Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

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Idealized Structure Principle of Superposition Equations of Equilibrium Determinacy and Stability

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Beams Frames Gable Frames

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Application of the Equations of Equilibrium Analysis of Simple Diaphragm and Shear Wall Systems Problems

Classification of Structures
Support Connections weld stiffeners weld typical pin-supported connection (metal) typical fixed-supported connection (metal)

typical roller-supported connection (concrete)

typical fixed-supported connection (concrete)

pin support

pin-connected joint

fixed support

fixed-connected joint P A

torsional spring support

torsional spring joint P

B L/2 actual beam L/2

A L/2 L/2

idealized beam

Table 2-1 Supports for Coplanar Structures Type of Connection (1)

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Idealized Symbol Light cable

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Reaction
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Number of Unknowns One unknown. The reaction is a force that acts in the direction of the cable or link. One unknown. The reaction is a force that acts perpendicular to the surface at the point of contact.

(2)

rollers F rockers

(3) F (4) F

One unknown. The reaction is a force that acts perpendicular to the surface at the point of contact. One unknown. The reaction is a force that acts perpendicular to the surface at the point of contact.

Type of Connection (5)

Idealized Symbol

Reaction

Number of Unknowns

Fy Fx Smooth pin or hinge

Two unknowns. The reactions are two force components.

(6) slider F M Two unknowns. The reactions are a force and moment.

fixed-connected collar (7) Fx fixed support M Fy

Three unknowns. The reactions are the moment and the two force components.

 Idealized Structure.

3m

3m

F 4m A actual structure F 4m A idealized structure

C B D joist slab

girder A column idealized framing plan

fixed-connected beam idealize beam

fixed-connected overhanging beam Idealized beam

idealized framing plan

idealized framing plan

 Tributary Loadings. slab girder girder floor beam deck girder pier floor beam veihicle slab stringer

stringer

spandrel beam

beam 2nd floor

joist slab joist

supported slab

beam

foundation wall

1st floor stairs landing slab on grade basement spread footing column

wall footing

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One-Way System.
A C E D 4m F 2m 2m E A 0.5 kN/m2 B C

4m B 1m D 1m 1m 1m F

idealized framing plan

1 kN/m C 2 kN 4m idealized beam D 2 kN F

1 kN

2 kN

1 kN B

2m

2m idealized girder

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column girder

beam

concrete slab is reinforced in two directions, poured on plane forms L1/2 L1/2

L2 A C E Idealized framing plan for one-way slab action requires L2 / L1 " 2 B D F L1 L1

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Two-Way System.
A 4m C 4m D 0.5 kN/m2

L2/L1 = 1 4m A 2m
B

B 45o 45o 4m A

1 kN/m B 2m 2m

idealized beam, all

idealized framing plan L2/L1 = 1.0 < 2 6m A 2m 45o 45o 4m D C idealized framing plan A 2m 2m 2m B A 2m 2m B 1kN/m 1 kN/m C

idealized beam

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Principle of Superposition
P = P1 + P 2 Two requirements must be imposed for the principle of superposition to apply : d 1. The material must behave in a linear-elastic manner, so that Hookes law is valid, and therefore the load will be proportional to displacement.

P1

# = P/A $ = PL/AE
d 2. The geometry of the structure must not undergo significant change when the loads are applied, i.e., small displacement theory applies. Large displacements will significantly change and orientation of the loads. An example would be a cantilevered thin rod subjected to a force at its end.

P2

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Equations of Equilibrium

%Fx = 0 %Mx = 0

%Fy = 0 %My = 0

%Fz = 0 %Mz = 0

N V

V N

internal loadings

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Determinacy and Stability

Determinacy r = 3n, statically determinate r > 3n, statically indeterminate n = the total parts of structure members. r = the total number of unknown reactive force and moment components

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Example 2-1 Classify each of the beams shown below as statically determinate or statically indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, report the number of degrees of indeterminacy. The beams are subjected to external loadings that are assumed to be known and can act anywhere on the beams. hinge

hinge

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SOLUTION

r = 3, n = 1, 3 = 3(1)

Statically determinate

r = 5, n = 1, 5 - 3(1) = 2 Statically indeterminate to the second degree hinge

r = 6, n = 2, 6 = 3(2)

Statically determinate

r = 10, n = 3, 10 - 3(3) = 1

Statically indeterminate to the first degree

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Example 2-2 Classify each of the pin-connected structures shown in figure below as statically determinate or statically indeterminate. If statically are subjected to arbitrary external loadings that are assumed to be known and can act anywhere on the structures.

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SOLUTION

r = 7, n = 2, 7 - 3(2) = 1

Statically indeterminate to the first degree

r = 9, n = 3, 9 = 3(3)

Statically determinate

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r = 10, n = 2, 10 - 6 = 4 degree

Statically indeterminate to the fourth

r = 9, n = 3, 9 = 3(3)

Statically determinate

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Example 2-3 Classify each of the frames shown in figure below as statically determinate or statically indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, report the number of degrees of indeterminacy. The frames are subjected to external loadings that are assumed to be known and can act anywhere on the frames.

B A

C D

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SOLUTION B A C D

r = 9, n = 2, 9 - 6 = 3

Statically indeterminate to the third degree

r = 15, n = 3, 15 - 9 = 6

Statically indeterminate to the sixth degree

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 Stability r < 3n, unstable r & 3n, unstable if member reactions are concurrent or parallel or some of the components form a collapsible mechanism Partial Constrains P P

A FA

MA

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Improper Constraints O O

A d P

A FA P d

C FC

FB

A FA

B FB

C FC

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Example 2-4 Classify each of the structures in the figure below as stable or unstable. The structures are subjected to arbitrary external loads that are assumed to be known. B A A B hinge A C B A A B C C B D

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SOLUTION

B A

The member is stable since the reactions are non-concurrent and nonparallel. It is also statically determinate. hinge A C B

The compound beam is stable. It is also indeterminate to the second degree. A B C

The compound beam is unstable since the three reactions are all parallel.

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The member is unstable since the three reactions are concurrent at B. B D

A C

The structure is unstable since r = 7, n = 3, so that, r < 3n, 7 < 9. Also, this can be seen by inspection, since AB can move horizontally without restraint.

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Application of the Equations of Equilibrium

D A P1 P2 E C By Ay P1 P2 Ax P2 Cx Bx Ey Ex Cx Ay Ax

Bx By Dy

Dx

Dx P1 Ex

r = 9, n = 3, 9 = 3(3);

statically determinate

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P1 B A Bx By P2 C P1 B Bx

P1

Ay Ax

Ay Ax

P2 Cy

Cx

P2

Cx statically determinate

Cy r = 6, n = 2, 6 = 3(2);

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Example 2-5 Determine the reactions on the beam shown.

0.3 m 3m

150 kN 60o 1m B 2m

70 kNm

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SOLUTION 265 kN 60o 1m B 2m

0.3 m 3m

70 kNm

265 sin 60o = 229.5 kN Ax Ay + %F = 0: x + %MA'(')* + %Fy = 0: 0.3 m 3m 265 cos 60o = 132.5 kN 1 m By 70 kNm

Ax - 132.5 = 0: Ax = 132.5 kN , , ''' By(4) - (229.5)(3) + (132.5)(0.3) -70 = 0 '''''''By = 179.69 kN, + Ay - 229.5 + 179.69 = 0 Ay = 49.81 kN , +

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Example 2-6 Determine the reactions on the beam shown.

15 kN/m 5 kN/m A 12 m

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SOLUTION 15 kN/m 5 kN/m A 12 m 10 kN/m 5 kN/m Ax MA Ay

(1/2)(12)(10) = 60 kN (5)(12) = 60 kN

12 m 4m 6m

+ %F = 0: x + %Fy = 0:

Ax = 0 Ay - 60 - 60 = 0 Ay = 120 kN , + MA - (60)(4) - (60)(6) = 0 MA = 600 kNm

+ %MA'(')*

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Example 2-7 Determine the reactions on the beam shown. Assume A is a pin and the support at B is a roller (smooth surface).

B 7 kN/m A 4m 2m 3m

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SOLUTION 7 kN/m A 4m 28 kN Ax Ay 2m 6m + %MA'(')* + %F = 0: x + %Fy = 0: 2m

B 3m

3m

90o-56.3o = 33.7o NB tan-1(3/2) = 56.3o

-28(2) + NBsin 33.7(6) + NBcos 33.7(3) = 0 NB = 9.61 kN '' Ax - NBcos 33.7 = 0; Ax = 9.61cos 33.7 = 8 kN , , Ay - 28 + 9.61cos33.7 = 0 Ay = 22.67 kN , +

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Example 2-8 The compound beam in figure below is fixed at A. Determine the reactions at A, B, and C. Assume that the connection at pin and C is a rooler.

6 kN/m A B 6m

hinge

8 kNm C

4m

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SOLUTION 6 kN/m A B 6m 36 kN Ax MA Ay By 3m 6m Member AB Cy(4) - 8 = 0 Cy = 2 kN , + Bx = 0 Cy - By = 0; By = Cy = 2 kN , + + + %MA'= 0* + %F = 0: x %Fy = 0: MA - 36(3) + 2(6) = 0 MA = 96 kNm Ax - B = 0 ; Ax = Bx = 0 Ay - 36 + 2 = 0 Ay = 34 kN , + Bx Bx By Cy 8 kNm 4m hinge 8 kNm C

Member BC + %MB'= 0* + %F = 0: x + %Fy = 0:

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Example 2-9 The side girder shown in the photo supports the boat and deck. An idealized model of this girder is shown in the figure below, where it can be assumed A is a roller and B is a pin. Using a local code the anticipated deck loading transmitted to the girder is 6 kN/m. Wind exerts a resultant horizontal force of 4 kN as shown, and the mass of the boat that is supported by the girder is 23 Mg. The boats mass center is at G. Determine the reactions at the supports. 1.6 m 4 kN 0.3 m 1.8 m 2m 6 kN/m C D G A roller B

pin

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SOLUTION 1.6 m 4 kN 0.3 m 1.8 m 2m 6 kN/m C D G A roller B + %F = 0: x 4 - Bx = 0 Bx = 4 kN , ''' + %MB'= 0* 6(3.8) = 22.8 kN 1.9 m 4 kN 0.3 m C D G Ay 23(9.81) kN = 225.6 kN 5.4 m 2m By Bx + 22.8(1.9) -Ay(2) + 225.6(5.4) -4(0.3) = 0 Ay = 630.2 kN , + %Fy = 0:

pin

-225.6 + 630.2 - 22.8 + By = 0 By = 382 kN , +

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Example 2-10 Determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction at the pins A, B, and C of the two-member frame shown in the figure below. 8 kN
4 3 5

3 kN/m B 2m 1.5 m C

2m

A 2m

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SOLUTION 8 kN
4 3 5

Member BC 3 kN/m + %MC'= 0* -By(2) +6(1) = 0 By = 3 kN , + Member AB 1.5 m + %MA'= 0* -8(2) - 3(2) +Bx(1.5) = 0 Bx = 14.7 kN , + %F = 0:
x

B 2m

2m

A 2m Bx 8 kN (3/5)8 (4/5)8 By Bx 1.5 m Ax Ay Member BC + %F = 0: x 2m + %Fy = 0: By 6 kN Cx Cy

1m

1m

Ax + (3/5)8 - 14.7 = 0 '' Ax = 9.87 kN , , %Fy = 0: Ay - (4/5)8 - 3 = 0 Ay = 9.4 kN , +

Cx - Bx = 0; Cx = Bx = 14.7 kN , 3 - 6 + Cx = 0 ; Cy = 3 kN , +

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Example 2-11-1 From the figure below, determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction at the pin connections A, B, and C of the supporting gable arch.

B 3m 15 kN 3m A 3m 3m C

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SOLUTION B 3m 15 kN 3m Ax Ay Entire Frame + %MA'= 0*

C y (6) . 15(3) ( 0

A 3m 3m

C Cy

Cx

Cy = 7.5 kN , + + %Fy = 0: Ay + 7.5 = 0 Ay = -7.5 kN , /

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B 3m 15 kN 3m Ax A 7.5 kN 3m By

Bx 3.75 kN= Bx

B 3m 3m C 3m Cx 7.5 kN

7.5 kN = By

Member AB + %MB'= 0* 15(3) 0 Ax (6) 0 7.5(3) ( 0 + %F = 0: x %Fy = 0: Ax = -11.25 kN , '''

. 11.25 0 15 . Bx ( 0

Member BC + %F = 0: x
3.75 . C x ( 0

Cx = 3.75 kN

Bx = 3.75 kN , +
. 7.5 0 By ( 0

By = 7.5 kN

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Example 2-11-2 The side of the building in the figure below is subjected to a wind loading that creates a uniform normal pressure of 1.5 kPa on the windward side and a suction pressure of 0.5 kPa on the leeward side. Determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction at the pin connections A, B, and C of the supporting gable arch.
2m 2m B 3m 3m C 4m wind A 4m 3m 3m

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SOLUTION
2m 2m B 3m 3m C 4m wind A 4m 3m 3m

A uniform distributed load on the windward side is (1.5 kN/m2)(4 m) = 6 kN/m A uniform distributed load on the leeward side is (0.5 kN/m2)(4 m) = 2 kN/m

6 kN/m

B 2 kN/m 3m 3m

6 kN/m A 3m 3m C

2 kN/m

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25.46 sin 45 8.49 sin 45 25.46 kN B 8.49 kN 25.46 cos 45 18 kN Ax Ay Entire Frame + %MA'= 0* -(18+6)(1.5) - (25.46+8.49)cos 45o(4.5) - (25.46 sin 45o)(1.5) + (8.49 sin 45o)(4.5) + Cy(6) = 0 Cy = 24.0 kN , + Ay - 25.46 sin 45o + 8.49 sin 45o 3 + 24 = 0 Ay = -12.0 kN
1.5
45o 45o

8.49 cos 45 6 kN Cx

3m 1.5m 3m 1.5 Cy

%Fy = 0:

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25.46 sin 45 25.46 kN 25.46 cos 45 18 kN Ax

1.5 1.5
45o

Bx

1.5 3 1.5

Bx By

8.49 sin 45 8.49 kN

45o

By

8.49 cos 45 6 kN Cx

Ay= 12.0 kN Member AB

Cy = 24.0 kN

+ %MB'= 0* (25.46 sin 45o)(1.5) + (25.46cos 45o)(1.5) + (18)(4.5) + Ax(6) + 12(3) = 0 Ax = -28.5 kN + %F = 0: -28.5 + 18 + 25.46 cos 45o - B = 0
x

Bx = 7.5 kN , -

%Fy = 0:

Member CB + %F = 0: x

-12 - 25.46sin 45o + By = 0 By = 30.0 kN , + 7.5 + 8.49 cos 45o + 6 - Cx = 0 Cx = 19.50 kN , -

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Analysis of Simple Diaphragm and shear Wall Systems

A A B F
F/8

B B A

B A
F/8

F/2
F/8

agm r h p F/8 dia f o o F/8 r

F/8 F/8 F/8

A
F/8 F/8

A
F/8

A
F/8

A
F/8

F/8

F/8

floor diaphragm
F/8

F/2

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roof diaphragm
A C D C A D B B
F/16 F/16

Wind F shear walls

second floor diaphragm

F/4
A
F/16

roof
F/16

agm r h p dia
F/16 F/16

F/16

F/16 3F/16

2 st

floor
F/16

3F/16 F/16 3F/16

F/2
B
3F/16

3F/16

3F/16

3F/16 3F/16 F/4

1 st floor
3F/16 F/4

F/4

3F/16

F/4

F/4

51

Example 2-12 Assume the wind loading acting on one side of a two-story building is as shown in the figure below. If shear walls are located at each of the corners as shown and flanked by columns, determine the shear in each panel located between the floors and the shear along the columns.

30 m

20 m
A

1.2 kPa

C D

C A D B

4m 4m

3m 0.8 kPa

3m

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SOLUTION 30 m 20 m
A
12 kN

1.2 kPa

C D

C A D B

4m 4m

12 kN

FR2 FR1

3m 0.8 kPa

3m

FR2 /2 = 48 kN
A

roof
12 kN

agm r h p dia
F/8 = 12 kN 12 kN

12 kN

32 kN 12 kN 12 kN s t 2 floor 32 kN 12 kN 32 kN

FR1 = 0.8(103) N/m2 (20 m)(4 m) = 64 kN FR1 /2 = 32 FR2 = 1.2(103) N/m2 (20 m)(4 m) = 96 kN FR2 /2 = 48

32 + 48 kN
B
32 kN

32 kN

32 kN

32 kN 32 kN 1 st floor 40 kN 32 kN 40 kN 40 kN 32 kN 40 kN

FR1 /2 = 32 kN

53

12 kN Fv 12 kN 3m Fv 4m + %M'(')* Fv(3) - 12(4) = 0 Fv = 16 kN

32 kN Fv 32 kN 3m Fv 4m

+ %M'(')* Fv(3) - 32(4) = 0 Fv = 42.7 kN

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