_. _njjn nu_j_ln .t_ljl, +.m1j
_.__nr_jn r__nrn.ln _._. jj_ __j+_j jj+-
nrjnl.m. +n _nm_+ .l.t._., r+ n
._.r n_r_j_. +._ jj`jrn+jln .l+jrjnm
+l.njn +n_j.. ._.j_. r. +n_j_
.+_nj., n .+_., r+ j_rn r.+ jnj
.__m.rn m._n. _., .jrm_, ._.+n.ln _ljn
j.tj. .j_lnjr_, n _. t_. __jljn,
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704
unrnm._._, _.l+rmjln nj_ljl _. .__n._
.+_n_ljl .+ +un+j n_.nn_.l. ++_j_l
`jrn_n +.m1j +r._.n.l+. _.__nr_jj+.
.r .+._nl. r.n+j t.lrun_n lj.n_rn j_jjn.
+l.njj+. tjn j_jj u.1j +ln_lj_.ln
_.__ljn ._jmj.: _njn_r ntjn jj+lnn
n_.nn u..+ `.n+rjn. _. 1j_.+tj__jjn
lj.n axali socialuri realoba l.+__nn
ntn rj.. jj+l..
jl_r_n ntn jj`jrn+jln j_jjn
+ntj__nm, `.n+rjn. _. 1j_.+tj__jjn~
jj_jn `r.jn__._ j_j. _.__nr_j._
n_.n.n .lt_.__j_. jrm+.ljmn..l (nt.
sur. 17.1). +n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ rjn ..-
j_1j .l.n_., l._nr+. rj+. jj+lj
.lt_._jjn jj`jrn+jln +l.nj __jl-
jn ._j. _. __jj rn, r..
u.1j _n_n +ln_lj. .jl_. .`.n+r
n_.n.n. +l.njm.m_n .r._n _._jn.,
rr _l_. +jj_nj_ljl _. nnln .r rj._rn
ntn n_.n.n j_n.l _j+j, +n_tj_._._
.+n., mnmj_+. +.m.l+. _.n._. .lt_._j.
u..__jn jl.. _. .rjl. rn (Banuazizi
& Movahedi 1975).
1j_.+tj__jn .rn n, _nl 1___._ `.n+rn
m._n__j., +.rm._ +n jj_. _. +. .r-
__j_n jj_jn .ltrnjj. .nu_j. j
_._.j. iZulebiTi wesebis (coercive rules) .-
+jjljnm .rn+.rmj_., r. _._+rnj-
n.m_n ._jn .+jjlj. _nt+_..
`.n+rj +t_ n+ n._r r_j_r.1j
jjum reagireba, r+jn 1j_.+tj__jjn
u..__jn_.l .++_nl.rj .`.n+r .rj+
j+ln_.. ._.ljj., .l _.+rnj. `.n+rjn
jrm._jrmn .rj_.ln.. `nr_jn j_jn _._..,
+jrn. _n _.+__n_jn. _. _nrjn
_._.r_..
jj`jrn+jln +l.nj __jlj +._n
.lt_._j_n n_.n_rn u.jn 1j._jl.
___j .+_nn .jl_.m m._n.lm ._rj_ -
n._r _rmnjrmjn: +jn _nn, +.-
._jjn +._j, jjn+n `.njln, __-
rn +_., _.n j.n. .+ .t. _l_rj_
n_.n.n +.m _r._ _.t_jj _. .l._nm.rj
m._n.lmn ._rj_n jj_n `.jrljn. ljn+njr
__jl ljn+njrn rn jnuj_. rj_..
1j_.+tj__jjn rn +j_n __jljn
.l_n_rj_jn +n_mnmj_ljl, m_ r.+_jl._
.__n._ .nm_nj _. +nn_j t_. ._.+n.ljn
+._lrjn rn. _ln_r+n .+. _n
._+.rnn ._+l_. n+n.m_n, r+ _j_n
`.n_rn __jljn ntn .rjn_ 1j_.+tj_-
_jj._ jj_nj_ljl. r. n`n ._.+n.l._ njj_nm,
r_j. .+. m_ n+ r .n_jm? ._ +m._r_j.
mj_jln `nr_l_n +j _. ._ njj. mj_jln
n._rn n_jl.?
socialuri normebi
.r_. n+n., r+ ___ m._nn j_rjn
r_rn jj_jn +n+.rm .r__j_n +_nljn
.j_, +. n+.m.l _._._nrjnm. .j_ +_nljn,
m_ rr unda +njljl ___n j_rjn. ___n
j_rjn +n+.rm n._r._ +n._jn .lj-
jn. _. jj_jn `jn_n__r +mt_lj, r+-
suraTi
17.1
mcvelisa da patimris qceva
stenfordis cixeSi eqsperimentis dros mcvelebis-
Tvis da patimrebisTvis darigebulma rolebma ra-
dikalurad Secvales monawileTa qceva. 6-dRiani ur-
TierTqmedebis profilSi Cawerili gamokvlevebi
aCvenebs, rom dakvirvebis 25 periodis ganmavlobaSi
patimrebi miT nakleb winaaRmdegobas wevdnen, rac
ufro met dominanturobas, mkacr kontrols da
mtrul damokidebulebas iCendnen mcvelebi.
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705
jn ___n +njr .+j.nj_n +.ln_jn-
rj_n, .l _.r_n .tnm .rjjl, socialuri
normebi j_j.. n._rn lr+jn, j.u.,
jj_jn u.1j _.rm `jjr jtj_j. m_
mj_jl _j+_r.n_n `.rnn j_rn +._lj-
n., r+ njr._rn `nn__rn jtj__jjn
.n1n.rm, t m_ t.rm .t..1r_. rj`_n-
_jm. rnt_ j__m_lnm, +.nl +._ljn.,
r+ __r _ljr_._ jtj__jj _.__jrm
+t.r. n._rn lr+jn, .rjm_j, jj_n .r-
__j_n .l_.rjn _._.. _nt+jl. +..-
nm._, m_ +n+.ln t.rm, +.nl mj_jl ++t+.-
rjj m._.1n.l._ _l_. +jjjm, .l_rj_._
n+n., r.+_jl._ .r..n.+_l _. ++mt_ln. n
mj_jl +n+.rm.
r+jn+j ___n._+n +n__m_lj_., _j-
_jrn_, +mjn rnn njmn lr+jn _._.
lnl._, r+jn ___n nlnm ._r_jn
jj_jn .ltrnjj. .rj_nrjjl. j rn
1nm t_j.: mj_jl .+lj_m ___n j_j. j_rn,
.l +.mn _+r._jn jj_jn erTgvarobas, .l
n+ negatiur Sedegebs .__nr_jnm, r+j.
___n j_rjn n._rn lr+jn __jj-
j_n j+mt_j_.n n_jjl.
lr+jn r.+_jln+j +ln_lj_.l __ljn.
.r_jjl. +j+_ ____r n_.n.n +j+j_n
lr+jn j_rjn rnjlnrj. _. +.m rn
n._rn nljr.jnjn rj_nrj. j+.t_rj-
n.l. _rmnjrmn mnmj_ +l.nj j_un.
nnl..r+jj_j, m_ rr j+_. +jrj
+l.nj +j+_ n_.n.n, rr .n_.+,
r. nj_n _., .j_j, nn, m_ rrn jj_jn.
+n.l +._ljn, r.m. ___n t_. j_rjn
+lj. _.n+.t_r. tnr._ rj_ n+n+
rulm m._ _tjrt_._ .t. n_.n.n, r+
.r nnm, m_ rr _l_. +njjm. lr+n_.l
._.trn j+mt_j_.n, .r__j_n j+jl.rj-
n _n.`.1ln lr+n l.nn. n 1_jr
._+._ _.rm., 1_jr _n u.1j _nr.
+..nm._, +_j .r_.n _. +.n_rn u.1j
j__jrjjn .+_. njlj_. rjnn_rn
jrj+lnn.m_n. .j_j, n._rn lr+jn_.l
_tjn ._.tr. njlj_. +._ jrj+ln.1j
._r. __+nm .+jl..
___n j_rj, j_j _l_rj_ n_.n-
.n, _j_jrn_, j_un.m .l.1__rl n, m_
r.+_jl._ jnuj. n._rn lr+jn_.l
._.tr., nl.._+_j j+mt_j_.n +.m j.u.
____rn nu_jn .+n njmn +_n_lj_n u.n
+j+j_j. n_lnl, rrn..: _.nl_., _.rj_.
_. tj.t.n ._1r_..
konformuloba
r_j. n._r r n_jm, .l n._r
lr+. j+rnjnm, +.nl n._rn +-
_nljn +n+.rm, .r__j_n._, konformulobas
njlm. konformuloba ._.+n.ljnm_n _.+.t.-
n.mjjn jl_jln.., _.jm.lt+l ___n
j_rjn jj_j. _. jtj__jj. r.+ t.rm
_l_r+_jn? .rj `nrjn, r+jm.
._jlnm. n._rn +mt_ljn nlrnrj.
.t_jlm _. _.+__n_j._ njj_nm? n._rn
_njjn .lntn._jl rn n`n u..,
r+j. _l_r+_.+_j +n_j._.rm.
socialuri normebi (Social norms) _ molodinebi,
romlebic jgufs gaaCnia Tavisi wevrebis mimarT
maTi qcevebisa da ganwyobebis sasurvelobasTan
da SesabamisobasTan dakavSirebiT.
konformuloba (Conformity) adamianebis ten-
dencia, moergon referentuli jgufis sxva wev-
rebis qcevebs, ganwyobebsa da Rirebulebebs.
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informaciuli gavlenis `rjjn +j-
+_ n_.n.n _rjj_._, r._ _. n_.-
nn j..+n._ +jj_n _r_nn:
normatiuli gavlenis `rjjn .rjj-
+j_m..l +ljn, ._n.rjn. _. +n_jn
_r_nn.
j_j+m .__jrm _.n__r jj`jrn+jlj,
r+jn ._jln rn_j n`n .n_r.n_
.+_j..
informaciuli gavlena: m. Serifis
avtokinetikuri efeqti
+r._.n t_rjnj_n n_.n., r+jn
jj_jm.l _._._nrj_n ._.j_jnjn +n_j.
nt_j.m, ._+._ ._r__j_jn.. +..nm._, .r-
+n_nljm, r+ ._.+n.ljn _n_ ___m.l jrm._
jj.l_r rjr.ln ._nm. +.n_. m_.-
n++_rjn n1_nm.. .jnn _jrtn
_.l.-.lnm. .n_.l nnm, r+jn .l.n _l_.
nt+.rm, r_j. `nr_j _jru j+n.ljl? mj_jl,
..m, _j_jn t_. j_rj jtj_._m, r.m.
.m.l._ .rj_.ln .._jmm. j .rn informa-
ciuli zegavlena.
muzafer Serifis (Muzafer Sherif, 1935) _.n__rn
jj`jrn+jln l.m._ ._jlj, m_ rr j_un.
nl_r+.n_ 1j._jl. normis kristalizacia,
.l_ +nn _r+nrj. _. .+j.rj..
saidan
viciT
informaciuli gavlena ayalibebs
normebs
jj`jrn+jln +l.njj mt__ljl,
jj_.jnl.m nl.mn jrnn +ur.-
., r+jn rj._r._ .r +ur._.,
+.r.+ +ur._._ ._nj+j_. r_n._ lj
m.tn, _nl.n_.l .r .l_. .m_n t_.
jrnjn. j ._j+n n_1n.., r+jn
avtokinetikuri efeqtis .tjnm.. ln-
n. nl_n_n_jn +njr +j+_n j_.jjn
u.1j .lt_._j_n nj. r_j. _n
`nrjn jrm ___._ j.jrmj, r+jm.
rn _ljn nj_ljl, r+jn t+.-
+._. +_j_ljl, j_.jjn m.l_.m.l
jrm+.ljm m.lt__j_., .l_ nl_n_n_jn
j_.jjn nl.mn jrnn +ur.n
+n+.rm_jn. _. _jln m..1j
jrm+.ljm j+._j_.. j_j.1j .nljrj
_n n nj, r+, r_j. nn_j +l.njln
+.r _.rljl _. __._ mt_j j_.jjn
._jmj., +.mn njmn_j j_.jjn .._jmj,
rrn ____rn j_.jn `nrjn.
m__n ___n lr+jn jrmtj .+j.n_.,
+.m .l+jrjn jl_jln. ..ln.m. +_n.ljnm
..rj_+. _j+. ._jl., r+ .__nljn__rn
j_jjn j lr+jn _rn +_r._n nj jrmn
n j+_j. _n, r_j. +l.nn _jr_nm
._.r nj_ljl u_jn ___n n j_rjn, r+jn
t+.+._. .+mj_.+_ljl m._n.lm j_.jj (Rohrer
et al., 1954). lr+jn ___n j_rjn jrmn
m.n_.l +jrj ._.jj+. _. ._.+n.ljn jj_.1j
+.nl. _n .t_jljl ._jl., r_j. ___j ._.r
.rj ___n, r+j+. n jn+_._. (Insco et
al., 1980). .n_.l _nnm, r+ lr+j jnuj.
.jmn r.ljljr.n_n 1j._jl. .jl_jm?
.__nljn__rn j_jjn j._n. +__j_rjn
___n j_rj m.l_.m.lnm _n_ljl .t.n
j_rjnm +.l.+, .l.+ .r +t_j_. +.mn r_n
.l.tj.. j_.jn lr+. _n nn_j rj_.
+.nl. _n, r_j. ___n j+._jl.
+mn.l._ j_nn nj, j.n. lr+. ._.jj+_.
.t. m.. (Jacobs& Campbell, 1961). .jm, .+
jj`jrn+jln j_jjn r.+_jl._ j+._j.
rj._r t_rj.n ++._. m..1j lr+jn
._.j+n `rj?
normatuli gavlena: s. aSis efeqti
rr jnuj. n+n .__jmj_ _j+l-
rnrj., r+ 1_jr ._.+n.ljn _l_r+_jn
.rn.l normatuli gavlenis .+ +.mn _r_nn
informaciuli gavlena (Informational influence)
jgufis efeqti, romelic warmoiSoba individis
survilis safuZvelze, iyos koreqtuli, swori
da icodes, rogor unda moiqces mocemul
situaciaSi.
normatuli gavlena (Normative influence) _ jgufis
efeqti, romelic warmoiSoba individis sur-
vilis safuZvelze, iyos jgufis mier mowone-
buli, miRebuli da aRiarebuli.
normis kristalizacia (Norm cristalization) jgu-
fis wevrebis molodinebis Tanxvedra erTob-
livi msjelobis, an aqtivobis pirobebSi.
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707
.+, t_jn.l nj_ljl +lj_ln, +n_j_ln
.l ._n.rj_ln? n._rn _njnn jrm-
jrm+. `nr_j+. u.1j +ln_lj_.l+. .r++._-
jlj+. solomon aSma (Solomon Asch, 1940, 1956)
jj+l. n_.n., r+jn jj`jrn+jln +l.n-
jjn _.__l. .__r._ .l.1__r_n,
l.mjn _n1n__rn +.t.n.mjjn +jlj `nr-
jn ._jmj_ljl, m_+., ___n j_rjn _+jj-
. ._lnl.__., r+ rj.. .lt_._j_._
tj_.__.. _j_n __jln _.jjn _..r+_lj,
r+ nnln +.rn_n _n1_._rn ._j+n __j_.n
n_j_ljl +l.nj.. +.m ._jlj +_j. .-
r.mjn, r+j1j .+.t_n nj .+n .lt_.-
_j_n nrun t.1n _. mt_j, +njmnmjnl.m,
.+ .+n_.l r+jn t.1n nj .l_.r_n t.1n
nrun (nt. sur. 17.2). t.1jn nruj ._+._
.lt_._j_n nj jrm+.ljmn..l, .j r+, j-
_+j l._j._ .jl_. ._nn, .+.m.l, +.mn
j_.r_jnmn 1+. j_jn .t.n j.ln _r
n_j_..
suraTi
17.2
konformuloba s. aSis eqsperimentebSi
aSis eqsperimentis amsaxvel am fotoze Cans, rom gulubryvilo monawile #6 gaocebulia umravlesobis
mier gakeTebuli mcdari SefasebiT. eqsperimentSi gamoyenebuli tipuri stimulebis wyeba mocemulia
marcxena naxazze, xolo marjvena naxazze mocemuli mrudebi gamoxatavenkonformulobas 12 kritikuli
cdis ganmavlobaSi, saidanac Cans martoxela monawileebis Sedegebis Sedareba winaswarSeTanxmebuli
monawileebis SedegebTan iseve, rogorc maTi damoukidebloba winaswarSeTanxmebul monawileebTan
SedarebiT. swori Sefasebis dabali procenti gamoxatavs jgufis mcdari Sefasebebis mimarT
individis konformulobis maRal xarisxs.
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708
saidan
viciT
xazebis sigrZis iluzoruli aRqma
jj`jrn+jln +l.njln _._j l.tj_.r-
rjn, jj_n_.l r_.+_j t_. ._.+n.lm.l
jrm._. +l.njm.m_n j r_n._ _ln
._.+n.ljn jj`jrn+jln m.l.+l.njjn
nj_ljl _. jj`jrn+jl.rn +njr nl..r
j+_._j_n jl.rn j..+n._ +j+j-
_j_ljl. jj`jrn+jln `nr_jn .+n _n
.l+._.n rjn +t_+m..l j_j.
jm.lt+j_. mnmj_ .+mj+_ r
j_.rj.. j+_j, +jmtj j.ln _r,
`nr_j+. m.l.+l.nj+ rn t.1n jrm+.-
ljmn ._ .+.t._., m_+., r_n._
t._n nj +.m rn .lt_._j.. .j_j
+nj. ___n j_j. t_. j_rn _n
`nrn .r_.. .+ __jl _l_. ._.jj_n.,
_.m.lt+j_. ___n _.l.rjln j_rjn
.1r _. _l_r+_n njlj_., m_ _.rjln-
nj _.+__n_jjn _. +_nj_ _.j_.
n, r.. tj_.__.. 18 _n_.l 12-n j
__rj_n __jln .jmn _nj+n
nl.j n_.. _n `nrjn .+t..__ljl
_l_n lnlj. _. ._.r. _n_+-
_r, r_j. _`nrn`nr_j_ljl _+r._-
j., r+jn .j .lt_._j_._ ._nj-
_.+_. .+j.r. r. _l_. jjl.m?
+l.njm. _..tjnm +jmtj_n _.r.
r_n._ _.+__n_jjn +.m .r._r
.+__jln.m _l_r+n1+n. +l.njm.
50-80 (__j_n `rr.+n t_._.t_.
._nj1j) jrmtj +.nl _.jm.lt+. _+-
r._jn j. j_.jj +.nl, r_j.
+l.njm. +j.+j_n _+r._jn .r.r
j_.jj _.jm.lt+. _rnn__ _.m.
l.tj_.r, .l +j j+mt_j_.n.
. .n n+ +l.njj, r+jn _+jj j+-
mt_j_jn jm.lt+j_ljl _+r._j., _j-
1rnjlnrj_j _. j__nm +.rm_j _-
_j. n .+mj_.+ +.1rj., r+ ._.+n.lm.
j _.jrn. .ln_n_. u.1j +u._r n+`_,
r+ .r .+jlnnj _+r._jn.l .lt_.-
_j_._ (1952, _. 396). nnln, _nl _.m+.1j
._n_ljl, t.1 __.+_ljl n._r 1j.
_. m._n.lm _l_r+_., 1njrmjn _n n+..
.+_nj_ljl, r+, t.1jn nrujn .lt_._jn
+n_tj_._._, +.m j._ ._nj_.+_ljl.
t_. __j_jn .n j+_jn .+n _.jrn
_.rnrj. .t_jl_.: jrm__.ln _+r._jn
1+., njmn +l.nn _.rj., r+jn .r
jm.lt+j_. _+r._j. _. _n1n__rn n+_-
jn j_.rj.. _. _+r._jn `1nn.
rn .l_n n_n_j. +.l ._+.nl., r+
+_r._n _l_r+_n j_jjn +.nl +nn_j_.,
r_j. jrm__.ln _+r._j. +t_ 3-
5 ._.+n.ln..l j_j.. +.nl _n, r_j. _-
_rj_n _n `nr jrmn +_._nrj +nj,
r+jn nl .___. _+r._jn m_..1rn,
_l_r+_n j_jjn +__jmr._ j+nr_.,
rr j 17.2 _r.mn_.l .l. m.l.+.1rjm.l
jrm._ __rj_n _n `nr, rr jn,
jj__. _l.rn, nl.._+_j. .jn. 1jn-
m_n _. .r _..j_. _+r._j.. rr
+._ljn nj, _+r._jn.l _.+__n_j-
. n+ j+mt_j_.n n1r_j_., r. __r
_n_n nj nl.._+_j. ___n r+jn+j jrm
j_r. _. ___n t_. j_rj rn. ._-
nt+., r+ nl_n_n_jn .r__j_n r._jl.
.rujj ___n._+n _.+rnj. +.nl.
_n, r_j. t.1jn nrujj rn t_..
+.jn+._r._ n1r_j_. (Ash, 1955,1956).
rr _l_. ._nm j j_jjn? . .n m.-
_._. .__nr_j_n _.r. n+ t.rntnm, r+nm.
._.+n.ljn ar njl_ljl _l_r+_. (Friend et
al., 1990). n m._n __j_j .lntn.__., rr
_.+__n_jn __j_j. _.jrn_._, +l.-
njm. `._tjn rn +j.+j_n rn _. .r._l-
_r+_n nj. m_+., . .n jj`jrn+jljn
._jrjn _+r._j.n t.1.+. rj_ _l-
_r+_ jrm +j.+j_1j _jm_j.. .+ jj`jrn-
+jljn j.tj ._jmj_n .l.rnjn tnr._
+_.rn. _. .r .rn .m_.nnlj_n n _.jn,
r+ jj`jrn+jln +l.njjn .lt_._j_ln
nj_ljl. n+ ._.+n.lm. rnt_n (_..tjnm 25),
r+jn .r._r njj_ljl _l_r+_._,
n+ ._.+n.lm. r._jl. __j_., r+jn
j_jm_n .l mnmj+n j_jm_n .trnj-
j_ljl _l_r+_ jj_..
.+_jl._, . .n jj`jrn+jljn r _.+.jnm
.__jmn nuj_.: jrmn +trn_, _tj_._m, r+
._.+n.ljn r_._ .r jjj_n.l lr+._n ._-
jln j_j _. _+r._j j+mt_j_.n (1njrmjn
_n j_jm_n) n._jl m._n.lm _.+__n_j.:
+jrj +trn_, _l.tjm, r+ ._.+n.ljn 1_jr
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709
_l_r+_jn .rn.l, _+r._j j+mt_j_.n
.r.r.1r_.l n_.njn _n. _l_r+_._
j_ln `jln. ._.+n.ln _ljn +ln_lj_.ln
jj+jln..
konformuloba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
j_j__n_r t_rj.n _l_r+_n
+r._.n j+mt_j_. lr+._n _. nl_r+.n_n
1j._jln _+nl.nj .r+._jl: +n_jn,
+ljn. _. ._n.rjn _r_nn _nuj ._.-
+n.lj, r+ .m.l._ .ljjn. _. rn
jj_n j.tj nl_r+.nn +.unj._ _l_rj-
_ rj_jrjl_ ___ +n+.rml. .l_ntnm
jrmn jj`jrn+jl_n +..nmn.
saidan
viciT
konformulobis mcdeloba
jt.n A&M _ln_jrnjn __jlj
+.mn m.l.jn _+r._jn _.+-
_n_j_jjn j.tj +nj_.m nl_r-
+.n.. +..nm._, +.m _mtrj, r+ _-
_jljn r_n._ .r jm.lt+jn.l _j_-
j.: .r ._.+.rmj_n +j.r, r-
+j+. ._ru._n ln_mnjrjjn +nn_
(nl.+__njn, __jljn _+r._j.
r_n._ jm.lt+j_. .+ _j_j.).
jj`jrn+jln +l.njj .+ _j_jn
nljr`rjnrj. mt_j. r. lnl.__. +j
.r ._.+.rmj_n. j lnl.__., r+ nnln
.r j_rn_jn.l l.r_n_n .+jjlj.
m_ nnln jj_jjl +.m.l +jr.?
.+n j+_j jj`jrn+jln +l.njj
mt__ljl, _.j_njnrjnl.m m._n.lmn
_.+_n_j_j. _j_jn +n+.rm. _-
_jljn `._tjn `.jrljn, _+jjn._,
_.+_n_j_n nj n+.1j, m_ r.+_jl._
unjr._ .nn_j_ljl nnln m._ tjlj_n
_ln_jrnjn __jl.m.l. unjrn
n_jln_n_.nn ___n j_rj+. .+ _j_-
jnm_n njmn nljr`rj.nn ._jmj.
._j, r+jn +.m ._.j. +nj+_.,
.r j_...m _ln_jrnjn __jlm.
lr+jn.m_n, .l_ +.mn nljr`rj.n.
+jrn jj_jn +n+.rm_jnm nj
_. .+nm m._n.lmn +_.rn _.+_n_j_jjn
.+t.j. n+ __jlj+. _n, r+jn
A&M-n __jljm.l l._j n_jln_n-
_.n. ._jl_ljl, .r .+.+j_._lj .jmn
_r.+._n _.+_n_j_j. n+ +.1rjn
+n+.rm, r+j., +.mn .1rnm, A&M-n
j_jn ._. __jln n1n.rj_. (Wood
et al.,1996).
.+ n_.n.n __jlj+., r+jnm_n.
+ln_lj_.ln nj t_. __jljn +._._
j_l., +nn_j nl_r+.n., r+jn +.m .r +nj-
_.l_. .+t.l.jm.l nl.._+_j.n. lr+.n_+.
`rjj+. +.m ._nmtn nljr`rj.nn n+_.r._
rj_lr_jnn_jl _nuj, r+ +j+_n nl_r-
+.n. +.mn +t_+tj__jn j.j_nn j-
_nnj. .+ __j_n_.l .l, r+ _jl n+ j+-
mt_j_.n .l_n_nm __r unjr nl_r+.n_
1j+j+j_j., r_j. nl_r+.nn j.r
_jlm_n u.1j +ln_lj_.ln..
umciresobis gavlena da nonkonformizmi
_nl.n_.l lnn., r+ _+r._j.
+nln_j_n .j_ rj_rjn. _. nl_r+.nn
_lrn j.uj., ..__nrn .r.., r+
._.+n.ljn rj_.r_._ _l_r+_jn .rn.l
+.m +n+.rm. .+.m.l, nn lnn., r+ 1_jr
._.+n.ljn +_nj_ n._jl .__m.r jtj__jj.
rr t_j. j? rr t_j., r+ ._.+n.ljn
m._ ._j_jl ___n ._jl. _., .jrm_,
rr .rn j.ujjn r.n+j n.tj
(.r.lr+.n_n)? .rj r.n+j `nrjn, ._.
_+nrj. j_un. _+r._jn j+r_lj.
_. .t.n lr+jn jj+l.? r_j. .+jrn_jn
+__j_rjn _ljlrnrj_ln nj_ljl
_l_r+_n __j_j1j, j l.nrn_, n+n
.+ nj, r+ _l_r+n1+n _j+_r.n_
`rjj __._nr_j.. 1njrmn j_r`jn
n._rn _njn .l.__mrj_
j_r.__j. _m+_. _+nrjn +njr
_+r._jn j_n _l.r. _r.ln +__j_.rn
serJ moskoviCi (Serge Moscovici) `nr_jn nj +.m
rn, _nl _+nrjn ._jljn __j_.
_.nj.
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710
saidan
viciT
umciresobis Senelebuli zegavlena
jrm-jrm jj`jrn+jln, r+jn +l.-
njj _._rn_.m _jr._n .r.mjn mt_-
lnm, _.j.tjjnl.m +n_j_n .r.mn
_jrn, _+jj.+ r._ .l.1__r. n,
m_+. jj`jrn+jl.rn rn m.l.+l.nj
+_.lj1j +n_mnmj_., r+ j n_jrn nj.
_rjj_n _+nrjn `1nn.+ _..jnn
1j._jl. .r +.t_nl. _+r._j.1j,
+.r.+ j+_+, jj`jrn+jln 1njrm+.
+l.nj+ +_.lj _jrn j_.jn. m.l-
_.m.l n_jrn_jl ._.nl._. (Moscovici,
1976; Moscovici & Faucheux,1972).
.+_jl._, _+nrjn _rjj_+. jtj__jj+.,
_. , j.u. .__u_jn .+.-
. _+r._jn nunjrj (Moscovici, 1980,
1985).
Tu Tqven, rogorc jgufis
wevrs, odesme gicdiaT gadawyve-
tilebis miReba, maSin gecodi-
nebaT, rom es sakmaod Sromate-
vadi saqmea. magaliTad, warmoid-
gineT, rom axlaxan megobrebTan
erTad naxeT filmi. miuxedavad
imisa, rom Tqven is mogewonaT,
garCevis Semdeg aRmoaCineT, rom
azri SegecvalaT da daeTanxmeT
azrs, rom filmi warmoud-
genlad sustia~. tipuria Tu ara
azris aseTi cvlileba jgufuri
garCevis Semdeg? nuTu jgufis
Sefasebebi yovelTvis gansxva-
vebulia individebis Sefase-
bebisagan? socialurma fsi-
qologebma aCvenes, rom arsebobs
ori Zala, romelic maSin moq-
medebs, rodesac jgufi iRebs
gadawyvetilebas, esenia: jgufu-
ri polarizacia da jgufuri
azrovneba.
zemoT aRwerili SemTxveva
jgufuri polarizaciis maga-
liTia: jgufma gamoavlina iseTi
gadawyvetilebis miRebis ten-
dencia, romelic ufro metad uki-
duresia, vidre jgufis wevrebis
mier cal-calke, erTmaneTisgan
damoukideblad miRebuli gada-
wyvetilebebi iqneboda. davuSvaT,
jgufis TiToeul wevrs sTxoveT
filmisadmi sakuTari damo-
kidebulebis gamoTqma. amis Sem-
deg, jgufis msgavsad, Tqvenc
eTanxmebiT erTaderT misaReb Se-
fasebas, romelic mTeli jgufis
damokidebulebas asaxavs. Tu
jgufis Sefaseba ufro uki-
duresia, vidre calkeuli wev-
rebis Sefasebebis saSualo, maSin
es polarizaciis SemTxveva iqneba.
imisda mixedviT, Tu rogoria
jgufis wevrebis sawyisi ten-
dencia _ gamoTqvan frTxili Tu
rogor zemoqmedeben jgufebi gadawyvetilebis miRebaze
riskiani Sefasebebi jgufuri
polarizaciis procesi maT
meti sifrTxilis, an meti
riskis demonstrirebis mimar-
TulebiT waiyvans. mkvlevrebma
gamoTqves mosazreba, rom
jgufur polarizacias safuZ-
vlad ori tipis procesi udevs:
informacia-gavlenis modeli
da socialuri Sedarebis
modeli (Liu & Lataane, 1998).
informacia-gavlenis mo-
delis mixedviT, jgufis wev-
rebs sxvadasxva informacia
SeaqvT gadawyvetilebaSi. Tu
Tqven da Tqvens megobrebs
mcire, magram gansxvavebuli
mizezebi gagaCniaT, rom dai-
wunoT filmi, maSin am mize-
zebis erTad Tavmoyra gamo-
iwvevs imas, rom saboloo jam-
Si yvelani erTad Zalian dai-
wunebT mas.
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711
j j_jjjn jnun.m lr+.n_ _. nl-
_r+.n_ 1j._jl. rn .rj_n .l-
t_._jn .m_.nnljnm .n.1rm, r+j1j
___j 1j+m _n._rjm (Wood et al.,1994). _+nrj-
n ___j j_.rjnm l._jn lr+.n_n
._jl. .j_m, r._.l _+r._jn j_rj,
_j_jrn_, l._j._ ._tjm, njljn.l m_ .r.
+lj_ln .l +n_j_ln _+nrjn j_rjn
+njr. +jrj +trn_, _+nrjn ___j +.nl
..ln.m nl_r+.n_n 1j._jl. _+r._j-
.1j. _jru_, +.m u._um, _nul _+r._-
j. ._. ._nmtn t_._.t_. __mtnm
.ltn_n_jl (Peterson& Nemeth, 1996). .+_t.r_,
nl_r+.n_n 1j._jln j _l.rn _+nrj.
n_n.m._ .uj_ j.uj., _.un
_+r._jn .r++._jljm. _r_nn .r
.nm_.nnll lr+n..l ._.trnn _. j_-
m.lt+jjn jtj__jjn (Wood, 2000).
.1._j.n ._.+n.ljn _+r._j. _n-
, .r+l_j, rr status quo- _.+_jn.
_j_jrn_, n.tjjn _. _njjn +mt_l.
_+nrjn j_rjn. _. n+ `nrjn.l +_n,
r+j. n+j_n ._r___.m .rj_n nj+n
+n+.rm, .l ._nmtn .tj_r._ ..1rjn. _.
+n+_nl.rj `rj+n ._._rn .jrl.n_n
1jn +_njrjn _l.rn jj_m. _l_njn
+j.r._ _.__ulj_n _+r._jn jtj__jj.
_. _nn_jl_rn _+nrjn tj__. rn
_+ln_lj_.ljn nl.`nr.. n+ nl_.njn-
.m_n, r+j. _._jnmn n._rn u_rjn
+.j_j..
jgufis polarizacia az-
rovnebis zogadi paternis _
jgufuri azrovnebis _ erT-
erTi Sedegia. irvin jenisma (Irv-
ing Janis, 1982) termini jgufuri
azrovneba gansazRvra, rogorc
gadawyvetilebis miRebis pro-
cesSi myofi jgufisTvis dama-
xasiaTebeli _ konsensusis
misaRwevad arasasurveli in-
formaciis gacxrilvis _ ten-
dencia, romelic gansakuT-
rebiT tipuria im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac is lideris mosaz-
rebas Tanxvdeba.
i. jenisis jgufuri azrov-
nebis Teoria maSin aRmocenda,
rodesac is iseTi istoriuli
movlenis gaanalizebas cdi-
lobda, rogoric iyo amerikis
SesaZlo SeWra kubaSi 1960
wels. am SeWraze Tanxmoba pre-
zidentma kenedim mas Semdeg
misca, rac kabinetis sxdoma
Caatara, romelzec SeWris mom-
xre mrCevlebma minimumamde
daiyvanes da daTrgunes sawi-
naaRmdego mosazreba. am mov-
lenis analizidan jenisma ga-
mokveTa jgufuri aqtivobis
mTeli rigi maxasiaTeblebisa,
romelmac, misi azriT, gana-
piroba jgufis wevrebis damor-
Cileba jgufuri azrovnebisadmi.
man gamoTqva mosazreba, rom,
magaliTad, jgufebi, romlebic
Zlieri SeWidulobiT xasia-
Tdebian, emijnebian ra eqsper-
tebs da lideris uSualo mi-
TiTebebiT operireben, jgufuri
azrovnebisTvis damaxasiaTebel
gadawyvetilebebs miiReben. sxva
mkvlevrebma jenisis ideebis
Semowmeba scades rogorc Sem-
dgomi istoriuli movlenebis
analizis, ise laboratoriuli
eqsperimentebis saSualebiT
(Esser, 1998). am kvlevebma aCvena,
rom jgufebi gansakuTrebiT
mowyvladni arian jgufuri
azris mimarT maSin, rodesac
koleqtiuri survilis _ mTeli
jgufisTavis misaRebi dadebiTi
mosazrebis SenarCunebis _ rea-
lizebas axdenen (Turner & Praat-
kanis, 1998). jgufis wevrebs unda
esmodeT, rom uTanxmoeba xSi-
rad aumjobesebs jgufur ga-
dawyvetilebas, Tumca, SesaZ-
loa, amcirebdes jgufis
pozitiur TviTSefasebas ma-
Sinac ki, rodesac is, erTi
SexedviT, Sorsaa jgufis po-
zitiuri SegrZnebisgan. mo-
mavalSi, rodesac jgufur
RonisZiebaSi CaerTvebiT, yurad-
Reba gaamaxvileT, rom aRniS-
nuli procesebis SemCneva SeZ-
loT.
socialuri Sedarebis mo-
deli gulisxmobs, rom jgufis
wevrebi Tanatolebis mizidvas
imiT cdiloben, rom jgufis
idealebs realurze metad eq-
stremalurad warmoadgenen.
amrigad, Tu Tqven TvliT, rom
es filmi aravis moewona, Se-
giZliaT SeecadoT, Tavi gan-
sakuTrebiT gamWriax pirov-
nebad warmoaCinoT da ukidu-
resad uaryofiTi Sexeduleba
gamoTqvaT. Tu jgufis yvela
wevri Seecdeba am gziT jgufis
saerTo Sefasebis dafiqsirebas,
Sedegad aucileblad miviRebT
polarizacias.
jgufuri polarizacia (Group polarization) jgu-
fis tendencia, miiRos iseTi gadawyvetileba,
romelic aris ufro eqstremaluri, vidre is
gadawyvetilebebi, romlebsac cal-calke mii-
Rebdnen igive jgufis wevrebi.
jgufuri azrovneba (Groupthink) gadawyveti-
lebis mimRebi jgufis tendencia, gafiltros
arasasurveli monacemebi ise, rom miRweul iqnes
konsensusi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu is lideris
Tvalsazriss Seesabameba.
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situaciis Zala: mxilebani
faruli kameriT
n._r+. _njj+. n._rn lr-
+jn. _. n._rn n_.njn u.n _j+l-
rnrj. njmn jj`jrn+jljnm ._j, r+jn
.._.r._jjl, m_ r.+_jl._ n._ jnuj. .1-
rn.ln, _.+__n_jjn, r.nl._rn _. .n.+_l
._.+n.ljn njmn jj_n .ltrnjj.+_j +nj-
_.l., r+jn u.n.l r njlj. `n+._-
rn..l. _jl ___j _l.tjm n._rn n_.nn
._jln njmn .tj, rrn.. n._rn rn,
rr .jj_ n _j_jrn_ __jl ntn
.rjn_ 1j_.+tj__j._. n+._j `rnln`n _j+l-
rnrj. _r.n t_+rn faruli kameris
jl.rjn ._.jnm. jnuj., r+jn
_.rn nl_nnn +jlj n._r+. _nj+.
..l _.l+. jj+l. _. ___j mnmj+n 50 jn.,
r. .r+.jnm .+njjlj.. _.l+. ._jl., m_
rr 1_._ +n.j_j. ._.+n.ln _lj. n._r
jl.r. +nn ._.j+jn. +nnlnm jj-
+.j_rjjn _n.l._ nnln, r_j. _j_rj,
r+ ._.+n.ln, r+jn ..+_rjr +nnrm+j_,
rr j_j _.+., rr _n .nlmj. .r.
.rjrnm: .r _.+m!: r_j. ._.+n.ljn _jln-
ln nmj _jr1j jr_jn.l, r+jn _jtnm
+n.r_jm.m_n .l__m_ln j_.1j nlmj.:
r_j. ._+.nr.1j +ur.n. +u_jn
.r_ljjl +.lj.lj .1. lnln _j._jrn
_._jnn. _.l.t_n. _., r_j. ++t+.rjjn
+t_ mjmr _nj1j _._n.l ._+nlnr.nn
.lt._jn j..+n._, r+n m.l.t+._., ._
_nj1j n.r_n ._ru._n.. _.r_n _.+jrn
j_jjn jrm-jrm .__jmj n_r.n._ nm_j.
n_.n_rn jj_n +._lrjjn u.1j
_.t_jnn jn, j.. nljn n_n. r_j.
._.+n.ln n_nm +1._r, n m.__.`nr_j._
n+ _._jrj _.ll j+rnj., r+ .tnm
_.rn._jl _l_. n_j, +.r.+ r_j. _.l.rjln
+1._rjn _.rn_jl 1_rnm _jn.l, ._._n
+t_jr`n +n.j_j. .t._ ._+jlj_ lr+.
_. nn 1_r .jj_ j+._j.
t_rjnj_ n_.njn, +nln+._rn -
n._rn `nrjn _n ._+.rnn., r.m. _j_-
jrn_n ._.+n.ljn __j_ jj_jn .+_-
nl_j. mj_jl j_n+j.m n+.1j, m_ mj_jln_j +._n
._.+n.ljn +.mm_n _j_n n_.njn +nrj
+_n_n_.nn j+mt_j_.n _n u.1j _j_r._
njj_n.l. _.r.__m r., r+ mj_jl .j .r
+njj_nm, n+`nn_r._ j+n_ljnm +.m, +.r.+
.+_.rn n._r-_njn_rn __j_jn
._jlj, r+, .l.n_r j+mt_j_jn, ._.-
r.___, mj_jl nj_j +njj_nm, rr t_jn.
`jn _l _ln jr_.: .r._nl .rn __lu_n,
mnmj_n ._.+n.ln jrmn +mn.ln _lnljln
l.nn.. ._.+n.ljn _rmnjrm_._._nrj_ln
.rn.l .1n.r n_.njnm, lr+jnm. _. jjnm.
j_nmt_.1j, m_ rogor +njj_nm njm n_.-
n.n, ._. ._.+n.ljn __._, _j_r._ .l
nr.nl._r._ njj_n.l, rul_n `._tn, ..m,
.jmn njlj.: .r _nn, j _.+_n_j_n njlj.
n+.1j, m_ r.+_jl._ unjrn njlj. n_.n..
_jl +n_j_nm jrn1_ _.__l.+_j, r+
n_.njn .rjnm r .r_jjl ._.+n.ln
jj_n _jjr+nl.n.n. ..m, mj_jl jnun.m
.ntjlm t_rjnj_n n_.njn, r+jn
..lnjrjm, r+ mj_jl _. mj_jln +j.rn .r
jm.lt+jnm jrm+.ljm ++t_.rn +_jln r.n
m..1j. ++_j_l m._n .l_ntn._m +.1rj.
n+n j.tj, r+ t_._.t_. ._.+n.ljn jrmn _.
n+._j n_.nn nljr`rj.n. t_._.t_._.r._
.t_jljl.
Sejameba
n._rn n_.njn tnr._ jjj_. n._-
rn _njjn j_r.__jn jlrn, rr
jj_n +ln_lj_.ln _jjr+nl.ljn. jl_r_n
ntn jj`jrn+jl+. ._jl., m_ rrn _r.+._n
1j._jln +t_jl. j_un. n._r rj
._.+n.ln jj_.1j. n._rn lr+jn .l.1__-
r._ ._r_j _.+_n_j_jj. _. jj_j.
____rn ._jln rn n`n .nu_j ._.+n.lj,
nj_ljl _l_r+_jn, jjln.: nl_r+.n_n
._jl. _. lr+._n ._jl.. rr .l,
_+nrj. _+r._jn jtj__jj1j ._jl.
__r nl_r+.n_n ._jln 1nm .t_jl.
socialuri realobis
konstruireba
.r+n_nljm, r+ __jl_rn j..jn jrn-
rn. _l_. ._.__jmm +j.rm.l jrm._, r-
+jn .r nl _njnn j._. __r.
mj_jl t__jnm `nnj, r+jn _j_nrn
__jl. mj_jln +j.rn .+: j `nnjn
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.r _l_. nj .jmn _tjn, mj_jl _n mj_jlm_n
_njrm: .+_.r._ +jj_. +. +nn rn
.nu_j. .+rn._, mj_jl _. mj_jln +j.rn
jrmn _. nn_j +_jl. _j_rjm, +.r.+ r_n._
t_._.t_._.r nljr`rj.n. .uj_m. .n,
rj_ .+. ___jm socialuri realobis
konstruirebas. mj_jl .+njjljm mj_jln _l.
_. .+_nj., r.m. +.1j _.jr_lnm .jtl.m
n_.n.. mj_jl ..jm n._rn rj.. n+nm,
r+ +.t_nljm +_jln _ln_r._ _.
j+n_r._ reprezentireba.
+_nm, n._rn _njnn _.n__rn
+..nmn _._nt+.rm, r+jn jtj__jjn
_nuj ._.+n.lj, r+ jrmn _. nn_j n_.n.
t_._.t_. ++jn.ln `1nnn_.l _.nl.tl _.
_rmnjrm.`nrn`nr _.__ljn .._jml n+n
m..1j, m_ r. +t_. nl.+__njn. __j_.
jtj_. r.+_jln+j n nl ..rj_ .+jrn__n
_jt_rmn +. nn r _l_ rn. `rnl-
ln _._+.rtjjn _l_n j1ln __.l._lj
+. ..rj_. _.r+_mn _l_m.l. m.+.n,
r+jn `rnlln _l_+. .n+.r__., r-
+trn_._ _tjn nj, +r._.n ._.rn+jnm. _.
jrn1_n r._+jnm. m.+.n j+_j rn_j
_n .1jm+. +_nmt_j +.n +_jn
j.tj u.1j .lt_._j_n _jrnjn jm._.1..
saidan
viciT
SegviZlia ki rodisme vTqvaT, Tu ra
moxda sinamdvileSi?~
__jl_r .1jmjn +j+_n j_.-
jjnm _.nljrjj_+. n._rn _n-
jjn ___+. __jlj +.n .-
l.jrn ._jl. _. rn_j _l_n +njr .ltr-
njj_n _.r__j_jn r._jln j_.-
j. mt_.. mnmj+n j_j. `rnllj+.
m.+.n j._.., rr _tjn _. nlu_rn.
.r._n j__.jn. n __m. _. `.n.l
m.+.._ _. _+jj. _.r+_lj_n nj,
r+ j _.r+_mjn +m.+.jjn r.n
nj. .+n .`nrn`nr_, _.r+_mjn _-
_jljn _+r._j.+ .m_.., r+ _tj
m.+.n rn_j +t.rj m.l.r._ nj _.+l.._j
_. r+ m.+.n _tjn, __m. _. .+.1n
nj. +jn, .l.jrn l.t_n. `rnl-
lj+. __jlj+. _.nl.tj, r+ +nl.._-
+_jj+ r_jr +jn _.rn+. +nn_, _n_rj
+.m+. _l_+., t _.r+_mj+. __jl-
j+. nn_j .l.jrn l.t_n. _.nl.tj,
r+ _.rn+jn r._jl. m.l..rn nj
(Hastorf &Cantril, 1954).
.+__j_.+ t._j, r+ j_ujjn. _jt_r-
mn +.nl.nrn rm_n n._rn +_jln
njj_r._ _. +__jruj._ .ltn_.. -
n._rn n_.njn +ln_lj. +.nl nujljl,
r_j. +.j_rjjn seleqciurad aRiqvams n+.,
m_ r. +t_., n+n j..+n._, m_ rn _.l.t_.
j_. .l _r_.. _jt_rmn +.n j+mt_j_.n
._.+n.ljn jrmn _. nn_j .jn_. uyurebdnen,
+.r.+ r .lt_._j_ m.+. xedavdnen.
n+n ..tlj._, m_ rr +n_n_ljl `rnl-
ljn _. _.r+_mjn _j+._n_rjn
j_jl .lt_._j_ nljr`rj.nj.+_j, +n__-
r_l_jm aRqmis ._nmt. ._ntjlm +j-5 m._n,
r+jn r.1r_.ln `jrj`_n njjjn
nljr`rj.nn. tnr._ ___j .rj_n _ln-
m_n _l_. +nj+.rm.m. _jt_rmn +.n .l-
tn_n _r. nn_j `rnln`n +j+j_j:
._.+n.ljn .r_n jujln _l. +n+_nl.rj
+_jljn nljr`rjnrjnm_n njjljjl, m_+.
`jrj`_n `rjjn njjj._ ._.+n.ljn
_. n_.njn _j_nljn.l. socialuri per-
cepcia .rn `rjn, r+nm. ._.+n.ljn t_.m.
jj_jn .j.. _. _.jrn1j. .t_jljl. .+
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714
j_jm._n _r._ +n+_ntn._m n._rn
`jrj`nn r ._nmt: `nr_j rnn, .l_ntn-
._m, m_ rr ._.jjl ._.+n.ljn n+ u.j,
r+jn ._jl. .t_jljl t_. ._.+n.ljn
jj_j1j, .l_ +.m kauzalur atribuciebs: j+_j
_n .l_ntn._m, m_ rr t_j., r+ 1_jr
n._rn `jrj`n. m.lt__j. _jl +-
_nlj.
atribuciis Teoriis warmoSoba
j_j. n._rn ._+j+jn nl.j +_+n
jrm-jrmn +ln_lj_.ln .+.l. n._rn
+_jljn +n1j1jn _._jl... mj_jl _rm
t_rjnj_n +_jljn +n1j1jn _l.:
r.+ jj_n. mj_jl+. +j.r+. mj_jlm.l
_rmnjrm.? r.+ +nn_ .+_. t_.+ _. .r.
mj_jl? r.+ .ljrnl_ljl mj_jln l.ln
+jn +r._.n.ln m.l.t_rjn j+_j?
mnmj_ .jm _nmt_. .r__j_n +j+j_jn,
+_jln. m_ j_jn j.u +n1j1rn_n
_jjr+nl.ljn .l.n1.+_j +n_j._.rm. atribu-
ciis Teoria .r+._jl 1._ +n_+., r-
+jn n._rn ._+j+jn +njr +n1j1rn_n
.tln. nl_r+.nn .+jjljn 1j ._jr.
.rn_nn mjrn. fric haideris (Fritz Heider)
r+jn_.l (1958) n_j .jn. ..n_jrn .+_n-
j_., r+ n._r t_rj.n ..r__j_._
._.+n.ljn .l_j_j._ .trnjjjl n.-
_rn +_jljn +n1j1rn_ .l.n1. n m_n-
_., r+ j_j. ._.+n.ln intuituri fsiqologia,
r+jn, `r_jnl.n _njn +._._,
._.+n.ln _lj.. _. .__m.rn jj_jn +n1j1j-
n .r__j_. _n. ..n_jrn m_n_., r+
.rn_n_n .l.n1n unrnm._n ._nmtn jj_n
+n1j1jn _.n1.nn .r__j_... t_. nj_j-
nm r+ _mj_.m, jj_n +n1j1jn `nr_lj.n
(nl..ln, .l_ dispoziciuri _._1..) _l_.
_jujm m_ n_.n.n (.rj.ln, .l_ situaciuri
_._1..) _. _nl .rn +n j_jj1j `._tn-
+jjn. rr +_jjl ._.+n.ljn _. rr
+n_n.l .jm j_.jj.+_j?
harold kelim (Harold Kelley, 1967) ..n_jrn
+.1rjjn _r+.n1j. +.t_nl. .+j
_._jn, r+j. ._.+n.ljn .rn_n_n
_.__ljn ._jmjn. njjljjl. _jn j__m_ln
+ln_lj_.ln _.__nr_j., r+ ._.+n.ljn gaur-
kvevel, bundovan `nrjn __r tnr._ .t_jljl
_._1._r .rn_n.. mj_jl n_n.m._ .j_m
._+.rnn nl_r+.n. n+n m..1j, m_ r.+
+nj. ._.+n.ln .j _. .r. t_._.r._. _jn
.1rnm, ._.+n.ljn ._r__j_. +r._.n +_-
jln_.l nl_r+.nn _.r_jnm. _. kovari-
aciis principis .+jjljnm jnl.._+_jjn.l.
kovariaciis principis m.l.t+._, ._.+n.ljn
.r__j_ +n1j1rn_ _.jr __._nrjjl jj_.,
m_ j _.jrn j_jm_n +j+_n. jj_.m.l
jrm._, +.r.+ .r._j .+ jj_n .rjj.
+..nm._, .r+n_nljm, r+ j_.n jnrlm
_. tj_._m +j.r, r+jn j_nrnnm +nn-
mnmjm tjl1j. rn .__u_j1j _..__ln_nm,
r+ n .nj_. (_n`1nn_rn .rn_n.) .l
rj._rn ._rm1j j+_jrj.m (n_.n_rn .rn-
_n.)?
.. _jn +n.ln., r+ ._.+n.ljn .jm _.__lj
__.rn.nn j_.jjn .__u_j1j ._jmjjl,
n+ ._.+n.ln j.tj nl_r+.nn .+n .l1+n-
jn .m_.nnljnm, r+n jj_n .tl..
nnln _njl. j .l1+njjn.: .lt_._j_-
., _lnjl_r. _. _ljl_n.
gansxvavebuloba _nt+ n+., m_ r.+-
_jl._ _.+.t.n.mjjn. jj_. +j+_n n_.-
nn.m_n mj_jln +j.rn j_jm_n j_nrn
tjljn _.l.t_.1j?
konsistenturoba _nt+ n+., m_ r.+-
_jl._ tnr._ +jr_j. jj_. +j+_ n_.-
n.n mj_jl +j.r ._rj _j_nrn. m_ .r.
tjln _.l.t_.1j?
konsensusi _n_jlj, t_. ._.+n.ljn
.l.n_r._ njj_n.l .+ n_.n.n m_ .r.
tjln _.l.t_.1j j_j. ._.+n.ln n_jr tj
+n_jl _. j_nrn njj?
socialuri aRqma/percepcia (Social perception)
procesebi, romelTa safuZvelzec adamianebi
igeben an aRiqvamen TavianT an sxvebis pirovnul
atributebs.
atribuciis Teoria (Attribution theory) socia-
lur-kognituri Teoria, romelic aRwers infor-
maciis gamoyenebis gzebs, romelsac iyenebs
socialuri aRmqmeli mizezobrivi axsnisas.
kovariaciis principi (Covariation principle) Teo-
ria, romelic amtkicebs, rom adamianebi qcevisa
da misi mizezis dakavSirebas axdenen principiT:
Tu arsebobs es mizezi, maSin iarsebebs qcevac
da, piriqiT, Tu ar arsebobs es mizezi, ar
iarsebebs qcevac.
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715
nl_r+.nn j .+n_j .l1+nj. .r__j_
r .r_j mj_jl +njr ._jmj_ _.__ljn.
+..nm._, .r+n_nljm, r+ mj_jln +j.rn
jrm._jrmn nj, _nl j_nr_.. ._.r.___, rr
.rn_n_ _.__l. .._jmj_nm, _n`1nn_r
m_ n_.n_r?
_. ..n_jrn. _. .. _jn n__rn __l_.+jl-
_rn __j_jn _.t_jn. _. ._.rmjn +n1lnm
.m.nm __j_. ..r_. (Fiske &Taylor, 1991). +.mn
_+r._j. n+ `nrjn j._. jtj.,
r+jn .rj_n nl_r+.nn nj+._rn
._.nl__n j_j._ .rn_njn _r+nr_j..
j_j+m mtn n`n n_.n. .__jrm, r_j.
mj_jln .rn_n. jnuj. +n_jruj_n, jl-
_jln_rn ._+l_j.
Secdoma
_.___.m, mj_jl +j.r j_m.lt+_nm, r+
7 ..m1j jt__j_nm. .t. ___j r_n l.tj_.rn.
_. mj_jln +j.rn _jr .r +_.. rr .t-
ln_nm .+ _.j?
_.r+_lj_n _.r, r+ r._. u.n.l +ln-
_lj_.ln +t_., rn .+ +.l _jr ju _r1j
+_..
r. ljn.. .r j_un. . ._j.r?
_jl __._ .r+n_nljm _n`1nn_r _.
n_.n_r .rn_nj rn .rj_.ln. .+__-
j_j+. ._jl., r+ ._.+n.ljn, ._._, __r
+jrj n`n _n`1nn_rn .rn_nn_jl .rn.l
+n_rj_nln (Ross & Nisbett, 1991). j jl_jln.,
_.jrn_._, n+_jl._ unjrn., r+ n._r+.
_nj+. li rosma (Lee Ross, 1977) +. .rn-
_nn __l_.+jl_rn j_+. __..
.rn_nn __l_.+jl_rn j_+. (afS)
._.+n.lnm_n _.+.t.n.mjjn r+.n jl_jln..,
r+jn _l_rj_n jj_n j_jn .l +n1j1n
unjn. _n`1nn_rn _.jrjn (._.+n.ljn
_._.l.._j. .l l_.) ._._.j.. _. n_.-
n_rn _.jrjn .m.l.__ _jrj_.j. (.rj-
+ _._.l.._j. .l l_.) _nt+.
.l_ntnm afS-n .r.rn_n __j_n
+..nmn. . r+. _. +n+. _jj+. (1977)
.t_+.r m.+.n Collage Bowl-n jj`jrn+jl_n
_jrn. jj+lj, r+jn jj`jrn+jln +l.n-
jln, +ljn ._jn .__u_j1j, j_nrn
+l.njm. _. _nmt_jn _.++jm. ___jn
l.n_j_ljl.
saidan
viciT
monetis agdeba qmnis~
codnisunarianobas
_nmt_n _.++j .++_j_n _nmt_jn
_.+n nlr_jn. juj_.. .+ _nmt_j1j
`._tn +.l nl..r n_.. j_nrn +l.-
nj _l__rjln _nmt_j1j `._tjn .-
j+. _n_., m_+., tnr._ _j_j-
_. m.+.n _nmt_n _.++jj+.,
j_nrn +l.njj+. _. _.+__nr_jj+.
(t_. +l.njjn, r+jn _j_rj_ljl
m.+.) j._.j m.+.n +l.njm. rn_j
+t.rn _l.. __j_n j_jjn ..t_n.
17.3 suraTze. rr tj_._m, _nmt_n
_.++jj j_jlj.m, r+ +.m _. j_nrn
+l.njj+. _ln ._. _lj .+-
._nlj +.nl, r. j_nrn +l.nj-
j+. _. _.+__nr_jj+. _nmt_jn _.+-
+jjn _l. ._.1j +j._ j._.j,
_n_rj j_nrn +l.njjn.. m_nm +l.-
njln .__m.r _l. tnr._ ._.1j
__r l._j._. _n ._.j_ljl.
rr +lm? m._nm._._ l.mjn., r+
n_.n. _nmt_n _.++j _`nr.j. .ln_j_.
(.l. mj_jl .r n_r_j_nm _nmt_jn _.++jn
j_nnj._nm?) _. tj _j_. +.m, r+ -
lj.+.t_n._ .+jlnnj_ljl, r.. __jj-
j__ljl j_nrn +l.njln _. _.+__nr_jjn
m._n.lm j_.jjn. rj_ j .rn .rn_nn
__l_.+jl_rn j_+..
j.u., mj_jl m_nml n`_m afS-n
+..nmjn, +.r.+ j .r nj nn.. jj_n
n_.n_rn .__u_jn ._+jl. j_jm_n
.r__j_n +__j_n .ltrnjj. +n-
mt_. n_.n_rn u.jn ._jl. jj_.1j tn-
r._ j_+lj_jn.. +..nm._, mj_jl _jr xedavT
atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma (Fundamental
attribution error) _ damkvirveblebis ormagi ten-
dencia, daakninon situaciuri faqtorebis roli
da gadaafason dispoziciuri faqtorebis roli
adamianis qcevaSi.
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716
n_.n_r lr+j. mj_jl tj_._m +t_
jj_j, r+jm. j lr+jn .l.`nrj.
rr _l_. ._nnm m._n_.l afS? +..nm._,
lj.n_rn _n`1nn_rn .rn_nn j+mt_j_.n
(r. ljn.), __.l _l_. _.ntnm _. .__m.r
m._ ._nmtm, t+ .r .rj_. .+ jj_n
.++_j_n tjnj+jn n_.n_rn _.j-
rjn? .jm _.r_n, `nrnm._, .rn_n_n
j_j+j+j_j. jnun.m __m. t__jnm
r.+?
j rj_. .l.__mrjnm +ln_lj_.ln jnu-
j. nj +.mm_n, _nl _..__rn n`n .1-
._j.n t_r, r._.l. +l.j+jn ._.-
_rj, r+ afS-, l.nrn_, ___r_n
j.rjn .j_ (Miller, 1984). .ntjljm +j-14 m._n
.ltn_n _n__n. +j- (Self) _lr_nrj.n
___r.mrnn .lt_._jjn .rjn j-
.tj. rr nj ._tjlnm, _..__r ___r.m.
_+jj. njm +.t.n.mjj _t__jnm, r+-
jn damoukidebel me~-s .j.njjl, ._+-
.__rn ___rjn _+r._j. _n njm
+.t.n.mjj, r+jn urTierTdamoki-
debulebis me~-s .j.njjl (Markus & Kitaiama,
1991). __j_j+. t._j, r+, rr _rmnjrm-
_.+_n_j_jjn ___rn j_jn, .r._.._-
_rn ___rjn .r++._jljn l._j._
___nr_jn.l n_.n.n +j+j_ ._j_
nl_n_n_j1j. +_nm, _l.tm, r. ._jl. .t_jl
j ___r_n .lt_._jjn .t.n .+jn +-
_j.1j.
saidan
viciT
atribuciebi finansuri skandalis
Sesaxeb
+__j_rj+. j.rnj .njn .+jrn__n
(The New York Times) _. n.`l_rn (Asahi Shimbun)
.1jmjn_.l, ._. 1995 n njm _nl.l_r
_.l_.1j n_jj_ljl, rrn nlnn
_u_jjn .l_n jrnln ._rj. nj.
+__j_rn .njl+., r+j+. .r n_.
__j_n +n1.ln, .n_nmt. j_j. .n. _.
j.rn. n .njn, r+jn +j+_n
nj ++t_.rn +n1j1rn_n .tl.. .+n j+_j
.j+jn ._tj_._ r .njl mnmj_
.n.1j _.__ln ._jmj. mt_j, _jru_,
m_ r. n`n nj .tl. _n`1nn_rn,
.l_ njmn, ._. r.n `nr_ljj +n_u__-
_.m, m_ n_.n_rn, .l_ njmn, ._. r.n
r.ln1.n. j_j_.. .+ r .1jmn
.+j_jjlj_ .njn ._nmtn._+n +n_-
+. +__jmr._ .lt_._j_n ._+l_.. .+j-
rn_jn _rj`l_jln +_.r._ _n`1n-
n_rn .rn_nn ._jmj. _n_.
+.nl, r_j. n.`ljn _rj`l_jln
n_.n_r .rn_n. __.+_. t.1 (Menon
et all., 1999).
suraTi
17.3
kiTxvis damsmelis da Sejibris
monawilis zogadi ganaTlebis
reitingebi
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717
.+ _n m.+j__._n +.t.n.mjjn n nj,
r+ _._njnr_. ___r_n .rn_nn .l-
t_._j_n njn, r+jn ..1jm .-
njn jj+ln. _nl_j_.. .+ __j_nm nn
_._._r_., r+ .rn_nn ___r_n n-
jn ._.jj+. _. l.r_l_j. j_j.n, _nl
j..+nn ___rn +j_nn ._jln j_j jjj_..
saidan
viciT
megobroba da sakuTari Tavisadmi
mikerZoeba
jj`jrn+jln +l.njj mt_j, r+
_rj._n ..1+ _.n +j.rm.l
.l _lm.l jrm._ .rm_nj_ljl. _._.-
jn jr_jn j+_j mnmj_ +l.-
nj +n._j +nn ___n. _. _n_n
lr+.n_n jrj_n +l.j+jn j.tj
j_.rjnmn nl_r+.n.. +n_tj_._._ +.mn
rj._rn j_jjn., +l.njm. l.tj_.r
+n._j warmatebis j.tj nl_r+.n.
(r+ +.mn jr_j. 93-j `rjlnn nj),
+jrj l.tj_.r _n warumateblobis j.tj
nl_r+.n. (r+ +.mn jr_j. 31-j `r-
jlnn nj). .+n j+_j mnmj_ +l.-
nj mt__ljl, jj_.jnl.m _._.jn
jr_jn j_j1j +nn _. ___n +jrj
j_rn `._tn+jn t.rntn 10-._j-
t_rn.l _..1j, r+n jrmn __n__rjn
`1nn. nj 1 (`.rlnrn `._tn+j-
.), +jrj _n 10 .+t..__. (.__m.r
`._tn+j.). rr 17.4 suraTidan
.l, jj`jrn+jln n +l.njln, r+-
jn _t `nrm.l jrm._ +l.nj_ljl
_.n, .r+.j. __r +j._ +n.jr_ljl
.__m.r m._, _n_rj .r_+.j. (Cam-
pbell et al.,2000). +l.njm. .rn_njn r-
r .r+.jn, nj .r_+.jn j+-
mt_j_.n __r ._j__._rn nj, r_j.
nnln _.n +jrjm.l jrm._ +l.n-
j_ljl.
sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba
+ljn ._jn .+jjljnm ..rj_n
jj`jrn+jln jrm-jrmn j_j.1j .l+._n_rjjn
j_jn _l__rjlm. +njr .__m.rn j.u-
jjn _.rj_nmn j_.j. nj. j _._nj-
rjnlj, r+ ._.+n.ljn afS- .__m.rn m._n
t.r_1j _n __jjl (_.jrn_._, mj_jl _l_.
.ntjlm +j-15 m._n ._jrnn jrmn mjrn.
_j`rjnn j.rjn j.tj, r+n +ntj__nm.,
_j`rjn_n ._.+n.ljn .__m.rn m._n +n+.rm
__r +j _.rj_nm .rn_n. .t_jljl, _n_rj
n_.n_rn _.jrjn +n+.rm). m_+., _+r._j
j+mt_j_.n, ._.+n.ljn `nrnjnm njj_n.l _.
+n_jruj. .__m.rn m._n +n+.rm njljl. saku-
Tari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba .nu_j +.m, r+
j_j_.rn .r+.j. .__m.r m._ +n.jrl _.
.nnl `._tn+j. .r_+.jn j+-
mt_j_.n. _+jj j+mt_j_.n, ._.+n.ljn +n_-
sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba (Self-serving bias)
_ atribuciul mikerZoebaTa erToblioba,
rodesac adamianebi cdiloben, Tavis damsa-
xurebad CaTvalon warmateba, xolo waruma-
teblobisaTvis pasuxismgebloba sxvebs daakis-
ron.
suraTi
17.4
megobrebisa da ucxoebis mimarT
atribuciis modelebi
eqsperimentis monawileebs sTxoves, moexdinaT ranJi-
reba, vin iyo pasuxismgebeli maTi jgufis warmatebaSi,
an warumateblobaSi. ucxoebTan erTad yofnisas eq-
sperimentis monawileebma gamoavlines sakuTari Tavi-
sadmi mikerZoeba: jgufis warmatebaSi TavianT rols
ufro mniSvnelovnad miiCnevdnen, xolo warumateb-
lobas partniors abralebdnen. ranJireba ufro zusti
iyo, rodesac partniori maTi megobari iyo.
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718
rj_nln .rn.l, .r+.jn j+mt_j_.n _n-
`1nn_rn .rn_n. +.t_nll, t .r_+.-
jn j+mt_j_.n n_.n_rn (Gilovich,1991):
_n_ j+n _l.rjn .+ +n_n_j: j_nrn
_.+.rm +._n .+ ._.j.
.__m.rn m._n +n+.rm +n_jrujn j+mt_j-
_jn t_. t_rjnj_ n_.njn .__m.rn
jj_jn j.tj +_jn. jnun.m l.tm.
+n.jnjm j_r.__j., rr +_jm ._.m.l
_._._nrjnm. r. nj_nm +._.n j_.jn
+nn_jn. _. rr n+_jj_nm _..n
j_.jn +n_jn.? .+__j_jn t._j_, r+
__jlj .t.n.mjm jl_jln., .__m.r
u.nt+j_. +n.jrl +._.n, t .rjj _.j-
rj _..n j_.j. (McAllister,1996). _.j-
rn_._, nn_j +_j njjljjl +.._jjn:
__jln .r+.j. nnln .__m.r m._
+n.jrjl, .r_+.j. _n .r.. _n_j_ jrmtj
jtj_jm, r. ._jl. jnuj. .t_jl_j .-
rn_nn j `.jrljn mj_jl +n_j_j1j? m_
.r+.jjn. mj_jl .r n_njrjm .rj.l
+n1j1j1j (+..nm._, `nr_jn .+_. .__nn
nj), j.u., j_jm _. l._jn u.nt+j_.
_.t.r_m j+_j _jr1j: m_ .r_+.jn
j+mt_j_.n __jjj_m _n`1nn_rn +n1j-
1jn r (+..nm._, .+_jl t.l .r _l_.
_._rjlnnj._n _j_j.1j), +.nl j.u.,
.j_j l._jn u.nt+j_nm +j_n_m j+_j
.+_.. 1j+m nn .__lnljm, r+ mj_jl _l_.
j._m afS-n m._n_.l .nj. +.nl, r_j.
t_jn jj_jn +n1j1j1j _njrm. .j_j, jnu-
n.m j.++m t+j mj_jl +njr ._jmj_n
.rn_njn _. j._m, m._n_.l .nnm j_j-
_.rn +n_jruj. .__m.rn m._n +n+.rm.
._.+n.ljn ___n j_rn j+mt_j_.n
.jmn_j +n_jruj_. njljl. nnln __r
tnr._ _njl ___n .r+.jjn .__m.r
m._1j +njr., t .r_+.jjn ___n
t_. j_rjn _._.l.._j.. ..m, _+.j_nn
_.rjnm, r_j. .njm, r+ j j_jjn nj
r__j., ._. +jr. njj..
++._.n, r_j. ___m.l jrm._ r.n+j
.j+n.l.n .jrm_jnm, jj._jm l.tm, r.+-
_jl._ jj..+j. .+ jj`jrn+jln j_jjn mj_jl
+njr ___n t_._.t_. j_rjn `._tn+j-
jm.l _._._nrjnm ._jmj_ .rn_nj.
r.+ .j_ .jmn _n_n +ln_lj. mj_jl +njr
._jmj_ .rn_n.? .ntjljm `.j+.l1j _._n.-
lj_n +jrn +..nmn. _.___.m, n+n .+,
r+ mj_jl .r +nunjm n_.n.m.l _._._nrj-
_n nl_r+.n., _..__jlnm, r+ n ._.r .rn
_.nljrjj_n mj_jlm.l +jrnm. j_un.
m_ .r. .+ .r.r+. +.1rj.+ +.rm. _nu
+., r+ ++._.n .r.+jr_n nj mj_jl
+n+.rm? .+ _nmt_.1j `._tn ..j+._ n+ rn
.ltn_.1j ._.__n_.rm, r+j. n._rn
rj.n _lr_nrj.n r+jljn _. +-
_nljn .r_jjl.
molodinebi da TviTqmnadi
winaswarmetyveleba
j.ujjn. m_ .r., r+ jtj__jj+. _.
+_nlj+. .+_njn nljr`rj.nn .r-
_., n._rn rj.. .l.1__rl? +r._.n
__j_. _.r+_lj, r+ n_.nn _lj. j-
.u. +ln_lj_l._ jn_. n+ r+jljn.
_. +_nljn 1j+j+j_jnm, r+jn ._.-
+n.lj ..ln.m .+ n_.njn +n+.rm. TviT-
qmnadi winaswarmetyveleba (Self-filfillling prophercies,
Merton, 1957) 1njrm j.u jj_jm.l _. +_-
jljm.l _._._nrjnm ._jmj_n nl..r-
+jj_jjjn., r+jn n+_.r._ _n.l jj_nm
_rmnjrmj, r+ nnln njm .tj n_jjl,
rr. ._.+n.ljn jrm+.ljmn.l j_ljl.
.r+n_nljm, r+ _j_j.1j +n_nt.rm _.
+tn.r_ ._.+ jnm, mj_jln +j.rn _n .+._j
_j_j.1j +t_ +jjlnn +_nln..
.+ +_nljn .m_.nnljnm, jnun.m
.r+n_nlm, m_ r.+_jl._ .lt_._j_._
+njj_nm mj_jl _. mj_jln +j.rn? jj_n j
.lt_._j_n _r+jn, m._n +trn_, jnuj.
n+n j..+n._. jn_., m_ rr +-
jjj_n.l t_jn. .jm j+mt_j_.n, r+j
mj_jl.l .j_ ._+ __r +tn.r_._ ..rjn
.ln?
m_nmj+l._n nl..r+jj_jjn jrm-jrmn
.__jmj +..nmn jrl.r_ _ `njn_.l
pigmalionidan~ .rn l.jtjn, r+jn
j_n l. `r_jr ..rn .nnln tj+u__.-
ljnm _.r_nn j_j._ .rn_r. j..-
l._ nj.. n._rn +_nljn, .l_ pigma-
lionis efeqti .+jjlj_ njl. _nj
TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyveleba (Self-filfilling proph-
ecy) _ zogierTi momavali qcevis an movlenis
Sesaxeb winaswarmetyveleba, romelic dRevan-
del urTierTobebs molodinis Sesabamisad
cvlis.
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robert rozentalis (Robert Rossenthal) _.n__r
jj`jrn+jln, r+jn _n _nrjjr j-
lr. _jn_lm.l (Leonore Jacobson) m.l.+r+-
nm ..r_..
saidan
viciT
molodinebma SeiZleba Secvalos IQ
ln _.jjnmn _n +.._j-
j +__j_rj+. +n._j nl_r+.n.,
r+ rr jnrjj+. ._jl., +.mn
1njrmn +._j .r+.j_n. ._._j-
+n_rn +rjn m_..1rnnm. +.._j-
jn _..r+_lj, r+ j +._jjn
.._ n .l+._.n ._.n
.l.__mrj_ j_jj +n._j__ljl. n-
l.+__njn .jmn `rl1n.m_n rj._rn
.__u_jn .r .rj_. _. +._jm.
_.rjn j+mt_j_nm nj jrj_n. +n_-
tj_._._ .+n., .._ n n+
.__jn 30-+., r+jn ++._.n _.r-
__._jn n.n nj_ljl jj_.lnln, ._-
._ 22 jrmj_nm .._+_j. m._n.lmn
IQ +._jljjn! mnmj+n j_j.+ _n, _
+nrj, 10 jrmj_nm .._+_j. m._n.lmn
+._jljjn. nljjjn .l_.r_n
jnm .1+nn nljjj_._rn 1r_n
j +._jljjn +ln_lj_l._ __r +.-
_.n nj, _n_rj n+._j _n t_. +-
._jjn., r+jn ._lr ___
j._jl_ljl _. __j_n _..jnn.m_n
IQ-n .l_.r_n ._. +._jljjn
.jl_.m (Rossenthal & Jacobson,1968).
rr .n.t. +.._jjn +_.rn +-
_nljn +._jm. .jm .r+.j.n? r1jl.n
(1974), _ +nrj, mt `rj1j +n_mnmj,
r+jn +.._jjn +_nl+. ...jn_r.
(nt. .rjm_j, .Jussim,1986).`nr_jn, +.._jjn
__r mn._ _. +jr_._ jjj_ljl +-
+._. _.r__._j, +.mm_n n._rn ._n-
.rjn. _. +n_jn _n+. j+ln_ljl: +jrj,
nnln __r +j nmt__ljl, j.._n +..n
nrm_n. _. +..n t.rntn .m_nm, +.m-
.l, _n1j j_jl _n_ n+j_j .+j.rj_ljl:
+j.+j, nnln __r r._ _. _l_rj_ rj.j-
nj nuj_ljl (rr jjjn, .j_j _rnn_n
m_..1rnnm) .+rj_n +._jjn .j-
+n.l.1j: _., +.._jjn .+rj_
+._jj m._n .+jln +j j.ujj
.uj__ljl, rnm. +.m .__m.rn m._n r+jl.
_+_n_j_.m _. m_n_ljl, r+ nnln +.rm.
njmn _.rjn nj_ljl, rr j +.._jj
+n.l_.m.
t._n., .+ n_.n.n __j_ nj, r+
+.._jj +n1.l+n+.rm_._ j_j+lj +_.rn
+_nljn. .+ +jm_n.+ r1jl.. _.
_jn_l m_nmj+l._n (Self-fulfilling) r_n
`jln.n _jljn ._.j. +n.. m_+.,
rj._r t_rj.n, +r._. n_.n.n, +-
_nljn 1_ n._r ._j+j j__ulj. (Jussim,
1991). +.._jjn, +..nm._, 1njrmn +-
._n.l +._. ._._j+n_r +rj. n+n+
jn.l, r+ nnln _.n __jm ++1._j_jn
+_n.l _., rr jn, j +._jjn __jmj
j_jj. ._jljjl. .+__j_., _.jrn_._,
_._njrjnlj, r+ m_nmj+l._, nl..r+jj_j-
j. .l.__mrjnm _n_ j_jj _..n ._.-
_j+n_rn +n_j_jn +jlj +._jjn t_-
rj.1j .t_jl (Madon et al.,1997). r_j. +.._-
jjn +.m.l _.. +._jljj +jn.l,
nnln __r _._ ._jl, t, r_j.
+.._jjn +.m.l __jmj +._jljj +j-
n.l, nnln +.rm. ._+_jjjl +.m.
rj._r .._ n_.njn +.._j-
j. _. `r_jrj _l_rj_n +_nj_-
jjn ..ln.m .+_jn. _. jrnmn l.-
r+jn .tnm +._jm. +n_j_jn j._.-
j._. m_nmj+l._n nl..r+jj_jjn j_jjn
j_j.1j _n_n. njm n_.njn, r+jn
_.__lnm_n ._nr +nln+._r nl_r+.n.
nuj_n.l. +_nm, j +.1rj. jjrn_n j-
rjn`jn _ljjn j_.++m.
saidan
viciT
rodis aqvT mniSvneloba stereotipebs
jj`jrn+jl.r+. n._rn _nj-
nn __jlm. ___n 9 m_n .__n
+nnj_.l.. _.+rj __jljn l.tj_.rn
_..r+_lj, r+ .__ _jnn jrj_., +jrj
l.tj_.r_ _n _mtrj, r+ +. _.rjln jrj_..
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__jlj mt_j .__n _n1n__rn +.-
t.n.mjjn, _.n .ltrnjj_n
jj_n. _. `nr_ljn j_.j.. _jnn
_. _.rjln ___n +njr _..tjj_n
+.t.n.mjjn .r .lt_.__j_. jrm+.-
ljmn..l, r_j. nnln .__n _n1n__rn
+l.j+jn. _. jj_jn j_.j. nu-
j_ljl, _nl.n_.l n_.n.n m_..nl_
nj +j+_n ._j+._n +.t.n.mjjn
_n1n__rn lnljn _. .ltrnjj_n
jj_.. .lt_._j.+ +t_ n+ j+mt_j_.n
nnl. m._n, r_j. +.t.n.mjjn .r
nj m_..nl_ +j+_n _. j_.jjn
jjrn_ jrjn`j j__ulj_.. _jnn
_..t.n.mj, rr __r .mj_rn,
t+._rn.ln, .jn_rn _. _tjn .__n, _n_rj
_.rjln (Jusssim, 1993).
r_j. .rj+ m._._ nuj_. _l_rj_
+l.j+j, +_nlj+. .r n+j+j_j j_.-
jj1j: __jlj _r._ jjum _.j-
l.t.m, rrn nj .__n _. rr njj_. n.
+t_ `nr_l_n m._nj_rjjn j_.jn.
.l_ +.nl, r_j. .jmn `nr_.`nrn +.t.n.-
mjjn ._.r .rj_., jrjn`j+. ._jl.
+.t_nlj j_.jj1j. .+rn._, +_nljn
._jl. __r unjrn. _., ._.r.__., r+ __r
+j._ jjlj. ._nn .__m.rn m._n._+n +n_jr-
uj., r_j. nl_n_n_ .r .j_ __. _.__nr-
_jn .__u_j1j j_.jn ._jmjn j.u-
j.. t._n., n._r _rmnjrmjn,
j_.jjn tnr._ j.j_nn jj_jn .ltr-
njj.. .l.`nrjjl. .t. _l.tm, m_ r.
._jl. .t_jl n._rn rj.n _lr_-
nrj.1j ._.+n.ln +njr .ltrnjj_n jj_..
qcevebi, romlebic adastureben
molodinebs
_n_j_ jrmtj .l_ntnm ln _n
+..nmn. _jl ___j .__lnljm, r+ +.._-
jj+. .l.trnjj +mjn rnn jj_jn.,
r+j+. +.m t.lrun_n _rn .l+._.n
m._n.lmn +_nljn _._._rjn j.u-
j. +n.. mark snaiderma (Mark Snyder, 1984)
j+n.l. jr+nln qceviTi dadastureba n+
`rjn ._.lnl._, r+n +j_jnm. jrmn
`nr_ljn +_nljn +jrn +n+.rm rj._r._
1j+j+j_j .+ __.l._ljn jj_.1j n+_.r._,
r+ _._r_j. +nn .jnn .n`mj1.. +..nm._,
.r+n_nljm, r+ mj_jl _n_.n.l n_jm
nljr_n_ _. .+ ._.+n.l1j nmtrj, r+ n +r-
t_n .l introvertia. .+ _nmt_jn_.l r+j
j.rj__nm nljr_n_m_n (Snyder &Swann, 1978):
r. +n+j+j_j_nm _j_jn ..t.-
nj._?
rr n_.njn n_r_j_nm, r+ +j._
_+_ln_.j_rln j_nnj._nm?
r. nnm tj, r+ rj._r._ .ntl.m
t_. ._.+n.ljm.l?
r. n_.njn .`.r._m j_r?
_.___.m, +jrj j_nmt_. j.rnjm, rr
.+. _+jj. ._jmj, r_j. +.m _jr.m,
r+ nlr_jr j._rjn.l. .l. +j._ ..-
m_rn .r .rn, r+ .+ j_nmt_.1j __n__rj._
jjr._jrn `nr_lj. _n ._j__._r._ n-
`._tj_.m? .+rn._, +_nln +j _l_. _j._r
nlr_jr, .l.`nrj jj_nm .rj_.l _l_.
_.__. _nmt_jn, r+j., _j_jn.+jr,
nlr_jr ._.+n.lj __.+jl: .+ __.l._lj
_n +_nln `jln_r _._._rj.+_j +n_-
qceviTi dadastureba (Behavioral confirmation) pro-
cesi, romlis meSveobiTac adamianebi iqcevian
sxvebis specifikurad mosalodneli reaqciebis
Sesabamisad da Semdeg am reaqciebs iyeneben
TavianTi Sexedulebebis dasadastureblad.
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721
j._.rm: m_ n +n`._tj .+ j_nmt_.1j, +n_t__jn,
r+ n +.rm. nlr_jrn j_n..
r.+_jl._ +u._rn. jj_nmn _._._rjn
u..? .+ _nmt_.1j `._tn m_nmj+l._n nl..r-
+jj_jjn j+mt_j_.n +j+_n `._tn +._-
n.. n _.+_n_j_n. n+.1j, m_ r.+_jl._ tj+n-
.__+n. .rj+n .rj_n 1_n nl_r+.n..
saidan
viciT
qceviTi dadasturebis sazRvrebi
+__j_rj+. jj+lj `nrjn, ._.
__jln ljn jrm ___ aRmqme-
lebs~ j_j+lj j.n +_nljn -
l.m. +jrj ___n samizneebis~ jjr.-
_jr_.-nlr_jr_n +n+.rm.
_.jrn_._, .+n1ljjn j_jn j_rn
_1r_l_jj_n njl. rjnnlnm, r+jn
jj`jrn+jl.rj +n jjr._jr._ .l
nlr_jr._ ._j+n ._.j. .uj__..
m_+., m._._ .+ ljn m_nmj_.jjn
.+ lnln +ntj__nm .lt_._j_n nj
1njrm +.m.l +j.rn (+u._rn) +.1rj.
..l_. .__m.rn nlr_jr_.-jjr.-
_jr_n j.tj, 1njrm _n __r
+jn_j (_n). r. +t_., r_j. ._-
+j+jjn .+n1ljjn jrm+.ljm _.j_l-
.jljl? r_j. .+n1ljj .r .jl_.m
+j.rn m_nmj_.j., ._nn .jl_. jj_nm
_._._rj.. ._+j+jjn ._j__ljl n+.,
r+ .+n1ljj njmn jj_jn .ljtr-
njjnl.m, r+jn _.._._rj_ljl
+.m +_nlj. m_+., r_j. .+n1-
ljj j_.rjnm +j.rn +j-_lj_n. .jl-
_.m, nnln ._+j+jjn +_nljn
.nl.._+_j jj_j ._jl_ljl (Swann &
Fly, 1984).
_n_j_ jrmtj jnun.m l.tm, r+ +-
_nljn j_j.1j j_jj_rn +.nl.., r_j.
.rj+ rj._rn, +n+_nl.rj +_+.rj. .+n1-
ln rj._r. r.1r_.ln .l _l__.ln..
.+ `nrjn j_j.1j +j._.. +._ljn,
r+ ._.+n.ln _.jjr_l. .r. +l.j+j, .r.+j_
_.__lj nl..ln _.jrjn_.l .++_nl.rj
.._jmj.
jj_nmn _._._rjn .1__rjn n+.1j..
_.+_n_j_n, m_ r. +n_.nnm _rmnjrmj+j_j
.+n1lj. t_. .+__j_.n +.+._.m. aRmqmelebis
_ jrm ___ _jn ._jlj _. _..r+_lj,
r+ +.mm.l jj_l1j +._rj j.jn sa-
mizneebi ._. ln.ln nj_ljl, +jrj ___n
j_rjn _n _.r+_lj_ln nj_ljl, r+ _.rln.l
j.j j._rj_ljl. 1njrm j. (r+jm.
_.jrn_n l. .r jj..+j_. _1j
.+.t_) .jj_l ._.rn +l.njn
+n_j. _. +.mm.l +._rj +.+._.n `nr_l_n
+.t.n.mjjn .+l. mt_j. t_. j+mt_j-
_.n _n j.jn +n1.ln `.rlnr +.+._.jm.l
+_n_n _. .n.+_l ._rn .+. nj. 1._._,
j +jrj n_.n. jj_nm _._._rj. j+ln_.:
samizneebis jj_. +.+._.jn +njr _._j_.,
rr n+_jln _.+._._rjjn (+..nm._,
j.jn _._j_ljl, rr l._j._ __njn
_. _j__rjn). m_+., r_j. .+n1ljjn
nl_r+.nn +unj. _n_ljl, jj_nm _._.-
_rj. aRar t_j_. (Snyder & Haugen,1995). j
jj`jrn+jln _._njrjnlj, r+ lr+._rn -
n._rn nljr.jnn n+`_n ._.+n.lj ufro
met j.uj. .uj_, r+ .+j.r m._n.lmn
r+jljn, _.+_n_j_jjn. _. jrjn`jn
j..+n._ ._..r_j_rl.
.+ j_jm._n ._jrn jj`jrn+jlj _ljrn_._
+n_j._.rm _nmt_.+_j, m_ rr .r+nj+lj.
_.+_n_j_jjn _. +_nljn? _jl +njr
.ltn_ jj`jrn+jljn +l.njj tj_l_-
r._ _j+ln_ljl +_nlj, +.r.+ r. t_j.
rj._r t_rj.n, r_j. mj_jln .__m.rn
+_nljn j..+n._ +j+j_jm? j+_j
j_jm._n .l_ntn._m _.+_n_j_jj, +.m
.+j.nj.. _. j_. _. _l.t._m, m_ r.
_._nrn. r+jlj, _.+_n_j_jj. _. +j+j_j-
j rn.
Sejameba
n._rn rj.n _lr_nrjn _lj_-
nn +ntj__nm, ._.+n.ln n_.nn nljr`rj.-
nn. njjlj _. jjr_l. .__m.r _l.. _.
.+_nj.. .rn_nn mjrn. _n
.tl., m_ rr ._.jjl ._.+n.ljn .jn_jn,
+_jljn. _. jj_jn j_jjn +n1j1j.
._.+n.ljn tnr._ .m.l.__ _jr ._.jjl jj_n
n_.n_r +n1j1j _. .t_jljl _n`1nn_rn
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722
_.jrjn ._._.j., r. lnn. .rn_-
nn __l_.+jl_rn j_+n .tjnm. __j_jn
++, r+ .r.nl_n_n__.n_rn ___rjn
.r++._jlj l._j._ .t.n.mjm .jmn
j_+.. ._.+n.ljn .__m.rn m._n +n+.rm +n_jr-
uj. jj_j+_j.rjn.l, r_j. .r+.jj
_n`1nn_r _.jrj +n.jrjl, t .r_-
+.jj n_.n_r _.jrj. m_nmj+l._
nl..r+jj_jjj +.nl .j_m ._nn, r_j.
+_nljn j+mt_j_. _njj rj._r .+-
j.rn. .+n+._._, jj_nm _._._rj. ._n-
n .j_ +.nl, r_j. ._.+n.ljn +_nljn
rj._r._ _n t_. ._.+n.ljn jj_.. j
rn_j j_jjn +nr_j. .rj+n .rj_n _.
._.+n.lnm_n tj+n.__+n njj_rn nl_r-
+.nnm.
damokidebulebebi, maTi
Secvla da qceva
__j ___j jl_.m mj_jln damokidebulebis
.+t._n j.uj.? _nl+j+ ___j _nmt.m:
r. _njr j+ +.n_r1j, .l +jl.m m_
.r. j _jrun? damokidebuleba (Attitude) ._.+n.-
ljn, njjjn .l n_jjn _._jnmn, .l _.r-
j_nmn j_.j... mj_jl, j.u., _._jnmn
_.+_n_j_jjn jl_jm +_jn, `r_n
+.lj.ljn .l .._..t._ .l.__jmn +n+.rm,
t _.rj_nmn _.+_n_j_j. jj+.r-
_jjn, m.l.+j_r_j tj_ljn .l .rnn
+n+.rm. .jmn .l.1__rj. __j, r+ mj_jln
_.+_n_j_jn _+r._j. .r .rn m_..-
nl. mj_jl, j.u., _jr _n .lnjrj_jm,
r+ .r__j_n _.+_n_j_jjn +..rjjn
t.rm. _.+_n_j_jjn +ln_lj_.ln., r._.l
nnln ._jl. .t_jljl mj_jl jj_.. _. n+.1j,
m_ rr .t_jlm n._rn rj.n _lr_-
nrj.. .ntjljm `rnll-_.r+_mn +.n.
`rnlln _l_n _j+._n_rjn m.+.
_.r+_mn _l_n _j+._n_rjn..l .l-
t_._j_._ tj_.__ljl: .rn_njn +_jljn
j.tj _.+_n_j_jjn j..+n._ _jm_j-
_.. r. __j_ .__u_._ mj_jl _.+_n_j-
_jj _. r. ._jl. .t_jljl nnln mj_jl
jj_j1j?
damokidebulebebi da qcevebi
_.+_n_j_jjn .l_.1__rjm, rr
`1nn_rn, .l lj.n_rn j_.jjn. .+ j_jm._n
j.uj. jjlj.m, r+ m_nml .._jmm
.jmn j_.j.. r.+_jl._ jm.lt+jnm j_j+m
+j+_ _j_j. (j+t.1jm j..+nn
n_rn)?
++l _n+jn _n+ _jrn +l.njnm.
_.___.m, j+t.1jm n_rn 3", j.n. .r__j_-
n._ .r jm.lt+jnm +j+_ _j_j.. r.+
.+n_n. j j_.j.? _jl j_nun. +n__mnmm
nl_r+.nn .+ n`1j, r+jn .__u_._ __j_
mj_jl _.+_n_j_j..
kognituri r. .1rjn nl_j.m _n+ _jrn
.tjn .ljn.?
afeqturi r. rulj ._ur._ mj_jln
_n+ _jrn .tjn tjlj.?
qceviTi rr njj_nm, r_j., _.___.m,
j.uj. .j_m, l.tm jrm-jrmn _n+n
+nn +l.njnm?
._.r.__., r+ .+ .+n n`n nl_r+.nn
damokidebuleba (Attitude) adamianebis, sagnebisa
da movlenebis mimarT SefasebiTi reagirebis
daswavlili, SedarebiT myari tendencia.
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sruliad
ar
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neitraluri
sruliad
veTanxmebi
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_+nl.n.+ nnu.m, r+ 3" (.l ljn+njrn t_.
n_rn) j+jt.1.m. mj_jln _.+_n_j_jjn,
.j_j, +n._jl .+ .+n _.jrnn j..+n
rj.jnj. m_ mj_jln _.+_n_j_j. _n+ _jrn
+n+.rm _.rj_nmn., j lnl._, r+ jnun.m
mj_.m: +nn n_+rn __.r_n. (_ln_rn),
.r ++l +nn .tn j_rj. (._jj_rn), .l
.r _.`nrj __n ._._nt._ n+n j_rj.n, m_
rr _.r_j. _n_. (jj_nmn).
rm_n. .r. _.+_n_j_jn .1+_., .r.+j_
n+n _._jl., _.+_n_j_jjn j_jm_n 1_._
.n.tjn.l jj_.n m_ .r.. .__m.rn .+_nj-
n_.l. nnm, r+ j j_jm_n .j .r t_j..
._.+n.lj+., j.u., .l.t._l, r+ .r _j_.rm
_n+ _jrn, +.r.+ +.nl _n_n __n _.t.r_l +nn
_n+jn .l.t._._. m_+., tnr._ ._.+n.ljn
jj_jn jj..+j. +.m _.+_n_j_jj. nnln
.+jl, r+ __ .r _.t.r_._jl _n+ _jrn
_n+jn .l.t._._ _. .j njj_n.l. rr
jnuj. ._.r__nm, r_n .l.1__r._ _.+_n-
_j_j. jj_. _. r_n .r.? +__j_rj+.
u.1j j_rn n+_._j .+ ._nmt1j, _jru_, n+
`nrjn _.._jl._, r+jn j_j.1j unjrn.
_._nrn ._.+n.ljn _.+_n_j_jj. _. +.m
jj_j rn (Ajzen & Sexton, 1999; Fazio & Towles-
Schwen, 1999).
_.+_n_j_jn jrm-jrmn m_nj., r+jn
jj_n nl..r+jj_jjn ._.j. nuj_.,
xelmisawvdomoba (accessibility), .l_ _.+_n_j_jn
njj. _. ._.+n.ln +njr .+ njjn j_.j.
rn _._nrn nunjrj. (Fazio, 1995). r_j.
_n+ _jrn j.tj n_.+m _nmt_., mj_jl lj.n
jujm `._t, m_ n _._ +_nm m._n? __j_j+.
._jlj, r+ jj_jn +nm __r +j._ jj..+jn.l
_.+_n_j_jj, r. __r +j._ tj+n.__+ln
.rn.l j __.l._ljln.
saidan
viciT
damokidebulebis xelmisawvdomobis
safuZvelze saarCevno qcevis
winaswarmetyveleba
+__j_rj+. rl r.nln (l.rn,
_.l._.) 1990 n ._nrn_n .rj_ljn
nl _. j+_j .jj_l .+_nmt_.
...rj. +.m .rj_ljn nl .++rj_j
rn _nmt_nm +n+.rmj: rr _njrm,
r+j `.rn. +nj+m t+.? _. jnun.m
mj_.m, r+ mj_jln .rj_.ln .., m_
_njrm, r+ _n_j_ jnuj. jn_.m
.1rn?..rj_ljn j+_j +.m mt__ljl,
_.j.tjjnl.m .ltrnjj_n .rj_.ln.
nl...rj_l _.+_n_j_jn tj+n.__-
+n .1+._ .+jjlj_ njl. `._tn .-
j+n nr._j _nmt_.1j: _n +nj+m
t+.?. `._tjnm_n ._nr _rn .+.m-
_j._ _+`n_jrn .+njjlj (+l.j+n
_rjjnrj. rj`l_jln +jj_jjn
nl_n_n__._rn m._nj_rjjn .m_.nn-
ljnm ._jmj_ljl). r. +n+.rmj. nj _.+-
_n_j_jn tj+n.__+.. _. jj_.
rn? n nl_n_n_jn, r+jm. tj+n-
.__+n _.+_n_j_jjn .+._nlj, .l_
j_.rjnm r._._ `._t_ljl _nmt_.1j,
__r +j._ .trnjj_ljl .+_nmt_n.
_._njnrj_ ..rj_l jj_. (Bassili, 1995).
.+ j_jn +ln_lj_.ln n.., r+, rr
+._.n tj+n.__+n, nj _..n tj+n-
.__+n rj`l_jljn, .rj_lj.+_j ._ln-
l.__ljl, r+ .r jn_n_ljl .1r. .+_jl._,
rj._rn ..rj_l jj_n nl..r+jj_jjn-
.m_n _.+_n_j_jn tj+n.__+. __r
.l_ +._jljjn ._+l_., _n_rj m_nm .++-
rj_jm. +njr .+mj+_n +.1rjjn!
rr nujl _.+_n_j_j. +._. tj+n-
.__+. (Fazio,1995)?__j_j+. ._jlj, r+
_.+_n_j_jjn __r tj+n.__+n., r_j.
nnln uSualo gamocdilebas j__uljn.l. mj_jl
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_n+ _jrn _n+jn._+n __r tj+n.__+n
_.+_n_j_j. jjlj.m, m_ +nn +l.njnm
r.+_jln+j _n+n l.tjm +.l.+, .l.+ +n j.tj
r.n+j +n+jl_nm .l .n_nmt.__nm. .j_j, _.+-
_n_j_jjn __r tj+n.__+n. +.nl, r-
_j. nnln ._+._ tnr._ +jr_jn.l, .l_
r. __r tnr._ nt_j.m +.mn _jr._r._
_r+_nrj..
_.+_n_j_jjnm __jm t_j. jj_jn
nl..r+jj_jj., r_j. +.m specifikurobis
jrm. _. n+._j _lj1j _1+._m. .l_ntnm
cxrilSi 17.1 .r+_jlnn +l.j+jn. .+ __j-
_.n +__j_rjn _n_ljl, jnl..r+jj_j-
.m 18-38 n 270 j.n.l j+_.rn jrj_n
+njr ..t_n .nl.._+_j .jn .+jjljn
..m.. trnn_.l .l, r+, r. __r spe-
cifikuri nj .jn .+jjljn j.tj _.+_n
_nmt_., +nm __r +._.n nj _rj.n. +.m
+njr rj._r._ .ltrnjj_ `jn_n__r
jj_.m.l (Davidson & Jaccard, 1979) (.ntjljm, r+
_rj.nn _j_nnjln r. __r .t.. 1-
m.l .l 1-m.l, +nm __r unjrn. _._nrn). jr-
+nln specifikuri n+ `jn_n__r egzemplarebsac
jtj., r+jn +.m +n+.rm _.+_n_j_jn
.+t._n. _.tjl_j. (Sia et al,. 1997). +..nm._,
_.___.m, r+ j_nmtjn.l, jm.lt+jnm m_ .r.
_j_j.: _jl_n `nn_j. mj_jln
j_.j. _.+_n_j_n njlj. n+.1j, m_ r+jn
`nn_n ..tjl_j.m .+ _r: -_r_
_.nlln, _nll jrnn, n _nlln
m_ _r__n. m_ _jl nn_j _nmt_. jrmn
__nrn j+_j _.n_.+m, mj_jln j_.j. r.
mj_jl 1._ _.+_n_j_j. .+t.._
j.u. jn_., _nl.n_.l n+ ++jln,
j.u., t_. `nn_jn ..tjl_jm.
r_j. mj_jln _.+_n_j_jjn nl_r-
+.nn t_._.t_. j_j___j j__ulj., nnln
jnuj. r._n_._r._ jn_. _rm. .l-
+._.n. r_j. _n+ _jrn._+n _.+_n_j-
_j. .+mj_.+m, +n r+j _n+1j _njrm?
+t_ +.nl jnuj. _j_m +j.r _rmnjr-
m_.+_n_j_j. mj_jl j_.jj. (lj.)
_. jj_j (j+j_j.) rn, r_j. mj_jl
_.+_n_j_j.m.l _._._nrj_n _.jjn
_rm. .l+._.n .n_rn .t_j..
darwmunebis procesi
_jl ___j _l.tjm, r+ .m.l._ `nrjn
_.+_n_j_jj u._um jj_n .l.1__r.. j
_.rn n.tj. +.mm_n, _nl _r. _. __
t.r_._ mj_jl _.+_n_j_jj1j ._jln
+.t_jl._, +.r.+ ._+._ tnr._, _n_n _r-
_nn_. +n_tj_._._, t_j .r j_un.m mj_jl
_.+_n_j_jj1j ._jln +t_jl.. mj_jl
jjj_r.l1j j_.rj_njn.l +.tnn, r+jn
_nn .tjtn .t.n ._.jn rj_.+nrj.
.t_jl, j_jn tn_n j+_j _jr jn_nm
_nn `... j_jm_n _jr jn_nm `n-
n__r jtj__jj, rr _n +rnn _.l_n_.n
_.+jrn nl +mjn _r_jnm .l.t._j,
r+ .rj_ljn rj_ +. _l_. _.__nrm +t.rn.
mj_jl .rj+ +r._.n ._.+n.ln m._ __j.
.uj_ _. r._..n mj_jl darwmunebas, .l_ mj_jln
_.+_n_j_jjn nl..r.l1r.t_._ j_.
_n. _.r+_ljn .l.trnjj._ .r-
__j_n `nrjn m.lt_j_r.. ._nr. .l_ntnm
1njrmn +.m.ln.
m.__.`nr_j._ .r+n_jlm gadamuSavebis
albaTobis models
1
_.r+_ljn mjrn., r-
+jn ._jr, m_ r.+_jl._ ..m_rn., .l_
korelacia Casaxvis
sawinaaRmdegoabebis
gamoyenebasTan
specifikuroba aumjobesebs
damokidebulebasa da qcevas Soris
korelacias
cxrili
17.1
gazomili atitudebi
damokidebuleba Sobadobis
kontrolis mimarT.
damokidebuleba Casaxvis
sawinaaRmdego abebis
mimarT.
damokidebuleba Casaxvis
sawinaaRmdego abebis
gamoyenebis mimarT.
damikidebuleba Semdegi
ori wlis ganmavlobaSi
Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego
abebis gamoyenebis mimarT
.08
.32
.52
.57
SeniSvna: mkvlevrebma scades ewinaswarmetyvelaT qalebis
mier ori wlis ganmavlobaSi Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego
abebis gamoyenebis albaToba. rac ufro specifikur
kiTxvebs usvamdnen qalebs, miT ufro maRali iyo
damokidebulebebis aqtualur qcevasTan korelacia.
1
elaboration likelihood model.
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r.+_jl._ +._ljn., r+ ._.+n.ljn m._n.lm
_ln_r `rjj _.+.r+_ljjn jjn-
ljn _j._r._ ._.+_._jn_jl .r+.rm._jl
(Petty & Cacioppo, 1986; Petty & Wegener, 1999). j
+_jn _rnn__._ .l.t_._j jrm+.ljmn.l
_.r+_ljn centralur da periferiul proce-
sebs. jlr._rn `rjn _nt+ `nrj,
r+jn ._.+n.ljn __.+nm, 1j_+nj_lnm
.n.1rjjl _.+.r+_ljjn _+_ln_.nn `r-
jn +n_j_ nl_r+.n. n+_.r._, r+
_.+_n_j_jjn _nj. +n_j_n
.r_+jljn nunjrj1j. _.+_n_j_n. r_j-
. _nl+j _n mj_jl _.r+_lj., r+
jrmn .ln jl1nln 5 _.rn _l_. _nr_j,
mj_jl .+ nl_r+.n., ..m, j_r.__jnm +j_n-
_jnm. `jrn_jrn_n `rjn njm `nrj _-
nt+, r+jn ._.+n.ljn jrn1_._
.r j_n_jn.l jjnlj. _. n_.nn 1j_.`n-
r_ +.lnljj1j rj.nrjjl. r_j. .+jn_-
_jn +njr j+m._.1j_n .+. m_ n+ `r__jn
nl jj_._rn .rjln +_jn _., n
(.+jn__jn) n+j__lj, r+ mj_jl j_r _njr
.r _.njjm .+ `r__jn t.rnt1j _. jnujlm
+.. ._.+n.ln +njr .+jjlj_n jlr._rn
_. `jrn_jrn_n `rjjn, .r__j_n._, +.m
motivaciazea _.+_n_j_n, _jru_, n+.1j, _r
_. j_un. m_ .r. ._.+n.l +n_j_n _.+.r+_-
ljjn jjnljn __.+nm ._.+_._j..
m_ _.r._ _.___nr_jnm mj_jl nr_n_
.rj_ jjnljj, r._._ _..__lnm, r+
rj_.+n `jn.nj tnr._ rj_ n+n
n+j_n .j_m, r+ mj_jl 1j_.`nr_._ +n__jnm
rj_.+.. r.+ _t_n.l ln ._.+n.lj _n_
__ rj_.+n `jn.njn +.mn `r__jn
.jn__n.m_n? +.rm. _jr.m, r+ .n___n
_.r__._j u.n.l ._.r_jm .j..jm.rn
.jj_l _._nrn _.n _nj.? ._.r.-
__., rj_.+n `jn.njn n+j__ljjl, r+
mj_jl _r+._ .r ...l.n1jm .r_+jlj _.
..j.l +nj+m mj_jl _mn rulj
+.tnn +n+.rm, r+jn t. .t.+
.r+_jln `r__jn..
.t. .__m.r m._ ._nmtjm: r_n t.rm
+n_nrj_ln _.r+_ljn jlr._rn `r-
jjn .+jjljnm_n? `._tn +ln_lj_.ln.
rr +.mm_n, _nl n_r_j_., r+ mj_jl .j
+njjm (_nl.n_.l nnln _njrjl, r+ unjrn
.r_+jljn ..ln.m), .j_j, +.mm_n, _n. j
.r _r (r._.l. mj_jl _.r+_lj. 1j_.`n-
r_n +.lnljjnm n+j__ljjl). +_nj_.lm
_.+.r+_ljjn _+_ln_.nn +..nmn, r+jn
..1rjn jlr._rn `rjn .rj_n_jl _.
.r_+jljn __.+nm j_.jn_jl nnujm,
_nl.n_.l +. mj_jlm_n pirovnuli mniSvneloba
.j_ _. mj_jl nu_j_n t_jnm, __r
n_r+nj_._ .lntnm .r_+jljn (Eagly &
Chaiken, 1993). .r+n_nljm, r+ m.l+n+_j_rnm
+n+nljm rn +tjlj.. `nr_jn ++tjljjn
.+_nj_., r+ .n___+. __r +jn .+.l-
1+njn.ln _n+jn _l_. ..r+, +jrj _n
.+_., r+ _j_n ._n ._._rn 50-
nm _l_. .n1.r_. r+jn .+_. __r
.+n_j_ ._.+_._jn jlr._r `rj?
.t. .l_ntnm jj`jrn+jln, r+jn .l-
tn_n. +n_j_n nl_r+.nn `nr_l_n
_nrj_jn +ln_lj. .+ln, _njn_r
.+j.rm. .l_.n.
darwmuneba (Persuasion) damokidebulebebis Sec-
vlis mizanmimarTuli mcdelobebi.
gadamuSavebis albaTobis modeli (Elaboration like-
lihood model) darwmunebis Teoria, romelic
gansazRvravs, Tu ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli, rom
adamianebi TavianTi kognituri procesebis fo-
kusirebas axdendnen Setyobinebis gasaazreblad
da, Sesabamisad, misdevdnen darwmunebis cen-
tralur an periferiul procesebs.
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saidan
viciT
warmosaxul samyaros Sesaxeb
informaciis pirovnuli
mniSvnelovneba
.rn m_ .r. mj_jlm_n _.+._jrjjn n
nl_r+.njn, r+j. njmn .+lnn
.+j.rjn ._jrn. t__jnm, rrn..
+t._r_n njr._r. _. _n+jn? +__j-
_.rm. jrm+. ___+. .+mj_. _.r.__n, r+
_.r+_ljn._+n mj_jln _.+jn t.rntn
_.+_n_j_n njlj. n+.1j, m_ r.+_jl._
.t _. ._jrnn n_.n. mj_jl `n-
r_lj.m.l. __j_.n njn. _. `rnlln
_ln_jrnjjn __jljn +l.nj-
_ljl. rn_j _ln_jrnjn __jljn..l
j+_.r jrm ___ .__nmtj +mtr.,
r+n +j+j_j. `rnlln _nm.r_jn_..
nn_j +mtr. .__nmtj +jrj ___.,
+.r.+ .+ j+mt_j_.n +j+j_j. njn nj
._..lnn. +mtrn +nrjn njm
rj._r mj+j1j ._r_ljl, rrn..:
r.+_jl._ ..rj. _.lnm_n +1n tn-
_jn: ._.+_jn. m_ .r. _njn__rn _.._._jjn
_. ... +__j_rj+. n_.r.__j, r+ jj`jrn-
+jln +l.njln __r j.j_n._
.m_n_ljl jj, r+jn +.m sakuTar
.._jj jjtj_.. +..nm._, `rnl-
ljn __jljn, r+jn `rnlln
j.tj _nmt__ljl jj, __r
+n_nrj_ln _l_. j_nnj_ljl, r+
__.+nm .j_nmt.m j jjn _. _r+._
.__+_ljl +nrjn .r_+jlj. rr
17.5 suraTidan .l, j_jj+. _.._._r.
j .n`mj1.. __jlj+. .+._nlj _.-
+_n_j_jjn _nj. n+ .r_+jljn
+n+.rm, r+jn ._+j+_n nj sxva
..jjm.l _._._nrj_ +mtr.n
(+..nm._, `rnlln _jrn. njn _-
_jljn.m_n). j lnl._, r+, r_j.
nl_r+.n. .r nj `nr_l_._ rjj_.l-
_rn, __jlj+. .r .+njjlj nl_r-
+.nn ..1rjn jlr._rn `rjjn
.r_+jljn ...1rj._ _. +.mn 1j._-
jln j_j +jjljl (Prentice et al., 1997).
j_r.__j. +n.jnjm, r+ +mtrn rn_j
_jrn. n_jl_rn nj _. +t_ +j+j_jn
._nn nj .lt_._j_n. .+rn._, nl_r+.nn
_.+.r+_lj. +t_ n+nm.. .l`nrj_n,
m_ r.+_jl._ +n_nrj_ln .rn.l __jljn
._.+_._jn jlr._rn `rjjn .rj_n.
_. nl_r+.nn __.+nm j_.jnm_n
(Prentice & Gerrig, 1999). ++._.n, r_j. .t.n
_ .l.t._._ .rm._m jj_n1r, mj_jl
jujm ..r__nm, m_ r. .tn _.+.r+_ljj+.
nl_r+.n.+ jnuj. .n.r `jrn_jrn_n
suraTi
17.5
darwmuneba da pirovnuli Sesabamisoba
studentebi kiTxulobdnen moTxrobebs, romlebSic
moqmedeba xdeboda an maT `mSobliur~ saswavlebelSi
da, amdenad, pirovnulad Sesabamisi iyo, an `sxva~
saswavlebelSi. ivaraudeboda, rom pirovnuli
Sesabamisoba gamoiwvevda informaciis gaazrebis
centraluri procesesbis CarTvas da, amdenad,
darwmunebas naklebad eqneboda adgili. faqtob-
rivad, darwmunebis process adgili hqonda mxolod
maSin, rodesac studentebi kiTxulobdnen `sxva~
saswavlebelTan dakavSirebul moTxroba (maga-
liTad, ielis universitetis studentebi ki-
Txulobdnen prinstonis versias). Sedegebi amtki-
ceben varauds, rom pirovnulad Sesabamisi `mSob-
liuri~ saswavleblis versia studentebSi iwvevda
gaazrebis centraluri procesebis CarTvas da
moTxrobaSi gadmocemuli argumentebis uaryofas
maSin, rodesac pirovnulad Seusabamo `sxva~ sas-
wavleblis versia iwvevda gaazrebis periferiul
procesebs da moTxrobaSi mocemuli argumen-
tebisadmi daTanxmebas.
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727
1nm, m_ ._.j+n nl..rn m._nn jnm,
+l.njjnm _. .., .r .rn mj_jlm_n `nr_-
l_._ _nrj_n.
_.+_n_j_jn n`n. _. .r_+jln n`n
m.lt_j_r. _n_j_ jrmn _.jrn., r+jn ._-
jl. .t_jl nl_r+.nn ._.+_._jn 1n
.rj_.1j (Ajzen & Sexton, 1999). ._rj .__lnljm,
r+ _.+_n_j_j. .l.1__r._ rr
_ln_rn, nj j+n_rn .+_nj.. +__j_-
rj+. ._jlj, r+ _.+_n_j_jjn +.nl __r
n_j., r_j. rj_.+n `jn.njn _-
ln_rn .__u_n +jlj .r_+jl _ln_rn
.__u_n +jlj _.+_n_j_j. __._nrjjl,
j+n_rn .__u_n +jlj .r_+jl _n
j+n_rn .__u_n +jlj _.+_n_j_j..
m_ _nl+jm_n _.+_n_j_jjn j_..
_nm, j j_jjn _l_. .nm_.nnlm.
rrn .__u_jn _.r _.+_n_j_j.n
unjrn _ln_rn m_ unjrn j+n_rn? .+n
j..+n._, rr _l_. junlm mj_jl +njr
+_njrj_ jjnlj. +jn _.+._jrj.?
saidan
viciT
reklamisa da damokidebulebis
Tanxvedra
r. .l.`nrj mj_jl _.+_n_j_j.
yavis +.r_n +n+.rm? ._.r.___, mj_jln
j_.j. j__ulj. +n j+m.l _. _.m.l
_._._nrj_ kognitur +.1rjj. .t.
misaloci baraTebi ._ntjlm. ._.r.__.,
r+ +.m +n+.rm mj_jl _.+_n_j_j.
__r afeqturi rj.jnjn .l.1__r._.
r.+_jl._ _n+nn ++_rjln .rn.l nnln
_. r.+_jl._ +n_mnmjjl mj_jlm_n ._r-
_j _rmnjrmj1j? jrm-jrm jj`jrn+jln
+l.njj t_._.t_. `r__jn j._n.
_. +n.n .r.mjn _ln_r _.
j+n_r .__u_j1j _.+j.rj_n rj_.-
+jn ._jlj. _ln_r .__u_j1j jj+lnn
rj_.+jn .j n_nmtj_.: l.+__nn j._n
._t, +u._rn j+ _. _rljn, r-
+jn _.+1._j_n. _+._jn t.rntn
+.r_jn..l. j+n_r .__u_j1j
jj+lnn rj_.+n_.l _n ..m jnj_nm,
r+ j._., r+j. mj_jl _.+m, +n.lnlj,
m_ rrn `nr_lj. t.rm. +. j_un.
__j_, .lt_._j_n j+ .ruln-
lm. _n +l.njj rj_.+n mnm-
j_n jrnn ._nmt_n j+_j .+ `r-
__jjn +n+.rm m._n.lmn _.+_n_j_jn
_._njnrj. +jmt_j_.m. rr 17.6
suraTidan .l, _._._r_. 1j+m ._ln-
l_n unjrn _._nrn .rj.. +l.-
njln +.nl __r +j _._jnm .rj_.l
._njnrj_ljl, r_j. jjnljn n`n
(+..nm._, _ln_rn .__u_n +jljln)
_.+_n_j_jjn n` (+..nm._,
_ln_rn .__u_n +jlj _.+_n_j_-
jj) jj..+j_. (Shavitt, 1990).
sakuTari qmedebiT darwmuneba
j_jm._n n+ _.jrj .__jrm,
r+jn ._.+n.ljn +njr t_jn _.+_n-
_j_jjn j_n _l.r1j .t_jljl ._jl..
m_+., +j+j_jjl njmn u.jn, r+jn,
suraTi
17.6
emociur da kognitur safuZvelze
agebuli reklama da produqtebi
rodesac reklamis tipi (emociuri an kognituri
safuZvlis mqone) dakavSirebulia im ganzomile-
basTan, romelic gamoxatavs produqtis arss: emo-
ciuri _ misaloci baraTebis an kognituri _ yavis
mimarT, adamianebi ufro keTilganwyobiT reagireben
produqtis mimaRt (skalaze, sasurveloba izomeba
-3-dan +3-mde).
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+mj rn j+mt_j_jn, n+n +n1j1n t_jn.l,
r+ ._.+n.l+. sakuTari _.+_n_j_jjn
j_.. _mj_.m, _.n_njm, r+ .r +nn_j_nm
1j_+j _.rnj. +n_nt.rm .+.t_rn _. nj
mj_jln __rn _.._jn __jm.l _._._nrjnm
l.+t_.rn t__j.m. mj_jl jrm l._jr +nnrm+j_m.
.jtjm .+nm mj_jln _nn m_ .r.? lnl._ j
n+. m_ .r., r+ mj_jl _.rj_nmn _.+_n_j-
_j. _l_. jl_jm .__m.rn jj_n._+n? t+
.r _njrm, r+ +.nl rj_ +njjnm? r.+?
_jl .__jrm m_nm_.r+_ljn r +_j,
disonansis Teorias _. TviTaRqmis Teorias.
disonansis Teoria
_.+_n_j_jjn __j_n. jrm-jrmn
__l_.+jl_rn _._j. n.., r+ ._.+n.lj _rm.
.l+._.n +.mn _.+_n_j_jjn __j-
n _jr.m (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993). _lnjl-
_rn j jl_jln. .+jjlj_ njl. n.-
_r _njn.n, _jru_, leon festinjeris
(Leon Festinger, 1957) +njr .+j.nj_ kognituri
disonansis TeoriaSi. kognituri disonansi _l-
_njn +_+.rj.., r+j. ._.+n.ln .ln-
_n ._.j_jnjn +n_jn, jj_n .ltr-
njjn .l +nn r+jljn, ruljn _. _n-
rj_jjn .nl.._+_j nl_r+.n +n_jn
j+_j. +..nm._, .r+n_nljm, r+ mj_jl,
+jrn rj_n .nl.._+_j_, .jn_._
j.rnjm .r__j_n n`n +.lj.l.. r.+ _l_.
.nl_jm j__n mj_jln .rj_.ln nrn m..1j?
+nnlj_jl, r+, r_j. ._.+n.l+. nn, r+ +nn
_.+_n_j_j. _. jj_. .r m.lt__j. jrm+.ljm
(t_. nj_jnm, _nl.ln. jrm+.ljmm.l), .l_
jj_. .r jj..+j. _.+_n_j_j., l_j.
_.rj_n, m._n .rn_jn +_+.rj. _. ._.+n.ln
+n j+__jj., j+nrj. _n. _nl.ln
j+nrjn jl_jln. .+ +_+.rjn _n.+_-
ljn .l_nm .jn_nr_j.. +.lj.ln +.r_n jr-
j_n j+mt_j_.n, m.__._nmn `1nn. .l_
mj_jln .rj_.ln.m_n ._._.rj_n _nrj_jn
+nln_j. ._.j. .uj_m, .nrn_m j
_n.+_l .l_. _. m._n __r m.__._jrj_._
nrulm (_nl.l+., j.u., nnum, r+
+j.r1j __._. _n n_njrm).
_nl.l +n_.n_rn u.. ..ln.. n _n.-
+_l ruln j+nrj.1j +n+.rm_n j+j_jn
.ltrnjjn_jl nnujm (Wood, 2000). _n-
l.ln j+nrjn +n_.n. _ln_rn j_..-
+nm jj+lnn _nl.ln 1+n j..+n._
n1r_j.. t_. nj_jnm r+ _mj_.m, r. __r
unjrn. _nl.ln, +nm __r _n_n. +nn rj__-
nrjn, .l_ j+nrjn +n_.n.. _nl.ln
_.n__r jj`jrn+jln _j_n __jlj+.
+.j_j t_. __jljn _. j+_j n+ j+mt_j_.n
__r +j._ _.n_jrj .__m.rn j_nn, r_j.
.+ jj_n.m_n ._+._ _+ln_lj _n_
n_j_ljl.
saidan
viciT
disonansi tyuils simarTled aqcevs
jl_r_n _ln_jrnjn __jlj+.
+l.nj. +nn_j u.1j +.jjln _._.-
jn jr_j.n. .+n j+_j jj`jrn+jl-
.r+. (+nn `.n_nj+n lnl._) +.m
mt_., r+ j_nn jmj_.m t_. +l.-
njjnm_n _._.j. .t.n_ _. .nl-
jrj_ _.jt.n.mjnl.m. .+n ._._r._
+l.njm. l.n 20 _.rn ._._t._j,
+jrj l.n _n 1. 20 _.rn ._+.rnn
._+l_. j_nn ..+.rmj._, +.r.+
1 _.rn .+.rmjn .r.._j__._rn nj.
+.m _ln_rn _nl.ln .+._nlj.
kognituri disonansi (Cognitive dissonance) Teo-
ria, romlis mixedviTac, araTavsebadi kognituri
elementebis mier Seqmnili daZabulobis gamom-
wvevi efeqtebi adamianebs ubiZgeben, moaxdinon
aseTi daZabulobis Semcireba.
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_._.j. +.jjln nj, +j _.rj__n,
r+ j_nn j_j_.rn ._._rn .rjj
+jmj_., .+_ljl nnln.
_nl.ln j.+nrj._ +l.njj+.,
r+jm. 1 _.rn ._._t._j, j_.j
_._.jn +.mj_n j_.j.. +.m +_n-
.ljnm ._lnlj, r+ _._.j. +.rm.
.nljrj nj _. _n_j_ jrmtj n.+_-
ljnm j.r_j_ljl +.. j_.rjn.m_n,
n+ +l.njj, r+j+. 20 _.rn
+nn_j j_nn mj+.n, .r j__n.m
m._n.lmn j_.jjn. +.mm_n _._.j. u.-
1j +.jjln nj. +.m +t_ __n
.+ mj_j j_nn (Festinger &Cdarlsmith,
1959).
rr .+ jj`jrn+jl+. ._jl., unjrn
_nl.ln `nrjn ++t_.rn _.jn j+_j
nl_n_n_n .__m.rn jj_n .+.rmjn +n+.rm_-
jnm +j+j_j _. m_nm_.r+_lj. njj. j
.l.n1n +jj_jj n+.1j, r+ _.+_n_j_-
jjn j_n jrm-jrmn 1., `nr_j rnn,
jj_n j_... nn_rn _rn rujlj+.
n_ljl j `rnln`n. nnln r._nlj ._.j_ljl,
r+ ._.+n.ljn.l .r +jmt_.m r+jln _.-
_._rj. +.l.+, .l.+ nnln .r nj_ljl.
+t_ _n j+_j nmt__ljl +.m.l r+jln
._n.rj.. ._ntjlm nl.+_j.rj m._n _..jn-
n tjlj_n `.`. ._.rj, r+j+. ._-
r._ j_j+l. m._tj_ n_j _nl.ln.+.m _l-
_nj_rn _lnnnm _`._tj: _jl j_nrnn
25 jln _l_. +n_j_, j+_j _n: n _n _jlm_n
+t_ 10 jln ._.t_. .`nrj. +.m
j_.j m._nn jj_. _.rn mj_j j_nrn1j.
.nm jj`jrn+jl+. _. rj._r+. _.__nr_jj-
+. ._jl. _ln_rn _nl.ln u..: +. j_un.
_.+_n_j_jjn. _. jj_jn j_. (Eagly &
Chaiken, 1993; Wicklund & Brehm, 1976). m_+.,
_r +__j_rjn _.nljrj_ljl n+n .r__j_nm,
m_ r.+_jl._ jnuj. _nl.ln j_jjjn t_.
___rj1j .l1._j.. _n_j_ jrmtj .nt-
jljm, r+ lj. me~ .lt_._j_._ j+nm t_.-
_.t_. ___r.n. ._rj .__lnljm, r+ r_n-
.+jrn_jjn, _j_jrn_, damoukideblad
._nj_.+jl m._ _. j +.mm_n n._r .-
rj+.l _.+__n_j. lnl._. .1n_rn __-
_rjn .r++._jljn, _j_jrn_, damo-
ukideblebad m_n.l m._, +.r.+ .+._j _r
nnln n._r .rj+m.l __l_.+jl_r._ .rn.l
_._._nrj_ln. .t_jl m_ .r. ._jl. _-
ln_r _nl.l1j +j- .jn .jmn ___-
r_n .lt_._jjn?
saidan
viciT
kultura da kognituri disonansi
jj`jrn+jln _.l._j _. n.`lj
+l.njj mt_j, r+ 40 j+m._.-
1j_n_.l 10 +.mm_n j_j.1j ._r_jn
_+`.j-_n_n .jrn.m. j+_j +.m mt_j,
r+ .rj_n 10 _+`.j-_n_n u.n.l ._r-
_jn_.l l._j ._r_j.+_j _.j.jn-
l.m _. nnln r_n._ .r ++l,
u.n.l ++l _..1j jj_.jnl.m.
j+_j jj`jrn+jl.r+. +.m jm._.1.,
r+ jrmn +.m.ln .tn .._j._ .jrn.m,
rr jj`jrn+jln +l.njn
._._rn. .+._j _r, +.mn .rj_.ln rnn
_. l.nnm j1___j. +l.njj jju-
m, .jrn.m +jt_mj .l +jjj_j _+`.j-
_n_n. .+ .rj_.ln ._jmjn j+_j +.m
__._ mt_j .mn_j _n_n r.ljnrj.. r-
r jn_.. r.ljnrj. +jrj j+mt_j_.n,
`nr_jm.l j_.rjnm? _nl.ln mjrnn
+ntj__nm, r_j. ..1rj_ .rj_.l
._jmjm, _mj_.m, +jt_mj. _. +jjj_j rn
mj_jl _.+_n_j_jjn .rj_.ln j_j
_l_. j_..+m, r.m. .r .nl_jm
_n.+_ljn .l_.: +j _.lj _jjln
_n_n (N5) ._nrnj, _nl.n_.l n +.rm.
__r ++l, _n_rj REM (N6). _.jrn-
_._, _.l._j+. +l.njj+. _.+_n_j_-
jjn _njjn .+._nlj: .rj_n
_n_jn j_.jjn _+_j_j_. _.l.r-
jljm.l j_.rjnm. .+n .nl.._+_j_,
n.`lj+. +l.njj+. .r .+._nlj
_nl.ln j_jjn +.mn .rj_.ln .r _n-
_. +mn.l r.ljnrj. (Heine & Lehman, 1997).
j __j_. ._jlj, r+ ._.+n.ljn _ln_r
_nl.l .ln_n.l .l_, nl..ln +j- l.-
rn +n_j_. +t_ +.nl _njl, r-
_j. nnln m._ n._rn .rj+.l _.+_-
_n_j._ m_n.l. m_ ._+l_jnm n_.n.n,
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._. t_. ___rjn .r++._jljm.l jrm._
_l_. +nn_m ._.j_jnj., _l_. .t__jm
n+ ._jln j.tj, r+j. ___r. .t_jl
._.j_jnjn j+_+ .1rj. _. jj_j1j.
TviTaRqmis Teoria
_nl.ln mjrn. ._jr jrm-jrm +jm_,
r+nm., _ +nrj, _..__rn ___rjn
.r++._jljn m._n.lm jj_j (+j ._nrnj
j _n_n) _.+_n_j_jj1j (+j j __r +j._
_l_. ++l_j, _n_rj t_.) ._jln +t_jln
._.j. .uj_jl. deril bemis (Daryl Bem, 1972)
+njr j+m._.1j_n TviTaRqmis Teoria t_.
`nrj1j +n_mnmj, r+jn jj_jn .t.n
nl_r+.nnm ._jjl _.+_n_j_jj. TviT-
aRqmis Teoriis +ntj__nm, mj_jl .__lnm mj_jln
nl..ln +_+.rjjn (r+jljn, _.+_n_j_-
jjn, +n_jn. _. ruljn), .l n+n
j.tj, rrn _l_. nj j +_+.rjjn
n+.1j _.__nr_jn j_j._, m_ rr njj_nm
.t., .l n+n .tjljnm, m_ rr njj_nm
.r_n +._ n_.njn. mj_jln m._n
j.tj _l. .r_n ._r+._jn. _. .__-
m.rn jj_n j.u +n1j1jn .unj._ njj-
ljm. _mj_.m, _nmt_.1j: +lm _njn.?
m_nm._+j+jn `._tm: r. mj+. _l_., +j
_._ unrnm._ __r _. +n_tj_._._ n+n.,
r+ .r ++jmt_j., j_j._jr __nmt_
_njn.m.l _._._nrjnm, _n+jl jjnj
_. _.r lnlj. _n_j. t_. nj_jnm r+
_mj_.m, mj_jl `nr_l_n `rnrnjjn j.tj
j_nmt_. n_.n.m.l _._._nrj_n j+j_jjn.
_. _.jrjn ._jrnm `._tm, .__m.r rul-
j. _. .1rjn j_r.__jnm .r__j_n l._._.
m_nm._j+n mjrn. +n_.n_rn _+`ljljn
._n., r+jn _nl.ln mjrn.n. +j+_-
n. _nl.n_.l m_nm._j+. ._j mj_jl _.+_n_j_-
jj mj_jl .__nr_jnm mj_jl jj_j _.
._m n+., m_ r. _l_. rul_jm j..+n
n_.n.n, +.m.l _+m._rj._ +.nl _.j_ .j+j,
r_j. ._r__j_j n_.n.n t.rm _. _l
+_jljm.l nj_m .+_._j. (Fazio,1987). .+
n_.njn n+n .r__j_. _nr_j.m, m_ r.
ruljn _. _.+_n_j_jjn _l_. jl_jm
.t.n njjn +n+.rm. +..nm._, m_ ..tjl_j-
.m, r+ nnl_nm _n+1j _n+ _jrn +l.n-
jnm, ._.r.__., r+ .+ _._jnm _.+_n_j_-
j. +.1j ._.n.lm. m_nm._j+n 1nm
.__m.r m._1j _ln +`_jn jrm-jrmn l._n
n.., r+ ._.+n.ljn _jr .+lj_jl, m_ r.+_jl._
1j+j+j_jjl n_.n_rn u.jn +.m jj_j1j.
.+. l.m._ _._nl.t._m, m_ +ljn ._jn
1j+m ._jrnn jj`jrn+jln _nl._r l.n
._ntjljm. .ntjljm, r+ j_nrn +l.nj
.r_+.jjn _n `nrjn m._n.lm _l.
1._._ __r l._j._ ._.j_ljl. .r+n_-
nljm, r. +_+.rj.n nj_ljl nnln. mj_jl
_ __r _. __r +j._ .nu_jjl, r+ _.+_
_nmt_.1j _.rj_nm._ _`._tm _. _n_j_ _. _n_j_
+n+nlm .__m.rn m._n.l nj_jn: .r _nn,
.r +.j_ .+ _nmt_.1j `._tn. tj_._m, rr..
j.ujjn, r+ _.rj_nm m_nmj_.j. .+
jj_.1j _.__nr_j. m_nm._j+n `rjn n-
_j__j.
.t. _.__r_l_jm n+ j+mt_j_., r_j.
l.+t_rn l._jrn +nnrm_nm mj_jln __rn
_.._jn __n _j_j.1j _. .+n .+ _.rj-
_nmn _.+_n_j_j. jjj+l.m .__m.rn m._n
+n+.rm. _nl.ln mjrnn +ntj__nm, mj_jl
lnjrj.n jnj+l. nl.._+_j. mj_jl +njr
_._j_ `nr.. (+j .r +nl_. 1j_+jn
_.rnjn +n_j.) _. mj_jl jj_. (l.+t_rn
l._rn j_+.) rn. .+ _n.+_l .l_n +n-
jn +r._.n 1. .rj. mj_jl jnun.m
n+_jm .j: +j _jr _.jjlnlj_n __r
l.+t_.r1j _.rn mj+nm. .l.n_r._, m_nm-
._j+n mjrnn m.l.t+._, .__m.rn jj_n ._j+nm,
mj_jl ._nj._ .r _l_. j__.m _.+-
_n_j_j. .__m.rn m._n +n+.rm, _nl.n_.l jju-
m .j j+_j.m: _nl.n_.l l.+t_rn l._jrn
j__.+j, j+n __rn _.._jn __j j+m_n
u.1j +ln_lj_.ln _l_. j_nnj, rnm.,
.j_j, .nnj_nm _.rj_nm m_nmj_.j..
m_nm_.r+_lj. t.l_.t.l ..rj jnuj.
nj!
TviTaRqmis Teoria (Self-perception theory) _ mosaz-
reba, romlis Tanaxmadac, adamianebi sakuTar
Tavs akvirdebian, raTa gamokveTon TavianTi
qcevebis mizezebi. adamianebi cdiloben, gaer-
kvnen sakuTar Sinagan mdgomareobebSi imaze
dakvirvebiT, Tu rogor iqcevian mocemul si-
tuaciaSi.
daTanxmeba (Compliance) _ komunikaciis wyaros
pirdapiri moTxovnebis Sesabamisad qcevis
Secvla.
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731
daTanxmeba
.+ j_jm._n _.+_n_j_jj. _. +.mn
j_n j.ujj1j _+_jm. m_+.,
mj_jlm_n l.mjn _l_. nj, r+ ._.+n.lj
j_j.1j tnr._ _rm n, r+ mj_jl qceva
j_.m. ._.+n.ljn _njl dagiTanxmon
+n._nl mj_jln jj_jn njm j_., r+
nnln +.mn +mt_ljn j..+nn nj. r_j.
rj_.+n _.+__jmn _.+r._ __ t.r_._ .j-
j_n1n rj_.+.n, +. +t_ .__m.rn l..r-
+n _.r._ .r+jl. _n .r _r, .r.+j_ +nn
+n1.ln mj_jln +._.1n.n +nj_.l. _. `r__jnn
jujl... .l.n_r._, jjn+j _rm, r+ mj_jl
_.__jrm +.m _. j.r_m _.l+rmjn
_._nm_n ._nr rj_jn. n._r+. _n-
jj+. nljln_r._ n__nj, m_ rr ._-
j_jl ._.+n.ljn m.lt+. t_jn.l (Gialdini,
2001). _jl .__jrm 1njrm +jm_ _. mj_jl
j._.jm, m_ r.+_jl._ tnr._ .trnjjm njm
jj_j, r+j. t_. j+mt_j_jn .r
.l.trnjj_nm.
migeba
jrm-jrmn jn, r+jn ._.+n.ln t_rj.n
_+nlnrj, n.., r+ r_j. _nl+j r.+j n_j-
mjm, mj_jl, .j_j, r.+j _l_. .__jmm +.. .+
j migebis norma j_j.. .r.rn_+.
__j_.+ t._j, r+ jrmn ._.+n.ln +trn_.l
_ +nrj n_jmn ._jmj.. _n tnr._ +jrj
+trn_.l .`._t_ __r _n_n n_jmn +nj.
+.j_j. (Regan, 1971). .+jn__jjn +nj. nj
njjljjl mj_jl nl.._+_j, r+ mnmj+ nnln
mj_jl .+.t_r nj_jl: r. jj_nm nnm, 5
_.rnm l._j .+.rm+j_m .l __._
nljjm j ln+_n, _jln __j_.l_jn ._rn
._.lnl._. j r.jn. mj_jl _njn_rn
_nrjn +_+.rj.n .jjljm, m_ .r .-
+njlm .`._t m._.1n.l. _. .r jnujlm
r.+j.
_.m.lt+jn _n_j_ jrm +jm_, r+jn, .j_j,
+njn lr+n_.l .++_nl.rj, tnr._ karis
cxvirwin mijaxunebis~ +jm_ __jjl: r_j.
._.+n.ljn .r.- .+jl _n_ mt_l.1j, nnln
tnr._ m.lt+_jn.l __r 1+njrn mt_ln
jr_j.1j.
saidan
viciT
karis cxvirwin mijaxunebis meTodi
jrm jj`jrn+jln +l.nj __jlj
mt_j, rn n .l+._.n, __nr.n
rn ..mn, rr _l_.lj, .r.-
r__.ln _.+l.._jjn.m_n _.jm+m.
j_j. __jl+. _.rn .l.t._.. .+n j+-
_j +.m mt_j, 1`.r_n +.nl .jjnr-
ljnl.m nnln. _n_n _.m+n .tnm _-
_jljn 50-+. m.lt+. .l.t._. .+
j_.rjnm +nrj mt_ln jr_j.1j.
r_j. __jljn t_. ___ mt_j
nn_j nj, r+ +.mm_n _n_n mt_lnm .r
+n_+.rm._m, ._+l_., r+ +.m.l, +t_
17 _.m.lt+_. .+ mt_ln jr_j.1j
(Cialdini at al,.1975).
rr .t_jl _.m.lt+jn j +jm_n +njn
lr+n .+j+j_j.? r_j. ._.+n.ljn _n_n
mt_ln_.l 1+njr1j ._._n.l, nnln .+nm
mj_jlm_n r._.. ._jmjjl: .l.__ mj_jl
_l_. ._._.m .`._t l.n_n _. _.jm.lt+m,
.l .r._. _..r__j_m +njn lr+._. mj_jl
m.lt+_jnm!
valdebuleba
_.rjn t_nrnl +n_.t_ljn +jm_n _n-
t+ _n_n_.l +nrj mt_l.1j ._._.. .+-
jn__jj+., .j_j, nn.l, r+ mj_jln r.n+jmn
davaldebulebiT, j.ujjn. +nrj _.m+n
j+_j __r _n_n _.m+. .._jmjnll.
jj`jrn+jljn ._.+n.ljn, r+jn +nrj
_._j_jn ._j.1j (+..nm._, `jnn.1j
tjn +jr.) m.lt+_j_ljl, j..+n._, +j._
.ljnln nj_ljl __r _n_ _._j_j.1j
_.m.lt+jnm_n. (+..nm._, .tn nl
_.j_.m _n_n +.lnljjn _._.). .+ tjrt
tnr._ karSi fexis Cadgmis meTods __jjl.
migebis norma (Reciprociti norm) _ molodini, rom
gaweuli samsaxuri dagibrundeba. Tu erTi ada-
miani meores raimes ukeTebs, meoremac raime
unda gaukeTos sapasuxod.
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jrmtj m_ j+_j _jtn mj_jl _.rn, j+_j
.+njjljjl r. mj_jln _._j_jn rul.,
+j. +nmt_jl. .+jn__jjn mj_jl nl.._+_j
.+ +jm_ +.nl njjljjl, r_j. ._.j_jn-
jn +n_j. .nu_jjl _. j+_j _n lj-
lj. _n.l mj+. _. j_ljn.l: +j _nn, r+
mj_jl .+ +.lj.ln jn__. nl_.m, +.r.+ j+n __rn
+t_ 200 _.rn _._j.1j m.lt+_j., .l
+j _nn, r+ mj_jl n ._.+n.ln t.rm, r+jn
+t_ t.rntn.l .jlj jn__, .+n+
_.r+_lj_n _.r, r+ . +j. ._.nt_nm.
.+ n_.n.n mj_jl m._ .r.m.l+n+_j_r_._, .l
_j._ nrulm, m_ .r jnujlm j+m._.1j_
.jlj.
deficiti
._.+n.lj .r _j_.rm n+n jrulj., r+ +.m
.r .j_m r.n+j (.l +jrj +trn_.l m_ j_tj_._m,
+lm n+n _., r.. .r _jl t_jn).
+..nm._, jj`jrn+jln +l.njjn +._.
j_.j. .uj__ljl n+ _._n j+, r+jn
jn.n rn .n nj, _n_rj n+ _._,
r+jn n+._j jn.n .mn .n nj (Worchel et
al., 1975). rr +_. deficitis `rnln`n
.1.r1j? .+jn__jj+. nn.l, r+ +.m j_un.m
+jn __n _..t.r__nll, m_ +._jljjl, r+
j. m_ n ln_mn _j_nn_rn.: j_. _.r., .j
r+, _n. .t._j njn_m, +j ___j +j._
+jn__jn, r+jn _l_. +r_l_j _. njn_.
j r.jn. .rulnljm, r+ mj_jl tjn_.l
.__jm ._r_j ++jl, m_ .t._j .r jnujlm
.+. m_ n+ ln_m.
modelireba
m.lt+n +n_j_n +..nmnm_n _l-
_r+_n n_j. _.__r_l_jm. r_j. ._.-
+n.ljn _l_r+_. ._jljl, nnln rj_jrjl-
_n ___n jj_. n+jrjjl. .+rn._, m_
_rm, r+ ._.+n.ljn _l_r+_jn .lt_ljl,
.l_ nj +njljl, rr mj_jl _rm, nnln
njm `nrjn _l_. ..jjlm, ._. +.m1j nl_r-
+.n. n+j+j_j: jj_.n _njjn .+_j_.
m_..nl ln+_n, modelis jj_n _j+lrn-
rjnm.. j.ujjn.
saidan
viciT
wylis dazogvis qcevis modelireba
_.n_rlnn .n j..j .l.-_r_1n
_ln_jrnjn ._+nlnr.n. _r_., r+
._ln_jrnj j..jn +t_rj __jl-
j __r j_ln+n_r._ jt.r_.m jjjrjl-
jrn. _. j.n. _nl.n_.l __jljn
.+_nj_jljl, r+ _ljn _.+_jjn
nj_ljl, ._+nlnr.n.+ j _.n_jr. _.
.t.`jjn _..ln `rj__r.m.l _._._-
nrj_n nlr_jn. .+._r., r+nm.
_.r.___., r+ +n._j__. __jlm. jj_n
j_. _. jn t.r_n +ln_lj_l._
j+nrj.. +.+._.m. .t.`jn .+_r_n
nlr_jn. +n+.rm_n nj n+.1j, r+ ..`-
ln `jrn_n __jlj j.n ._.j_j.m.
_jru_, +. .jmn .tj .jl_.: (1) _._j_nm,
(2) ._._jjm j.n, (3) .n.`ljm, (4)
._.n_jm. t_mn __n j+_j __jlm.
+t_ 6-+. j_.. jj_. nlr_jnn
j..+n._. r_j. nlr_jn. ._nn
j__.j _. __r .+.jl ._n1j
_._n_j, ._+l_., r+ +. __jlm. 19
_.j+rn.. +n_tj_._. .+n., ._+l_.,
r+ .jrm j_jj_r. u.n.l _..n
nj, _nl.n_.l 1njrmn __jln u.1j
_n_t.l n_j_. t.`.
j_j. nlr_jn. .+tlj _.
jrm+. __jl+. ._jl., m_ rr _l_.
j.rj.m t.`nm. jj`jrn+jl.rn
.njln j_n_. .t.`jn, r_j. nj
.r._nl nj, __j_. j. _. j._j-
n_jl 1_rnm _j_.. rr _n _nl+j
t+. .nlj_., nlr_jnn j..+n._
njj_. _..l. +.nl_j _j.__. j.,
n.`lj_., n_j_. _. ._n_.. j_j._,
._+nlnr.nnm_n ._r_jn nlr_jnn
jr_jn +._jljj+. 49%- +n._n..
r_j. nn_j jj_n _j+lrnrjnm_n
rn +_jn .+njjlj, _.+rjm. 67-+.
.n+jr. jj_.. .jnn nlr_jnn jr_-
jn 6-m.l j_.rjnm j _n_n +.j.
nj (Aronson,1990).
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+.nl. _n, r_j. +n.u_n m_..nl +..-
nmn .r .rn n_.n.n, .+jn__jjn tnr._
_njl lr+._n _. nl_r+.n_n ._-
jln +t_jl. n+n ._ln_lnm, m_ mj_jlm_n
._r_jn rn_.l (.l_ n+ rn_.l, r+j.
gsurT, r+ +nj__m_lj_jm) .+_+. r.+_jl+.
._.+n.l+. jnunl. j. m_ n `r__jn: .+ +.r_n
._+.lj.lj +t_ .+_rn.t _. .__m.r m._n
_.r+_lj_ t.t1j _jn_n, .+ +_j j_j.1j
tnr._ n ._.+n.ljn jn__jl, r+jm.
_+._jn t.rntn jrj_nl.+n_jn _nr_j.m.
j.ujjn., _.m.lt+jn jjln_jn .tln.
.r+_jlnn r.+_jln+j +..nmn .+jrjn
survili .nl_jm. jnuj. +nl_jm, r+
_jmnn +n1ljn .ltrnjj. _._m+m _r,
.l mj_jln _nn jn.lm _ljrn_n rj_r-
jn _.1_.n. .j. m_ nj, mj_jl l.tjm, r+
_rn _n_ l.n ._.+n.ljn jrm+.ljmn jj-
_jn j_n +_jj _m+jl. ._jrnn
+jm_jn .+jjljnm nnln n+n ._jmj.
.nu_jjl, rn ._jmj.., ..m, ar isur-
vebdiT. rr _._n_.m m._n +tjrtj_n .+-
jn__jjn. _. +._n n`n .j+n.lnm
_._._j_n ._.+n.ljn trn_jn..l? mj_jl _l_.
jj._m, r+ .+n_nrm nnln .+ jjln_jn
.+jjljn ++jljn _. .+nm nl .___jm
+.m +_jj.j._jm, j_r.__j. .r +n.jnm
_+ln_lj m._.1n.lj: l_ .+njlm .1r
+_j_, ._+.rmjj n+_nj: j._jm,
j+m._.1j_n `r__jn n_n.mn. _.
_j_nn_rn j.tj +_njjn nj.n
.+_jl.: j_jm_n _.n_jm _r +_njrj-
n.m_n. n._rn _njnn _l.+,
j.u., mj_jl j_j+trn_ lnjr ++t+.rj._
.jnm.
.+ m._n tnr._ mt__nm +jrjn .r+_-
jl.. _. .r+.t_ n_.njn +.m .rm_..
rr _. r.+ t_j. 1njrmn ._.+n.ln mj_jln
+j.rn? mj_jl, ..m, .r .n__nr_j.m, r+
n._rn _njnn +ln_lj_.ln _jr.
n._rn _rmnjrmjn ._.+n.lj. _.
._.+n.lm. ___j rn _rmnjrmjn
j._.. .t. _n `nr_lj.m.rnn +n1n__-
n n+ u.j ._jlm, r+jn ._.+n.lj
jrm+.ljmm.l ..tj.
Sejameba
_.+_n_j_j. njjjn, +_jljn. m_
n_jjn _._jnmn .l _.rj_nmn j_.j...
_.+_n_j_jjn r. __r ._.r._ .+t._n.
.l `jn_n__rn., +nm __r +j.rn. +.mn _._nrn
j..+n jj_jm.l. ._.+_._jn ..mn
+_jn m.l.t+._, _.r+_ljn `rjn j_jj-
_r. _.+_n_j_n. n+.1j, nl_r+.nn ._.-
+_._jn jlr._r `rj .+njjljjl ._.-
+n.ljn m_ `jrn_jrn_. jlr._rn `rjn
.+njjlj. +.nl, r_j. ._.+n.lj .r_+jl-
jn __.+nm j_.jn +n_.n. .j_m.
_.+_n_j_jn .__u_n n`. _. .r_+jln
n` rn _._nrn n_j_ .r_+jln j_jj_-
rn 1r_.. _nl.ln. _. m_nm._j+n mj-
rnjn +n_nmnmjjl, r+ ._.+n.ljn tnr._ n-
_n.lm._n.lm _.+_n_j_jj, m._n.lmn
jj_jn_.l .++_nl.rj. +nj., _._._j_j.,
_j_nnn _. +_jnrj. n u.jn., r+jm.
_.m.lt+j.+_j +n_j._.rm.
rr nrj_m +.m, _nm.l jrm._. +mj
t_rj. ...rjm? r.+ j_nm +jrjn
_+`.ln.? r.+ ._+l_jn.l t+j njmn
._.+n.ljn, r+jm. +n+.rm rul. n_j.
+jrn .1__rj _. r+.ln__ nj_.r_n
._._n? n._r _njj socialur
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mizidulobasTan _._._nrj_ .+ _nmt_j1j
+mjn rnn `._tjn ..ln.m (+.r.+ l_ _tt.rm,
nj_.r_n .n__+ r_._ _jr .r._n
.+_tln.!).
mowoneba
r_j+j n_n.m .r__j_nj._nm, m_ rr
_. r.+ jnunljm j. m_ n +j.rn? .+ _nmt_n
`nr_j l.n1j `._tn +.rn_n.: ._.+n.lj n1n-
_._jl nnln, _nl +.mm.l axlos ._+l_ljl
mj_jl n+n+ tj_._m _. t__jnm +.m, r+ nnln
t_rjl .l +_.jl mj_jl _jr_nm. j _.j-
rn, ..m, l._j._ ._nrj .l+.rj.,
m_+. _l_. ._nlnl, r+ ._.+n.lj .jrm_
.t.n.mjm jl_jln. n+n., r+ ._.+n.ljn _.
.ljn +t_ n+n+ +l_jm, r+ nnln
tnr._ t__jn.l +.mn mxedvelobis velSi. r.
__r tnr._ t.rm r.n+jm.l .l _nl+jm.l jrm._,
+nm __r nj_.rm n (Zaionc,1968). t.lrun_n
_rmnjrmjn j j_jjn lnl._, r+ +mn.-
l.n mj_jl _ __r _. __r +j._ +j-
lj.m n ._.+n.ljn, r+jn mj_jl nr_n_
.rn.l, +.r.+, rr _jl .+. j+_j _._nl.t._m,
_+`n_jrjn j`j. .t. +ln_lj. .ln_j
n.t_n n_j.. __j +r._.n ._.+n.ln nl.r_-
lj _rmnjrm. _+`n_jr_n jjn +j_j-
nm. j.u., nnln jr._n_._ jrm+.ljmn-
..l u.1j r nj_ljl, +.r.+ j_r.l1j .+j-
lnn j_j__n_rn jjnljjn _nj-
n_r._ u.1j ..tj +.m. .t. _n j_r.__j.
t_. _.jrj. +n_.`jrm, r+j.
+ljn. _. +n1n__n .+_j_. j_un.m.
fizikuri mimzidveloba
_.rn. m_ .r., _n1n__rn +n+1n__j. tnr._
.__n_j +jr.. _..__r ___r.n .r-
j unjrn jrjn`n, r+ _n1n__r._
+n+1n__jn ._.+n.ln j_j._jrn _.rn njlj..
70-1j +jn .+__j_n +n+tn_. ._._rj,
r+ _n1n__rn +n+1n__jn jrjn`n __n_j
1j._jl. .t_jl ._.+n.ln n._rn _+`jjl-
_rn j.tj +_j.1j. ._.+n.lj _jr.m,
r+ +n+1n__jn ._.+n.ljn __r +j._ n.-
n_rjn _. jjr._jr_jn .rn.l, _n_rj l._-
j._ +n+1n__jln (Eagly et al., 1991). +n_tj_._._
.+n., _n1n__rn +n+1n__j. .njnm l._j
j_jj .t_jl lnjrj.m.l .l _.rnjr.n .r-
+.j.m.l _._._nrj_ +_jj1j. jrj-
n`jn n._r .__u_j1j +_jn.
mj_jlm_n, ..m, .r _l_. nj ..__nrn, r+
_n1n__r +n+1n__j. m._nn rn .j_
+lj.n.
saidan
viciT
fizikurad mimzidveli partniorebis
kvaldakval
jrm _.n__r .+__j_.n +__j_rj+.
+nljn _ln_jrnjn .t._ +n_j_,
j+mt_j_nm jrj_ __jlj mt_j,
jrm+.ljmnm_n .j__. +j_.l1j _.jln-
l.m `.j+.ln. +__j_rj+. .+ __jljn
j_rn nl_r+.n. j.r_j, +.mn 1+jn_.l
_.jj_n, nljjjnm. _. `nr_l_n
m._nj_rjjnm _.+m._rj_n. j__n
._.+ _. .+ ._.+ j+_j. __jlj
j+mt_j_nm jrj_n `.rlnrjn j_-
.j.. _. n+n +nmnmj. mt__ljl, m_
r.+_jl._ nj +._ljn +.mn .l+j-
rjnmn jt_j_r.. j.jn _. _.jn j-
_jjn l.mjn _. u.1j +._n nj.
n.+.1j __r +ln_lj_.l _.jr._
j_._., _n_rj nljjjn _j_nnjln
1+., _.rn n._rn _j_jn .l _._jnmn
`nr_l_n m_njjn. +t_ +.m .+m-
j_j _rmnjrmn .rujjn _r_nn,
_nl n.+.1n +ntj__nm +.t_nl. j_.j.
(Walxster et al., 1966).
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_n1n__rn +n+1n__j. t_. ___rjn
.l.`nrj +lj.. +..nm._, nljn X-
XII _.jn +._jjn ._._rj_ljl, r+
_n1n__r._ +n+1n__j m.l._.jj __r
+._.n ._n .jl_.m (Dong et al., 1996): m_+.,
rr +j-12 m._n .__lnljm, ___rjn .l-
t_.__jn.l _n1n__rn n.+.1n .l_.rjn
+ntj__nm. +..nm._, ._r-.+jrn_jj l._j._
_.rj_nmn _.+_n_j_j. .j_m _.r l.m.l,
_n_rj .l-.+jrn_jj (Helb & Heatherton, 1998;
Jackson & McGill, 1996).
msgavseba
msgavsebis j.tj lnn .l_.1. .+:
_jrn _jr., +._n _+jrm.. +.rm.n. j?
__j_n +l.j+jn ._jlj, r+ j_r j+mt_j_.n
`._tn.: _n.t. +._j. njmn `.r.+jrjn
+ntj__nm, rrn.. r+jljn, _.+_n_j_jjn
_. _.j_jn, tj _j _.+jrj..
r.+ _l_. t_j_j .j? ._.+n.lj, r+jn
mj_jln +._ln .rn.l, j_un.m mj_jln `nr_-
l_n m_nm_.+__n_rjn jruljn _1r_l_j-
j_., r._.l. mj_jln +._n `nr_lj. .rul-
nljm, r+, +..nm._, mj_jln _.+_n_j_jjn,
_.jrn_._, rn _.+_n_j_jjn. (Byrne &
Clore, 1970). +jn, +._jn .r.rj. unjr
.ln`.mn.+_j +n_j._.rm (Rosenbaum, 1980). r_j.
._+.jlm, r+ _n_.n jtj__jjn .lt_.__j.
mj_jln jtj__jjn..l, mj_jl, j.u., .nt-
jlm .r_n t_. ._.+n.ljm.l ._..lnn
_l_njjn +..nmjn. .+.l _n jnuj. .+
._.+n.ljm.l _.rjn_jl nnum _. .+j-
r_ +t_ mj_jln +._n ._.+n.ljn _.rjm.
m_ ._n `jrn_n .jrm .t_rjjn
t_rm, jnun.m nr_n_ +n+ntj_m _.
l.tm, rr +_. +._j.. ._.l.l jr-
m+.ljm n ._.+n.ljn, r+jn jrm m.tn
t_rjl? ._.l.l jrm+.ljm n m.l.m.tjjn,
r+j. _.rn _rmnjrm. .j_m jrm+.ljmm.l?
+__j_rj+. j ._nmtn t_._.t_. `.r.+jrn
+ntj__nm jn._j. +..nm._, jrm-jrm
__j_.n m.l.m.tjm. j_njn komunikaciuri
unarebi _._j_.. r.+_jl._+._n nj +.mn
_+_ln_.n. njmn `.r.+jrn +ntj__nm, rrn-
.. _rmnjrmn _.jjn _r_nn? ._+l_.,
r+ n j_njn, r+jn ..__ljl jrm+.ljm
.+ `.r.+jrn +ntj__nm, __r +jr_jn nj_ljl,
_n_rj _rmnjrm.`nrn`nr +.t.n.mjjn +jlj
j_njn (Martin & Andersen, 1995). m_ mj_jl .jrm
.t_rjjn t_rm, jnun.m j +_jn
`r.jn_.n j.++m.
ormxrivoba
_., mj_jl t.n.m_jnm n+ ._.+n.ljn
+ljn jl_jlnnm, r+jm. mj_jl +l-
t.rm. .t_m _jln ._.rn .+jn__jj1j,
r+jn migebas njjlj_ljl? jn, r+n
+ntj__nm. +n_j_n l.__ r._. _l_.
.jm, .+ j+mt_j_.n +j+j_j. ._.+n.ljn
+ljnm `._tjl n+.m, _n., +.mn .1rnm,
nnln +lm (Backman & Secord, 1959; Kenny & La
Voie, 1982). +jn, r+jl.+, r+ mj_jl _nl+j
+lt.rm .l .r +lt.rm, j.u., nj
n+j+j_ mj_jl jj_.1j, r+ mj_jl m._._.
j_jm tjn +._n _rmnjrmjn .+j.-
nj. (Curtis & Miller, 1986). mj_jl jnun.m
nl..r mj_.m, rr +jjj_nm +., _n.,
mj_jln .1rnm, +lt.rm? _n. .r +lt.rm?
.r+n_nljm, r+ +r_._ jjj_nm +., _n.,
mj_jln .1rnm, .r +lt.rm. .jm mj_jl
ruljn rr jnuj. .jrn .__m.rn
m._n._+n +n_jruj.? r_j. m_. ._._._-
jm _jl nr_n_ .rj_ n._r .+j.r,
._+_.jlm, r+ n _rmnjrmjn, r+j.
jnuj. +lj. ___m, +ln_lj_l._
.rn _._._nrj_n r+trn_.m.l. .+n+, m_
_nnm, r+ `nr_lj. A- .l.__mrjnm +l
`nr_lj. B, _jl _.__lnm, r+ `nr_lj. B-.
nn_j ruljn jjlj. `nr_lj. A- +n+.rm
(Kenny at al., 1996).
j _.jn, r+jn .t. +n+_ntnjm, ._.-
j. _.uj_, _n_njrm, r+ mj_jln +jrjn
_+r._j. n t.tn njlj., r+j. mj_jl
__r tnr._ t__jnm _. _nm.l. _._._n-
rj_ln t.rm +._jnm. _. r+trn_n _rmn-
jrmjnm, +.r.+, rnn mj+. j_un.m +__j_-
rj njm __r nljln_r _rmnjrmj1j, r-
rn jj_.rj..?
Seyvareba
nn_j u.jn, r+j. ._.+n.ljn +lj-
.+_j +n.j._m, j+_j +.m nj_.r_n._jl _nu-
jjl. _+jj j+mt_j_.n mj_jl _jr +lj.
rulm _. j+_j nj_.r_ (m_+., .rn
j+mt_j_jn, r_j. ._.+n.ljn ._lnl._jl, r+
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+.m _j_.rm 1njrmn l.mj._n, m_+., .r +lm
nnln). r. `jn_n__r _.jrj1j .`.r._jl
n._rn _njjn .nj_.r_ _rmnjr-
mjn j+mt_j_.n?
siyvaruli, rogorc gancda
r. lnl._, .ln._ siyvaruli? mj_jl _l_.
.+l.tm _r, r.m. n_njrm .+ +ln_lj_.l
lj.1j. rr _njrm, mj_jln .l.1__rj.
jj..+j. mj_jln +jrjn .l.1__rjj?
.+ _nmt_j1j `._tn .j+. +__j_rjn t_._.t_.
1nm jj._ljl _. r._. .jrm +n_+. .-
+nl.t.. ._.+n.ljn +njr nj_.r_n ..1rj.
.+ ___._ jnuj. _.nj (Aron & Westbay,
1996):
_lj. jj_._rn _. _. _r_nn:
nln+_r. _r_j. _. _rmnjrm-
.j.:
l_. jrm_j. _. m._.lnr_..
jnun.m, mj_jln .nj_.r_ _rmnjrmjn
.+n_j .+ lnlnm _..t.n.mm? mj_jl, ..m,
_njrm: .r., .r. yvela +.m.ln. rr
.l, jrm+.ljmn.l _l_. .l_.t_._m _nl+j
nj_.r_n
2
_. _nl+jm.l .nj_.r_ _rmnjrm-
jn
3
(Miers & Bersheid, 1997). ._.+n.ljn _+r._-
j. ._lnl._, r+ nj_.r_n _.jrn.
__r _n_n r._jlnm ._.+n.l +n._, _n_rj
.nj_.r_ _rmnjrmjn. ..m, j_rnm_n
__jln. _n nj_j: +nj_.rt.r, +.r.+ jlm.l
_jr _._.+j.rj .nj_.r_ _rmnjrmj.
.nj_.r_ _rmnjrmjn r._. __r nljl-
n_rn _. .l.__mrj_n n_nt+j.: .+ n`n
_rmnjrmjn jj_._r _. +n._.
.nj_.r_ _rmnjrmjn j.ujjn.
1._n lnljnm _.t.n.m_j. .+j.r j.tj
mj_jl+. _l.+ j.u. +nnj_.l.m n+ _.__l.+_j,
r+ ._.+n.ljn .lt_._j_._ .ln_n.l nj-
_.r_. +__j_rjn .l.__mrjnm _.nljrjj-
_ln .rn.l _rn t.lrun_ `jrn_n .nj-
_.r_ _rmnjrmjn jl.r_lj.n nl_n_n-
__._rn .lt_._jjn j._nm. __.l._lj
jn .l.__mrjnm .+.t_n_. j_r.__j.
zrdasrulTa mijaWvulobis stilis __j_j1j
(Fraley & Shaver, 2000; Shaver & Hazan, 1994). .ntjljm
+j-11 m._n_.l, m_ r._jl _n_n +ln_lj. .jl_.
.__n ._j__._rn n._rn .l_nm.rjn.m_n
+jm.l +n_.___.. +__j_rj+. _.njj
n+n .r__j_., m_ r. +ln_lj. jnuj.
.jl_j +n_.___n .+ ._rj_ .+_nj.
j+_+ t_rj.n, r_j. .__jn n1r_jn.l
_. .__m.rn ._._j_ _rmnjrmjn _.
.__m.rn _njn _l_j.m (Hazan & Shaver, 1987;
Main et al., 1985).
r. .rn +n_.___n nn? cxrilSi 17.2
+j+_n. _j_jjn .t _rmnjrmjn
j.tj (Hazan & Shaaver, 1987; Saver & Hazan, 1994).
.+ujljm _r _. +n_mnmjm, m_ r+j _j_-
j. jm.lt+jnm. r_j. nn_j _nmt_nm t_.
._.+n.lj +n+.rmj, m_ r+jn _j_j. __jm
._jr_. +.m, _+r._j.+ (55-+.) `nr_jn
_j_j. .nrn.. j .rn myari +n_.___n
nn. .rul+. _+nrj.+ .nrn. +jrj
_j_j. (25 ganridebadi nn), t
+j.+j _n 20-+. (SfoTviT-ambivalenturi
nn). ._+l_., r+ +n_.___n j njn
1_._ .l.1__r._jl _rmnjrmjn t.rnt
(Feeney & Noller, 19990; Tidwell et al., 1996). n+ ._.-
+n.ljn.l .lt_._jnm, r+j+. +jrj _.
+j.+j nn .nrnj, +j.rn nn +n_.___-
n +jlj ._.+n.lj t.lrun_n _. r+.ln-
__n _rmnjrmjn .j_m (Sharpsteen & Kirkpatrick,
2
loving.
3
being in love.
axlo urTierTobebisas mozrdilTa
mijaWvulobis stilebi
cxrili
17.2
debuleba 1:
SedarebiT advilad vuaxlovdebi sxvebs da Tavs kom-
fortulad vgrZnob, rodesac maTze var damokidebuli.
me xSirad ar vwuxvar imaze, rom vinmesgan mitovebuli
var, an vinmeze zedmetad damokidebuli.
debuleba 2:
garkveulwilad arakomfortulad vgrZnob Tavs,
rodesac sxvebTan axlo urTierTobebSi Sevdivar. miWirs
maTze srulad mindoba; miWirs isic, rom sakuTar
Tavs ufleba mivce, damokidebuli viyo maTze. me
vRiziandebi, rodesac vinme Zalian axlos dgeba CemTan.
xSirad partniori ufro met siaxloves mTxovs, vidre
es CemTvis aris misaRebi.
debuleba 3:
vTvli, rom sxvebs ar surT, CemTan ise axlos yofna,
rogorc es me momewoneboda. xSirad vnerviulob,
ganvicdi, rom partniors ar vuyvarvar, an ar surs
CemTan darCena. me minda, rom Cems partniorTan Zalian
axlos viyo, rac xSirad afrTxobs mas.
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1997). +..nm._, ._.+n.ljn, r+jn _m_nmn
nnm t.n.m_jn.l, __r tnr._ _. nljln-
_r._ j__n.l_jl, _n_rj +j.rn +n_.___n
+jlj ._.+n.ljn.
_., _n_j_ jrmn .lt_._j.: tnr j+-
mt_j_.n .nj_.r_ _rmnjrmjn unjrn
_nm. _. ..jn `jrn_nm njj., r+j-
. vnebiani siyvaruli jnuj. ___m.
_rm. .l+._.n _n nljln_. n_-
j _. nln+_r. n+.j. .+. megobruli
siyvaruli j_nun. ___m (Berscheid &Walster,
1978). r_j. jj_.rj_n njljnm, mj_jl m_nml
j.+lj_m .jm _nj.: .j r+, .r n_njrm,
r+ nj_.r_ _.r._m, j _ljrn_n `rj-
n._. m_l_. .j .r nj, _ljn.ln nj_.r_n_.l
.+_. .r nj _r.+._n., rr j jrmn
jtj__nm jnuj. .l_j. +__j_rj+. .+ .tn
nj_.r_n 30 n .._nm j+.1__rj (Aron &
Aron, 1994). r_j. mj_jl .nj_.r_ _rmnjr-
mj .+j.rjm, j.u., n+j_n jl_jm, r+
j +__+n_._ .ruj_j., +.r.+ j+_j t_.
+mt_lnjjn l_j..
.t__jm, r+ nj_.r_n .l_. .ln_n
___rn ._jl.. .+ m._n r.+_jl_jr+j ._-
_lnljm, r+ .rj ___r_n t_.. _.-
+__n_j.-_rmnjrm_.+_n_j_jn .l1-
+nj.1j. .rjjl _.+__n_jn ___-
rjn, r+jn `nr_ljn +j- +.t.n.mjj
_jjn_r +.t.n.mjj1j +._. .jjljjl _.
_rmnjrm_.+_n_j_jjn ___rjn, r+-
jn .1n.rj_ ___r_ _nrj_jj
._.+n.ln nl_n_n__..1j +._. .jjljjl. r.
._jl. +.t_jl j _.jn mj_jl .nj_.r_
_rmnjrmj1j? m_ `.rlnr mj_jl `nr._
rulj1j _.jr_lnm nrj_m, +.nl _`nr.j-
. mj_jl `nr._ jtj__jj .ln_jm, t,
m_ `.rlnr n+n +ntj__nm nrj_m, m_ rr
.+l_jnm t_jn m_.n _. r. n_njrjjl
nnln mj_jl _.t1j, mj_jl __r _jjn_n_r
jtj__jj1j j_nt.rm rnjlnrj_ln.
_r-___r_n .+__j_jn ++jl, r+
.rj +j.rn .__u_jn _n_njrm, r+ _.+_-
_n_j.1j rnjlnrj_n ___rjn __r
+j +ln_lj. .ln_jjl nj_.r_ (Dion &
Dion, 1993; Hatfield & Sprecher, 1995; Levine at al., 1995).
.jm _nmt_. _.n_.+m: m_ j. (_.) j_j.
n m_nj. .j_, r+jn mj_jl +lm, jnr-
m.__nm m_ .r. +., +n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ n
mj_jl .r nj_.rm? .+ _nmt_.1j .+jrn_jn
__jljn +t_ 3.5-+., t nl_jn
__jljn 49-+. _`._t. _n.t (Levine,
1995). _rmnjrm_.+_n_j_jj1j rnjlnrj_-
n ___rjn .r++._jljn __r momTxov-
nebi .rn.l `.rlnrjn +n+.rm. j n+n+ t_j.,
r+ .+ ___rjn __r unjrn. _rmnjrm-
jnm `nr_l_n nl_n n_j. _. nnln +j__-
n..l __r +j +jn.l.
ra faqtorebi uwyobs xels
urTierTobebis gaxangrZlivebas
..m l.mjn., r+ j_j., _nl .+ nl
_nmt_ _. n+.., _nl dawera n, .jln.
njmn _rmnjrmjn, r+jn _n_t.l .r
.rujj_. _. jj_jn.. r. +t_.? nn_j
_nmt_. __r `1nn_r._ m_ _.__.+m rnn
mj+. j_un.m +__j_rj n+ n_.nj1j _.
+. +j_ ._.+n.lj1j, r+j. t.lrun_
.nj_.r_ _rmnjrmj.+_j +n_j._.rm?
jrm-jrmn mjrn. .nj_.r_ _rmnjrmj
.n.1rj, rr t_n .rm_. _jl .__m.r
+j- n (Aron et al., 1991; Aron & Aron, 1994).
.l_ntnm 17.7 suraTze +j+_n _n.r.+jn.
mnmj_n +.m.ln ..t._, m_ rr jnuj.
.t _rmnjrmjn ..1rj.. m_ mj_jl .j_m
r+.ln__n _rmnjrm., jnun.m mj_.m,
r+jn _n.r.+. .+t.._ __jm mj_jl. _.
mj_jl `.rlnr rn _rmnjrm.? __j_.+
._jl., r+ n ._.+n.ljn, r+jn m._n.lmn
_rmnjrmjn .+.t.._ n+ _n.r.+. nrj_jl,
r+j1j +j- _. t_n j_j.1j +jn
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iwvevs ki vinmeSi eWvs is
faqti, rom internetis gamo-
Cenam udidesi impulsi misca
adamianebis urTierTobas da
maT daaxloebas? warmoidgineT
13 wlis biWi niuiorkidan,
saxelad denieli, romlis
axali megobari gogona~, aseve,
13 wlis, reiCeli samxreT
karolinaSi imyofeba. maT ar
SeeZloT suraTebis gacvla
internetiT. rodesac dedam
dens aSS-is fostiT suraTis
gagzavna urCia, man upasuxa:
deda, is ar apirebs CemTvis
Tavisi misamarTis mocemas~
(Gardner, 2000, gv. 40). cxadia, XXI
saukunis bolo wlebamde
biWebis umravlesobas azradac
ki ar mouvidodaT axal
megobar gogonebTan~ am gziT
urTierTobis damyareba. modiT,
vnaxoT, ra wvlili Seitana
internetma urTierTobebSi.
kvlevebma aCvena, rom inter-
netis momxmarebelTa yvelaze
aqtiur saqmianobas socialuri
urTierTobebi warmoadgens.
internetis daaxloebiT 4100
momxmareblis gamokiTxvam
cxadyo, rom maTi 90% inter-
nets eleqtronuli fostis-
Tvis iyenebda, 24% ki e. w.
CatSi~ monawileobda (Nie &
Erbing, 2000). sxva kvleva aC-
venebs, rom urTierTobaTa
didma raodenobam kibersivr-
cidan fizikur sivrceSi gadai-
nacvla. ganvixiloT kvleva,
romelSic 568 individi mona-
wileobda (59% qali da 41%
kaci). maT sTxoves, rom er-
TmaneTisTvis internetiT axa-
li ambebi gaegzavnaT (Mc Kena
et al., 2001). am jgufis wevrebis
63% internetiT gacnobis Sem-
deg satelefono urTierTo-
bebze gadavida, 54% ki inter-
netiT gacnobil pirovnebas
Sexvda. ori wlis Semdeg Cata-
rebulma gamokiTxvam aCvena, rom
internetiT damyarebuli ur-
TierTobebi isev myari iyo.
faqtobrivad, SerCevis 15%
daniSnuli iyo, 10% ki _ ukve
daqorwinebuli internet-par-
tniorze.
adre aRvniSneT, rom siax-
love mowonebis erT-erTi mniS-
vnelovani mdgenelia. auci-
lebelia, rom adamians SexvdeT,
vidre Tqven Soris mowoneba
an romantikuli urTierTobebi
Camoyalibdeba. zemoT ganxi-
luli kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom
geografiuli daSorebulobis
miuxedavad, interneti fsi-
qologiuri daaxloebis karg
saSualebas iZleva. arsebobs
monacemebi, rom internetis
saSualebiT urTierTobebi
ukeT iwyeba, vidre pirispir
(Bargh et al., 2001). erT gamok-
vlevaSi, romelSic kolejis
studentebi monawileobdnen,
monawileebma gansxvavebul pi-
robebSi daamyares urTierToba
erTsa da imave partniorTan.
orive interaqciisas wyvilebis
naxevars pirispir urTier-
Tobebis SesaZlebloba mieca,
meore naxevars ki pirispir
Sexvedramde internetiT urTi-
erTobis saSualeba hqonda.
urTierTobis meore etapis
Semdeg partniorebs sTxoves,
urTierTobebi da interneti
SeefasebinaT erTmaneTi 15-
safexurian skalaze -7-dan
(Zalian ar momwons~) +7-mde
(Zalian momwons~). im mo-
nawileebma, romelTac pi-
rispir Sexvedramde inter-
netiT urTierTobis SesaZ-
lebloba hqondaT, bevrad
meti urTierTsimpaTia ga-
moavlines (saSualod 4.70),
vidre im monawileebma, ro-
melTac aseTi SesaZlebloba
ar hqondaT (saSualod 2.45).
ratom unda momxdariyo ase?
mkvlevrebi fiqroben, rom
internetiT dawyebuli ur-
TierToba monawileebs sa-
Sualebas aZlevs, naklebad
moeqcnen garegnobis gavlenis
qveS. ufro metic, internetis
droebiTi anonimuroba, ro-
gorc Cans, amxnevebs ada-
mianebs, ufro metad gaxsnis
SesaZleblobas aZlevs maT,
rac ufro metad aZlierebs
mowonebas.
mecnierTa yuradReba miip-
yro im adamianebis cxovrebam,
romelTa mier internetis
gamoyenebis sixSire amcirebs
maT aqtivobas realur cxov-
rebaSi (Kraut et al., 1998; Nie &
Erbing, 2000). Tumca, zemoT
mocemuli magaliTebi gva-
fiqrebinebs, rom interneti,
SesaZloa, adamianTa didi
nawilis socialur da ro-
mantikul cxovrebaSi da-
debiT mamoZravebel Zalad
CaiTvalos. SesaZloa, male
denielmac miiRos Tavisi
megobari gogonas misamarTi.
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739
._._.r_.., t_. .__m.r +j-n .rm_._
.lntn._jl _. mnmj+n j_jm_n ruljl
t.lrun_n _rmnjrmjn jl.r_ljn _n_
_._j_j. (Aron et al., 1992; Aron & Fraley, 1999).
_n_j_ r. _.jrjn _j tj _rmnjrm-
jn .t.lrun_j.? damokidebulebis modeli
_.r.__, r+ jrm_j. .r__j_ +_jj
j__ulj. (Drigotas & Rusbult, 1992, _.65):
mnmj_n .+m_nn +mt_lnjn +ln-
_lj_ljn t.rntn nl_n_n_nm_n +j+_
_rmnjrm.n. +ln_lj_.ln +mt_lnjjn.:
nln+_r., jjn, j+n_rn .rm_., +j-
r_n _.+_n_j_j. _. nljjj_._rn
.rm_.:
mnmj_n .+ +mt_lnjn _._+.j_n-
jn t.rntn +j+_ _rmnjrm.n:
mnmj_n +mt_lnjnm_n, .rj_n
`.rlnrn .r_., .rj m_ .r. _nl+j, _n-
m.l. `nr_lj. +ln_lj_.ln _rmnjrm. .j_:
.+ +mt_lnjjn .jrl.n_n _rmnjr-
mnm _._+.j_njn _lj.
rr +._ljn nj, j +_jn .+_n-
j, r+ ._.+n.ljn +nm __r +j._ nl.r_ljjl
+j.r .nj_.r_ _rmnjrm., r. __r +j._
n_+.j_njjl n+ +ln_lj_.l +mt_lnjj,
r+j. t_. _jr._nl _.._+.j_nj. .+_jl._,
m_ megobruli urTierTobebi mj_jlm_n u.1j
+ln_lj_.ln. nj_.rm m._n__.n _rn
..rj. t_. ._.+n.ljm.l jrm._ _., .+._j _r,
.rj _n_., _nl mj_jl +ln_lj_.l +-
mt_lnjj ._+.j_nj, +.nl ._.r.__.,
r+ mj_jl .+ _rmnjrmjn +n+.rm +j _.-
_j_j. nrulm. j +.rmj_n. +.nl.,
m_ mj_jln `.rlnrn .r .rn mj_jln `nr_jn
.rj_.ln. _.+_n_j_jn +_jn n+ j+mt_j_n
.tl.. _m._.1, m_ r.+ nl.r_ljjl ._.-
+n.ljn _rmnjrmj +.nl. _n, r_j. nnln
_n1n__rn u.._n +t_jr`ln t_jn.l (Choice
& Lamke, 1999). l.j+ j.m. m._j._rn 100
j.n_.l nnln, _nl m_n_ljl, r+ +.m .r nj
_n_n .rj_.ln .jl_.m, unrnm._._, +.jrn._rn
+n1j1jn .+, m._ _._j_._ m_n_ljl,
r+ _.r_lj_ljl u_j _rmnjrmj (Russbult
& Martz, 1995). .+rn._, ._.+n.ljn jnuj. u.1j
_j__rjn nj_ljl _rmnjrmjn, +.r.+ +.nl
_.+_n_j_ln nj_ljl .+ _rmnjrmj1j _. +.m
.rjj .r jjum .rj..
.+ m._n _l.tjm, m_ rr +j+j_jjl
n._rn u.jn ._.+n.lj1j. +..nm._,
_l.tjm, m_ r. ._jl. .t_jl n_.n. jj_.1j,
rr j.n_j. mj_jln _.+_n_j_jjn
n._r _rmnjrmjn. _jl nrj_m, jn-
._m mj_jln jj_jn, r.m. _.nl.tm n 1jn,
r+nm. n._rn .rj+_. jt+.rj.m
mj_jln j_j__n_rn .+_njn +ln-
_lj_.ln .`jjjn .tl.n.
++_j_l m._n _l.t._m, m_ rr .r+.rm._jl
nn_j u.jn n._r jj_. `nr_l_ _lj1j
n_j_jl .rjn. _. .r_n1+ _. __-
_r_ _lj1j n_j_jl +. _. +_n_..
suraTi
17.7
sxvebis me-Si
CarTulobis skala
(IOS-Inclusion of Others in
the Self)
Tu Tqven gaqvT romantikuli sa-
siyvarulo urTierToba, romeli
diagrama gamoxatavs ukeT Tqveni
da Tqveni partnioris urTierT-
damokidebulebas? skaliT Cata-
rebuli gamokvlevebi aCveneben,
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740
Sejameba
._.+n.ljn _+jj. _j_.r n ._.+n.ljn,
r+jn +.mm.l _n1n__r._ .t n+j_jn.l,
_n1n__r._ +n+1n__jln, +.mn +._ln .rn.l _.
_n.l. nn_j n+`_j n_jjl. ._.+n.ljn
m._n.lm .nj_.r_ .+_nj. .t.n.mjjl,
rr _lj., nln+_r. _. _._j_j..
nj_.r_n nl_n_n__._rn .lt_._jjn, j.u-
., l.nl..r+jj_jj njlj +n_.___n
nn. _. ___r_n +_nljn .__u-
_j1j. .nj_.r_ _rmnjrmjn +nm __r
+j.rn., r. __r +j._.. .rm_n `.rlnrn
_jl +j-n. _.+_n_j_jn +_jn _n-
t+, r+ ._.+n.ljn __r +j._ nl.r_ljjl
_rmnjrm., r. __r +j._ ._+.j_nj j
_rmnjrm. njm `jn_n__r +mt_lnjj,
r+j. t_. _jr._nl _.._+.j_nj.
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
situaciis Zala
adamianis azrebi da aq-
tivobebi ganicdis si-
tuaciis zemoqmedebas.
individebi TavianTi rwme-
nebis, faseulobebisa da
midrekilebebis sawinaaR-
mdegid iqcevian, Tu maT
evalebaT garkveuli so-
cialuri rolis Sesru-
leba, Tundac xelovnurad
Seqmnil garemoSi.
socialuri normebi aya-
libeben jgufis wevrebis
damokidebulebebsa da
qcevebs.
Serifisa da aSis klasi-
kuri gamokvlevebi war-
moaCens im informaciul
da normatiul Zalebs,
romlebic konformizms
iwveven.
umciresobis zegavlena,
SesaZloa, informaciuli
zegavlenis Sedegad aRiZ-
ras.
socialuri realobis
konstruireba
yoveli adamiani TviTon
agebs Tavis socialur
realobas.
socialuri percefcia de-
terminirebulia Sexedule-
bebiTa da molodinebiT.
atribuciis Teoria aRwers
im Sefasebebs, romlebsac
adamianebi qcevebis mizezebis
Taobaze akeTeben.
zogirTi gadaxra, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, atribuciis funda-
menturi Secdoma, sakuTari
Tavisadmi mikerZoeba da TviT-
qmnadi winaswarmetyveleba,
SesaZloa CaerTos atri-
buciaSi, sxva Sefasebebsa da
qcevebSi.
magram mainc, molodinebis
gavlena Semofarglulia im
informaciis sizustiT, ro-
melic Tqven gare samyaros
Sesaxeb gagaCniaT.
damokidebulebebi, damoki-
debulebebis Secvla da
qceva
damokidebulebebi aris obi-
eqtebis, movlenebisa Tu ide-
ebis pozitiuri, an negatiuri
Sefaseba.
yvela damokidebuleba ar
iZleva qcevis zustad winas-
warmetyvelebis SesaZleb-
lobas; is Zalze xelmisaw-
vdomi an Zalze specifikuri
unda iyos.
gadamuSavebis albaTobis
modelis Tanaxmad, darwmu-
nebis centraluri proce-
sebi gulisxmobs argumen-
tebis zedmiwevniT analizs
maSin, roca periferiuli
procesebi darwmunebis pro-
cesis garegnul maniSneb-
lebs exeba.
damokidebulebebis sa-
fuZvlebis tipsa da ar-
gumentis tips Soris kav-
Siri, aseve, axdens gavlenas
argumentis efeqturobaze.
disonansisa da TviTaRqmis
Teoriebi exeba damokide-
bulebebis Camoyalibebasa
da Secvlas, rac qcevis
ganxorcielebas mohyveba.
daTanxmebisaTvis adamia-
nebma, SesaZloa, mimarTon
migebis, davaldebulebis,
deficitis Seqmnis da mo-
delirebis meTodebs.
socialuri urTierTo-
bebi
interpersonaluri mimzid-
veloba determinirebulia
nawilobriv fizikuri siax-
loviT, fizikuri mimzidve-
lobiT, msgavsebiTa da or-
mxrivobiT.
740
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741
sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi
ganisazRvreba ltolvis,
intimurobis da valde-
bulebis parametrebiT.
mozdrilTa mijaWvulobis
stili gavlenas axdens
urTierTobebis xarisxze.
adamianis valdebulebebi
sasiyvarulo urTierTo-
bebis dros dakavSirebulia
siaxlovisa da damokide-
bulebis doneze.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
atribuciis Teoria
qceviTi dadastureba
kognituri disonansi
daTanxmeba
konformuloba
kovariaciis principi
gadamuSavebis albaTobis
modeli
Secdoma
jgufis polarizacia
jgufuri azrovneba
informaciuli gavlena
normatiuli gavlena
normebis kristalizacia
darwmuneba
migebis norma
wesebi
TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyveleba
TviTaRqmis Teoria
sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba
socialuri norma
socialuri aRqma
socialuri fsiqologia
socialuri roli
741
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742
s oci aluri s oci aluri s oci aluri s oci aluri s oci aluri fs i q olog i a , s a zog a doe b a da fs i q olog i a , s a zog a doe b a da fs i q olog i a , s a zog a doe b a da fs i q olog i a , s a zog a doe b a da fs i q olog i a , s a zog a doe b a da
k u lt u r a k u lt u r a k u lt u r a k u lt u r a k u lt u r a
18
altruizmi da
prosocialuri qceva
altruizmis fesvebi
prosocialuri qcevis
motivebi
situaciis gavlenebi
prosocialur qcevaze
agresia
evoluciuri midgoma
individualuri
gansxvavebebi
situaciuri gavlenebi
kulturuli SezRudvebi
crurwmenebi
crurwmenis sawyisebi
stereotipebis efeqtebi
crurwmenebis daZleva
samyaro pataravdeba
konfliqtisa da mSvidobis
fsiqologia
avtoritetisadmi
daqvemdebareba
genocidisa da omis
fsiqologia
mSvidobis fsiqologia
fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: ratom
eziarebian adamianebi
kults
avtoris bolosityvaoba
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
743
n_+. ..l. .rjl_+. (Hannah
Arendt) 1963 j .+.j_jjl. nln
aihmani ierusalimSi~, r+jn
.ltn_n nj l.n .__ .n.+.ln _.l..-
_jjn, rnm. +.l tjn j_j +nnlnm
jr.jn +__j.. .n.+.ln nj_j .+.rmj_.
m._n j+j_jj, rr t_. l.njn:
(aihmans) kargad axsovda, rom cud xa-
siaTze iyo xolme, Tuki ar SeeZlo imis
gakeTeba, rac misi mowodeba iyo mili-
onobiT kacis, qalisa da bavSvis mkvleloba,
didi gulmodginebiTa da pedanturobiT
(gv.25).
+n_tj_._._ .+n., r.+_jl._ ...rn .r _l_.
nj, .rjl_n .n.+.l .t.n.mj, rr .-
__r._ _j_jrn_ ._.+n.l:
fsiqiatrebi axasiaTebdnen mas, rogorc
normalurs~: _ ufro normaluri iyo, j-
_j j+mt_j_.n __r +j._, vidre me viyavi
misi gamokvlevis Semdeg~, _ ganacxada erT-
erTma maTganma. meorem ki aRmoaCina, rom
misi saerTo fsiqologiuri mdgomareoba,
damokidebuleba meuRlisa da Svilebis,
mSoblebis, Zmebis, debisa da megobrebis
mimarT iyo ara mxolod normaluri, aramed
Zalze sasurvelic ki~ (gv. 25-26).
.n.+.ln `nr_ljn.l.n1n 1nm .rjl_n
ln _.__l.+_j +n_n:
aihmanis ubedureba is iyo, rom uamravi
adamiani hgavda mas, isini arc gaukuR-
marTebulebi iyvnen da arc sadistebi, isini
iyvnen da jerac arian SemaSfoTeblad nor-
malurebi. Cveni samarTlebrivi insti-
tuciebis da Sefasebis moraluri standar-
tebis TvalsazrisiT, es normaluroba ufro
SemaSfoTebelia, vidre yvela simxece erTad
aRebuli, im daSvebis gamo, rom danaSaulis
es axali saxe mis danaSaulebebs iseTi
garemoebebis gavlenis qveS aqcevs, rom
misTvis SeuZlebeli xdeba sakuTari qcevis
aramarTebulobis gageba an SegrZneba (gv.276).
rogorc Cans, (aihmanis cxovrebis) uka-
nasknel wuTebSi man Seajama is gakveTile-
bi, romlebsac adamianis codvilobis mTeli
nairferovneba iZleva saSiSi gakveTilebi,
romlebsac SeiZleba codvis banaluroba
vuwodoT (gv. 252).
f
..l. .rjl_n _r.1. __n .l._r.
XXI.___ln +_jlj. jt+._rj.. l.n_rn
._n_.l 60 n j+_j. _n jrrn1+n
._j+. +n_. +_n. __j. _n, r. .+
nj_j _jrm 2000 n .t
._+._jmn nj_ +n_. u.._.+, r. .+n-
t.j. nr.jn. _. `.jnljjn j_.tjnm
+_nl.rj nr_.lj _.._jm .l.`nr1j. n_-
._n.n t.tn ._.ljj. _._l_jn _nj.-
rn _.l +nj_nn _.+t. +.j_.,
+.r.+, rr .l, n _. +nn rjjn+n t_.
j_rjn ._._rjn.l .+tj_r _.l.._jjn-
.m_n `._tn+j.. lnjrn.n .._. _.
nr_. +jn j_rj rn _l_njn
j_j._ ._ j .m.nm ._.+n.ln _.n__`..
l_j. __lj., r+ j +_jljn rr nnjn
.+_jl. nj .l_ntnm. j_j._jrn __n
t.n.m +n_.jrm, rr, _mj_.m, .__ .n-
jrn j+mt_j_.n, +.r.+ .rjl_n .l.n1n
_.rj_ .+.. n _n_jlj, m_ r.+_jl._ .__n._
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j_un.m n._r u.j, .nu_l lr+._rn
._.+n.ln, r+ +.l .1.rjn jj_. .l.trnj.
fsiqologia da cxovreba~-n n+ ._n.+_j
+n_j_nm, ._. ._.+n.ln jj_.1j n._rn
u.jn 1j+j+j_jn __n__rjn j+mt_j_jn _l_.
.l_ntnm. .+ m._n 1njrmn l.nn ._+._
j+._mjjn njlj., _nl.n_.l ._.+n.ln _j-
r_jn_n _. .r.._+.l_rn .jjn .ltrn-
jjn `jln. l.mjj_. _jl .l_ntn._m
.rjn_ jj_., r_r+jlj _. n+ `nrj,
r+j+., j.u., jln_n .jj.+_j
+n_nj_.l. .+._j _r, .__jrm ._.+n.l_rn
.rjn m.l_.jn _., nj `rn.-
_rn .l.trnj _n___.ln .r_n-
_n .jjn, j_j_.rn _n_ +_nln
.rjj. _., n+j_n _.j_, j m._n +_nmt_jn
._ur._ `n+n_r .1r, r+ n._rn
+jlnjrjjn ._+jlj +_nn +_n_n
_.+j.rj.n _.t+.rjn .j_. j_un.m.
tnr._ .+ m._n .ltn_ ._nmtj _-
_jljn `r__.n_._ _. .mnr_ m_n.l.
n+j_n _.j_, r+ j.uj. jjlj.m, nnln,
+.._jjm.l jrm._, r_._ .lntnm _.
_j.jn +.jm. mj_jl .+ m._n j._.
n+n .jnm _l_. _..+m._rm, m_ rr +j-
+j_jjl n._r-_njn_rn u.jn .-
_j_ nl_n_n_j1j, rr jrmn.l_jn.l nl_n-
_n_jn ___jn _. r. ._jl. .t_jljl nnln
+_n nrnn j_j.1j j+._mjj +-
+jlj1j.
altruizmi da
prosocialuri qceva
mnmj+n j_j. r.j_nn j+_j tj_._m
_r.m, r+ ._.+n.ljn m._n.lmn ntn
rn_n _.._ _njl t_. ._.+n.ljn n-
tn _._.. +..nm._, ._ntjlm _..+.
nn _.+_nm .+_j_n .nljj.. ._rj_
.. +_r..n _.lrj_n .tn _. +mjn j_jjln_.l
.+_n ._.+n.ljn .j_n jrmn.ln u.nt+j_.
n+ n+j_nm, r+ ._+.jl_ljl _. _.jt+.rj_ljl
._.rjln ._.+n.lj. .jmn r.j_njn .._.r.-
_jjl ._.+n.ln, rr .tjn, `jln.,
.l.trnj prosocialuri qcevebi, .l_ njmn
jj_jn, r+jm. +n1.ln t_. ._.+n.ljn _.t+.-
rj... +jn, j r.j_njn tnr._ .._.r._jjl
altruizms njm `rn._r jj_j, r+-
j. ._.+n.ljn m._n.lmn .__m.rn _._rmt-
jn. _. nljrjjn .m_.nnljn .rjj
.trnjjjl. n, r.. _jl kulturas .l
sazogadoebas ___jm, +ln_lj_.ln ._nn
__nr._ jrm+.ljmn _.t+.rjn _r_n. rr
___rn .l .1._jn j_rjn, ._.+n.ljn
m.l.+r+jl _. +t_jr`._. _n jnrjn.l
t_jn _jmn__j.. .+ m._ n+n .ltn_nm
_._njjm, m_ r.+ _rm ._.+n.lj .r_n-
_n jj_jn .ltrnjj..
altruizmis fesvebi
_._njm .+jrn__ j_j__n_r .1jmn
.+j_jjlj_n .r_n1+n _l_rj_n +..-
nmnm (Porstner, 1997):
sanapiro dacvis TanamSromelma samSa-
baTs, samxreTis saxelmwifo gzatkecilze,
prosocialuri qcevebi (Prosocial behaviors) _ qce-
vebi, romlebic sxva adamianebis daxmarebis
mizniT sruldeba.
altruizmi (Altruizm) prosocialuri qcevebi,
romlebsac adamiani Tavisi sakuTari usafrTxo-
ebis an interesebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe
asrulebs.
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lindenharstSi, Tavisi manqana win Cauyena
da amiT gadaarCina koneqtikuteli kaci,
romlis manqanamac gzidan gadauxvia. me
win Cavudeqi da specialurad davajaxebine
manqana, raTa amiT SemeCerebina is~, _
ganacxada 25 wlis mZRolma: _ es erTader-
Ti saSualeba iyo, riTac me misi SeCereba
SemeZlo~.
r. rj.jn. jl_.m .+ .+._1j? jnun.m,
.r+n_nlm mj_jln ntn .l, m_l_.,
mj_jln +.lj.ln .rn__. _nl+j ntn _..-
._._, r.r .+ j+mt_j_.n. ._jrnn? r.
_njr_. .__m.r m._1j .l.`nr _._n +u_n?
_jr.m, r+ jj_n .ltrnjj.+_j +.l .-
+m_.. +j. _. .j.?
r_j. .+ +.+.n +u_n jj_n +._
+..nmj l.t._m, r_n._ _ljrn_n., _..-
__l.m, r+ ._.+n.lj ..ln.m .r_n1+n
.1n_rn, +nl_. ._.+n.l_rn +n_.n.. _.j-
rn_._, .r_n1+n .rj. 1_jr nl.._+_j-
rn_n.. n+n ..j._, m_ r.+.. .j, +j-3 _.
+j-12 m._jn j_n_rn u.jn j.tj
_.jj_ _n__n. _l_. _.__r_l_jm. j__-
n_rn +u__rjn m.l.t+._, ntn +m._.rn
+n1.ln .__m.rn m._n rj`r__jn.., r. jrmn
.rjn +njr +jrjm_n .__m.rn jljn ._.-
j+. _nt+. r. lnl._ .r_n1+n .+
j+mt_j_.n? r.+ _l_. _..jjlm mj_jln n-
tj t_jn _.t+.rjn .+ ._rmtn j_j?
.+ _nmt_.1j rn `._tn .rj n+n_. +ntj__nm,
m_ r. _n_nt+jm t_jn _.tn j_rj
m_ _lj.
_.tn j_rjnm_n .r_n_n jj_n
.ltrnjj. .r .rn .1r +_j_n, _nl.n-
_.l, +.nl. _n, r_j. ._.+n.ln ntj
._rmtn j_j _j., +nn +n1.ln, 1._._, m._nn
jljn__rn +j+__n_rjn ._.rjl... _.j-
rn_._, r_j. ._.+n.lj j_nmtjn.l, m_ _n
._..rjljl n___n-ntn n_.n.n,
+.nl ._.+n.ljn .njnm +u._r._ jnruljl
.__m.r jljn__r +j+__n_rj.m.l n.t_j.
saidan
viciT
altruizmi naTesavebis mimarT
.-n _. n.`lnn _j_jn __jl-
j mt_j, .ljtn.m jm._.1j_n
jl.rjn, r+jn .+n_.l jrmn ._.-
+n.ln ._..rjl._ ntj .rn_._-
_ljl. +..nm._, jrm-jrm jl.rn .+ .+
nl_n_n_ .+_n_j_ .tn junl.. mnm-
j_ jl.rn nl_n_n_jn .lt_.__j_ljl
jrm+.ljmn.l __j_n +l.njjm.l .r-
+.t_n l.mj.n t.rntnm. 1njrmn
njmn u.n.l .t l.mj._n nj, rrn.
_.-u+. (0.5-n.ln jljn__rn m.lt_j_r.), t_jn
j_.rjnm rj_n l.mj._jn nu.-
_njn nj_ljl (0.125 m.lt_j_r.). __jlj
j_nmtj_ljl, .+ .+n_.l r+n ._.rjl.
n_r_j_ljl j_j.1j +j._. suraTi 18.1
_n_jlj, r+, r. __r .t l.mj._n.
nl_n_n_n, +nm __r +j._ .+t.._jl
._.+n.ljn +nn ._.rjln _r_n. _-
r.m1j +j+_n. n+ j+mt_j_n j_jjn,
r_j. .r n_. n___n-ntn
._nmtn: __jlj j_nmtj_ljl, m_ rr
+njj_ljl j_j__n_rn ._.j_jn-
jjn j+mt_j_.n, +..nm._, r_j.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0.50 (Zma) 0.25 (biZa) 0.125
(biZaSvili)
0.00
(nacnoboba)
naTesaoba
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yoveldRe sicocxle an sikvdili
suraTi
18.1
naTesaobis daxmarebis
tendenciebi
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_nl+j _._.jn jr_j.. ._nr. j_j-
jn .j. .n.t. l.mj.n j_jjn, m_+.
_.+_n_j_j. .r nj njmn unjrn,
rr `nr_j j+mt_j_.n. n___n-n-
tn jl.rn. l.mj.n j_.j.
.njnm __n__rjn., _n_rj j_j-
__n_rn jl.rn.. jrml.nrn j_jjn
+nn_j rr n.`ljn, nj .+jrn_jn
__jljn j+mt_j_.n (Burnstein et al.,1994).
.+ .+__j_.n __jlj rj._r._ .r
+jmt_j_.m jt+_n_j_n .tn_.l
_nl+j ._.rjl., +.r.+, +n_tj_._._ .+n., jnu-
n.m _.nl.tm, m_ r. ._jl. .t_jl_. l.mj..
+.m .rj_.l1j. m_+., uljn .r+._jln., r+
r+jn+j +.m.ln lnjr._ _njr_.: +j _l_.
_._n_. jljn__rn +j+__n_rj., +.r.+ m_
._.+n.ljn 18.1 _r.m1j .r+_jlnn ln+_n
+ntj__nm +j+j_jjl, j lnl._, r+ jljn__rn
+j+__n_rj. _._n njlj..
+.r.+ r. t_j. +.nl, r_j. .j+j .r _.j_
l.mj..m.l? +..nm._, r.+ rn_._ +u_n
ntj t_. ._.+n.ljn jljn ._..rjl._?
t_. l.ljn. m_ _ljn +n+.rm .ltr-
njj_n .r_n_n jj_jn ..tlj._
mjrjn_jn ormxrivi (reciprokuli) al-
truizmis lj. njjljjl (Trivers, 1971). j lj.
+n_mnmj, r+ ._.+n.ljn .r_n_ jj_j
.trnjjjl n+n+, r+, .r__j_n .1rnm,
t_. ._.+n.ljn +trn_.l. +jn.l, r+ nnln
+.m +n+.rm, .j_j, .l.trnjjjl .r_n_
jj_j: m__n jl ntrn, +j ._..rjl n+ n+j_nm,
r+ jl nn_j .._jmj n+ j+mt_j_.n, m_ +j
_.+j+_jrj. _.trn .nrj.. .+_jl._,
r+trn_. .r_n1+ .nt _nrj_j.
.ln_j. .+ lj. t_. _r+nm mj_jl ._rj ___j
jt__nm. +j-17 m._n, +..nm._, j+_n.ljm
migebis (reciprokulobis) normis lj. n+ 1n
..tlj._, r+nm. ._.+n.ljn m.lt+.+_j
+n_n.l. r_j. _nl+j mj_jl_.+n _jmn.l.
._jl, mj_jl _njn_r _nrjn njljnm
+.l.+, .l.+ .r jjuj.m .`._t _jmn-
.ljn .+_jl.. l.mjn., r+ .jm _n-
rj j__n_rn .__u_jn .j_, _nl.n_.l n
j_jn j.uj. 1r_n. .+ j__n_rn
.__u_n .+ .r_n1+n .r .rn ._.+n.l_rn
.rjn _ln_._rn ln.ln. .lr`j+. r-
+trn_n .r_n1+n ln+_jn n_jln_nnrj.
+r._. .tj.n +.t_nlj, rrjn.., +..-
nm._, ____r._ +t_rjn _.+`nrn _.+_rjn
_. n+`.l1jjn (Nielsen, 1994).
_l_. ._nlnl, r+ r+trn_n .r_n1+n
lj. _jr tln n._r t_jjn _`jr.-
nn j_j. .`jj. +__j_rj+. +n`_j +l.-
j+jn, r+jn ++jl, r+ +r._. n_.-
n.n, ._.+n.ljn _. t_jjn, rjn`r-
__n +_nln .rjj .t_jljl _`jrnrj..
_. rj_rjn .l.nj. (Matheson & Bernstein,
2000; Wedekind & Milinski, 2000; Widdig et al., 2000).
+..nm._, r_n-_.._jm _.l.n _. l.-
+nnn +.1__rj r.nljn +t_rjn _.ln
+n .r+.j_n +l._nrjjn l.l._nrj_n
tr m._n.lmn +n t_., l._nr.n l._j._
..__, j_rj _l.njjl, m_+., j_ujjn.,
r+ +.m.l .`._t_ .m.l._ rj_rn +n_j.
j_ljl (Hawkes, 1993). .+ n`n _.__nr_jjn
.__u_j1j +__j_rjn _njl, r+ .r_n1-
+n ..tlj._ __r _.rm mjrn_n .__u_jn
n`_l.
m_ _.___jm, r+ .r_n1+ j__n_rn
.__u_jn .j_, +.nl _j. ._nmtn: r.+_jl._
j_un. .r_n_n jj_n .ltrnjj.n
.rj_ nl_n_n__._r .lt_._jj m.l.+j_r_j
._.+n.ln +j+__n_rj.1j 1j+j+j_j.? ._ntjlm
+j-12 m._n .ltn_n 1njrmn _.jrn, r-
+jn j__n_rn _njnn `jn.njn
m.l.t+._, ._.+n.ljn +njr +jj_nn jrj_n
`rj .r+.rm._. .r_n1+n _jlj_n .l-
tn_. _.jrm. .+ .+l.m_.nm_n _n_j_ jrmn
_.jrn +n+.jn ._.j. _.uj_.
saidan
viciT
qalebs altruisti mamakacebi ufro
moswonT
__jl lj jj`jrn+jl.rn _.
_n +nl.nj +.+._.n ._rn _n_j-
.l.jr ._jlj_ljl, ._. j __.l._ljn
.r_n_n jj_jn +n+.rm m._n
_.+_n_j_j. ._jl_.. Zalze altru-
istul n_.n.n n t_jnm_n _.t-
ormxrivi (reciprokuli) altruizmi (Reciprocal
altruizm) idea, romlis Tanaxmadac adamianebi
altruistul qcevebs axorcieleben imitom,
rom sxvebis mxridanac maT mimarT altruis-
tuli qcevebis ganxorcielebas moelian.
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+.rjn .j_.1j ._r_. _. j+_j t_j-
1j +j._ .rn__nm_n +1.. .+mj_.+_..
naklebad altruistul; `nrjn n ._-
r_. .__m.r nljrjj1j _. _njr_.,
r+ +.jjln _._.jn jr_j. t_n-
m_n _.jm+. .+ ._rjn .l.jrn l.t_n
j+_j __jl lj _n_j.l.jrn
l.l.tn +.+._.n t_._.t_. `.r.+jrn
_n1n__rn _. jj_._rn +n+1n__jn,
n._rn +n._jn _. `.j+.l1j jt-
_j_rn ._r_jn +ntj__nm j_.j.
mt__ljl. +n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ rn_j
.tn .l.jrn u.1j +._n +.+._.jn
+l.nj_ljl, j.jn __r +n+1n__j._
_. ._r_j._ n+ +.+._. +nnlj__ljl,
r+jn .r_n_n jj_jn .ltr-
njj.1j m.lt+. .+t..__. (Jensen-
Campbell et al.,1995).
j__n_rn mjrnn jr+nljnm, .+ __j_n
j_jjn ++, r+ j.jn njm +.+._.j
.ln_jjl _`nr.j., r+j. m._n.lmn
rj_rjn m.++._n _._rmtjn _1r_l-
_jj_nm_n .jn_r._ .+jjlj. j_un.m.
.+ m_..1rnnm, _jl _.j_ .t.n .__u_jn
n+n.m_n, r+ .r_n1+n ._.+n.ln +j+__n_-
rjn l.n._ ._m_.m. _jru_, j.jn
m_n.l, r+ _.jn, r+jn .trnjjjl
.r_n_ jj_j, __jmjn +.+jn njljn.l.
prosocialuri qcevis motivebi
nl. j_jm._n _l.tjm, r+ .r_n1+
t_jn.m_n m._.lnr_n +n_ nl..ln
.__u_jn .j_. .t. .r_n1+ `rn._rn
jj_n t_. +n_jn _ljjn .l_ntn._m.
+__j_.rn deniel batsoni (Daniel Batson, 1994)
+n_mnmj, r+ .rj mtn u.., r+jn
._.+n.l .1._jrn_._ .n_jm .j+n
_jmjn_jl _nuj:
altruizmi _ t_jn.m_n .rjn
+.ln +n_n .__u_j1j +j+j_j., rrn
nj, +..nm._, +u_n jj_., r+j+. t_.
._.+n.ln ntj ._..rnl..
egoizmi _ `rn._rn jj_jn +t_
.__m.rn nljrjjn_.l .++_nl.rj .ltr-
njj.. j.u., _nl+j+ .l.trnj _.t+.-
rjn jj_., +.r.+ +t_ n+ +n1lnm, r+ r.n+j
._j.rn +nn_ .`._t_ (_mj_.m, __n .l
`rn1n, .l, +..nm._, mt_ln jr_j.).
koleqtivizmi `rn._rn jj_jn
.ltrnjj. .r__j_n ___n .r+.jjn
+n._j_._. ._.+n.lj+., j.u., .l.trnjl
`rn._rn jj_jn, r.m. .._+_jl
m._n.lmn _.tn, .u+ .l `nn__rn `.rnn
..rj `nrjn _. ...
principizmi _ `rn._rn jj_n .ltr-
njj. +r._rn `rnln`jn_.l .++_nl.rj.
j.u., _nl+j `rn._r jj_j rjnn-
_rn .l .1._jrn_n `rnln`jn_.l .++_nl.-
rj .trnjj_j.
mj_jl jnun.m l.tm, rr +j+j_jjl j
+n_jn .lt_._j_ n_.njn.
m_+., 1j+m ._lnl_n +n_jn_.l j_j.
jnuj. .__u_._ _.j_ t_. ._.+n.ljn
++.t_rjn jj_.. nnln 1_jr, j.u.,
nl.._+_j.n +_n_ljl jrm+.ljmm.l. +..n-
m._, .r+n_nljm, r+ _l_. ._.j_nm, rr
._l.nm r.n+j _j_nn_rn rj_rn r.+_jln+j
._.+n.l. mj_jl jnuj. .j n+_jm: +j j_j
nl_n_n_ m.l..r._ _l_. +n_j, _nl.n_.l, samar-
Tlianobis `rnln`n m.l.t+._, j_j ._.+n.l
m.l..rn __j. _l_. .jl_j. .t. .r+n_-
nljm, r+ .j+jn t_. +n_jn .jrm _.
mj_jl r+jn+j nl_n_n_ _`nr.j. .ln_jm
t_jm.l j_.rjnm.
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saidan
viciT
empaTiam usamarTlobamde SeiZleba
migviyvanos
jj`jrn+jln +l.njj +mjn __-
_n.m_n .l ___n r.+_jln+j j_rnm_n
..rnn njmjn .l.nj. mt_-
_ljl. m_ njmjn +mj ___ _._rn_j-
_., mnmj_ j_r njmjn m.l..rn
r._jl. _l_. +nj_, .l_ ._.j_j.
samarTliani _l_. j_nnj.
jj`jrn+jln jrm-jrm _.rn.ln +l.n-
jjn ___n jrm-jrm j_rn ._n-
r._n. _nmt__ljl, r+jn ._j-
rnn nj, m_ rr +n._. `.rlnr+.
+nn ._rn t.lrun_n r+.ln__n _r-
mnjrmjn j+_j. r. ._jl. +.t_jl_.
j nl_r+.n. njmjn .l.nj.1j?
r_j. jj`jrn+jln +l.njj mt-
_j, .r+j_nl.m, m_ r. .ln_n_. j
._.+n.ln, +.m _.+.jnmn njmjn +nj
+n_j_ nl_n_n_. empaTia ._.+n.lm.l
j+n_rn n_jln_n_.n. samarTlianobis
`rnln`1j +._. _._. (Batson et al., 1999).
_jlnj .l+. _. +n+. _jj+. empaTia-
altruizmis hipoTezis ._jlj._ _n_j_
r.+_jln+j _. ...rj: r_j. mj_jl m.l._-
rulm t_. ._.+n.l, j rul. .r_n_
+n_ .__nuj _. +nn _.t+.rjn._jl nnujm.
1j+m ._jrn jj`jrn+jln _.tjn .-
r_n_n +n_n __r _.+._jrjjn ._+l_.,
_n_rj .r.j_n .+.rmn.l.. .+_.r._,
j+`.mn.+, j.u., njmn .r_n_n jj_jn
._ur., r+ nl_n_n_n _jmn__j. ___n
_jmn__j.1j +._. _._j (Batson et al.,1995).
mj_jl jnun.m, _.nl.tm, m_ r.+_jl._
+ln_lj_.ln., r+ mnmj_n jj_. +mn.ln
n_.nn _ljjn njl. .ltn_n: n, r.,
jrmn jtj__nm, antisocialur jj_. .._,
+..nm._, .+.rmn.ln `rnln`n _.r__j_.,
t_., .lt_._j_n m_..1rnn_.l .++_nl.rj,
j.u., prosocialur jj_._ .lntnj_j.
+j-17 m._n n._rn _njnn ._nn
.__jmnjn_.l ___j _nnm, m_ r.+_jl._ unj-
r._.. _jjr+nlnrj_n ._.+n.ljn jj_jn n-
_.n_rn _.jrjnm. nj _jl +t_ 1j_.`n-
r_._ j_jtjm `rn._rn jj_n nu_jnm
t.n.m. .t. .__jrm __j_n _.n__r `r-
r.+., r+jn l.m._ _n_jlj, m_ r.+_jl._
.rn _.+_n_j_n ._.+n.ljn +1._j_l.
_.t+.rjn.m_n +.mn _l.rn, n+j+j_l `r-
n._rn jj_n +n_jn j..+n._ .r-
j_n n_.nn +.t.n.mjj1j.
prosocialur qcevaze
situaciis gavlenebi
__j_n j `rr.+. r.j_nnm _.nj.
j_nln, ln_nr_n, .__m.rn nljn _.l_rjn_.l,
_._rmt_ +j_n 38 rj`jj.j_rn _.
_.ll+rnn +j..jj l.tj_.r ..m1j +jn tln
.l+._.n m_.-j_r ._j_lj_. +__j,
r+jn j_.n .+_jr _.jt. m._ j. _.
.n___n _rnjn +n.jjl. +.. `nr_j._
+__jn t+._r+. _. nljn _jr._ .lmj_+.
nl.mj+ _.._rmt, +.r.+, .+n +n_tj_._._,
nn +.nl _.r_l_. _. .l.ru +t_jr`nm_n
_rnjn +njjlj.. .+ m.__.t+n .l+._-
.n`rjn__._ .r jrm ._.+n.l .r _._rj_._
`nn.n: +t_ jrm+. +.m.l+. _.rj_. _.
nn +t_ +. j+_j, r. j.n ___j +___.rn
nj (Rosenthal, 1964). _nn _jl_j1j +__jn
..1jm l.+ j.ur_l. +mjn jrn, r+j.
.r _r_. _.j_jrjnl., r+ ._.+n.lj+. +._n
.`.mn. _. _j_.. .+nnlj.
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+.r.+ njlj. _n .+.rmn.ln, r+ .+ ._.+n.lj
.`.mn_rjn _. _j_jn ___m? njlj, j.u-
jjn nj +.mn jj_n .tl. n_.n_rn
u.jn 1j+j+j_jnm? .+ _nmt_j1j `._tn .-
.j+._ bib leiteinma _. jon darleim (Bibb
Latane and John Darley, 1970) _.n__rn __j_jn
jrn. ...rj. +.mn +n1.ln n+n _jlj.., r+
TviTmxilvelTa Careva t_nm_n ._nr_j.n
_.t+.rjn .j_nm_n +1.. _.+_n_j_n.
n+.1j, m_ r.+_jl._ jlnn_rjn .rn.l nnln
n_.nn +.t.n.mjjn +n+.rm. +.m .r.-
rn.n jj+lj m_nm+tn_jm. .rj_n jj`jrn-
+jl_n n_.n..
saidan
viciT
rodis exmarebian adamianebi sxvebs
jj`jrn+jln _j_n __jln _.jjn
+l.nj_ljl. mnmj_n +.m.ln +-
.m._j .jj_l _._nrnm .___r_n
m.tn _. _..r+_lj, r+ n jj_lnm
j._rj_. +j1j m.tn +j_ t_.
(jrm .l +j) __jl. `nr._ `rj+j1j
._rn _r _n `nrj jj_ln
j+_.m t+._rn, r+jn +n_mnmj_.
n+.1j, r+ `.rlnr j`nj_nn jj_.
_.jj _. +___n t+nm nmt__. _j..
.+ jj_n _r _n `nrn +_j_n
nj t_. __jljm.l _..`.r._jn
j.uj. _. .r jju .j, m_
r. t_j_. _. _jm_j_. .+ ..lj
+_+.rj.n _.t+.rjn ._+.jl._.
jj`jrn+jln _.+_n_j_n _._n nj
n _r, r+jn _._nr_j_. _n `nr
jj`jrn+jl.rnm_n ..lj n_.-
nn j.jnlj._.
._+l_., r+ .rj_n ..m. _.+-
_n_j_n nj m_nm+tn_jm. n+ l._n-
t+j_ _jl.1j, r+j+., _n `nrjn
.1rnm, .nj jj+lnn n_.nn j.tj.
r. __r +jn ._.+n.ln .rm_.
_.r.___. _n `nrn, +nm __r _n.l
.jnlj_. jj`jrn+jl.r, .l _.
._+j. .rj__.. rr 18.2 suraTze
.l, mnmj_ r_.n.l n_.n.n .rj_.
._._ 160 .+n .l+._.n tr-
nj_j_., +.r.+ 40-+. n+.m.l, _n.
_jr_., r+ _n_n ___n l.n .r-
+._jl_., m._n .r jn_t. jj+lnn n-
_.nn j.tj jj`jrn+jl.rnm_n
nl_r+.nn +n_jnm (Darley & Latane, 1968).
j pasuxismgeblobis difuziis j_jn.. r-
_j. jrm1j +j ._.+n.l j_un. ..lj
+_+.rj.n +j_n `nrnm_n _.t+.rjn .j_.,
nnln tnr._ _.r.__jl, r+ t_. _.jt+.rj.,
.l _l_. _.jt+.r, m_nml _n .l1j _j. _. .r
jrm_j. n_.n.n.
suraTi
18.2
TviTmxilvelis Careva sagangebo
situaciis dros
rac ufro meti adamiania CarTuli mocemul
situaciaSi, miT naklebia SesaZlebloba, rom
romelime maTgani Caereva masSi. yvelaze swra-
fad TviTmxilvelebi reagireben ormonawilian
jgufebSi.
TviTmxilvelis Careva (Bystander intervention)
mzadyofna, daexmaro adamians, romelsac dax-
mareba sWirdeba.
pasuxismgeblobis difuzia (Diffusion of responsi-
bility) _ sagangebo pirobebSi rac ufro didia
TviTmxilvelTa ricxvi, miT ufro naklebia
TiToeuli maTganis pasuxismgebloba daxmarebis
aRmoCenis TvalsazrisiT.
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750
TviTmxilvelma unda gaacnobieros
situaciis sagangebooba
1j+m ._jrn jj`jrn+jln n_.n. njmn
nj, r+ _n `nrj+. .r._jrn n_ljl +n+_nl.rj
+_jljn j.tj. m_+., +r._. t_rjnj_
n_.n.n, r_j. ._.+n.ljn m._n.lmn j_j-
__n_rn .j+jjnm .rn.l _._._j_ln +n_n.l
.+.t_rn .l jt_j_r.1j j.u., _jr _n
.+lj__ljl, r+ +.m nl.j njmn n_.n.., r+j-
n +.m t_jnm_n _.t+.rjn ._+jl. j_u-
n.m.
jrm-jrm _r.+._ jj`jrn+jln `rnlln
mjn_rn j+nl.rnn __jljn _.r+_lj_-
jn nj_ljl, r+ ++jljjn .m.l.__ j._.-
j_ljl +.m j._.j., r+n jrm-jrmn mj+.
_jmnn .+.rnjn n._n nj. j.tjljm, r+
n._n .t.n ._mj+n jrm-jrm `jrl.j1j., r+j-
+. .+l.t. _r 1.1j _._j_n _._rnn
._.+n.ln _..t+.rj._.
saidan
viciT
vin amCnevs sagangebo situacias
j+nl.rnj j._.j.ln t_._.t_.
jljn _l_. .j_nmt.m, r+jm..l jrm-
jrmn +.m +_j nlr_j.jn ._.r_.m.
j+mt_j_nmn jrj_n j_j._, j+nl.rn-
jn jrm ___ ++1._jnm_n, _.j-
rn_._, .r._nm.rn _r .r .jl_. _. +jn,
+.m _l_. jj.r.m _n_j, r+ .r _.j_n.l.m
j._.jn _.jj.. +jrj ___ ._+. _r
.jl_.m ++1._jnm_n. +j.+j ___n
j_rj+. _n _._.j. j_r._ ._rj +nn_j.
r_j. mnmj_n +.m.ln +n_n_. _.-
lnl_jn ._nn._jl, tjn_.ln, r j-
l. rn nnln .j_j_ljl +.+._.,
r+jn +.m m_.nl, +j_jnm, t_j-
jnm. _. __ljnm jj+_. +n.1j. .+rn._,
j+nl.rnj, juj_.m .ln, rj._r._
.ljtrnjjnl.m n, rn j.tj. _l_.
jj._..m. ._.r_j _n +.m j? n+.m.l,
_nl j.r_., +t_ 10-+. ._+_nl.
_.t+.rj. _.j+_. _n. 1_._ ._+.
_r .jl_. 45-+., t n+.m.l, _n.
._nr1j j_r._ +jn _r .jl_. 63-+.
.l.trnj. _jmnn .+.rnjn jj_n
.l.n_rn jj_. (Darley & Batson, 1973).
r. j_.j. jnuj. +n_jm _._n.lj_
j+nl.rnj? j.u., nnln n+_jl._ nj_ljl
.__m.rn .1r_l._nm _._._j_ln, r+ _jr _n
juj ..lj n_.nn j+lj_.. j.u.,
j.+lnj _n_j, +.r.+ _jr juj +nn ..l-
jn j_.j.. ljn+njr j+mt_j_.n, mj_jl
tj_._m, r+ _.t+.rjn jj_n .ltrnjj.
_.+_n_j_n. n+ _r1j, r+jn n_.nn
j._.j._ .j_m.
TviTmxilvelebma movlenebi unda
Seafason, rogorc sagangebo
t_rj.n +r._.n n_.n. ._+._ _l-
__.ln.. +..nm._, mj_jl _. .r nl_.m,
r+ m._n _tjrt_ +_+.rj.n .n_m _.
tj_l_rn _lmj_. `nrn_.l-`nrn ._.rm
._.+n.l, r+j. _r._ unl._. n+n
._..j_j._, .rn m_ .r. j. m_ n n_.n.
..lj, mj_jl, _j_jrn_, _j_rjm t_. ._.-
+n.lj _. +.m rj.jnj (Latane & Darley, 1970).
.+.m.l _._._nrjnm, mj_jl, .j_j, jnun.m,
.ntjlm +_j. nl_r+.n_n 1j._jln
j.tj, r+j1j +j-17 m._n _n._rjm. ._-
_njr_nm m_nm+tn_jn +njr +jn .+._,
r+jn ._jr, m_ rr jrj_. nn
jjn., r+j1j r.rn .jj_n `nr.
nj +n_n:
oratori aRelvebuli iyo da misi me-
tyveleba aSkarad neldeboda. es misi si-
tyvis finalis gamokveTaa, Tu igi Zalas
kargavs? SesaZloa, mas dajdoma sWirdeba,
magram rogor SevTavazo mas es ise, rom
sityva ar Sevawyvetino? vaiTu, situacias
arasworad vafaseb da mere yvelam sulelad
CamTvalos? magram iqneb marTali var, is
gonebas kargavs da sityvis damTavrebamde
scenidan rom Camovardes? parteris skamebze
dacemisas is aucileblad daimtvreva. vi-
codi, rom es unda ameridebina, magram me
es ver SevZeli.
mj_jl tj_._m, m_ r.+_jl._ uljn. n+nm_n.
_n, _nl +_nj_ _ _njn_r _l.,
.nu_ .__m.rn m._n, n+j+j_ njm n-
_.n.n, r+j., rr .l, t_. .r._nl
._.j ..lj n_.n._. _. .n, rr _.+-
m._r_. j .+._n:
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me videqi oratoris win da xelebi misken
mqonda gawvdili. is sruliad gaognebuli
damcqeroda zemodan. warmovidgine, ras
fiqrobdnen Cemi studentebi da kolegebi,
romlebic Tvalyurs adevnebdnen Cems
eqscentrul qcevas, imis molodinSi, Tu
rogor SemovaWdobdi mklavebs pativcemul
stumars, vidre is leqcias daamTavrebda.
swored am dros oratori sabolood modunda
da grZnobadakarguli dameca. Cven xmauriT
davcvivdiT pirveli rigis skamebze.
rr tj_._m, ._.j_jnj. .rj_n j.tj
.r__j_ nl_.tj__j. +nmt_. .j. m_ nj,
.+ +_j .+n_.l. l.m._ .l, m_ r.+_jl._
uljn. jrm`nr_l_n ._.j_jnjn +n_j.
_. .l.1__r. n+n., r+ n_.n. ..lj..
TviTmxilveli pasuxismgeblobas unda
grZnobdes
_jl ___j .__lnljm, r+ ._rj_n jrm-
jrm +ln_lj_.l _.jr `._tn+jn
_n__1n. .r+._jl. m_ mj_jl _.t+.rj.
._nrjm, j_j.l.nr._ _l_. j._m, .rj+-
+j_j _..uj_nlm nl.._+_j. _. .__m.r
m._1j .._jnlm `._tn+j.. mj_jl jnu-
n.m `nr_.`nr +n_mnmm _nl+j1j _. _mtr.m
+j mj_jln _.t+.rj. +_nr_j.. .l_ntnm rn
__j_., r+jn +_._n_ .+t._ _.l.._
jtj.. `nr_j __j_.n ln_nr_jjn r._n
__jn rjr.ln _j_rj_ljl, m_ rr .+-
.. +u.r_j+. j. .lm., r_j. n +.n-
_n_.l _j_.. +jrj __j_.n `.j1j +j_n
t.tn _j_rj_. j_r_, r+j+. `nr.t1j
_._j_n `r._n r._n +n`.r., rr
_n `.rl+. r.+_jln+j .+nm j_r.__j. +.__l..
saidan
viciT
pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis aRZvra
mnmj_ .+ jj`jrn+jln +t_jr`n
(jj`jrn+jl.rn .njln) _.l.._n
m_nm+tn_jj j_nmtj_.: .j_m _r?
.l m_ jnuj., j+ _.r_lj.+_j, .
tlnm j_r.__j. +n.jnjm j+ .lm. (r.-
_n). `nr_jn nljr.jn. .r _nt+
`jrl._r `._tn+j. _. m_nm-
+tn_jjn _.1r_ j.j_rjjl _.l..-
_, t nnln, _nl _.m.lt+_. +t_jr-
`n jljnm_n j_r.__jn +njj_.,
mnmj+n j_j. .jrm n_.n.n. nnln
nmt__ljl _j., 1njrm+. .jj_n
j_r_n _n _.n_nr. (Moriarty, 1975).
j jj`jrn+jljn +n_nmnmjjl, r+ _.t+.rjn
mt_ln .jn jt+n.lj. ._.+n.ljn rulj,
r. t_. ._.+n.lj. rm._ n_.n.n _.
.__u_n.l._ _n +.m, t _ t_. +_-
jl.. (_. j_+. njlj_. j .`.mn_r._
._jm_..) n, r+ ._.+n.ljn tj _jr _n.l
j_r_.. +nrj _._.j. _n t+ _jr +n-
tj_.__nm .+.~ n._r-_njn_rn u.-
jn ._jlnm, +.m n_.n.n rm._ _. .jj_
._.+n.l._, r+j. __._ +jmt_j. _.t-
+.rjn ._+jl..
.+ j_jm._n _jl _._r_nm `rn._r
jj_.1j n+ .rj+jj1j, r+jn ._.+n.ljn
jrm+.ljm jt+.rjn.l. _jl __.r.__m, r+
_.t+.rjn +n_.n., j.u., ._.+n.ln
jljn__rn +j+__n_rjn l.nn.. .j. m_ nj,
._.+n.ln _lj. `rn._rn _. .lnn.-
_rn n+`_jn l.1._ .r+._jl. ++_j_l
j_jm._n jj_n .lt_._j_ .tj agresias
j_jtjnm, r., j.u., .j_j ._.+n.ln jl+n.
__nrj_n.
Sejameba
._.+n.ljn .trnjjjl `rn._r jj-
_j, r.m. t_. ._.+n.lj _.t+.rj. ._+_nll.
nnln .r_n_ jj_j .trnjjjl +.nl.
_n, r_j. j +.m `nr._ nljrjj .r m.l-
t__j.. j__n_rn m_..1rnn __j, r+
._.+n.ljn _.tn j_rjn +n+.rm .r_n-
_._ jl_l_n jl.r_ljn +n1lnm njj_n.l:
.r_n1+n t_.m. +n+.rm _n n+ _._jnm .ntlj.,
r+ +n .__u_._ r+trn_n +_nln _j_.
`rn._rn jj_jn t_. +n_jn.: jn1+n,
_jjn_n1+n _. `rnln`_.. 1njrm j+-
mt_j_.n .+ +n_j rn, j.u., .rj_j
_l_njn. r.+_jln+j n_.n_rn u.. +j+j_j
+.nl, r_j. ._.+n.ln `rn._r jj_.
.l.__mrj_ .rj+jjn .trnjj. ._.-
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+n.ljn +.nl __r jt+.rjn.l t_j, r_j.
.r .ln_n.l `._tn+jn _n__1n., .+lj_jl
..lj n_.nn .rj., .l.1__r._jl
+., rr .jm _. ruljl .+ n_.n.n
.__m.r `._tn+j..
agresia
.r_n1+n ljn j+..l._, ...lnm
.+l.rn_jn ..1jm .njn_.l, r+jn
t_._.t_. +nr_ .jj jjtj_.. .+_t.r_,
.1jmjn, ..m, __r +j nl_r+.n. _.__n.l
agresiis .+_nljn j.tj: ._.+n.ljn njmn
jj_jn j.tj, r+jm. t_. ._.+n.ljn.m_n
_n1n__rn .l _njn_rn 1n.ln +njjlj. _j_
m.l. .n, +t_ r.+_jln+j .m._rn New York
Times-n 2000 n 13 j+rn l+rn_.l:
nj+jln ._jmjj.+ .+jrn_jn +j1__._rjn
n+t_jr`.:
r+ nr.jn rn _.rn_.n +_.: _jr-
+_rjljn .+_j_n.:
jljmn _j_.j..jn 12-1j +jn ._.+n.ln
j_+.r.+ n+t_jr`.:
__+nj+. ._.ljj_j+. tjn .n_j
l._m._.+.+_._jjn j.rtln .mn _tjn
m.l.+r+jn.
.+ +_j .+l.m_.n_.l. _.r._ .l, m_
r.+_jl._ +r._._jr_.ln. ._.+n.ljn +njr
jrm+.ljmn +n+.rm .+_jlnn .rjn.. .+_jl._,
mj_jlm_n nn ..jn _l_. nj, m_ r.+
.j_ +ln_lj. _njjn.m_n .rjnn
+n1j1jn .j., rn . +n1.l, t._n.,
.1._j.n .rjnn .+_nljjn j+nrj.
.r+._jl.
evoluciuri midgoma
`rn._rn jj_n._+n +nu__ln j_jm._n
_jl .r+_.nljm j__nn jrm-jrmn m._.jtn:
r.+ t_j., r+ ._.+n.ljn m._ nr._jl t_.
._.+n.ljn _jmn__jn.m_n? .rjn_n
jj_n .rj. _n, r. mj+. _l_., .jm _nmt_.
.r ._ur._. j__nn mjrnn +ntj__nm,
t_jjn .rjn_ jj_j .trnjjjl, r.m.
.__m.rn m._n _1r_l_jjl .nl.._+_j jjn
`.rlnrnm _. +n`_l _. _.n_.l n _ljrn_n
rj_rjn, r+jn +.mn _. +.mn m.++._-
n ntn jl.r_lj. _1r_l_jj_.
karl lorencis (Karl Lorenz, 1966) _.n__r
l.r+n .rjnn j.tj, ___+jl_r._ .rn
l._jljn t_jm. .+j.rn .rj_n .rj-
n_n jj_jn +mjn +r._._jr_lj.. -
rjln, .j_j, ___+jl_r._ ._jr n+ +jj.ln1+j,
r+jn .+nrjjl .rjn.: jrm jr.l
ln_.rn jrmn _.rj+nm j_un. m_.n .+_-
_ +jrj: +j jrmn _jlnm j_un. +jrj
.__j _jljn ._.__r_l., +.r.+ ._.r n.r-
jj_. .r jrmn jr.ln _. .r jrmn +jn,
r+ .r .rj_j .n+j_ +_tr__jn .jmn jj-
_jn ..rn_j._ (_. 240). rjln m_.-
.1rnnm, rj_ j ln.ln., r. ._.+n.l +mjn
_.l.rjln t.n .+j.r..l .l.t_._j. nn
.+_nj, r+ ._.+n.l +._n +jj.ln1+jn
.m.l.__ .r .j_ .l_nm.rj_n. rjln
_njr, r+ ._.+n.ln .jmn amridebeli +jj.-
ln1+jn n+n+ .r .l_nm.r_., r+ ._.+n.lj,
tj_l_rn n.r._n .+jjlj.+_j, jrm+.ljmnm_n
_n_n 1n.ln +njjlj. .r jjum. +. j+_j, r.
.+l_. n.r._n, rjln +ntj__nm, ._.+n.ln,
rr .tj., njm +_+.rj.n ._+l_.
rr +rj_n, r+j., _ljn nrlnnm,
jrln ln_.rn .+j. (_. 241).
.rjnn m..1j rjln +.1rjjn .-
`._t_ ..rj_n __j_jn .+ +.1rjj
rn m_..1rnnm jnl.._+_jj. (Lore & Schultz,
1993). _jr jrmn, t_jjn t_._.t_. .tjjn
_ljrn_ `nrjn .r+j_n __j_jn t._-
j_jl, r+ j_rn +.m.ln njmn_j .tnm .tr-
njj .rjn., rr ._.+n.ln. +..nm._,
njmn, jrmn jtj__nm, _jnl.rn t_jjn _n,
rrjn n+`.l1jjn .rn.l, r._nm n__rj-
n.l _. nj _._jl m_n+ (Goodall, 1986). .rj-
nn t_. nn_r .tjjn .+_jl.
_jr .rn .l_j ._.+n.ln.m_n _jl _r._
_j_jlj., r+ __jmjjn _.rm, nl.+__njn _n
j__n_rn j_jjn .rj.1j u.1j .
r.+ m_ +n_mnmj. +jrj, .+__j_j+. ._jl.,
r+ ._.+n.l .__m.rn .rjnn j+._._jjn
__r +jn +jj.ln1+n ..ln., _n_rj .+. rjln
agresia (Aggression) _ qceva, romelic sxva
individis fizikur an fsiqologiur dazianebas
iwvevs.
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_.r.___.. _.jrn_._, ._.+n.ln, m._nn
n._rn .rj+mn .l`nrj_nm, .rj-
nn .+_jln. .rj_.l ._jmj. rr .+
j_jm._n +_n.ljnm _l.t._m, ___rjn
._j _n .rn .+j_nn n .rj+jjn,
r+jn .rjn. .r. m_ _.._jn., .r.+j_
1_jr ._njjn _n. _jl _nj_nm, r+ j
___rjn m._._ .r_jjl _rnn__ r
n+n .l.1__r.n, m_ r. 1+nm _l_. .+._-
nl ._.+n.l+. .rjnn j_._jn _l.rn.
j__n_rn .l.n1n ._._rj, r+ ._.r-
jln jl_jln. .tjjn _+r._j.n u..-
_n._+n m.l_.jn jl_jln.n .+_nl-
_j.. m_+., ._.+n.lnm_n, rr .tjnm_n,
.r .j_ +ln_lj., r.+_jl._ +j._ m_ l._j._
._jljl t_. .tjjn .rjnn jl_jln..
j+_j .rjnn .+_jl.n .rj_ nl_n_n-
__._r .lt_._jj .l_ntn._m.
individualuri gansxvavebebi
r.+ .rn 1njrmn nl_n_n_n __r
.rjn_n, _n_rj t_jn? rjln _j_j.m.
_ljjn mj_jlm_n ..jn t_j., m_ r.+
._nm.rjjl +__j_rjn .n`mj1., r+n
m.l.t+._., .rjnn nl_n_n__._r .+_jl.n
+ln_lj_.l r jljn__rn _+`ljln
.r_j. t._n., mj_jl jn+lj_n.m, r+
1njrmn ._.+n.ln l._j._ .rjn_n .l,
_n_rj t_jn. _j_jrn_, ._rjj_n. .1rn,
r+ .rjn_. m_ u.._n._jl +n_rj_nj.,
_.tn_.l njj.. m_+., _jr._jr _nj_nm n+n
m..1j, .rjn. jljn_n j_jn. m_ .rj+n,
.l.+ `jn._rn .+__j_jn j_jj .r
.l_ntn._m.
saidan
viciT
genetikisa da garemos faqtorebis
roli agresiaSi
+r._.n n+ +jm_n .+jjljnm, r+j-
n nl. m._jn .__jrjm, +__j_rj+.
+n.lj `._t .rjn.n jljn__rn _.j-
rjn rn m..1j. +..nm._, +.m
j._.rj n_jl_rn (+l1n_rn) _.
_r.jrl._rn (_n1n_rn) j_`jn
`nr_ljjn .rjn_n._+n +n_rj_n-
j.: t_. j+mt_j_.n, +.m j._.j _-
ljrn_n _. ._1r_n _.jrjn rn
.j_.ln .__jn. jrm __j_.n .+jj-
lj_ njl. .nn__rn +jm_n, r+j.
meta-analizi j_j., r.m. +jt_nl.m
j_j. n+ _ljrn_n m_ ._1r_n _.jrn
rn j_.j., r+jn j._n njl.
._rj ..rj_ 24 .+__j_.n (Miles &
Carey, 1997). (+j.-.l.n1n __r r_._
+j-16 m._n .__jrjm). +j.-.l.n1+. .+._-
nl. .rjn.n jljn__rn _.jrjn
+_r._n _. +ln_lj_.ln ._._.r_., r-
r j_`j, .j_j, .j_.ln .__j. _.
+.m nn_r +j rn. +..-
nm._, +l1n_rn j_`jn +j.r._
._jljjl +._. _rj.n. .rjn_-
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.m.l, _n1n_r j_`jm.l j_.rjnm.
.rj+ _n .rjn.1j, _j_jrn_, .t_jl
+nrj, +.r.+ .1+_._ ._jl..
+j.-.l.n1n ._.j. _.uj_, _.___.m,
r+ t_jm.l j_.rjnm, 1njrm nl_n_n_
.rjnn._+n __r +jn +n_rj_nj. .j_.
+__j_rj+., .j_j, ..+.t_nj j_r.__j.
_nl. _. .r+l._r .lt_._jj1j, r+jn,
j.u., .j_j, j+ln_ljl .rjn_n jj_jn._+n
.r__j_ `rj_n`1nnj. rr +j-13 m._n
_l.tjm, _nln .r__j_n r_j_rjn, r-
rn.. .+n_.. _. jjrjn .r__j_n _ljn,
+ln_lj_.l r .r_jjl j+njn .+-
t._.. _. rj_nrj.n. r. jjtj. .rjn.,
.j +ln_lj_.ln., r+ _nln .+.rn 1jn
j_jj_r._ __ljnlnrj_ljl _. nl_n_n_ lj.-
n_rn j+njn .+t._.1j _lrn ._-
.j. .uj__ljl. m__n, +..nm._, ._.+n.ljn
.m.l._ _lj1j _jr .t_jljl .+n_.. .jn-
_.n., +.m, j.u., _jr .nnl lj.n_rn
j+njn, r., m._n +trn_, +.m .rjn_ jj-
_j.+_j +nnj_.l (Davidson et al., 2000). j_r.__j.
.+.t_n_., .rjm_j, ljnr._.+j+ jrlnl1j:
.+__j_j+. ._jl., r+ jrlln .r..m.-
l._ _lj+, j.u., .._.rj _nln j.u-
jjn lj.n_rn j+njn .+t._n. _.
n+`__rn jj_n rj_nrj.n (Enserink, 2000).
_., __j_j+. t._j, r+ .rjn.n
1njrmn nl_n_n__._rn .lt_._j., j.u.,
rj1j _.r_ rj.jnj ..t.__j. +..nm._,
jrm-jrmn `rjjn jtj_. 7-_.l 12 .+_j
.__jn .rjn_ jj_j. _. rj_ .r+l
kortisols rn _._nrn _._jl.: j_j.1j
.rjn_ n_j j_j.1j +j._ _.r_n rj.jnjn
.jl_.m rj1j (McBurnett et al., 2000). j j_jjn
_n_jlj, r+ 1njrmn nl_n_n_n, j.u.,
.r .ln_n_j _n1nn_r rj_ rj.jnj,
r. ._.+n.ljn _+r._j. _r.+._n .-
rjn_n jj_jn .ltrnjjn..l n._: +.mn
tj_n, _r._, .r rj.nrj lj.n_rn jj-
_jn. _. j+njn j_jj1j.
`nr_ljn .rjnn _njn_r+. __j_j+.
.rjn_n jj_jn _.jrnjn _n_jrjln.-
nn +ln_lj.1j +n_mnm.: .lt_._j_n
`nr_l_n `r_nn +jlj ._.+n.ljn .lt_.-
_j_n .tn .rjn. ._jljl. jrm-jrmn +ln_lj-
_.ln +n_+. jrm+.ljmn..l .l.t_._j im-
pulsur agresias _. instrumentul agresias
(Berkowitz,1993; Caprara et al., 1996). impulsuri agresia
n_.n.1j rj.jn.. _. j+nnm ._nu_rj.: ._.-
+n.ljn .rjn_n .jjnm rj.nrjjl j+n_r._
_._nrm_ ++jln. m_ mj_jl .__..r_n
j+_j .+.rm_ tj.rm_ ru. tj_._m,
j n+`__rn .rjnn +..nmn.. instrumen-
tuli agresia +n1.l+n+.rm_n _. _ln_r._
..1rj_n.. .jm j+mt_j_.n ._.+n.ljn j+._jl
_. _njrjl +.1j, r.m. +n._nl .r__j_
+n1.l. m_ tj_._m, r+ _n_. ..__.l j.
_.jt. m._ .__n ..rm+j_._, j ___j nl-
r_+jl_n .rjn... .+__j_j+. ._jl., r+
._.+n.ljn, r+jn .rjnn .+_jln .+
rn n`nm .lt_.__jn.l jrm+.ljmn.l, `nr_-
l_n m._nj_rjjn .lt_._j_n _.j-
rjnm t.n.m_jn.l (Caprara et al.,1996). +..n-
m._, nl_n_n_jn, r+j. n+`__rn .rjn-
n._+n +n_rj_nj. _.__._r_.m, 1._._,
jnuj. _.t.n.m_ljl, rr +._.n emociuri
mgrZnobelobis +jljln. j lnl._, r+ nnln
unjr j+n_r rj.jnj nuj_n.l +mj rn
n_.njn. .+n .nl.._+_j_, nl_n_n_jn,
r+jn nlr_+jl_n .rjnn_jl +n_rj_n-
impulsuri agresia (Impulsive aggression) _ emo-
ciebiT gamowveuli agresia, warmoqmnili gan-
sakuTrebiT mwvave situaciebze sapasuxod.
instrumentuli agresia (Instrumental aggression) _
kogniturad dasabuTebuli da mizanmimarTuli
agresia, romelic warmoiqmneba winaswar mofiq-
rebulad, specifikuri miznebis misaRwevad.
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jnm .+nrj_n.l, jnuj. _.t.n.m_ljl,
rr Zaladobis pozitiurad Sefasebis _.j-
rn +ntj__nm +._.n +._jljn +jljln. .+
nl_n_n_j _jr.m, r+ u.._n +r._.n
_r+. .+.rmj_n. _. .r .ln_n.l +r._r
`._tn+j. .rjn_n jj_jn .+. .+
.l.n1n_.l jnun.m n._m, r+ j_j.
n`n .rjn. .r ._nu_rj. +n .__u_._ +_j.rj
+._n `nr_l_n _.jrjnm.
._.+n.ljn _+r._j. .r ._jl +n_rj_n-
j. .rjnn jrmn r+jn+j n`n +n+.rm:
nnln .r n_jn.l +nrj _.r__j_jn .l u..-
_n +n1.l_..t_n .jjn j+_j. +n_tj_._._
.+n., 1njrm n_.n.n u.1j _.+m++.
._.+n.lj+. _n jnuj. .l.trnjl .rj-
n_n .jjn. .t. n_.nn n+ n`j .l_n-
tn._m, r+jn tnr._ j+ln.l .rjnn
._+u_rj `nrj.
situaciuri gavlenebi
jj._jm, .+ujlm _r _. .ntjlm,
r_n .l.trnjjm .rjn_n jj_..
j.u., j .r nj _n1n__rn .rjn.: mj_jl,
j.u., _r._ nj_njr._ j_r.tj._nm
_nl+j n+n.m_n, r+ +.n _njn_rn
_nrjn .+j_n.m. rr jnun.m .tl.m,
r.+ .+n_n. mj_jln .rjn. _l_rj_._
.+ n_.n.+? mj_jl _l_nj .+ `nr_lj.m.l
_n_n tln nrn. .j_, m_ j jrm_jr._n
_rmnjrm. nj? mj_jl u.n.l .rjn_._ nj._nm
.ljnn r.n+j _l_rj_n +n1j1n .+,
m_ _r._ n+ ++jln nj._nm ._n1n.lj_n?
j +t_ +nrj .+l.m_.n. n+ _nmt_jn.,
r+j. +__j_rjn _.+jl .rjn.. _.
n_.n. rn _._nrn __j_n.. r_j.
__jlj __nmtjm, m_ r. _njr_ljl nnln
.__m.r .rjn_ jj_j1j, +.m +r._._.rn
`._tjn +_._j, r+jm. j_j+m .jlnm.
frustracia-agresiis hipoTeza
namdvilad mZime dRe iyo im dRes, bolo
registracia unda gamevlo kursze. verc
veravin vnaxe, rom damxmareboda. rodesac
meaTased miTxres: Tqven sxva kancelarias
unda mimarToT~, _ ise gavgiJdi, rom faq-
tobrivad kari gavamtvrie~.
j .+._n jrmn _l_rj_n +..nmn. n+n.,
r.. frustracia-agresiis hipoTezas __jjl
(Dollard etal., 1939). .+ .n`mj1n m.l.t+._, _r_-
r.n. +.nl .j_ ._nn, r_j. ._.+n.lj
tjn jj.m _..t_n +n1ljn +n_j_.n.
_r_r.nn 1r_n `nrjn _n u.1j _n_n.
.rjnn .+_jln ..m.. _._nrn _r_r.-
n.. _. .rjn. rn +r._.n j+`nrn_n
_nm.. _._._rj_n (Berkovitz, 1993,1998). +..-
nm._, .__j+., r+jm. n+j_n .r .+.rm_.
+.m .r +nj.m .l.__mrjnm +n+1n__jn
.m.+.jnm m.+.n __j., .rjn. .+._-
nlj .+ .m.+.jn +n+.rm, rr _n +.mn
tjn ._jn j.uj. +nj.m (Barker et
al., 1941). +jlnjrj+. j .n`mj1. .+njjlj .rj-
nn ..tlj._ rr `nr_l_, nj n-
._r _lj1j.
saidan
viciT
agresia da ekonomika
mj_jl, ..m, nlm .+ nrn.. _.n
.+.t_rn_.l _.nmt_j _. n r_l_j.
__rn, r+j+. _.nmt_., _. _n_j_
r.+_jln+j m.l.+r+n +._._._. r.-
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+ _l_. .nm_. .+.t_rn_.l _.mt_l.
+._r_rnrjj .rj+j._ (.rjn
j.r _._.r_.m.l _._._nrj_n n+j_-
.r_j.), r+jn .rjn_n jj_n .l-
trnjj.+_j +n_nj_.l? .+ _nmt_.1j `.-
_tn ..j+._ +jlnjrm. ___+. jn._-
. _rmnjrm+n+.rmj. .l-_r.ln_
_+_j_rj. _. n+ ._.+n.lj rn, r+-
jn _._j_ljl, rr t_jn.m_n
.nln. .l.n1+. +__j_rj ._.j.
+n., .jjrmn.ljnl.m +._jljjn _.
.lj.1__r.m, r. _._nrn. _+_j_rn
+._jljn 1r_.. _. u.._n 1r_n
+._jljj rn. ._+l_., r+ u..-
_n rnt_n _+_j_rn 1r_n j..-
+n._ n1r_j_., +.r.+ +t_ .r__j_
_lj+_j. u.._n r._jl. +._
+.nl, r_j. _+_j_rn +._jljjn
u.1j +._. 1__.r ._j_. r.+ _l_.
t_j_j .jmn r.+? +jlnjrjn m_n.l,
r+ _+_j_r._ _.rjln nn tj _j
._.+n.ljn u.._n, _r_r.nnm _j-
jr+nlnrj_n jl_jlnn .r+j+l.
(Catalano et al., 1997).
j .+__j_. +n_mnmj, m_ rr _rmnjrm-
j+j_jjl nl_n_n__._rn _. n._rn u.jn,
rn j_j._. u.._n _.+_r _lj _n_jm.
_jl j_nun. _nnl..r+jj_jm _+_j_r-
.m.l _._._nrj_ _r_r.n.1j _.__ulj_n
.rjnn .r__j_n _lj, m_+., r_j. ._.-
+n.ljn .lnjrjjl, r+ +.m +njr .+t._+.
.rjn.+, j.u., ._l +.m j+_+ _..j+j.,
u.._. +.nl_j +_tr___j.. j, ..m, .-
+_nn .j_m j_j__n_r t_rj.n. ..m,
u.1j j_rn. njmn n_.n., r+jn m._
._+._ _r_rnrj_._ rulm, r. ._+.rnn
`nr.. .rjnn .+._jl._, +.r.+ m._
n_._jm, _nl.n_.l .lnjrjm, r+ j tj
jnnm .++._ j+jn .ltrnjj.n.
_r_r.n. j_jm_n .r +.j_j. .rjn..
+..nm._, r_j. _r_r.n. j+mt_j_nm .rn
.+_j_n, _mj_.m, .__+. _j_. _..1j
j+mt_j_nm ._..t. _jln ._.+n.ljn l._j._
._jljl .rjn., _n_rj +.nl, r_j. _r_r.-
nn .++_j_n r.n+j +j+j_j. nl..r.l-
1r.t_n. (Burnstein & Worchel, 1962). .+._j _r,
n_.njn, r+jn .r n_j_jl _r_r.n.,
j.u., njm lj.n_r j+nj n_j__ljl,
r+ .__u_._ _.j_l .rj_ jj_.. .jmn
n_.n.. ..t_n j_j+m +.ln _n_j_ jrm
__jl_r .+._n.
temperatura da agresia
cxeli zafxuli iyo, Cems manqanaSi ki
kondicioneri gafuWda, Tanac im biWma gza
gadamiWra, mec gavekide da vecade gamesrisa~.
.rj _._nrn j+`jr._r.. _. .rjn.
rn? .l_ntnm 18.3 suraTze ..t_n
+l.j+jn. j +l.j+jn n+ jj`jrn+jln j-
_jjn., r+jn .+__j_n nj j+`j-
frustracia-agresiis hipoTeza (Frustration-aggres-
sion hipothesis) am hipoTezis Tanaxmad, frustra-
cia Cndeba situaciebSi, romlebSic adamianebs
saSualeba ar eZlevaT, miaRwion TavianT miz-
nebs; frustraciis aRZvra ki, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs
agresiis ganxorcielebis albaTobis zrdas.
2
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5
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7
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9
-5 5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 99+
temperatura
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18.3
temperatura da agresia
suraTidan Cans Tavdasxmebis saSualo
raodenoba (sami saaTis ganmavlobaSi),
rogorc temperaturis Sedegi drois
imave periodSi (temperatura mocemulia
farengeitis skalaze). agresia mniS-
vnelovnad izrdeba 75 gradusidan (24C).
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r._rn ._jl. rn n +.lun1j
+nlj.`nn (+nljn .n) ++t_.r m.__.-
t+j1j. _n.r.+. 36617 ._rnt_n m.__.t+n
.l.n1n __j_ .__u_._ (Cohn & Rotton, 1997).
rr tj_._m, .rj unjrn _._nrn j+-
`jr._r.. _. m.__.t+jn .ltrnjj.
rn. m_+., _.jrn_._, _n.r.+. r_._
.r ..t._ .rj_ _r.m: rj._r._ .rjn.
__r +._.n. _n.l ._.+. _. ._rj _nnm
(._.+ 9 ..mn_.l _nn 3 ..m.+_j).
rnm jnuj. nj .l`nrj_n j .rj-
+j.? .+ +l.j+jn .tl. rr n._r,
nj _njn_r u.jn _l_. _junm. n.-
_r _lj1j, mj_jl ___j +nt__nm, .tl. j__ulj.
n+ _.j, r+ m.__.t+jn __r +j._ trnj-
_j. +.nl, r_j. ._.+n.ljn .tn .rjm
.rn.l. mn .+nl_n ._.+n.ljn __r +j._
.rn.l .rjm _., j..+n._, __r tnr._.
t_jn.l m.__.t+n +t_jr`ln. +ln_lj_.ln.
nn, r+ ._.+ 9-_.l _nn 3 ..m.+_j
._.+n.ljn l._j._ .rn.l _._nrm_ln .+_.-
mn m_ t_. .`._tn+j .j+jjnm. _. __r
+jn, .+ `jrn_n +.m, j.u., +nn_l
._._rn .+jn .l r.n+j t_. ._.j.,
r. j._j m.__.+t+jnm_n nl.._+_j-
n .j_n _l.r (Ito et al., 1996).
.jmn n._rn .tljn j+_j, .rn _n
._nr, r+ _njn. ._rmm .j+jn? `.-
_tn _._jnmn.. +jrj, u.1j +ln_lj_.ln
_+`ljln, r+j. j_un. .tl. 18.3 _-
r.m1j .+.t_n +l.j+jn, n+n .r__j_..,
m_ rr .tjrtjjl ._.+n.ljn ntn _.uj_.
_. rr .t_jljl ntnm .+_j_n _n_+-
_rn nljr`rjnrj.. .ntjljm +j-13 m._n
+j+_n +_j. j_.jjn. _. j+njn
j.tj. .r+n_nljm, r+ _.rjljnn _..1j
75 r.__n.l (24C) ntjn mj_jl _n_..
j._rjnm _. rulm, r+ tj.m _.
_n_+_r .ln_nm. _n .l r. _.__._n-
rj_nm mj_jl _n_+_r, ntj m_ m.l.-
+._rj? 1_._ n+ t.rntnm .+t.._m +n
+n+.rm .rjn., r. t.rntnm. .._jmjm +_.r
_.__l. _. _n_+_r m.l.+._rj _._-
_._nrjm, (mj_jl, .rjm_j, jnun.m .ntjlm
+j-17 m._n .ltn_n +_j. .rn_nn
__l_.+jl._rn j_+n m..1j). r.+ _l_.
.jl_j +ln_lj. ntj rj_ _n.l ._.+
_. ._rj _nnm? __n , ..m, ulj._
m_ ._ntjljm, r+ .j __._ ntn .+
_rul_n m._ _. .r _._.__lnm, r+ n+n+
_nj._n __._, r+ n+ n`+. .+n j+.. _.
m_ j _jln +_j. _j+.rnn., +.nl r.+
._jlj _r.mn 18.3 m.__.t+.m. r._jln
j+nrj. u.n.l +._.n j+`jr._rn `nr-
jn? ._.+n.ljn n+_jl._ _n_+_r_._
ruljl m._, r+ __r +j._ _njl _tjr-
t_n n_.njn_.l .lrn_j., _n_rj t_n
.rm_. (Cohn & Rotton, 1997). j_j+m ._jrnn
+j.+j __jl_rn .+._n _n_jlj, m_ rr
_nl_j. +r_n .ljnj. _. rr un-
jr_j. n.
pirdapiri provokacia da eskalacia
biblioTekaSi vijeqi da vcdilobdi,
rame mainc gamekeTebina. viRac ori qali
Zalze xmamaRla saubrobda, riTac gar-
Semomyofebs awuxebda. me vTxove maT, rom
cota xmadabla esaubraT, magram maT yu-
radReba ar momaqcies. 5 wuTis Semdeg isev
vTxove maT, rom xmadabla esaubraT, magram
maT xmas ufro auwies! maSin vuTxari, rom
isini tutucebi da gonebaClungebi iyvnen
da Tu axlave ar moketaven, biblioTekidan
movisvridi. aman imoqmeda~.
mj_jlm_n ._+jl. .r njlj., r+ pirdapiri
provokacia .rjn. n_j_, .l_ r_j. _nl+j
jj_. .r.1jm, .l l.r. ._.r_nljm
_. m.l., m_ mj_jl _njrm, r+ j .l1r.t
t_j., +._ljn., r+ +. mj_jl _n1n__rn,
.l _jr._rn .rjnnm _`._tm (Johnson & Rule,
1986). `nr_.`nrn `r_n_.nn j_jjn jj..+j.
1._ +.1rj. n+n m..1j, r+ n_.nj,
r+jn _.rj_nm j_jj n_j_jl, j_un.m
.rjnn .+_jl.+_j +n_nj_.ll. .j nl..r-
.l1r.t_. jln_j. .l.__mrj_n +ln-
_lj., _nl.n_.l ._.+n.ljn l._j._ .rn.l
+n_rj_nln .l1r.t_n .rjj jr_j_n
+j+j_jjn _.rj_nm._ j_.jn_jl (.ntjljm,
_jl nn_j _.__l. ._._jmjm _r_r.nn
j.tj., r+ n l._j._ n_j_ .rjn., m_
.r .rn nl..r.l1r.t_n j+j_jn j_jn).
.+ .+n +jrj _.+.t.n.mjjn ln.ln,
`r__.nn .r_., eskalaciaa: _nl.n_.l `r-
__.n.1j rj.jn.+ j_jn .r .+n_, __jln
j+_+n rj.jn. __r .rjn_n .t_..
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saidan
viciT
eskalacia daJinebuli gaRizianebis
sapasuxod
jrm-jrm __j_.n _n `nrj _l_.
.jl.njnl.m jj`jrn+jl.rn +njr
.+j_nn, _._.jn jr_jnm_n
._nr .trjn, +.r.+ n+n .m_.n-
nljnm, r+ jrm+. ___+., r+jn
jj`jrn+jl.rm.l nl..r nj jm.l-
t+j_n, _.jrn_._, _.rn mj_. m.l.+-
r+.1j. jj`jrn+jl.r+. .njr.
l.+__n _n `nrm. +_jjn, +nj_n.m
jm.lt+jn.m_n (+.`.r._j. rn m.tn
_.+._._nrjjn .jj_l t.1n +j-
_jnm +n+_nl.rj_.). +_j. sityvieri
gancxadebiT (_jl j __nr_j.!) _.nj,
j+_j gabrazebul moTxovnaSi (u.n.l
+._n1n.ljm!) ._.n1.r_., m.l +mj ._.r
salanZRavi mimarTvebi (+..nm._, lj.-
_ljn t.rm, n_j!) ._j__.. `r.jn-
__._, ___n nl.._+_jn j..+n._
t_j_. .rjnn j_..n.. jj`jrn-
+jl.rjn m_n.l, r+ ._.+n.lj+. _.n-
._j eskalaciis scenari. +jtnjrjn
r_j_r.n .n.tj. `r__.nn .-
rujj.m.l _._._nrj_n ___r.n
__nrj_n lr+jn, r+jm. j..-
+n._. ._.+n.ljn .rjn_._ rj.nrjjl
`r__.nn .rujj.1j (Mikolic et al., 1997).
.+lj_m, r+ j_..nn jl.rn _r_r.n..
_. .rjn. rn _rmnjrm+n+.rmjj. jtj.?
n_.nn j_n _j_j .jn +_j.,
rr .l, _r_r.nn jrulj.+_j +n_j.-
_.rm, r. _n_j_ __r 1r_n nljln_rn .rjnn
.+_jln ..m..
.t. _n .l_ntnm t_. n_.n_rn u.jn,
r+j+., .j_j, jnuj. +n_nj_.l _n1n__rn
_. _jr._rn .rjnn .+_jl.+_j. .j_r._-
_j. n .rj+j., r+ _jl +njr +j_.lnn
j_j. +..nmn __r +j._ jtj. n+`__r _.
.r. nlr_+jl_ .rjn.. rr 1j+m
___j .l_+.rjm, j __.l._ljn njm .rj+jj
__r jtj., r_j. ._.+n.ljn .rjn. _.-
.t_n +n1ljn +n_j_nm_n njjljjl. +..-
nm._, r_j. +u.r_jjn _n1n__r u..
njjljjl _.l.._n .._jl._. .+ n`n .rjn.
.ltn_ _l_. njlj, rr __r _.rm
_rn+nln_rn mjrnn _+`ljln.
_jl, +jn._, n+ .rj+jj j_jtjm, r+-
jn _j_jrn_n nl_n_n_jn, .__m.rn m.-
_nm_n +__lj._, n+`__r .rjn_
.jj .trnjjjl. ++_j_l j_jm._n _._n-
l.t._m, r+ ___r_n .lt_._jjn 1___._jl
rr nl_n_n__._r, nj _rn+nl._r .-
rjn..
kulturuli SezRudvebi
_jl ___j _n._rjm n+n j.tj, r+ .rj-
n_n jj_. ._.+n.ln j__n_rn +j+__n_rjn
l.n .r+._jl _. r+ .r__j_ n_.n_r
_.jrj j_un.m .+ .rjn_n +n_rj_n-
jjn ._u_r.. .jm _nm.rj.n _n, t_._.t_.
n`n +l.j+jn ++, r+ nl_n_n_n +trn_.l
.rjn_n .+_jln j.ujjn j-
1____n. ___r_n lr+jnm. _. _.j-
_jnm (Segal et al., 1997). .+ +.1rjn _.._.-
_rj._ _jl r ._. .r _.__nr_j.,
_nl.n_.l _r._ j_._.rjm jjrmj_ .-
j. _. t_. j_jjljn ._jln +__jn
_.jj. .+jrn_.n 7-10-_jr +jn +__j. t_j.,
_n_rj j_r`n _+jj j_jjljn (Lore & Schultz,
1993). r. _.jrjn .l.`nrj .jm _n_
.lt_._jj +__j.m. r._jlj rn?
m_ mj_jl .+jrn_n +j..jj t.rm, l.+__n._
_l_. .nljrjj_jm .+ _nmt_.1j `._tn.
me~-s konstruqtebi da agresiuli qceva
_n_rj .rjn.. _. ___r. rn _rmnjrm-
+n+.rmjj j_jtj_jm, _n_j_ jrmtj .l_n-
tnm `nr_ljn +j- ___r_n _lr_j-
jn l.nr.tjjn fsiqologia da cxovrebis~
__rj1j. rr ._rj .l_+.rjm, _..__rn
___rjn _+jj. ..t._ me~-s damouki-
debel konstruqtebs +.nl, r. ._+.__rn
___rjn _+r._j. me~-s urTierTda-
mokidebul (erTmaneTze damokidebul) konstruq-
tebs (Markus & Kitayama, 1991). r. j_jjn .j_ .+
.lt_._jj .rjn_ jj_jm.l +n+.rmjnm?
.+__j_j+. ._jl., r+, m_ ._.+n.ln m._
.__m.rn ___rn t_. j_rjm.l __l_.+jl-
_r._ _._._nrj_._ m_n, +n.l l._j._
.rn +._ljn .rjn_n rj.jnjn
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_. , j t+ .__m.rn +j- nl.._-
+_j njlj. +n+.rm_n.
saidan
viciT
agresia iaponel da amerikel bavSvebSi
___rn 1j._jln jrm-jrmn .__j-
mj +..nmn. n, m_ rr ._jl
jrm _. n+._j n_.nj1j rj.nrj. t_.-
_.t_. ___rn .r++._jljn .__jn.
_.+_jn .._n (._._ 4.5 n)
n.`lj _. .+jrn_j .__j +_j +-
mtrjn .__nmtj, r+jn jn.__.
konfliqtur dilemebs _. j+_j mt_j,
m_nljnm .jm.+.jnl.m n_.njn _.
j_jljnl.m, rr _.+m._r_j_. j
._nmt_n .+jn. +..nm._, .__j _l_.
j_jljnl.m, m_ r. t_j. +. j+_j, r.
rn .__n njj_. _.+.m _. tj ._r.__ljl
jrm+.ljm. .+jrn_j+. .__j+. .rjn-
_n __r +._.n t.rntn ._jlj rn_j
.1+n +ntj__nm: rr _jr._r .-
rjn.n nnln __r tnr._ .+_ljl:
+u_t.r, nj .rjn_ jj_jn, r.
m_nljn +njr jrm+.ljmn tjn __rnm.
_. j+nm .+nt.j_. (Zahn-Wacsler et al.,
1996).
.+ jj`jrn+jl+. _.._._r., r+ n.`lj
.__j ___j .nl.lj_n .jl_.m _rmnjrm_.-
+_n_j_jn (jrm+.ljm1j _.+_n_j_n)
___r_n lr+jn: +.m ___j .nl.lj_n
.jl_.m n .ljnjn, r+jn t_. ._.+n.lj-
n.m_n 1n.ln +njjlj. +.j_j.. .+n .`nrn-
`nr_, .+jrn_jn .__jn jj_.+ _.._._r.
+.mn _.+__n_jjn +j- .rj., r+jn
_._ _l_. njlj t_jn m.__.t+n..l.
+n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ _jl .l_.1__rjm
+m._.rn ___r_n .lt_._j. _.+__n_j-
.. _. _rmnjrm_.+_n_j_j. rn, .+
_jrn __r _.t_jnn .lt_._jjn .+uj-
l. j.ujjn.. +..nm._, riCard nisbetma
_. +n+. _jj+. (Nisbett & Cohes, 1996) _.rm_
jn._j .rjn.m.l _._._nrj_n _.+_n-
_j_jjn _. jj_jn jjrmj_n .jn
t_._.t_. rjnljn. jrm-jrmn +ln_lj_.ln
.lt_._j., r+jn ._+jln njl. .+ __j_jn
j_j._, n.., r+ .+trjmjjn jj_. j..
Rirsebis kulturiT rj_nr_j_., r+jn
_+nrjn _.+.mn _n rj`_.nn. _. n._rn
._n .+_._ njj_. (Cohen et al., 1996, _.945).
_nrjn ___r. .r .t_jl j_j. .tn .rjnn
.ljnlnrj., _._j_n. .rjnn +t_
n .tjjn, r+jn .__mrjn .l `nr_l_n
_nrjn tjj_n..l _._.m.l .rn.l _._._-
nrj_ln (Cohen & Nisbett, 1994).
saidan
viciT
CrdiloelTa da samxreTelTa
reaqciebi Seuracxyofaze
_j_n __jl n_j r_n-
jj _. .+trjmjj 1+njrn j_r.-
tj_n .+.l.1j ._.rj _.. _n_rj
_n `nrn _jrj_.ln +n_n_., +. jj`jrn-
+jl.rn l_nm .___r_nn `nrn j_.-
tj_. _. m.l _nrnm._ __j_..
+__j_rj+. nnl..r+jj_jj, r+ +trn
.__r.. _. nj_njr j_r.tj_.1j
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.+trjmjj __r +u._rn rj.jnjn _l_.
.jl_.m, _n_rj r_njj. jrm-jrmn
.1+n, r+jn +__j_rj+. .+njjlj,
nj m.+.n j_nlnjn, r+n .rn
n.., r+ rn ._.+n.ln `nr_.`nr _.t__j.
jrm+.ljm, .l.+ jrm-jrmn .r ._._t_j_
1n_.l. .+ j+mt_j_.n l_nm .___r_nn
`nrn _nj_r +n_n_. _n `nrm.l _.
.1+n njl. n +.lunjn, r_j. j
__.l._ljln _t_j__ljl 1n_.l. rr
j 18.4 suraTidanac .l, 1+njr+. j_r.-
tj_.+ +.rm. _r.+._n 1j._jl.
+.t_nl. .+trjmjm. jj_.1j. j_r.t-
j_n .rjj nnln, `r.jn__._, __r
m._.1n.ljn nj_ljl, _n_rj r_njjn
_. m._.1n.l._ _m+_ljl 1., +.r.+
r_j. +.m +t.r .._r.__ljl, .njnm
_n.l ._._n_ljl 1n_.l (Cohen et al., 1996).
+r._.n ._.+n.ln .-n n1n.rj .1r, r+
.+trjm_n ___r. __r m._.1n.ln., _n_rj
r_njmn rn+l_j __r m._n__._
._nmt._m 1., _n_rj ln_ nr_j. .+ jj`jrn-
+jln j_jjn .jmn jtj__jjn .+u.-
tnn. n+ .1rnm, r+ j_r.tj_n .rjj (._l-
r ___n) .+trjmjjn __r ._rj _m-
+_ljl 1., _n_rj r_njjn, +.r.+
m._.1n.l. .jr. j_r.tj_n j+mt_j_.n _.
.j+jn _nrjn rul. .jrm. .j r+,
_.+__n_jjn +j- njm _..__r ___r.n
_n, rrn .+jrn_n jjrmj_n .jn.,
.+trjmjn +.+._.jn __r +_._j_ rj.nrjjl,
r_j. .j+j _nrj. jtj., _n_rj r_nj-
jn (Nisbett & Cohen, 1996).
agresiuli qcevis normebi
.j.+_j +n_.l_., r+ ___rjn, r+jn
_.+__n_jjn +j- _lr_jjnm t.n.m-
_jn.l, __r +j._ _jjl tj .rjn_
jj_., +.r.+ j _.__nr_j. +.nl .r tln n+
.+t_._jj +__j.m. r._jl.n, r.1j
1j+m _jl_. ._.rn. j_r`_n ___rjn,
r+jn +__jjn r._jljn j_r._
__r l._jn., _n_rj .-n, .j_j, j_n.l _.-
+__n_jjn +j- +jlj ___rjn ._.r-
mj_ rjn. +., r. _.+.jnmn ___r_n
_.jrjn jrm_j. .+ `rjn?
jrm-jrmn _.jrn, r+jn .-nm_n jnu-
j. _._nl_j, .rj+n .rj_n .rjn_n
jj_jn +_jjn tj+n.__+... +j-7 m._n
_n._rjm n+n j.tj, r+ .__jn u.1j
r._._ nm_njjl .rjn_ jj_j __rj-
n..l. +..nm._, r_j. .__jn __rjn
+njr .m.+. `.n__rn m_nljn j+n,
tjn __rn _. _jtnm j_+n +..nmj
tj_.__ljl, j+_+, u.1j _n_n ntnrnm,
m_nml. n+jrj_ljl +.m, _n_rj ._lr
___n .__jn, r+jn .r jrj_ljl __-
rjn .jm .rjn_ .+_nljj (Bandura
et al., 1963). n+._j m._n _jl, .j_j, +n__mnmjm, r+
.-n jj_n1n. _1.r+.1.rn _jlnm `nr_.`nr
.tn .__n .__j .rjn_n jj_n +_j-
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
kontroli Seuracxhyofa
eqsperimentuli piroba
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Crdiloeli studentebi samxreTeli studentebi
suraTi
18.4
Seuracxyofis efeqti
Crdiloelebsa da
samxreTelebSi
eqsperimentuli jgufis Crdiloeli
da samxreTeli studentebi moaqcies
mcire Seuracxyofis situaciaSi. mar-
Talia, Seuracxyofis gareSe samxre-
Telebi ufro Tavazianebi iyvnen, mag-
ram Seuracxyofis SemTxvevaSi isini
ufro naklebad uTmobdnen gzas
`yvinCilebis~ TamaSSi.
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j, rnm. tj _j u.._n n+n.n.
(Comestock & Sharrer, 1999). j.u., rj_ .-
n. j_j.1j m_.n .j+n .jj_n1n u..-
_.. jrm-jrm+. jj`jrn+jl+. _.._._r., r+
.+jrn_jn .__jn .njnm `rjj_n-
1n_rjn .l jj_n1n.1j _.+_n_j_ln .rn.l,
_n_rj jr+.ljn .__jn (Smith & Schutte, 1982).
.+_jl._, .-n .rjnn j+nrjn jrm-jrm
1._ .__jn +_.rn j1____. _. +.mm_n
.rjnn .+ +_jjn rr jj_n1nnm,
nj _nln tj+n___+. _j.tj..
r. mj+. _l_., +r._.n .__nm_n .rjnn
+_jn j_j__n_r t_rj.n .rj.
.__jn, j.u., .rjn_ jj_j m._n.lm
j_j__n_r t_rj.n tj_.__ljl. +j-7 m._n
.__lnljm, r+ .__jn, r+jn tnr._
n_jn.l _n1n__r._, m_nml. tnr._ njjljjl
.rjn. t_jn jj_jn _lrn +n1lnm.
.__jn, .j_j, j.u., tnr._ tj_.__ljl
.rjn_ jj_j .__m.r n._r rjn.
+..nm._, jrm-jrmn jj`jrn+jln +n1.ln nj,
n+ .__jn +l.mtrjn j._., r+jn
jjrljl -.ljjjn .+tj., r+jn
1992 j r_ljn _nln `nr_j ..+.rmj.
+.j_. (Farver & frosch, 1996). j .__jn (.lt_.-
_jnm n+.m.l, r+jn .r jrjn.l ._lnl_
+_jlj) mtrn. njjlj_ljl `jrl.jjn
__r +r_ ._jrj, __r .rjn_ nj_j,
_n1n__r._ .+t._ .rjn_ t.n.mj _.
+j +j+j_ `nrj, r+jn n_.nn .+-
.rm._._, .j_j, .rjn. +n+.rm.__ljl.
._njjn. .__lnlm, r+ .__jn .n.-
+_l jj`jrn+jl.rjn .rj+_.n _r._
m.+._ljl .m.+.jnm, .+tj.m.l _._._-
nrj_n .rjn_n t.jn _n +.m .r+.t_.n
.rj_.. -.ljjjn .+tj. u.._n
lnljn .jl_., +.r.+ n _rn j+.1__r_n
nj. .+_t.r_, jjrmj_ .jn +r._.n
j..jjn .__n n1r_j. njm .rj+n, r+n-
m_n. u.._. j_j__n_rn _. jrln__n
+_jl.. (Osofsky, 1997; Schwartz & Proctor, 2000).
+__j_rjn _jr +t_ njjjl n+ j_jjn
.r__j_. .__jn _njn__r _.l+rmj.. _.
.rjn_n jj_jn .+_jl.1j, r. +.mm_n
u.._n jljn _jlj. +.j_.
.rjn_n jj_n ___r_n _jjr+nl.-
nn._+n +nu__ln .+ j_jm._ _._.+m._rjm
jln_lnm, r+ ___r_n lr+jn u.1j
._nrn_n _. .n_rn.. .l_ntnm +jj-
n_n .t._. .n rn +n+_j.rj _n
+..nmn (Scott, 1992). jrmn _jn u.._rn_n.,
+jrj _n .r.u.._rn_n: `nr_jn +__j-
jn r._jl. +jrj1j t_m_jr +jn..
_jn jrm+.ljmn.l 1500 +jrnm .rn.l
_.rj_ln _. u.1j _.l.l jrm+.ljm rjn-
n_rn _. j_l+n__rn m_..1rnnm. u.._.n
.lt_._jn jrm._jrmn _.._jn .tl. n..,
r+ .lt_._j_n. +.mn ___rjn .n_-
rn +.t.n.mjjn. .+. m_ n+ 1nm rn_j
___r.+ +n._n. u.._n .r__j_ _lj
_. n .n_rn rj. _rn .r__j_ `jrn_-
n. j .rn +j-17 m._n ._jrnn lr+jn r.l-
+nnn (._..ln) _. `rj1jr_.nn (_._n)
rj._r t_rj.n ..t_n +..nmn. .l.-
n_r._, .+jrn_n jjrmj_n .jn, m._nn
._+_ln_.n ._.jjnm, jrm u.n.l _n_
_._ nj., r+jn n._ .rjn_n jj_n
lr+j.
.+ j_jm._n .__jrjm .rjnn .++_j_n
u.jn _.jj_n jljn__rn_.l _. ___r_-
nm _.+m._rj_n, +.r.+ rj. _n_j_ jrmn
+.1rj., r+j. _jr .r j_tjn_.rm _.
r+n m.l.t+._., ._.+n.ljn 1_jr .rjn_
jj_. nl..rjj+lnn r_r+jljn .+ .tr-
njjjl. nnln, +t_ n+n+, r+ .l-
t_._j_ jmln__r m_ r.rn_ ___j j__m-
_ln.l (.l_ njm ___j, r+j. __jjl
t_j), j.u., .rjnn +t_jr`ln .t_ljl.
.t. r_r+jljn mj+. +n__r_l_jnm _.
_._jljm, m_ .n_.l n_jjl nnln .m._j _. r.
_l_. ._jm_j +.m j.+nrj._, .l ._+._-
t_rj._.
Sejameba
j__n_rn .l.n1n ++, r+ .rjn_n
jj_n._+n ._.+n.ln +n_rj_nj. ._+jl_j.
njm j+mt_j_.n, r_j. +.m _l_. _.n_.l
.__mrn m._n _. .__m.rn m.++._.. jj`jrn-
+jl_+. __j_j+. ._jl., r+ .rjn_.m.l
_._._nrj_n. t_._.t_. nn_rn _.
`nr_l_n .lt_._jjn. r_j. ._.+n.ljn
.ln_n.l _r_r.n. .__m.r +n1ljm.l
_._._nrjnm, .rjnn .+_jln +jn ..m.
l_j.. .rj+ .r__j_ +.t.n.mjj, +..-
nm._, j+`jr._r., .rjm_j, j_un. j_.
.rjn_n .+_jln ..m.. ._.+n.ljn
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.rjnnm `._tjl +.m1j +n+.rm_ `nr_.`nr
.rjn. _. +.mn .rjn_. +._, r.
__r l._j j_jj_rn. nl. .rjn_n jj_..
___r.n .rjn_n jj_jn `rj_.nrj.
_._._nrj_n. +j- _.+__n_jj, .l nljr-
_.+_n_j_jnm +.t.n.mjjm.l. 1njrmn
___r., .rjm_j, nuj_. .rjn_n +n._jn
_r+jn +_jj.
crurwmenebi
._.+n.lnm_n _.+.t.n.mjjn j_j. n_-
n_.l .r jrm .r ..ln. njmn _.+.lrj_jn
u.., rrn ._.+n.ln _nrj.. _. n._r
_rmnjrmjm.l _._._nrj_ nl..r- jj+ln
r_r+jlj. r_r+jln .rj. n+n +.ln-
ljjn., r+ _.+.tnl_j_n. n._rn rj.-
. ._.+n.ljn lj.n jj+lnn. n_.-
n., r+j. j_un. _..+nr _. ..l._-
_r t_. ._.+n.ljn t_rj.. crurwmena n-
l..r_.._nn _.+_n_j_j.. .+n1lj
njjn +n+.rm, r+jn +n._ lj.n_r
rulj (.r+lj., .l nn) _. lj.n_r
jtj__jj (jrjn`j), r+jn .+.r-
mjjl .rj_ _.+_n_j_jj _. jj_nm
.l1r.t_j .nj_, ._lrj_, _+n-
lnrj_ .l .l.__rj_ njljl nnln, r+jn
+j+_ .+n1lj ___ .lj__m_ljn.l. +..-
nm._, l.nn n_jrjn _.llj. _n j+ln_ljl,
r.m. .lj+_njnl.m m._n.lmn r_r+jljn, r+
jr.jjn _..n _ln ._.+n.ljn nj_ljl _.
r+ nnln .rn_n ___rn _.__`_.+_j +nj_.l.
_n_ljl. +_.rn jtj__j. __.n_nnr-
_j., rr r_r+jl., m_ n jnl.._+_jj.
_nj., +nn n+_.rn l.mjn +_nj_-
jjn .rjn +n_tj_._._. +..nm._,
._.+n.ljn ._jljl r_r+jlj, r_j. .+-
_njjl, r+ ._r-.+jrn_jjn j_j.ln 1.r+.-
jn .rn.l, +n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ +.mn ._r-
.+jrn_jn _jjn _.__.._._ r+jl.
r_r+jljn .r__j_n _nrn r .r_-
jjl, r+jn j_jm_n +n_l._ ._.+n.lj
t_. ._.+n.ljn..l _. +.m .+n1lj ___n
.m._j jrmtj .ltrnjj_n _.jrn-
1.nn j..+n._.
n._rn _njn. j_jm_n +ln_lj-
_.l ._n _m+ r_r+jljn j._.,
_nl.n_.l _n, .n +.mn nrm_j, n+-
j.rn +n1j1jn _. jn+_. +.mn j_n. _.
_.uj_n r.jnjn (Allport,1954; Dackitt, 1992;
Jones, 1997). .ntjljm `nr_jn m._n, ._. ._ln-
l_n nj, r+ _1jl.jn ..+.rm 1954 n
._.j_jnj. .1._ .._jjn j-
rj.nn ._j+j.m.l _._._nrjnm, r+jn,
l.nrn_, jjr_l_. n._rn _nj
kenet klarkis (Kenneth Clark) +njr ..+.rm-
m_n .r_jln .__m.rn __j_jn j_jj
_. r+jn .__.ln.l .__j1j .l._j_j_n
_. .r.m.l.rn ._jn lj.n_r j_jj
..t.__. (Clark & Clark, 1947). .+ j_jm._n .__jrm
n+ `rrj, r+j. n._r+. _nj-
j+. +n._nj r_r+jljn .r+n. _.
+.mn j_jjjn .j.n: .j_j, j_jtjnm +.mn
j_n `r.jn__ +_jj.
crurwmenis sawyisebi
jrm-jrmn .+_t.r _j+.rnj., r+jn
r_r+jljn j._.+ .+_nl., n n+.rn_j.,
r+nm. ._.+n.ljn jnuj. _.rj_nm._
crurwmena (Prejudice) winaswar daswavlili
damokidebuleba (attitude) samizne obieqtis mi-
marT, romelic moicavs negatiur grZnobebs
(armowoneba an SiSi), negatiur Sexedulebebs
(stereotipebs), romlebic amarTleben arsebul
damokidebulebebs da qceviT ganzraxvebs,
acilebul, kontrolirebul, dominirebul an
ganadgurebul iqnen isini, romlebic mocemul
samizne jgufs ganekuTvnebian.
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.l.jl _t ._.+n.ljn._+n. socialuri ka-
tegorizacia .rn `rjn, r+nm. ._.+n.ljn
.__m.rn n._rn .rj+ r.ln1j.
.t_jljl, +n.__m_ljjl r. ._.+n.lj .__m.r _.
t_.m. ___j. _.jrn1.nn j_j.1j +.rn_n
_. j_n++_jn _r+.. nl_n_n_n +njr n+n
.l.1__r., m_ _nl .rn +nn +._n _. _nl
.r.. _.jrn1.nn j _r+. .m._j n_j
_.`nrn`nrjn_.l, +j .r. +j- nl.._+_j rnjl-
.n.+_j _jl nnln- nl.._+_j. ._.+n.ljn
n._r .+j.r r._ j_jl: Sida jgufebad
___jn, r+jm.l. ._.+n.ln .__m.rn m._n
n_jln_nnrj. .t_jl _. gare jgufebad
___j._, r+jm.l. ._.+n.ljn n_jln-
_n_.n. .r .t_jljl. .+ _ln_rn .lt_._jjn
j_jn. Sidajgufuri mikerZoeba .__m.rn
___n ._._.j. t_.m.l j_.rjnm (Jones,
1997). ._.+n.ljn, r+jn .lntnjn.l, rr
.rj___n j_rjn, __r tnr._ t_jn.l +r_-
n ruljn. _. _.+.rm _.+_n_j_jn
njjjn.
+nln+._r._ j.+lj_n +nlnlj. _n ._+.rn-
n., r+ .+_j_ njlj jl_jln_r. _.
r_r+jln .+j.nj. +.m +n+.rm, r+jn
.rj___ +nj__m_ljn.l.
saidan
viciT
SemTxveviT arCeuli niSani iwvevs
jgufis solidarobas
..l_n.n ..rj_n jj`jrn+jljn
jrn.n _n `nrjn j+mt_j_nm._ _.j_j
r ___._: +_.ljj._ _. _r_j._. _n
`nrj n+n +ntj__nm, m_ r+j ___
+n.__m_lj, _._rnj +_.lj .l _r_n
_.+jn _. mt_j, jjr.m, j..+n._,
+_.lj .l _r_ j._._j1j. jj`jrn+jl-
.rjn ___jn j_rj +n+.rm.__ljl
+.mn ___n _jrn j..+nn _jrn
.tjnm _. +n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ _jrn
+ntj__nm .l.1__r_ _.jrnj .r.-
_nm.rn _.r_n _njn_rn +ln_lj.
.r ..l_.m _. ___n j_rjn jrj_.
r_n._ j+mt_j_nm +t_., nnln .__m.r
___ __r _._jnm._ ._.j_ljl, _n_rj
+jrj. +jn, +t_ _. +t_ _jrm.
.lt_._j.1j _.__ulj_n j n_.____rn
+n_jruj. +.l.+_j _n .+_nl_., .l.+
_n `nrjn jj`jrn+jl_n _._.jn
jr_j. _.njj_ljl (Rabbie, 1981).
n, r.+. m._n nnl. m_l_. _jrjn .+
jj`jrn+jln, n._rn _.jrn1.nn r._
.+_nlj. .r+._jl.
+r._.n jj`jrn+jln ..r_. n+ j_jjn
j.._._, r+jn njm minimalur jgufebs
.jl_.m, rrn +_.ljjn _. _r_jn
j+mt_j_.n nj (Tajfel, 1982; Tajfel & Billing, 1974).
.lt_._j_n ___jn j_rjn u.n.l tnr._
_rmnjrm. njjjl, rr _tjn, +.r.+
mnmj+n +.nl_j ._jljl ...r jrm__-
lj. .+m, r+ +.mn n_.___n j_rjn
j_j.1j .n.+_l _. _.r._ ++_._j t.tn..
r_j. rj_rjn .l.njn _r _j.,
._.+n.ljn j_j._jr ._jmjjl, r.m. .r._jrn
_n._l .rj ___n j_rj. .jmn j_jjn
m._ njl n+n +n_tj_._._, r+ .rj ___n
rn_n j_j _j. _. +n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ n_.
_. .rj ___jn 1njrm j_r, j.u.,
_.rn _rmnjrm. .jl_j jrm+.ljmm.l (Park &
Rothbat, 1982; Quattrone, 1986).
m_ j_j. .+ u.. .+_njjljm tj_l_r._
jj+ln ___jn, mj_jl jjuj.m, _..__nr_jm,
m_ rr trnj_j. r_r+jljn .j
_._l_j rj._r t_rj.n. r_r+jlj+.
.__n._ jnuj. +n_nj_.l rasizmamde
._.+n.ln _n_rn+nl.nn _r+.+_j, r+jn
_.__ulj_n. _.ln _jr1j .l jmln__r .r+-
.1j _. seqsizmamde ._.+n.ln _n_rn+nl.nn
_r+.+_j, r+jn _.__ulj_n. jjrn_
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socialuri kategorizacia (Social categorization)
_ procesi, romlis meSveobiTac adamianebi sa-
kuTari socialuri garemos organizebas axdenen,
miakuTvneben ra adamianebs sakuTar da sxvaTa
jgufebs.
Sida jgufebi (In-groups) jgufebi, romlebTanac
adamiani sakuTari Tavis identificirebas axdens.
gare jgufebi (Out-groups) jgufebi, romleb-
Tanac adamianebi identifikacias ar axdenen.
Sidajgufuri mikerZoeba (In-group bias) sakuTari
jgufis gadafaseba sxvasTan SedarebiT.
rasizmi (Racism) adamianebis diskriminacia
maTi kanis feridan an eTnikuri warmomav-
lobidan gamomdinare
seqsizmi (Sexism) adamianebis diskriminacia
maTi sqesis gamo
764
ln.l1j. _jl _. nnln- .lt_._jjn .jnn
jl_jlnjn tnr._ +.nl unjr_j., r_j.
l_j. m.j__nj., r+ rj_rjn j1____n.
_. n, j.u., +t_ jrm ___ jr.
_.jrn_._, ._.+n.ln, r+j. .t.n.mj
r_r+jljn._+n _.j_j+_j.rj_n +._.n
t.rntn, __r +j._ +_j n+n j.tj,
._.+n.ljn_.l _nl r+j _.jrn. j__m_ln.
saidan
viciT
crurwmena da rasobrivi xasiaTis
msjeloba
__jljn ___ j._j._ +nj
_.., r+jn 1+.__. +.m _.+_n_j-
_j. ._r-.+jrn_jjn +n+.rm. +.m
j_.jj1j _.jr_lnm, jrmn ___n _.-
n_nnr_., rr r_r+jljn +jlj,
+jrj _n rr r_r+jljn .r+jlj.
j+_j rn_j ___n __jlj mt_j,
_.jm_.njrjnl.m _jn jrn., r+j-
1j .tjjn nj .+.t_n _. t+.+._.
_.jt.rntjnl.m nnln, rr mjmrn
.l ._n. 1njrmn .tn _.n_nnrj.
u.n.l .__nn nj +.nl, r. 1njrmn
.tj u.1j ._r__j_._ .+nj_rj_..
+__j_rj .jl_.m .n`mj1., r+ r_-
r+jljn +jlj ._.+n.ljn __r _-
+_nlj_ +j_n_j_ljl rn r.rn_n
j_.jjn ._jmj.. +__j_rj+. nn-
l..r+jj_jj, r+ r_r+jljn +jlj
__jljn __r +j _r _._m+_ljl
r.1r_.ln .tjjn _.n_nnrj..
_.jrn_._, r_r+jljn +jlj __jl-
j+. mnmj_n r.1r_.ln _r.mn
.+l.1j jrmn .+nm +jn _r _.t.r_j,
_n_rj +.m, _n. .r ..l_. r.rn_n
r_r+jljn (Blascovich et al., 1997).
j jj`jrn+jln ._jlj, m_ r.+_jl._ +ln-
_lj_.ln. r_r+jljn +jlj ._.+n.ljn.m_n
t_. ._.+n.ljn _.n_nnrj. _jlj._ _.
t_j._. _r +__j_rj+. juj __r
1_._ ._jl_t.m crurwmenebis arqona, r.
.+nt.. n+nm, r+ .jmn ._.+n.ljn l._j
j_r.__j. .jj_jl ._.+n.lj rn .lt_.-
_jj (Phillips & Ziller, 1997). ._.+n.lj, r+j.
+._.n j_jn .j_m universaluri orientaciis
skalaze, njmn n`n _j_jj1j _.m.lt+jn
jl_jln. .t.n.mjm, rrn..: r_j.
_nl+j _t__jn, __n, .l_.1__r +._j.
j+. _. +. rn _. _.rj_jl njm _j_jj,
rrn..: j_rn r.+n mj+. j+nun. ._.-
+n.l1j, m_ _nn, r. jjn.. n. .+_.r._, 1n-
jrm ._.+n.l j_un. .+j.r n_. _. .rj
___j._ _.j_n jl_jlnn _.uj_..
_jl _l.tjm, m_ r.+_jl._ r._._ +n_j._.rm
r_r+jlj ._.+n.ljn _jl _. nnln __-
_j._ _.j_.+_j. .t. _n _l.tm, rr jrm_j-
n.l jrjn`jn r_r+jljn __ljnlnrj.n.
stereotipebis efeqtebi
_jl j_nun. .+_njjlm n._rn
_.jrn1.nn u.. +r._.n .tn r_r+jln
.jnjn ..tlj._. n+n.m_n, r+ ._tl.m
j_j__n_r t_rj.1j r_r+jljn ._jl.,
_jl _l_. ._tl.m +jtnjrjn n r_j_rjn,
r+jn +ln_lj_l._ .+j.rjjl +.m, _jru_,
_n jrjn`jn. stereotipebi .r+._jljl
stereotipebi (Stereotypes) _ adamianebis gar-
kveul jgufebTan dakavSirebuli ganzogadebebi,
romlebic garkveul maxasiaTeblebs miaweren
mTel jgufs.
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._.+n.ljn .r__j_ ___jm.l _._._nrj_
.l1._jj, r+jn .r__j_ +.t.n.mj-
j +n.jrjl +mj ___. _j__jn., r+ mj_jl
jrjn`jn _.rm `jjr nlm. r. jtj-
__jjn .j_m _.j. _. j.j1j, jr.jj1j,
+__+.lj. _. jrnn.lj1j, .1njj1j, ._r-
.+jrn_jj1j, .+jrn_n +__n_r +.tj.1j,
.mnl.+jrn_jj. _. _.__.njj1j? r. ._-
jl. .t_jljl j jtj__jjn .+ ._.+n.ljm.l
mj_jl _rmnjrmj1j? mj_jln jtj__jjn
.+ m._ .rn_jm t+j +.mm.l _rmnjrm.?
_nl.n_.l jrjn`jn .j unjr._ jrm_jn.l
molodinebSi, nnln tnr._ _jjl tj n+
n_.njn .r+j+l., r+jn +j-17 m._n
.__jrjm, r_j. ._.+n.ljn m_nml .jjl
.__m.r n._r rj... .nm_.nnljm,
r. r .r_jjl jrjn`jn n+ j_.jnm
+_jjn, r+jn n._r .rj+n
r.n+j .rj. jtj.. ._.+n.ljn +l.j+jn
l._jn .__m.rn jrjn`jn_.l .++-
_nl.rj, nl_r+.nnm j_jn jl_jlnnm t.n.m-
_jn.l: +j .r _.`nrj .nrnm.l jrm._ +.lj.l.n
.__+. .1njjn .nljn +u_jn .rn.l.
.j_j, ._.+n.lj j_un.m (.r. .j_ +lnlj.,
nn.l m_ .r.) jrjn`_n nl_r+.nn qcevi-
Ti dadasturebisaTvis .+jjlj.. +..nm._,
m_ mj_jl .._mjm, r+ jr.jjn __n
+jrjn .rn.l, mj_jl .r._j +nj+m +.m
j.uj., r+ .nl.._+_j _.n+_n-
l..+.1j _.rjn n.., r+ .n+j.rjjl m_ .r.
.__m.r +.1rjj, ._.+n.ljn ._.r._r._
._jjl t_jn, +.mn jrjn`jnm_n j_.-
.+ +.1rjj.
saidan
viciT
arapopularuli stereotipi
Seusabamo informacia
r. t_j. +.nl, r_j. mj_jl n_jm
nl_r+.n., r+n l.nn .+j.rj
mj_jl jtj__jj, +jrj l.nn _n jn-
l.._+_jj. +.? jrm-jrm __j_.n jj-
`jrn+jl.rj+. __jljn _.j_j r
.+jj_.n1+n +n+.rm unjrn _.
_n r_r+jljn +jlj ___._. .+n
j+_j mnmj_n __jln m.l+n+_j_r-
nm _nmt__. r +jlnjr_ l.r+
.+jj_.n1+n j.tj. jrm l.r+n
+j+_n nj jrjn`n j..+nn
_.__l., r+ .+jj_.n1+n _l_. j_._j
jjm.rn jj_jm.l +n+.rmj.n, +jrjn
_n jrjn`n .nl.._+_j _.__l.,
r+ .+jj_.n1+n .r _l_. njlj j_.-
j_n jjm.rn jj_jm.l +n+.rmj.n.
r_j. rn_j ___n __jljn ._.-
j_ljl rn_j l.r+n mecnierul dones,
+.m +._.n j_.j. +nj n+ l.r+,
r+jn, j..+n._, j+mt_j_. +.m jtj-
__j.. +..nm._, unjrn r_r+jljn
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+jlj _n `nrj+. +jn +jlnjr_n _nr-
j. +n.jrj n+ l.r+, r+jn .l.+-
_nj_. jjm.rn jrjn`. +jn,
.+ rn l.r+n ._nmt_n j+_j, r+-
jn _.jrn_._, +t_ ...l-
j_ljl jrm+.ljm, __jlj+. _.._.-
_rj, r+ +.m .l_+_n_.m .__m.rn
.1rn nrn r+jl. (Munro & Ditto, 1997).
j jj`jrn+jln _n_jlj, r+ +t_
nl_r+.n. .r .+nrj r_r+jlj: ._.+n.lj
..ln.m +n_rj_nj., +ln_lj. .r +n.ln_l
n+ nl_r+.n., r+jn jnl.._+_jj. +.m
+m._.r jrjn`j (j+_j j_jm._n .l_ntn._m
r_r+jljn j+nrjn __r j+j_nm +jm_j).
lj. +_jnm, ..tjlm jrjn`jn t_.
j_jjn, r+j. nljjjn jnrjn
.ltn_n _r j_jtjm. ._ntjlm +j-10 m._n,
._. nljjjn _j_nnjljn (IQ) r.rn_
.lt_._jj1j _._r_nm. ._lnl_ m._n _jl
+n+_ntnjm _.jjn, r+jn .+_njjl, r+
jrjn`_ ___j .t.n.mjm ._rmtj,
r+j. klod stilma (Claude Steel) _. +n+.
_jj+. stereotipuli safrTxe __j (Steel,
1997; Steel & Aronson, 1995, 1998). jrjn`_n
._rmtj l_j. +.nl, r_j. ._.+n.ljn njm
n_.njn ._+l_jn.l, r+jm.l. _._._-
nrj_n. jrjn`n lj.n_rn .`jjjn.
+..nm._, +j-10 m._n _jl _._._._rjm, r+
._r-.+jrn_jjn +njr _l.rjn jjn jr_-
j. _.rj_j., rr _n _l_j.m j__n, r+
jn j_jjn jj..+j. .__.ln.ljn ._-
n _.._l.rn.ln jrjn`j. j +l.-
j+jn n+n+ j.tjljm, r+ t.1n ._j_. n+
_.jrjnm_n, r+jn .unjrjjl _.rj_nm
jrjn`j _. n+ tjrtjnm_n, r+jn
jrjn`_._ .ljnn ._.+n.ljn t_-
rjn _j_r+.n. n_j_jl.
_.r+_lj_n r+ njm, r+ mj_jl .r
..ln.m r_r+jljn, +.nl ._.r.__., r+
mj_jl .j_m m.l.+j_r_j .1._j.n .rj-
_n jrjn`jn. .+ jrjn`jn _l.+,
j.u., .r.lnjr _lj1j +.mn .+jj-
ljn._jl nnum (Devine & Monteith, 1999). n+
._.+n.lj+. _n, r+jm. jtj__jjn m._n_-
_.n. r_r+jljn.l, j.u., +.nl .l.tr-
njl ._+._rn .jjn, r+jn .r_n
_. .+j .rj+_n +r._.n j.r_.l +n_j_
._lnjrjj r_r+jlj _nt+jl. j-
tj_jm mj_jl +jrj, nnln t+ nn_j jmln__r
___ j__m_ln.l, r+j. mj_jl? m_ .j., r.+?
_jl +n_j_nm n+ ._.. _.__l.+_j, r+
r_r+jln jj+l. .__nn., +.r.+ _.uj_.
uljn. +n_tj_._._ .+n., n._rn _njnn
.+j.njn `nr_jn __jjn_.l_j +jlnjrjn
jru_n.l +.m.
.t. +n__r_l_jm .+ +_jjn .__jmj
+..nmj.
crurwmenebis daZleva
n._r _njn.n jrm-jrm+. _.-
n__r+. .+__j_.+ ._jl., r+ _jl ___n
_.`nrn`nrj.+ nnln ___m.l, j.u.,
jrn1_ +r.+_j +n_nj_.l. 1954 n
1._t_n muzafer Serifma _. +n+. _jj+.
(Muzafer Sheerif, 1961/1988) r ___._ _.j_nn
n_jn _..+n .n .tj+n_ `.r_n
.nj_.lj. ___j, `nrnm._, .rn_jn _.
t.__ljn __j. mnmj_n ___n m_nml
__n_. m._n m._ nnln _.jtjj_ljl, _r._-
_ljl, ._+j .+1._j_ljl _. jrmn __nrn .l+._-
.n .r._jrn n_ljl +jrj ___n .rjn
j.tj. ___j+. jrm+.ljmn jnn, _jt_r-
m. _. .nrn ._.j_.n j_nrjn _r
.nlj. .jm _..jn r ___ rn .+-
u_nl_.rj_n +jjj. +.j_.. _._j jrm+.ljmn
.+jn, _..rnj _. .u.r_j .t_rjjn
_j_jn _. .__jn .+ l.+__nn ru.
..._j. rr _l_. j+nrj_nj .jmn
+r.?
saidan
viciT
erTmaneTze damokidebulebebis
aucilebloba
jj`jrn+jl.rj+. ._j `r`..l-
_n_n tjrtn jrm ___ _jj_ljl
+jrj. .+.l .r ._r.. .+n j+_j jj._ljl
___jnm_n njmn .rj+ jjj+l.m, r-
+jn .+rnt.__. j_nr. .r .+.l
n+j+j_.. +r. +.nl. ruj_j_.,
r_j. ___jn jrm._ _j_rj_ljl _n+.
+__j_rj+. jrmn r.+ +n_njrj.
+.m _l_. jjj+l.m njmn `rj+jn,
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767
r+jm. ._.j_j. j.ujjn njlj-
_. saerTo miznebis dasaxviTa _. Tanam-
SromlobiTi aqtivobiT. +..nm._, +__j_-
rj+. jj+lj njmn n_.n., r+ n_j
tr.+n_.l _nrmn .+jmrn.m. .jrm .+.-
ln j.nm +r. .jr. _., _.j-
rn_._, nnln .__jmj +jrj._ njljl
___jn .1__rjn _.r__j_n .rjj.
.+ jj`jrn+jl+. _.._._r. kontaqtis
hipoTeza, r+ +r_ ___j rn `nr_.`nrn
_l.jn .+nrj r_r+jlj (Allport, 1954).
n_j jrm._ j_ln .r_. t_. ._.r._jrn _r_.m
_., `nrnjnm, jj`jrn+jl+. nn ._jl., r+
r_r+jljn _..uj_._ .t.nj_ _l_.
njlj ._.+n.ljn jrm+.ljm1j _.+_n_j_j.
_. .jrm +n1ljn. jrmn _mnm _._njr_nm,
rr jnun.m .+njjlm j _l. n+
n_.njn, r+jn .rm_ln t.rm. +..-
nm._, .r+n_nljm, r+ mj_jl _.`nrn`nrj-
_n m.l.+r+jn tj+u__.ljn t.rm. r.
+n+j+j_j_nm .+ _.`nrn`nrjn ._+._t_rj-
._?
+_n.ljnm, n._r+. _nj+. eliot
aronsonma (Elliot Aronson) _. +n+. _jj+. (1978)
j._nlj `rr.+., r+jn j+j.rj_. ._-
jrnn jj`jrn+jln j_jj _. +n1l._
n.t.__. jt.. _. _.n_rln.n .t._ _jj-
rjrnrj_ _jn r_r+jljn ._+_t_r..
+.m jj+lj njmn .._ `rr.+jn, r+n
`nrjn +jt_mj _.n +._jjn ._n
`rjn jrm+.ljm1j nj_ljl _.+_n_j_ln _.
l._j._ j_nrj_ljl jrm+.ljm .._
+..n .m_nj.n.
r.jn.n, r+jn asawyobi suraTebis~
meTodis
1
.tjnm.. lnn, mnmj_ .__
+.+1._j._ juj_. +mjn +..n l.nn,
r+jn j+_j +.l ___n _.l.rjl j_rj
_l_. ..l. .r+.j. _._j. +mjn ___n
+njr .r+_jlnn `rj1jl.nn t.rnt1j
_.jr_lnm. .+_jl._, +ln_lj_.ln _. _.j_n.
___n mnmj_n j_rn _nn.
.jmn asawyobi suraTebis meTodiT ++_._j
_.jn r.rn_n _l_njjn j+nr_.,
_nl.n_.l +.l.+_j _rmnjrm_.`nrn`nrj_n
mjmr_.ln.ln, .mnln _. 1.ln __jljn
jrm._ nj_ljl .jrm +n1ljnm .jrmn.lj_
___jn (Aronson & Gonzales, 1988; Gonzales, 1983).
.l_ntnm jrmn .t..1r_. j+._nn, _.r-
n j+mt_j_.. _.r nlrnrj. __jmj-
_ljl n+n .+, r+ +nn +n_rn jl. .r nj
nln_rn: +. _.j_.. ___n, r+jn _1j_
`_njrn `rj+nn +`_j. _n_., .l-
.__mrj_n rn jr_j.. _l_n t_.
j_rj _l_. +j_njrjnl.m, rr +nj_jnl.m
+nm_n nl_r+.n., r+n `rj1jl.n. _l_.
1
Jigsaw technique.
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+jt_nl. +. j+_+. m.l._l_jjn +m-
+nljn. _. .+.+tlj_jjn jln_ljn .`._t_,
_.r +.m +n+.rm mnn ruljn ._l_.
_. nn ..r__n., r+ `rj+nn +`_jn .+._n
l.+__nn .r nj. +.l .m.l.__ j._.. rr
.__m.rn m._n, nj m.l._l_jjn (_jl n-
t.r_nm _l_. .__lnlm, r+ _.r+. jt.n
_j_n _.+m._rjn j+_j ._. ..r_.r_n
n_rn_n_ _.n ..ruj.).
+n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ r_r+jljm.l _._._n-
rj_n, _jl +njr +j_.lnn +..nmjn _+r._-
j. .-n _.rjn. +`_j_n, _.j-
rn_._, j_j. .1._j. .l.t_._j n_. _.
.rj ___j. _., .+ j_jm._n nr_n-
.m_n, r_r+jljn _.uj_n ._nmtn m_.-
.1rnnm, _jl .l_ntn._m jj`jrn+jl, r+j-
n ._nmtn nljrl.nl._r .`jjj jtj.
_. _nrj.lnl._n. m._nn j_jjnm. Tomas
petigium (Thomas Pettigrew, 1997) jn._. _..t-
jnm 4000 ._.+n.ln +l.j+n ._r.ljmn,
ln_jr.l_jn, nln. _. j_n _.._jm
jr+.ln.n, r.m. jj++jnl. jrn_n _. +nn
_jjn +njr ._jrn __j_.n +n_j_n
j_jjn, .l.__mrjnm _n _l.jn .n`mj1.,
r+j. r_r+jljn j+nrj.+_j +n_j._.rm.
saidan
viciT
megobroba amcirebs crurwmenebs
j_j. .+ j_jj.l.n _n `nrj mt_j,
.lj.1__r.m m._n.lmn _.+_n_j_j.
.r__j_n jr_l_n _+nrjjn +n+.rm
(+..nm._, nlnjj j_nmtj_ljl
nl_jjn, t jr+.ljj m_rjjn
j.tj). +.m, .rjm_j, mt__ljl, +nj-
_jnl.m nl_r+.n. n+ ._.+n.ljm.l _l-
.jjn n`n j.tj, r+jn t_.
jrj, r.j, rjnnj, ___rj .l
n._r _.j j__m_l_ljl: .j.__.m
m_ .r. +.m rn +jrjn, +j1jn
.l m.l.+r+jn. __j_n j_jjn ._+._
_r.+._n nj. r_j. ._.+n.ljn .+ .rj
___jn j_rj .t.n.mj_ljl, rr
+jrj, nnln r_r+jljn j_.rjnm
_.. _lj ._jl_ljl.
___r.m.rnn (_r-___r_n) +l.j-
+jn .m_.nnljnm, .+ __j_n_.l u.1j .-
.t. _.__l. .++_nl.rj: .rj ___n j_rm.l
+jr. r_r+jljn .jr.+_j +n_j._.rm.
r.+.. +jr. .j j_jj_rn? +jr.
._.+n.lj j.uj. .uj_, +jn .nl
.rj ___n j_rjn j.tj, +.mm.l n_jln-
_n_.n. _n jnuj. +.t_nll. +jr.+,
.j_j, j.u., deprovincializaciamdec +n_n-
j_.l: j lnl._, r+, r_j. ._.+n.ljn +j
njjl .rj ___n lr+jn _. _j_jjn
j.tj, nnln l._j `r_nln_jn t_jn.l
.__m.r n_. ___n +n+_nl.rj `rjjn
_rjj_.m.l +n+.rmj.n.
n._rn _njn. .r m_n, r+ r_-
r+jljn tjn jrmn ++nm jnuj. +n`,
+.r.+ n m.l+n+_j_r_._ _.+ l.n_j +.mn
j_j.1j +un+j j_jjn m.l_.m.lnmn ._-
+_t_rn.m_n mnmj_ +nrj j+mt_j_.n _n.
l.+__n._ _nr, .+ujlm _r _. _..__nr_jm,
rr jujm mj_jln n+ r_r+jljn .+_-
nljjn _.rj_nrj. mj_jl nr_n_, r+-
j. .l mj_jl .t_j_m m._1j t_j, .l, `nrnjnm,
t_jn.l nt_j.m .+n ..l..
Sejameba
r_r+jljm.l _._._nrj_n ._.. rj.-
. n.., r+ u.1j +nln+._rn +.lnljjn
_n ._+.rnn. +._lj jl_jlnjn .+j.njn.m_n.
__j_j+. t._j, r+ n._rn _.jrn1.n.
r._._ _r._ _t ._.+n.lj +_n_r_
j_._nrj_ ___j._, r+jn n_. ___jn
j_rj __r `1nn_r._ ._nj_.+jl, _n_rj .rj
___jn j_rj. jrjn`jn 1___._jl ._.+n.ln
+njr rj.n .l_.. jrn_n jj`jrn+jl+.
_._.l.t., r+ r_r+jljn jnuj. j+nr_j
n+ `rr.+jnm, r+jn tj _jjl .jrm
kontaqtis hipoTeza (Cotact hipothesis) idea,
rom mtrul jgufebs Soris pirdapiri kontaqti
amcirebs crurwmenebs.
asawyobi suraTebis klasebi (Jegsaw classrooms)
saswavlo klasebi, romlebic iyeneben asawyobi
suraTebis saxeliT cnobil meTods, romelSic
yovel moswavles eZleva mTeli dasaswavli
masalis mxolod nawili, romelic Semdeg jgu-
fis sxva wevrebs gadaecema.
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769
internetis zedapiruli mi-
moxilvac sakmarisia, rom
davrwmundeT _ samyaro dapa-
taravda. axla ukve bevri Cven-
gani amyarebs urTierTobas
ucxo adamianebTan eleqtro-
nuli fostisa da Catis~ meS-
veobiT. aseTi urTierTobebi ki-
dev ufro gafarTovdeba imis
Sesabamisad, rac ufro meti
adamiani aiTvisebs msoflio
qselis teqnologiebs. maga-
liTad, erT-erTi arasportuli
Tema, romelzec laparaki iyo
2000 wlis msoflio olim-
piadaze, interneti iyo. olim-
piuri sofeli, sadac spor-
tsmenebi cxovrobdnen, kargad
iyo aRWurvili uaxlesi apara-
turiT, raTa msoflios yvela
kuTxidan Camosul sportsmenebs
msoflio qselSi mogzaurobis
saSualeba hqonodaT. gazeTebi
iuwyebodnen, rom kubelma spor-
tsmenebma, romelTac manamde ar
hqondaT internetTan urTier-
Tobis gamocdileba, erTi
kviris ganmavlobaSi aamoqmedes
160-ze meti veb-gverdi (Jordan,
2000). erT-erTi kiTxva, romel-
sac XXI saukune namdvilad
svams fsiqologiis winaSe, isaa,
Tu rogor Seegua adgilobrivi
kulturebi msoflio qsels da,
piriqiT, ra gavlena moaxdena
adgilobrivma kulturebma
masze.
ganvixiloT, Tu ra gavlena
moaxdina internetma kuveitis
cxovrebaze (Wheeler, 1998). ro-
gorc mraval sxva qveyanaSi,
kuveitSic interneti Tavda-
pirvelad akademiuri wreebis-
Tvis gaxda xelmisawvdomi, ker-
Zod, kuveitis universitetis
TanamSromlebisTvis, Tumca,
Zalian mokle droSi is sayo-
velTaod xelmisawvdomi gaxda.
umravles SemTxvevaSi, kuvei-
telebic iseve iyeneben in-
ternets, rogorc mTel msof-
lioSi _ CatisTvis~: adamianebi
mas, ZiriTadad, salaybod~
mimarTaven da kuveitelebic
aRniSnaven, rom urTierTobebi
da romanebi kibersivrceSi aqvT.
da mainc, kuveitSi internetis
gamoyeneba TaviseburebiT xa-
siaTdeba, rac mas sxvebisgan
ganasxvavebs: bevri daZvreba
internetSi, magram cota Tu
aqveynebs raimes~. kuveitSi in-
ternetiT sakuTar Tavze in-
formaciis gavrceleba poten-
ciuri safrTxis Semcveli aqti
ufroa, vidre _ sakuTari Tavis
warmoCenis saSualeba. is aris
iaraRi Tqveni mtris winaaRmdeg
da instrumenti, raTa Senar-
Cunebul iqnes dogmebisadmi
konformuloba da gaadvildes
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
marTva~ (Wheeler, 1998. gv. 365-366).
aseTi kulturuli SezRudvebis
pirobebSi Zneli warmosadgenia,
rom kuveitSi interneti saku-
Tari Tavis gamoxatvis saSua-
lebad iqces, rogorc es mraval
sxva qveyanaSi moxda.
mkvlevrebma internetis gamo-
yenebis sxva mravali kul-
turuli gansxvavebac Seiswav-
les, magaliTad, veb-gverdebis
is maxasiaTeblebi, romlebsac
ama Tu im kulturebis war-
momadgenlebi aniWeben upira-
tesobas. erTi da igive veb-
gverdi, SesaZloa, mTeli msof-
samyaro pataravdeba
liosTvis misaRebi iyos,
magram kulturuli gan-
sxvavebebi, SesaZloa, mainc
arsebobdes, Tu ramdenad
gasagebi an faseulia esa Tu
is veb gverdi (Sears et al., 2000).
magaliTad, bevr veb gverdze
informacia mocemulia mar-
cxnidan marjvniv da zevidan
qveviT _ ise, rogorc kiTxu-
loben inglisur enaze, magram
Cinelebi an ebraelebi, SesaZ-
loa, sirTuleebs waawydnen,
vinaidan maTi enebi infor-
maciis sivrciTi ganlagebis
gansxvavebul wess iyeneben
(ODonnell,1994). sazogadod,
veb-gverdebis dizainerebma,
SesaZloa, aRmoaCinon, rom
maT sakuTari produqciis
internacionalizaciisaTvis~
socialuri mecnierebebis
daxmareba sWirdebaT. veb-
gverdi, romelic erTi
jgufis mowonebas imsaxurebs,
SesaZloa, uaryofil iqnes
meore jgufis mier, vTqvaT,
im moWarbebuli agresiulo-
bis an sirTulis gamo, ro-
melic adgilobriv normebs
ewinaaRmdegeba (Sears et al., 2000).
WeSmaritad kulturaTaSorisi
Rirebulebis mqone veb-gver-
debis Sesaqmnelad, veb-diza-
inerebma informacia iseT
wignSi unda moiZion, ro-
goricaa fsiqologia da
cxovreba~. rogorc XXI sau-
kunis moqalaqe, Tqven msof-
lios dapataravebis mowme
xarT. ra daskvnebs gaake-
TebdiT amis Taobaze? ra
kiTxvebs dausvamdiT fsiqo-
logebs?
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770
+n1ljn +n_j_.. ..jn _r.mjn +jm_n
.+. ._. m.tjn ._jmj. __j_jn ._jljjl,
r+ .lt_._j_n ___jn j_rm. _.+jrj.
r_r+jljn j+nrj. n_j_.
konfliqtisa da mSvidobis
fsiqologia
r j_jm._n _l.tjm, r+ ._.+n.ln
t_rj.n .rjn.. _. r_r+jlj ._+._
_n_n ._nn __._n., +.r.+ j_j.1j ++.___n-
ljjn +.mn _rmnjrm._.__jm... XXI .___ljn
_jr _n_j_ .rj njmn _..r__n nu-
__nn, r+jn rjnn_rn, r.rn_n m_
___r_n r_r+jljn .__u_j1j l_j..
r. jnuj. ._jm_j .+ nu__nn _..uj_._?
fsiqologia da cxovrebis~ j._.n _jl _n-
jjn _._.t.n.mjm, rr ._.+n.ljn
._+._ `n+n_rn ___n, _nl.n_.l +.m .+m,
r+ +.mn mjrnjn _. _njn_rn __j_jn
j_jjn, j.u., .+jjlj_ njlj ._.+n.ln
t_rjn .._+_jj._. .+ nln _.__lnm
j_jm._jn __r .+ `n+n_rn .ljnjn
jl.r_lj.. +n_tj_._._ n+n., r+ n+ _njn_r
u.j j_jtjnm, r+j. _.+.lrj_jn jj_.
+_j_, l.mjn njlj. nn, r+ .rjjl njmn
u.jn, r+j. tjjn_j.m _lr_jn_n
_njjn .__u_n jj+l.. _jln .
+n1.ln., +n_n_jm +_n_n _njnn .ltn-
_.+_j. j .rn +r._.+trn_n _. n+n., r+ -
n._rn +jlnjrjjn +njr _.r_nn _l.
.+jjlj_ njlj +_nn +_n_n _.+j.rj-
n _. .l+_njn .j+jn. rj_ j .t._m
`n+n1+n n `nr_jn l., r+nm. __r
_.+m._r_j _njn.m.l mj_jln `nr_jn jtj..
jnuj. nmj_., r+ _jl _njjm n._r
_njn.n j_j.1j _.n__rn __j_n
.ltn_., r+jn stenli milgremma (Stanley
Milgram) ...r., r.m. _r+._ .__+_. +jrj
+_n +n .nljjjn .__u_j.
avtoritetisadmi daqvemdebareba
r. .nu_j_. .m.nm l.n, _.+rnj-
_ljl .njrn ru.ljj _. +nnlnm
jr.jn .j1._l.m .1n _.+jrjn? ..l_.m
+.m +r._rn lr+jn m_ .r.? rr _l_.
._tl.m t_._.t_. __jn +n+_j_.rm. +1._-
j_l., .r. +.r .__m.rn ntj tjjl,
.r.+j_ t_jn m.l .njl (mj+., r+jn
j+_j r_rn_.n _njn. _jl t_rj.n
njlj. .ltn_n)? r. jnuj. nmj_. `nr._._
mj_jl1j? .rj .rj+jjn, r+jm. ._j-
lnm. mj_jl juj_nm, _.+rnj_nm _njr
n_jr, +j.+.m ._.+n.ljn _. j+_j m._n
+j_.m? jnun.m, .r+n_nlm m._n n+
.nm __.l.._ ._.+n.ln .+t_n +l.n-
j_, r. .+jrn_j+. _.rn_.j+., 1j+_+ `nrm.
ru.ljnm, _njl.+n _j +.n-.nn .l.tr-
njj (Hersh,1971; Opton, 1970, 1973)? mj_jln `._tn,
_jln `._tn +._._, njlj.: .r.! mj_jl +j _nl
ln_.rm?! .+ j_jm._n ._nmt_n j+_j _n+j-
__ljm, r+ mj_jl j__n jj`.rj.m _. nj_nm:
j.u., _.l.+__njnm .r _nn. +j+j_n
n._rn u.jn ._jlnm, mj_jl, j.u.,
nn_j .._jmm, r.. t_. ._.+n.ljn ._jmj_ljl
nn_j n_.n.n, r. .r _l_. .r+__jl._
_. .1.r._ j_jlj_jm +.mn jj_. mj_jl
_. n+ ._.+n.lj., r+jn n+ n_.n.n
__._ .r n+j_jn.l.
nl_n_n_n jj_.1j n._rn u.jn ._j-
ln .l.__mrjnm _.+.r+_ljjn _j+lrn-
rj. +l .n +._j+, jln +nrj++.
.l.trnj.. +nrj+n __j_.+ (1965, 1974) t._-
j, r+ +jrj +_n +n _r l.njn
r+. +rnj. n+_jl._ +.mn _n`1nn_rn
+.t.n.mjjn (.l_ +.mn .l.__mrj_n `nr_-
l_n m_njjn .l jr+.ljjn jr_l_n
t.n.mn) +j+j_jn j_jn .r nj, r.+_jl._.
njmn n_.n_rn u.jn +j+j_jn., r+jm.
ljn+njrn ._.+n.ln m.lmj+. jju. rr
ju +.l n+n _jlj., r.. .rjl_+. r-
jn .l._r. __. r_j. rn
j+j_jjn jnuj. _j_jrn_+. ._.+n.lj+.
.n_nll, r+jn _. .r .rn.l _+jln
_. _r._ ._.1rj._, j_j_.rn .l_n
.rjj .r_jjl t_jn ru.ljj (Arendt,
1963,1971). +rnjn __j_n +nrj+nj_n
`rr.+. jrm-jrmn j_j.1j ._.+.m `rr.+..,
_nl.n_.l +.n .+_rnn ._nmtjn .rjnm._
__._nr_j. j_j__n_rn t_rjn rj...
_. jmn__r `rj+j (Miller,1986; Ross & Nisbett,
1991).
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morCilebis paradigma
`nr_l_n m._nj_rjjn. _. n._rn
+.t.n.mjjn jrm+.ljmn.l .+n__ln +n1lnm,
+nrj++. .r.rn_n jj`jrn+jljn +mjn
jrn. ._rnjn._+n _.+rnjn 19 .-
r.rn_n jj`jrn+jln ...r., r+jn 1000-
1j +jn _n `nrn +l.nj_.. +nrj+n
`nr_jn jj`jrn+jljn njn _ln_jrnjn .r-
_j_. ln_ .jn_jl. _. +n .rj_ljn +t_rj
+.+._.j1j, r+jm. jj`jrn+jln +l.-
njn.m_n .l.1_._rj. juj_.m. +_n.-
ljnm +.l _.+rnjn __j_n .r.rn.
_ln_jrnjn_.l rn_`rn, _ljjn__n
.n ._.n.l., ._. ..1jm .lt._jjn
._.jnm .r_j_. jj`jrn+jln +l.nj-
n +_r_jj, +.tjn j_j. _jln, rn_j
jjn, .._nm, .j+n.lnm. _. .l.mjn _lnm
.lt_._j_ ._.+n.lj.
+nrj+n unrnm._n jj`jrn+jl_n `.r._n+.
n nj, r+ _n `nrjn .rm_ln nj_ljl njm
.j+n.l.n, r+jn rr .+.n m_nm
_n `nrjn nj_ljl _.r+_lj_jn t_. ._.-
+n.l1j t_._.t_. _n.`.1ln jjjr_nm
1j+j+j_j. nm_.nnlj_.. j lj.j_nm
jrj_n t.tn _.r+_lj_n nj, r+ +l.-
nj_. +jtnjrjn. _. _.._n `rjn
+jlnjr_ __j_.n. nnln _..r+_lj, r+
__j_n +n1.l .r+._jl_. n+n .r__j_., m_
rr +j+j_j ._jn +jtnjrj.1j _. rr
._+_j_j_. _.._n `rjn jjjn. _.
_._n .m.l._ m.l._.r_nm .+jjljnm. _n
`nrj, r+jm. maswavleblis socialuri
roli +njln_.m, _._j_n j_+jn.m_n _l_.
_.j._.m nnln, r+jm. moswavlis rn
.jl_.m _._nrj_n. +.m .lj+.r.m unrnm._n
jn, r+nm. _l_. jtj+u__.lj.m _. r+n
+ntj__nm j_jn j_+n j+_j jjjr_n
_l_. .junjrjnl.m, _n_rj .r +n._j__ljl
_..._n +..n _j_+_ ._+j+.. mjmr
t..mn .+jnn jj`jrn+jl.rn r_n
kanonieri uflebamosilebiT aRWurvili piriviT
+j+j_j_.: n _n `nrj .l_. jj, .j-
rnj_. rjn .l.nj. (+mjn jrn1_-
nm ..rj_. _jl_njrj) _. +.._jj
+nmnmjj .uj__., r+ _.r._ jjr_jnl.m
_._nrj_n _._.j., rr _n +.m jj+.l
.l .lt_._j_n .1rn .+_jln +_j.
.+lj__.. _.+_n_j_n _._n jjjr_n
+.jn+._rn +._jljjn .`.r.1j 450 _n nj,
r+n +n_j_. +nrj, 1.5-_n.ln n_jnm
t_j_. _. r+j. +.._jjn +._n
j_jn j_+n .`._t_ _+.j_., _n_rj n
.r jj_j_. ._rnjn (j.n. jj`jrn+jl-
.rn +n+.rm) _.+rnj. _. _.r .r nj_.
_._.jn jr_j.1j.
cdis situacia
jj`jrn+jln nj nj _.j+nn, r+ _n
`nrn nu_j_n nj _.j_jrjnl., r+ nn
.r_j_. r. ru.ljj _n_n .jjlj_.,
.l_.__. _., j.u., +j_. _n_j __.l.._
._.+n.ln. mnmj_ +.._jj 45 _n u._n
jjjr_.rj+. +n.jjlj, r.m. +. .r+_jl.
.jl_., m_ r. nljln_n _n_n n_j__.
nn. +._j +_n_n, .n.+_l .rjln,
.l.rj_n +.ljrjn +jlj, r+-
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_..mn_j n +.+._.n nj, r+jn, t_.m.
rn, .+_., r+ _n ._tj_., +.r.+ __n
.+ +1._ nj .+ `rj__rn .._j._. +.
_jr_nm m.tn ..+_ljl jjjr_.+1j _.
+.._jjm.l n_. ._+_ln_.n jjn
+j_jnm _rmnjrm_.. +._j j_.j_.
_.j_nj_n nj_jn _.+.t_rj. _.
j_nn_.l jrm-jrmn nj_n _..tjj., rr
_n .nj_. .+ j_nn +jrj nj_.. +._j+,
nl..r _._jlnn .lrnn j..+n._, +.j_j
_.nj j_+jn _._j. _. +.._jj+.
.r _..j_l. jjjr_n .+jjlj.. +t_jr`n
`rjn n1r_j_. jjjr_n _.jn
+.j.m.l jrm._. 75 _1j +.l n_nn _.
_1__ln _.nj. 150-1j jj`jrn+jln +l.n-
j.1j _.rn .l.t._. _. .lm._n__j.
+nmt_.. 180 _1j n j_nr_., r+ _j_.r
._uj .+ _n_n. 300 _1j ..j_nr_.,
r+ +jn ..l. ._.r j_un. _. .lm._n__-
j. nmt__.. nrnnm .`.r.__.
m._n ._._+j_ _1j _. _n_.. m_ +.._jjn
jj+.l_., .l _.r .t._j_. __r +._.n
jjjr_n +njjlj.1j, jj`jrn+jl.rn +.
j_lj_.: jj`jrn+jln +nmt_, r+ mj_jl
..rujm, .l mj_jl .r .j_m .rj_.ln, _l_.
..rujm.
rr ___j t__jnm, n_.n. _n `nrj-
nm_n u.1j rj_n nj. _n `nrm. _+jj-
. `rj .+mj_.+_. _. .l_j_jn_
._lnl.__., r+ .+n .rujj. ._.r jju.
n, r+ jj`jrn+jln jj+ln+. n_.n.+ _n
`nrjn unjrn `rjn .+n_n., l.m._
.l jj`jrn+jln .l.rnjn_.l.:
180-_n.ln _n j+_j: .+_jl _jr
._uj! +j .r _.`nrj .+ _.n +__.. j+nm,
j_nrn! n _jr ._uj .+.. r.+j r+ _.j+.r-
m?... .+ _. r.n+j r+ _.j+.rm, _nl .j
`._t? (jj`jrn+jl.rn m.lt+_j. `._tn+j-
n ._j.1j) +., _.rn.
195-_n.ln _n j+_j: t+ j+nm
rr j_nrn? +..rn. r., .r _nn (jj`jrn-
+jl.rn j_lj., r+ ._njjn. .rujj.)
_n.t, +j _nn, jr, +.r.+ __njr, j .1r1j .r
.rn, r.n .j.. ___j 195 _n. (Milgram, 1965.
_.67).
+.nl. _n, r_j. +._n m.tn n_+j
n.__rj_., +.._jjn ru.ljj nuj_.,
__r +j+.jnl.m jjjr_n _.jn _.
_.j_nr.m mnmn _n._1j, r+j. jjr.: .-
tn_.m.. unjrn _n XXX (450 _n).
eleqtroSoki: ho Tu ara
jj`jrn+jln _.jj.+_j +nrj++. 40 _n-
jn.r +n+.rm. mt_lnm, r.m. jnl..r-
+jj_j.m _n `nrm. jj_. jj`jrn+jln
.l+._.n. +.m (jj`jrn+jln ._jr.1j
_.jr_lnm) nnl..r+jj_jj, r+ _n
`nrjn _+r._j. .r ._j_. 150 _,
4-1j l._jn +rnj. .+t..__. 300 _-
.+_j _. +t_ 0.1 ..rujj_. 1j+j+j_j.
450 _.+_j. `rl1nrjn. _njn.rjn
jjr_l_ljl +.1rj., r+ r_ +rnj.
.+._jl_ljl _. +.jn+._r jjjr_
.+njjlj_ljl +t_ .r__j_n +.t.n.-
mjjnm aranormaluri, ._nn ._.+n.ljn,
r+j. n.+_ljm t_jnm_n _n_nn
+njjlj..
_njn.rjn .jm j_.jj .__ulj_ljl
jtj__j.1j, r+ .jmn .r.lr+._rn jj_jn
.l+.trnjjj ._.+n.lj ..ln.m .l.__m-
rj_n dispoziciuri +.t.n.mjjn, m_+.,
+.m +tj__jn_.l .+r.m n_.nn n
.l.__mrj_n u.., r+j. _n `nrm.
_+r._jn .1r_lj.. _. jj_j1j ._jln
+t_jl. jju, _nl.n_.l nnln .+j_nln
njljl +.mm_n _j_n n_.nn_.l. _nrj.-
lnl._n _. j+._mjjn _.__l. _n n.., r+
j jj`jrjn j_ljl: cdis pirTa umravlesoba
srulad daemorCila avtoritets. .r jrmn _n
`nrn .r jjrj_. 300 _1j l._j u._.1j.
+._jjn +n+.rm 65-+. .+njjl. +.jn+._rn
jjjr_n 450 _n. +n.jnjm j_r.__j.,
r+ +.mn _+r._j. nj_njr._ .t._j_.
winaaRmdegobas, +.r.+ jj_nm emorCileboda
._rnj. +t_jr`n m_..1rnnm, j
_rnn__n t_.... +.rm., mj_jl r+ j_n-
nj._nm +t_jr`n ._n1j, r.n+j +ln_lj.
jjlj_. n+., r+ ._.+n.l .r _l__. mj_jlm_n
_n_nn +jjlj. _. nj_njr._ jnl.._-
+_jj_. ru.lj., m__n n, _. ,
_.j+rnj_. ru.lj. _. +.jjlj_.m
jjjr_n .l+jrj._ _.rj+j?
+nrj+n jj`jrn+jln j_jjn n+_jl._
+__ljn nj, r+ +__j_rj _n_n r+.
_._nr_.m, r.m. .+jrnt.m +.mn .jrl.n-
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_n nljr`rj.nn j.ujjn. jrm._jrmn
.+._.n n nj, r+ _.j_.m, mnmj _n
`nrj+. rj._r._ .r _.n_jrj jj`jrn+jln
jjl_.. j.u., +.m nn _n .r _.n_jrj,
r+ +t_jr` l.+__n._ .jjlj_ljl _n_n.
.+n .+.rnt._ ..r_. njmn jj`jrn+jln,
r+jn _.+rnjn j_jjn rj._rn, r._n
_. __. nj. _j_n __jljn m_n_ljl,
r+ _rmln_ljl j__, r+j1j j_jn j_+n
j+_j jjjr_nm 1j+j+j_j_ljl. nnln
rj._r._ tj_.__ljl, rr tj_. j__n _.
j+_.m +nn _+__ln j_jm_n, r_j.
_n._1j ._jr_ljl tj _. .unjrj_ljl _jl
t._rn, r+j1j j__n n_.. r.+_jln ._.+n.ln
n_r_j_. j__1j jjjr_nm 1j+j+j_jn.
_. +nn _.jn .rujj.? .+ rj._r n_-
.n.n _n __jljn .++. +jmtj_+. jjjr-
_n +.jn+._rn _jl. .+njjl. (Sheridan &
King, 1972).
_n `nrjn jj_n _n_j_ jrm .jrl.n_
.tl. .r+._jl n, r+ jj`jrn+jln j_jj1j
._jl. +.t_nl. +nn `nrjn moTxovniTma
maxasiaTeblebma. j moTxovniTi maxasiaTeblebi
jj`jrn+jl_n n_.nn +.lnljjn., r+-
jn 1j+j+j_j_ljl _n `nrj1j _. .lnlj_ljl,
m_ r. jn.l +.m.l. _.___.m, +nrj+n _n
`nrjn +nt__ljl, r+ +nn jj`jrn+jln j_jjn
j_r._ __r .nljrj njlj_., m_ nnln .r
jj_j_ljl jjjr_nm 1j+j+j_j. _.
.+n+., .rujj_ljl m.+.. j+_++. __j_j+.
._jl., r+ ._rnjn._+n _.+rnj. _.
.r .ln_n __j_ jj`jrn+jl_n `nrjn
._jl.. n, j.u., ljn+njr t_rjnj_
n_.n.n +t_j.
saidan
viciT
morCileba realur cxovrebiseul
situaciaSi
+__j_rjn ___+., .._._+j_ n-
_.n.n _.+rnjn j._n +n1lnm,
...r. j+_jn ._jj __j_.. +j__. (_n
`nrn) jj_lnm _._rj_. jjn++., r+j.
.r._j jt_j_rn.. jjn++. +. _._.j. +n.
`.njlnm_n .r__j_n .+.n +nj.
nj, r+ .+ .+. jjn+n +_.+_j j+j+j_..
jjn++. _.lnl. 20 + .+.n, r+j.
astroteni jrj_.. .+n j_m1j ._jmj_n
.rjr. njnlj_., r+ .rjln _j-
_jrn_n _1. 5 +, t +.jn+._rn
_1. 10 + nj.
jju m_ .r. +j__. `.njlnm_n
.+n ._._.rj_n _1. _ln `nrn
.jj_l 1.rn j_j._ +nj. +.nl,
r. j _._jln .+j_nnl `r.jn_.
jnl.._+_jj_.? r_j. j _nj+. 12
+j__. aRuweres, 10-+. ganacxada, r+ nnln
.r _.j+rnj_ljl _ln 1.r. t
n, m_ rr moiqcnen +j__jn rj._r._,
t_., .t. ___j _.r._ lnn .+._n..
r_j. +j__jn t_. ___n +t__.
.l.n_r n_.n.n, mnmj+n j_j.
+.m.ln _.+rn_.. 22-_.l 21-+. +j__.+
_.nj `.njlnm_n .+n (nl.+__n-
jn, r_n._ __ljjn ln_mnjrjn)
+nj+., _n_rj +__j_.r+. jjn++. .r j.jr.
nnln (Hofling et al., 1966).
j j_jjn +n_mnmj, r+ +nrj+n +njr
+n_j_n j_jn .r jnuj. +njjr jj`j-
rn+jln `nrjn +.t.n.mjjn +mt_lj1j
_n `nrm. rj.nrj..
ratom emorCilebian adamianebi
avtoritets
+nrj+n __j_. ._._rj, r+ n+n
..r__j_._, m_ r.+ j+rnjn.l ._.+n.ljn
._rnj, ._nr. __r _j._r._ .l_n-
tnm .r__j_ n_.njn +j+j_n _nj-
n_rn u.jn. +j-17 m._n _l.tjm, m_ r.+_jl._
tnr._ 1___._ jj_. n_.n_rn u.jn _.
rj_ +nrj+n __j_.+ .r+.nl. .+ unrn-
m._n `rnln`n l.mjn +..nmn. +nrj+n _.
t_. +__j_rjn jj`jrn+jl_n n_.nn +mjn
rnn .`jjjnm +.ln`_nrj. .t_jl_ljl, r.m.
.+j__jm.m, r+ _.+rnjn j_jjn .l-
`nrj_n. .r. `nr_l_n, .r.+j_ n_.n-
_rn _.jrjnm. 18.5 suraTze ..t_n. +rn-
jn _ljjn .lt_._j_ n_.njn. +..-
moTxovniTi maxasiaTeblebi (Demand characteris-
tics) _ eqsperimentuli situaciis maniSneblebi,
romlebic zemoqmedeben cdis pirebze da aniS-
neben maT, Tu ras elian maTgan.
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nm._, +rnj. ._+._ +._.n., r_j.
_jr +jj_nj nuj_. +rnjn +..nm, r-
_j. _n `nrn +j+j_j, rr Sualeduri
rgoli n+ ._.+n.ljn _.+t+.rj, _nl __._
1j+j+j_j +t_jr`1j, .l r_j. +t_jr`n
(+._j) _n1n__r._ _.rj_n. +.._j-
n..l. +rnj. ._+._ _..n., r_j.
m_nml +._j nmt_ +.1j 1j+j+j_j.,
r_j. rn ._rnjn.ln `nrn nuj_. _r-
mnjrm.nl.._+_j +nmnmjj, .l m_nm ._-
rnjn. +t_jr`n. j j_jjn +n_mnmj, r+
jj_.1j 1j._jl. .t_jl situacia _. .r. _n
`nrj rn nl_n_n__._rn .lt_._jjn.
rn +n1j1n, r+n .+ ._.+n.ljn ._jljl
+rnj. .+ n_.njn, normatuli _. infor-
maciuli ._jln j.rj.+_j +n_nj_.l, r+j-
1j ._.rn nj +j-17 m._n: ._.+n.lj _rm,
r+ +lj_ njljl (lr+._n ._jl.) _.
nj_ljl +.rmjn (nl_r+.n_n 1j._jl.).
nnln +n_rj_nln .rn.l +njljl nj, rr
t_jn njj_n.l, .l njj_ljl nj, r+ nj_ljl
n._r._ +n._jln _. +.lln. .+.m.l,
._r__j_j, .t. n_.njn, +..nm._, .+
jj`jrn+jln +._ n_.njn, ._.+n.ljn
jl_n.l t_jn +nlnljj n+n m..1j, m_
r. .tn jj_jn. ._j__._rn _. rn. __r
tnr._ nnln jj`jrj _. .l_ `nrj jl_-
n.l, r+jn _.rl.tjl +.m, m_ rr _l_.
+njljl. +nrj+n `.r._n+n +j.+j _.jrn
n.., r+, rr .l, _n `nrjn nlj_ljl,
_nl.n_.l .r n_ljl, rr gamoexataT daumor-
Cilebloba: .r._jr .+_ljl, r._.l __jrj-
_ljl ._rnj. +.m r+ .jl_.m n_.nn_.l
`nr_.`nrn, +.rn_n .+._.n, +..nm._,
_.j_nr.m tjn _n._1j jj_j., +.nl, j.u-
., l._j._ .+j_nl.m +rnj. (Ross,
1988). _., .+ jj`jrn+jl_ n_.n.n
._rnjn._+n _.+rnj. n+ gaSinagnebuli
Tvisebis l.nn., r.. .__jn .lt_._j_
n_.njn ._jl _nj__ _.j+rn-
l ._rnj (Brown, 1986). j +_jl. +.nl
j+.t_rj. .1._j., r_j. ._rnjjn
jnn+_rn u..__jnm .rn.l .___r_nln _.
n+.t_rjjl +rnj.. `rj+. _n n.., r+
.+ j+. .__m.rn m._n .+_r.. ._rnjn._+n
r+. +rnj. lnl._ j_j.l.nrn ._rn-
suraTi
18.5
damorCileba
milgremis
eqsperimentebSi
grafiki asaxavs sustidan
Zlier damorCilebamde pro-
filebs, milgremis eqspe-
rimentebis gansxvavebul si-
tuaciebSi
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j_n _n_rn._+n +rnj. _r._
n+n+, r+ +.m +njjrj.m r.n+j ._n, .-
l_rj_._ n+n., +.rmj_n. m_ .r. +.mn
+mt_ljn _. ru.ljjn.
milgremis eqsperimentebi da Tqven
r. +ln_lj. jnuj. .jl_j mj_jlm_n
._rnjn._+n _.+rnjn .+ __j_j?
rr +njj_nm mj_jl, r_j. t_rjn
+.lun1j +._n +r._rn _nj+jn nl.j
._+l_jnm? .+ujljm _r _. _._njr_nm
._rnjn._+n _.+rnjn n+ n_.nj1j,
r+jn, j.u., .r+nj+l. mj_jl j_j-
__n_r t_rj.n. +.j_j_nm +jn__j, mj_jl
__r tjn r+ jjj mj_jlm_n? .l .r-
+n_nljm, r+ _lrjn j_rn t.rm, +nj+_nm
n+. t+., _n1j `.rn. +nnmnmj_.m, m_ .-
__m.r nl_n +_+jl_nm?
+nrj+n +njr ..rj_n, ._rnjn._+n
_.+rnjn __j_jn .lrj_ +nm n+n j.tj,
r+ ._.+n.ljn __n j.r +.m __n
_lj.n.. r+jn .lt_.__jn.l _.rn .+nm
_. .r _nl_. ._.+n.ln _ljn _.+nrj.,
+.r.+ _nl_., l.mjn +__nlm n+., r+
lr+._rn, _.r._ +.1r_lj nl_n_n_n _n,
j.u., `jln_r._ _n ._+l_j unjrn
n_.n_rn _. n._rn u.jn nl.j.
eWvgareSea, bolo wlebSi
informaciam kultebis Sesaxeb
daipyro Cveni cnobiereba
sakulto jgufebis wevrebis im
eqstremaluri, auxsneli qce-
vebis gamo, romelTa Sesaxebac
vkiTxulobT, an romelTac vu-
yurebT masmediis saSualebiT.
1997 wlis martSi SeerTebul
StatebSi, sakuTari lideris
mier provocirebulma heiven
geits~-is 39 wevrma ritualuri
wesebis dacviT moikla Tavi;
daaxloebiT oci wliT adre,
gaianas junglebis dasaxle-
baSi, 900-ze metma amerikelma
moqalaqem Caatara masobrivi
TviTmkvlelobis aqti maTi
qarizmatuli lideris Rirsi
jim jonsis daJinebuli mo-
TxovniT. safrangeTSi, kanadasa
da SveicariaSi, mzis taZris
ordenis wevrebma, aseve, ri-
tualuri wesiT moiswrafes
sicocxle. iaponiaSi ki seqta
aum Sin rikios~ wevrebma
tokios metroSi gazis gamoye-
nebiT mowamles mgzavrebi da,
aseve, dagegmili hqondaT masob-
rivi mkvlelobebis sxva aqciebi
maTi lideris miTiTebebis
Tanaxmad. am WeSmaritad tragi-
kuli faqtebis miRma dgas
aTasobiT jgufi, romelic kva-
lificirdeba, rogorc kulti
da romlis wevrebic totalur
morCilebas ucxadeben am jgu-
febs da maT liderebs. wevrebi
emorCilebian nebismier brZa-
nebas, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
ucnob partniorze daqorwineba
masobrivi qorwinebis ceremoni-
ebis dros, maTxovroba, rekru-
tireba, xangrZlivi Sroma anaz-
Raurebis gareSe, sakuTari qo-
nebis jgufis sargeblobaSi
gadacema, an dauqorwineblobis
aRTqmis dadeba.
SegiZliaT aseTi ramis ga-
keTebis warmodgena? arsebobs
ki iseTi garemoebebi, romelTa
zegavleniTac miuerTdebodiT
kults da iqceodiT im komfor-
mizmis, daTmobis da totaluri
morCilebis pirad, rasac kulti
Tavs axvevs jgufis wevrebs?
cxadia, umravlesoba ityvis:
ara, araviTar SemTxvevaSi~, mag-
ram Cveni, rogorc fsiqo-
logebis, amocanaa gavigoT, Tu
ratom eziarebian adamianebi lults
rogor axerxeben es jgufebi
da maTi liderebi aseT iZu-
lebas da CavwvdeT im piro-
bebs, romelTa meSveobiTac
adamianebi mowyvladni xde-
bian da ujereben maTgan miRe-
bul damarwmunebel infor-
macias.
amrigad, ras warmoadgens
kulti? sakulto jgufebi
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian
TavianTi aqtivobebiT, struq-
turiT, sididiT da ideo-
logiiT, magram praqtikulad
yvela warmoadgens aratra-
diciul religiur jgufs,
romelic imarTeba avtorita-
ruli lideris mier da rome-
lic aris jgufis ideo-
logiis, doqtrinis erTader-
Ti sulieri wyaro da Ziri-
Tadi mcveli (Kramer & Alsted,
1993; Singer, 1995; Zimbardo &
Andersen, 1993). aseTi lideri,
umetes SemTxvevaSi, qariz-
matuli lideria, energiiTa
da TavdadebiTaa aRvsili da
xSirad pretenziasac acxadebs
RvTaebriv yovlisSemZleo-
baze, yovlismcodneobasa da
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776
_..r_ _nl_. r.+_jln+j nj_. _mj_.m
+nr.1j. _.___.m, mj_jln +._n ._.+n.ljn
_+jj. _.j+rn. r._. unjr ____r
u... _jln .1rnm, m_ mj_jl jj_m _l.rn,
nl .___jm .+., mj_jln jj_. jnuj. j_._j,
rr +nr.. +nrn n `nr_lj.., r+j.
j_un. jlj_._, nl_nn_.l .++_nl.rj
+j+j_j. +.nl, r. _.l.rjljn _l_r+n1+
._jljl, .l _n. j_un. .rj_.ln .._jm
+._.1ljrn_n jj_n ..rj_, r_j.
_.l.rjljn +__+.rj_ ._jn.l .l1j, r.m.
rj.+ m._n__._ nnl. j.u., n+
_.j+., r+ mj_jl nnm njmn n_.n_rn u.jn
.rjn j.tj, r+jn j.ujj t_n.l
rjn .l._r., nnum _n_j +n-
r_n jj_n_jl.
genocidisa da omis
fsiqologia
_jr_jrnm _jl +t_ n ._.r__njm, r+
._.+n.l, rr .tj., ..ln. .r__j_n
+n_rj_nj., _.j+rn ._rnj, +.r.+
._.+n.ln _ljn .+ _.+.t.n.mjjn lnln
j_.jn .r_., ..m, .tl. ._nrj nn,
m_ r.+ t_j., r+ .r__j_ _r _. .r__j_
ukvdavebazec ki. miuxedavad
calkeuli kultebisTvis da-
maxasiaTebeli niSnebis gan-
sxvavebebisa, saerTo maT So-
ris axlad miRebuli wevre-
bisTvis micemuli uxvi dapi-
rebebi, maTze zemoqmedebis
wesi da jgufis iZulebiTi
Zalaa, romelic yoveli wev-
risagan sakuTari nebisa da
kritikuli azrovnebis daT-
mobas iTxovs (Hassan, 1988; Lan-
gone, 1993).
maS, ratom surT ada-
mianebs kultTan SeerTeba?
upirveles yovlisa, aravin
uerTdeba kults, rogorc
aseTs. adamianebi uerTdebian
saintereso jgufs, romelic
maT sakuTari moTxovni-
lebebis dakmayofilebas pir-
deba. isini mxolod mogvi-
anebiT aRiqmebian sakulto
jgufebad, mxolod maSin, ro-
desac cnobierdeba, rom es
aris cru, naklovani, saSiSi
gaerTianeba, an sulac is, rom
is ewinaaRmdegeba sazogado-
ebis mier aRiarebul ZiriTad
Rirebulebebs. kulti maSin
xdeba mimzidveli, rodesac
adamianis individualuri mo-
Txovnilebebis dakmayofi-
lebis dapirebas iZleva, ram-
denadac es SeiZleba exebodes
saxeldaxelo megobrobas,
identurobas an cxovrebis mo-
wyobas. socialuri marcxis
SemTxvevaSi kulti adamianebs
kompensaciasac hpirdeba izo-
lirebulobisa da marcxis
SegrZnebis acilebiT. sakul-
to jgufi ufrTxildeba sa-
kuTar samyaros, Tavis usa-
frTxoebas, wevrebis janmrTe-
lobas, maT movla-patronobas
yvelaferi winaswar aris
gaTvlili da gakontrole-
buli. sul ufro da ufro
garTulebad samyaroSi kul-
tis liderebi wevrebs martiv
gadawyvetilebebs, bednie-
rebisken, warmatebisaken da
xsnisaken mimavali gzis gak-
valvas sTavazoben.
adamianebi kultis damar-
wmunebeli Zalis mimarT gan-
sakuTrebiT mgrZnobiareni
arian maSin, rodesac sacxov-
reblad gadadian axal qve-
yanaSi an qalaqSi, kargaven
samuSaos, amTavreben saswav-
leblebs, an idevnebian tra-
diciuli religiidan, ro-
gorc Seuferebelni. kulti
mimzidvelia maTTvisac, vinc
Tavis samuSaos mosawyenad da
erTferovnad miiCnevs, visac
gafantuli da uSinaarso so-
cialuri cxovreba aqvs da
visac rwmena aqvs dakarguli
sakuTari qveynis mTavrobis
mimarT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mas-
media masobrivi mkvlelobe-
bisa da TviTmkvlelobebis
Sesaxeb avrcelebs cnobebs,
kultebis umravlesoba wyna-
rad moqmedebs Tavisi miznebis
misaRwevad. Tuki isini Ta-
vianT danapirebs asruleben,
maT SeuZliaT Rirebuli
samsaxuri gauwion calkeul
adamianebs da SeZlon maTTvis
cxovrebiseuli vakuumis Sev-
seba, magram, rodesac isini
motyuebiT, iZulebiT da
ZaliT moqmedeben da ama-
xinjeben Tavisuflebis, da-
moukideblobis da kritikuli
azrovnebis ZiriTad fase-
ulobebs, isini saSiSni xde-
bian rogorc sakuTari wev-
rebisaTvis, ise _ sazoga-
doebisTvisac. aqve marTebuli
iqneba erTi kiTxvis dasma: _
nuTu sazogadoebas ar SeuZ-
lia adamianebi uzrunvelyos
yovelive imiT, rasac kultebi
hpirdebian, raTa es kultebi
ar warmoCndnen saintereso,
gansakuTrebuli stiliT
cxovrebad, romelsac ase es-
wrafvian adamianebi mTel
msoflioSi?
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777
._n. ._.+n.lm. jrmn ___n njj ._.+n.lm.
+jrj ___n nj+._r .l.__rj.
jln_. r.+ .rn, r+ u.1j tnr._ jrmn
___n njj +, .l .trnjj l._j._
_r+._r .rjn. +jrj ___n +n+.rm. .+
j_jm._n _jl ._..l.n1jm 1njrm nrn_
_. _njn_r u.., r+j+. ._.+n.ln
+_+. _._rj._ r.ln1j_n .rjnn 1nm
.nj_.l..
_nj+. irvin staubma (Ervin Staub, 1989,2000)
nrnn_.l lnn jln_n j+mt_j_jn
jn._. _. j+_m._.1. n+ ___r_n _.
_njn_rn u.jn +n+tn_., r+jn
j.ujj t_n.l jrr:
.jnn jrnn tnr._ .1._jn j_-
rjn +un+j t_rjn `nrjn, __ j_l+n__r
+_+.rj.n, `nn__r _._+._.. _. t_.
+._ _.jrjn _l_. _junm.
rr .l, .+ +un+j `nrjn ._.+n.lj
_unjr_j.m n_. _. .rj ___jn .+n__ln
jl_jln.. .jm j+mt_j_.n, .rj ___n .+_n
gantevebis vacis rn _. r.n j_j. .-
1._j.n .rj_ nrm_jjn. .rj
+r._.n +..nmn n+n. (m_l_. l.n_rn
jr+.ln.), ._. t_. jrjn .lj_jn _.n
rn .+j_.l. ___r_n m_ `nn__rn
n_jnn l.n .r+._jl_., r+j.
jrml.nr._ n1n.rj_ljl rr jrn n_jrjn,
nj rnnmn +j..jjjn.
___n, r+j. r.._ _.j_ .1.-
_jn nrm_jjn .+_j_., .+_n .lj-
_jn _.n rn _. t_j. +n +n+.rm u.._n
.+.rmj.. u.._n ._j_ nln_jlj
msoflio samarTlianobaze fiqramde (Lerner, 1980),
.l_ n+ +.1rj.+_j +n_j._.rm, r+, _nl.n_.l
_jl .+.rmn.l .+j.rn _t_rm, _..-
r_+. t.t+. r._. _l_. +n+j+j_, r+
u.._. m._n _.._n. .j +..nm._, l.-
n_rn j`jn jr+.ljjn +n_n_ljl n+ +.1-
rj.+_j, r+ jr.jjn n+.t_rj_ljl m._n
t_j_r n+ 1n.ln .+, r. +.m jr+.lnn .-
tj+n_ +n.jjlj.
u.._., .rjm_j, .__u_._ j_j. .-
__m.rn m._n .+.rmjn _r_nn +nn
jjrj. lnl._ n+n ._n.rj., r+ +nn .-
+jj., m._nm._._, +_.rn nj. +jn, r_j.
j. m_ n rjjn+n u.._. +n+.rm._, t_.m.
__+nn m.lt+._, +nn j+j_jjn .+.r-
mn.ln ._n.rj._ ._nj+j.. .jm j+mt_j-
_.m.l _jl_. .j+j n+ jmln__rn +jl_nm
.+_j_ t_.-jjn., r+j. ._nn
.jl_. 1991 j n_._nn _.n j+_j,
r_j., +n_tj_._._ +.+j_n.n _.rm ._jjn.,
r.+_jln+j n .l+._.n +_n m.l.-
+jr. .r._nm.r 1+j .r n_j_..
.l_ntnm _.+_n +..nmn (Hinton 1996).
n_.n. t_rjn +un+j `nrj+. jj+l.: XX
.___ln 60-n.ln jn j_jj.l.n jnj+l.
+un+j j_l+n__rn _nm.rj., r.. _.jrm _.-
+_jn, r+j. . _njl.+n nl.._+_j
.trnjj_. _. +n +j1j _.+_.1j
.n.tj_.. .t.+. rjjn++. .lj_jn _.n unj.
_.nj _. nnln njljl _n_j __n__rjn u..-
_n .+n1lj_. _+_lnj+., r+j+. 1975
j _.n`jrj _j_.j..jn `l+ `jln, n`_j
n_jn_rn +rjn, r+jm. .l.__rj. ._-
njjn nj, r.m. .jlj_nj .t.n .1.-
_j.. j_nn .+tj_r _. `nn__rn n_jrjn
_..`.n+rj _. _.t_rnj. j+_+, lj-lj.
._.rm__. _.rn_n +rn lj. _. +n_.
+.._jjn, __jljn, nl_ln_jn, `r_j-
nl.jn, r+jn `jln_r +_..jj._
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genocidi (Genocide) _ adamianebis erTi jgufis,
xSir SemTxvevaSi rasobrivis an eTnikuris,
sistemuri ganadgureba meoris mier
778
.+t.__ljl. n+.. +__j.m. rnt_+., _nl.n_.l
j j+.t_rj_. n_jnn .l+_nj. _.
+_._n_ .l.1__r_n +n1ln +n_j_. j_jj.l.
_l_. .lm._n__j_nj nl._rn +rjn.l.
rr t_. +r._. j+mt_j_.n, +_n
m.l.+jr. .r .+ .j+jn .rj_..
mtris~ cneba da xati
_jl ___j _l.tjm, r+ jln_n jrm-jrmn
+ln_lj_.ln ++jln. .lj_jn _.n +-
ujl.. nn_j ++jl j_nun. jln_n
.ltrnjjn `rjn +n_._j_lm m_.n,
+.nl. _n, r_j. +n1._ .r .rn _..t_n
___n ._rn .l.__rj.. .l_ntnm
n.n_rn nj+n r__j_n j+_j j_n
._+._jm jr+.ln.n, l.nl._r .+_n-
mt_jn ..t_n, 15-_.l 20 .+_j jr+.ljn
.t..1r_jn ._+._ lj.n_rn .ljjn
`ljjn. _. m_rjjn +n+.rm. .+ .lj-
jn .__u_jn, rr ._+l_., ___r_n
_. j_l+n__rn _l__rjlnn nn nj (Watts,
1996), .l_ .l_. j__n, r+ `ljjn _.
m_rjjn n_._jjl .+_. ._nj, rnm. tj
_jjl _+_ln1+n_.l _j+_r.n.1j ._._n
`rj _. j+._n .rjj _jjl jr+.lj
.t..1r_j. j_l+n__rn ._rmtn .jmn ._j+.
j._.j. n+ +_j, r+jn 1j+m .__jrjm:
r_r+jljn _. _n_rn+nl.nn .ltrnj-
jn._+n +1._j_l. `l.l_r._ .r trnj-
_j.: n +nmt_ njm n._r .rj+,
r+jn tj _j r+jl., r+ +jrn
nm_nj nj_. +nr rj_rj, j _n .r+
.__u_j u.._n.m_n.
r_j. rjjn+n +jr .lj_jn _.n r
+.rj, njj. +nn _j._+.ln1.n.. nn _n-
, t.tn +nnj_.l n+ .1r.+_j, r+ +rn
.r.._+.l_rn ___n .u__jn. _. _l_. .l._-
_r_j. _j._+.ln1.nn j `rjn .l.__mrjnm
.nn. +n .r+jn _r. ___rjn
_+r._j. nl_n_n__._r .rjn. .lntn._,
rr _.l.._, .tj+n_jn +nnlnm
_.rn_. ._.r_njjl +__jn ._jl.n.
.tj+n_ n_jrjn .+.l.. .jmn .tn
+__jj .tj __. _. `.rn_
suraTi
18.6
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779
j+j_j._ .jn (Harle, 2000; Keen, 1986). j +.rn_n
n._rn 1j._jl. l.nrn_ +n._ +-
nl.._+_jn _.rn_.jn _j._+.ln1.n.. _..
+.m +r._ ._.jj_.. .+ _j._+.ln1.n., +rn
t. _jrjn .r+.t_nm, `nn__rn
rnrn_. _. +.+j_n. ._nr_nlj. rr _j-
jr.ljn ._lnl._jl, +n j_j.1j +ln_lj_.ln
n.r._n _n .r., .r.+j_ .1n1_.rn +rn .n-
l.lj_n t.n.. .+_.r._, +n _r .t..1r_.
_.rn_.jn _njn_r._ `rr.+nr_jn.l
+__jj._ rj_ n+ _.+.tnl_j_n .tjjnm,
r+jm. +m._r. +rn n.rnj +n.jj.
tnr j+mt_j_.n j .r+_jljn _r._
tj_l_rn t.jn _n .r .rn, .r.+j_ _r+.
+jl._rn t.jn., r+j. `nn_jn
.__n_jjl +.jn +.m _..r.1+._ _. .+r._
.._j._.
.+n t.n +..nmn. n `rjn, r+j-
. . .l_j_jn_ .trnjj_., r_j.
._.+ ._jnl .njr ._.rj_. 1990 n `.r-
jmn j_rjn .._j_n +n _ljjn (Voss
et al., 1992). .+ _._nrn .1._jn lj.n
.j___nm `rj1n_jl _r_ _ _. t_. `n-
n__r n_jrj ._.j. juj_.m, run-
._jl +j_jnl.m .+jrn_jm. _n_n +.jn-
.m_n. r_j. ._jnln .njr._ nj., __r
nn .t_. +_j. .jn_rn .+tj_r +j+j-
_jjn _.jjn j.tj.
ratom midian adamianebi omSi
r_j. .tj+n_ n_jrjn +n _.jj.
.`nrjjl, nnln .lnjrjjl, r+ .+., j.u.,
lj.n_rn j_jjn +.j_j. m.l.+j_r_j +n,
+jrj +_n +n_.l +jj_n, ._.r nm_.-
nnlj +_n_n.ln +.tjn _.l_..
j t_j. n+ +n1lnm, r+ .jtl t.tn lj..
+.nl. _n, r_j. +n _..tj_n `_ljj-
n_.l +rjnm .r+j, nj, rr j
`.rjmn j_rn +n _r t_j_., +. +.nl
+.j_j. +t_jr`n rn_j +trn_.l. rr _l_.
+.t_nl +m._r.+ .l t_. ___j+. n+n
_.._mj., r+ + n+_jl._ _n_n +ln_lj.
.j_, r+ .+.rmj_n. .jmn +t_jr`n?
_+jj j+mt_j_.n .jm _nmt_j1j `._t n-
rnn .__jmnj1j _n_jm: j_jjljn n+n+
nru_n.l, r+ (_jl .j _n._jm) _.n_.l m._nn
jrnrn., .__m.r t.tn .l m._nn j_l+n__rn
nljrjjn. .+ j_jm._n .l_ntn._m n+ +ln-
_lj_.l _njn_r _.jrj, r+j.
nl_n_n_n +n.j._ ._.j_jnj.+_j +nn_
+n +l.nj..
_jl j_nun. _.__.m _nmt_.: r.+ nr._jl
._.+n.ljn m._ .+? j.u., j
.r_n1+n __n__rjn .+_nlj. nj. ._nt-
jlm 1j+m ._lnl_n, r+ j__n_rn +n_-
+. _.tn j_rjn _._. (.l_ jljn _._.)
.r_n1+n +ln_lj_.l .__u_j._ +nnlj_.
1njrmn +__j_.rn _njr, r+ ._.+n.lj
_.t. _. jr rn _._nrn .__n_.l
.j_m .nl.lj_n (Stern, 1995). _jl _.`.r._m
_jl _j_.-.+1j .l +.+.-.+1j
_. _.rm +nn _njn. l_m_ j _._nrn ._+.-
rnn. n+n ..tlj._, m_ r.+ nr._jl ._.+n-
.ljn m._ .+? l_m_ ._.+n.ljn, r+-
jn +n +n_n.l, nj .t_jljl n._rn
rj.n _lr_nrj., r+ _jr.m, .+-
_._nm nnln m._n.lm _.tj n._jl? mj_jl,
..m, +nt__nm, r.+ .rn j _nmt_jn +ln-
_lj_.ln _njjn.m_n.
+n _njn_rn _.jrjn j.tj _.+.-
jnmn nl_r+.nn +n_j. n+ .rj+jjn
j._nm.. j.ujjn, r+j+. 1992 j
jrjn .rjn_n .jjn .ltrnjjn_jl
_. ln.n +n _.jjn_jl ..jj1. (White,1996).
rr .l, jrjn n_ljl, r+ 1991 j,
n_._nn _.n j+_j, nnln ln.n
_j_ln _+nrj.n ._+l_j_ljl. _jl ___j
_l.tjm, r+ .ltjmjnjn _r _+nrjn
.jm n ._+. .__u_jn .j_. .n, rn.ljn
j_rl.nn +njr .jrnn nj_jn, r+jn
jrm-jrm lnj jr `nnj j__m_ln
(Glenny, 1994; nnrj_n., White, 1996, _.111):
man daadastura dakvirvebebi, romlebic
me Tavadac gavakeTe yvela erovnebis adgi-
lobriv mebrZolebTan saubrisas: is ar
iyo boroti adamiani. piriqiT, man ganmarta
kidec, rogor uWirda srola soflis meore
mxares, sadac yvela iqaur mcxovrebs
icnobda. magram es omi raRacnairad daa-
tydaT Tavs da mas unda daecva Tavisi
saxli. kaci SeSfoTebuli da dabneuli
iyo movlenebiT, magram axla is mwvane
beretebs (musulmanebi) da ustaSebs (xor-
vatebi) sakuTari ojaxisTvis realur
safrTxed aRiqvamda.
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780
Cven maT uflebas ar mivcemT, rom aq
musulmanuri saxelmwifo Seqmnan~, _ gul-
wrfelad ganacxada man. Tqven gesmiT, ra
undaT maT?~ _ vkiTxe me mas. ra Tqma
unda, me mesmis, Tqven ucxoelebs ki, rogor
ar gesmiT is, rom Cven aq ucxo religias
vebrZviT evropis gamo~.
.+ +._ljn _j_lnm_n _.rjn .+
jrj j.__nj_.m .__mrn m._n ___j-
j._ .r+_jl. +.nl. _n, r_j. .rjn_n
+j+j_jjn .ltrnjj. _.njj. +.mn _n-
jn_rn m_..njrn_.l nnln nj_ljl .r.
.rjrjn, .r.+j_ +t_jr`jn. _l_njn
.+_._j.m.l jrm._, jrn n_jrjn, njmjn,
rrn _.l +nj_nn nj, jr t.tn
_j_ln +.ln. .__n_j_ljl, r.m. .lj+_njnl.m
r+jl., r+ +.m .+.rmn.l._ .+njj +n,
+.r.+ _rm. .l+._.n nnln _r.
+__jj._ njljl, tjn +n.j_j jmln__r
+jl_., r.m. +jrjnl.m +_j_rjn. _jl
_l.tjm, rrn _n_n _r_nnm +n_n_ljl
._.+n.ljn +n, r.m. _.j_.m .__m.rn m._n
rj._rn m_ .r+.t_n +rjn.l, .l n+
+rjn.l, r+j. +.mn n_jrjn j+ln_ljl.
_.__l., r+jn jnuj. .+_n.lm .+
.l.n1n_.l, _ +nrj, __j_.l_jn __nm_n,
n.., r+ .tj+n_jn n_n.m._ jrm_jn.l
+n ..ljn .l _.`jrn +n1lnm. rr
.l, nnln _.r+_lj_jn .rn.l +.nl. _n,
r_j. _.l.rjln +_n +.m .rjrj
__j r+ n+ +ln_lj_.l nljrjj
n._jl, r+jn ._njjn. +.mn ._.rjln.
_. nl_n_n__.n jl.r_ljn.m_n. r. mj+.
_l_., j_jjljn +nnlnm nl_n_n_jn..l
j_jn.l _. +.m+. +ln_lj_.l+. l.n+.
._+.rn._ _l_. .nnl.l n+ ._rmtn .-
_._rn, r+j. .r+._jl _r_nn .+-
jnr .__m.rn ntj. r. .r
_l_. njj_r._ .nm_. +n _.jjn
+n1j1jn, ljn+njrn nrn_n .l.n1n +n-
tj__nm, j +t_ nl_n_n__._rn u.jn
_rmnjrmj+j_j.., r+jn _nuj ._.+n.lj,
+j_r._ _.__ljl +n .l._j.
.+rn._, .+ j_jm._n .l_ntnjm r.+_jln+j
1., r+n +j_jnm. _njn_rn u.jn
j+ln.l .m.l._ _ljj +n.m_n _. n+ .-
nljjjn.m_n, r+jn .+._j _ljjn
._jnm +n1.ljln._ _j_jlj.. fsiqologia
da cxovrebis~ j_jm._n +n__r_l_jnm
+_n_n j+._jn _njjn +_j-
. .+njjll _njn_rn u.jn
+_n_n.ln m.l..rjn tjjjn.m_n.
1j+m ..rj_ .l.n1 .t. +jrj +trn_.l
j_tj_m _. _l.tm, rr j_nun. n._rn
_njnn .+jjljnm +_n_n jl.r_lj..
_njn. _ln_._rn ._.jjn ..ln.
n+ ._nmtjn j.._._, m_ rr _l_.
._.n_r. l.nl._rn m_ nljrl.nl._rn
_n..r+lnn `rj+jn. .+jrn_n _njm.
.n.n. ..ln. mSvidobis fsiqologiis .l-
j_nj.. j .lj_nj. +_. jrj, mj+j.
_. _.tj rn +_n_n jl.r_ljn
`rj+j1j: n tj _j __j_j. _. .l.m-
j. .+ _jrn, .m.l._ .+j+jnm, r+-
jn u.._n +n1j1j, _.+.lrj_jn _l-
_njjn j_jj. _. +.mm_n m._n .rn_jn
1j jtj.. _jl .l_ntn._m r +..nm, m_
rr j_un. _njn. .+ +n1ljn +n_-
j_.n _.t+.rjn .j_..
liderobisa da mmarTvelobis formebis
analizi
1njrmn ._rj_n +jlnjr_n __j_., r-
+j. .t. +_n_n _njnn _jr
+n_.__m_ljm, .l`nrj_n nj nrn_n
+_jljnm, r+jm. __+nl.n. +jrj +_-
n +n .r+._jl_.. n._rn _njjn
_n_ljl, .__+_ljl n+ _.ll1+njrjj,
m_ rr t_j_. 1njrmn n_jrn. m_
++.rm_jn .+n_n_j., r+jn j_jl _n_
._jl. .t_jl_ljl ___jn jj_j1j. r.
_njn_rn nu_jnm jnuj. .ntl. jr+.-
ln.n .__ .njrn .l n.n.n jln
+_nln .+jl.? j n_jrjn ._j_ nl-
_n_n_j _.n_rn n_jnn._+n _nj_
jrm_jnm .l+__._, +rn +.._ .j-
j__ljl. +.mn ._rn.r_n rjjn+jn ._rmtj
_j+ln_. _j+_r.n.. _. +_n_.. m.l.+j_r_j
n._rn _njn. nn _+un+jn .l_n,
r_r+jljn. _. +n jn .l_nm.r_..
mSvidobis fsiqologia (Peace psychology) ato-
muri omis prevenciisa da mSvidobis miRwevi-
sadmi interdisciplinaruli midgoma.
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781
._rj_n n._rn _njn. j_r.__j.
.+.t_nj_. _.n_rn +jl.njn +n_+.
+_+n avtoritaruli pirovnebis bunebaze (Ador-
no et al., 1950), `r`..l_n. _. _.+.r+_ljjn
_+_ln_.nn j_jjj1j (Hovland et al., 1949) _.
___n j_rj1j, ____rn .+_jr. _.
n_jrn njn ._jlj1j (Levin et al., 1939).
n._rn _njnn jrm-jrmn `nljrn
kurt levini (Kurt Lewin) nj, jr+.ljn -
_nn _njn, r+jn l.n_rn rjjn+n
+njr .ltrnjj_ _j_l. .+jj.. j_nl
.r jju _.t+.rj., +.r.+ +. .nljrjj_.,
m_ r.+ _.j+rn. +nn jrn .j ._r._
_.n_rn _nj._rn ._rn.r_ nr.ln..
n m_nml jrj_. .mn.m.n.l j_rjj, ._.
._.+n.ljn fiurers _rn.nm j_nj_ljl jr-
m_j.. j nj j+.ur_ljjn ln+_n ___n
n+ _nl.+n__rn u.jn., r+jn .r_.j+ln
rr nl_n_n_n lj.. _. jj_j, nj
+n _l.r, ._jl. +n.t_nl +.j1j. j_nln
n__j__. jgufis dinamikas ._.jj, r+-
jnm. n_jrjn __._ 1j+j+j_jjl m.-
_n.lm +n+_j_rj1j _. n+ +jj.ln1+j., r+-
jnm. ____rn `rjjn _n.l nl_n_n_n
jj_..
1939 j j_nl+. _. +n+. _jj+. +n_nj-
rj _. ...rj jj`jrn+jln, r.m. jj._.m
.lt_._j_n nn n_jrjn ._jl. __-
_n __ljnlnrj.1j. +.m _r_.m, .jr__n.m,
r_n .rn.l ._.+n.ljn __r j_lnjrln _.
`r__j_ln ._rn.r_n m_ _j+_r.n_n
n_jrn `nrjn. .+ +n1ln +n._j_._,
+__j_rj+. jj+lj .+n jj`jrn+jl_n ___n,
_._lnlj +.m .lt_._j_n n`n n_jrjn
_. .__nr_j_ljl .+ ___jn .jn_j.
jj`jrn+jln _n `nrjn 10 n n_jn (r+-
jn mt `..r. ___._ ..jrmn.lj) nj_ljl,
r+jn jrm+.ljm _n j+_j t__j_ljl.
___n n_jrjn rn nj_ljl +.+._.jn,
r+j+. nl..r .n.rj rjnlnln n_j-
rn .+n_j nn j..+nn rn jr_-
j.n, ___jn _n +.mn r.n. t_j_..
r_j. njj_ljl, rr avtokratuli
liderebi, nnln .__m.r m._1j n_j_ljl j_j.
._.j_jnjn +n_j. _. _._.jjn .l.-
nj. nj, r+ m_nml .r +l.nj_ljl
___n .jn_jn. demokratiuli liderebis
rn nnln tj _j_ljl ___n +njr ._.-
j_jnjjn +n_j. _. ___m.l jrm._ j-
+.__ljl _._.jj. anarqiuli lideris rn
_n ___ r_ m._n__j. .ln_j_ljl _.,
_.jrn_._, .r jrm_j_ljl +n .jn_.n.
saidan
viciT
liderobis stilis efeqtebi
jj`jrn+jln j_jj+. j.ujjn
.t._. +mjn rnn .l1._jjn ._jmj..
`nr_jn, avtokratulma liderebma .+._-
nlj ___n j_rj1j ._jln jrj_n
j_jjn, l.nrn_ _._jnmn, l.nrn_
_n _.rj_nmn. n_jn _r_._r _.r._
+_._ljl +t_ +.nl, r_j. n-
_jrn +.m m_.j_r ._j_lj_. nj nj-
j_ljl, rr l.+__nn jn. +.m
.l.__mrjnm .t.n.mj_.m .rjn_n
+._.n _lj. j n_jn 30-_jr __r +j
+r_. ._jl_ljl, _n_rj t_. nn
n_jrn j+mt_j_.n. nnln nmt__ljl
+j j_r.__j., +j._ .l.__rj_ljl j-
lj. _. +j._ njjlj_ljl t_j .lj_j-
n _.._ _r_r.nn. _. .r.1jn _r.
__jmjn j_jjn .r anarqiuli lide-
rebis ___n nj. +.mn j_jjn .rm_
nj _.rn ._+l_.. +.mn .j+n.l. .r
nj .r+.j_n, `r__jn_. _n u.1j
_..n _. _t.rnt nj. _nl.n_.l ___
.r._nm.rn r_j_r. .r .jl_., nnln
_r._ _.1r_ +j+j_j_ljl, +.r.+,
r_j. nn_j _n `nrjn demokratiuli
lideris ._jln j_j jjj_ljl, nnln
u.1j .n_r._ _. +._.n .r+._nm
r+_ljl. n_jn ._jl_ljl u.1j _n_
nljrj, +n_.n. _. j+j+j_jnm
_l.r. r_j. .+n_rj_. __+.j_nj.,
j.ujjn nj +nn _n._ .+t._..
mnmj+n j_j. n_+. _`nr.j. n_j-
rn _j+_r.n_ n +n.ln_.. .+
n+. tjn j_j ___n._+n n.-
. _. +jrn ._+jlj.. .jm
___jn __r +jn nj _rmnjrmjjj.,
+jr_n jln_ljn, _rmnjrm.1n.rj.
_. +tn.r_j. (Lewin,et al., 1939).
jgufis dinamika (Group dynamics) im jgufuri
procesebis kvleva, romlebic cvlian indivi-
debis funqcionirebas.
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+.rm_n _j+_r.n_+. n+., ____rn
.+_jr t_. _r+jm.l j_.rjnm, m._nn
_njn_rn _`nr.j. _. j_r._ +._.n
`r__jn_. ._jl.. _j+_r.n_n nn
n_jrjn ___n j_rjn __r _.l._ rj.j-
nj .__n_j_ljl +.nl, r_j. .__r._n
n_jrjn __r _jr_jn_ nl_n_n__._r
rj.jnj n_j__ljl.
j_nln +njr ._j _.jn +n_j_n
j_jjn, rr .l, jj..+j. rj._r t_-
rj.n .rj_ _nm.rj.. .r _l_. _._._nj_j
n _.__l., r+ .__r._n n_jrn n
+.j_j. +r_n _rmnjrmjn 1r_.. +._n
+..nmjn _jl rj._r t_rj.n j_nun.
_l.tm. j..+nn n`n +m._rjn n_j_jl
democids jln_ _. +.rn_n +__jjn
t_. _r+j (Rummel,1994). m_ jtj_._m 18.6
suraTs, _.nl.t._m, r+ .n.r_n rjjn+jn,
rrn.. _+_ln_rn r_jmn _. nljmn, `.-
_tn+jjn .rn.l _1.r+.1.rn r._jlnm
._.+n.ljn .l.__rj.1j. ._rn.r_n +m._-
rjn, rrn.. .n_n .+nln rjjn+n _.l_.n,
l._j._ ntn+__rjn ._+l_.. +n_tj_._._
n+n., r+ _j+_r.n_ +m._rj. _jr
___jm +m._ ___jj, ++.rm_jn j
_r+. +.nl j_j.1j l._j ntn+__rj._
_l_. .nm_.. _r.mn 18.6, .j_j, _n_jlj
+jn _.__`_ ._.+n.lm. r._jlj. j_-
r.__j. +n.jnjm, r+ ._rn.r_ _. .-
n.r_ rjjn+jn ++.rm_jnm .+_j_n
n___nn .jmn r._jl. +_n .r. .+.r
+j+j_jj1j, .r.+j_ +.rn_n +__jjn
t_. _.+`.lnj1j.
n_jn_rn +.1rjjn +n_+., r_j.
++.rm_jn _j+_r.n_n nj+jn m._n
._n1j., +_n l._jn ._njr.n .j_,
r+ +nrjrnt_.ln jnn +njr .r njlj .+-
jjlj_n u.., r.. ++.___nljjn j_jjn
jnuj. +.j_j.
m_+., n+.. _l_. +njjj j_r.__j., r+
.+nm _. .r n_nt+j., mnmj _j+_-
r.n_n rjjn+jn t_j1j n_n.m._ jrm_jn.l
+n. m_+., nn _.jn., r+ jrmn _j+_r.n.
n_n.m._ j+j. +jrj (Maoz & Abdolali, 1989). __j-
_j+. _.._._r., r+ _j+_r.n_n .+jn
j_j +j_n j_jjljn +j..jjln l._j._ n-
ljjl u.n .+jjlj. +jrj _j+_r.nn
nl.._+_j, ++.rm_jn t_. _r+jm.l j-
_.rjnm.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
totalitaruli
avtoritaruli
demokratiuli
XX saukuneSi daxocilTa raodenoba milionobiT
totalitaruli democidi saerTaSoriso omi
suraTi
18.7
reJimebis tipebi da democidi
totalitaruli reJimebi metad mimarTaven democids (genocidsa da masobrivi
mkvlelobebis sxva formebs). omis msxverplTa raodenobaTa Sedareba aCvenebs,
rom mTavrobebis gamo, mSvidobian dros, bevrad ufro meti adamiani iRupeba,
vidre omis dros.
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saidan
viciT
sanqcionirebis roli saerTaSoriso
krizisebis gadawyvetaSi
_n `nrj+. .n_nmtj .jrm.rn
_rn1nn ._jr., r+jn +_jnrj_
njl. n+ _rn1nn +ntj__nm, r+n j_j-
._. _.nj +n `.rjmn j_rjn. jrmn
jrn jn_r. +jrj jrn .tj+n_n, r.m.
._.j_r. _r.ln .+jjlj.m.l _._._n-
rj_n _l_njn. ._jrn jrmn _jrn.
(.r.`nr_.`nrn, j_jjln _..tjjn .rjj)
m.__.+t+j j_jj.l. _j+_r.n_ j_jjl._
.t.n.mj_.: j_r. j_.j_n nj, rr
,_j+_r.n_n ._.j_jnjjn j_jn,
r+jn `.r.+jln j_rm. _+r._j.+
(`1nnn .m_nm) +nn_. .j_j, .r.`nr-
_.`nrn +jrj _jrn. m.__.+t+j j_jj.l.
.r._j+_r.n_n rjjn+n +jlj_ .t.n.-
mj_.: ,m.__.t+n j.tj ._.j_jnj.
+n_j_ njl. `nn_rn j_jjln .+tj_r
_nj.rn +njr, t.tn ljn ._m_.-
nnlj._. _n `nrj rn _j+_-
r.n_n j_jjln_.l .-_.l _. nr.jn_.l
mt_j, +njmnmjnl.m, m_ r.+_jl._
nlj_ljl u.n .+jjlj. .1__.
j_r.. _nl.n_.l jl.rjn, t_. _.l.rjln
+.t.n.mjjn +ntj__nm jrml.nrn nj,
_n `nrjn u.1j _t.n_ _.jm.lt+ljl
u.n .+jjljn .ljnlnrj. (.-n
.l nr.jn +njr) n+ j+mt_j_.n, r_j.
n _j+_r.n_n j_jjln nl.._+_j _l_.
j_nnj +n+.rm_n (Mintz & Geva, 1993).
r_j. _j+_r.n_ .1._j.n t_-
rm, .r__j_n._, t_. _j+_r.n_n .1-
._jjn n+j_n .j_m _. .+_jl._ __r nulj-
_j.m +.m nl.._+_j u.n .+jjlj.1j _njrn.
`nn_j., .j_j, _ulj_j.m u.n .+-
jjlj.1j _njrn, _nl.n_.l .__m.rn +j..jjjn
.tnm .r jnj+l.l `1nn..
.jrm _.__l., r+jn n_jrn _r-
+jm.l _._._nrj_n _jn_.l j_nun. .+-
_n.lm, n.., r+ _j+_r.n. j_j.1j _.r._
+_.. .+ _.__l.+_j n+ __j_j1j _.jr_lnm
+n_j_nm, r+jn ...rj `..r. ___j1j
(`..r. .__jn ___n) _. u.n.l _n_1j
(+mjn j_jj.l.). j _l. mj_jl _l_. +n_._.m
mj_jl t_rj.n .rj_ +nrj _. _n_ ___j.
wamaxalisebeli kontaqtebis roli
konfliqtebis gadawyvetaSi
_.`nrn`nrjn +r._.n .tj., r+jn
_l_njj. _. u.._. .uj_ _...+,
._+._ u_jn.. +..nm._, jrj, r+j+.
+n ..r+j ln.n, .l_j_ln nn _jr _n_j_
1389 j __ _j1j ..rj_n run_.l
+.j_j_.m. r. _l_. ._jm_j .jm j+mt_j_.n?
.+ `rj+n._+n +_n_n _njjn +n_-
+. njmn_j., rrn r_r+jljn t_. _r-
+jn._+n, r+jn 1j+m .__jrjm: ._.+n.ljn
_l_. .jrmn.l_ljl, r. tj j_j _rmnjrm-
l_n 1r_. _. .jrm +n1ljn _..t_..
+..nm._, .jmn +n_+. __j r_njm
nr.l_n.n .+njjlj.. _.mn_j. _. `r-
j.lj rn _rmnjrmjn _.mn
+n1lnm, 1989 n_.l _n_+. rn.ljm+. _.nj
mj+jn _..tjn `rr.+n _._nl.lj.,
r+n +n1.ln. mj+m.rnn _rmnjrmjn.
_. _`jr.nn .l_nm.rj.: r+trn_n _rmnjrm-
.jn. _. .lt_._j_n ___r_n r._n-
njn._+n `.n_nj+n 1r_. (Knox, 1994, _. 600).
j_j. r_n-nr.l_n_r `nn__r .jrmn.-
lj. .r __nrn. .+ `rr.+n jr_j., r.+.
+__j_rj j_.rjn .__u_j1j `rr.+n
j_jj_rn j_.jn ._.j. +n.. j
j_.j. +n_mnmj, r+ .rn +nrj `rrjn.
mtn n +.lun1j .r+.j._ _l_. .nm_.
n+ `nrm. r._jln j+nrj., r+jn
_.mn_jn +n+.rm .+t..__ljl r_r+jlj
(Knox, 1994). r_njm nr.l_n.n +_+.rjn
.+rjn _n_j_ jrmn +_j. _n
+._jj jtj. (Cairns et al., 1995). .+ _.1.r.-
j_ r.nljn +t_rjn .__jn _+jj.
_._n _jn, ._. _+_.rjn jrj.n.
t_j. rjnn_rn +r.+n +ntj__nm. .j. m_
nj, n n +.lun1j .ntl. _jn,
._. `rj.ln _. _.mn_j +._jjn
jrm._ ._jl. .+ n.tj+ ___j _1r_l_jj
+ln_lj_.ln _njjn, r+jm. .+
mj+m.rnn _..tjn `rj ___j j_un.
`nn__rn _nrj_jjn .l._j.. .+_jl._,
jrn1_n _.__l. rr mj+m.rn, .j_j
._j_n _jn _lj1j r+n ._jmj.
jnuj., n.., r+ +m._rj j_un.m (_.
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_l_. .._jml _n_j j) m._n.lmn j.uj-
jn _.rm_ .+jjlj. .jrm +n1ljn
+n_j_n.m_n ._njjn r+trn_n _l.jjn-
.m_n `nrjn j.j+lj._.
.t. +n__r_l_jm +_n jrm-jrm +m._.r
._n_.r .t ._+._jm r.m. .__jrm
nr.j-`.jnln jrmn_n .+_. jt_j_-
rjn n `rr.+., r+jn, j+m._.1j_ njl.
_nj herbert kelmanisa (Herbert Kelman, 1997,
1999) _. +nn _jjn +njr. ___j r.+_jln+j
jn._n., r. _j+.ln .+_. jt_j_rj1j
n_j_ `.jnljj. _. jr.jj, ._. nnln
rjnln .rj_n problemebis gadawyvetis
interaqtiul procesSi nj_ljl .rm_ln, njmn
_l_nj_rn `rj+n .m_nm, rrn..
__`nrj_ jrnrnj1j jr._n _..tjjn
+jljn ._nmtn. .+ `rjn +l.njn
._njjn `nr. +l.njm. tjj_tjn
_._. _. _l_n_jln.. _., .j_j, _n. _.
.l.nn__rn _n__njn ..rjn ._nj.
nj. .r_. .+n.,+l.njjn _.r+_lj_jn
nj_ljl, r+ +.m1j .r._nm.rn 1j. .r .ltr-
nj_j_. .+. m_ n+ jm.lt+jn +n._j_._.
+j.+j +t.rn .r++._jljn jt_j_rjn +l.-
nj_ljl, rr ._rn _.nn.rjn,
+.r.+ .r _.+.__ljl +t.rjj rn.
_j+.ln ___+. j jt_j_rjn +.nl .+nj,
r_j. .jrm_ .`.r._n _n .r nj nr.j-
`.jnln +.`.r._jj1j. jt_j_rj1j njmn
.rj+ nj jj+lnn, r+ +t.rjj __._,
`nrn`nr jt_j_rjn ._.j. .jl_.m, r.
_rmnjrm.j. _j_. tj. +jn, jt_j_rjn
_.r_jn j+_j +l.njj ._.j.
.jl_.m, j+_._j_n jtj__jjn __r
_.rm_ .+jjjljnl.m rj._r `nn__r
.rjl.1j. _.jrn_._, _j+.l+. (1997) .l.tr-
nj. n, r. 1993 n .+_n_
+.`.r._jjnm nj .m_.nnlj_n, jt_j_-
rjn r.+_jln+j +l.nj __._ .jrm +_n-
_n _.+j.rjn `rjn.
_jr_jrnm .r r_njm nr.l_n.. _.
.r .t ._+._jmn .r jj_jn. u.-
._.. rn_j rjnln .rj .+.rn _n-
__jmjnm .l+__._n ___jn m._n.lmn `-
nn__rn, j_l+n__rn m_ rjnn_rn j+jnm,
r. tj _j u.._.. _. jrj.n.: j
_n, m._n +trn_, jnl.._+_jj. nljr.n.. _.
+_n_n _.+j.rjn `rj, +.r.+, +n_tj_._._
.+n., _njn_rn __j_jn j_j._ +`_j-
_n _.__ljn `r.jn__n .+jjlj. tj
_j +_n_n _.+j.rjn n+`_jn .u-
njrj.. j j_jjn n+_jl._ m.+j__._n., r+
_njjn j u.1j_ `n+n_rn ___n
__._. .rujjjl m._n u.nt+j_..
Sejameba
r_r+jljn. _. +.rm_n rj_rjn _+n-
l.n. .+.l.__rjjn j_jjn +.j_. +rn-
jn j._n +nrj+nj_ __j_j +jrj
+_n +m.l _._._nrj_+. +_jlj+. +n.
nun. .+ __j_j+. _..+_n., r+ n._rn
u.jn __r +j._ n_j_jl ._rnjn._+n
+rnj., _n_rj _n`1nn_rn u.jn. +n_-
tj_._._ n+n., r+ +nrj+n _n `nrjn _+j-
j. nj_njr._ jnl.._+_jj_. ._rnj,
jj_nm nnln +.nl ._jl_ljl +n_.+n +r-
nj.. j_l+n__rn _rn1njn _r ._.+n.ljn
jujjl _. `_jl ___j, r+jn .+_n.l
.lj_jn _.n rn _. r+jn, .-
_, +.rn_n +__jjn .+n1ljjn
t_jn.l. n_jrjn tnr._ _njl +rn
_j._+.ln1.n.. ._.+n.ljn, r+jn +n
+n_n.l, tnr._ .+. rj._rn .l .r+.t_n
._rmtn .rj.m.l _._._nrj_n jtj__-
jjn .__u_j1j ._jmjjl. +_n_n j+._-
jn _njjn _.nljrjj_ln .rn.l n+
nl_n_n__._rn _. ___r_n u.jn j._-
nm, r+jn .__n_jjl +, .l tj _jjl
+_n_n _.+j.rj.. n_jrn njn. _.
+.rm_n _r+jn j._.+ _.._._r. +.1-
rj., r+ _j+_r.nn ._.rmj. +_n
.1._j. .rj. +_.l. _.rm
l.n_jn +_n_n_jl ._._+_ _l_. njlj n+
`rr.+jn +j_jnm, r+jn tj _jjl
_n_n tln .l+._.n _.`nrn`nrj_ +t.rjm.
rn _rmnjrmj. _. `rj+n ._._r..
avtoris bolosityvaoba
_jl _._.r_jm +1._r., r+jn fsi-
qologia da cxovreba~ _jt+.rj_.. m_ _._nj-
r_jnm, n+j_n _.j_, l.m._ .r+n_jlm, m_
r.+_jln r.+ n._jm .+ +1._rn.: _.
+.nl, _jl +t_ 1j_.`nr_._ j_jtjm n+
T
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rm_ `rj+j, r+jn _njnnm
_.nljrjj_ __jl jn nl. _n+j__ljm,
r+ .j_jnm mj_jl nljrj _., +jn, j.u.,
mj_jln _nn _n jn.lm _njnn .l-
_nm.rj.n, rr +jlnjr+. +__j_.r+. .l `r.j-
n_+. _nlnn+., .l _n_j_ _njn_rn
_ln .+jjljnm ._.j_nm n._rn
_. `nr_l_n `rj+jn.
_r.+._rn + `.r_n j_.tjlj, r+
.n_.l+j ._. ._+j j_.. lnl._. _nl_.
_nr+_lm, r+ mj_jln t_rjn ++_j_l
_.1.n j_. j_jn_j nn .n.__njm,
r. .+ nln_.l n._jm. .+ .t.n +1._rn
_r, j.u., mj_jl m.jrm .t.n
ntj ._.+n.ljn +nr._j.m. _njn.
m_l_. n+nm, r+ tjn j_jm ._.+n.lj
rn _rmnjrmjn. _. _._nrjn .unj-
rj..
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
altruizmi da
prosocialuri qceva
mkvlevrebma scades aex-
snaT, Tu ratom axorci-
eleben adamianebi pro-
socialur, kerZod, al-
truistul qcevebs maSinac
ki, rodesac es maT inte-
resebs ewinaaRmdegeba.
evoluciuri midgoma xazs
usvams memkvidreobas da
ormxrivobas.
adamianebi, aseve, imitom
axorcieleben prosocia-
lur qcevebs, rom ikma-
yofileben sakuTar in-
teress _ emsaxuron sazo-
gadoebas da daicvan so-
cialuri principebi.
mowmis Carevis kvlevebi
aCvenebs, rom situacia
mniSvnelovnad gansazR-
vravs, safrTxis SemTxve-
vaSi aRmoCenili iqneba
Tu ara daxmareba.
agresia
evoluciuri Tvalsazri-
siT, agresiuli qcevebi
imitom xorcieldeba, rom
adamianebs surT gazardon
sakuTari genebis dacvis Se-
saZlebloba.
agresiaSi individualuri
gansxvavebebi dakavSirebulia
rogorc genetikur memkvid-
reobasTan, tvinis hormo-
nalur funqcionirebasTan.
gansxvavebuli pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebi saSualebas
gvaZlevs, viwinaswarmetyve-
loT impulsuri an instru-
mentuli agresiisadmi midre-
kilebebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom arse-
bobs agresiuli qcevebis
Semakavebeli faqtorebi, si-
tuacia gansazRvravs adamia-
nebis swraf agresiul rea-
girebas.
frustracias SeuZlia agre-
siamde migviyvanos; uSualo
gaRizianebam, SesaZloa, moax-
dinos agresiis donis eska-
lacia.
gansxvavebul kulturebSi
agresiuli qcevis gansxva-
vebuli normebia fiqsire-
buli, romlebic, nawilob-
riv, warmoadgenen me~-s kul-
turul Semadgenlebs.
crurwmenebi
xSirad uneburma minima-
lurma maCveneblebmac ki
SeiZleba biZgi miscen cru-
rwmenebs da sazogadoeba
daiyos Sida~ da gare~
jgufebad.
stereotipebi gavlenas ax-
denen adamianebis mier qce-
vebisa da, saerTod, infor-
maciis Sefasebebze.
mkvlevrebma gamoavlines
crurwmenebis Secvlis faq-
torebi iseTi situaciebis
SeqmniT, sadac gansxvavebu-
li jgufebis wevrebi Tanam-
Sromlobdnen saerTo miz-
nebis misaRwevad.
kros-kulturuli kvlevebi,
aseve, miuTiTebs, rom megob-
roba mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs crurwmenebis
daZlevaSi.
konfliqtisa da
milgremis morCilebasTan
dakavSirebuli kvlevebi
imis mniSvnelovan sabuTs
785
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iZleva, rom situaciuri
faqtorebis gavleniT Cve-
ulebrivi adamianebi SeiZ-
leba mividnen agresiis aq-
tebis sanqcionirebasa da
masSi monawileobamde.
crurwmenebis moqmedebis
msgavsma xangrZlivma pro-
cesebma SeiZleba migviy-
vanos masobriv mkvlelo-
bebamde da genocidamde.
liderebi qmnian mtris
humanurobisgan daclil,
dehumanizirebul xatebs.
adamianebi Tavs swiraven
samSoblos TavianTi oja-
xebisa da jgufebisaTvis,
saSiSroebisa da masTan da-
kavSirebuli SiSis pasuxad.
mSvidobis fsiqologebi eZe-
ben gzebs, raTa Sewyviton
erebs Soris dapirispireba
da mtroba.
demokratiuli sazogado-
ebebi, sul mcire, ar amar-
Tleben masobriv mkvlelo-
bebs.
tradiciul mtrebs~ Soris
urTierTobebis xelSemwyobma
programebma, SesaZloa, mSvi-
dobis miRwevis safuZvlebi
Seamzadon.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
agresia
altruizmi
mowmis Careva
kontaqtis hipoTeza
moTxovnadi maxasiaTeblebi
pasuxismgeblobis difuzia
frustracia agresiis
hipoTeza
genocidi
crurwmena
prosocialuri qcevebi
rasizmi
ormxrivi altruizmi
jgufuri dinamika
impulsuri agresia
Sidajgufuri mikerZoeba
Sida jgufi
instrumentuli agresia
asawyobi suraTebis~
klasebi
gare jgufi
seqsizmi
socialuri kategorizacia
stereotipebi
786
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absoluturi zRurbli (Absolute threshold) _ fizikuri
energiis is minimaluri raodenoba, romelic
saWiroa sensoruli gancdis warmosaqmnelad;
operacionalurad is ganisazRvreba, rogorc
gamRizianeblis done, romelzedac xdeba sen-
soruli signalis SemCneva SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.
agorafobia (Agoraphobia) _ iseT xalxmraval adgi-
lebSi an Ria sivrceSi yofnis ukiduresi SiSi,
saidanac gaqceva SeiZleba rTuli an samarcxvino
iyos.
agresia (Aggression) _ qceva, romelic sxva individis
fizikur an fsiqologiur dazianebas iwvevs.
adamianis qcevis genetika (Human behavior genetics)
mecniereba, romelic qcevisa da Tvisebebis
individualuri gansxvavebebis genetikur kompo-
nentebs Seiswavlis.
adgilis Teoria (Place theory) amtkicebs, rom sxvada-
sxva sixSiris toni qmnis aqtivaciis maqsimums
ZiriTadi membranis sxvadasxva adgilebSi, amis
Sedegad bgeriTi tonis simaRle SeiZleba kodi-
rebuli iyos im adgilis mixedviT, romlis aqti-
vaciac moxda.
aversiuli Terapia (Aversion therapy) qceviTi Te-
rapiis tipi, romelic gamoiyeneba saziano sti-
mulebisaken midrekilebis mqone adamianebis
samkurnalod.
avtomaturi procesebi (Automatic processes) _ pro-
cesebi, romlebic ar moiTxoven yuradRebas, maTi
ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia sxva moqmedebis
paralelurad.
avtonomiuri nervuli sistema (ans) (Autonomic ner-
vous system - ANS) periferiuli nervuli sistemis
nawili, romelic akavSirebs centralur nervul
sistemas gluv da gulis kunTebTan da jirkvleb-
Tan da aregulirebs sxeulis uneblie motorul
pasuxebs.
aiv (AIV) _ adamianis imunodeficitis virusi, ro-
melic azianebs sisxlis TeTr ujredebs (lim-
focitebs), riTac asustebs organizmis imunur
sistemas; aiv infeqcia iwvevs Sidss.
akomodacia (Accommodation) _ procesi, romlis saSua-
lebiTac wamwamovani kunTebi cvlianEBTvalis
brolis sisqes, rac saSualebas aZlevs, Sec-
valos fokusi axlo da Sori obieqtebisaTvis.
akomodacia (Accomodation) _ piaJes mixedviT, ukve
arsebuli kognituri struqturebis modifi-
cirebis an gadastruqturebis procesi, raTa
gaadvildes axali informaciis morgeba ukve
leqsikoni
arsebulTan; akomodacia xorcieldeba asimila-
ciasTan erTad.
algoriTmi (Algorithm) _ Tanmimdevruli, safexureob-
rivi procedura, romlis saSualebiTac vpo-
ulobT swor pasuxs konkretuli tipis proble-
mis gadasaWrelad.
altruizmi (Altruizm) prosocialuri qcevebi, rom-
lebsac adamiani Tavisi sakuTari usafrTxoebis
an interesebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe asrulebs.
alchaimeris daavadeba (Alzheimers disease) _ Tavis
tvinis qronikuli organuli sindromi, romelic
xasiaTdeba mexsierebis TandaTanobiTi daqvei-
TebiT inteleqtualuri unarebis SemcirebiT da
pirovnebis gasadavebiT.
amgznebi Sesavali~ (Excitatory inputs) informacia,
romelic neironSi aRwevs da iwvevs mis agznebas.
amigdala (Amygdala) _ limburi sistemis nawili,
romelic akontrolebs emocias, agresiasa da
emociuri mexsierebis formirebas.
analitikuri fsiqologia (Analytic pshycology) _ fsi-
qologiis mimarTuleba, romelic pirovnebas
ganixilavs, rogorc dinamikur balansSi myofi
kompensatoruli Sinagani Zalebis konstelacias.
anoreqsia (Anorexia nevrosa) _ kvebiTi aSliloba,
romlis drosac inidividi iwonis misi mosalod-
neli wonis 85%-ze naklebs, magram ganagrZobs
sakvebis miRebis kontrols, radgan Tavs Warbi
wonis mqoned aRiqvams.
anticipatoruli daZleva (Anticipatory coping)_ poten-
ciurad saSiS movlenamde ganxorcielebuli
mcdelobebi, gadailaxos, Semcirdes, an asatani
gaxdes Seusabamoba aRqmul moTxovnebsa da xelT
arsebul resursebs Soris.
aracnobieri (Nonconscious) _ informacia, romelic,
Cveulebriv, xelmiuwvdomelia cnobierebisaTvis
an mexsierebisaTvis.
aracnobieri (Unconscious) _ fsiqikis sfero, sadac
inaxeba cnobierebidan gandevnili, represire-
buli survilebi da primitiuli impulsebi.
aracnobieri daskvna (Unconscious inference) _ helmhol-
cis termini, romelic gacnobierebis gareSe mim-
dinare aRqmas aRniSnavs.
arqetipi (Archetype) _ konkretuli gamocdilebisa
Tu obieqtis universaluri, Tandayolili, pri-
mitiuli da simboluri warmodgena.
asakis mixedviT diskriminacia (Ageism) _ crurwmena
asakovani adamianebis Sesaxeb. rasizmisa da
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seqsizmis msgavsi uaryofiTi stereotipi asako-
vani adamianebis mimarT.
asawyobi suraTebis klasebi (Jegsaw classrooms) sas-
wavlo klasebi, romlebic iyeneben asawyobi sura-
Tebis saxeliT cnobil meTods, romelSic yovel
moswavles eZleva mTeli dasaswavli masalis
mxolod nawili, romelic Semdeg jgufis sxva
wevrebs gadaecema.
asimilacia (Assimilation) _ piaJes mixedviT, procesi,
romlis drosac axali kognituri elementebi
ergeba Zvel elementebs an modificirdeba, raTa
ufro gamartivdes morgebis procesi; asimilacia
xorcieldeba akomodaciasTan erTad.
asociaciuri qerqi (Association cortex) qerqis nawili,
sadac umaRlesi nervuli procesebi xorcieldeba.
aqsoni (Axon) neironis wagrZelebuli boWko, rom-
lis gaswvrivac nervuli impulsebi vrceldeba
somidan terminaluri balTisaken.
atribucia (Attribution) _ msjeloba Sedegebis mizeze-
bis Sesaxeb.
atribuciis Teoria (Attribution theory) socialur-
kognituri Teoria, romelic aRwers informaciis
gamoyenebis gzebs, romelsac iyenebs socialuri
aRmqmeli mizezobrivi axsnisas.
atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma (Fundamental attri-
bution error) _ damkvirveblebis ormagi tendencia,
daakninon situaciuri faqtorebis roli da
gadaafason dispoziciuri faqtorebis roli
adamianis qcevaSi.
aRdgena (Retrieval) _ Senaxuli informaciis aRdgena,
amotana mexsierebidan.
aRzrdis stili (Parenting style) _ meTodi, romliTac
mSoblebi zrdian Svilebs; yvelaze efeqturad
iTvleba avtoritetuli stili, romelic Tanabrad
moiazrebs momTxovnobasa da gulisxmierebas.
aRmavali gadamuSaveba (Bottom-up processing) _ garemo-
Si xelmisawvdom sensorul informaciaze dafuZ-
nebuli perceptuli analizi. analizis Sedegebi
aRmavali gziT SedarebiT abstraqtul reprezen-
taciebisken miemarTeba.
aRmoCenis etapi (Context of discovery) _ kvlevis sawyisi
faza, romlis ganmavlobaSic dakvirvebas, Sexedu-
lebas, informacias da zogad codnas movlenis
axleburi xedvisaken mivyavarT.
aRmZvrelebi (Incentives) _ eqsternaluri stimulebi
an waxaliseba, romlebic warmoadgenen qcevis
mamotivireblebs miuxedavad imisa, rom isini
pirdapir ar ukavSirdebian biologiur moTxovni-
lebebs.
aRqma (Perception) _ procesebi, romlebic sensorul
xatSi awesrigeben informacias da am imformaciis,
rogorc samganzomilebiani garesinamdviliT
warmoqmnilis, gancdas uzrunvelyofen.
aRweriTi statistika (Descriptive statistics) _ statis-
tikuri procedurebi, romlebic qulebs maTi
centraluri tendenciis, variabilobis da kore-
laciebis TvalsazrisiT ajamebs.
aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraoba (Apparent motion) _
moZraobis iluzia, rodesac erTi an meti wer-
tilis uwyveti anTeba-Caqroba erT moZrav werti-
lad aRiqmeba. aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraobis umar-
tivesi formaa fenomeni
badura (Retina) _ Tvalis ukan mdebare Sre, romelic
Seicavs fotoreceptorebs da gardaqmnis sinaT-
lis energias nervul reaqciaSi.
bavSvze mimarTuli metyveleba (Child-directed speech)
_ metyvelebis gansakuTrebuli forma, xazgasmiT
gamokveTili da maRali intonaciiT, romelsac
mozrdilebi Cvil da patara bavSvebTan saubrisas
iyeneben.
bazisuri done (Basic level) _ kategorizaciis done,
romelic yvelaze swrafad SeiZleba amovitanoT
mexsierebidan da gamoviyenoT yvelaze efeqturad.
bgeris siZliere (loudness) _ bgeris perceftuli
Tviseba, romelic gamoxatavs bgeriTi talRis
amplitudas; didi amplitudis bgeriTi talRa
saerTod ganicdeba rogorc xmamaRali, xolo
mcire amplitudis bgeriTi talRa ganicdeba
rogorc xmadabali.
bgeris tonis simaRle (Pitch) _ Tviseba, romelic
ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba bgeriTi talRis rxevis
sixSiriT.
biosamedicino Terapiebi (Biomedical therapies) _
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkurnaloba, rome-
lic cvlis tvinis funqcionirebas qimiuri an
fizikuri Carevis gziT, rogoricaa medikamentebiT
mkurnaloba, qirurgia an eleqtrokonvulsiuri
Terapia.
bioukukavSiri (Biofeedback) _ TviTregulaciis teq-
nika, romlis drosac individi aracnobieri bio-
logiuri procesebis nebismier kontrols axor-
cielebs.
biofsiqosocialuri modeli (Biopsychosocial model) _
janmrTelobisa da avadmyofobis modeli, romlis
mixedviT, nervuli sistemis, imunuri sistemis,
qceviTi stilis, kognituri procesebisa da garemo
faqtorebis urTierTkavSirma SeiZleba adamiani
avad gaxdomis riskis winaSe daayenos.
bipolaruli aSliloba (Bipolar disorder) _ guneba-gan-
wyobilebis aSliloba, romelic xasiaTdeba
depresiisa da maniis periodebis monacvleobiT.
bihevioraluri analizi (Behavioral Anayisis): _ fsiqo-
logiis ganxra, romelic yuradRebas daswavli-
sa da qcevis garemo determinantebze amaxvilebs.
biheviorizmi (Behaviorism) _ mecnieruli midgoma,
romelic fsiqologiis Seswavlas mxolod gazom-
vadi an dakvirvebadi qceviT farglavs.
bihevioristuli mimdinareoba (Behaviorists perspective)
_ am mimdinareobas ainteresebs dakvirvebadi qceva,
romelic obieqturad fiqsirdeba da dakvirvebadi
qcevis mimarTeba garemos stimulebTan.
blokireba (Blocking) fenomeni, romlis drosac
organizmi ar daiswavlis axal stimuls, radgan
axali stimuli warmodgenilia ukve arsebul
efeqtur signalTan erTad.
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brokas are (Brocas area) Tavis tvinis ubani, romelic
azrebs metyvelebasa da/an JestebSi gardaqmnis.
bodva (Delusions) _ cru an iracionaluri rwmena,
romelsac adgili aqvs sawinaaRmdegos naTlad
arsebobis pirobebSi.
brZola an gaqcevis reaqcia (Fight-or-flight response) _
Sinagan aqtivobaTa Tanmimdevroba, romelic amoq-
meddeba, rodesac organizmi safrTxis winaSe aR-
moCndeba; amzadebs sxeuls brZolisa da Setevis-
aTvis an usafrTxo adgilas gaqcevisaTvis. bolo-
droindeli monacemebis Tanaxmad, es reaqcia mxo-
lod mamrobiTi sqesisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
bulimia (Bulimia nevrosa) _ kvebiTi aSliloba, rome-
lic xasiaTdeba uzomo raodenobis sakvebis miRe-
biT, rasac Tan sdevs miRebuli kaloriebisagan
organizmis gawmendis RonisZiebebi.
buneba-aRzrdis dapirispireba (Nature-nurture contro-
versy) _ kamaTi qcevisa da ganviTarebis gansazR-
vraSi Tandayolilisa (bunebis) da SeZenili
gamocdilebis (aRzrdis) fardobiTi mniSvne-
lovnebis Sesaxeb.
bunebrivi gadarCeva (Natural selection) darvinis Teo-
riis mixedviT, saxeobis zogierTi warmomad-
genlis ukeTesi Segueba garemosadmi, saSualebas
aZlevs mas sxvasTan SedarebiT ufro warmate-
bulad gamravldes.
gaazrebis SesaZleblobis modeli (Elaboration likeli-
hood model) darwmunebis Teoria, romelic gansa-
zRvravs, Tu ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli, rom ada-
mianebi TavianTi kognituri procesebis fokusi-
rebas axdendnen Setyobinebis gasaazreblad da,
Sesabamisad, misdevdnen darwmunebis centralur
an periferiul procesebs.
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba (Elaborative rehearsal) _
mexsierebis gazrdis meTodi, romliTac xdeba
dasamaxsovrebeli informaciis gamdidreba.
gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoria (Levels-of-processing
theory) _ am Teoriis mixedviT, rac ufro Rrma
doneze xdeba informaciis gadamuSaveba, miT ufro
ukeT daamaxsovrdeba igi adamians.
gadatana (Transference) procesi, rodesac fsiqo-
analizis msvlelobisas pacienti Terapevtze
mimarTavs im grZnobebs, romelic Tavdapirvelad
warsuli emociuri konfliqtis centralur,
mniSvnelovan figuraze miemarTeboda.
gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba (Transfer-approptiate
processing) _ Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac
mogoneba saukeTesoa, rodesac implicituri
kodirebis da implicituri aRdgenis procesebis
damTxveva xdeba.
gadawyvetilebisTvis Tavis arideba (aversia) (Deci-
sion aversion) _ gadawyvetilebis miRebisagan Tavis
aridebis tendencia; rac ufro rTulia gadawyve-
tilebis miReba, miT metia misgan ganridebis
albaToba.
gadawyvetilebis miReba (Decision making) _ alterna-
tivebs Soris arCevis procesi, SesaZlo variante-
bis seleqcia da uaryofa.
gamocdilebidan nimuSebis SerCevis meTodi (Experi-
ence-sampling method) _ eqsperimentuli meTodi, ro-
melic exmareba mkvlevrebs cnobierebis tipuri
Sinaarsebis aRweraSi; cdis pirebs evalebaT
signalis miRebisTanave daafiqsiron TavianTi
azrebi da grZnobebi.
ganviTarebis asaki (Developmental age) qronologiuri
asaki, romlis drosac bavSvebis umravlesoba
amJRavnebs fizikuri Tu gonebrivi ganviTarebis
garkveul dones.
ganviTarebis fsiqologia (Developmental psychology) _
fsiqologiis dargi, romelic swavlobs fizikuri
da fsiqologiuri procesebis urTierTqmedebas
da ganviTarebis stadiebs mTeli cxovrebis manZil-
ze ganviTarebis poziciidan.
ganmamtkicebeli (Reinforcer) SeiZleba iyos nebismieri
stimuli, romelic zrdis mocemuli reaqciis six-
Siris albaTobas.
ganpirobebuli reaqcia _ (Conditioned response): reaqcia,
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi, romelic aRmocen-
deba aqamde neitraluri stimulis safuZvelze.
es xdeba imis Sedegad, rom neitraluri stimuli
Sewyvilebulia ganupirobebel stimulTan.
ganpirobebuli stimuli (Conditioned stimulus) _ kla-
sikur ganpirobebulobaSi, aqamde neitraluri
stimuli, romelic iwvevs ganpirobebul reaqcias.
ganupirobebeli reaqcia (Unconditioned response) _
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi, ganupirobebli
stimulis mier gamowveuli reaqcia winaswari
varjiSisa an daswavlis gareSe
ganupirobebeli stimuli (Unconditioned stimulus): sti-
muli, klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi, romelic
iwvevs ganupirobebel reaqcias, pasuxs.
ganpirobebuloba (Conditioning) gzebi, romliTac
movlenebi, stimulebi da qceva asocirdeba erTma-
neTTan.
garemos cvladebi (Environmental variables) garegani
zemoqmedeba qcevaze.
gare jgufebi (Out-groups) jgufebi, romlebTanac
adamianebi identifikacias ar axdenen.
gaupatiureba paemanze (Date rape) _ ewodeba iseT
situaciebs, rodesac individs nacnobi adamiani
aiZulebs sqesobrivi kavSiris damyarebas.
gemos aversiiT daswavla (Taste-aversion learning)
daswavlis biologiuri kanonzomiereba, romel-
Sic organizmi swavlobs avadmyofobis gamomwvevi
sakvebisagan Tavis aridebas.
genderi (Gender) _ fsiqologiuri fenomeni, romel-
Sic moiazreba mamakacebisa da qalebis sqesTan
dakavSirebuli daswavlili qcevebi da ganwyobebi.
genderuli identoba (Gender identity) _ individis mier
sakuTar TavSi qaluri an mamakacuri sawyisis
gancda. is gulisxmobs sakuTari sqesis miRebas
da gacnobierebas.
genderuli rolebi (Gender roles) _ qcevaTa da ganwyo-
baTa erToblioba, romelsac sazogadoeba ukavSi-
rebs qalad an mamakacad yofnas da romelsac
Riad gamoxataven calkeuli individebi.
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genetika (Genetics) mecniereba winaprebisgan miRebu-
li fizikuri da fsiqologiuri Tvisebebis mem-
kvidreobiTobis Sesaxeb.
geni (Genes) memkvidreobiTobis fizikuri erTeuli;
qromosomebis patara ubani, romelic pasuxis-
mgebelia Tvisebebis gadacemaze.
generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba (Generalized
anxiety disorder) _ SfoTviTi aSliloba, rodesac
individi ganicdis SfoTvas an nerviulobs
specifikuri safrTxis an safrTxis momatni obieq-
tis ararsebobis pirobebSi, sul mcire, eqvsi
Tvis manZilze.
genotipi (Genotype) organizmis genetikuri struq-
tura, romelsac is mSoblebisagan memkvidreobiT
iRebs.
geStalt-Terapia (Gestalt therapy) Terapia, romelic
mimarTulia pirovnebis gamTlianebis mizniT
gonebisa da sxeulis gaerTianebaze.
geStaltfsiqologia (Gestalt psychology) _ fsiqo-
logiuri skola, romelic amtkicebs, rom fsiqo-
logiuri fenomenis gageba mxolod maSin aris
SesaZlebeli, Tu mas organizebul, struqturul
mTlianobad miviCnevT da ar davanawevrebT
primitiul, martiv, perceptul elementebad.
glia (Glia) ujredi, romelic akavSirebs neironebs
da aCqarebs nervul gadacemas, aSorebs dazia-
nebul da daRupul neironebs, da xels uSlis
sisxlSi arsebul toqsiur substanciebs, SeaR-
wion tvinSi.
gonebrivi asaki (Mental age) _ bines inteleqtis eta-
lonis mixedviT aris asaki, rodesac bavSvis
inteleqtualuri aqtivoba gamoxatulia im
saSualo asakiT, romelSic normaluri bavSvebi
aRweven gansazRvrul qulas.
gonebrivi CamorCeniloba (Mental retardation) _ rodesac
individebis IQ-s qulebi meryeobs 70-75-mde
intervalSi an masze naklebia; aseve, rodesac
SezRudulia cxovrebiseuli amocanebis gada-
saWreli adaptaciuri Cvevebis SemuSavebis unari.
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSliloba (Mood disorder) _
guneba-ganwyobilebis darRveva, rogoricaa Rrma,
depresia an maniasTan adgilmonacvle depresia.
daboloebis efeqti (Recency effect) _ mwkrivis bolo
dadebiTi ganmtkiceba (Positive reinforcement) qcevas
mohyveba sasargeblo stimuli, rac zrdis qcevis
sixSiris albaTobas.
dadebiTi damsjeli (Positive Punisment) qcevas moh-
yveba aversiuli stimuli, romelic amcirebs qce-
vis albaTobas.
dazianeba (Damage) tvinis qsovilis daSaveba.
daTanxmeba (Compliance) _ komunikaciis wyaros pirda-
piri moTxovnebis Sesabamisad qcevis Secvla.
dakvirvebadi sizmrebi (Lucid dreaming) _ Teoria,
romlis Tanaxmadac, sizmris xedvis procesis
cnobieri aRqma daswavladi unaria, romelic
iZleva sizmris mimarTulebisa da Sinaarsis
kontrolis saSualebas.
damatebiTi cvladi (Confounding variable) _ cvladi,
romelic monawilis qcevaze zemoqmedebs eqspe-
rimentatoris mier Semotanili damoukidebeli
cvladis garda.
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba (Observer bias) _ rea-
lobis damaxinjeba, romelic damkvirveblis pi-
rovnuli motivebisa da molodinebisagan momdi-
nareobs.
damokidebuleba (Attitude) adamianebis, sagnebisa da
movlenebis mimarT SefasebiTi reagirebis daswav-
lili, SedarebiT myari tendencia.
damokidebuli cvladi (Dependent variable) _ nebismieri
cvladi, eqsperimentul garemoSi, romlis mniS-
vneloba erTi an meti damoukidebeli cvladis
cvlilebis Sedegia.
damoukidebeli me-s gageba (Independent construals of
self) _ me-s konceptualizacia, rogorc individisa,
romlis qceva, upirveles yovlisa, organi-
zebulia adamianis sakuTar da ara sxvebis, azreb-
Tan, grZnobebTan da qmedebebTan mimarTebaSi.
damoukidebeli cvladi (Independent variable) _ stimu-
lis piroba, eqsperimentul garemoSi, romelic
sxva nebismieri cvladisagan damoukideblad
icvleba.
damsjeli (Punisher) nebismieri stimuli, romelic
amcirebs reaqciis sixSires.
darwmuneba (Persuasion) damokidebulebebis Secvlis
mizanmimarTuli mcdelobebi.
dasabuTebis etapi (Context of justification) _ kvlevis is
fazaa, romelSic hipoTezis SemowmebisaTvis faq-
tebia saWiro.
dasawyisis efeqti (Primacy effect) _ mwkrivis pirveli
daskvna (Inference) _ xarveziani informaciis Sevseba
arsebuli mtkicebulebebis an rwmenis da Teoriis
safuZvelze.
daskvniTi statistika (Inferential statistics) _ statisti-
kuri procedurebi, romlebic mkvlevars saSua-
lebas aZlevs gansazRvros, adasturebs mis hipo-
Tzas Sedegi, Tu is mxolod SemTxveviTaa miRe-
buli.
daswavla (Learning) _ gamocdilebaze damyarebuli
procesi, romlis drosac SedarebiT mudmivad
icvleba qceva an qceviTi potenciali.
daswavla-gamovlenis gansxvaveba (Learning-Performance
distinction) _ gansxvaveba imisa, Tu ra iyo daswav-
lili da ra gamomJRavnda qcevaSi.
daswavlili umweoba (Learned helplessness) _ zianis
momtani stimulis arsebobis pirobebSi reaqciis
ar qonis zogadi paterni, romelic xSirad Tan
erTvis mdgomareobas, rodesac individi ganicdis
araSemTxveviTi, gardauvali uaryofiTi stimulis
zemoqmedebas.
daswavlis biologiuri iZuleba (Biological constraints
on learning) nebismieri limiti organizmis daswav-
lis SesaZleblobaze, romelic gansazRvrulia
erTi saxeobis individebis memkvidruli senso-
rul-kognituri unarebiT.
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daRi (Stigma) _ individze an jgufze adamianebis
uaryofiTi reaqcia garkveuli savaraudo ara-
srulfasovnebis an gansxvavebulobis gamo, rac
damamcireblad moqmedebs maTze.
daRmavali gadamuSaveba (Top-down processing) _ per-
ceptuli procesebi, rodesac adamianis warsuli
gamocdileba, codna, molodinebi, motivacia da
konteqsti gavlenas axdens aRqmuli obieqtis
interpretaciasa da klasifikaciaze.
dacvisa da zrunvis reaqcia (Tend-and-befriend response)
_ stresorze reaqcia, romelic, savaraudoT, ti-
puria mdedrobiTi sqesisaTvis. stresorebi ubiZ-
geben mdedrs, daicvas Svilebi da SeuerTdes
socialur jgufebs mowyvladobis Sesamci-
reblad.
daZleva (Coping) _ im garegan da Sinagan moTxov-
nebTan gamklavebis procesi, romelic aRiqmeba,
rogorc safrTxis, an muqaris Semcveli, an
dauZleveli.
dajgufeba (Chunking) _ informaciis calkeul wevrTa
dajgufebis procesi msgavsebis an sxva maorga-
nizebeli principis safuZvelze.
deduqciuri azrovneba (Deductive reasoning) azrov-
nebis forma, romelic ori an meti wanamZRvridan
logikuri daskvnis gakeTebis unars gulisxmobs.
deklaraciuli mexsiereba (Declarative memory) _
mimarTulia faqtebisa da movlenebis daxsomebaze.
dendritebi (Dendrites) neironis datotvili morCebi,
romlebic Semosul informacias mimRebloben.
determinizmi (Determinism) _ es doqtrina gulisxmobs,
rom yvela movlena _ fizikuri, fsiqikuri da
qceviTi _ ganpirobebulia konkretuli mizezebiT,
romelTa dadgena SesaZlebelia.
diapazoni (Range) _ ganawilebaSi yvelaze maRal da
yvelaze dabal qulebs Soris sxvaoba, variabi-
lobis martivi sazomi.
didi tvini tvinis nawili, romelic umaRles
kognitur da emociur funqciebs aregulirebs.
diskriminaciuli stimuli (Discriminative Punishment)
stimuli, romelic moaswavebs ganmtkicebas,
radgan konkretuli qceva dadebiTad iyo ganmtki-
cebuli.
disociaciuri amnezia (Dissociative amnesia) _ mniSvne-
lovani pirovnuli gamocdilebis gaxsenebis
unaris arqona, romlis mizezia fsiqologiuri
faqtorebi, yovelgvari organuli disfunqciis
arsebobis gareSe.
disociaciuri aSliloba (Dissociative disorder) _ pirov-
nuli aSliloba, romelsac axasiaTebs identu-
robis, mexsierebisa da cnobierebis integraciis
darRveva.
disociaciuri identobis aSliloba (dia) (Dissocia-
tive identity disorder DID) _ disociaciuri fsiqikuri
aSliloba, rodesac erT individSi arsebobs ori
an meti calkeuli pirovneba; warsulSi cnobili
iyo, rogorc Sedgenili (multiple) pirovnuli
aSliloba.
dispoziciuri cvladebi (Dispozitional variables) _
organizmis cvladi, anu qcevis Sinagani determi-
nanti, romelic adamianebSi Cndeba.
distaluri stimuli (Distal stimulus) _ proqsimaluri
stimulisagan, anu baduraze optikuri gamosa-
xulebisagan gansxvavebiT, aRqmis procesSi
samyaroSi mocemuli fizikuri sagani.
diqotomiuri mosmena (Dichotic listening) - eqsperimen-
tuli meTodi, rodesac gansxvavebuli audialuri
stimuli miewodeba TiToeul yurs.
dnm (dezoqsiribonukleinis mJava) (DNA deoxyribo-
nucleic acid) _ genetikuri informaciis gadacemis
fizikuri baza.
dRis Zilianoba (Daytime sleepiness) _ moWarbebuli
Zilianoba dRis aqtivobebis dros; Zilis darRve-
vis centrebSi misul pacientTa ZiriTadi Civili.
ego (Ego) _ pirovnebis aspeqti, romelic monawile-
obs TviTdacvaSi da mimarTavs instinqtur
ltolvebsa da impulsebs Sesabamis arxebSi.
egos dacvis meqanizmebi (Ego defence mechanisms) _
fsiqikuri strategiebi (cnobieri an aracnobieri),
romlebsac ego iyenebs cxovrebis normaluri
mimdinareobisas gancdili konfliqtebisagan
TavdacvisaTvis.
egocentrizmi (egocentrism) _ kognituri ganviTarebis
winaoperaciul stadiaze patar bavSvis mier sxva
adamianis Tvalsazrisis gaziarebis unaris
arqona.
evoluciuri mimdinareoba (Evolutionary perspective) _
fsiqologiis midgoma, romelic xazs usvams qce-
viTi da mentaluri adapaturobis mniSvnelo-
vnebas im varaudis safuZvelze, rom fsiqikuri
unarebi milionobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi viTarde-
boda, raTa konkretul adaptur miznebs momsaxu-
reboda.
evristika (Heuristics) _ kognituri strategia an
`praqtikuli meTodi~, romelic xSirad gamoiye-
neba rogorc Semoklebuli gza rTuli amocanis
gadasaWrelad.
ekologiuri optikis Teoria (Theory of ecological op-
tics) _ aRqmis Teoria, romelic xazs usvams sas-
timulo informaciis mravalferovnebas da
aRqmas garemos aqtiur gamokvlevad miiCnevs.
eleqtroencefalograma (eeg) (Electroencephalogram -
EEG) tvinis eleqtruli aqtivobis registracia.
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia (ekT) (Electroconvulsive
therapy ECT) _ eleqtrokonvulsiuli Sokis
gamoyeneba Rrma depresiis warmatebulad samkur-
nalod.
emocia (Emotion) cvlilebaTa rTuli paterni,
romelic moicavs fiziologiur agznebas, grZno-
bebs, kognitur procesebsa da qcevas; warmoadgens
pasuxs situaciaze, romelic pirovnulad mniSvne-
lovnad aris aRqmuli.
emociis kognituri Sefasebis Teoria (Cognitive ap-
praisal theory of emotion) _ am Teoriis mixedviT, emo-
ciis gancda warmoadgens fiziologiuri agzne-
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bisa da kognituri Sefasebis erTobliv Sedegs.
kognituri Sefaseba emsaxureba imas, Tu rogor
moxdeba gaurkveveli, orazrovani Sinagani
mdgomareobis ètiketireba~.
emociuri inteleqti (Emotional intelligence) _ inte-
leqtis tipi, romelSic Sedis Semdegi unarebi:
emociaTa zusti da Sesatyvisi aRqma, gageba da
gamoxatva; azrovnebis gasaadvileblad emociebis
gamoyeneba; emociis gageba da analizi; emociuri
codnis efeqturad gamoyeneba da sakuTari
emociebis regulireba rogorc emociuri, ise
inteleqtualuri zrdis xelSesawyobad.
engrama (Engram) _ mexsierebis fizikuri kvali tvinSi.
endokrinuli sistema (Endocrine system) jirkvlebis
qseli, romlebic gamoimuSaveben da sisxlSi
gamoyofen hormonebs.
enis Seqmnis unari (language-making capacity) _ Tan-
dayolili saxelmZRvanelo principebi, rom-
lebsac bavSvebis iyeneben enis Seswavlis amocanis
Sesrulebisas.
epizoduri mexsiereba (Episodic memories) _ xangrZlivi
mexsiereba avtobiografiuli xasiaTis movlene-
bisTvis da im konteqstisTvis, sadac es movlenebi
xdeba.
erogenuli zonebi (erogeneous zones) _ ares kanis zeda-
piris adgilebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT mgrZno-
biareni arian gaRizianebisadmi da warmoSoben
erotiul da seqsualur SegrZnebebs.
estrogeni (Estrogen) qalTa sasqeso hormoni, rome-
lic sakvercxeebSi gamomuSavdeba da pasuxis-
mgebelia ovulaciis procesze, aseve qalebis
reproduqciuli struqturebis ganviTarebasa da
meoradi sasqeso niSnebis Camoyalibebaze.
etiologia (Etiology) _ aSlilobis ganviTarebis
mizezebi an masTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebi.
efeqtis kanoni (Law of effect) aris daswavlis ZiriTadi
kanoni, romelis mixedviTac stimulis Zala,
gamoavlinos reaqcia, Zlierdeba, rodesac reaq-
cias mohyveba jildo da sustdeba, rodesac mas
ar mohyveba jildo.
eqsperimentuli meTodi (experimental method) _ kvlevis
meTodi, romelic damoukidebeli cvladiT
manipulacias gulisxmobs, raTa dadgindes misi
efeqti damokidebul cvladze.
eqspresiuli metyveleba (Lenguage production) is,
rasac adamianebi amboben, aniSneben an weren; am
Sinaarsebis gadmocemis procesi.
validoba (validity) _ testi zustad imas zomavs,
ris gazomvasac apirebda.
validoba kriteriumis mixedviT (Criterion valigity) _
xarisxi, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba gansazRvruli
kriteriumis mixedviT miRebuli testis Sedegebi
Sesafasebeli maxasiaTeblis zogierT sxva kri-
teriums.
variabilobis sazomebi (Measures of variability) _
statistikebi, rogorebicaa diapazoni, an stan-
dartuli gadaxra, romelic aCvenebs, ramdenad
mWidrodaa ganlagebuli qulebi ganawilebaSi.
veberis kanoni (Webers law) _ sxvaobis zRurblis
sidide standartuli gamRizianeblis intensi-
vobis proporciulia.
vizualuri qerqi (visual cortex) _ kefis wilis nawili,
romelSic xdeba vizualuri informaciis gada-
muSaveba.
zalpis principi (volley principle) _ esaa sixSiris
Teoriis ganvrcoba, romelic amtkicebs, rom,
roca bgeriTi talRis sixSire aRemateba im six-
Sires, romliTac calkeul neirons SeuZlia
ganmuxtva, ramdenime neironi ganimuxteba erTad,
rogorc jgufi, Semosuli bgeris tonis simaRlis
Sesatyvisi sixSiriT.
zigota (zygote) _ erTi ujredi, romelic warmoiq-
mneba spermatozoidis mier kvercxujredis gana-
yofierebis Sedegad.
zogadi adaptaciuri sindromi (General adaptation syn-
drome - GAS) _ araspecifikur adaptaciur fizio-
logiur meqanizmTa paterni, romelic vlindeba
TiTqmis yovelgvari seriozuli stresoris xan-
grZlivi muqaris sapasuxod.
Tavisufali asociacia (Free association) Terapiuli
meTodi, rodesac pacienti uwyvetad, gaazrebis
gareSe saubrobs sakuTar azrebze, survilebze,
fizikur SegrZnebebsa da warmodgenebze.
Talamusi (Thalamus) Tavis tvinis nawili, romelic
sensorul informacias gadascems didi tvinis
qerqs.
Tematuri apercepciis testi _ Tat (Thematic Apper-
ception Test TAT) _ proeqciuli testi, romelSic
individs garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT waredgineba
suraTebi (romlebic mravalgvari interpretaciis
SesaZleblobas iZleva) da moeTxoveba TiToeuli
maTganis mixedviT moTxrobis mofiqreba.
Teoria (Theory) _ cnebaTa organizebuli wyeba, ro-
melic movlenas an movlenaTa erTobliobas xsnis.
Tvalebis swrafi moZraoba (Rapid eye movement REM)
_ im fazis qceviTi gamovlineba, romlis drosac
mZinare adamiani sizmrismagvar gonebriv aqtivobas
axorcielebs.
TvalsaCino validoba (face validity) _ xarisxi, Tu
ramdenad aris testis amocanebi uSualod dakav-
Sirebuli gasazom cvladTan.
TviTangariSi (self-report measures) _ adamianis mier
sakuTar Tavze dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebuli
monacemebi.
TviTaqtualizacia (Self-actualization) _ pirovnebis
fsiqologiis cneba, romelic exeba adamianis
mudmiv swrafvas sakuTari potencialis reali-
zaciisaken da Tandayolili niWisa da unarebis
ganviTarebisaken.
TviTaRqmis Teoria (Self-perception theory) _ mosazreba,
romlis Tanaxmadac, adamianebi sakuTar Tavs
akvirdebian, raTa gamokveTon TavianTi qcevebis
mizezebi. adamianebi cdiloben, gaerkvnen sakuTar
Sinagan mdgomareobebSi imaze dakvirvebiT, Tu
rogor iqcevian mocemul situaciaSi.
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TviTmxilvelis Careva (Bystander intervention) mzad-
yofna, daexmaro adamians, romelsac daxmareba
sWirdeba.
TviTuunaroba (self-handicapping) _ warumateblobis
molodinis SemTxvevaSi iseTi qceviTi reaqciebisa
da qcevis axsnis ganviTarebis procesi, romlebic
minimumde daiyvans unarebis deficits, rogorc
warumateblobis SesaZlebel mizezs.
TviTefeqturoba (Self-efficacy) _ rwmenebis (mosaz-
rebebis) erToblioba, rom adamians SeuZlia adek-
vaturad moqceva konkretul situaciaSi.
TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyveleba (Self-filfilling prophecy)
_ zogierTi momavali qcevis an movlenis Sesaxeb
winaswarmetyveleba, romelic dRevandel urTier-
Tobebs molodinis Sesabamisad cvlis.
TviTSefaseba (Self-esteem) _ me-s mimarT ganzoga-
debuli SefasebiTi damokidebuleba, romelic
gavlenas axdens rogorc guneba-ganwyobilebaze,
ise qcevaze da romelic Zlier zemoqmedebs
individualuri da socialuri qcevebis speqtrze.
TviTcnobiereba (Self-awareness) _ cnobierebis umaR-
lesi done, pirovnulad gancdili movlenebis
avtobiografiuli xasiaTis Semecneba.
Txemis wili tvinis ubani Sublis wilis ukan da
lateraluri napralis zemoT; Seicavs somato-
sensorul qerqs.
identifikacia da cnoba (Identification and recognition) _
perceptuli xatisaTvis azris micemis gzebi.
idi (Id) _ pirovnebis primitiuli, aracnobieri na-
wili, romelic iracionalurad funqcionirebs
da impulsurad moqmedebs siamovnebis misaRwevad.
ierks-dodsonis kanoni (Yerkes-Dodson law) _ kore-
lacia amocanis Sesrulebasa da agznebis opti-
malur dones Soris.
iluzia (Illusion) _ stimulis paternis gancda,
romelic aSkarad mcdaria, Tumca, igives ganic-
dian sxva adamianebic igive perceptul garemoSi.
imploziuri Terapia (Implosion therapy) bihevio-
raluri Terapiuli teqnika, romelic miznad
isaxavs stimulTan asocirebuli SfoTvis Sem-
cirebas, rac klientisTvis warmosaxviTi Sema-
Sinebeli stimulis wardgeniT xorcieldeba.
imprintingi (Imprinting) _ daswavlis primitiuli
forma, rodesac axalSobili cxoveli ukan mis-
devs da ejaWveba pirvelive moZrav obieqts, ro-
melsac xedavs an romlis xmac esmis.
impulsuri agresia (Impulsive aggression) _ emociebiT
gamowveuli agresia, warmoqmnili gansakuTrebiT
mwvave situaciebze sapasuxod.
induqciuri azrovneba (Inductive reasoning) azrovnebis
forma, romelic misawvdom mtkicebulebaze da
warsul gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT garkveuli
albaTobiT daskvnis gakeTebas gulisxmobs.
insaituri Terapia (Insight Therapy) teqnika, rom-
liTac Terapevts pacienti mihyavs im kavSiris
danaxvisken, aRmoCenisken anu insaitisken, romelic
awmyoSi arsebul simptomebsa da warsul gamoc-
dilebas Soris arsebobs.
insomnia (Insomnia) _ normalurad daZinebis
qronikuli uunaroba; simptomebSi Sedis sir-
Tuleebi daZinebisas, xSiri gaRviZeba, gaRviZebis
Semdeg CaZinebis unaris arqona, diliT adre
gaRviZeba.
inteleqti (Intelligence) _ gamocdilebidan sargeblis
miRebisa da garemos Sesaxeb mocemuli infor-
maciis farglebis garRvevis zogadi unari.
inteleqtis koeficienti (IQ) _ indeqsi, romelic
miRebulia inteleqtis standartizebuli tes-
tebidan; pirvelad IQ gamoiTvleboda individis
gonebrivi asakis qronologiur asakze gayofiT
da Semdeg 100-ze gamravlebiT; amJamad pirdapir
gamoiTvleba, rogorc IQ testis qula.
instinqti (Instinct) _ winaswar daprogramebuli ten-
dencia, romelsac arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs
saxeobis gadarCenisaTvis.
instinqturi swrafva (Instinctual drift) _ daswavlili
qcevis tendencia, droTa ganmavlobaSi instin-
qtur qmedebaSi gadavides.
instrumentuli agresia (Instrumental aggression) _
kogniturad dasabuTebuli da mizanmimarTuli
agresia, romelic warmoiqmneba winaswar mofiqre-
bulad, specifikuri miznebis misaRwevad.
internalizacia (Internalization) _ vigotskis mixedviT,
bavSvebis mier socialuri konteqstidan codnis
Sesrutvis, aTvisebis procesi.
interneironi _ tvinis neironi, romelic infor-
macias sensorulidan sxva inter- an motorul
neironebs gadascems.
interferencia (Interference) _ mexsierebis fenomeni,
romelic maSin xdeba, rodesac mogonebis mim-
niSneblebi ver miuTiTeben efeqturad erT konkre-
tul movlenaze.
intimuroba (intimacy) _ meore adamianisadmi srulad
_ emociurad, seqsualurad da moralurad _
mindobis unari.
informaciuli gavlena (Informational influence) jgufis
efeqti, romelic warmoiSoba individis survilis
safuZvelze, iyos koreqtuli, swori da icodes,
rogor unda moiqces mocemul situaciaSi.
ionuri arxebi (Ion channels) nervuli ujredis
membranis nawilebi, romlebic ionTa SerCeviT
ganvladobas uzrunvelyofen.
kaTarzisi (Catharsis) Zlieri, magram, rogorc wesi,
gandevnili emociebis gamoxatvis procesi.
kanis SegrZnebebi (Cutaneous senses) _ wnevis, siTbosa
da sicivis SegrZnebebi.
kargad yofna (Wellness) _ optimaluri janmrTeloba,
romelic aerTianebs fizikur, inteleqtualur,
emociur, sulier, socialur da garemos sxva-
dasxva sferoSi sruli da aqtiuri funqcioni-
rebis unars.
karibWis kontrolis Teoria (Gate-control theory) _
tkivilis Semcireba, romelic xdeba maSin, roca
zurgis tvinis garkveuli ujredebi moqmedebs
rogorc kari, uSlis xels tkivilis gavrcelebas
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da misi zogierTi signalis blokirebas axdens;
zogierTs ki agzavnis Tavis tvinSi.
kenon-bardis emociis Teoria (Cannon-Bard theory on
emotion) _ am Teoriis mixedviT, emociuri stimuli
iwvevs or erTdroul reaqcias _ agznebasa da
emociis gancdas, romlebic erTmaneTs ar gana-
pirobeben.
kefis wili (Parietal lobe) tvinis yvelaze ufro ukana
nawili; moicavs pirvelad mxedvelobiT qerqs.
kvlevis Semdgomi interviu (Debriefing) _ mkvlevari
maqsimalur informacias miawodebs kvlevis Se-
saxeb da ar gauSvebs monawiles, sanam ar dar-
wmundeba, rom is aRelvebuli, dabneuli, an
damorcxvebuli ar aris.
kinesTetikuri SegrZneba (Kinesthetic sense) _ infor-
macia Cveni sxeulisa da misi nawilebis moZra-
obisa da mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba (Classical Conditioning)
daswavlis tipi, romelSic qceva (ganpirobebuli
reaqcia) gamowveulia stimuliT (ganpirobebuli
stimuli), romelic, Tavis mxriv, ganmtkicebulia
biologiurad mniSvnelovan stimulTan asocia-
ciis gamo (ganupirobebeli stimuli).
klienti (Client) termini gamoiyeneba im pirovnebis
aRsaniSnad, romlis mimarTac xorcieldeba Tera-
piuli RonisZiebebi. mas iyeneben specialistebi,
romlebic fsiqologiur aSlilobebs `cxov-
rebiseul problemebad~ miiCneven da ara fsiqi-
kur daavadebad.
klientze centrirebuli Terapia (Client centered therapy)
mkurnalobisadmi humanisturi midgoma, rome-
lic xazs usvams pirovnebis jansaR fsiqologiur
zrdas; efuZneba mosazrebas, rom yvela adamiani
xasiaTdeba TviTaqtualizaciis umTavresi tenden-
ciiT.
klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba (Major depressive
disorder) _ guneba-ganwyobilebis aSliloba, rome-
lic xasiaTdeba droSi ganfenili daTrgunu-
lobis intensiuri grZnobiT bipolaruli dep-
resiis maniakaluri fazis gareSe.
klinikuri ekologia (Clinical ecology) fsiqologiis
dargi, romelic iseT aSlilobebs, rogoricaa
SfoTviTi aSliloba da depresia, garemoSi arse-
bul gamRizianeblebs ukavSirebs.
klinikuri socialuri muSaki (Clinical social worker)
specialuri programiT momzadebuli fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis profesionali, romelic adamianTa
problemebs socialur konteqstSi ganixilavs.
klinikuri fsiqologi (Clinical psychologist) pirovneba,
romelsac miRebuli aqvs doqtoris xarisxi
fsiqologiaSi da specializirdeba fsiqolo-
giuri problemebis Sefasebasa da mkurnalobaSi.
kognitur-bihevioraluri modifikacia (Cognitive be-
havior modification) _ Terapiuli midgoma, romelic
aerTianebs motivaciasa da qcevaze azrebisa da
ganwyobebis gavlenaze kognitur aqcents da,
meore mxriv, qcevis modifikaciisas pirobiTi
ganmtkicebis bihevioralur aqcents.
kognituri ganviTareba (cognitive development) _ Semec-
nebis procesis ganviTareba, romelic moicavs
warmosaxvas, aRqmas, azrovnebasa da amocanis
gadawyvetas.
kognituri disonansi (Cognitive dissonance) Teoria,
romlis mixedviTac, araTavsebadi kognituri ele-
mentebis mier Seqmnili daZabulobis gamomwvevi
efeqtebi adamianebs ubiZgeben, moaxdinon aseTi
daZabulobis Semcireba.
kognituri Terapia (Cognitive therapy) fsiqoTera-
piuli mkurnalobis forma, romliTac cdiloben
problemuri grZnobebisa da qcevebis Secvlas,
mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli movlenebisadmi
klientis damokidebulebis SecvliT.
kognituri mecniereba (Cognitive science) informaciis
gadamuSavebis procesebisa da sistemebis kvlevis
interdisciplinaruli sfero.
kognituri mimdinareoba (Cognitive perspective) _ fsi-
qologiis mimdinareoba, romelic aqcents akeTebs
adamianis azrovnebis da codnis SeZenis proce-
sebze, rogoricaa; yuradReba, azrovneba, damax-
sovreba, molodini, problemis gadaWra, fantazia
da cnobiereba.
kognituri procesebi (Cognitive processes) iseTi
umaRlesi fsiqikuri procesebi, rogoricaa: aRqma,
mexsiereba, metyveleba, problemis gadawyveta
da abstraqtuli azrovneba.
kognituri ruka (Cognitive map) fizikuri sivrcis
gonebrivi reprezentacia.
kognituri fsiqologia (Cognitive Psychology) mec-
niereba, romelic Seiswavlis umaRles fsiqi-
kur procesebs yuradRebas, enis gamoyenebas,
aRqmas, problemis gadaWras da azrovnebas.
kognituri Sefaseba (Cognitive appraisal) _ emociebTan
mimarTebaSi procesi, romlis meSveobiTac fizio-
logiuri agzneba gaiazreba im konkretul gare-
moebaTa mixedviT, romelSic is iyo gancdili.
agreTve, stresoris amocnoba da Sefaseba, raTa
dadgindes safrTxis sidide da misi daZlevi-
saTvis saWiro resursebi da Sesatyvisi daZlevis
strategiebi.
kodireba (Encoding) _ procesi, romlis saSualebiTac
mexsierebaSi formirdeba mentaluri reprezen-
taciebi.
kodirebis specifikuroba (Encoding specificity) _ es prin-
cipi gulisxmobs, rom aRdgenili informaciis
raodenoba matulobs, Tu daxsomebis da aRdgenis
procesSi erTi da igive mimniSneblebi moqmedeben.
kovariaciis principi (Covariation principle) Teoria,
romelic amtkicebs, rom adamianebi qcevisa da
misi mizezis dakavSirebas axdenen principiT: Tu
arsebobs es mizezi, maSin iarsebebs qcevac da,
piriqiT, Tu ar arsebobs es mizezi, ar iarsebebs
qcevac.
koleqtiuri aracnobieri (Collective unconscious) _
individis aracnobieris nawili, romelic Tanda-
yolilia, evoluciuradaa Camoyalibebuli da
saerToa saxeobis yvela warmomadgenlisaTvis.
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komorbidi (Comorbidity) _ erTdroulad erTze meti
aSliloba.
komforti kontaqtisas (Contact comfort) _ dedasTan
an sxva mzrunvelTan Cvilis fizikuri siaxlo-
vidan momdinare komforti.
konvergencia (Convergence) _ saganze fiqsaciisas Tva-
lebi, SigniT, erTmaneTisken Sebruneba.
konservacia (Conservation) _ piaJes mixedviT, gaazreba
imisa, rom, Tu araferi emateba an araferi akldeba,
sagnis fizikuri Tvisebebi ar icvleba maSinac ki,
rodesac icvleba misi garegnuli saxe.
konsistentobis paradoqsi (Consistency pradox) _
movlena, romlis drosac pirovnebis Sefasebebi
sxvadasxva dros da gansxvavebuli damkvirveb-
lebis mier konsistenturia, maSin, rodesac
adamianis qcevis Sefasebebi sxvadasxva situaciebSi
ar aris konsistenturi.
kontaqtis hipoTeza (Cotact hipothesis) idea, rom mtrul
jgufebs Soris pirdapiri kontaqti amcirebs
crurwmenebs.
konteqstualuri gamokveTa (Contextual distinctiveness) _
Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac mwkrivis ad-
gilmdebareobis efeqtze SeiZleba gavlena moax-
dinos konteqstma da gamokveTilma warsulma
gamocdilebam.
kontrgadatana (Countertransference) situacia, rodesac
fsiqoanalitikoss pirovnuli grZnobebi uCndeba
pacientis mimarT, radgan pacients sakuTar cxov-
rebaSi arsebuli mniSvnelovani adamianis msgavsad
aRiqvams.
kontrganpirobeba (Counterconditioning) Terapiuli
teqnika, romliTac xdeba gamomuSavebuli axali
reaqciiT araadapturi reaqciis Canacvleba.
kontrolirebadi procesebi (Controlled processes) _
procesebi, romlebic moiTxoven yuradRebas; xSi-
rad rTulia erTdroulad erTze meti kontro-
lirebadi procesis erTd ganxorcieleba.
kontrolis procedurebi (Control procedures) _ meTodebi,
romelTa saSualebiTac eqsperimentatori cdilobs
mudmivi hqondes yvela cvladi da piroba, garda
ganzrax Semotanili damoukidebeli cvladisa.
konformuloba (Conformity) adamianebis tendencia,
moergon referentuli jgufis sxva wevrebis
qcevebs, ganwyobebsa da Rirebulebebs.
konceptualuri mtkicebuleba (Consensual validation) _
realobaze cnobieri Sexedulebebis urTierT-
miRebaa.
korelaciis koeficienti (r) (Correlation coefficient) _
statistika, romelic or cvlads Soris kavSiris
xarisxs aCvenebs.
korelaciis meTodi (Correlational method) _ gansazR-
vravs, Tu ra zomiTaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli
ori cvladi.
korZiani sxeuli (Corpus callosum) nervul boWkoTa
erToblioba, romelic tvinis or hemisferos akav-
Sirebs.
kreatuloba (Creativity) garemosTvis adekvaturi da
axali ideebisa da produqtebis generirebis unari.
kristalizebuli inteleqti (Cristallized intelligence) _
inteleqtis aspeqti, romelSic Sedis pirovnebis
ukve SeZenili codna da am codnis gamoyeneba-
gazrdis unari; izomeba leqsikuri maragis, ariT-
metikuli da zogadi informirebulobis testebiT.
kulturuli mimdinareoba (Cultural perspective) _ aqcents
qcevis mizezebis da Sedegebis kros-kulturul
sxvaobaze akeTebs.
libido (Libido) _ fsiqikuri energia, romelic mimar-
Tavs individs yvela tipis SegrZnebiTi, gansa-
kuTrebiT ki, seqsualuri siamovnebisaken.
limburi sistema (Limbic system) Tavis tvinis regioni,
romelic aregulirebs emociur qcevas, ZiriTad
motivaciur survilebs da mexsierebas, aseve
mTavar fiziologiur funqciebs.
lokokina (Cochlea) _ smenis ZiriTadi organo; siTxiT
gavsebuli spiralurad daxveuli mili, romelic
moTavsebulia Sida yurSi.
longituduri meTodi (longitudinal design) _ kvlevis
meTodi, romlis drosac erTsa da imaive cdis
pirebze warmoebs ganmeorebiTi dakvirveba droTa
ganmavlobaSi, zogjer mravali wlis manZilze.
ltolva (Drive) _ Sinagani mdgomareoba, romelic
aRmocendeba wonasworobis darRvevisas cxovelis
fiziologiuri moTxovnilebis sapasuxod.
magnitur-rezonansuli tomografia (MRI) tvinis
suraTebis Seqmnis meTodi, romelic magnitur
velebsa da radiotalRebs iyenebs.
maniakaluri epizodi (Manic episode) _ bipolaruli
aSlilobis komponenti, romelic xasiaTdeba
ukiduresi aRfrTovanebisa da usazRvro eiforiis
periodebiT, grandiozulobis grZnobebiTa da
azrebiT, sakmarisi mizezis da realuri pirovnuli
SesaZleblobebis ararsebobis pirobebSi.
mediana (Median) _ qula, romlis zemoT da qvemoT
Tanabari raodenobiT qulebia moTavsebuli,
centraluri tendenciis sazomi.
meditacia (Meditation) _ cnobierebis Secvlis forma,
romelic mowodebulia TviTcnobierebis Semci-
rebis saSualebiT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb codnisa
da TviTSegrZnebis gaumjobesebisaTvis.
memkvidreobiToba (Heredity) niSan-Tvisebebis biolo-
giuri gadacema mSoblebidan STamomavlobaze.
memkvidreobiTobis Sefaseba (Heritability estimate) _ mo-
cemuli Tvisebis an qcevis memkvidreobiTobis xa-
risxis statistikuri Sefaseba dadgenili im
individTa mixedviT, romlebic icvlebian maTi
genetikuri msgavsebis xarisxiT.
menarqe (Menarche) _ menstrualuri ciklis dawyeba.
me-s koncefcia (Self-concept) _ adamianis unarebis da
atributebis Sesaxeb misi fsiqikuri modeli.
meta-analizi (Meta-analysis) _ hipoTezebis Semowmebeli
statiskituri meTodi, romelic iZleva formaluri
meqanizms mravali sxvadasxvagvari eqsperimentis
monacemebSi zogadi daskvnebis gamosavlenad.
metamexsiereba (Metamemory) _ implicituri an
eqsplicituri codna mexsierebis unarebis da
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mexsierebis efeqturi strategiebis Sesaxeb. mexsie-
rebis Semecneba.
mecnieruli meTodi (Scientific method) _ monacemTa Seg-
rovebisa da interpretaciis procedurebis er-
Toblioba, romlis saSualebiTac minimumamdea
miRebuli.
mexsiereba (Memory) _ informaciis kodirebis, Senax-
visa da aRdgenis fsiqikuri unari.
mexsierebis eqsplicituri gamoyeneba (Explicit uses of
memoty) _ cnobieri Zalisxmeva mexsierebidan
informaciis aRdgenisa.
mexsierebis implicituri gamoyeneba (Umplicit uses of
memory) _ kodirebis da aRdgenis procesebis gauc-
nobiereblad informaciis daxsomeba da aRdgena.
migebis norma (Reciprociti norm) _ molodini, rom
gaweuli samsaxuri dagibrundeba. Tu erTi adamiani
meores raimes ukeTebs, meoremac raime unda
gaukeTos sapasuxod.
midrekileba-stresis hipoTeza (Diathesis-stress hypoth-
esis) _ hipoTeza zogierTi aSlilobis mizezis
Sesaxeb, rogoricaa Sizofrenia, romlis mixed-
viTac, individSi genetikuri faqtorebi qmnian
garkveuli aSlilobisadmi midrekilebas, magram
garemo pirobebidan momdinare stresulma faq-
torebma biZgi unda misces am potencias, raTa
gamovlindes.
mizniT marTuli seleqcia (Goal-directed selection) _
gansazRvravs imas, Tu adamianebi ratom irCeven
Semomavali sensoruli informaciis raRac nawils
Semdegi gadamuSavebisaTvis. SerCeva adamianis
miznebidan gamomdinare xdeba.
miRwevis moTxovnileba (Need for achievement n Ach) _
savaraudod, adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnileba _
miznis miRwevisaken swrafvis moTxovnileba,
romelic qmnis adamianis azrebisa da qcevebis
farTo speqtris motivaciur safuZvels.
miCveva (Addiction) _ mdgomareoba, rodesac organizmi
iTxovs narkotiks, raTa funqcionireba SeZlos,
mis aryofnaze yovelgvari fizikuri da fsiqo-
logiuri reaqciebis gareSe; xSirad Tan sdevs
tolerantobasa da damokidebuleba.
mijaWvuloba (Attachment) _ emociuri urTierToba
bavSvsa da masze regularulad mzrunvel mozr-
dils Soris.
mnemonikuri xerxebi (Mnemonics) _ strategiebi an
saSualebebi, romlebic xels uwyoben faqtebis
grZeli mwkrivis aRbeWdvas nacnob da adre
aRbeWdil informaciasTan dakavSirebis gziT.
mogrZo tvini (Medulla) tvinis Reros ubani, rome-
lic akontrolebs sunTqvas, sifxizles da gu-
liscemas.
mogoneba (Recall) _ aRdgenis meTodi, romlis drosac
individs moeTxoveba adre miwodebuli informa-
ciis reproduqcia.
mogonebis mimniSneblebi (Retrieval cues) _ Signidan an
garedan momdinare stimulebi, romlebic gvexmare-
bian mexsierebaSi garkveuli informaciis moZeb-
naSi.
modelireba monawileobis meSveobiT (Participant
modeling) Terapiuli teqnika, rodesac Terapevti
uCvenebs sasurvel qcevas da klients mxardamWeri
waxalisebiT exmareba modelis mier ganxorci-
elebuli qcevis gameorebaSi.
moTxovniTi maxasiaTeblebi (Demand characteristics) _
eqsperimentuli situaciis maniSneblebi, rom-
lebic zemoqmedeben cdis pirebze da aniSneben
maT, Tu ras elian maTgan.
moTxovnilebebis ierarqia (Hierarchi of needs) _ mas-
lous Sexeduleba, rom bazisuri adamianuri
motivebi qmnis ierarqias da, rom moTxovnileba
ierarqiis TiToeul doneze garkveuli inten-
siobiT unda dakmayofildes, romlis Sedegadac
SesaZlebeli iqneba miaRwio momdevno dones. es
moTxovnilebebi progresirdeba bazisuri biolo-
giuri moTxovnilebebidan transcedenturo-
bisaken.
molodinis efeqti (Expentancy effects) _ Sedegi, rome-
lic maSin Cndeba, roca mkvlevari Zalauneburad
mianiSnebs monawileebs, ra tipis qcevas moelis
maTgan, riTic mosalodnel reaqcias iRebs.
momwifeba (Maturation) _ ganviTarebis ganmavlobaSi
memkvidreobis uwyveti gavlena; saxeobebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli, asakTan dakavSirebuli fizi-
kuri da qceviTi cvlilebebi.
molodinis Teoria (Expectancy theory) _ samuSo moti-
vaciis Teoria, romlis mixedviT, muSaki moti-
virebulia maSin, roca elis, rom misi Zalisxmeva
da samuSos Sesruleba sasurvel Sedegs gamoi-
Rebs.
moraluroba (Morality) _ rwmenaTa da faseulobaTa
sistema, romelic iZleva garantias, rom individi
Seasrulebs Tavis valdebulebas sazogadoebis
sxva wevrebis winaSe da moiqceva ise, rom winaaR-
mdegobaSi ar movides sxvaTa uflebebTan da
interesebTan.
mosvenebis potenciali neironis Sida areSi arse-
buli ujreduli siTxis polarizacia, romelic
uzrunvelyofs moqmedebis potencialis warmoq-
mnis unars.
motivacia (Motivation) _ fizikuri da fsiqikuri
aqtivobebis dawyebis, mimarTulebis micemis da
marTvis procesi; moicavs meqanizmebs, romlebic
CarTulia erTi aqtivobisaTvis meoresTan Seda-
rebiT upiratesobis miniWebaSi da energiasa da
mdgradobas sZens reaqciebs.
motoruli neironi (Motor neurons) _ neironi, romelic
informacias centraluri nervuli sistemidan
kunTebisken da jirkvlebisken atarebs.
motoruli qerqi (Motor cortex) didi tvinis qerqis
ubani, romelic akontrolebs sxeulis nebiT
moZraobebs.
moCvenebiTi moZraoba (Induced motion) _ iluzia, ro-
desac moZrav aTvliT sistemaSi uZravi wertili
moZravad gveCveneba, Tavad aTvlis sistema ki _
uZravad.
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moqmedebis potenciali nervuli impulsi, rome-
lic neironSi warmoiqmneba, aqsonis gaswvriv
vrceldeba da iwvevs sinafsSi neirotransmi-
terebis gamoTavisuflebas.
msmenelis gaTvaliswineba (Audience design) _ konkre-
tul auditoriaze gaTvlili Sinaarsiis for-
mirebis procesi.
msjeloba (Reasoning) _ azrovnebis procesi, rodesac
vaskvniT faqtebis erTobliobaze dayrdnobiT;
mocemul mizanze an obieqtze mimarTuli azrov-
nebis procesi.
msjeloba (Judjment) _ procesi, romlis saSuale-
biTac adamianebi ayalibeben mosazrebebs, akeTeben
daskvnebs da axdenen adamianebis an movlenebis
kritikul Sefasebas xelmisawvdom masalaze
dayrdnobiT; fsiqikuri aqtivobis Sedegi.
muSa mexsiereba (Working memory) _ mexsierebis unari,
romelic gamoiyeneba, rogorc iseTi amocanebis
Tanmxlebi, rogoricaa mizezobrioba da metyve-
leba. Sedgeba fonologiuri yulfis, sivrciT-
vizualuri matricisa da centraluri aRmas-
ruleblisagan.
mSvidobis fsiqologia (Peace psychology) atomuri
omis prevenciisa da mSvidobis miRwevisadmi inter-
disciplinaruli midgoma.
mSoblebis mier dadgenili qcevis wesebi (Parenting
practices) _ konkretuli aRmzrdelobiTi qceva,
romelic konkretuli aRmzrdelobiTi miznebis
Sesabamisad yalibdeba.
mSobliuri zrunva da wvlili (Parental investment) _
dro da energia, romelic unda daxarjon mSob-
lebma TavianTi STamomavlobis aRsazrdelad.
moZraoba adamianis potencialis ganviTarebisTvis
(Human-potential movement) _ Terapiuli moZraoba,
romelic moicavs yvela im meTods da praqtikul
saqmianobas, romelic xels uwyobs saSualo
adamianis potencialis gamovlenas, misi ufro
srulad gamoyenebisa da pirovnuli gamocdilebis
mniSvnelovnad gamdidrebisa da gamravalfe-
rovnebis mizniT.
mxedvelobis qerqi (Visual cortex) kefis wilis
nawili, sadac mxedvelobiTi informaciis gada-
muSaveba mimdinareobs.
naTxemi (Cerebellum) Tavis tvinis nawili, romelic
ukavSirdeba tvinis Reros da akontrolebs moto-
rul koordinacias, pozas da wonasworobas, aseve
sxeulis moZraobis kontrolis daswavlis unars.
narkolefsia (Narcolepsy) _ Zilis darRveva, romelic
xasiaTdeba dRis ganmavlobaSi daZinebis dauZle-
veli moTxovnilebiT
narCeni (rezidualuri) stresis paterni (Residual
stress pattern) _ qronokuli sindromi, romelSic
posttravmuli emociuri reaqciebi grZeldeba
xangrZlivi drois manZilze.
nevropatiuri tkivili (Neuropathic pain) _ gamowveulia
nervebis aranormaluri an zedmetad aqtiuri
funqcionirebiT; is nervebis dazianebis an daava-
debis mizezia.
nevrotuli aSliloba (Neurotic disorder) _ fsiqikuri
aSliloba, romlis drosac pirovnebas ar aReniS-
neba Tavis tvinis paTologiebi da ar avlens mo-
Warbebul, mkveTrad gamoxatul iracionalur
azrovnebas an ar arRvevs qcevis ZiriTad normebs,
Tumca, ganicdis subieqtur distress. es kategoria
gadmotanilia DSM-III-dan.
neiromecniereba (Neuroscience) moZRvreba nervuli
sistemisa da qcevaze misi gavlenis Sesaxeb.
neiromodulatori (Neuromodulator) substancia,
romelic cvlis an amodulirebs postsinafsuri
neironis aqtivobas.
neironi (Neuron) nervuli sistemis ujredi,
romelic specializebulia miiRos, gadaamuSavos
da/an gadasces informacia sxva ujredebs.
neirotransmiterebi (Neurotransmitters) qimiuri mesen-
jerebi, romlebic neironebidan gamoiyofa, gaiv-
lis sinafss, aRwevs meore neirons da mis sti-
mulacias iwvevs.
niSani (Trait) _ myari pirovnuli Tvisebebi an atri-
butebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen qcevaze gan-
sxvavebul situaciebSi.
normaluri mrudi (Normal curve) _ simetriuli mrudi,
romelic mravali fsiqologiuri Tvisebis amsax-
veli qulebis ganawilebas aCvenebs, saSualebas
aZlevs mkvlevrebs imsjelon, ramdenad araCveu-
lebrivia movlena, an Sedegi.
normatuli gavlena (Normative influence) _ jgufis
efeqti, romelic warmoiSoba individis survilis
safuZvelze, iyos jgufis mier mowonebuli,
miRebuli da aRiarebuli.
normatiuli kvleva (Normative investigation) _ gu-
lisxmobs gansazRvruli asakisa Tu ganviTarebis
safexurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis
aRweras.
normebi (Norms) _ standartizirebulia individebis
didi jgufebis gazomvis safuZvelze. normebi
saWiroa imisaTvis, rom SevadaroT individisa
da ama Tu im gansazRvruli jgufis normebi.
normis kristalizacia (Norm cristalization) jgufis
wevrebis molodinebis Tanxvedra erToblivi
msjelobis an aqtivobis pirobebSi.
nocicefturi tkivili (Nociceptive pain) _ gamowveulia
mavne zemoqmedebis mqone eqsternaluri stimu-
liT; kanSi arsebuli specializebuli nervuli
daboloebebi agzavnian tkivilis Sesaxeb Setyo-
binebas kanidan zurgis tvinis gavliT Tavis tvinSi.
nuSisebri kompleqsi (Amygdala) limburi sistemis
nawili, romelic akontrolebs emocias, agresiasa
da emociuri mexsierebis formirebas.
obieqtTa mudmivoba (object permanence) _ mixvedra
imisa, rom sagnebi arseboben individis mier maTi
gacnobierebisa da individis moqmedebisgan da-
moukideblad; Cvilobis asakis mniSvnelovani kog-
nituri SenaZeni.
obieqt-urTierTobis Teoria (Object relation theory)
fsiqoanalitikuri Teoria, romelic momdina-
reobs melani kleinis mosazrebidan imis Sesaxeb,
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rom samyaros Cveneuli gancdis `samSeneblo
agurebs~ siyvarulisa da siZulvilis obieq-
tebTan _ Cveni cxovrebis mniSvnelovan adamia-
nebTan _ urTierToba qmnis.
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSliloba (Obsessive-compul-
sive disorder OCD) _ fsiqikuri aSliloba, romelic
xasiaTdeba obsesiebiT, anu akviatebuli, ganmeore-
badi azrebiT, warmodgenebiT an impulsebiT,
romelic meordeba da ewinaaRmdegeba gandevnis
mcdelobebs da kompulsiebiT, anu ganmeorebadi,
mizanmimarTuli moqmedebebiT, romelic garkveu-
li wesebis mixedviT an ritualebis saxiT xorci-
eldeba.
odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba (Just noticeable difference _ JND)
_ umciresi gansxvaveba or SegrZnebas Soris, rom-
lebic SeiZleba miCneul iqnen gansxvavebulebad.
orazrovani gamosaxuleba (Ambiguity) _ perceptuli
obieqti, romelsac SeiZleba erTze meti interpre-
tacia hqondes.
organizaciis fsiqologi (Organizational psychologist)
_ aregulirebs adamianuri urTierTobebis sxva-
dasxava aspeqtebs, rogoricaa TanamSromelTa
Soris informaciis gacvla, momsaxure person-
alis socialuri da kulturuli adaptacia,
marTvis stili da unarebi, samuSaosadmi an/da
organizaciisadmi damokidebuleba da erTguleba,
samuSaoTi kmayofileba, stresi da gadawva/
gamofitva da, aseve, mTlianad cxovrebis xarisxi
samuSaoze.
organizmis cvladebi (Organizamic variables) _ organiz-
mis qcevis Sinagani determinanti.
orientaciis/mimarTulebis konstantoba (Orientation
constancy) _ samyaroSi sagnebis realuri mimarTu-
lebis aRqmis unari, retinaluri gamosaxulebis
mimarTulebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
ormagad brma kontroli (Double-blind control) _ eqspe-
rimentuli teqnika, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs
Tavidan aviciloT eqsperimentatoris molodinis
efeqti imiT, rom arc asistentma da arc monawi-
leebma ar ician, romel pirobaSi moxvdnen isini.
ormxrivi (reciprokuli) altruizmi (Reciprocal
altruizm) idea, romlis Tanaxmadac adamianebi
altruistul qcevebs axorcieleben imitom, rom
sxvebis mxridanac maT mimarT altruistuli
qcevebis ganxorcielebas moelian.
operantruli ganpirobebuloba (Operant conditioning)
_ daswavlis forma, romelSic reaqciis alba-
Toba icvleba Sedegebis mixedviT.
operantulobis Caqroba (Operant extinction) rodesac
qceva aRar moaswavebs aranair Sedegs, igi
brundeba gamovlenis im sixSireze, romelzec
iyo operantul ganpirobebulobamde.
operantuli qceva (Operant Behavior) _ organizmis
gamovlena, romelic xasiaTdeba dakvirvebadobiT
im gavlenis mixedviT, rasac igi garemoze axdens.
operaciuli gansazRvreba (Operational definition) _
axdens cvladis an pirobis definicias kon-
kretuli operaciebis an procedurebis terminebiT.
optikuri nervi (Optic nerve) _ gangliozuri ujre-
debis aqsonebi, romlebic atareben informacias
Tvalidan tvinisaken.
paTofsiqologia (Abnormal psychology) _ fsiqo-
logiuri kvlevis sfero, romelic fokusirdeba
gonebis, guneba-ganwyobilebisa da qcevis
individualuri paTologiebis bunebis Secnobaze.
panikuri aSliloba (Panic disorder) _ SfoTviTi aSli-
loba, rodesac individi ganicdis moulodnel
mwvave panikur Setevebs, rac intensiuri daZabu-
lobis, SiSisa an saSinelebis grZnobiT iwyeba.
paraleluri procesebi (Parallel processes) _ ori an
meti fsiqikuri procesi, romelic erTdroulad
mimdinareobs.
paraleluri formebi (Parallel forms) _ testis sxva-
dasxva versiis gamoyeneba testis sandoobis
Sesafaseblad; formebis Secvla amcirebs pir-
dapiri gamoyenebis, damaxsovrebis efeqts an
individis survils, gamoavlinos konsisten-
turoba erTi da igive amocanis mimarT.
parasimpaTikuri sistema (Parasympathetic division)
avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic
yoveldRiur funqciebs asrulebs da inaxavs
sxeulis energias.
pasuxismgeblobis difuzia (Diffusion of responsibility)
_ sagangebo pirobebSi rac ufro didia TviT-
mxilvelTa ricxvi, miT ufro naklebia TiToeuli
maTganis pasuxismgebloba daxmarebis aRmoCenis
TvalsazrisiT.
pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma (Response bias) _ sis-
tematuri tendencia, romelic Sedegia arasenso-
ruli xasiaTis faqtorebis zemoqmedebisa dam-
kvirvebelze da ganapirobebs garkveuli gziT
reagirebas.
pacienti (Patient) termini gamoiyeneba im pirovnebis
aRsaniSnad, romlis mimarTac xorcieldeba Te-
rapiuli RonisZiebebi. mas iyeneben specialis-
tebi, romlebic fsiqologiuri problemebis mkur-
nalobas biosamedicino kuTxiT udgebian.
periferiuli nervuli sistema (pns) (Peripherical nervius
system - PNS) nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic
spinaluri da kranialuri nervebisagan Sedgeba,
romelTa meSveobiTac xorcieldeba kavSiri cns-
sa da sensorul receptorebs, kunTebsa da jir-
kvlebs Soris.
perceptuli konstantoba (Perceptual constancy) _ sagnis
xatis ucvlelad darCena, retinaluri gamosaxu-
lebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
perceptuli organizacia (Perceptual organization) _
procesebi, romlebic sensorul informacias
aerTianeben, raTa aRqmas miscen TvalsaCino saxe
vizualur velSi.
pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli (Primary reinforcers) _ bio-
logiurad gansazRvruli ganmamtkicebeli, ro-
goricaa: saWmeli da wyali.
pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli (Conditioned reinforcers)
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis mixedviT aris
yofili neitraluri stimuli, romelic ganmamtki-
ceblad iqca.
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pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTva (Contingency
menegement) zogadi mkurnalobis strategia,
romelic gulisxmobs qcevis Secvlas Tanmimdev-
ruli cvlilebis saSualebiT.
pirobiTi ganmtkiceba (Reinforcement contingency) _ myari
kavSiri reaqciasa da garemos im cvlilebebs
Soris, romlebsac es reaqcia iwvevs.
pirovneba (Personality) _ individis unikaluri fsi-
qologiuri Tvisebebi, romlebic droTa ganmav-
lobaSi gavlenas axdens damaxasiaTebeli qceviTi
(rogorc Ria, ise faruli) paternebis speqtrze
gansxvavebul situaciebSi.
pirovnebis tipebi (Personality types) _ pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebis calkeuli paternebi, romlebic
gamoiyeneba adamianebis kategoriebisadmi mikuT-
vnebisaTvis; ara xarisxobrivi, aramed Tvisebrivi
gansxvavebebi, romlebic adamianebis gansasxva-
veblad ixmareba.
pirovnebis fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi (Psychodynamic
personality theories) _ pirovnebis Teoriebi, romlebic
iziareben daSvebas, rom pirovnebis formireba
da misi qcevis motivireba xdeba Zlieri Sinagani
Zalebis mier.
pirovnuli aSliloba (Personality disorder) _ aRqmis,
azrovnebisa da qcevis qronikuli, xisti, ara-
adapturi paterni, romelic seriozulad auare-
sebs individis funqcionirebis SesaZleblobas
socialur da sxva garemoSi.
placebo efeqti (Placebo effect) _ maSin Cndeba, roca
eqsperimentis monawileebi eqsperimentuli mani-
pulaciis Carevis gareSe icvlian qcevas.
placebo Terapia (Placebo therapy) _ nebismieri speci-
fikuri klinikuri procedurisgan damoukidebeli
Terapia, romelic iwvevs klients mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebas.
placebo kontroli (Placebo control) _ eqsperimentuli
pirobaa, rodesac Careva ar xdeba da im Sem-
TxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, roca placebo efeqtis
saSiSroeba Cndeba.
populacia (Population) _ individTa sruli erTob-
lioba, romelzec, eqsperimentul SerCevaze
dayrdnobiT, generalizacia keTdeba.
posttravmuli stresis aSliloba ((Posttraumatic stress
disorder - PTSD) _ SfoTviTi aSliloba, romelic
xasiaTdeba matravmirebeli movlenis mudmivad
ganmeorebadi gancdiT _ Semawuxebeli mogone-
bebis, sizmrebis, halucinaciebis da disociaciuri
`gamonaTebebis~ saxiT; viTardeba gaupatiurebis,
sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi movlenebis, Zlieri
dasaxiCrebis, an bunebrivi katastrofebis pasuxad.
praimingi (Priming) _ implicituri mexsierebis Sefa-
sebisas upiratesoba, romelic adre gagonil
sityvas, an nanax situacias eniWeba.
prefrontaluri lobotomia (Prefrontal lobotomy) _
operacia, romlis drosac iWreba Tavis tvinis
Sublis wilebisa da diencefalonis Semaer-
Tebeli nervuli boWkoebi, gansakuTrebiT, Tala-
musTan da hipoTalamusTan ganlagebuli boWkoebi;
fsiqoqirurgiis yvelaze cnobili forma.
problemis gadawyveta (Problem solving) _ azrovnebis
procesi, romelic mimarTulia konkretuli prob-
lemis gadawyvetaze, romelic sawyisi momentidan
miznis miRwevamde mimdinareobs mTeli rigi
fsiqikuri operaciebis saSualebiT.
problemuri situacia (Problem space) _ elementebi,
romlebic qmnian problemas: sawyisi mdgomareoba
_ arasruli informacia an pirovnebisaTvis
aradamakmayofilebeli pirobebi; mizani _ infor-
macia an mdgomareoba, romelsac eswrafvis ada-
miani; operaciebis erToblioba _ pirovnebis mier
sawyisi mdgomareobidan sasurvel miznamde
misaRwevad gavlili safexurebi.
proeqciuli testi (Projective tests) _ pirovnebis
Sefasebis meTodi, romelSic individs uCveneben
orazrovani/abstraqtuli stimulebis erTobli-
obas da sTxoven maTi mniSvnelobis interpreta-
cias; iTvleba, rom individis pasuxebi avlens
mis Sinagan grZnobebs, motivebsa da konfliqtebs.
prosocialuri qcevebi (Prosocial behaviors) _ qcevebi,
romlebic sxva adamianebis daxmarebis mizniT
sruldeba.
prototipi (Prototype) _ kategoriis yvelaze rep-
rezentaciuli magaliTi.
profesiuli gamofitva _ sindromi, gulisxmobs
emociur gamofitvas, depersonalizacias da pi-
rovnuli realizaciis Semcirebas, romelsac
xSirad ganicdian isini, romlebic Zlieri stresis
pirobebSi muSaoben.
proqsimaluri stimuli (Proximal stimulus) _ dista-
luri stimulisagan anu samyaroSi fizikuri sag-
nisagan gansxvavebiT, baduraze miRebuli opti-
kuri gamosaxuleba.
proceduruli mexsiereba (Procedural memory) _ mi-
marTulia imaze, Tu rogor unda Sesruldes
moqmedeba; rogor, ra gziT unda moxdes percep-
tuli, kognituri da motoruli Cvevebis SeZena
da gamoyeneba.
pubertati (puberty) _ sqesobrivi momwifebis miRweva.
misi maCvenebeli gogonebTan aris menarqe (pirveli
menstruacia), xolo biWebTan _ cocxali spermis
warmoebisa da eakulaciis unari.
racionalur-emociuri Terapia (reT) (Rational-emo-
tive therapy RET) pirovnebis Secvlis yovlis-
momcveli sistema, romelic im iracionaluri
azrebis tranformacias efuZneba, romelic iwvevs
arasasurvel, Zlieri emociuri muxtis mqone iseT
reaqcia, rogoricaa Zlieri SfoTva.
reversiis Teoria (Reversal theory) _ Teoria, romelic
xsnis adamianis motivacias erTi metamotivaciuri
mgomareobidan meore, sapirispiro mdgomareobaSi
reversiis (gadasvlis) terminebiT.
rekonstruqciuli mexsiereba (Reconstructive memory)
_ mexsierebis konkretuli reprezentaciebis
ararsebobis pirobebSi Senaxuli codnis zogad
tipebze dayrdnobiT informaciis erTad ganla-
gebis procesi.
relaqsaciuri reaqcia _ mdgomareoba, rodesac mcir-
deba kunTebis daZabuloba, Tavis tvinis qerqis
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aqtivoba (Cortical activity), guliscema da sisxlis
wneva, neldeba sunTqva.
reprezentatuli SerCeva (Representative sample) _ Ser-
Ceva populaciis reprezentatulia, Tu is imeo-
rebs populaciis zogad maxasiaTeblebs, rogo-
rebicaa, magaliTad, sqesi, asaki da sxva.
reprezentaciuli evristika (Representativeness heuris-
tic) kognituri strategia, romelic miakuTvnebs
obieqts garkveul kategorias, am katego-
riisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ramdenime niSnis
safuZvelze.
represia anu gandevna (Repression) _ ZiriTadi dacvis
meqanizmi, romliTac mtkivneuli an danaSaulis
gancdis gamomwvevi azrebi, grZnobebi an mogone-
bebi ganidevneba cnobierebidan.
retikuluri formacia tvinis Reros ubani, ro-
melic gansazRvravs Tavis tvinis mzaobas, miiRos
sensoruli informacia da pasuxismgebelia
cnobierebis SenarCunebasa da gamofxizlebaze.
retinaluri disparati (Retinal disparity) _ Tvalebis
baduraze gamosaxulebebis horizontalur po-
ziciebs Soris Seusabamoba.
refleqsi (Reflex) _ specifikuri stimuliT gamow-
veuli dauswavleli pasuxi, romelsac biolo-
giuri mniSvneloba aqvs organizmisaTvis.
refraqteruli periodi (Refractory period) mosvenebis
periodi, romlis ganmavlobaSic axali nervuli
impulsi ver warmoiqmneba aqsonis segmentSi.
receptoruli veli (Receptive field) _ adgili mxed-
velobiT velSi, saidanac mocemuli gangliozuri
ujredi iRebs informacias.
reciprokuli determinizmi (Reciprocal determinism) _
albert banduras socialuri daswavlis Teoriis
cneba, romelic ukavSirdeba mosazrebas, rom
individs, mis qcevas da garemos stimulebs Soris
arsebobs rTuli reciprokuli urTierTqmedeba
da rom TiToeuli am komponentebidan moqmedebs
sxvebze.
rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti (Serial position effect)
_ mexsierebidan informaciis aRdgenis procesis
maxasiaTebeli, rodesac mwkrivis dasawyisi da
bolo wevrebis ukeT mogoneba xdeba, vidre
mwkrivis Sua wevrebisa.
ritualuri mkurnaloba (Ritual healing) ceremonia,
romelic mkurnalobis process gansakuTrebul
emociurobasa da mniSvnelobas sZens.
rwmenis efeqti (Elief-bias effect) situacia, romelsac
pirovnebis codna, ganwyoba, Rirebulebebi ama-
xinjebs da romelic cvlis azrovnebis process,
aiZulebs mas miiRos mcdari argumentebi.
sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba (Self-serving bias) _
atribuciul mikerZoebaTa klasi, rodesac ada-
mianebi cdiloben, Tavis damsaxurebad CaTvalon
warmateba, xolo warumateblobisaTvis pasuxis-
mgebloba sxvebs gadaabralon.
samarTlianobis Teoria (Equity theory) _ samuSao
motivaciis kognituri Teoria, romlis mixedviT,
muSaki motivirebulia TanamSromlebTan samar-
SenarCunebaze; agreTve, am Teoriis mixedviT,
samarTliania is urTierTobebi, rodesac mona-
wileTa danaxarji maTi Semosavlis propor-
ciulia.
sampirobiani albaToba (Three Term Coningency) meqa-
nizmi, romliTac organizmi swavlobs, rom kon-
kretuli stimulis SemTxvevaSi misi qceva gav-
lenas moaxdens garemoze.
sando gansxvaveba (Signifficant difference) _ eqsperi-
mentul jgufebs an pirobebs Soris sxvaoba,
romlis SemTxveviT moxdenis albaToba naklebia,
vidre miRebuli sandoobis done; fsiqologiaSi
aseT doned iyeneben 100-dan 5-ze nakleb albaTobas,
anu p<0.05.
sandooba (Reliability) _ xarisxi, romliTac testi
msgavs Sedegebs iZleva yoveli gamoyenebisas,
instrumentis gamoyenebiT miRebuli qulebis
stabiluroba da Sesabamisoba.
sasqeso qromosoma (Sex chrolosomes) qromosomebi,
sadac Tavmoyrilia mamrobiTi Tu mdedrobiTi
Tvisebebis matarebeli genebi.
safeTqlis wili (Temporal lobe) tvinis ubani, ro-
melic lateraluri napralis qvemoTaa moTav-
sebuli; Seicavs smenis qerqs.
sayrdeni Teoriebi (Foundational theories) _ sawyisi
struqturebi, romliTac isini cdiloben samya-
rosTan urTierTobiT miRebuli gamocdilebis
axsnas.
saSualo (Mean) _ qulaTa ariTmetikuli saSualo,
centraluri tendenciis yvelaze xSirad
gamoyenebuli maCvenebeli.
sawinaaRmdego procesebis Teoriis (Opponent-pro-
cess theory) Tanaxmad, nebismieri feris SegrZneba
miiReba sami sistemisagan, romelTagan TiToeuli
Seicavs or òponentur~ elements (wiTeli mwvanis
Savi TeTris sapirispirod).
seleqciuri optimizacia kompensaciiT (Selective opti-
mization with compensation) _ warmatebuli daberebis
strategia, romlis saSualebiTac adamiani maqsi-
malurad zrdis SenaZens da amcirebs asakTan
dakavSirebul danakargs.
seleqciuri socialuri urTierTobebis Teoria
(Selective social interaction theory) _ mosazreba, romlis
mixedviTac, asakis matebasTan erTad adamianebi
ufro seleqciurebi (SerCeviTni) xdebian im
socialuri partniorebis arCevisas, vinc maT
emociur moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebs.
semantikuri mexsiereba (Semantic memories) _ gene-
tikuri, kategoriuli mexsiereba, rogoricaa si-
tyvebis mniSvnelobebi da cnebebi.
sensoruli adaptacia (Sensory adaptation) _ movlena,
roca receptoruli ujredebi kargaven TavianT
Zalas, moaxdinon reagireba garkveuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi ucvlel gamRizinebelze; is iZleva
ufro swrafi reagirebis saSualebas infor-
maciis axal wyaroze.
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sensoruli neironi (Sensory neurons) neironi,
romelic sensoruli receptorebidan infor-
macias centraluri nervuli sistemisken atarebs.
sensoruli receptorebi (Sensory receptors) _ spe-
cializirebuli ujredebi; isini gadaaqceven fi-
zikur signalebs ujredis signalebad, romlebic
Semdeg gadamuSavdeba nervuli sistemis mier.
sensoruli fiziologia (Sensory physiology) _
Seiswavlis fizikuri movlenebis nervul movle-
nebad gadaqcevis biologiur meqanizmebs.
seriuli procesebi (Serial processes) _ ori an meti
fsiqikuri procesi, romelic Tanmimdevrulad,
erTmaneTis Semdeg mimdinareobs.
seti (Set) _ stimulis aRqmis da masze garkveuli
saxiT reagirebis droebiTi mzaoba.
seqsualuri agzneba (Sexual arousal) _ aRgznebisa da
daZabulobis motivaciuri mdgomareoba, romelic
aRmocendeba erotikul stimulebze fiziolo-
giuri da kognituri reaqciebiT.
seqsualuri qcevis scenarebi (Sexual scripts) _ seqsu-
aluri pasuxismgeblobis socialurad daswav-
lili programa.
sibrZne (Wisdom) _ mdidari cxovrebiseuli gamoc-
dilebidan momdinare kompetenturoba cxovrebis
fundamentur sferoebSi.
signalis SemCnevis Teoria (Signal detection theory _
SDT) aris statistikuri midgoma pasuxis sistema-
turi Secdomisadmi, romelmac saSualeba misca
eqsperimentators, ganesazRvra da ganecalkevebina
sensoruli procesebisa da individis faqtoris
roli erTmaneTisagan.
sididis konstantoba (Size constancy)_ sagnis realuri
sididis aRqma, misi retinaluri gamosaxulebebis
cvlilebis miuxedavad.
sizmrebis analizi (Dream analysis) sizmrebis
fsiqoanalituri interpretacia, riTac xdeba
pacientis aracnobieri motivebisa da konfliq-
tebis wvdoma.
sizmris muSaoba (Dream work) _ froidiseul siz-
mrebis analizSi procesi, romliTac Sinagani
cenzura sizmris farul Sinaarss xilul Sinaar-
sad gardaqmnis.
sikaSkaSe (Brightness) _ feris Tviseba, romelic gu-
lisxmobs sinaTlis intensivobas.
simaZRre (Saturation) _ feris Tviseba, romelic gamo-
xatavs imas, Tu ramdenad wmindaa feri.
simorcxve (Shyness) _ individis diskomforti da\an
Sekaveba iseT interpersonalur situaciebSi,
romlebic xels uSlis interpersonaluri an
profesiuli miznebis miRwevas.
simpaTikuri sistema (Sympathetic division) avtono-
miuri nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic sagan-
gaSo situaciaSi energiis mobilizacias axor-
cielebs.
sinafsi (Synapse) or neirons Soris arsebuli
naprali.
sinafsuri gadacema (Synaptic transmission) erTi nei-
ronidan meoreze informaciis gadacemis procesi
sinafsuri napralis gaswvriv.
sistematuri desensitizacia (Systematic desensitization)
bihevioraluri Terapiuli teqnika, rodesac
relaqsirebul mdgomareobaSi SemaSinebel sti-
mulTan SexvedriT klients aswavlian SfoTvis
ganviTarebis Sewyvetas.
situaciaSi daZirva (looding) fobiebisTvis gan-
kuTvnili Terapia, rodesac klients, misi Tan-
xmobiT, waredgineba misTvis maqsimalurad Sema-
Sinebeli stimuli.
situaciuri cvladebi (Situational variables) garegani
zemoqmedeba qcevaze.
sixSireTa ganawileba (Frequency distribution) _ imis
Sejameba, Tu ramdenad xSirad Cndeba TiTeuli
qula monacemTa mwkrivSi.
sixSiris Teoria (Frequency theory) _ amtkicebs, rom
toni warmoqmnis im siCqaris rxevas ZiriTad
membranaSi, romelic ekvivalenturia misi sixSi-
risa, amis Sedegad, bgeriTi tonis simaRle SeiZ-
leba kodirebuli iyos nervuli reaqciis
sixSiriT.
smeniTi qerqi (Auditory cortex) _ safeTqlis wilis
are, romelic iRebs da amuSavebs smeniT infor-
macias.
smenis nervi (Auditory nerve) _ atarebs impulss
lokokinidan tvinSi mdebare lokokinis bir-
TvebSi.
soma (Soma) neironis ujredis sxeuli, romelic
birTvsa da citoplazmas Seicavs.
somatosensoruli qerqi (Somatosensory sortex) Txemis
wilis nawili, sadac sxeulis sxvadasxva ubne-
bidan miRebuli sensoruli informacia muSavdeba.
somaturi nervuli sistema (Somatic nervous system)
periferiuli nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic
akavSirebs centralur nervul sistemas kansa
da ConCxis kunTebTan.
socializacia (Socialization) _ cxovrebis manZilze
mimdinare procesi, romlis saSualebiTac indi-
vidis qcevis paternebi, Rirebulebebi, standar-
tebi, unarebi, ganwyobebi iseT formas iReben,
romelic misaRebi iqneba mocemuli sazogado-
ebisTvis.
socialuri aRqma/percepcia (Social perception) pro-
cesebi, romelTa safuZvelzec adamianebi igeben
an aRiqvamen TavianT an sxvebis pirovnul
atributebs.
socialuri ganviTareba (Social development) _ gza,
romliTac icvleba individis socialuri ur-
TierTobebi da molodinebi cxovrebis ganmav-
lobaSi.
socialuri daswavlis Teoria (Social learning theory) _
daswavlis Teoria, romelic xazs usvams dakvir-
vebisa da sxvebis mier ganxorcielebuli qcevis
mibaZvis mniSvnelobas.
socialuri daswavlis Terapia (Social-learning therapy)
mkurnalobis forma, rodesac klienti uyurebs,
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Tu rogor iRebs modeli waxalisebas sasurveli
qcevis ganxorcielebisaTvis.
socialuri inteleqti (Social intelligence) _ pirovnebis
Teoria, romelic exeba im gamocdilebas, rome-
lic adamianebs SemoaqvT cxovrebiseuli amoca-
nebis sakuTar gancdaSi.
socialuri kategorizacia (Social categorization) _ pro-
cesi, romlis meSveobiTac adamianebi sakuTari
socialuri garemos organizebas axdenen, miakuT-
vneben ra adamianebs sakuTar da sxvaTa jgufebs.
socialuri mxardaWera (Social support) _ sxva ada-
mianebis mier pirovnebisTvis stresTan gamklave-
bis mizniT gaweuli materialuri, socio-emoci-
uri da informaciuli mxardaWera.
socialuri normebi (Social norms) _ molodinebi,
romlebic jgufs gaaCnia Tavisi wevrebis mimarT
maTi qcevebisa da ganwyobebis sasurvelobasTan
da SesabamisobasTan dakavSirebiT.
socialuri rolebi (Social roles) qcevis socialurad
gansazRvruli paternebi, romlebsac moelian
pirovnebisgan, romelic mocemul garemoSi an
jgufSi funqcionirebs.
socialuri fsiqologia (Social psychology) _ fsiqo-
logiis dargi, romelic Seiswavlis socialuri
cvladebis gavlenas individis qcevebze, damo-
kidebulebebze (attitudes), aRqmebsa da motivebze;
is, agreTve, Seiswavlis jgufebs da jgufTaSoris
fenomenebs.
socialuri fobia (Social phobia) _ mdgradi da ira-
cionaluri SiSi, romelic warmoiqmneba iseTi
sazogadoebrivi situaciis winaswar warmod-
genisas, romelSic individi sxvaTa dakvirvebis
obieqti SeiZleba gaxdes.
sociobiologia (Sociobiology) mecniereba, romelic
Seiswavlis adamianTa da cxovelTa socialur
sistemebs da socialuri qcevis evoluciur
safuZvlebs.
specifikuri fobiebi (Specific phobias) _ fobiebi,
romlebic Tavs iCenen specifikuri tipis obieq-
tebze an situaciebze reaqciis saxiT.
spontanuri aRdgena (Spontaneous recovery): Camqrali
ganpirobebuli reaqciis xelaxali gamovlena
garkveuli periodis Semdeg.
spontanuri remisiis efeqti (Spontaneous-remission ef-
fect) _ fsiqikuri problemebis mqone zogierT
pacientTa da klientTa, romelsac esaWiroveba
fsiqoTerapia, mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba yovel-
gvari profesiuli Carevis gareSe; bazisuri kri-
teriumi, romliTac unda Sefasdes Terapiebis
Sedegianoba.
standartizacia (standardization) _ testSi, interviuSi
an eqsperimentSi monawilisadmi mopyrobis an
monacemebis dafiqsirebis unificirebuli pro-
cedura.
standartuli gadaxra (Standard deviation SD) _ qulaTa
wyebis saSualo sxvaoba maTi saSualodan, varia-
bilobis sazomi.
stereotipebi (Stereotypes) _ adamianebis garkveul
jgufebTan dakavSirebuli ganzogadebebi, rom-
lebic garkveul maxasiaTeblebs miaweren mTel
jgufs.
stereotipuri muqara (Stereotype threat)_ safrTxe, rom
dadasturebuli iqneba garkveuli jgufis mimarT
arsebuli negatiuri stereotipi.
stimuliT gamowveuli yuradRebis mipyroba (Stimu-
lus-driven capture) _ gansazRvravs imas, Tu adamianebi
ratom irCeven sensoruli Semomavali infor-
maciis raRac nawils Semdegi gadamuSavebisaTvis;
xdeba maSin, rodesac stimulebis niSnebi (sagnebi
garemoSi) avtomaturad ipyroben yuradRebas,
adamianis kerZo miznebisgan damoukideblad.
stimulis generalizeba (Stimulus generalization) _ gan-
pirobebuli stimulis avtomaturi ganvrcoba yve-
la im msgavs stimulze, romelic ar yofila
Sewyvilebuli ganupirobebel stimulTan.
stimulis diskriminacia (Stimulus discrimination) _
ganpirobebulobis procesi, romlis drosac or-
ganizmi swavlobs imas, rom gansxvavebulad
upasuxos gamRizianebels (stimuls), romelic
ganpirobebuli stimulisagan raime ganzomilebiT
gansxvavdeba.
stresi (Stress) _ specifikuri da araspecifikuri
reaqciebis paterni, ganxorcielebuli organizmis
mier mastimulirebeli obieqtis mimarT, romelic
arRvevs mis wonasworobas, gamocdas uwyobs, an
aRemateba misi daZlevis unars.
stresis Semamsubuqebeli cvladebi (Stress moderator
variables) _ cvladebi, romlebic cvlian mimarTebas
stresorsa da mocemuli tipis stresul reaqcias
Soris.
stresori (Stressor) _ Sinagani an garegani movlena
an stimuli, romelic iwvevs stress.
struqturalizmi (Srtucturalism) _ swavleba fsiqikisa
da qcevis Sesaxeb, sadac fsiqikuri gamocdileba
gaigeba, rogorc martivi elementebis an movle-
nebis kombinacia.
sul an arafris kanoni (All-or-none law) moqmedebis
potencialis zoma ar aris stimulaciis intensi-
vobaze damokidebuli garkveuli zRurblis
Semdeg.
superego (Superego) _ pirovnebis aspeqti, romelic
warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebis,
standartebisa da moralis internalizacias.
sqemebi (Schemas) _ obieqtebis, xalxis, an situaciis
Sesaxeb konceptualuri CarCoebi, an codnis
`klasterebi~, codnis erTeulebi, romlebic moi-
caven garemos struqturebis Sesaxeb ganzo-
gadebebs.
sqemebi (Schemes) _ piaJes termini im kognituri struq-
turebis aRsaniSnad, romelic viTardeba bavSvis
mier samyaros interpretirebasa da garemosadmi
adaptaciasTan erTad.
sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi (Sex differences) _ biolo-
giuri safuZvlis mqone maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic
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mamrobiT sqess ganasxvavebs mdedrobiTi sqe-
sisgan.
sxeulis xati (Body image) _ sakuTari sxeulis gareg-
nobis subieqturi aRqma.
sxvaobis zRurbli (Difference threshold) _ umciresi
fizikuri gansxvaveba or gamRizianebels Soris,
romelic jer kidev SeiZleba gacnobierdes, ro-
gorc gansxvavebulebi; sxvaobis zRurbli opera-
cionalurad ganisazRvreba rogorc wertili,
romelzec gamRizianeblebi arian gacnobiere-
buli, rogorc gansxvavebulni SemTxvevaTa naxe-
varSi.
tembri (Timbre) _ smeniTi SegrZnebis Tviseba, romelic
asaxavs bgeriTi talRis sirTules.
terminaluri balTa (Terminal buttons) bolqvis-
magvari struqtura aqsonis bolos, romelic
neirotransmiteriT savse buStukebs Seicavs.
test-retestuli sandooba (Test-retest reliability) _ erTi
da igive cdis pirze erTi da igive testis sxva-
dasxva dros Catarebis Sedegad miRebul qulebs
Soris arsebuli korelaciis sazomi.
testosteroni (Testosterone) mamakacTa sasqeso hor-
moni, romelic saTesleebSi gamomuSavdeba da
astimulirebs spermis produqcias; aseve pasuxis-
mgebelia mamakacTa meoradi sasqeso niSan-Tvise-
bebis Camoyalibebaze.
tvinis Rero (Brain stem) Tavis tvinis struqtura,
romelic aregulirebs sxeulis ZiriTad sasico-
cxlo funqciebs.
tkivili (Pain) _ organizmis reaqcia mavne zemoqmede-
bis mqone gamRizianeblebis stimulaciaze,
romelic aris sakmaod intensiuri, raTa gamoiw-
vios qsovilis dazianeba an Seuqmnas mas safrTxe.
tolerantoba (Tolerance) _ situacia, romelic niv-
Tierebis xangrZlivi gamoyenebis Sedegad iqmneba,
rodesac igive efeqtis misaRwevad individs ufro
da ufri meti doza sWirdeba.
transformacia (Transduction) _ Seiswavlis erTi for-
mis fizikuri energiis gardaqmnas meore formad;
magaliTad, sinaTlis transformirebas nervul
impulsebad.
triqromatuli Teoriis (Trichromatic theory) Tanaxmad,
arsebobs feris SemgrZnebi receptorebis sami
tipi, romlebic warmoqmnian pirveladi ferebis
_ wiTlis, mwvanis da lurji ferebis SegrZnebas.
uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba (Negative reinforcement) qcevas
mohyveba aversiuli stimulis Camocileba, rac
zrdis am qcevis sixSiris albaTobas.
uaryofiT damsjeli (Negative Punishment) qcevas
mohyveba sasurveli stimulis Camocileba, riTac
mcirdeba am qcevis albaToba.
upirobo dadebiTi ganwyoba (Unconditional positive re-
gard) _ individis sruli siyvaruli da mimRebloba
sxva adamianis mier, magaliTad bavSvisa mSoblis
mier, yvelanairi pirobis gareSe.
urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gageba (Interdependent
construals of self) _ me-s konceptualizacia, rogorc
garemomcveli socialuri urTierTobis nawilisa;
imis aRiareba, rom adamianis qceva gansazRvru-
lia, damokidebulia da didwilad organizebu-
lia imiT, Tu ras aRiqvams moqmedi piri sxvebis
azrebad, grZnobebad da moqmedebebad.
fantomuri kiduris fenomeni (Phantom limb phenom-
enon) _ mwvave da qronikuli tkivilis SegrZneba
im kidurSi, romelic amputirebulia.
fardobiTi moZraobis paralaqsi (Relative motion par-
allax) _ siRrmeze informaciis wyaro, rodesac
damkvirveblidan sagnebis fardobiTi daSoreba
gansazRvravs Sesabamisi retinaluri gamosaxu-
lebebis moZraobis odenobas da mimarTulebas.
faruli Sinaarsi (Latent content) _ froidiseul
sizmrebis analizSi sizmris dafaruli azri.
fenotipi (Phenotype) organizmis xiluli niSan-
Tvisebebi, romlebic misi genotipisa da garemos
urTierTqmedebis Sedegad yalibdeba.
feris toni (Hue) _ feris Tviseba, romelic gulis-
xmobs sinaTlis feris Tvisobriv gancdas.
feris konstantoba (Lightness constancy) _ ganaTebis
xarisxis cvalebad pirobebSi obieqtebis siTeT-
ris, siruxis an siSavis ucvlelad aRqmis
tendencia.
feromenebi (Pheromones) _ qimiuri signalebi, romel-
sac gamohyofen organizmebi mocemuli saxeobis
sxva wevrebTan urTierTobis dasamyareblad;
xSirad funqcionireben, rogorc distanturi
seqsualuri mimzidvelebi.
figura (Figure)- fonisagan gansxvavebuli, sagnismag-
vari win wamoweuli are vizualur velSi.
fizikuri ganviTareba (Physical development) _ Casax-
vidan mTeli cxovrebis manZilze mimdinare sxeu-
lebrivi cvlilebebi, momwifeba da zrda.
fiziologiuri damokidebuleba (Psysiological depen-
dence) _ procesi, rodesac organizmi eCveva da
damokidebuli xdeba mocemul nivTierebaze
fiqsacia (Fixation) _ mdgomareoba, rodesac adamiani
rCeba mijaWvuli iseT obieqtebsa Tu moqmedebebze,
romlebic fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis ad-
reul safexurs ufro Seesabameba.
fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrili (Fixed-interval sched-
ule) ganmamtkicebelTa cxrili, romelSic
ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba fiqsirebuli drois
gasvlidan pirvelive sapasuxo reaqciisas.
fluiduri inteleqti (Fluid intelligence) _ inteleqtis
aspeqti, romelic moicavs rTuli mimarTebebis
danaxvisa da problemebis gadaWris unars.
fobia (Phobia) _ specifikuri obieqtis, aqtivobis an
situaciis mdgradi da iracionaluri SiSi,
romelic moWarbebulobiTa da umizezobiT xasiaT-
deba; romelic realobas safrTxis momtanad
aRaqmevinebs adamians.
fonemebi (Phonemes) _ metyvelebis minimaluri erTe-
uli nebismier enaSi, romelic azrobriv gasxva-
vebas qmnis eqspresiuli da impresiuli metyve-
lebisas; r da l ori gansxvavebuli fonemaa
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inglisurSi da qarTulSi, Tumca, erTi fonemis
sxvadasxva variantia iaponurSi.
foni (Ground) _ sivrce vizualur velSi, romelze-
dac figura devs.
formis konstantoba (Shape constancy) _ sagnebis rea-
luri formis aRqmis unari retinaluri gamosa-
xulebis zomebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
forma (Frame) arCevanis gansakuTrebuli aRwera.
gadawyvetilebis miRebaze da arCevanis gakeTebaze
gavlenas axdens arCevanis formulireba, misi
ama Tu im kuTxiT warmodgena.
formaluri Sefaseba (Formal assessment) _ sistematuri
procedurebi da gazomvebi, romelic gavarji-
Sebuli profesionalebis mier gamoiyeneba indi-
videbis funqcionirebis, unarebis, qcevebis (Cve-
vebis) an fsiqikuri mdgomareobis Sesaswavlad.
fotoreceptorebi (photoreceptors) _ baduraze mdebare
sinaTlisadmi mgrZnobiare receptoruli uj-
redebi.
frustracia agresiis hipoTeza (Frustration aggres-
sion hipothesis) am hipoTezis Tanaxmad, frustracia
Cndeba situaciebSi, romlebSic adamianebs saSu-
aleba ar eZlevaT, miaRwion TavianT miznebs;
frustraciis aRZvra ki, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs
agresiis ganxorcielebis albaTobis zrdas.
fsiqiatri (Psychiatrist) pirovneba, romelsac aqvs
medicinis doqtoris xarisxi da doqtoranturis
dasrulebis Semdeg gavlili aqvs specializacia
fsiqikur da emociur aSlilobebSi. fsiqo-
logiuri aSlilobebis samkurnalod fsiqiatrs
SeuZlia medikamentebis daniSvna.
fsiqikuri ganwyoba (Mental set) _ axali problemis
dasaZlevad wina problemis daZlevis stilis,
saSualebis gamoyenebis tendencia.
fsiqikuri determinizmi (Psychic determinism) _ daS-
veba, rom fsiqikuri da qceviTi reaqciebi gan-
sazRvrulia adrindeli gamocdilebiT.
fsiqoanalizi (Psychoanalysis) fsiqodinamikuri
Terapia, romelic Seqmna froidma; es aris in-
tesiuri da droSi gaxangrZlivebuli teqnika,
romelic mowodebulia nevrotuli da mSfoTvare
individebis aracnobieri motivebisa da konfliq-
tebis gamosakvlevad.
fsiqoanalitikosi (Psychoanalyst) _ pirovneba, rome-
lsac aqvs medicinis an filosofiur mecnierebaTa
doqtoris xarisxi da romelic doqtoranturaSi
specializirdeboda fsiqikuri aSlilobebis ga-
gebisa da mkurnalobisadmi froidiseul mid-
gomaSi.
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi (Psychoactive drugs) _ qi-
miuri naerTebi, romelic cnobieri aRqmis droe-
biTi SecvliT zegavlenas axdens mentalur pro-
cesebsa da qcevaze.
fsiqobiografia (Psychobiography) _ fsiqologiuri
(gansakuTrebiT pirovnebis) Teoriis gamoyeneba
individis cxovrebiseuli mimarTulebis aRwerisa
da axsnisaTvis.
fsiqoTerapia (Psychotherapy) _ TerapiaTa jgufidan
nebismieri, romelic gamoiyeneba fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis samkurnalod da fokusirebulia
konkretul aSlilobasTan dakavSirebuli ara-
swori qcevis, azrebis, aRqmebisa da emociebis
Secvlaze.
fsiqologia (Psychology) _ individebis qcevis da
fsiqikuri procesebis mecnieruli Seswavla.
fsiqologiuri damokidebuleba (Psychological depen-
dence) _ narkotikis fsiqologiuri saWiroeba an
survili.
fsiqologiuri diagnozi (Psychological diagnosis) _
fsiqologiuri paTologiisTvis dakvirvebuli
qcevis paternis klasificirebisa da katego-
rizaciis Sedegad micemuli iarliyi garkveuli
diagnostikuri sistemis farglebSi.
fsiqologiuri Sefaseba (Psychological assessment) _
individTa unarebis, qcevisa da pirovnuli maxa-
siaTeblebis Sesafasebelad arsebuli gansa-
zRvruli procedurebi.
fsiqolog-konsultanti (Counseling psychologist) _ fsi-
qologi, romelic specializirdeba iseT sfe-
roebSi, rogoricaa: profesiis arCeva, saskolo
problemebi, narkotikebis moxmareba da ojaxuri
konfliqti.
fsiqometria (Psychometrics) _ fsiqologiis dargi,
romelic gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis testirebaSi
specializirdeba.
fsiqometruli funqcia (Psychometric function) _ gra-
fiki, romelic asaxavs gamRizianeblis SemCnevaTa
procents (vertikalur RerZze) gamRizianeblis
TiToeuli intensivobisaTvis (horizontalur
RerZze).
fsiqoneiroimunlogia (Psychoneuroimmunology) kvle-
vis dargi, romelic swavlobs interaqcias iseT
fiziologiur procesebs Soris, rogoricaa
reaqcia stresze da imunuri sistemis funqcio-
nireba.
fsiqopaTologiuri funqcionireba (Psychopatological
functioning) _ darRvevebi emociur, qceviT an
azrovnebis procesebSi, rasac Tan sdevs pirov-
nuli distresi an mniSvnelovani miznebis miR-
wevis SesaZleblobebis blokireba.
fsiqosomaturi darRvevebi (Psychosomatic disorders) _
fizikuri darRvevebi, romlebic mZafrdeba, an
imTaviTve miewereba xangrZliv moqmed stress
Tu sxva fsiqologiur mizezebs, an Zlierdeba
maTi zegavleniT.
fsiqosocialuri stadiebi (Psychosocial stages) _ erik
eriksonis SemoTavazebuli ganviTarebis Tanmim-
devrul stadiebi, romelic fokusirdeba sakuTar
Tavsa da sxvebze individis orientaciaze; es
stadiebi moicavs pirovnebis ganviTarebis sqesob-
riv da socialur aspeqtebs da individisa da
socialuri garemos urTierTqmedebis Sedegad
warmoqmnil socialur konfliqtebs.
fsiqoturi aSliloba (Psychotic disorder) _ mwvave
fsiqikuri aSliloba, rodesac uaresdeba indi-
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vidis mier realobis aRqma, rac vlindeba
azrovnebis, emociebisa da aRqmis sferoSi war-
moqmnil sirTuleebSi; aRar gamoiyeneba, rogorc
diagnostikuri kategoria DSM-III-is Semdeg.
fsiqofizika (psychophysics) _ mecniereba fizikuri
stimulaciisa da fsiqologiuri SegrZnebis Sesa-
tyvisobis Sesaxeb.
fsiqofarmakologia (Psychopharmacology) fsiqo-
logiis dargi, romelic swavlobs qcevaze medi-
kamentebis moqmedebas.
fsiqoqirurgia (Psychosurgery) _ fsiqologiuri
aSlilobis Semsubuqebis an aRkveTis mizniT tvi-
nis qsovilze ganxorcielebuli qirurgiuli
procedurebi.
funqcionaluri rigidoba (Functional fixedness) sagnis
tradiciuli xedvis Secvlis da axali funqciis
danaxvis da misi efeqturad gamoyenebis uuna-
roba.
funqcionalizmi (Functionalism) _ swavleba, romelic
fokusirdeba organizmis garemosTan urTierT-
qmedebis dros fsiqikisa da qcevis funqciebze.
funqciuri magnitur-rezonansuli tomografia
(FMRI - Functional MRI) meTodi, romelic aerTi-
anebs PET skanisa da mrt-s upiratesobebs da
aRricxavs tvinSi sisxlis mimoqcevis magnitur
cvlilebebs.
qerqi (Cerebral cortex) didi tvinis gare zedapiri.
qmnadoba (Generativity) _ sakuTari Tavis garda, oja-
xis, samsaxuris, sazogadoebis Tu momavali
Taobebis interesebisTvis moRvaweobas da maTze
zrunvas gulisxmobs. rogorc wesi, qmnadoba
Zalze mniSvnelovani aspeqtia 30-40 wels miR-
weuli adamianis ganviTarebis procesSi.
qronikuli stresi (Chronic stress) _ agznebis xan-
grZlivi mdgomareoba, romlis drosac individi
aRiqvams, rom misadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi
aRemateba Sinagan da garegan resursebs, rom-
lebsac igi flobs am movlenebTan dasapiris-
pireblad.
qronologiuri asaki (Chronological age) _ individis
dabadebidan gasuli Tveebis an wlebis raodenoba.
qceva (Behavior) _ is moqmedebebi, romlis saSuale-
biTac organizmi garemos ergeba.
qceviTi dadastureba (Behavioral confirmation) procesi,
romlis meSveobiTac adamianebi iqcevian sxvebis
specifiurad mosalodneli reaqciebis Sesaba-
misad da Semdeg am reaqciebs iyeneben TavianTi
Sexedulebebis dasadastureblad.
qceviTi Terapia (Behavior therapy) ixileT qcevis
modifikacia.
qceviTi repeticia (Behaviotal rehearsal) procedura,
romelic mowodebulia ZiriTadi unar-Cvevebis
gamomuSavebisTvis da ganmtkicebisTvis; rodesac
CarTulia socialuri unar-Cvevebis gavarjiSebis
programaSi, igulisxmeba, rom klienti gonebaSi
imeorebs sasurveli qcevis Tanmimdevrobas.
qcevis gazomva (Behavioral measures) _ garegani qcevebi
da reaqciebi, romlebsac akvirdebian da iweren,
eqskluziuri an TviTangariSiT aRwerili qceva.
qcevis modifikacia (Behavior modification) daswavlis
principebis meToduri gamoyeneba sasurveli qce-
vis sixSiris gazrdis an arasasurveli qcevis
sixSiris Semcirebis mizniT.
qcevis monacemebi (Behavioral data) _ organizmis qcevis
da im pirobebis aRwera, romlebSic es qceva
mimdinareobs, an icvleba.
RvTismsaxuri, konsultanti (Pastoral counselor) reli-
giuri fenis warmomadgeneli, romelic specia-
lizirdeba fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkur-
nalobaSi da xSirad sulierebaze zrunvas prob-
lemaTa praqtikul gadawyvetasTan aerTianebs.
Ruzis evristika (Anchoring Heuristics) zogierTi
movlenis an Sedegis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb msje-
lobisas misi sawyisi mniSvnelobis gadafaseba
an verSefaseba.
ynosvis bolqvi (Olfactory bulb) _ centri, sadac ynos-
vis receptorebi agzavnian TavianT signalebs,
romelic ganlagebulia zustad Tavis tvinis
qerqis Sublis wilis qveviT.
yuradReba (Attention) _ xelmisawvdomi perceptuli
informaciis romelime nawilze cnobierebis
fokusireba.
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba (Preattentive processing)
_ sensoruli informaciis gadamuSaveba, romelic
yuradRebas specifikur obieqtze mimarTavs.
Samanizmi (Shamanizm) spiritualuri tradicia,
romelic moiazrebs mkurnalobas da sulier
samyarosTan kontaqts.
SegrZneba (Sensation) _ procesi, roca sensoruli
receptoris gaRizianeba dasabams aZlevs nervul
impulsebs, rac iwvevs sxeulis SigniT Tu gareT
arsebuli pirobebis gancdas, maT gacnobierebas.
Semavsebeli ferebi (Complementary colours) _ ferebi,
romlebic mdebareoben erTmaneTis mopirdapire
mxars ferTa wreze; roca aditurad erevian
erTmaneTs qmnian TeTri sinaTlis SegrZnebas.
Semakavebeli `Sesavali~ (Inhibitory inputs) Semosuli
informacia, romelic neirons ubrZanebs, ar
ganimuxtos.
Semecneba (Cognition) codnis SeZenis procesi,
romelic moicavs yuradRebis miqcevas, gaxsenebas,
azrovnebas; aseve, gulisxmobs procesebis Si-
naarss: cnebebs da STabeWdilebebs.
Senaxva (Storage) _ kodirebuli informaciis Sekaveba
garkveuli drois manZilze.
SerCeva (Sample) _ populaciis nawili, romelic
eqsperimentSi monawileobisaTvis gadaarCies.
SesaZlebeli me-ebi (Possible selves) _ idealuri me-
ebi, rogoric adamians surs gaxdes, me-ebi, ro-
gorebic adamians SeuZlia gaxdes da me-ebi,
rogoradac gaxdomis adamians eSinia; me-s kog-
nituri aRqmis komponentebi.
Seuracxadoba (Insanity) _ samarTlebrivi (ara kli-
nikuri) aRniSvna im mdgomareobisa, romlis
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drosac individi ganixileba, rogorc iuri-
diulad Seuracxadi an araqmediTi, arakom-
petenturi.
SeZena (Acquisition) _ klasikuri ganpirobebulobis
eqsperimentis stadia, romlis drosac ganpirobe-
buli reaqcia pirvlad aris gamowveuli ganpi-
robebuli stimuliT.
Sidsi (AIDS) _ SeZenili imunodeficitis sindromis
abreviatura, sindromi gamowveulia virusiT,
romelic azianebs imunur sistemas da asustebs
organizmis unars, SeebrZolos infeqcias.
Sida jgufebi (In-groups) jgufebi, romlebTanac
adamiani sakuTari Tavis identificirebas axdens.
Sidajgufuri mikerZoeba (In-group bias) sakuTari
jgufis gadafaseba sxvasTan SedarebiT.
Sizofreniuli aSliloba (Schizophrenic disorder) _
fsiqopaTologiis mwvave forma, romelic xa-
siaTdeba integrirebuli pirovnuli funqcio-
nirebis rRveviT, realobidan gasvliT, emociuri
gaukuRmarTebebiTa da azrovnebis darRveviT.
Sinagani SeTanxmebuloba (Internal consistency) _ san-
doobis sazomi. testis sxvadasxva nawilebis,
rogoricaa kenti da luwi punqtebi, gamoyenebis
Sedegad miRebuli msgavsebis xarisxi.
SiSi (Fear) _ racionaluri reaqcia obieqturad
identificirebul garegan safrTxeze, ramac
SeiZleba aiZulos adamiani, rom gaiqces an
gadavides Setevaze Tavdacvis mizniT.
Sublis wili (Frontal lobe) tvinis ubani, romelic
gverdiTi napralis zemoT da centraluri Raris
winaa moTavsebuli; monawileobs motorul
kontrolSi da kognitiur qmedebebSi.
SuaSi gaxleCvis sandooba (Split-half consistency) _ tes-
tis ekvivalenturi naxevrebis SesrulebaSi mi-
Rebuli qulebis Sedareba.
SfoTva (Anxiety) _ intensiuri emociuri reaqcia,
gamowveuli winarecnobieri aRqmiT imisa, rom
represirebuli konfliqti apirebs cnobierebaSi
amosvlas.
SfoTviTi aSlilobebi (Anxiety disorder) _ fsiqikuri
aSlilobebi, romelic xasiaTdeba fsiqologiuri
agznebiT, daZabulobis grZnobiT da TvalsaCino
mizezis gareSe warmoqmnili intensiuri daZabu-
lobiT.
Caqroba (Extinction) _ ganpirobebulobaSi, ganupiro-
bebeli stimulis an ganmamtkiceblis ararse-
bobis Sedegad ganpirobebuli asociaciis Se-
susteba.
cvalebadi intervalis cxrili (Vaiable-interval sched-
ule) ganmamtkicebelTa cxrili, romelSic gan-
mamtkicebeli miewodeba pirvelive pasuxisas
cvaldi periodis gavlis Semdeg, romlis sa-
Sualoc winaswar gansazRvrulia.
cdis pirTa SigniT sqema (Within subjects design) _
kvlevis sqema, sadac TiToeuli cdis piri saku-
Tari Tavis kontrolia. cdis piris eqsperimentul
pirobaSi qceva SeiZleba SevadaroT missave qce-
vas am pirobamde, an mis Semdeg.
cdis pirTa Soris sqema (Between subjects design) _
cdis pirebs SemTxveviTad anawileben eqsperimen-
tul da sakontrolo pirobebSi.
centraluri nervuli sistema (cns) (Central nervius
system - CNS) nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic
Tavisa da zurgis tvinisagan Sedgeba.
centracia (Centration) _ kognituri ganviTarebis
winaoperaciuli stadiis dasawyisisaTvis dama-
xasiaTebeli azrovnebis paterni, romelic xa-
siaTdeba bavSvis mier erTdroulad ori per-
ceptuli faqtoris gaTvaliswinebis unaris ar-
qoniT.
cvladi (Variable) _ nebismieri faqtori, romelic
raodenobrivad an Tvisebrivad icvleba
cirkaduli ritmi (Circadian rhythm) _ organizmis aq-
tivobis Sinagani saaTiT determinirebuli mdgra-
di paterni, romelic, Cveulebisamebr, 24 an 25
saaTs grZeldeba.
cnebebi (Concepts) _ sagnebis, an ideebis, saxeobebis,
an kategoriebis mentaluri reprezentaciebi.
cnoba (Recognition) _ aRdgenis meTodi, romlis drosac
individs moeTxoveba imis gacnobiereba, rom
raRac movlena swored isaa, romelic Tqven adre
aRiqviT (gaigoneT, an dainaxeT).
cnobiereba (Consciousness) _ Sinagani movlenebisa
da garemos pirobebis cnobierad aRqmis mdgoma-
reoba (gacnobiereba).
gacnobierebuli kontroli (Perceived control) _
pirovnebis rwmena, rom SeuZlia movlenis, an
gancdis msvlelobis, an Sedegebis Secvla; xSirad
sasargebloa stresorebTan gamklavebisas.
crurwmena (Prejudice) winaswar daswavlili damo-
kidebuleba (attitude) samizne obieqtis mimarT,
romelic moicavs negatiur grZnobebs (armowoneba
an SiSi), negatiur Sexedulebebs (stereotipebs),
romlebic amarTleben arsebul damokidebu-
lebebs da qceviT ganzraxvebs, acilebul, kontro-
lirebul, dominirebul an ganadgurebul iqnen
isini, romlebic mocemul samizne jgufs gane-
kuTvnebian.
cxovelTa kognicia (Animal cognition) cxovelebis
kognituri SesaZleblobebi; mkvlevrebi eZeben
kognituri unarebis ganviTarebas sxvadsxva
saxeobebSi, saxeobebis ierarqiis mixedviT adamia-
namde.
cxovrebiseuli cvlilebis erTeulebi (Life-change
units - LCUs) _ stresis gamokvlevebSi gamoyenebu-
li stresis donis sazomi, romelsac iwvevs
drois mocemul monakveTSi gancdili sxvadasxva
tipis cvlileba.
Zili Tvalebis swrafi moZraobis gareSe (Non-REM
anu NREM Sleep) _ periodi, rodesac mZinare ada-
mianTan ar fiqsirdeba Tvalebis swrafi moZraoba;
xasiaTdeba REM ZilTan SedarebiT naklebi siz-
mrisebri aqtivobiT.
Zilis apnoe (Sleep apnea) _ zeda sasunTq gzebTan
dakavSirebuli Zilis darRveva, rac aiZulebs
adamians, rom Zilis dros sunTqva Sewyvitos.
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ZiriTadi membrana (Basilar membrane) _ mdebareobs
lokokinaSi, roca is modis moZraobaSi, iwvevs
bewviani ujredebis stimulirebas (aRizinaebs
maT), romlebic warmoqmnian smeniTi gaRizianebis
nervul efeqtebs.
warmatebuli miaxloebebis mixedviT Seipingi
(Shaiping by successive approximations) qceviTi meTodi,
romelic ganamtkicebs im reaqciebs, romlebic
warmatebulad uaxlovdebian da maqsimalurad
axlos arian sasurvel reaqciasTan.
wesebi (Rules) garkveul situaciaSi garkveuli
saxiT moqcevis moTxovnebi.
winaaRmdegoba (Resistance) fsiqoanalizis msvlelo-
bisas pacients ar surs, an ar SeuZlia garkveul
mosazrebebze, survilebsa Tu gamocdilebaze
saubari.
winarecnobieri mexsiereba (Preconscious memories) _
mexsiereba, romelic mocemul momentSi ar aris
cnobieri, magram cnobierdeba aucileblobis
SemTxvevaSi.
wonasworobis SegrZneba (vestibular sense) (TNR) infor-
macias gvawvdis Cveni sxeulis orientaciis Se-
saxeb sivrceSi.
xangrZlivi mexsiereba (Long-term memory) _ daxso-
mebis procesi, romelic uzrunvelyofs infor-
maciis Senaxvas da Semdgom, nebismier dros mis
aRdgenas.
xelmisawvdomobis evristika (Availability heuristic) _
daskvna, romelic efuZneba mexsierebaSi Tavisuf-
lad xelmisawvdom informacias.
xidi (Pons) tvinis Reros ubani, romelic akav-
Sirebs zurgisa da Tavis tvins, aseve Tavis tvinis
sxvadasxva nawilebs.
xiluli (manifestirebuli) Sinaarsi (Manifest con-
tent) _ froidiseul sizmrebis analizSi sizmris
Sinaarsis zedapiruli mxare, romelic mowode-
bulia sizmris realuri mniSvnelobis Sesa-
niRbad.
xmamaRla fiqris oqmebi (Think-aloud protocols) _ anga-
riSi, romelic iqmneba Tavad cdis pirTa mier
da aRweren mentalur procesebsa da strategiebs,
romelTac isini mimarTaven davalebis Sesru-
lebisas.
xuTfaqtoriani modeli (Five-factor model) _ pirovnebis
yovlismomcveli aRweriTi sistema, romelic
asaxavs urTierTobas zogad niSnebs, Teoriul
cnebebsa da pirovnebis skalebs Soris; araforma-
lurad ewodeba didi xuTeuli.
janmrTeloba (Health) _ sxeulisa da gonebis zogadi
mdgomareoba, romelic aRiwereba simtkicisa da
energiulobis terminebiT. es ar aris ubralod
daavadebis an dazianebis ararseboba.
janmrTelobis fsiqologia (Health psychology) _
fsiqologiis dargi, romelic mowodebulia imis
dasadgenad, Tu rogor inarCuneben adamianebi
janmrTelobas, ratom xdebian isini avad da
rogor reagireben avadmyofobaze.
janmrTelobis xelSewyoba (Health promotion) _ zogadi
strategiebisa da konkretuli taqtikis ganviTa-
reba, romelic miznad isaxavs adamianTa avad
gaxdomis riskis gamoricxvas, an Semcirebas.
jgufis dinamika (Group dynamics) im jgufuri pro-
cesebis kvleva, romlebic cvlian individebis
funqcionirebas.
jgufuri azrovneba (Groupthink) gadawyvetilebis
mimRebi jgufis tendencia, gafiltros arasasur-
veli monacemebi ise, rom miRweul iqnes konsen-
susi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu is lideris
Tvalsazriss Seesabameba.
jgufuri polarizacia (Group polarization) jgufis
tendencia, miiRos iseTi gadawyvetileba, romelic
aris ufro eqstremaluri, vidre is gadawyve-
tilebebi, romlebsac cal-calke miiRebdnen imave
jgufis wevrebi.
jems-langes emociis Teoria (Jame-Lange theory of emo-
tion) _ emociis periferiuli ukukavSiris Teoria,
romlis Tanaxmad, gamRizianebeli iwvevs qceviT
reaqcias, romelic agzavnis sxvadasxva sensorul
da motorul ukukavSirs Tavis tvinSi da am
gziT qmnis specifikuri emociis grZnobas.
jvaredini Seswavlis meTodi (Cross-sectional design) _
kvlevis meTodi, romelic gulisxmobs sxvadasxva
asakis adamianTa jgufebze dakvirvebasa da
erTmaneTTan Sedarebas.
halucinacia (Hallucinations) _ mcdari aRqma, romelic
Cndeba obieqturi gamRizianeblis ararsebobis
pirobebSi.
hemisferoebi (Cerebral hemispheres) didi tvinis ori
naxevari, romlebic korZiani sxeuliTaa dakavSi-
rebuli.
hiperregularizacia (Overregularization) _ gramatikuli
Secdoma, romelic, Cveulebriv, vlindeba adre-
uli enobrivi ganviTarebis dros da romlis
drosac enis wesebi imdenad farTod gamoiyeneba,
rom xdeba araswori lingvisturi formebis
warmoeba.
hipnobiluroba (Hypnotizability) _ aCvenebs, Tu ra
xarisxiT eqvemdebareba mocemuli individi
standartul hipnotur STagonebas.
hipnozi (Hypnosis) _ cnobierebis Secvlili mdgo-
mareoba, romelic xasiaTdeba Rrma modunebiT
(relaqsaciiT), STagonebisadmi mimReblobiT da
aRqmis, mexsierebis, motivaciisa da TviT-
kontrolis cvlilebebiT.
hipoTalamusi (Hypothalamus) tvinis struqtura,
romelic aregulirebs motivaciur qcevas (rogo-
ricaa kveba da daleva) da homeostazs.
hipoTeza (Hypothesis) _ Semowmebadi debuleba mize-
zebsa da Sedegebs Soris mimarTebis Taobaze,
xSirad is gamoxatulia winaswarmetyvelebis
formiT, konkretul pirobas gansazRvruli Se-
degi moyveba.
hipokampi (Hippocampus) limburi sistemis nawili,
romelic konkretuli mexsierebis CamoyalibebaSi
monawileobs.
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hipofizi (Pituity gland) moTavsebulia tvinSi, ga-
moimuSavebs zrdis hormonebs da gavlenas axdens
sxva endokrinuli jirkvlebis mier hormonebis
sekreciaze.
homeostazi (Homeostasis) _ sxeulis Sinagani mdgo-
mareobis mudmivoba an wonasworoba.
hormonebi (Hormons) qimiuri mesenjerebi, romlebic
gamomuSavdeba endokrinuli jirkvlebis mier,
aregulireben metabolizms da gavlenas axdenen
sxulis zrdaze, xasiaTsa da sasqeso niSan-
Tvisebebze.
huazo (Hozho) _ navajos (Navajo) kulturaSi
arsebuli cneba, romelic niSnavs harmonias, su-
lier simSvides, saTnoebas, idealur ojaxur
urTierTobebs, mSvenierebas xelovnebasa da xe-
lobaSi da sxeulisa da sulis sijansaRes.
humanisturi mimdinareoba (Humanistic perspective) _
fsiqologiuri modeli, romelic aqcents indi-
vidis fenomenur samyaroze, racionaluri arCe-
vanis gakeTebisa da maqsimaluri potencialis
ganviTarebis Tandayolil unarze akeTebs.
A-B-A sqemaSi cdis pirebi jer xvdebian safuZvlis
pirobaSi (A), Semdeg eqsperimentul CarevaSi (B),
xolo Semdeg ubrundebian safuZvlis pirobas.
A tipis qceviTi paterni (Type A behavior pattern) _
qcevisa da emociebis rTuli paterni, romelic
moicavs gadaWarbebulad gamoxatul Sejibrs,
agresias, mouTmenlobasa da mtrul damokide-
bulebas. mtruli damokidebuleba zrdis gulis
koronarul daavadebaTa risks.
B tipis qceviTi paterni (Type B behavior pattern) _A
tipis qceviT paternTan SedarebiT, qcevisa da
emociaTa naklebad konkurenciuli, naklebad
agresiuli da naklebad mtruli paterni.
C tipis qceviTi paterni (Type C behavior pattern) _
qcevaTa erToblioba, romelic saSualebas
gvaZlevs viwinaswarmetyveloT, romel individebs
aqvT kiboTi daavadebis meti albaToba, an visTan
ufro swrafad ganviTardeba es avadmyofoba. es
qceviTi paterni gulisxmobs pasiur Seguebas
da TavSewirvas.
EQ IQ-s oreuli _ emociuri inteleqti.
g _ spirmenis mixedviT, zogadi inteleqtis faqtori,
romelic safuZvlad udevs yovelgvar inteleq-
tualur aqtivobas.
PET-skani tvinis suraTebi, romlebic sxvadasxva
kognitiuri Tu qceviTi aqtivobis dros cocxali
tvinis aqtivobas uCveneben ujredebis mier STan-
Tqmuli radioaqtivobis dafiqsirebis meSveobiT.
fenomeni (Phi phenomenon) _ aSkara/TvalsaCino
moZraobis umartivesi forma, moZraobis iluzia,
rodesac erTi an meti uZravi sinaTle, romelic
uwyvetad qreba da inTeba, erT moZrav sinaTled
aRiqmeba.
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ზიმბარდო - ფსიქოლოგია და ცხოვრება

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ratomaa fsiqologia unika-

saSualo (Mean) _ qulaTa ariTmetikuli sa-

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