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|a m|rac|ca, as| ccmc a| cca|||ctc armacc , |a .|c|eac|a, cae
ea ccas|caes eaeraa m|rac|ca se|ect|.a ce |cmcres c sa
maerte. |a este seat|cc, |acr|a cae rea||zar aaa||s|s mas
a|c|cscs acerca ce |as caasas ccacretas cae ceterm|aaa |cs
ccmcrtam|eatcs ea |a ccmcs|c|ca ce |a cc|ac|ca , |cs
ceseca|||cr|cs ea |a art|c|ac|ca ce |cmcres , maeres ea
esta re|ca ea art|ca|ar.
|a |c cae se re||ere a |a c|str|cac|ca ce |a cc|ac|ca tcta|
cr se\cs ea |cs maa|c||cs ce |a re|ca, seaa e| ceasc
ce 2005, sc|c Ccr|atc , >aarez t|eaea aa ma,cr aamerc ce
|cmcres. |s cec|r, cae cr a|aaa razca |as maeres |aa
m|racc c maertc, c|sm|aa,eacc as| sa esc ea e| cca-
aatc ce |a cc|ac|ca. Cca aa ccmcrtam|eatc caestc, e|
esc ce |a cc|ac|ca ce maeres es ma,cr ea |cs restaates
se|s maa|c||cs.
0aca |a cercaa|a , estrec|a re|ac|ca eatre |a re|ca acrte
ce| Caaca , |a c|acac ce Ca||, |as c|aam|cas ce sa cc|ac|ca
cecea estac|arse ea ascc|c cca rccescs ccm|ecs e |ate-
rre|ac|caaccs. |a raa ccaceatrac|ca ce |a t|erra a maacs
ce |cs |aea|cs ccarr|ca caraate |a seaaca m|tac ce| s||c
//, |a cster|cr |asta|ac|ca ce rc,ectcs |acastr|a|es ea
|a re|ca , |a ermaaeate cercaa|a cca |a c|erta |accra| ,
ecacat|.a ce |a c|acac, |aa eaeracc rc|aaccs e|ectcs ea
|a eccacm|a re|caa| , rccac|emeate ea |a ccmcs|c|ca
ce sa cc|ac|ca. /| resectc ce este asaatc, |r|ecemaaa
|aateaca ea |a cecaca ce |cs seteata.
|ese a cae mac|cs c.eaes s|aea tcmaacc e| cam|ac ce |a
em|rac|ca a Ca||, |cs |cmcres ccmc ccrercs, |as maeres
ccmc em|eacas ccmest|cas, |a, eates cae ac eacaeatraa
|a sc|ac|ca ea |a c|acac. /s| m|smc, ac estaa c|saestcs a
|crmar arte ce |cs ccat|aeates saccrcscs ce ccrtercs, a|-
cercs c |aazcs cae |accraa cac e| sc| crata| ea e| mar ce
|a |aatac|ca (|r|ecemaaa 191.158).
Iu region del norte del Cuucu: contexto espuciul y demogrunco
>C
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</=)/ D? E+@$-+=7,+4# @%.F# *#5+,%@ 5% 6/@,7)+#+5/5 G @%&"
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pobIucIn uIro (zoo)
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baeacs /|res 0,99 baeacs /|res 1,00
Ca|ctc 0,92 Ca|ctc 0,9
Ccr|atc 0,9 Ccr|atc 1,01
0aac|eae 0,92 0aac|eae H0
||raaca 1,02 ||raaca 1,00
|ac|||a 0,95 |ac|||a 0,9
|aertc !eaca 0,90 |aertc !eaca 0,90
>aataacer 0,94 >aataacer 0,95
>aarez 1,03 >aarez 1,09
\|||arr|ca 0,93 \|||arr|ca 0,93
"#$%&$' 0/H|.
?(/'&%/"-)* /) &%$'/%/ /) 4'/%
< >"#-)H%
|a ca||cac ce .|ca ce |a cc|ac|ca aece ccas|cerarse reca-
r|a ea ma|t||es asectcs. >| at|||zamcs e| |ac|caccr ce Hece-
s|caces bas|cas |asat|s|ec|as Hb|-, em|eacc cr e| 0/H|
ara mec|r |a ccreza, ccser.amcs cae e| ceartameatc
ce| Caaca teacr|a aa 4, ce Hb|. >| cesareamcs estcs
catcs tea|eacc ea caeata sa c|str|cac|ca ea |as caceceras
maa|c|a|es , zcaas rara|es, ccteacr|amcs cae e| crceatae
ea caceceras es ce 24,0 , ea |as zcaas rara|es ce 1,.
!ccc e||c acs estar|a |ac|caacc cae, seaa |cs cr|ter|cs
ccas|ceraccs cr e| 0/H|, |a ccreza es ma,cr ea |as zcaas
rara|es cae ea |as zcaas arcaa|zacas (\ease !ac|a 1).
>eaa e| 0/H|,
|a metccc|c|a ce Hb| casca ceterm|aar, cca a,aca ce a|-
aacs |ac|caccres s|m|es, s| |as aeces|caces cas|cas ce
|a cc|ac|ca se eacaeatraa cac|ertas. |cs racs cae ac
a|caacea aa amcra| m|a|mc ||acc, sca c|as|||caccs ccmc c-
cres. |cs |ac|caccres s|m|es se|ecc|caaccs, sca. .|.|eacas
|aacecaacas, .|.|eacas cca |ac|aam|eatc cr|t|cc, .|.|eacas
cca ser.|c|cs |aacecaaccs, .|.|eacas cca a|ta ceeaceac|a
/| tcmar sc|c a |a cc|ac|ca a|rccesceac|eate , ca|ca|ar
sas |ac|ces ce masca||a|cac (ccc|eate eatre e| aamerc ce
|cmcres , e| aamerc ce maeres) se ccser.a aaa |aerte
teaceac|a. aa ma,cr aamerc ce |cmcres cae ce maeres,
cae se e\resa ea |ac|ces cr cecac ce 1, ea cc|c ce |cs
c|ez maa|c||cs ce |a re|ca (\ease !ac|a 2).
>>
Iu region del norte del Cuucu: contexto espuciul y demogrunco
eccacm|ca, .|.|eacas cca a|cs ea ecac escc|ar cae ac as|s-
tea a |a escae|a.
1
!cmaacc |cs catcs rccac|ccs cr e| 0/H| ara 2005, |a
re|ca t|eae a|tcs crceataes ce |cares cca Heces|ca-
ces bas|cas |asat|s|ec|as (Hb|), s|eacc |cs maa|c||cs ce
>aarez (59,51), baeacs /|res (51,89), Ccr|atc (53,58)
, ||raaca (50,28), |cs cae reseataa aacs ma,cres |a-
c|ces ce ccreza.
0e ctra arte, |cs maa|c||cs ce |aertc !eaca (18,05),
|ac|||a (22,11), \|||arr|ca (30,) , >aataacer (33,),
reseataa aaa s|taac|ca at||ca, aes sas a|.e|es ce aece-
s|caces cas|cas |asat|s|ec|as ser|aa castaate cacs, |ac|a-
sc ceatrc ce| rcmec|c ceartameata| (4,). !cccs cr
cecac ce| 35. |stc arecer|a |ac|car cae |as aeces|caces
cas|cas ce |a cc|ac|ca estaa castaate sat|s|ec|as ea |cs
maa|c||cs ce |a arte |aaa c mas arcaa|zaccs, m|eatras
t|eacea a estar mas |asat|s|ec|as ea acae||cs maa|c||cs
ccace |a, aaa ma,cr reseac|a ce cc|ac|ca ac|caca ea
zcaas mcatacsas , rara|es (\ease !ac|a 1).
/ aaestrc a|c|c, esta s|taac|ca, mas cae |ac|car caa| es |a
ca||cac ce .|ca ce |a cc|ac|ca, acs maestra |a |asa||c|eac|a
ce este t|c ce |ac|caccres ara ccmreacer s|taac|caes
ccm|eas. >eaa e| |ac|caccr, ea aa maa|c||c ccmc |aertc
!eaca, mas ce| 10 ce |a cc|ac|ca teacr|a resae|tas sas
aeces|caces cas|cas, |c caa| es a tccas |aces ccatrac|ctcr|c
cca |a s|taac|ca cae a||| se .|.e cesce |ace .ar|as cecacas.
/aacae ac es este e| esac|c ara eatrar ea aaa c|scas|ca
teca|ca sccre estcs asaatcs, s| resa|ta re|e.aate cear |aa-
teacc e| caest|caam|eatc aes, ce |c ccatrar|c, ccr|amcs
term|aar cr asam|r este t|c ce |a|crmac|ca ccmc sa||c|ea-
te ara ccmreacer |as c|aam|cas re|caa|es , |a s|taac|ca
ea cae .|.e sa cc|ac|ca, |c caa| es c|arameate ccatrar|c a
ctras e.|ceac|as ce |as cae c|scaemcs.
|| ceasc 0/H| ce 2005 erm|t|c c|st|aa|r |as .ar|ac|es
scc|c cemcra||cas seaa rac eta|cc. 0e este mccc, a|
ccser.ar |a |a|crmac|ca c|sca|c|e ea |c re|ac|caacc cca
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cca |cs t|cs ce ccaac|ca a |a cae t|eaea accesc ea |a
re|ca. em|ecs temcra|es, ma| remaaeraccs, ea |aeaas
ar|cc|as , craacas e\teaaaates.
/| estac|ecer aa ccatraste eatre estcs |ac|caccres , |cs cae
ccrrescacea a| Hb|, ccemcs a||rmar cae |cs a|.e|es ce
ca||cac ce .|ca sca castaate recar|cs |c, ea c|a.
|cs a|.e|es ecacat|.cs e| aacrama es |raacameate ces-
a|eataccr. Resect|.ameate. |a e| restc 15,2, 8, , 0,1
ea |cs a|.e|es ce r|mar|a, mec|a , saer|cr. >|a caca, |cs
|ac|caccres ac sca aaca caeacs , caa caeataa ce| rezac
ce |a re|ca ea mater|a ecacat|.a. 0e este mccc, |as e\-
ectat|.as |accra|es ce |cs cc|accres aercs resectc ce
|a c|erta |accra| , sas a|.e|es ce |crmac|ca, es cc|ac|ceate
>H
Iu region del norte del Cuucu: contexto espuciul y demogrunco
</=)/ H? I+1%)%@ %57,/$+1"@ %# )"@ 67#+,+(+"@ 5% )/ -%.+4# #"-$% 5%)
5%(/-$/6%#$" 5%) !/7,/ @%.F# .-7("@ J$#+,"@ G @%&"K !%#@" ELIM DCC2
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U N U N U N U N U N U N
baeacs /|res
|r|mar|a 15,3 9,1 15,2 12,4 13,5 13, 1,8 15,1 18,3 11,
|ec|a 10,8 14, 14,5 20,0 2,4 3,1 ,1 8,3 4,4 ,9
>aer|cr 4,8 3,9 ,0 9, 0,2 0,4 0,4 0,9 0,1 0,3
Ca|ctc
|r|mar|a 15,0 21,9 12,5 13,5 12,9 12,1 1,4 13,9 1,1 14, 11, 1,0
|ec|a 5,0 15, 1, 8,2 15,0 13, 4,3 4,9 10,8 12, 5,1 ,
>aer|cr 5,0 0,0 ,1 ,9 ,2 ,9 0,4 0,5 0,1 1,1 1,1 0,9
Ccr|atc
|r|mar|a 15,4 15,3 15,1 14,1 14,1 14, 11, 1,2 1,1 12,5 1, 1,0
|ec|a 4,2 ,1 8, 10,9 1,4 10,1 3,3 3, 3,1 3, 2,4 4,0
>aer|cr 1,4 1,3 1,9 2,4 2,4 2,4 0,2 0,4 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,5
||raaca
|r|mar|a 15,2 10,9 10,9 10,5 13,1 13,3 14,4 13,0 15,2 13,3 14,5 14,
|ec|a 1,4 1,4 4,9 4,8 10,9 12,2 4,5 5,8 1,1 8,3 1, ,5
>aer|cr 2,2 2,8 1,3 1,9 4,0 4,1 0,8 1, 0,9 0,9 3,1 2,2
|aertc !eaca
|r|mar|a 15,4 18,8 12,5 11,2 12,3 14,1 14,1 14,2 22, ,3
|ec|a 1,1 ,3 10,0 11,9 9,8 11,2 11,0 14,5 1,1 25,0
>aer|cr 0,0 0,0 2,8 4,3 5,3 5,4 1,3 2,3 8,1 2,1
>aataacer
|r|mar|a 15,4 1,9 13,5 13,1 13,2 13,1 11,3 14,2 18,1 1,5 11,4 1,1
|ec|a 9,9 8, 11,9 12,8 13,3 13,8 3, 3, 8,2 11,0 1,0 9,0
>aer|cr 3,9 2,8 4,1 , 8,8 8, 0,9 0, 0,5 0,1 1,4 1,2
>aarez
|r|mar|a 11,5 1,5 12,1 12,2 13,3 15,4 11,3 11,2 13,9 13,4 18,3 14,
|ec|a 2,1 2,5 4,1 4,9 4, ,9 1,3 0,9 3,2 4,4 1,1 2,
>aer|cr 2,1 1,3 1,1 2,1 3,0 3,0 0,1 0,1 0,3 0,5 0,3 0,3
\|||arr|ca
|r|mar|a 1,0 15,3 13,5 11,1 11,5 15,5 11,4 1,2
|ec|a 10,0 11,2 12,2 9,4 1,2 11,2 8,2 11,1
>aer|cr 1, 2,5 0,0 1,2 0,3 0, 3,1 2,0
|ac|||a
|r|mar|a 13,4 10,5 22,0 12,5 15,1 13,9 14,1 10,1
|ec|a 12,1 15,2 10,0 12,5 5,1 9,2 8,8 3,
>aer|cr 2,4 3,3 18,0 4,2 0,4 0,9 0,0 0,0
"#$%&$' Urrea (2005.81 , s|a|eates).
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M# %) #"-$% 5%) 5%(/-$/6%#$" 5%) !/7,/ (-"@(%-/ 7#/ @%-+% 5%
/.75"@ ,"#N)+,$"@ @",+/)%@8 |a estractara ces|aa| ce teaeac|a ce |a t|erra, |as
mcca||caces ce res|ca , e\rc|ac|ca sccre |cs ecaecs rc|etar|cs, traas|crma-
ccs a|cra ea arreacatar|cs c ea ecaes asa|ar|accs, |as mcca||caces ce ccatrata-
c|ca , |as re|ac|caes |accra|es |atermec|acas cr Cccerat|.as ce !racac /scc|acc,
cae rccaerca |ac|a 2008 aa raa arc ce ccrtercs ce caa, |a ccreza cae seaa
e| |ac|caccr ce Heces|caces bas|cas |asat|s|ec|as (Hb|) ||ea ea c|acc ce |cs c|ez
maa|c||cs a| 50. !cccs estcs e|emeatcs |aa ccatr|ca|cc a |acer ce |a re|ca aa
casc art|ca|ar ara |a ccasc||cac|ca ce aa mcce|c ce rccacc|ca ce r|caeza cca
raa ces|aa|cac scc|a|. Ccmc .eremcs, |as e\cec|caa|es ccac|c|caes ||s|cas ara |a
|asta|ac|ca ce |a caa sca sc|c aaa ce |as .ar|ac|es cae e\||caa e| aseatam|eatc ce
este ca|t|.c ea |a re|ca, |a estac|||zac|ca ce |a arc|acastr|a esta ||aca a aa ccaaatc
ce |aerzas e |atereses cae se ccmc|aaa ara car |ara .|ca a| mcce|c.
>9
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ccmc cr |a creac|ca ce aaa |a|raestractara ce ser.|c|cs e
|a|raestractara rac|as a |a |a.ers|ca ac||ca estata|, acemas
ce |a art|ca|ac|ca a| mercacc re|caa| cca case ea |a c|acac
ce Ca|| , a aa s|stema |ateraac|caa| ce c|str|cac|ca ascc|acc
a| aertc mar|t|mc ce baeaa.eatara. !ccc e||c, a|cra |e|t|-
macc cr |a acc|ca ce |aacac|caes , 0raa|zac|caes Hc 0a-
ceraameata|es, estac|ec|cas , ||aaac|acas cr |as emresas,
cae creaa |a ||as|ca ce aaa acc|ca scc|a| r|.aca a||| ccace
e| |stacc |a s|cc ||stcr|cameate aaseate c aartacc ce |cs
|atereses ce |cs cc|accres |cca|es.
|a este ccate\tc, |cs rccescs craa|zat|.cs |ac|aa cr
scsteaerse ea mec|c ce ameaazas, maertes , res|caes,
se rccacea cca|||ctcs eatre |ac|eaas , cc|accres ae-
rcs, ea c|sata cr e| terr|tcr|c, se acrec|eata |a |a||aeac|a
|a este casc, ac se trata ce |aerzas e\teraas cae ||eaa a
|a re|ca ara e\traer r|caezas , |aec |rse s|a cear |ae||a.
>| c|ea es c|ertc cae este t|c ce eccacm|a aece |acerse
cacc ea cascs ccmc e| ce| crc, ac es |aa| ara e| ca|t|.c ce
caa , sa traas|crmac|ca, c ara |a |asta|ac|ca ce raaces
|acastr|as ae|eras, ca|m|cas c ce a||meatcs. || acrte ce|
Caaca se |a ccasc||cacc, ea meacs ce aa s||c, , sccre tccc
ea |cs a|t|mcs tre|ata acs, ea aa rcserc , estac|e eac|a.e
ara |a rccacc|ca ce r|caeza cae caeata cca e| ac,c ce
|as e||tes re|caa|es , e| cc|erac aac|caa|, , cae |a cesa-
rrc||acc a |c |arc ce| t|emc aa e|ect|.c s|stema ara araa-
t|zar sa scstea|c|||cac. !aatc cr |a c|sca|c|||cac ce maac
ce ccra cae, |aec ce |a e\rc|ac|ca ce |as t|erras ce |cs
cames|acs ce |a re|ca, esta araat|zaca ea raa mec|ca,
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ce |actcres ascc|accs a| aarcctra||cc (ccrrac|ca, tra||cc ce
recarscres , armas, eerc|tcs armaccs ||ea|es, ce||acaea-
c|a cesccrcaca ea maa|c||cs ccmc >aataacer ce Qa|||c|ac,
|aertc !eaca, \|||arr|ca , a|aaas zcaas ce >aarez), , cr
saaestc aerr|||as, aram|||tares c caacas cr|m|aa|es. |c
mas reccaaate ce| cca|||ctc ea |a re|ca res|ce ea e| |e-
c|c ce cae cca castaate |recaeac|a es ccc .|s|c|e, c se |c
eat|eace ccmc recac|cc a| cca|||ctc armacc , a |cs |ec|cs
ce .|c|eac|a cae se e\resaa ea maertes c |es|caes ersc-
aa|es. >|a emcarc, taatc |as maertes , e| ces|azam|eatc
|crzacc, ccmc e| ces|azam|eatc |crzcsc ea casca ce a|ter-
aat|.as eccacm|cas ce saer.|.eac|a c |a m|rac|ca cr mc-
t|.cs ecacat|.cs, estaa ||accs a |as ccac|c|caes eccacm|cas
, c||t|cas cae se |aa .ea|cc ccasc||caacc ea |as a|t|mas
cecacas, cr aa mcce|c cae t|eae ea |a caa a sa r|ac|a|
a.aazaca.
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|a |a actaa||cac |cs ca|t|.cs ce caa ce azacar se |mcaea
acramaccrameate a caa|ca|er ccser.accr cesre.ea|cc
cae se arc\|me a| acrte ce| ceartameatc ce| Caaca. |erc
ac s|emre |ae as|. || rccesc ce estac|ec|m|eatc , ccasc-
||cac|ca ce| mccerac sectcr azacarerc (ca|t|.cs, emresas,
emresar|cs , tracaaccres) es aaa |ara ||stcr|a ca,c |a|c|c
aece |ec|arse |ac|a 184 caaacc >aat|ac |cer ccmrc
|a |ac|eaca |a |aaae||ta ea |a|m|ra (Rcas, 1984), cae re-
reseata |a caceza ce |a,a cae erm|t|r|a |a "ccaca|sta"
ce| .a||e ecra||cc ce| r|c Caaca cr arte ce |cs emresa-
r|cs ce |a caa. Ccmc |c sea|aa a|aacs estac|cscs (Rcas
1985, Ka||t 1985, , Restrec 1985), .ar|cs rccescs se |aa
crazacc ara erm|t|r, caaacc ac |ac|||tar, e| a.aace ce |as
act|.|caces ar|cc|as e |acastr|a|es cae |aa .ea|cc a ccast|-
ta|r |a sc||ca caceaa rccact|.a , cae se art|ca|aa a|receccr
ce |cs ca|t|.cs ce caa sccre |a arte |aaa ce |cs maa|c||cs
ce| acrte ce| Caaca. Cca e| aa|mc ce eateacer c|c|c a.aace,
, ccrr|eacc e| r|esc ce e\c|a|r a|aac, se rccaea se|s
rccescs cas|ccs ea |a ccasc||cac|ca ce| ca|t|.c ce |a caa
, |as c||ereates act|.|caces eccacm|cas a||| ascc|acas, cae
a |c |arc ce |cs acs |aa tea|cc |mcrtaac|a c||ereac|aca.
|r|merc, |as |aaeac|es ccac|c|caes ecra||cas cae er-
m|tea e| ca|t|.c , arc.ec|am|eatc ermaaeate ce |a caa,
, |a |asta|ac|ca ce aa cca|cmeracc ce emresas ||acas
a este ca|t|.c, , cae |ac|a,e,
|as ccac|c|caes ce terreac, |as ccac|c|caes c||matc|c|cas,
|a cercaa|a a| aertc ce baeaa.eatara cae ccatr|ca,e a |a
ccmet|t|.|cac ce| azacar a| recac|r |cs ccstcs ce e\crta-
c|ca , |a c|sca|c|||cac ce maac ce ccra ac ca||||caca ara
|as |accres ce ccrte , a|ce ce |a caa (||a|ster|c ce /r|ca|-
tara , 0esarrc||c Rara| 2005.2).
/ c||ereac|a ce ctrcs |aares, rac|as a sa cs|c|ca ec||s|-
ca, aca| ac e\|ste za|ra , |a, aa arc.ec|am|eatc |ateas|-
.c ce |cs terreacs c|sca|c|es, cae se accmaaa cca aaa
|mcrtaate r|caeza ||cr|ca.
|| .a||e ecra||cc ce| r|c ce| Caaca, |awa| , |era sca |as
aa|cas zcaas ce| maacc ccace |a caa ce azacar se ccsec|a
a |c |arc ce tccc e| ac, a c||ereac|a ce |c cae ccarre ea |as
cemas zcaas caeras ce| maacc, ea |as caa|es |a ccsec|a
>;
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ca|t|.c ce |a caa se |cra rac|as a| e\|tc ce |cs emresar|cs
caercs sccre terratea|eates, aaacercs , cames|acs cae
erm|t|c a acae||cs aaa |eata, erc ccastaate acama|ac|ca
ce t|erras, cae ea |as cc,aataras eccacm|cas |a.crac|es
acm|t|c |a at|||zac|ca |ateasa ce t|erras , |a ccasecaeate am-
||ac|ca ce |as |rcateras ce |cs ca|t|.cs ce caa ce azacar.
!ercerc, aa |ec|c ce |mactc rc|aacc ea |a re|ca acr-
te ce| ceartameatc ce| Caaca ta.c cae .er cca |a am-
||ac|ca ce |a cacta azacarera ara Cc|cmc|a, cae crec|c
a e\easas ce |a Re.c|ac|ca Cacaaa , sccre tccc |ac|a
194 caaacc |cs tr|aa|aates re.c|ac|caar|cs estac|ec|erca
.|aca|cs cca |a aat|aa URR> , se caecrc |a m|raca rcmaa-
t|ca cae sccre e||a se |ac|a ccastra|cc cr arte ce |cs
estaccaa|ceases. |a ccasecaeac|a, este |ec|c s|a|||cc aa
cesccrcacc aet|tc sccre |as t|erras cae se mater|a||zc ea
aa r|ac||c ea |a mcca||cac ce arr|eacc, ea e| camc|c ce
ascs ce| sae|c, cr |c cae ca|t|.cs ccmc e| scrc, |a sc,a,
e| a|ccca, e| ma|z , e| |r|c| |aerca ces|azaccs cr |a
caa, , ea |a erc|ca ce t|erras cr arte ce cames|acs
aercs cr c|.ersas mcca||caces. / esta cc,aatara |a,
cae arear |cs caeacs rec|cs ce |a caa a art|r ce
1910, cae ce aae.c est|ma|arca a |cs emresar|cs ce |a
caa. |cacraca (2001) resa|ta cae,
|| c|ccaec a Caca s|a|||cc ara |cs |aea|cs |a cs|c|||cac ce
e\crtar a |staccs Ua|ccs, |c cae aa|cc a| crec|m|eatc arcaac
e |acastr|a| ce| a|s, am||c aaa mas e| mercacc ce| azacar,
ce maaera cae eatre 1950 , 1914 |a rccacc|ca aameatc ea
215 , a art|r ce 1915 saerc |as 10 m|||caes ce tcae|a-
cas. |a 1911 ccce |aea|cs erteaec|eates a caatrc |am|||as
ccatrc|acaa e| 1,3 cr c|eatc ce| mercacc azacarerc. Ca|cecc
ce caa cara eatre caatrc , se|s meses (||a|ster|c ce /r|-
ca|tara , 0esarrc||c Rara| 2005.2).
|| .a||e ecra||cc ce| r|c Caaca es e\tracrc|aar|ameate r|cc
, |ert|| , sa a|.e| |reat|cc, ccmc ccasecaeac|a ce |a recacc|ca
ce satarac|ca ce aaa, |a cesceac|cc , |as zcaas |aaaca-
c|es , aataacsas |aa cacc asc a |a e\teas|ca ce areas
ce ca|t|.c. |ste rccesc se ||zc aaa mas e|ect|.c cesce me-
c|accs ce |cs acs cc|eata, rac|as a |a |asta|ac|ca ce |a
reresa |a >a|.a|aa, cae rea|a e| caaca| ce| r|c Caaca ,
c|sm|aa,c a e\res|caes m|a|mas |cs |mactcs cr cesccr-
cam|eatc ce| r|c ea eccas ce ||a.|a.
/c|c|caa|meate, |as ccac|c|caes ce |a zcaa sca e\cec|caa-
|es ara e| ca|t|.c ce |a caa. 1.000 metrcs sccre e| a|.e|
ce| mar, temeratara rcmec|c ce 25 raccs ceat|raccs,
|amecac re|at|.a ce 15. , aaa rec||tac|ca rcmec|c
ce 1.000 m|||||trcs. !a|es ccac|c|caes erm|tea ccteaer ce
120 a 140 tcae|acas ce caa cr |ectarea ea rcmec|c,
a |cs 14-15 meses ce ecac ce |a ram|aea, s|eacc esta
rccact|.|cac aaa ce |as mecres ce| maacc (||a|ster|c ce
/r|ca|tara , 0esarrc||c Rara|, 2005.2).
>eaacc, |a estractara ce teaeac|a ce |a t|erra cca aaa ccas-
taate e\|steac|a ce rc|etar|cs ce raaces e\teas|caes ce
t|erra cesce eccas cc|ca|a|es. Hc se ca|ere cec|r cae |a,a
aaa ||aea c|recta eatre |cs rc|etar|cs ce t|erras ce esas
eccas , |cs caecs actaa|es. |erc |c cae s| |a, ccmc rasc
ccastaate es |a raa rc|ecac, c|ea ea sa mcca||cac ce
|ac|eaca aaacera, |ac|eaca trac|c|caa| c |ac|eaca caera.
Rcas (1985.1) |ac|ca cae |ac|a 1929 |cs raaces |aceaca-
ccs cse|aa ea rcmec|c 1110 |ectareas. |a e\teas|ca ce|
>B
(30), |cer (24), Caca| (11,8) , 0arces (4,5) (>||.a 1911,
. 34). |cr |c cemas |cs |azcs matr|mca|a|es eatre estas |am|-
||as eraa , sca ma|t||es.
Caartc, |a |accmat|c|||cac ce |a aa|cac ce rccacc|ca
cames|aa cca |as |ac|eacas azacareras , ea eaera|
cca |cs |atereses ce |cs emresar|cs .|aca|accs a |a
caa. Rcas (1985.13) sea|a cae |cs |aea|cs rcse-
rarca a ccsta ce |cs cames|acs aercs ce| acrte ce|
0eartameatc.
|stcs |aea|cs a.aazarca ces|azaacc a mac||s|mcs came-
s|acs, tcca |a cc|ac|ca aera ce |aertc !eaca, ce |a arte
caa ce Ca|ctc, ce ||raaca. |.] |ra aaa re|ca cae |ac|a es-
tacc ccaaca cesce |a ecca cc|ca|a| cr esc|a.cs aercs, |a-
|t|.cs, cr c|marrcaes, cae se esccac|erca ea |a se|.a ce| r|c
|a|c, ccace term|aarca cr |acerse ar|ca|tcres cames|acs
rcsercs. |.] |cs r|mercs rc|es|caa|es aercs |aerca ce
|am|||as ce |aertc !eaca, erc ea |a actaa||cac ac |a, aa sc|c
rc|etar|c aerc ,, cc.|ameate, a|aaac se |a traas|crmacc
ea aa raa emresar|c.
Qa|atc, |a cec|||cac ||stcr|ca ce |cs tracaaccres .|aca|a-
ccs a| sectcr. >| c|ea es c|ertc cae ea c|st|atas eccas
se |aa reseatacc rctestas , |ae|as, |cs |aea|cs |aa
eaccatracc mecaa|smcs ara sa|.ar |a s|taac|ca , |crar
a tra.es ce| t|emc |a |mcs|c|ca ce estrate|as cae c-
s|c|||taa |a |atermec|ac|ca, , ce asc |a ac e\|steac|a ce
re|ac|caes |accra|es c|rectas cca |as erscaas cae traca-
aa ea c|st|atcs rccescs, ccaceaaacc a |cs tracaaccres
a recar|as ccac|c|caes |accra|es. !a| ccmc |c |aateaca
Ka||t (1985.91),
!"#N)+,$" @",+/) G /-6/5" %# )/ -%.+4#
|cs |aea|cs estaa rc|aacameate ccmrcmet|ccs ea |a
at|||zac|ca ce ccatrat|stas |accra|es , .ar|as estrataemas
ara recac|r |cs acs sa|ar|a|es a |cs ccrtercs ce caa. ||
asc e\teas|.c ce rc.eeccres ara sat|s|acer |a cemaaca
ce caa ce| |aea|c es rccac|emeate |a mas |mcrtaate ce
|as tact|cas. |erc acemas |as t|erras a|ca||acas , tracaacas
cr e| |aea|c (arce|as cae |crmaa arte ce| ccm|ec ce|
|aea|c) sca ea raa mec|ca tracaacas cr |aerza ce tra-
cac ce ccatrat|stas.
0esce |cs acs cc|eata se er|||arca mcce|cs ce re|ac|ca
|accra| tcta|meate |a.crac|es a |cs rc|etar|cs, cae sc|c
DC
!"#$%&'"()* (),-%* )( )$ ("-.) /)$ 0%1&%
D
|e, 93 ce 2001 est|ma|a e| asc , |a rccacc|ca ce a|cc|c| carcaraate, a art|r ce 2005 ea c|acaces ccmc |ece|||a, Ca||, barraaca|||a , bccta |a asc||aa
se mezc|ara cca aa 10 ce a|cc|c| carcaraate, |e, 188 ce 2002 |atrccac |as e\eac|caes ce| |\/, |maestc 0|cca| , sccretasa a| ccmcaeate a|cc|c| ce
|cs ccmcast|c|es c\|eaaccs, Resc|ac|ca 18081 ce 2003 ea ccace se re|ameata |a rccacc|ca, acc|c, c|str|cac|ca , aatcs ce mezc|a ce |cs a|cc|c|es
carcaraates , sa asc ea |cs ccmcast|c|es aac|caa|es e |mcrtaccs, 0ecretc 383 ce 2001, re|ameata e| estac|ec|m|eatc ce zcaas |raacas esec|a|es ara
rc,ectcs ce a|tc |mactc eccacm|cc , scc|a|, C0H||> 3510 ce 2008 ea ccace se ce||aea |as c||t|cas , est|ma|cs ara e| sectcr, 0ecretc 2328 ce 2008 ce|
|/0R, cr e| caa| se crea |a Ccm|s|ca |atersectcr|a| ara e| maaec ce c|cccmcast|c|es. (|erez , /|.arez, 2009.10).
|erc acemas, e| |stacc cc|cmc|aac esta |aa|meate sac-
s|c|aacc |a rccacc|ca ce etaac| a tra.es ce aa rec|c ce
sasteatac|ca |aterac saer|cr a| |ateraac|caa| , cr mec|c ce
|a e\caerac|ca ce |maestcs ce cae es ccetc (|e, 188 ce
2002), sacs|c|c cae es asam|cc c|rectameate cr e| |stacc
a tra.es ce meacres |arescs tr|catar|cs sacr|||caacc astc
ac||cc ea eaera| , astc scc|a| ea art|ca|ar (|erez , /|-
.arez, 2009.22).
|cs |crcs ce| sectcr azacarerc sca e.|ceates. |as tea-
ceac|as sca |a.crac|es ea tccas |as .ar|ac|es, aaacae
2001 reseata ||ercs cesceascs ea a|aaas ce e||as.
/ estc |a, cae arear cae |cs ccasam|ccres cc|cmc|a-
acs aaa aa azacar mas carc ea e| |ater|cr ce| a|s, taatc
ccmc s| |ac|era s|cc |mcrtaca. /|aacs |a.est|accres
(|erez , /|.arez 2009) ccas|ceraa estc ccmc aa sacs|-
c|c ce caracter |ac|rectc |maestc cr e| |stacc, cae |es
|a erm|t|cc a |cs emresar|cs ce |a caa |aeates a-
aaac|as. !ccc e||c ea rc|aacc ccatraste cca |a s|taac|ca
|accra| ce |cs tracaaccres ce| sectcr , ce |cs |ac|taates
ce |a re|ca ea eaera|, s|taac|ca cae ac arece teacer
a camc|ar , cae, a| ccatrar|c, arece .erse re||caca ea
e| ccate\tc ce| aae.c aae emresar|a| .|.|cc a art|r ce
|a |asta|ac|ca ce |cs arcaes |acastr|a|es ea e| acrte ce|
Caaca, tras |a rcma|ac|ca ce |a |e, 218 ce 1995 c |e,
|aez.
|aerca ce aae.c .|s|c|||zaccs a ra|z ce| arc ce |cs ccrtercs
ce caa cae se re|strc ea set|emcre ce 2008.
>e\tc, |a ccasc||cac|ca ce aa sectcr rem|a|, ma, cc|e-
s|caacc, , cca a|ta |aereac|a ea |a c||t|ca eccacm|ca
(arar|a , ce e\crtac|caes), cae erm|te aaa |e|s|ac|ca
|a.crac|e , ac,cs cae |c, sca mas .|s|c|es ea asectcs
ta|es ccmc |a rccacc|ca ce a|cc|c| carcaraate (etaac|), e|
caa| se rccace ea cas| sa tcta||cac ea |cs |aea|cs Caaca,
|rc.|ceac|a, |aaae||ta , |a,aaez, ac|caccs ea e| .a||e
ecra||cc ce| r|c Caaca, |a eatrea ce sacs|c|cs , est|ma-
|cs eccacm|ccs , sccre tccc |a s|cc aa sectcr rcte|cc
ce |a eccacm|a cc|cmc|aaa
2
.
0esce 1993, a art|r ce |a |e, 101 ce ese ac, se creaa
|as ccatr|cac|caes ara||sca|es ara e| sectcr arcecaar|c
, escaerc , |cs |caccs ce |stac|||zac|ca ce |rec|cs cae
se craa|zaa a art|r ce| 0ecretc 59/2000 cca e| ||a ce
cae a| rccactcr |e sea |ac||ereate .eacer sas rccactcs
ea caa|ca|er mercacc ,a sea e| aac|caa| c e| |ateraac|caa|,
rcte|eacc eatre ctrcs a| sectcr azacarerc (|erez ,
/|.arez 2009.22).
/ estc se cece samar |a cc||ac|ca ce ccasam|r e| a|cc|c|
carcaraate |maesta ara tcccs |cs .e||ca|cs cae c|rca|aa
ea e| a|s, ea aa c|arc |a.crec|m|eatc a este aecc|c cae
esta ea maacs ce |cs caecs ce |cs |aea|cs.
D>
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1990 394.884 14.243.491 152.421 122.038 1.9.38
1991 418.1 14.511.901 10.291 124.044 1.11.429
1992 451.159 15.405.8 15.22 12.913 1.893.23
1993 451.104 1.318.04 118.534 124.108 1.892.18
1994 483.985 11.324.202 181.03 133.130 2.025.9
1995 44.511 11.820.224 181.893 13.94 2.132.4
199 410.802 18.02.921 184.039 118.02 2.219.183
1991 4.930 11.88.18 192.193 110.152 2.215.29
1998 492.385 18.403.05 19.21 113.100 2.200.544
1999 459.229 19.405.051 191.354 11.100 2.325.134
2000 489.251 19.922.392 18.413 183.200 2.391.324
2001 480.24 18.120.019 192.512 114.10 2.244.15
2002 512.481 20.505.44 205.45 13.542 2.528.15
2003 594.510 21.9.400 198.038 18.33 2.49.9
2004 18.492 22.15.218 191.013 112.241 2.141.33
2005 581.334 21.184.805 28.953 198.049 11.31 2.83.215
200 210.205 22.019.933 28.544 191.994 181.33 2.415.145
2001 250.338 21.090.203 214.832 202.92 184.8 2.211.120
2008 22.541 19.201.128 259.148 205.4 151.495 2.03.134
"#$%&$' /sccaa, 2010 , ara area Cea|caa.
Hctas.
(1) |a |a|crmac|ca ce mc||eaca |ac|a,e a |cs 14 |aea|cs azacarercs ce| a|s.
(2) |a |a|crmac|ca ce area ccrrescace a |cs 13 |aea|cs |cca||zaccs ea e| .a||e ecra||cc ce| r|c Caaca cae rccesaa e| 99,1 ce| tcta| ce |a caa ce
azacar ce| a|s.
(3) |a |a|crmac|ca |ac|a,e e| tcta| ce |a rccacc|ca ce azacar c|aacc , cracc ce tm.c (tcae|acas metr|cas ea sa eca|.a|eate a .c|amea ce azacar cracc).
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c|eatemeate e| acrte ce| Caaca |a .|stc |acremeatarse e|
aamerc ce emresas |asta|acas ea |a re|ca. |ste aae
rescace a |cs |aceat|.cs eaeraccs cesce mec|accs ce
|a cecaca ce |cs ac.eata , |a sacec|cc ea ara|e|c cca
|a cr|sac|ca ce| cca|||ctc armacc ea estcs maa|c||cs, e|
|acremeatc ea |a .|c|ac|ca ce |cs 0erec|cs |amaacs , |as
ameaazas a ||ceres |cca|es , re|caa|es, as| ccmc e| resar-
|m|eatc ce c|aam|cas craa|zat|.as ce |cs cames|acs ce
|a re|ca. |as ace|aate .eremcs a|c ce estc, cr a|cra
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sc ce ccasc||cac|ca ce| mcce|c emresar|a| ce cesarrc||c
ea |a re|ca.
Ccmc c||mcs, |a |e, 218 ccatr|ca,c a |a |asta|ac|ca ce ar-
caes |acastr|a|es ea .ar|cs maa|c||cs ce |a re|ca, |c cae
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eccacm|a re|caa|. >e arameatc eatcaces cr arte ce c|-
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ea taatc se crear|a em|ec ara |cs |ac|taates ce |a re|ca,
cca e| ccasecaeate |mactc ea sas ccac|c|caes ce .|ca, , se
c|c tamc|ea cae se traer|a recarscs a |cs maa|c||cs aes,
aaa caaacc |as emresas cae a||| se |asta|arca |aa czacc
ce acsas e\eac|caes ce |maestcs, eaerar|aa a mec|aac
, |arc |azc aae.cs recarscs rc|cs ara |as arcas maa|-
c|a|es
3
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ce |a |e, |aez.
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a art|r ce |a |e, |aez.
/ates ce e||a, |a |acastr|a caacaaa ac estaca c|.ers|||caca ,
e| sacsectcr cae mas ccatr|ca|a a| \/| |\a|cr /reacc |a-
castr|a|] ceartameata| era e| ce |acr|cac|ca ce maca|aar|a
, aaratcs e|ectr|ccs. / art|r ce 1991 |a ccmcs|c|ca ce| \/|
caacaac |a|c|a sa traas|crmac|ca. /arecea aae.cs sacsectc-
res eatre |cs cae se cecea cestacar |a raa art|c|ac|ca ce|
sacsectcr ce ||accrac|ca ce rccactcs a||meat|c|cs , ce cec|-
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sea|cc cr e| sacsectcr ce |acr|cac|ca ce ae|, cartca ,
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tameata|, |a c|.ers|||cac|ca ce sas sectcres , e| |acremea-
tc ce |a 'r|caeza' eaeraca, |a |e, |acr|a eaeracc raa
caat|cac ce em|ecs, aaacae se reccacce tamc|ea cae
|a, aaa '|acc|ereac|a' eatre |a cemaaca ce maac ce ccra
, |a ccatratac|ca e|ect|.a, cae se e\||ca ea razca ce aaa
saaesta aaseac|a ce |aerza ce tracac caa||||caca. >eaa
e| estac|c ce /|casc,
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|a caa ca||||cac|ca ce |a maac ce ccra |cca| cae se re||ea ea
e| a|tc crceatae ce |ac|.|cacs ce Ca|| cae cam|ea |aac|caes
ce a|ta c|recc|ca, rc|es|caa|es , teca|ccs, em|ecs ascc|accs
a |cs ma,cres sa|ar|cs (/|casc, 2008. s..).
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zacc a ||aa|es ce |cs ac.eata, ea cae se |aatea cae
|.] aaa arte ce |cs em|ecs eaeraccs ea |a zcaa ce |a
|e, |aez ea e| acrte ce| Caaca, ac |aerca ara |cs |ac|taa-
tes ce |a re|ca s|ac ara erscaas rc.ea|eates ce ctras
|cca||caces ce| ceartameatc ce| Caaca, , ea esec|a|, |cs
em|ecs ce carcs c|rect|.cs , acm|a|strat|.cs sca rc.|stcs
cr tracaaccres rc.ea|eates ce |a c|acac ce Ca|| (/|casc,
2008. s..).
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ce cemccrat|zac|ca ce sa|ar|cs ea |a re|ca, ac sc|c |acr|a
mas em|ec, s|ac cae e| |aresc estar|a mecr c|str|ca|cc.
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|a c|str|cac|ca ce |cs sa|ar|cs ea |cs maa|c||cs ce| area ce
|a||aeac|a ce |a |e, es mac|c mas |aa||tar|a cae ea acae||cs
maa|c||cs cae ac estaa ccc|accs cr esta. |cr ctrc |acc, se
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caerca cca |a caac|tac|ca recaer|ca cr |as emresas ce |a
re|ca, aaacae ara acr|| ce| 200 aa 50 ce |cs aestcs
cae recaer|aa aa racc ce ecacac|ca teca|ca c tecac|c|ca
sca ,a ccaaccs cr |ac|taates ce| acrte ce| Caaca (/|casc
2008. s..).
\, ara term|aar, |a reseac|a ce |as |acastr|as ea |a re-
|ca ac |a eaeracc |mactcs s|a|||cat|.cs ea term|acs
amc|eata|es.
/s|, aaacae aa rccesc ce |acastr|a||zac|ca ac se ccasc||ca ea
10 acs, es c|arc cae e\|ste aa |mactc cs|t|.c ce |a |e, |aez
sccre |a estractara eccacm|ca ce| ceartameatc a ccstas ce
ccstcs re|at|.ameate cacs. |a e.|ceac|a esta a |a.cr ce| rc-
cesc cae se |a |a|c|acc. || ccstc ||sca| |a s|cc re|at|.ameate
cac, |cs ccstcs amc|eata|es |ae\|steates (/|casc 2008. s..).
|ac|cs |ac|taates ce |a re|ca ccas|ceraa cae ta|es ceae-
||c|cs aaaca ||earca. |asta |a |ec|a, e| em|ec eaeracc se
caracter|za cr a| meacs ccs rascs castaate ccatrac|ctc-
r|cs cca |as e\ectat|.as eaeracas. ea sa ma,cr|a es aa
em|ec escasc , se ceatra ea act|.|caces ac ca||||cacas ce
cac |aresc ,, se trata ce em|ecs temcra|es cca recar|as
!"#N)+,$" @",+/) G /-6/5" %# )/ -%.+4#
DO
!"#$%&'"()* (),-%* )( )$ ("-.) /)$ 0%1&%
ccac|c|caes ce sear|cac scc|a| , estac|||cac |accra|. |a
caaatc a |cs |arescs eaeraccs a |as reatas maa|c|a|es, |a
ccarr|cc ctrc taatc, |cs eseraccs tr|catcs ce |as emresas
ac|cacas ea |cs arcaes |acastr|a|es sca m|a|mcs, ac ccstaa-
te |acer eaeracc ccstcs ea acecaac|ca ce ser.|c|cs ac||-
ccs e |a|raestractara cae ccrrea a carc ce |cs resaaestcs
|cca|es. || estac|c ce 0cmez , ctrcs, ac||cacc a ccm|eazcs
ce |a cecaca ce ccs m||, as| |c |aatea.
|.] se aece .er ccmc |cs ceae||c|cs ctcraccs cr |a |e,
|aez ara |a creac|ca ce aae.as emresas, ac se |aa .|stc
tracac|ccs ea aa aameatc ce| em|ec ea |a re|ca. /aacae |a
|e, saac|caa cca ma|tas a |as emresas cae ac teaaa m|a|mc
e| 0 ce sa acm|aa ea maac ce ccra |cca|, cr |a |a|ta ce
esec|a||zac|ca ce |a maac ce ccra, |cs emresar|cs re||erea
ccatratar erscaa| |craaec , asam|r e| ccstc ce |a ma|ta. |cr
esta razca, se aece cec|r cae |cs raaces ceae||c|ar|cs ce |a
|e, |aa s|cc |cs emresar|cs , ac |a cc|ac|ca c|rectameate
a|ectaca cr e| s|a|estrc (0cmez , ctrcs 2002. s..).
|| m|smc estac|c ccas|cera cae |cs |aceat|.cs tr|catar|cs
ac |aa rccac|cc |cs ceae||c|cs aaaac|accs.
|.] |a |e, |aez ac |a s|cc e||c|eate ea e| seat|cc cae |cs
|aceat|.cs tr|catar|cs cae e| |stacc |a cacc ea |a re|ca ac
sca sa||c|eates ara cae se creea aae.as m|crcemresas.
|.|ceatemeate, es aecesar|c cae se ce ac,c |ast|tac|caa|
ce caracter ||aaac|erc ara cae se cs|c|||te e| |ma|sc ce
D2
|as m|crcemresas. /cemas, cesce cae eatrc ea .|eac|a |a
|e,, |as ccac|c|caes ce |a eccacm|a aac|caa| tamccc |aa
s|cc |as arc|acas ara cae estas se ceae||c|ea ce |a |crma
ea cae se reteac|a cca |a e\ec|c|ca ce esta |e, (0cmez ,
ctrcs 2002. s..).
/ estc se sama |a creac|ca ce zcaas |raacas ea |cs a|t|mcs
caatrc acs, seaa |a secc|caa| Caaca ce |a /H0|.
Cca |a arccac|ca , aesta ea marc|a ce s|ete zcaas |raacas,
se |aa |a|c|acc ea e| Caaca aae.as |a.ers|caes cr mas ce $
24.000 m|||caes ce escs , se eaeraraa cerca ce 2.300
aae.cs em|ecs. /cemas ce araat|zar e| maatea|m|eatc ce
|cs em|ecs ,a e\|steates (0arces 2010.21).
/ esar ce |acer rescac|cc taa ccc a |as e\ectat|-
.as eaeracas, |as emresas se |aa ccaacc ce crear |as
ccac|c|caes ara |e|t|mar sa reseac|a. cac e| c|scarsc
ce |a 'rescasac|||cac scc|a|', |cs .|ecs , aae.cs actcres
ce |a act|.|cac eccacm|ca emresar|a| |aa creacc rcra-
mas ce as|steac|a scc|a|. |at|caces ccmc \a||eaaz, /sc-
caa , ||aa |ateraac|caa|, eatre ctras, se |aa eacaracc
ce mcstrar |a 'cara amac|e' ce |cs |acastr|a|es a tra.es ce
rc,ectcs e |a.ers|caes ea c|.erscs camcs ccmc ecaca-
c|ca , ac,c a |a cca|crmac|ca ce a|teraat|.as eccacm|-
cas. /aacae ac s|emre |cs mecaa|smcs sca taa amac|es,
ta| es e| casc ce aaa ma|t|aac|caa| esac|a, cae |a s|cc
acasaca ce |acer |ec|c sea|am|eatcs a |cs ||ceres cae
se cca|aa a sa rc,ectc ea |a reresa ce |a >a|.a|aa.
|.] Ua|ca |eacsa, cesccacc|eacc |a cec|s|ca ce |a ccmaa|-
cac, ccmeazc ea 2004 aaa ares|.a camaa .|s|taacc |as 11
ccmaa|caces |mactacas, ara cca.eacer|as ce |as "ccacaces
ce| rc,ectc". Usc ccmc tact|ca e| cesrest||c , sea|am|eatc
ce |cs ||ceres ccmaa|tar|cs cca |a|sas acasac|caes, ea aaa re-
|ca cca reseac|a ce actcres armaccs |.] (0scr|c 2009.83)
|a reseac|a ce 0raa|zac|caes Hc 0aceraameata|es ac
es aae.a ea |a re|ca, |c cae s| arece |acer camc|acc es
e| ea|as|s ce sa tracac.
2$ \#1)( 4)&'("] < $% T)*>"(*%#'$'/%/
^"&'%$ 2D>-)*%-'%$
/ art|r ce |cs acs seteata, c|.ersas 0H0 |ac|c|erca ea
|as c|aam|cas c||t|cas ce |a re|ca, ccatr|ca,eacc a ce||-
a|r a|aaas ce |as aeacas ce |as craa|zac|caes scc|a|es.
/|aaas accmaarca , rcmc.|erca |as c|aam|cas ce asc-
c|ac|ca , acc|ca c||t|ca, ac sc|c accmaarca rccescs ,a
e\|steates, s|ac cae e.eataa|meate |aerca ceterm|aaates
ara sa emereac|a, as| ccmc ara er|||ar a|aaas ce sas
cemaacas. |a ctrcs cascs, sa ae| |ae rcmc.er rccescs
ce camc|c c|r||cc a |as cc|ac|caes |cca|es, s|eacc cae .a-
r|as ce e||as |m|emeatarca rcramas ea camcs ccmc |a
sa|ac, |a aatr|c|ca , |a arc|ac|ca ce 'tecac|c|as a|teraa-
t|.as', cae cascacaa araat|zar |a .|aca|ac|ca ce |cs cc|a-
ccres a |as c|aam|cas ce| cesarrc||c (H|aa ce |r|ecemaaa,
191, Carccaa, 1991).
|c, ea c|a, |a reseac|a ce 0H0 ea |a re|ca se |a traas-
|crmacc sastaac|a|meate, caacc asc a mecaa|smcs mas
esec|a||zaccs ce cccerac|ca |ateraac|caa| a| cesarrc||c
, estrate|as ce Rescasac|||cac >cc|a| |mresar|a| (R>|),
!"#N)+,$" @",+/) G /-6/5" %# )/ -%.+4#
D9
!"#$%&'"()* (),-%* )( )$ ("-.) /)$ 0%1&%
ca,c rccs|tc es a||aaar e| cam|ac ara |a reseac|a ce
aae.as |acastr|as c |e|t|mar |as ,a e\|steates. || tracac
ce este t|c ce eat|caces, a| |aa| cae e| cae ta.|erca |as-
t|tac|caes ccmc |a C\C ea ctras eccas, se ceatra ea ccs
t|cs ce estrate|as. e| as|steac|a||smc , |a 'rc,ect|t|s'.
|stas eat|caces, ccatr|ca,ea a crear |a |cea ce aaa 'rec|s-
tr|cac|ca' ce |cs ceae||c|cs ce |a act|.|cac emresar|a| a |a-
.cr ce |cs cc|accres |cca|es. Ua eem|c ce raa .|eac|a
|c, es e| ce |a reresa ce |a >a|.a|aa, sccre |a cae |ace
mas ce tre|ata acs |atec ||aa a||rmaca.
|a C\C esta ccastra,eacc aaa eacrme reresa ara ccate-
aer e| r|c Caaca ea >aarez. Caaacc esta este term|aaca ea
aacs acs, eatcaces |a c|str|cac|ca ce aaa ea tccc e| \a||e
estara ccatrc|aca cr |a C\C, cae rereseata a |cs raaces
terratea|eates. Reccrcaacc |a ccmcs|c|ca scc|a| , |a ||stc-
r|a ce |a C\C, |a, mac|a razca ara easar cae este ccatrc|
|ra ea cetr|meatc ce |cs cames|acs cae caecaa. \ aaa s|
|cs ccres rec|c|eraa a|aa ceae||c|c mar|aa|, |a C\C estara
|ecs ce erm|t|r|es cec|c|r sccre sa .|ca. Caca aae.a e\-
aas|ca ce |a caraes|a, caca aae.c rcresc tecac|c|cc,
es aa ccstaca|c ac|c|caa| eatre acae||cs , |a ||certac (||aa
1915. 10).
|c, ea c|a, |a reseac|a ce aae.as eat|caces creacas cr
|cs |acastr|a|es, ac arece estar ma, c|staate ce |as es-
trate|as ace|aatacas cr |a C\C |ace aa ar ce cecacas,
sc|c cae a|cra |as estrate|as sca mac|c mas e|accracas
, ea aar|eac|a |acaest|caac|es. |a aa cccameatc rec|eate
(s|a |ec|a), ac||cacc cr |a /scc|ac|ca Hac|caa| ce |acas-
tr|a|es /H0|-, se meac|caa aaa estrate|a ce eaerac|ca
ce em|ec ara |am|||as a|rccc|cmc|aaas, ea |cs s|a|eates
term|acs.
|a /H0| secc|caa| Caaca, ea a||aaza cca |a Usa|c , sa ce-
raccr |cca| |a |aacac|ca |aaamer|caaa ara e| 0esarrc||c
(|aac), |m|emeataa cesce e| ac 2008 e| rc,ectc asc-
c|at|.c ara eaerar em|ec e |arescs ara 20 |am|||as
/|rccc|cmc|aaas. |a estrate|a ccas|ste ea crear c |crta|ecer
Ua|caces |rccact|.as ara cesarrc||ar aecc|cs |ac|as|.cs ,
ce esta maaera ccatr|ca|r cca |a c|aam|ca ce| em|ec, a tra-
.es ce |a |aserc|ca |accra|, e| aatcem|ec ea estas Ua|caces
</=)/ 2? R"#/@ N-/#,/@ /(-"=/5/@ %# %) !/7,/
_"(% @-%(&% @)&Z% %>-"#%&':( `#'&%&':(
/||| |rca| /caa |raaca >/>
/||| Cc|cmc|aa ce| Caaca
/||| |ae|es ce| Caaca
/|| Ccaaatc |acastr|a| |arcaesar
/caa |raaca |ermaaeate ce| Caaca
/||| /rc|acastr|as ce| Caaca
/||| |ac|a Ca|| Ceater b|0 >/>
18/05/2009
31/03/2009
21/11/2009
/rccac|ca ea tram|te 0|/H
24/12/2009
20/12/2001
/rccac|ca ea tram|te 0|/H
0aac|eae
>aataacer ce Qa|||c|ac
|aertc !eaca
\|||arr|ca
|aertc Ca|ctc-0aac|eae
0aac|eae
|ca,aa
"#$%&$' 0arces (2010).
D:
, |a eecac|ca ce aa |rcrama ce >ear|cac /||meatar|a.
|ace arte ce |a estrate|a ce |ater.eac|ca |a am||ac|ca
ce| ccacetc ce ascc|at|.|cac ccmc rc,ectc ce .|ca, este
ccacetc es .|stc ce aaa maaera |atera|, |ac|a,eacc |cs as-
ectcs rccact|.cs, |cs |am|||ares, |a |ceat|cac ca|tara|, |as
mct|.ac|caes, , e| seat|cc ce erteaeac|a a aaa ccmaa|cac
(/H0| Caaca s.|., ea|as|s areacc).
||ama |a ateac|ca e| asc ce| ccacetc ce 'ascc|at|.|cac',
cae se em|ea ara ce||a|r |a estrate|a ce R>|, reca-
rr|eacc a aa |eaaae cae ea ctra ecca esta.c ea cca
eatre |as 0H0 , |as craa|zac|caes scc|a|es ce case. aaa
ersect|.a |atera|, aaa reccaac|ca cr |a |ceat|cac
ca|tara| c e| seat|cc ce erteaeac|a a |a ccmaa|cac. |||c
cea .er ccmc |aac|caaa |cs rccescs ce ccctac|ca ce
|as e\res|caes c||t|cas |cca|es, ca,c |eaaae es |accr-
cracc ccmc arte ce |as estrate|as emresar|a|es cae
cascaa recac|r |cs cs|c|es cca|||ctcs cae ccr|a ccas|c-
aar sa reseac|a. || m|smc |a|crme, meac|caa e| rc,ectc
ara e| "|crta|ec|m|eatc ce |a m|a| caceaa ce |a aae|a
ea >aataacer ce Qa|||c|ac", rea||zacc ea ascc|c cca Ccr-
ca|c , cae ccast|ta,e aaa maestra ac|c|caa| ce estas
estrate|as ara e| '|crta|ec|m|eatc ce| te|cc scc|a|', ca,c
e|ectcs aaa |acraa ce aaa||zarse cca ma,cr cetea|m|ea-
tc. |a caaatc a |a maaera ea cae estas estrate|as a|ec-
taa |as c|aam|cas ce craa|zac|ca scc|a|, ccr|a easarse
cae e| aaa||s|s |aateacc cr |atec ||aa acerca ce |a
re|crma arar|a ea |a cecaca ce |cs seteata, tamc|ea
maat|eae .|eac|a.
|.] e| rccs|tc ac es ||ear a aaa scc|ecac |aa||tar|a, s|
ac maateaer |atacta |a estractara ce c|ases. |a estrate|a cae
mecr e\resa estc es |a re|crma arar|a. |sta re|crma, ea |a-
ar ce c|str|ca|r |a t|erra ce |cs r|ccs eatre |cs cames|acs, ,a
sea ea cccerat|.as c ea ctras |crmas, ccas|st|c ea maateaer
|a actaa| teaeac|a ce |a t|erra , mecrar sa rccact|.|cac. |a
|aar ce ca|tar|e |a t|erra a |cs r|ccs , car a |cs cames|acs
tres, caatrc c c|acc .eces |a t|erra cae t|eaea actaa|meate,
|a c||t|ca |a s|cc tecr|cameate |a ce |acer rccac|r mas |a
m|sma t|erra (||aa 1915.10).
!amc|ea resa|ta |ateresaate |a a||rmac|ca ce ccs ce |cs
|aacaccres ce \a||eaaz, acerca ce |cs |crcs cctea|ccs
ea |a re|ca. /| resectc a||rmaa. "erc ca|zas, e| ma,cr
|crc ce \a||eaaz ea sas c|ez r|mercs acs es |acer
rest|ta|cc |a cca||aaza eatre |cs racs eta|ccs, |as ccma-
a|caces , |as |am|||as, rcta cr e| m|ecc eaera||zacc, rc-
|c ce |a .|c|eac|a" (Rccr|c 0aerrerc , |ar|a |. Car.aa|,
ea |a|crme >aramer|caaa 2010.11).
>eaa aa estac|c ac||cacc cr |a |aacac|ca |ceas ara
|a |az , e| |HU0, |cs ccet|.cs ce esta ccrcrac|ca sca.
|a 0raa|zac|ca se ccmcae ce tres areas. scc|a|, |a teca|ca
, |a ccmerc|a|. |stas rescacea a |cs cr|ter|cs ce "|atera||-
cac" ce |a rcaesta, ccace se casca, ea r|mera |astaac|a,
|a recaerac|ca ce| te|cc scc|a| ce |as ccmaa|caces came-
s|aas a tra.es ce |a ccasc||cac|ca ce |as craa|zac|caes. |a
seaacc |aar, e| |acremeatc ce |a rccact|.|cac , ccmet|t|-
.|cac mec|aate |a ct|m|zac|ca teca|ca ce| s|stema rccact|.c
cac e| cr|ter|c ce scstea|c|||cac amc|eata| , eccacm|ca. |a
tercera |astaac|a, e| estac|ec|m|eatc ce cca.ea|cs ce rccac-
c|ca cae araat|cea |a ccmra ce |as ccsec|as a |as ascc|a-
c|caes cames|aas |a.c|acracas, |c m|smc cae |a acecaac|ca
!"#N)+,$" @",+/) G /-6/5" %# )/ -%.+4#
D;
!"#$%&'"()* (),-%* )( )$ ("-.) /)$ 0%1&%
ce |a c|erta a |as aeces|caces ce| mercacc. |cr a|t|mc, aa
e|emeatc teca|cc erc ce crcea ac||cc, cae |accrcra |a ae-
ces|cac ce acecaar |a |a|raestractara ce traascrte, r|ec,
ccaser.ac|ca , traas|crmac|ca ce |cs rccactcs ara araa-
t|zar sa rccacc|ca e||c|eate , sa ccmerc|a||zac|ca (0arc|a ,
>arm|eatc 2002.43, ea|as|s areacc).
Ccmc aece .erse ea e| r|mer aatc, \a||eaaz casca e\-
||c|tameate e| |crta|ec|m|eatc ce 'craa|zac|caes scc|a|es'
ea sa re|ca ce |ac|ceac|a. Hc ccstaate, e| rccs|tc ara
e| caa| se ccas|cera aecesar|c cae estas e\|staa ac t|eae
a|aaaa re|ac|ca cca aaa acc|ca c||t|ca cae caest|cae e|
mcce|c ce cesarrc||c cae rcmae.ea |cs emresar|cs, s|ac
a| ccatrar|c. craa|zac|caes cae se eacaraea ce |aceat|.ar
aaa eccacm|a 'ccmet|t|.a' , 'scstea|c|e'. /|c cae |cs |a-
ea|cs , ctras emresas arecea cam||r sc|c ea caaatc a|
r|mer cr|ter|c. \ este ac es aa eem|c a|s|acc, ea 2010 |a
emresa |a.cc atrcc|ac a |a /scc|ac|ca ce maeres ||aa
|aer ce 0aac|eae ea |a rccacc|ca , acm|a|strac|ca ce a|-
maerzcs , re|r|er|cs ara |as emresas ce |cs arcaes |a-
castr|a|es ce |a re|ca. |cr sa arte, |rca| reseata ea sa
|a|crme aaaa| 2009 |cs resa|taccs ce |a |aacac|ca |rca|,
eatre |cs cae se eacaeatraa est|caes cca a|ca|ces ce |a
re|ca ara e| |aac|caam|eatc ce |a emresa ce acaecactc
, a|caatar|||acc |/R|/, as| ccmc a||aazas estrate|cas cca
ccs 0H0 esac|as (Rescate , |aa|c), e| >|H/, ||aa |acr|-
ac-Ccmart|r , Usa|c, eatre ctrcs. Uac ce |cs rc,ectcs ce
|a |aacac|ca ||astra c|ea e| seat|cc ce sa acc|caar.
DB
|a |aacac|ca ac,c |a camaa "|| caea .ec|ac" cae cas-
ca mecrar |as ccac|c|caes ce .|ca ce |cs |ac|taates ce |a
\ereca || 0aaca|, |cs .ec|acs mas rc\|mcs ce |a ||aata 2
ce |rca|. |ara e||cs, se cesarrc||arca 19 craacas ce sa|ac
ccmaa|tar|a, ceatrc ce |as caa|es .a|e |a eaa cestacar |a
camaa "Cerc car|es" rac|as a |a caa|, cerca ce 220 a|cs
ce |a \ereca czaa ce aaa er|ecta sa|ac cra|. /c|c|caa|-
meate, ceatrc ce| mcce|c ce aecc|cs |ac|as|.cs, se ac,a-
rca m|crcemresas ce |a re|ca , se ccat|aac caacc ac,c
ecacat|.c , ea |a|raestractara a |a escae|a .ereca|.
|ccr|a cec|rse cae |a estrate|a ce rescasac|||cac scc|a|
emresar|a| se resame c|ea ea e| acmcre ce este rc,ectc.
es aaa c||t|ca ce| 'caea .ec|ac'. |s ccmreas|c|e eatcaces
cae aate aaa reseac|a taa |aerte seaa taa escascs |cs
caest|caam|eatcs, |as emresas cam|ea aa rc| ce 'ceae|ac-
tcres', ea |aares ea |cs cae |a reseac|a ce| |stacc |a s|cc
||stcr|cameate escasa , ea |cs cae |cs emresar|cs ac s|em-
re mcstrarca sa 'cara amac|e'. Hc ccstaate, |a reseac|a ce
|as emresas ac ||ec sc|c cca |cs caeacs .ec|acs, ara |a
m|sma ecca ea cae se ccm|eaza a estac|ecer |a reseac|a
emresar|a| ||aca a |a |e, |aez, ccm|eaza a |ateas|||carse
tamc|ea |a ce aerr|||as , aram|||tares. |a cster|cr esca|a-
ca ce .|c|eac|a ea |a re|ca, arece |acer s|cc ara|e|a a |a
ccasc||cac|ca ce| eac|a.e eccacm|cc.
0"(A$'&." %-D%/"
|a |a re|ca se e\resaa caatrc raaces actcres cae caa
|crma ccm|ea a| cca|||ctc armacc. |a |aerza |ac||ca, cae
caca .ez t|eae ma,cr reseac|a ea |cs maa|c||cs ce| acrte
ce| 0eartameatc, |as aerr|||as, r|ac|a|meate |/RC ,
||H, |cs aram|||tares, , ea |a actaa||cac, |as ||amacas
baacas Cr|m|aa|es.
|| ceartameatc ce| Caaca |a ccatacc ||stcr|cameate
cca reseac|a aerr|||era. |as |/RC se |aacaa ea |cs ||-
m|tes ce |cs ceartameatcs ce !c||ma , Caaca, ea 194,
, |aec e\teac|erca sa raac ce acc|ca a caeaa arte ce|
0eartameatc, as| m|smc, |a s|cc actcr|a , ers|steate |a
reseac|a ce| ||H. |cr sa arte, e| ||| , e| ccmaacc ar-
caac |ecrc |eca /rcc|eca ta.|erca reseac|a ea e| Caa-
ca cesce |a cecaca ce |cs seteata |asta sas acaerccs ce
az cca e| cc|erac ea 1990. /cemas |acc reseac|a ce|
|-19 cesce ||aa|es ce |cs seteata |asta sa cesmc.|||za-
c|ca ea 1989, sa rccesc ce az se ||e.c a cacc ea >aatc
0cm|ac, !acae,c, maa|c||c ce !cr|c|c. |aa|meate |acc
reseac|a ce| |R! , ce| |c.|m|eatc /rmacc Qa|at|a |ame,
ce e\tracc|ca |ac|eaa r|ac|a|meate, rac|cacc sccre tccc
ea este 0eartameatc. |stcs a|t|mcs, ccmc es sac|cc, se
cesmc.|||zarca a r|ac||cs ce |a cecaca ce |cs ac.eata.
|| tr|stemeate ce|ecre R|carcc |raacc , e| a|me batemaa
Ca,ca tamc|ea |aerca ccacc|ccs ea |a re|ca.
|a caaatc a |a reseac|a aram|||tar, esta se estac|ec|c a
||aa|es ce |cs acs ac.eata , ta.c raa esc |asta me-
c|accs ce 200. || aram|||tar|smc ce caracter craa|cc
, ceatra||zacc cae se |crmc ea e| acrte ce| a|s, ||acc
a aa |ateatc ce ccast|ta|r aa rc,ectc c||t|cc, scc|a| ,
eccacm|cc, e\teac|c sa cccertara a |cs ceartameatcs
ce \a||e, Caaca, , Har|c cesce 1998. |as masacres, |as
maertes se|ect|.as, |as ameaazas a ||ceres ca|ares, |cs
ces|azam|eatcs , e| ccatrc| ce terr|tcr|c ccasc||carca
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aa ccer cca ae\cs cca sectcres c||t|ccs ce |a re|ca,
ccmrccaccs a tra.es ce |as ma|t||es cec|arac|caes ce
|cs rc|cs cacec|||as ce estas craa|zac|caes , seaa |as
t|m|cas re|ereac|as ce |cs |aarecs, cca |a aaaeac|a ce
|a |aerza |ac||ca , a|aacs sectcres ce |a c|ase c|r|eate
re|caa|. |as mct|.ac|caes ce esta aerra estaa ccmc ea
ctras artes ||acas a| ccatrc| ce terr|tcr|cs , cc|ac|caes,
|a aeatra||zac|ca ce |a case scc|a| ce |a aerr|||a c sa e||-
m|aac|ca, e| ccatrc| ce| terr|tcr|c, |a tcma ce| aecc|c ce|
aarcctra||cc, e| cercam|eatc ce |as craa|zac|caes scc|a|es,
, sa |ater.eac|ca ea |a c||t|ca |cca| , re|caa|.
|a reseac|a ce estcs actcres armaccs ac es ce rec|eate
|asta|ac|ca ea |a re|ca s|ac cae rescacea a aaa acc|ca
ce||ceraca ce |arc a||eatc, cae ac erm|te easar ea sa
rcata cesaar|c|ca. >a |ac|ceac|a ea |cs rccescs craa|-
zat|.cs, c||t|ccs e |ast|tac|caa|es |cca|es, es |ae.|tac|e, s|a
emcarc, e| |crta|ec|m|eatc m|||tar ce| |stacc, |cs rccescs
ce cesmc.|||zac|ca ce |as /UC, |cs re||eaes tact|ccs ce |as
aerr|||as c sa cerrcta ea a|aaas zcaas, |aa camc|acc |a
ecc||t|ca ce |a aerra. |a rc|aaca a|ectac|ca ce| te|cc
scc|a|, |a est|mat|zac|ca ce sas cc|accres, |a .|ct|m|zac|ca
|maae , e| s||eac|c ccas|caacc cr e| m|ecc, estaa ea me-
c|c ce |cs rccescs craa|zat|.cs ccmc ameaaza |ateate.
2ER
|a reseac|a ce| ||H ac es ma, actcr|a ea |cs maas, tcca
.ez cae ea sa mccc ce acc|ca |a re|a|cc |a cca|rcatac|ca
armaca cca |a |aerza |ac||ca , |a ctacc cr aa cac er|||
m|||tar. |a ccasecaeac|a, sas marccs ce acc|ca se |aa e\-
aac|cc ce maaera e\|tcsa ea e| ceartameatc ce| Caaca.
|a e| acrte ce| Caaca |a Ccma|a |ac|c Qa|aterc t|eae re-
seac|a ea |cs maa|c||cs ce >aarez, sar ce Ca|ctc, >aataacer
ce Qa|||c|ac , baeacs /|res (/.||a , Haez, 2010.28).
@9T0
|a reseac|a ce |as |/RC |a s|cc ce||a|t|.a ara |a e.c-
|ac|ca ce| cca|||ctc armacc ea e| acrte ce| ceartamea-
tc ce| Caaca. Hctese |a ers|steac|a ce este mc.|m|eatc
aerr|||erc ea e| maa Hc. 2 a art|r ce 2003. |cs e\|tcs
m|||tares taatc ce esta aerr|||a ccmc ce| ||H |a.crec|erca
|a ||eaca ce maaera mas ac|erta , ccataaceate ce |cs a-
ram|||tares, ea |a |cea ce ces.ertecrar e| saaestc ac,c
ce |cs cc|accres |cca|es. || acrte ce| ceartameatc ce|
Caaca es ea |a actaa||cac e| |reate ce aerra mas act|.c
ce |as |/RC, , es |a aa|ca zcaa ce| a|s ea e| cae se |a
|crta|ec|cc m|||tarmeate. |cs maa|c||cs ce Ca|ctc , Ccr|a-
tc |acea arte ce este |reate ce aerra cae ||cera e| >e\tc
|reate. |a |c cae .a ccrr|cc ce 2010 se |aa rccac|cc
mas ce c|acaeata |cst|am|eatcs, rea||zaccs cr ccmaa-
ccs tact|ccs aerr|||ercs (/.||a, 2011.3).
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|| aram|||tar|smc e\teac|c sa cccertara a |cs ceartamea-
tcs ce| \a||e, Caaca, , Har|c cesce 1998, erc cca aaa es-
trate|a mas |aac|caa|. |cs m|emcrcs ce esta craa|zac|ca,
ea e| casc ce| acrte ce| Caaca, ac erteaec|aa a |a re|ca ,
ea eaera| rccec|aa ce |a ccsta c ce /at|cca|a. >| c|ea se
a||arca cca sectcres ac|eates, , ccatarca cca e| ac,c ce
|a |aerza |ac||ca, sa acc|caar, ea term|acs eaera|es, cce-
cec|c a |a aeces|cac ce aeatra||zar c e||m|aar |a case scc|a|
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ce |a aerr|||a, ccatrc|ar terr|tcr|cs, tcmar ce| aecc|c ce|
aarcctra||cc, cercar e |at|m|car a |as craa|zac|caes scc|a|es,
e |ater.ea|r ea |a c||t|ca |cca| , re|caa|. |a |a ecra||a ce
|cs |ec|cs ||accs a |a acc|ca aram|||tar, ea aacs cascs, es
actac|e |a cc|ac|ceac|a cca |a carretera |aaamer|caaa, cae
ccaecta e| acrte ce| Caaca cca e| restc ce| a|s, , ea ctrcs,
cca zcaas ce |ateres eccacm|cc ara e| cesarrc||c ce macrc
rc,ectcs ||accs sccre tccc a |a m|aer|a.
|erc este aacrama se |a ccm|e|zacc aaa mas. |aec
ce |cs rccescs ce cesmc.|||zac|ca ce |as /UC, cae ac
ta.|erca |aar ea |a ecra||a ce| 0eartameatc, aarec|e-
rca |as ||amacas baacas |mereates Cr|m|aa|es bacr|m.
Camc|c |a acm|aac|ca, erc |aa ers|st|cc sas ract|cas.
>e |a ace|aatacc cesce 2001 aa |aa ||ctc ce rearac|ca
a |a ccmaa|cac a|rc .|ct|ma ce |a masacre ce| Ha,a ea e|
maa|c||c ce baeacs /|res. 0e| m|smc mccc, |cs |ac|taa-
tes ce |cs maa|c||cs ce \|||arr|ca , ||raaca |aa s|cc |a.|-
taccs a art|c|ar ea craacas rcmc.|cas cr |a Ccm|s|ca
Hac|caa| ce Rearac|ca , Reccac|||ac|ca. / esar ce estcs
es|aerzcs aaa |a, mac|c cae ac|arar, tcca .ez cae ea |as
rec|eates cec|arac|caes ce |cs |cmcres ce| c|ccae Ca||ma
se |aa cc|cc ccaccer aae.cs ceta||es ce |as acc|caes ar-
macas ce |cs aram|||tares ea e| acrte ce| ceartameatc
ce| Caaca. |a esec|a| |aa ||amacc |a ateac|ca |as re.e|a-
c|caes ce ea tcrac a |as re|ac|caes cca |a |aerza |ac||ca ,
cca a|aacs c|r|eates ce| acrte.
|a eaera|, |cs racs actaa|es ce aram|||tares |e caa cca-
t|aa|cac a esa |ateac|caa||cac c||t|ca , a sa re|ac|ca cca e|
aarcctra||cc. >|a emcarc, es cs|c|e ac.ert|r cae aaacae
teaaa aae.cs acmcres. "Rastrccs", "/a||as Heras",
"Hae.a 0eaerac|ca", "b|ccae >ar |aceeac|eate", sas |cr-
mas ce acc|ca sca |as m|smas ea caaatc a| re|ac|caam|eatc
cca |as ccmaa|caces , e| ccatrc| sccre |as m|smas , sccre
e| terr|tcr|c, |ater.|a|eacc ea zcaas ce| aarcctra||cc, , |a-
c|eacc reseac|a ea acae||cs esac|cs ea ccace ccm|eazaa
a maaearse mearc,ectcs. 0e |aa| |crma sa reseac|a
em|eza a tras|acarse a |a ca|ta| caacaaa, a| arecer, c|s-
|razaca ce racs ce .|||aac|a r|.aca , ce ctras |crmas
ce racs craa|zaccs.
T)*'*.)(&'%* $"&%$)*
%(.) )$ &"(A$'&."
/ esar ce |cs ases|aatcs, |at|m|cac|caes , ccatrc|es,
a|aaas craa|zac|caes scc|a|es se maa||estarca ea cca-
tra ce |a reseac|a ce |cs aram|||tares , res|st|erca sas
acc|caes,

/ca| |acc res|steac|a, ,c me tccc, ,c me tccc |acer arte ce
esa res|steac|a, crcae aca| a| r|ac||c ||earca , taa, taa,
erc aac|e |e caca |mcrtaac|a. |asc aa rcc|ema, cae aca|
tea|amcs aa !e|eccm, a||| |a, aa tcrre, asc esc cae aaa ac-
c|e cae |ac|aa |ec|c aaa ||amacas ce aaa tcrre ccmc a |as
tres ce |a maaaa, , ||earca tres erscaas a| ctrc c|a , |e
||amarca |a ateac|ca a |as mac|ac|a cae, cae ceraca !e|e-
ccm, cae e||a se |ac|a restacc ara esc crcae a |as tres
ce |a maaaa ,a tccc e| maacc estaca ccrm|cc. Uaa ce esas
erscaas |e c|c cae |ace esta crcaer|a, caaacc e| c|ce esta
crcaer|a, eatcaces |a ccea a ata. Cc|erca a |a mac|ac|a ,
se |a ||e.arca, "cae es ccet|.c m|||tar". |atcaces, ,a |c eramcs
tcccs. |a cearca a |a sa||ca, cr esa carretera cr a|| se ||a-
ma e| 0aamc, ccmc a |cs tres c|as acs craa|zamcs, , |a|mcs
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a |a case ce e||cs, , cae ac estaca e| e|e, cae a| arecer aaca-
ca cr !|mca, caaacc a| ratc ||ec. /||| acs seatamcs, a||| acs
ateac|erca. || |cmcre c|c, ,c erteaec| 11 acs a |a |/RC,
|a |/RC ac cam||erca cca |c cae tea|aa cae |acer crcae
rcmet|erca, eatcaces me ase a |cs aras c|rectameate ara
e|ear cca e||cs, eatcaces ceamcs ce |ac|ar ce ctras ccsas,
eatcaces caaacc ,a term|ac c||mcs acsctrcs, asteces sacea
cae ea aaestra .ereca ac aeces|tamcs ce sa reseac|a ce as-
tec a| ce |cs ctrcs. Hcsctrcs ac aeces|tamcs ce sa reseac|a
ce asteces a||a, eatcaces, a||a ac |a, |acrca, ac |a, .|c|csc,
ccmc |e c|c, aecea |acer escs, erc acsctrcs se |c ceamcs
a |a aatcr|cac ccmeteate, |ea||zaca, c|rectameate crcae
asteces estaa a| marea ce |a |e,, asteces ac sca arte ce|
cc|erac c|rectameate, aates |c cae |acea es erac|car e|
cc|erac , erac|car |a ccmaa|cac eatera, eatcaces aac ac
|cs s|ae. |atcaces me c|c, caeac ,c |es .c, a cear s|a em-
carc este aamerc ce este ce|a|ar, ara cae maaaa s| t|eaea
a|aa a|eatc c .eaa a|aa .|c|csc me ||amaa. |sas ccsas ac
se .aa a car , |c aa|cc cae |es ec|mcs es cae ac |aaa re-
seac|a ea aaestrc terr|tcr|c, crcae acs caaa |a |maea ,a
cae estamcs cc|ccs. |sta eraa arte ce az, tccc e| maacc
||ea aca|, ,c .e|a cae tcccs ||eacaa aca|, |a eate amaaece
a||| ccrrac|a , aaca |e asa, erc asteces aca| ,a acs caarca
tccc (|cw|a Car.aa|, zcaa rara| ce >aataacer ce Qa|||c|ac).
>|a emcarc, ea ctrcs cascs ca|eaes se cas|erca c maa|-
|estarca ea ccatra ce |cs aram|||tares |aerca ases|aaccs.
/s| |c cca||rma aac ce |cs ||ceres ce |a zcaa ce !am|aaac,
>aataacer ce Qa|||c|ac.
/ca| a s| |acc aaa res|steac|a, cae c|r|amcs ac|||ca. |crcae se
||zc cae e||cs se retractaraa ce |c cae easacaa .ea|r a |acer,
crcae e||cs easacaa tcmarse esta zcaa. |stas erscaas ||e-
acaa a |cs |cares, se ccm|aa e| mercacc, c|amcs|c as|. 0cr-
m|aa ea |as camas ce |a eate , a |a eate |e tccaca ccrm|r ea e|
|sc (||emcrc Ccasec Ccmaa|tar|c ce >aataacer ce Qa|||c|ac).
|s ,a acetacc cae |a, aaa re|ac|ca |a.ersameate rccr-
c|caa| eatre |cs |ec|cs ce |cs actcres armaccs ||ea|es ,
|cs rccescs ce craa|zac|ca scc|a|. /s|, |a |at|m|cac|ca, |a
|mcs|c|||cac ce |a ||cre mc.|||cac, e| c|erre a| cerec|c ce
reaa|ca , ea eaera| |a ccacc|ca cct|c|aaa, term|aaa cr
m|aar e| te|cc scc|a|. |a ecac|a ce |a arc|trar|ecac, |a
.|c|eac|a , e| m|ecc ara||zaa , rccacea ces|azam|eatcs
ce |cs marccs ce acc|ca ce |as craa|zac|caes scc|a|es. |a
tcccs |cs cascs |a, aa acaaccac ce| |aar ce |a c||t|ca, ,
se |crta|ecea |as craa|zac|caes rccact|.as c ca|tara|es.
0cs test|mca|cs e.|ceac|aa estc.
/ca| matarca a aa secr, crcae ||zc res|steac|a a |as e-
t|c|caes ce e||cs , |c |aerca , |c t|rarca a||a. Hc erm|t|erca
cae aac|e |c recc|era , se |c ccm|erca |cs a|||aazcs ,, aes
mac|a eate cr m|ecc c cr |acraac|a, crcae ac tea|aa
|erram|eatas ara at|||zar, eatcaces mac|a eate ac se seat|a,
cr aca asacaa, ||eacaa a mec|a acc|e , |a eate estaca
aaacc ccm|ac ccmc es |a ccstamcre ce e||cs, ccm|ac, c|||ar,
, tccc e| caeatc, , e||cs, ||eacaa , |es |ac|aa c|sarcs , |cs
|ac|aa t|rar a tcccs ea e| |sc, cae |cs .amcs a matar , ces-
aes |es cec|aa cae t|eae tres m|aatcs ara cae se |ercaa ce
m| .|sta eatcaces |a eate |e tcca sa||r cesa.cr|ca (||emcrc
Ccasec Ccmaa|tar|c ce >aataacer ce Qa|||c|ac).
/acacaa cr |as ca||es a aaas .e|cc|caces, ea aaas cam|cae-
tas, e| cae estaca cr a||| escaacaa ce ||e.arse|c. |atcaces
HH
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esc eaerc, ccmc, ccmc aa cacs, eatcaces |a eate ce ac-
c|e ac sa||a, |a eate escac|aca aa carrc c .e|a aa carrc
|acsc , sa||a a ercerse, eatcaces, tccas esas |aerca |as
secae|as cae cec e| asc ce esa eate cr aca (||emcrc
Ccasec Ccmaa|tar|c ce >aataacer ce Qa|||c|ac).
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|crmas ce .|c|eac|a arcaaa cae .|.ea maa|c||cs ccmc \|-
||arr|ca, |aertc !eaca , >aataacer ce Qa|||c|ac. >| c|ea |cs
|cm|c|c|cs |aa c|sm|aa|cc , aaa |as acc|caes sac.ers|.as,
esta e.|ceac|a ac rescace a |a resc|ac|ca ce |as caasas
e||c|eates cae |cs aa|maa. >e |a as|st|cc a |cs ca|ecres
ea e| ae| |eemca|cc ce a|aacs actcres, ccmc es e|
casc ce |as aerr|||as ea |cs acs ac.eata cr |a .|a ce
|a a.aazaca m|||tar ce |a |aerza |ac||ca , mas rec|eate-
meate ce |cs aram|||tares cesmc.|||zaccs ea e| marcc ce|
rccesc ce az. |as ccac|c|caes ce estcs terr|tcr|cs er-
m|tea |a emereac|a ce aae.cs actcres cae ea |a |cea ce
|crar sa ccatrc|, e| reccacc|m|eatc ce |cs cc|accres , sa
cc|accrac|ca ccastre|ca, ae|aa a| recarsc ce |a .|c|ea-
c|a ea tccas sas |crmas. |cs maa|c||cs ce >aataacer ce
Qa|||c|ac , |aertc !eaca ccaceatraa ea e| er|ccc 2000-
2009 e| 5,4 ce |cs |cm|c|c|cs ce |a re|ca. || r|merc
es e| ceatrc cc|acc mas |mcrtaate, e| mas ceasc ea sas
re|ac|caes. |aertc !eaca acece aaa .|c|eac|a ||aca a
|as |c|cas ce |a ce||acaeac|a, cae |a.c|acra ea|reatam|ea-
tcs eatre caacas ccmaestas r|ac|a|meate cr c.eaes.
|stcs ccs maa|c||cs acemas |aerca |cs cae mas sccre||e-
.arca |a arremet|ca aram|||tar. \a|a rec|sar cae taatc
>aataacer , |aertc !eaca sca aaa saerte ce esac|cs ce
art|ca|ac|ca ce ma|t||es re|ac|caes ce |atercamc|c. |a ese
seat|cc, ac tccas |as maertes ccarr|cas ea estcs ccs ma-
a|c||cs sca aecesar|ameate ce erscaas cr|aacas ce a|||.
|sta c|aam|ca es mas |aerte ea e| casc ce >aataacer ce
Qa|||c|ac, cae |aae ccmc e| ceatrc art|ca|accr ce| acrte.
|s e| ceatrc ce| mercacc re|caa|, , cr a||| asaa |cs mas
c|s|m||es |atercamc|cs.
HO
!"#$%&'"()* (),-%* )( )$ ("-.) /)$ 0%1&%
cae, /cc|ca >cc|a| (RU|0 - >|cc), sea|a cae eatre 1991 ,
c|c|emcre ce 2009, 3.303.919 erscaas |aerca ateac|cas
cr este |eacmeac.
|a s|taac|ca ce| ceartameatc ce| Caaca ac es meacs
ccm|ea, tcca .ez cae |as ccac|c|caes ecra||cas , aata-
ra|es, |c |aa cca.ert|cc ea aa terr|tcr|c estrate|cc ara |cs
actcres armaccs, eaeraacc aaa ccastaate c|sata cca e|
||a ce maateaer e| ccatrc| sccre a|aaas ce sas zcaas.
|ste es e| casc ce |as acc|caes ea |a Ccrc|||era 0cc|cea-
ta| , rec|eatemeate ea |a Ccrc|||era Ceatra|. || ccasc||cacc
1991-2009 ce /cc|ca >cc|a|, |ac|ca cae e| 0eartameatc
ccaceatra e| 3.94 ce |as erscaas e\a|sacas ea tccc e|
a|s (|aar 11 eatre 32 ceartameatcs) , e| 3.12 ce |as
erscaas rec|c|cas a caasa ce| cca|||ctc armacc (aestc
13 eatre 32 ceartameatcs). /s|, ara e| er|ccc cescr|tc,
130.021 erscaas |ac|aa s|cc e\a|sacas, m|eatras cae
103.084 |aerca rec|c|cas ea e|. |cs acs 2001, 2002 ,
2008 |aerca |cs acs mas cr|t|ccs.
|a |a|crmac|ca ce /cc|ca >cc|a| |ac|ca cae e| ces|aza-
m|eatc ea e| acrte se ccaceatra ea |cs maa|c||cs ce bae-
acs /|res (39), ||raaca (15), Ccr|atc (13), Ca|ctc
(13) , >aataacer ce Qa|||c|ac (12), cae rereseataa
e| 92 ce| tcta| ce| ces|azam|eatc ce |a re|ca acrte
ce| ceartameatc ce| Caaca. |a recec|ca, ea sa ma,cr|a,
rc.|eae ce Har|c, |atama,c , |a||a, ceartameatcs ea
|cs cae se |a |ateas|||cacc e| cca|||ctc c se |a |acremea-
tacc |a errac|cac|ca ce ca|t|.cs ce asc |||c|tc. /s|, |ca,aa
, >aataacer ce Qa|||c|ac ccaceatraa mas ce| 50 ce |a
|ateresa cestacar, ea term|acs acsc|atcs, e| aamerc ce
|cm|c|c|cs. |s actcr|c e| |acremeatc eatre 2000 , 2001
, |aec aaa teaceac|a a| cesceasc |asta 2004. >|a caca,
e| er|ccc ce arremet|ca aram|||tar marca aa aatc ce
|a||e\|ca. |aec ce |a cesmc.|||zac|ca aram|||tar, |cs |c-
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cae se rece|c ea |aaama, erc |a, catcs ce cae mac|cs es-
c|a.cs cae .ea|aa ea |as r|meras e\ec|c|caes ce ccaca|sta-
ccres |cracaa |a|r a |cs "arcacaccs" , estac|ecer a|eacaes
ea mcates |eaacs ce |cs aec|cs esac|es (||aa 1915. 9).
|a Cc|cmc|a sca ma|t||es |cs cascs ccacc|ccs ce cca|cr-
mac|ca ce a|eacaes, a|aacs mas ccacc|ccs, ccmc e| ce
>aa bas|||c ea |a ccsta Car|ce c e| ce || Cast|c ea || |at|a ,
ctrcs meacs ccacc|ccs , escasameate cccameataccs. |a e|
acrte ce| Caaca se |a |ac|acc ce a|eacaes ea |a zcaa ce ||
|a|c , ea |cs a|receccres ce |aertc !eaca, aaacae tcca.|a
sca ccc ccacc|ccs ea ceta||e. Hc ccstaate, sea caa| sea |a
||stcr|a ce |cs a|eacaes ea |a re|ca, e\|ste am||a e.|cea-
c|a cae maestra cae e||cs |aerca e\cec|caa|es, taatc aca|
>
a
a
t
a
a
c
e
r
1988 \|ctcr C|arcs |ec|aa ||cera|
>
a
a
r
e
z
1988
1990 /raa|cc |crccc ||cera| 1990
1992 |ac|aac |c|e.err| \e|ez 0trcs art|ccs 1992 |a|s |eraaacc Cc|cracc 0trcs art|ccs
1994 /|cemar R|cs bermacez ||cera| 1994 |eraaacc Ram|rez Ram|rez ||cera|
1991 1991
2000 2000
2003 Car|cs a||c bca|||a >ctc ||cera| 2003 a.|er 0rccez /mca||a
|c.|m|eatc /er-
tara ||cera|
2001 aaa cse |eraaacez |era ||cera| 2001
|a|s |eraaacc Cc|cracc
/caza
|art|cc Cca.er-
eac|a C|acacaaa
0
a
a
c
|
e
-
a
e
2001
esas ||.er 0caza|ez baa-
aerc
||cera|
\
|
|
|
a
r
r
|
c
a
/r|e /raca ||cera|
2C
!"#$%&'"()* (),-%* )( )$ ("-.) /)$ 0%1&%
ccmc ea ctras artes ce| a|s, cr |c cae |acr|a cae |as|st|r
ea e| estac|c ce ctras |crmas ce res|steac|a, as| ccmc ce
aecc|ac|ca , acatac|ca, cae ||c|erca arte |mcrtaate ce
|as |crmas ce .|ca cct|c|aaa ce |cs esc|a.|zaccs.
|s sac|cc cae caraate ese |arc er|ccc cae .a cesce |a
||eaca ce |cs r|mercs esc|a.|zaccs |asta 1851, se rccae-
rca acrmas ara ccatrc|ar a |cs esc|a.|zaccs, recac|eacc a|
m|a|mc sas cs|c|||caces ce res|steac|a. >e |ateatc c|sc|.er
|cs racs ||aa|st|ccs |cmceaecs, se searc a |as area-
te|as, se ca|sc maateaer|es a| marea ce |a rc|ecac , se
|es e.aae||zc, cca |a |cea ce cae ac ac|eraa craa|zarse ,
ccaerse a| s|stema esc|a.|sta
1
. >|a emcarc, e| s|stema era
crcsc , ac |aac|caaca ccmc aa tccc aa|||cacc.
0araate |a esc|a.|tac, a||| ccmc ea ctrcs |aares, e| aerc
ta.c escasc accesc a |a t|erra. /|aacs caecs, aates ce
mcr|r, cearca arce|as , ccacec|erca |a ||certac a sas es-
c|a.cs ce mac|cs acs, ea actcs a|s|accs ce ateraa||smc.
0trcs aercs ccmrarca sa ||certac cca sa tracac ce c|as
|est|.cs , ccaarca ca|c|cs cae cca.|rt|erca ea arce|as ce
ca|t|.c (|r|ecemaaa 191.152).
Qa|eaes se .e|aa |crzaccs a tracaar ea |as m|aas |cracaa
car|ar, a| meacs arc|a|meate, |as e\|eac|as ce |cs m|aercs
, sas caataces mec|aate |a recacc|ca ce |cs r|tmcs ce tra-
cac , |a cestracc|ca ce |as |erram|eatas, eatre ctras rac-
t|cas. !amc|ea |as rece||caes esta.|erca reseates, a|aaas
se re|strarca ea |as m|aas ce e\|ctac|ca ce crc, ccmc aa
casc ccarr|cc ea e| s||c /\||| ea |c cae a|cra se ccacce
ccmc maa|c||c ce baeacs /|res, ccace "ea 111 |acc aaa
rece||ca cerca ce |a ba|sa, ea |a cae |aerca maertcs e| cae-
c ce aaa m|aa , sa ||c cr sa caacr|||a ce esc|a.cs. \
ea aaa |ac|eaca ce Cartac se |aaeaca aaa raa rece||ca
ascc|aca cca aa a|eacae cercaac" (||aa 1915.33).
0tras |crmas ce res|steac|a esta.|erca rereseatacas ea
e| ca|t|.c ce |a t|erra, |c cae ac aa ae| |mcrtaate ea |a
eaerac|ca ce rccescs ce aatcacm|a. \a |aera cr |a .|a
ce |a |aa c cr |a ce |a maaam|s|ca |ea|, |cs aercs cas-
carca ccmc |r ccastra,eacc sas rc|as |crmas ce .|ca
|aceeac|eate ce |cs esc|a.|stas , |aerca cc|aacc esa-
c|cs ac ccaaccs cr |cs |aceacaccs , m|aercs. |stcs
rccescs |aerca c|a.es ea |a cca||arac|ca ce |ceat|caces
|cca|es, cae se cacaa ea |cs mareaes ce| s|stema esc|a-
.|sta , a .eces ea ac|ertc cesa||c a| m|smc.
|a e| area ce |aertc !eaca, a| acrte ce| ceartameatc ce|
Caaca, ,a ea 1180 |cs aercs ||cres, c |ea|meate maaa-
m|scs, c rc|acs , a .eces reaa|ccs ea a|eacaes, eraa
|amcscs cr sas ca|t|.cs ce tacacc. |a ese t|emc e| re, ce
|saa crceac e| mcacc||c ce| tacacc ara aameatar |as
reatas ce| cc|erac, sc|c se cc|a .eacer e| tacacc ea e|
estaacc c||c|a| , |a c||c|a .|||aca |a t|erra ara cestra|r, |cs
ca|t|.cs ||ea|es (||aa 1915.35).
|ara ccm|eazcs ce| s||c /|/, era e.|ceate cae e| s|ste-
ma esc|a.|sta era castaate |aestac|e ea |a re|ca , |cs
:
|cr eem|c ea 1115 a ra|z ce |a eseca|ac|ca ce |a sa| , e| azacar se rc||c|c cae |cs artesaacs, sastres , |atercs ac|eraa teaer t|eaca ce a|er|a , a
|cs esc|a.cs ser acm|a|straccres ce |as m|smas (/|C-|ca,aa 1115-1119).
2>
a|rccesceac|eates |ac|aa cacc maestra ce ac caerer sc-
meterse ce| tccc a| cc|erac ce |cs esac|es.
|ac|a e| ||aa| ce| er|ccc cc|ca|a|, cr e| ac 1800, arec|a
cae caca .ez mas |cs esc|a.cs se estacaa escaaacc ea
ma,cr aamerc, caasaacc rcc|emas a sas caecs. |a tec-
r|a |acr|a s|cc cs|c|e cae |cs aercs ||cres |aresaraa a |a
scc|ecac esac|a , eaccatraraa em|ec ccmc c|acacaacs
ea aaa ce |as castas |a|er|cres, erc ea |a ract|ca estc ac
ccarr|c. Cas| s|emre |cs aercs ||cres rccaracaa .|.|r taa
|ecs ce |cs c|aaccs ccmc |aera cs|c|e, ca|t|.aacc |ataac,
arrcz, tacacc , e\tra,eacc aa ccc ce crc. |re|er|aa traca-
ar ara e||cs m|smcs cr caeata rc|a, ac ccmc ecaes c
craa|ercs ara |cs r|ccs (||aa 1915.34).
|ara |a m|sma ecca, |a cc,aatara ce |as aerras |aceea-
ceat|stas erm|t|c aaa aae.a |crma ce art|c|ac|ca c||-
t|ca ce |cs a|rccesceac|eates cae |ac|tacaa |a re|ca. |a
aecc|ac|ca ce sa art|c|ac|ca ea |cs eerc|tcs ea c|sata.
|as a||a ce caa| |aera e| eerc|tc a| cae se .|aca|araa c |cs
resa|taccs ce c|c|a .|aca|ac|ca, |c |ateresaate ce| mcmea-
tc es cae eaera |as ccac|c|caes ara cae |cs esc|a.|za-
ccs |aeraa ccas|ceraccs ccmc aaa |aerza esec|||ca ea |a
ccat|eaca , aecc|araa sa art|c|ac|ca ea term|acs ce
sas rc|cs |atereses ea e| mcmeatc. Hc ccstaate, ara
|as e||tes ce |a ecca, |a art|c|ac|ca ce |a cc|ac|ca ae-
ra ac ceaca ce ser ccetc ce reccaac|ca.
Cca |as aerras ce |aceeaceac|a, e| ||certaccr bc||.ar ||a-
mc a |a cc|ac|ca aera a art|c|ar ea |a |ac|a, rcme-
t|eacc|es |a ||certac, erc scsta.c tamc|ea cae |cs aercs
cec|aa |ac|ar , mcr|r ,a cae s| sc|ameate |ac|acaa , mcr|aa
|cs c|aaccs, Cc|cmc|a ser|a cceraaca cr aercs , estc ac
era ce sa aracc a| ce| ce ctrcs cr|c||cs r|ccs. 0araate |a
aerra, mac|cs aercs |crarca escaarse ce sas amcs ,
se |aerca a .|.|r a |a se|.a (||aa 1915.35).
|sta |ase se c|erra cca |a acc||c|ca ce |a esc|a.|tac ea
1851, caaacc esta |ast|tac|ca estaca ea |raacc caecraatc.
>| c|ea |aec ce |as |ac|as ce |aceeaceac|a se |masc |a
reac||ca ce c|acacaacs ||cres, se maata.c |a esc|a.|tac.
|a |e, 21 ce a||c ce 1821 ccacc|ca ccmc ||certac ce
.|eatres, tea|a tccas |as tr|ca|ae|as ar|c|cas ara rc-
|caar |a esc|a.|tac, aes |a c|s|razaca cca aaa cc||aca
tatcr|a. || 0ecretc ce| 12 ce acr|| , |a |e, 29 ce ma,c
ce 1842 ccm|etarca |a |atara, |a r|mera e\||eacc aa
ceasc ce cc|ac|ca esc|a.a , |a seaaca, estac|ec|eacc
e| arre|c |crzcsc cae retea|a a |cs esc|a.|zaccs |asta
|cs 25 acs. Ccmc sea|a !|racc |e|a (1989.158), ea |a
Ccast|tac|ca ce 1843 se c|c cae |a aac|ca raaac|aa ac
era a| ser|a aaaca atr|mca|c ce aaa |am|||a, s|a emcarc
mac|as |am|||as ce esc|a.|zaccs s|a|erca s|eacc arte
ce| atr|mca|c ce ctras. |ae ea 1851, |aec ce mac|as
c|scas|caes caaacc ||aa|meate se |e|s|c |a maaam|s|ca ce
|cs esc|a.|zaccs , |a |acema|zac|ca a |cs rc|etar|cs. |a
|e, r||c a art|r ce| r|merc ce eaerc ce 1852.
E'#)-.%/ Y1-;/'&% < &"(*.'.1&':( /) 1(
&%D>)*'(%/" $'#-)
|a seaaca |ase .a cesce e| |crc ce |a ||certac ar|c|ca |as-
ta |cs acs caareata ce| s||c //. |a e||a se aecea c|st|a-
a|r .ar|cs rccescs. |cr aa |acc, e| a|s|am|eatc/aatcacm|a
<-/G%,$"-+/@ 5% )/ (/-$+,+(/,+4# (")*$+,/ G )"@ (-",%@"@ "-./#+0/$+1"@
2D
!"#$%&'"()* (),-%* )( )$ ("-.) /)$ 0%1&%
(rccesc ce etaceaes|s), , cr ctrc tact|cas eccacm|cas,
scc|a|es, c||t|cas , ca|tara|es ce cascaeca ce |ac|as|ca. 0a-
raate este er|ccc eaccatramcs |cs r|mercs mcmeatcs ce
art|c|ac|ca c||t|ca a tra.es ce art|ccs (art|ca|armeate e|
|art|cc ||cera|), |ac|as cames|aas cr |a t|erra, ccast|tac|ca
ce craa|zac|caes casacas ea cemaacas ce c|ase (s|ac|ca-
tcs), , rccescs ce c|aacaeam|eatc, mezc|a rac|a| , ca|tara|
(mest|zae, zamcae, ma|atae). >e trata ce aaa art|c|ac|ca
c||t|ca ce |a eate aera ce |a re|ca cae se |aatea ea
term|acs ce cames|acs c cc|accres rara|es.
|aec ce acc||ca |a esc|a.|tac, |a cc|ac|ca aera |ateatc
accecer a |a rc|ecac ce |a t|erra ce maaera mas|.a c .|a-
ca|arse a| mercacc |accra| .eac|eacc sa |aerza ce tracac.
|a s|taac|ca ac |ae |aa| ara aacs , ctrcs, acae||cs cae ac-
ca|r|erca t|erras ea rc|ecac c se aseatarca ea t|erras ac
ccaacas cr |cs rc|etar|cs trac|c|caa|es, |crarca eae-
rar aaa eccacm|a cames|aa, casaca ea e| m|a||aac|c. 0trcs
mas se cec|carca a| craa|ec, tracaaacc ea |ac|eacas c
tra|c|es, maatea|eacc aaa ma,cr ceeaceac|a resectc
ce |cs |at||aac|stas |cca|es cae eraa |cs aat|acs esc|a.|stas.
0araate este er|ccc, |a rc|ecac r|.aca ce |a t|erra ac
era aaa r|cr|cac taa |aerte , mac|as |crmas ce asc ce
|a t|erra saca|aa ract|cas ce cc|ect|.|smc ea |as cae se
ccmart|a e| asc ce |cs terreacs eatre .ar|cs rccactcres
, sas |am|||as. >eaa ||aa,
/aacae |ac|a aaa |crma ce rc|ecac r|.aca eatre |cs
cames|acs, estaca ma, c||a|ca cec|cc a cae se ccmart|a
|a t|erra , e| tracac. |ac|a raaces arce|as ce t|erra ||ama-
cas '|ac|.|sas', 'rc |ac|.|scs' , ce 'ccmaaercs', ccace |cs
2H
cames|acs aarcacaa sas aa|ma|es , ca|t|.acaa aa ccc
ce ma|z , arrcz (||aa, 1915.8).
|as r|meras |ac|as cr |a t|erra estar|aa ascc|acas, ea
arte, a |a ce|easa ce estcs terreacs.
|.] ara ||astrar este casc |a ||stcr|a sea|a a |cs cescea-
c|eates ce >aat|ac |cer, ea rereseatac|ca ce |a Ccma|a
/r|cc|a Caacaaa , a |arc|c bc|mer, caec ce| a|macea 'bc-
|mer , ||acer' ac|cacc ea |aertc !eaca, ccmc aacs ce |cs
mas ||astrat|.cs eem|cs ce |a |crma ccmc se arc|arca ce
|as t|erras ceacm|aacas '|ac|.|scs'|.] (/|carrac|a, 2003.1).
|sta |ac|a cr |a t|erra se |ateatc rea||zar cr c|.ersas .|as.
|cs raaces terratea|eates cascacaa maateaer sas r|.||e-
|cs ce cr|ea cc|ca|a|, |c cae |ac|a|a |a e\|steac|a ce aaa
maac ce ccra carata (s| ac rata|ta) , |a ccaser.ac|ca ce
|a rc|ecac ara e\teacer |as |ac|eacas aaaceras , ar|-
cc|as. |aa| a ccmc |c sea|raa |ac|eacc ea |as cecacas
s|a|eates, |cs raaces rc|etar|cs recaer|aa cescar ce
|a t|erra a |cs cames|acs m|a||aac|stas ara as| rc.eer ce
maac ce ccra a sas ca|t|.cs.
/| ccmeazar esta aae.a ecca. |cs r|ccs |a.ac|erca |as t|erras
ce |cs cames|acs crcae |as aeces|tacaa ara |a cr|a ce a-
aacc, , mas ace|aate, ara ca|t|.cs ce caa, ta.|erca cae e\-
a|sar a |cs aat|acs rc|etar|cs a ca|eaes |crzarca a tracaar
ara aacs cccs |aceacaccs. |sta es |a ecca ce |cs raaces
cesccs cr |cs |c|a|a, |cs |cer , a|aacs terratea|eates
meacres cae eaetrarca a| acrte ce| Caaca. |cs cames|acs
tratarca ce ce|eacerse cca s|ac|catcs, erc ta.|erca ccc e\|-
tc. >a ca|tara |ae atacaca, sas |am|||as ces|ateracas , |aerca
ces|azaccs a |a c|acac. Cca |a \|c|eac|a este rccesc se re|-
t|c a aaa esca|a ma,cr , mas saar|eata a mec|ca cae |a caa
se cca.ert|a ea e| r|ac|a| ca|t|.c ce |a zcaa (||aa 1915. 151).
Hc ccstaate, esta |ac|a cr |a t|erra ac era sc|c aaa |a-
c|a eatre 'c|aaccs' , 'aercs'. /|aacs cames|acs aercs
se ||c|erca raaces rc|etar|cs , actaarca cca |a m|sma
|c|ca ce |cs |at||aac|stas trac|c|caa|es. / ccm|eazcs ce
s||c se re|stra e| casc ce a|aacs rc|etar|cs aercs ,
||cera|es, ccmc beaam|a |era.
|ra aerc , ||cera|, m|eatras a|me 0cmez era c|aacc , cca-
ser.accr, erc eraa |a m|sma ccsa. |ac|cs ||cera|es |ac|aa
|c m|smc cae |cs ccaser.accres. |acc cca res|steac|a aca|
ea Qa|aterc. |cs r|ccs |a.ccacaa |a |e, , |as aatcr|caces ara
sacar a |cs aercs , ac aacaa a| c|acc ceata.cs cr |a
t|erra (||aa 1915.91).
|sta s|taac|ca ||astra ccmc |cs |atereses cae se ce||eacea
ac se |aateaa ea term|acs ce raza c eta|a, a| e\|ste aaa
ccrrescaceac|a c|recta eatre c|c|cs |atereses , |a .|a-
ca|ac|ca a aa art|cc c||t|cc. 0e |ec|c, |a art|c|ac|ca
ea c||t|ca e|ectcra| |ae aa mecaa|smc ce mc.|||cac scc|a|
ara a|aacs ||ceres , rc|etar|cs |cca|es.
|ra aaa |ac|a eatre |cs rc|etar|cs , |cs cescse|ccs,
ea |a cae |a ccac|c|ca ce c|ase ac estaca ascc|aca a aaa
ccac|c|ca eta|ca c rac|a|, a esar ce cae |a ma,cr|a ce |cs
rc|etar|cs erteaec|eraa a aaa c|ase , ccac|c|ca eta|ca
art|ca|ar. >|a emcarc, sera caraate este er|ccc caaacc
se craa|cea |cs r|mercs s|ac|catcs , |a |ac|a cr |a t|erra
em|ece a |aatearse ea term|acs ce c|ase.
<-/G%,$"-+/@ 5% )/ (/-$+,+(/,+4# (")*$+,/ G )"@ (-",%@"@ "-./#+0/$+1"@
2O
!"#$%&'"()* (),-%* )( )$ ("-.) /)$ 0%1&%
0e esa ecca cata |a Ua|ca >|ac|ca| ce| Caaca, cae |ac|c
cra.|ameate cr |cs cerec|cs ce |cs cames|acs. Uaa |ac|a
art|ca|armeate |ara , amara se cesarrc||c ea e| |ac|.|sc
ce 0aeaae. |sta |ae aaa |ac|a eatre |a Ccma|a /r|cc|a
Caacaaa, ce rc|ecac ce |a |am|||a |cer, , |cs cames|acs
res|ceates, cae a |a |ara erc|erca ract|cameate tcca
esa t|erra cae |c, es ccaaca cr e| |aea|c Caaca (||aa
1915.91).
|a sa aaa||s|s !ecccra |artacc (2004) |a c|.|c|cc este
er|ccc ea ccs raaces |ases. |stas ser|aa.
|.] |a r|mera ce e||as, cster|cr a |a acc||c|ca ce |a esc|a.|-
tac, eatre 1851 , 1910, er|ccc cae cc|ac|ce cca |a ecca ce
aac|m|eatc , e\aas|ca ce |a rccacc|ca ar|cc|a cames|aa,
|a seaaca |ase se reseata eatre 1910 , 1950, cescr|ta
ccmc |a ecca ce |cr|a ce |cs aec|cs acrtecaacaacs, re-
reseataca ea |a rcser|cac eccacm|ca ce |cs cames|acs
aercs , |a ccasc||cac|ca ce |a zcaa ccmc aaa re|ca cca ||-
cerazc c||t|cc , aatcacm|a eccacm|ca (|artacc 2004.11).
|| er|ccc ccmreac|cc eatre 1910-1950, ccrrescace
a |a ecca cae |artacc ceacm|aa ce "|cr|a ce| came-
s|aacc", ea e| cae se ccasc||cc aaa rcsera eccacm|a
cames|aa ea e| m|smc mcmeatc ea cae se rccac|aa |cs
rccescs ce 'mccera|zac|ca' ce| a|s. |ara ese mcmeatc,
|cs cames|acs aercs art|c|arca ea |a c||t|ca re|c-
aa| ce c|.ersas |crmas, cae .aa cesce |a .|aca|ac|ca a
art|ccs c||t|ccs trac|c|caa|es esec|a|meate e| ||cera|-,
, |as re|.|ac|cac|caes casacas ea |a |cea ce c||ereac|a
rac|a|, asaacc cr |a art|c|ac|ca ce |cs tracaaccres
ce |a caa ea s|ac|catcs, |asta |as |ac|as cr |a t|erra. ||
rccesc ce mccera|zac|ca cr sa arte, se re|ac|caa cca
c|.ersas .ar|ac|es.
|.] 1) |a |a,ecc|ca ce ca|ta| acrteamer|caac a |a |m|emea-
tac|ca ce |a arc|acastr|a azacarera, eatre 1913 , 1928, 2) |a
term|aac|ca ce| |errccarr|| ce| \a||e , e| 0ceaac |ac|||cc, ea e|
m|smc ac ea cae se ccac|a,c e| Caaa| ce |aaama ea 1914,
3) |a sast|tac|ca ce |cs ca|t|.cs trac|c|caa|es ce cacac, |ataac,
ca|e , |ratas, cae se rccac|aa caraate tccc e| ac, cr ca|t|.cs
trc|ca|es ccmc |a sc,a , e| scrc, cae acemas ce rccac|r
sc|c aaa c ccs .eces a| ac, recaer|aa ce ma,cres es|aerzcs
e |a.ers|ca ce ca|ta| eccacm|cc, cr arte ce| cames|aacc
aerc, ara |a ccmra ce rccactcs ca|m|ccs cest|aaccs a|
ca|cacc ce |cs ca|t|.cs, 4) se aseararca ara e| \a||e ce| Caa-
ca |cs mec|cs ara e\crtar, cr r|mera .ez ea |a ||stcr|a,
ccsec|as trc|ca|es ea raa .c|amea. Ccmc resa|tacc ce este
rccesc, eatre 1910 , 1930, |a re|ca se ccasc||ca ccmc aaa ce
|as r|ac|a|es areas ce e\aas|ca |acastr|a| , eccacm|ca ara
e| sarccc|ceate cc|cmc|aac, eacarec|eaccse e| .a|cr ce |a t|erra
(|artacc, 2004.19).
9-.'&1$%&'"()* -%&'%$)* g>-"#$)D%.'H%d
&'"()* /) $" (),-"
|a tercera |ase .a cesce |cs acs caareata |asta |a r|me-
ra m|tac ce |cs cc|eata. 0estacaa art|ca|ac|caes rac|a|es
, rcc|emat|zac|caes ce |c aerc, ea ccs mcmeatcs cae
aecea c|st|aa|rse. || r|merc, cae arraaca ea |cs acs
caareata, caaacc |a, aaa |aerte |atere|ac|ca ce |c aerc
ccmc aaa raza c|st|at|.a ara |crar rereseatac|ca , re-
ccacc|m|eatc c||t|cc. || seaacc, eatre |cs acs seteata ,
22
cc|eata, ea |cs cae se resa|ta |a e\|steac|a ce c|scr|m|aa-
c|ca rac|a| , |a .|s|c|||cac ce |a eate aera.
|a etaa cae .a cesce ccm|eazcs ce |cs c|acaeata |asta
mec|accs ce |cs cc|eata, se caracter|zc cr |a rcres|.a
e\aas|ca ce |a arc|acastr|a caera , |a rc|etar|zac|ca
ce| cames|aacc, as| ccmc cr |a emereac|a ce aae.as
|crmas ce |ac|a. |ac|as arar|as, mc.|m|eatcs c|.|ccs, ce-
maaca ce ser.|c|cs ac||ccs. |ccr|a cec|rse cae |cs rcce-
scs ce mccera|zac|ca , ce rcser|cac ce| cames|aacc
ccrr|erca ara|e|cs |asta cae, |ac|a |cs acs cc|eata ea-
trarca ea ac|erta ccatrac|cc|ca.
|a tercera etaa, cae .a ce 1950 a 1985, se caracter|za cr
|a |m|emeatac|ca ce |a |acastr|a azacarera, |a erc|ca , c|s-
m|aac|ca ce |a teaeac|a ce |a t|erra ccmc case ce |a aatcac-
m|a , ce| ||cerazc c||t|cc, , |a ||eaca ce |am|raates ce |a
ccsta |ac|||ca , ce |a zcaa /ac|aa ccmc maac ce ccra ara
|a arc|acastr|a azacarera. |a caarta |ase se cesea.ae|.e
cesce 1985 |asta |a actaa||cac, |a caa| se cestaca cr |a
rc|etar|zac|ca ce |a cc|ac|ca , |a |aterac|ca ce |a ccmarca
ccmc arte |atera| ce| area metrcc||taaa ce |a c|acac ce
Ca|| (|artacc 2004.11).
0araate |a cecaca ce |cs acs seteata aarece aa r|mer
mc.|m|eatc arcaac ce c|ases mec|as caas ce |ate|ec-
taa|es aercs cca aa c|scarsc cercaac a| ce| mc.|m|eatc
aerc acrteamer|caac , |cs cerec|cs c|.||es, cca mat|ces
s|mat|zaates a |as ||aras mas rac|ca|es (|a|ccm /). ||
ee ceatra| era e| tema ce| rac|smc , |a s|taac|ca ce c|s-
cr|m|aac|ca ce |a cc|ac|ca aera cc|cmc|aaa (|artacc,
2001.1)
|ara |cs acs cc|eata, em|ezaa a .erse |as ccaca|stas |a-
c|eaas ce t|erras , se em|eza a|aacs |ate|ectaa|es a|rc, c
aercs ea ese eatcaces, a easar ce cae |as ccmaa|caces
cecea ce craa|zarse ccmc craa|zac|ca aera, crcae
teaemcs aaa ca|tara, crcae teaemcs aa terr|tcr|c, crcae
teaemcs aaa caat|cac ce ccsas, cae Cc|cmc|a cece |e|s|ar
ara e||c. |atcaces, se em|eza a |ac|ar ce |a ascc|ac|ca c
mc.|m|eatc ce ccmaa|caces aeras, ea |cs acs cc|eata
arc\|macameate (wa|ter >aacc.a|, |ac|||a).
N"4'D')(."* &;4'&"*F *)-4'&'"* >W#$'d
&"*h .')--% < 4'4')(/%
|a caarta |ase se acta ea |a cecaca ce |cs cc|eata. |s e|
t|emc ce |as mc.|||zac|caes c|.|cas cr ser.|c|cs ac||ccs,
t|erra , .|.|eaca. |a, aaa traas|c|ca ce mc.|m|eatcs c|.|ccs
a mc.|m|eatcs c|.|ccs e|ectcra|es , se rccacea |cs r|me-
rcs rccescs ce eta|zac|ca. |artacc |a |aateacc cae, |as
|.] maa||estac|caes ca|ares se |ateas|||caa ea |a cecaca
ce |cs cc|eata , t|eaea ccmc ccet|.c r|ac|a| cascar sc|a-
c|caes a |cs rcc|emas ce restac|ca ce ser.|c|cs ac||ccs,
e| |ac|aam|eatc arcaac cr caasa ce |a escasez ce .|.|eacas
, e| ceter|crc amc|eata| caasacc cr |as emresas aseata-
cas ea |a re|ca (|artacc, 2004. 84).
>e tratc ce rccescs cae ccatr|ca,erca a eaerar reces
|cca|es , re|caa|es, aaacae ceca,erca a ||aa|es ce |a ce-
caca ce |cs cc|eata , ccm|eazcs ce |cs ac.eata, eatre
ctras razcaes cr aa camc|c ea sas |crmas ce art|c|a-
c|ca c||t|ca.
<-/G%,$"-+/@ 5% )/ (/-$+,+(/,+4# (")*$+,/ G )"@ (-",%@"@ "-./#+0/$+1"@
29
!"#$%&'"()* (),-%* )( )$ ("-.) /)$ 0%1&%
|.] aaa ce |as |ac|as ca|ares mas |mcrtaates |ae |a rea-
||zaca cr |as /scc|ac|caes ce 0estec|accs ea |aertc !eaca,
cae cata||zc |a mc.|||zac|ca scc|a| a|receccr ce| rcc|ema |a-
c|tac|caa| eaeracc cr |a arremet|ca ce |a rccacc|ca arc|a-
castr|a| ce |a caa ce azacar , sa recaer|m|eatc mas|.c ce
raaces e\teas|caes ce t|erra, eacerraacc a |cs cc|accres
ce |a |cca||cac ea aa cceaac ce caa , s|a areas ce e\aas|ca
terr|tcr|a| c res|ceac|a|. |ac|a |cs acs cc|eata, |a cc|ac|ca
ces|ec aa c|scs|t|.c ce acc|caes ara cemcstrar |a re.|a
e\rc|ac|ca .|c|eata e ||ea| ce t|erras ce cames|acs, cr
arte ce |cs |aea|cs , |a eaaeaac|ca ce rc|ecaces ac||cas
a |a.cr ce art|ca|ares (0e Rca\, 1991). |cster|crmeate, e| 21
ce marzc ce 1981, cerca ce 1.500 |am|||as |a.ac|erca aa |cte
ce rc|ecac ce| |aea|c |a Cacaa, , res|st|erca |cs |ateatcs
ce cesa|cc c|r||ccs cr |a |aerza ac||ca (|artacc, 2004. 84).
|s tamc|ea |a ecca ce |a Rec ce 0raa|zac|caes ce base,
.|aca|aca cca |a e\er|eac|a ce| |c.|m|eatc C|.|cc Hcr-
tecaacaac , a |as |ac|as ce |cs cc|accres ce |a re|ca
craa|zaccs ara cemaacar |a reseac|a ce| |stacc ea
caaatc a asectcs ccmc t|erras , ser.|c|cs ac||ccs. |as
ace|aate, ea e| ccate\tc ce| rccesc ce cesceatra||zac|ca
.|.|cc a a|.e| aac|caa|, a|aacs ce estcs ||ceres , craa|za-
c|caes cec|c|erca .|aca|arse a |crmas ce art|c|ac|ca e|ec-
tcra|, ,a |aera cca art|ccs trac|c|caa|es c cca craa|zac|c-
aes e|ectcra|es rccactc ce a||aazas cc,aatara|es, a|aacs
ce estcs rccescs cascarca ccastra|r a|teraat|.as ce ccer
|cca|, ea e| esac|c ce |a acm|a|strac|ca ac||ca, rcm|eacc
cca |a |eemca|a ||cera| cae caracter|zc ||stcr|cameate a |a
re|ca.
Uaa mc.|||zac|ca |mcrtaate ara mec|accs ce |cs cc|ea-
ta se c|c ea re|ac|ca cca e| casc ce |a reresa ce |a
>a|.a|aa, cae ceseacaceac a|aaas |a|c|at|.as ce acc|ca
ccaaata eatre sectcres aercs, |ac|eaas , cames|acs.
|ara 198, se ccasc||cc aa ||ec ce et|c|caes, cr arte ce
|a ccmaa|cac a|ectaca cca |a Reresa >a|.a|aa , se crec |a
/scc|ac|ca |rc cama|||caccs ce >a|.a|aa /scrccesa, aatc
a estc se rea||zc aaa marc|a ea |a cae art|c|arca mas ce
15.000 erscaas. Ccmc ccasecaeac|a ce |a res|ca eerc|ca, |a
acm|a|strac|ca ac||ca rea||zc acaerccs cca |a ccmaa|cac a|ec-
taca ara tratar ce m|t|ar |cs |mactcs cae |es eaerc c|c|a
reresa. || acta ce |cs acaerccs se ||amc "acta ce ccmrcm|-
sc cca |cs rereseataates ce |as ccmaa|caces cames|aas e
|ac|eaas a|ectacas cca |a ccastracc|ca ce |a reresa ce |a
>a|.a|aa ea e| 0eartameatc ce| Caaca", ea ccace se ||c|erca
acaerccs re|ereates a.
.|as ce ccmaa|cac|ca (aeates, carreteras, ccastracc|ca ce
rama|es). traascrte (|aac|caes, cctes ta\|, cases acaat|-
ccs, emcarcacercs, .e||ca|c terrestre, |errccarr||). |cacac|ca
2:
(escae|as ea .erecas , cc|e|c ar|cc|a ea >aarez). >a|ac
(|cs|ta| ea >aarez, aestcs ce sa|ac ea .erecas). >er.|c|cs
ac||ccs (acaecactcs, rcrama ce |etr|aas , tratam|eatcs ce
cesec|cs, te|e|cacs, e|ectr|||cac|ca). |rccacc|ca , em|ec (ea-
trea ce t|erras, |cca| ara e| |aac|caam|eatc ce aaa ccce-
rat|.a ce rccacc|ca , mercacc, eca|cs , estac|caes metec-
rc|c|cas). ||aer|a, esca , re|crestac|ca (ccmra ce t|erras
ara m|aer|a, aertara ce .|as ara m|aer|a, |cca|, re|ac|ca
ea rc,ectcs a |cs a|ectaccs, re|crestac|ca ea area a|ecaa
a| emca|se). 0cras ac||cas ea >aarez (acaecactc , a|caata-
r|||acc, a.|meatac|ca ce ca||es). /saatcs |ac|eaas (|ea||za-
c|ca ce resaarccs, cesm|||tar|zac|ca, e|ectr|||cac|ca, .|as ce
ccmaa|cac|ca).
Ccm|s|ca ce sea|m|eatc (\|||a|cccs 2009.21-28)
8
.
0e esta maaera, >a|.a|aa se ccast|ta,e ea aaa ce |as |ac|as
ce mas |ara carac|ca ea |a re|ca. |a aaa reaa|ca eatre |as
ccmaa|caces ce |a !cma , aaa ||rma ccasa|tcra eacaraca
ce| ||aa ce |aaec /mc|eata| (||/) , e| rccesc ce cca-
sa|ta re.|a, estcs a|t|mcs maa||estarca cae |a .|ca at|| ce|
emca|se aece ser tcca.|a ce mas ce cc|eata acs. |a sa
|a|c|c, ea |cs acs cc|eata,
e| rc,ectc >a|.a|aa ta.c tres ccet|.cs ceatra|es. 1) |a
rea|ac|ca ce| R|c Caaca ara |a recaerac|ca ce 131.100
|ectareas ce t|erra ea |a zcaa |aaa ce| \a||e ce| Caaca,
cca e| rccs|tc ce |accrcrar|as a |aaes ce .|.|eaca , a
e\|ctac|caes arcecaar|as. 2) |a eaerac|ca ce 210.000
Kw ce eaer|a e|ectr|ca. 3) || ccatrc| ce |a ccatam|aac|ca
ce |as aaas ce| R|c Caaca ea eccas ce .eraac, a tra.es
ce cescaras ce| emca|se ara aameatar |a c||ac|ca (0scr|c
2009.82).
|c, ea c|a |cs rcc|emas ce >a|.a|aa s|aea estaacc re-
seates, acemas ce samarse|es |cs cae se cesreacea ce
|a ces.|ac|ca ce| R|c 0.eas.
Ua|ca |eacsa, cae ea e| ac 2000 acca|r|c e| 3 ce |as ac-
c|caes ce ||>/, |as|ste ea ces.|ar e| R|c 0.eas ara cteac|ar
e| emca|se >a|.a|aa ea aa 20 (rc,ectc 0R0|>), ese a |a
aeat|.a ce |a ccmaa|cac e\resaca a tra.es ce |a ccasa|ta
re.|a aatcacma ce 1991 ac |cmc|caca cr e| 0cc|erac
Hac|caa|, ccace se maa|||esta c|ara , ma,cr|tar|ameate cca-
tra e| rc,ectc (0scr|c 2009. 83).
|as c|aam|cas ce |c, ea re|ac|ca cca >a|.a|aa ac sca |as m|s-
mas ce |ace .e|at|c|acc acs, ac ccstaate, |a |e|s|ac|ca eta|ca
, |a reseac|a ce ccasecs ccmaa|tar|cs |aa s|cc |aacamea-
ta|es ara ccatrc|ar |as acc|caes ce |cs caecs ce |a reresa,
ca,c |ateres arece ser e| ce |e|t|mar sa reseac|a s|a |acarr|r
ea raaces ccstcs. !a| ccmc |c maestra aac ce |cs ||ceres ce
|a re|ca, ea |as a|t|mas cecacas ce| s||c // , |asta e| re-
seate, |cs rcc|emas ce| acrte se |aa traas|crmacc , tamc|ea
|as |crmas ce |ac|a a||| .|eates.
<-/G%,$"-+/@ 5% )/ (/-$+,+(/,+4# (")*$+,/ G )"@ (-",%@"@ "-./#+0/$+1"@
;
>ccre e| cam||m|eatc ce estcs acaerccs, meac|caa \|||a|cccs. "Ccmrcm|scs c acaerccs, cae se cam||erca sc|c ea aa 30 (>eaa |ac|taates ce >aarez),
a| |a acm|a|strac|ca ac||ca, a| |a |mresa ce |aer|a ce| |ac|||cc >./. ||>/ Ua|ca |eacsa se |acea rescasac|es. Hc ccstaate, |a |mresa ce |aer|a
ce| |ac|||cc >./. ||>/ Ua|ca |eacsa, rc|etar|a ce |a reresa >a|.a|aa c|.|ce |cs |mactcs cae eaera , eaerc |a ccastracc|ca ce c|c|a reresa, ,a cae
asame ccmc sa,cs sc|ameate |cs |mactcs eaeraccs ce |a 0||R/C|H , ac asame |cs |mactcs cae eaerc |a C0H>!RUCC|0H ce |a reresa >a|.a|aa,
meac|caaacc cae ccmrc |a reresa s|a a|aaaa ceaca" (\|||a|cccs 2009. 28).
2;
!"#$%&'"()* (),-%* )( )$ ("-.) /)$ 0%1&%
|atcaces, aaa ce |as ccsas. |.] es caaacc se araaa ara
ce|eacer |a t|erra, e| terr|tcr|c, erc se araaa a maaera ce
cames|acs , ar|ca|tcres, c|amcs|c ce a|aaa maaera, cr-
cae ea |cs seteata e||cs ac estaa easaacc ea e|ea cr ae-
rc, cr a|rc, cr aaca, s|ac cae se ceacm|aaa cames|acs,
eatcaces aaa ce estas es cae s|eatea esa aeces|cac ce e|ear
ccmc cames|acs, cr |a t|erra, cr ese cecate cae estaa sa-
|r|eacc ea e| mcmeatc (wa|ter >aacc.a|, |ac|||a).
|a ||stcr|a ce| mc.|m|eatc scc|a| ea e| acrte ce| Caaca |a
estacc ||aca a |a ce sas t|erras , |as ccat|eacas ea tcrac
a sa arc|ac|ca , teaeac|a, cae ea c|st|atcs mcmeatcs
rccacea ea|reatam|eatcs cr e| a.aace ce |as |aerzas
rccact|.as , |a |acastr|a||zac|ca ce |a ccmarca, m|eatras
cae |a cc|ac|ca se eaccatraca e\c|a|ca scc|a|, eccacm|ca
, c||t|cameate ce |cs ceae||c|cs acrtaccs cr e| rccesc
ce rccacc|ca , e\aas|ca ca|ta||sta (|artacc 2001.9).
0"(*"$'/%&':( /) $% D"4'$'H%&':(
i.('&% % ('4)$ (%&'"(%$ <
/)*%&)$)-%&':( >"$;.'&% -),'"(%$
|a ca|ata |ase .a ce |cs acs ac.eata a |cs 2000. |a esta
cestaca e| rccesc ce eta|zac|ca a a|.e| aac|caa| , cesace-
|erac|ca ce |a mc.|||zac|ca scc|a| ea e| acrte ce| cearta-
meatc ce| Caaca. |s e| t|emc ce| camc|c ccast|tac|caa|,
ce rc|aac|zac|ca ce |a cesceatra||zac|ca acm|a|strat|.a
, ce re|ameatac|ca ce |a |e, 10 ce 1993. |ara e|ectcs
ce esta arte ce| aaa||s|s, ccemcs cec|r cae ara c|ea
, ara ma|, |a Ccast|tac|ca ce 1991 ccatr|ca,c a traas-
|crmar |cs mecaa|smcs ce art|c|ac|ca c||t|ca. |a este
mcmeatc se aac|za |a rc|etar|zac|ca ce |a cc|ac|ca ,
se ca asc a |a etaa ce |a ccastracc|ca ce |a c|acacaa|a
c||ereac|aca ea term|acs ce mc.|||zac|ca eta|ca.
|.] e| mc.|m|eatc eta|cc ea e| acrte ce| Caaca aac|c a|re-
ceccr ce 1989 cca |a craa|zac|ca a|rccc|cmc|aaa >|aec|c
||aa, .ar|cs ce sas |aacaccres .ea|aa tracaaacc ea ctras
craa|zac|caes, ccmc C|marrca, ea |a temat|ca ce |a c|scr|-
m|aac|ca rac|a| , |a mar|aa||cac scc|ceccacm|ca , c||t|ca
ea |a cae se |a||aca |a cc|ac|ca aera cc|cmc|aaa, |a.c-
|acraacc a |a zcaa ce| acrte ce| Caaca ccmc arte ce e||a
(|artacc, 2004. 81).
0e acaercc cca |artacc, ea e| amc|tc |cca| |as act|.|caces
c||t|cc craa|zat|.as ce |cs racs eta|ccs ea e| acrte ce|
Caaca se ea|ccaa ea |a rea||zac|ca ce act|.|caces ccmc.
1) |acer ce ccacc|m|eatc ac||cc |a |e, 10, 2) atrcc|-
aar e| rccesc ce recaerac|ca ce terr|tcr|cs cr arte ce
|cs cames|acs acrtecaacaacs , cca|crmar |cs Ccasecs
Ccmaa|tar|cs, ccmc mecaa|smcs ce ccatrc| , acm|a|stra-
c|ca scc|a| ce |cs terreacs recaeraccs cac |a mcca||cac
ce terreacs cc|ect|.cs, 3) caac|tar a |a cc|ac|ca ea |a
|crmac|ca c creac|ca ce aaa ccac|eac|a |ceat|tar|a ce |c
aerc, ccmc aa e|emeatc cs|t|.c ce sa |ceat|cac, 4) e|a-
ccrac|ca , eecac|ca ce rc,ectcs c|r||ccs a |a rctecc|ca
ce| mec|c amc|eate (|artacc, 2004. 88).
|a |cs acs ||aa|es ce |a cecaca ce| cc|eata se rccac|a aa
cec|||tam|eatc ea mac|as ce |as craa|zac|caes scc|a|es cae
|ac|aa rctaca|zacc |a act|.|cac c||t|ca ce case |asta ese
mcmeatc, es eatcaces caaacc se esta ea e| a|s e| camc|c
ccast|tac|caa|, accmaacc cr aaa .|s|c|||zac|ca |aec|ta ce
2B
|as cc|ac|caes aeras. 0|c|c camc|c teacr|a |m||cac|caes
rc|aacas ara estas cc|ac|caes, a| car|e ma,cr ea|as|s
a |crmas |ast|tac|caa|es, cae a |a cstre recaacar|aa ea |a
c|sm|aac|ca ce |a act|.|cac c||t|ca ce |as craa|zac|caes sc-
c|a|es cae se |ac|a creacc ea |cs cc|eata.
|.] , aa c|a cr a|| aarece |a re|crma ce |a ccast|ta,eate
ce| 91, |.] ,a .|eae |c ce |a re|crma ce |a Ccast|tac|ca
cc|cmc|aaa , em|eza e| rc|escr |ac |crccc, |.] .|eae |a
re|crma ce |a Ccast|tac|ca, .aa a |acer aaas mesas ce tra-
cac , acsctrcs cesce aca ccemcs art|c|ar, esc se t|eae
ea caeata. \ ,c cec|a, s| |e cacraa ca|cacc a esas cccacas
cae aac escr|ca`, me cec|a 's| escr|camcs', caaacc aa c|a
aarece , me c|ce 'ac ||sa, ac .amcs a art|c|ar ea |a arte
ce |a c||t|ca ||cera| a| ccaser.accra, es e| mcmeatc ce ac-
sctrcs |cs aercs'. |sta.c |ac|aacc cca aaa ce 0|cs C|sae-
rcs, e| |ac|a |ac|acc cca caat|cac ce erscaas , eatcaces
.amcs a art|c|ar ea |as mesas ce tracac sccre aa art|ca|c
cae .amcs a reseatar |cs aercs ara teaer sa |e, ccmc |a
t|eaea |cs |ac|eaas, caaacc |cs aercs teaamcs sa rc|a
|e, eatcaces ,a s|. |e met| mas ce ||eac, , |ae tracaar cca e|
rc|escr |ac, escr|c|r , escr|c|r, |camcs a reaa|caes a Ca||,
a |ece|||a, ccace acs c|tacaa, s|emre acs |camcs a .er cae
era cae |ca a asar ,a cca |a arte ce acsctrcs |cs aercs.
\ a|| emezamcs, , se escr|c|c e| /rt|ca|c !raas|tcr|c 55, ,a
caaacc ea e| 93 .|ac |c ce |a mcc|||cac|ca ara tras|acar|c
a |e,, a |a |e, 10 ce| 93 |.] (||sa |ar, |acam|, |ac|||a).
|a re|ameatac|ca ce| art|ca|acc ccast|tac|caa| |m||car|a aa
camc|c ce estatas ar|c|cc ara |as ccmaa|caces aeras, a
art|r ce eatcaces ccas|ceracas ccmc saetcs ce cerec|cs
cc|ect|.cs ce caracter eta|cc, |c cae arec|a aaarar aaas
ccac|c|caes ce e\cec|caa||cac ara |a acc|ca c||t|ca, ac
ccstaate, es cs|c|e a||rmar cae |cs camc|cs ccast|tac|caa-
|es |aerca aac ce |cs |actcres cae |ac|c|c ea aa rccesc ce
estaacam|eatc ce |a mc.|||zac|ca c||t|ca ce |as cc|ac|caes
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c|ca c||c|a| ce ccmaa|caces aeras, |aa s|cc aaa||zacas cr
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|crmas ce ascc|ac|ca , cc|erac ce |cs |ac|eaas.
|erc |a aata ce acc|ca ccmaaa| cae |a, t|eae aacs aatece-
ceates, esta castaate ||eaa ce errcres ara |a ccmaa|cac,
9B
<-/G%,$"-+/@ 5% )/ (/-$+,+(/,+4# (")*$+,/ G )"@ (-",%@"@ "-./#+0/$+1"@
Uac ce |cs ccet|.cs cae ,c cec|a cr |cs cae creamcs e| cca-
sec, ea r|mer |aar, aca| ac |a |ac|cc aaaca cae se c|a
as| aa rc,ectc raace , |a ctra ccsa cae ,c .e|a era cae cr
cec|r a|c, ea ctra zcaa |ac|a .|stc cae e||cs m|smc cesarrc-
||acaa |cs rc,ectcs cr eem|c aa rc,ectc ce .|.|eaca, ac-
sctrcs |cs ccemcs e|accrar, acsctrcs m|smcs ccemcs cca-
sea|r |cs recarscs, acsctrcs m|smcs ccemcs cerar escs
recarscs. |se |ae aac ce |cs ccet|.cs cae acs trazamcs ea
e| ccasec ccmaa|tar|c, cae acsctrcs m|smc |cramcs ccase-
a|r aaestrc rc|cs recarscs, cae .eamcs aaestras rc|as
aeces|caces , cae ce acaercc a aaestras aeces|caces (w||mer
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|ast|mcsameate, es c|||c|| ser ct|m|sta |c, aate |a rea||-
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ce c||ereate t|c, |cs ccasecs ccmaa|tar|cs , |as art|ca|a-
c|caes re|caa|es , aac|caa|es, ac sca aecesar|ameate |cs
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0e ma, rec|eate cac, , cae ca|za es |ac|cat|.c ce| |a|c|c ce
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:C
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