Khi nim cn bit v VoIP

Anh em mi tm hiu v VoIP nn c c khi nim:

I. VoIP
VoIP vit tt bi Voice over Internet Protocol, hay cn c gi di cc tn khc nh:
Internet telephony, IP Telephony, Broadband telephony, Broadband Phone v Voice over
Broadband.
VoIP l 1 cng ngh cho php truyn m thanh thi gian thc qua bng thng Internet v
cc kt ni IP. Trong tn hiu m thanh (voice signal) s c chuyn i thnh cc
gi tp ( data packets) thng qua mi trng mng Internet trong mi trng VoIP , sau
li c chuyn thnh tn hiu m n thit b ngi nhn.
VoIP s dng k thut s v yu cu kt ni bng thng tc cao nh DSL hoc cp.
C rt nhiu nh cung cp khc nhau cung cp VoIP v nhiu dch v khc. ng dng
chung nht ca VoIP cho s dng c nhn hoc gia nh l cc dch v in thoi da
trn Internet c chuyn mch in thoi. Vi ng dng ny, bn vn cn c mt s in
thoi, vn phi quay s thc hin cuc gi nh s dng thng thng
II. Cc kiu kt ni s dng VoIP
Computer to Computer:
Vi 1 knh truyn Internet c sn, L 1 dch v min ph c s dng rng ri khp ni
trn th gii. Ch cn ngi gi (caller) v ngi nhn ( receiver) s dng chung 1 VoIP
service (Skype,MSN,Yahoo Messenger,), 2 headphone + microphone, sound card .
Cuc hi thoi l khng gii hn.
S khc bit v tnh nng v cch s dng ca FXS v FXO
Port FXS (Foreign Exchange Service) l port VoIP m bn c th kt ni n thit b
thoi thng thng (in thoi bn, my fax) port FXS cng ging nh cc cm
thoi thng thy mi ni, l ng thu bao t Bu in vi 1 s in thoi c th, in
thoi bn hoc Fax ni vi port FXS s reo khi c ai gi n; bnh thng khi nhc tay
nghe s nghe tn hiu mi gi (tone).
Port FXO (Foreign Exchange Office) t c s dng ph bin hn. Port FXO l port
lng nghe v s i n v tr m ti bn s kt ni n in thoi thng thng (gi
vo FXO s c cp tone thc hin tip cuc gi ra ngoi). Bn khng th lp in
thoi trc tip vo port FXO, port FXO s khng reo khi c in thoi n v khng cp
tn hiu (tone) gi cho in thoi thng thng gn vo. Port FXO trong ch cuc gi n
v c cp tn hiu(tone) gi t line in thoi.

y l s cn thit cho bn hiu c s khc bit gia port FXS v FXO bn c th

quyt nh la chn chnh xc nhu cu ca mnh khi t hng port VoIP trn V3300V
port FXS th c s dng ph bin hn- l port cho php bn gn trc tip vo thit b
thoi thng thng. Vui lng tm kim thng tin nhiu hn na nu nh bn cha hiu r,
hoc lin h vi chng ti.

Port FXO v FXS c s dng cho?

Giao tip port FXS m nhn nh l in thoi c th dng cho:
* Thc hin cuc gi VoIP n ngi s dng VoIP khc thng qua Internet.
* Thc hin cuc gi n ngi khc trong cng vn phng nhng port FXS khc.
* Thc hin cuc gi sang mng in thoi cng cng truyn thng (PSTN), bng vic
thng qua line in thoi thng thng sn c trong vn phng.
* Thc hin cuc gi ra mng in thoi cng cng truyn thng qua nh cung cp giao
tip PSTN DrayTEL.
Giao tip port FXO c th dng cho:
* Kt ni n bt k ng line in thoi truyn thng no (analogue phone line)
* Kt ni vo phn m rng (extension) ca h thng tng i ni b (PBX), trong iu

kin l phn m rng ca tn hiu tun t (analogue), khng phi tn hiu s hay kho
h thng (keysystem) (Nu bn c th cm trc tip in thoi vo, th l phn m
rng extension-ca tng i).
* Cho php ngi dng port FXS c th truy cp kt ni vo phn m rng hay kt ni
vo ng line thoi truyn thng.
* Chp nhn cuc gi tn hiu tng t n (analogue) v cho php ngi gi n thc
hin:
o Quay s gi bt k s VoIP no.
o Quay s gi bt k s in thoi truyn thng no (cuc gi c nh hng qua
DrayTEL).
o Cung cp mt m nhm ngn chn truy nhp tri php.
o T ng chuyn tip n s VoIP c nh trc.
Nh vy bn c th kt ni trc tip in thoi vo FXS hay ng line in thoi vo
FXO, bn cng c th tch hp nhng port VoIP ny vi ng trung k (Trunking) hay
ng m rng (extension) ca tng i ni b. xem thm ti
Computer to phone:
L 1 dch v c ph. Bn phi tr tin c 1 account + software (VDC,Evoiz,Netnam,
). Vi dch v ny 1 my PC c kt ni ti 1 my in thoi thng thng bt c u
( tu thuc phm vi cho php trong danh sch cc quc gia m nh cung cp cho php).
Ngi gi s b tnh ph trn lu lng cuc gi v khu tr vo ti khon hin c.
u im : i vi cc cuc hi thoi quc t, ngi s dng s tn t ph hn 1 cuc hi
thoi thng qua 2 my in thoi thng thng. Chi ph r, d lp t Nhc im: cht
lng cuc gi ph thuc vo kt ni internet + service nh cung cp
Phone to Phone:
L 1 dch v c ph. Bn khng cn 1 kt ni Internet m ch cn 1 VoIP adapter kt ni
vi my in thoi. Lc ny my in thoi tr thnh 1 IP phone.
=> 1 s sch thng nh ngha v phn bit cc cch kt ni nh trn, cc bn nn ch
l hnh thc bn ngoi.
Theo ti khng nn phn bit nh vy. V bn cht 3 cch kt ni l nh nhau.
kt ni vo mng VoIP chng ta cn u cui c kh nng giao tip vi mng IP &
chy c cc giao thc truyn thoi trn mng IP (VoIP). u cui ny c th l 1 thit
b nhng (IP Phone), hoc l phn mm (Softphone) ci trn my tnh.
III. Cc thnh phn trong mng VoIP:
Cc thnh phn ct li ca 1 mng VoIP bao gm: Gateway, VoIP Server, IP network,

End User Equipments

Gateway: l thnh phn gip chuyn i tn hiu analog sang tn hiu s (v ngc li)
A- VoIP gateway : l cc gateway c chc nng lm cu ni gia mng in thoi thng
( PSTN ) v mng VoIP.
B- VoIP GSM Gateway: l cc gateway c chc nng lm cu ni cho cc mng IP,
GSM v c mng analog.
VoIP server : l cc my ch trung tm c chc nng nh tuyn v bo mt cho cc cuc
gi VoIP .
A-Trong mng H.323 chng c gi l gatekeeper.
B-Trong mng SIP cc server c gi l SIP server.
Thit b u cui (End user equipments ) :
A-Softphone v my tnh c nhn (PC) : bao gm 1 headphone, 1 phn mm v 1 kt ni
Internet. Cc phn mm min ph ph bin nh Skype, Ekiga, GnomeMeeting, Microsoft
Netmeeting, SIPSet, ..
B-in thoi truyn thng vi IP adapter: s dng dch v VoIP th my in thoi
thng dng phi gn vi 1 IP adapter c th kt ni vi VoIP server. Adapter l 1 thit
b c t nht 1 cng RJ11 ( gn vi in thoi) , RJ45 ( gn vi ng truyn Internet
hay PSTN) v 1 cng cm ngun.
C-IP phone : l cc in thoi dng ring cho mng VoIP. Cc IP phone khng cn VoIP
Adapter bi chng c tch hp sn bn trong c th kt ni trc tipvi cc VoIP
server
IV. Phng thc hot ng:
VoIP chuyn i tn hiu ging ni thng qua mi trng mng (IP based network). Do
vy, trc ht ging ni (voice) s phi c chuyn i thnh cc bits ( digital bits) v
c ng gi thnh cc packet sau c truyn ti qua mng IP network v cui
cng s c chuyn li thnh tn hiu m thanh n ngi nghe.
Tin trnh hot ng ca VoIP thng qua 2 bc:
Call Setup: trong qu trnh ny , ngi gi s phi xc nh v tr ( thng qua a ch ca
ngi nhn) v yu cu 1 kt ni lin lc vi ngi nhn.Khi a ch ngi nhn c
xc nh l tn ti trn cc proxy server th cc proxy server gia 2 ngi s thit lp 1
cuc kt ni cho qu trnh trao i d liu voice
Voice data processing: Tn hiu ging ni (analog) s c chuyn i sang tn hiu s

( digital) ri c nn li nhm tit kim ng truyn (bandwidth) sau s c m

ha (tng bo mt). Cc voice samples sau s c chn vo cc gi d liu
c vn chuyn trn mng. Giao thc dng cho cc gi voice ny l RTP (Real-Time
Transport Protocol).1 gi tin RTP c cc field u cha d liu cn thit cho vic bin
dch li cc gi tin sang tn hiu voice thit b ngi nghe. Cc gi tin voice c
truyn i bi giao thc UDP . thit b cui, tin trnh c thc hin ngc li
V. Cc giao thc ca VoIP (VoIP protocols) :
VoIP cn 2 loi giao thc : Signaling protocol v Media Protocol.
A-Signaling Protocol iu khin vic ci t cuc gi. Cc loi signaling protocols bao
gm: H.323, SIP, MGCP, Megaco/H.248 v cc loi giao thc c bn quyn ring nh
UNISTIM, SCCP, Skype, CorNet-IP,
B- Media Protocols: iu khin vic truyn ti voice data qua mi trng mng IP. Cc
loi Media Protocols nh: RTP ( Real-Time Protocol) ,RTCP (RTP control Protocol) ,
SRTP (Secure Real-Time Transport Protocol), v SRTCP (Secure RTCP)
Cc nh cung cp c th s dng cc giao thc ring hay cc giao thc m da trn nn
ca 1 trong 2 giao thc tiu chun quc t l H.323 v SIP. V d Nortel s dng giao
thc UNISTIM (Unified Network Stimulus) Cisco s dng giao thc SCCP ( Signaling
Connection Control Part) Nhng giao thc ring ny gy kh khn trong vic kt ni
gia cc sn phm ca cc hng khc nhau.
VI. B giao thc H.323 :
H.323: l giao thc c pht trin bi ITU-T ( International telecommunication Union
Telecommunication Standardization Sector). H.323 phin bn 1 ra i vo khong nm
1996 v 1998 phin bn th h 2 ra i. H.323 ban u c s dng cho mc ch
truyn cc cuc hi thoi a phng tin trn cc mng LAN, nhng sau H.323
tin ti tr thnh 1 giao thc truyn ti VoIP trn th gii. Giao thc ny chuyn i cc
cuc hi thoi voice, video, hay cc tp tin v cc ng dng a phng tin cn tng tc
vi PSTN. L giao thc chun, bao trm cc giao thc trc nh H.225,H.245, H.235,

Cc thnh phn hot ng trong giao thc H.323: c 4 thnh phn :

Terminal: l 1 PC hay 1 IP phone ang s dng giao thc H.323
Gateway: L cu ni gia mng H.323 vi cc mng khc nh SIP, PSTN,Gateway
ng vai tr chuyn i cc giao thc trong vic thit lp v chm dt cc cuc gi,
chuyn i cc media format gia cc mng khc nhau.
GateKeeper: ng vai tr l nhng im trung tm ( focal points) trong m hnh mng

H.323. Cc dch v nn s quyt nh vic cung cp a ch (addressing),phn pht bng

thng (bandwidth),cung cp ti khon, thm nh quyn ( authentication) cho cc
terminal v gateway
Mutipoint control unit (MCU): h tr vic hi thoi a im (conference)cho cc my
terminal ( 3 my tr ln )trong mng H.323
Phng thc hot ng ca H.323 network:
Khi 1 phin kt ni c thc hin, vic dch a ch (address translation) s c 1
gateway m nhn. Khi a ch IP ca my ch c xc nhn, 1 kt ni TCP s c
thit lp t a ch ngun ti ngi nhn thng qua giao thc Q.931 ( l 1 phn ca b
giao thc H.323). bc ny, c 2 ni u tin hnh vic trau i cc tham s bao gm
cc tham s m ho ( encoding parameters) v cc thnh phn tham s lin quan khc.
Cc cng kt ni v phn pht a ch cng c cu hnh. 4 knh RTCP v RTP c
kt ni, mi knh c 1 hng duy nht. RTP l knh truyn d liu m thanh (voice data)
t 1 thc th sang 1 thc th khc. Khi cc knh c kt ni th d liu m thanh s
c pht thng qua cc knh truyn ny thng qua cc RTCP instructions.
VII. Giao thc SIP :
SIP: (Session Initiation Protocol) c pht trin bi IETF ( Internet Engineering Task
Force) MMUSIC ( Multiparty Multimedia Session Control) Working Group (theo RFC
3261). y l 1 giao thc kiu din k t ( text-based protocol_ khi client gi yu cu
n Server th Server s gi thng tin ngc v cho Client), n gin hn giao thc
H.323. N ging vi HTTP, hay SMTP. Gi tin (messages) bao gm cc header v phn
thn ( message body). SIP l 1 giao thc ng dng ( application protocol) v chy trn
cc giao thc UDP, TCP v STCP.
Cc thnh phn trong SIP network :
Cu trc mng ca SIP cng khc so vi giao thc H.232. 1 mng SIP bao gm cc End
Points, Proxy, Redirect Server, Location Server v Registrar. Ngi s dng phi ng
k vi Registrar v a ch ca h. Nhng thng tin ny s c lu tr vo 1 External
Location Server. Cc gi tin SIP s c gi thng qua cc Proxy Server hay cc
Redirect Server. Proxy Server da vo tiu to trn gi tin lin lc vi server cn
lin lc ri gi cc pacckets cho my ngi nhn. Cc redirect server ng thi gi thng
tin li cho ngi gi ban u.
Phng thc hot ng ca SIP network :
SIP l m hnh mng s dng kiu kt ni 3 hng ( 3 way handshake method) trn nn
TCP. V d trn, ta thy 1 m hnh SIP gm 1 Proxy v 2 end points. SDP ( Session

Description Protocol) c s dng mang gi tin v thng tin c nhn ( v d nh tn

ngi gi) . Khi Bob gi 1 INVITE cho proxy server vi 1 thng tin SDP. Proxy Server
s a yu cu ny n my ca Alice. Nu Alice ng , tn hiu OK s c gi
thng qua nh dng SDP n Bob. Bob phn ng li bng 1 ACK _ tin bo nhn. Sau
khi ACK c nhn, cuc gi s bt u vi giao thc RTP/RTCP. Khi cuc in m
kt thc, Bob s gi tn hiu Bye v Alice s phn hi bng tn hiu OK. Khc vi
H.232, SIP khng c c ch bo mt ring. SIP s dng c ch thm nh quyn ca
HTTP ( HTTP digest authentication), TLS, IPSec v S/MIME ( Secure/Multipurpose
Internet Mail Extension) cho vic bo mt d liu.
MGCP v Megaco/H.248
MGCP ( Media Gateway Control Protocol) c s dng lin lc gia cc thnh phn
ring l ca 1 VoIP gateway tch ri. y l 1 protocol c b sung cho 2 giao thc SIP
v H.323. Vi MGCP, MGC server c kh nng qun l cc cuc gi v cc cuc m
thoi di s h tr ca cc dch v ( services).
MGCP l 1 giao thc master/slave vic cc rng buc cht ch gia MG ( end point) v
MGC ( server ).
MEGACO/H.248 : (cn c gi l Gate way Control Protocol)
C ngun gc t MGCP v c s dng rng ri trong ngnh cng nghip. S pht trin
MEGACO/H.248 bao gm vic h tr a phng tin v cc dch v hi thoi nng cao
a im ( multipoint conferencing enhanced services ) , cc c phplp trnh c nng
cao nhm tng hiu qu cho cc tin trnh m thoi, h tr c vic m ho text v binary
v thm vo vic m rng cc nh ngha cho cc packets.
Megaco a ra nhng c cu bo mt ( security mechanisms) trong cc c cu truyn ti
c bn nh IPSec. H.248 i hi s thc thi y ca giao thc H.248 kt hp s b
sung ca IPSec khi h iu hnh (OS) v mng truyn vn ( transport network) c h tr
IPSec.
VIII. Tng kt :
- VoIP vit tt bi Voice over Internet Protocol - VoIP l 1 cng ngh cho php truyn
m thanh thi gian thc qua bng thng Internet v cc kt ni IP VoIP c 3 dng s
dng : Computer to computer, computer to phone v phone to phone. - Cc thnh phn
ct li ca 1 mng VoIP bao gm:
+ Gateway: l thnh phn gip chuyn i tn hiu analog sang tn hiu s
+ Voice Server : l cc my ch trung tm c chc nng nh tuyn v bo mt cho cc
cuc gi VoIP
+ End User Equipments: bao gm PC, in thoi bn c IP adapter, IP phone,..
- Phng thc hot ng ca VoIP : tn hiu voice s c chuyn thnh tn hiu s,
c nn li, ri m ho. Sau cc gi data ny n ngi nhn qua mi trng IP,

c gii nn, ri chuyn thnh tn hiu m thanh n tai ngi nghe. - VoIP cn 2 loi
giao thc :
+ Signaling Protocol iu khin vic ci t cuc gi. Cc loi signaling protocols bao
gm: H.323, SIP, MGCP, Megaco/H.248 v cc loi giao thc dng ring nh
UNISTIM, SCCP, Skype, CorNet-IP,
+ Media Protocols: iu khin vic truyn ti voice data qua mi trng mng IP. RTP
,RTCP , SRTP v SRTCP
- C 2 b giao thc VoIP c dng rng ri trn th gii l : H.323 v SIP
Phn bit cng FXO v FXS

Ngun: su tm