HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

WEB CACHING
TIU LUN MN HC: INTERNET V CC GIAO THC

Ging vin: PGS.TS Nguyn Tin Ban Lp

Th Hng Bch Thnh Cng Ch B Duy L Cng c Bi Trn Th Anh
Group 8 D10VT6 - PTIT

D10VT6

Nhm 8:

Network management in WSN

H NP i, a 10 ge 2013 |

MC LC

MC LC
I. II. II.1. II.2. II.3. II.4. III. III.1. III.2. III.3. IV. V. VI. GII THIU CHUNG ....................................................................................................................... 1 PROXY WEB CACHING.............................................................................................................. 1 tng ........................................................................................................................................ 1 c im truy cp web da trn m hnh end-to-end ............................................................. 2 c im ca proxy web caching .............................................................................................. 4 T l trng Web cache - t l trng web server ......................................................................... 6 CC M HNH WEB-CACHING ............................................................................................... 7 Caching ng ngha (caching hin hu) ............................................................................... 7 Caching hin hu p buc ...................................................................................................... 8 Caching trong sut (transparent caching) ........................................................................ 8

H THNG WEB CACHE ......................................................................................................... 10 M HNH TRIN KHAI WEB CACHE ....................................................................................... 12 KT LUN.................................................................................................................................... 17

TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................................................................ 18

DANH MC HNH V
Hnh 1: Mt giao dch Web Proxy .................................................................................................. 1 Hnh 2: M hnh web cache ............................................................................................................ 4 Hnh 3: Transparent Caching .......................................................................................................... 9 Hnh 4: Mt web cache c la chn.............................................................................................. 13 Hnh 5: Cc web cache ti to ....................................................................................................... 14 Hnh 6: M hnh cn bng ti cho h thng web cache ................................................................ 15

GII THIU CHUNG

I.

GII THIU CHUNG

Trnh duyt Web c s dng rt rng ri trong Internet ngy nay. Hn 2/3 lng lu lng trn mng c to ra bi Web. Khi xem xt lm th no nng cao cht lng dch v cung cp bi mng Internet th vic u tin l kim tra vic thc hin cc giao dch web. Chnh y, b nh m Web c th ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic ci thin cht lng dch v cho mt phm vi rng ln ca ngi s dng Internet. C hai loi b nh m Web l b nh m l browser cache v proxy cache. Browser cache l mt phn ca tt c cc trnh duyt Web. N lu gi mt bn copy ca tt c cc trang va mi truy cp v khi ngi s dng quay li mt trong cc trang th bn copy ny s c dng li. Ngc li, proxy cache l mt thit b mng chia s, n c th thc hin cc giao dch Web thay mt cho client v ging nh browser cache, n lu tr thng tin. Lc ny, proxy cache hoc cc b nh cache khc s c kch hot cung cp cc bn sao lu tr ni dung, trnh vic ti v t cc ngun ni dung gc. Trong bi bo ny, chng ta xem xt proxy cache mt cch chi tit hn, c bit l kha cnh trin khai proxy cache trong mng ISP.

II.

PROXY WEB CACHING

II.1. tng

Khi mt trnh duyt mun tm kim mt URL, n ly hostname v dch sang a ch IP. Mt phin HTTP c m ra v client yu cu URL t server. Khi s dng proxy cache, vic trao i cng khng c g khc bit. Client m mt phin HTTP vi proxy cache v lp tc yu cu URL gi n proxy cache (Hnh 1).

Hnh 1: Mt giao dch Web Proxy

Internet & Cc giao thc

Nhm 8

Web caching

PROXY WEB CACHING

Nu b nh cache cha URL tng ng, n s kim tra y c phi l bn mi nht khng bng cch so snh vi Expires (trng ngy ca ni dung) nu c hoc bng mt s cch khc c xc nh ti cc b. Sau th cc thnh phn c c lm mi li v nu server lm mi li ni dung th thnh phn c nh du li l mi nht. Cc i tng mi nht c gi cho client. Nu nh cache khng c bt k bn copy local ca URL hoc thnh phn ht hn th lc ny ta gi l cache miss. Trong trng hp ny, hot ng ca cache ging nh agent cho client, m phin lm vic ring vi my ch c tn trong URL v c gng truyn trc tip vo b nh cache.

II.2.

c im truy cp web da trn m hnh end-to-end

Nguyn tc thit k ban u ca kin trc Internet l m hnh end-to-end. Trong m hnh th mng l mt cng c th ng trong vic thc hin mt n lc tt nht truyn tip cc gi tin n ch. Gi s rng cc gi tin gi i s c truyn n ng ch v cc p ng c gi bi ng ch (trnh trng hp mt bn th 3 ng gia ng gi trao i thng tin vi client) Giao thc giao dch WWW, HTTP c xy dng trn m hnh ny. N l ni mt phin TCP c m ra vi my ch. Cuc trao i HTTP tip theo xc nh cc yu cu d liu trn cc host ch v cc d liu ny sau c truyn li cho client. M hnh chuyn giao ny c th hin tt nht nh mt m hnh chuyn giao trnh lng ph ti nguyn khi ch xt trong khong thi gian d liu c truyn trc tip n khch hng theo yu cu. M hnh chuyn giao ny c nhiu li th ng k. My ch d liu c th chnh sa ni dung v ton b yu cu ca client pha sau c cung cp vi cc thng tin cp nht v cc cp nht ngay lp tc c th hin trong cc d liu gi. My ch d liu cng c th theo di tt c cc yu cu ni dung, cho php cc nh cung cp ni dung theo di nhng ni dung c th c yu cu, nhn dng yu cu ca mi ngi v mc thng xuyn ca mi mc ni dung c tham chiu. Cc nh cung cp ni dung cng c th phn bit gia cc khch hng khc nhau, v s dng mt s hnh thc ca m hnh bo mt, cc nh cung cp ni dung c th xc thc khch hng v cung cp thng tin c quyn cho cc khch hng nht nh. Trong m hnh ny cc nh cung cp ni dung cng c th phn bit gia cc khch hng nhm cung cp thng tin nht nh n mt s khch hng c bit v cc thng tin khc cho cc khch hng khc ca my ch ni dung. Nhiu h thng web c xy dng da trn kh nng ca m hnh chuyn giao end-to-end ny. Lin tc cp nht cc trang web theo kiu hoc l server y hoc l client ko cp nht thng tin ni dung trn mn hnh client mt cch u n c bit c s dng hin th gi c phiu trn th trng, bn thi tit, hoc mn hnh qun l mng.

Internet & Cc giao thc

Nhm 8

Web caching

PROXY WEB CACHING

Nhn dng client c th c s dng to ra cc my ch thng tin c nhn cng khai v o kt hp. Trong , mt s nhm ngi s dng xc nh c th c hng n mi trng ni dung ni b trong khi cc client khc c hng n mi trng c ni dung cng khai. H thng nh vy l c s ca mi trng mng din rng v c th cng c s dng lm mt phn c s ca mng o ni b. Nu thng tin c xc nh cc b, th cng c ny rt c ch. Bo mt v xc thc cng c s dng cung cp dch v i vi nhng trng hp yu cu trao i mc ring t cao hn v d nh h thng giao dch in t, giao dch th tn dng, v h thng lin quan n ti chnh trn web. Cc giao dch c nhn c th c m ha bng cch s dng m ha socket-level, hoc ton b phin TCP c m ha s dng cng c m ha IP session-level v d nh IPSec (IP security). Trong m hnh end-to-end c mt s im hn ch. Mt server m cung cp cc thng tin ph bin th s phi chu p lc nng n, c v s lng ngi truy cp cng lc ti nhiu thi im v c v s lng d liu c gi t my ch cho cc mng xung quanh. Lu lng lc ny ging nh l ti ca h thng my ch hoc ti ca mng xung quanh my ch. ci thin hiu nng ca h thng nh vy c th ci thin my ch bng cch tng s lng my ch thng qua vic s dng cc cm server kt hp vi my ch qun l traffic v gip ci thin dung lng ca mng cc b. Tuy nhin, tt c cc bin php ny c th khng gii quyt tt c cc vn trong vic duy tr cht lng ca vic cung cp ni dung. H thng khch hng dng modem v h thng khch hng dng wireless bng thng thp u b hn ch bi bng thng v tr trong qu trnh giao tip end-to-end vi server. Ci thin dung lng ca cc my ch c th khng nht thit phi gim s lng cc kt ni ca khch hng m cng hot ng ng thi. Trong khi gim tr gia khch hng v cc im phn phi ni dung s gip ci thin hiu sut ca vic phn phi ni dung. Thm vo , bn thn mng khng c s dng hiu qu, lu lng web ti cng mt thi im c kh nhiu nhn bn v mng phi mang cc bn sao ca cng mt d liu n mi khch hng gy ra lng ph ng truyn. i vi mt nh cung cp th dung lng truyn ti l mt chi ph kinh doanh nn vic xut nhp ni dung ch xy ra ln u, sau th thng qua bn copy cc b ca ni dung s c gi n cho khch hng. y l mt phng php gip ci thin hiu nng ca mng. Xt v kh nng ci thin hiu sut ca dch v cung cp ni dung cho mt mng li ton cu ca cc khch hng, v v kh nng nng cao hiu qu vn chuyn mng, b nh m em li nhiu ngha vi cc nh cung cp ni dung, cc ISP, v cui cng l cho khch hng.

Internet & Cc giao thc

Nhm 8

Web caching

PROXY WEB CACHING

II.3.

c im ca proxy web caching

Cc li ch tng t ca ci thin hiu sut v gim traffic i ra ngoi c th c thc hin cho lu lng WWW thng qua vic trin khai web cache. Web cache v c bn khng khc vi bt k hnh thc ca b nh m no khc. Cc yu cu ca client c truyn thng qua cache agent sau t y mi to yu cu gi n ngun ging nh mt i din cho client. p ng ca my ch c gi li trong b nh cache cc b, v mt bn sao c chuyn cho client. Nu cng mt yu cu c chuyn n cache agent ngay sau khi yu cu ban u c phc v th p ng c th c to ra t b nh cache m khng cn tham kho thm vi ngun gc.

Hnh 2: M hnh web cache

Da vo d liu o t v lu lng d liu ca ISP, c th thy rng khong 70% lu lng truy cp l lu lng trn nn Web. Phn tch cc yu cu v Web cho thy rng mc ging nhau ca cc yu cu c th xp x 50%. C hai t l trng l t l trng trang v t l trng byte. T l trng trang l t l cc yu cu HTTP c th c phc v nh vo cache m khng cn quan tm n kch thc ca trang. T l trng byte l t l s lng byte c truyn t cache vi s lng byte khng trng. Kinh nghim cho n nay ch ra rng t l trng trang ca mt ni no t 40 n 55 phn trm l c th t c i vi mt b nh cache cu hnh tt. Trong trng hp nh vy t l trng byte l t 20 n 35 phn trm. Mt phn ln trong t l trng l do cc tp tin hnh nh.

Internet & Cc giao thc

Nhm 8

Web caching

PROXY WEB CACHING

Vi nhiu ISP, c bit l nhng ISP hot ng bn ngoi Bc M, chi ph truyn ti chim v tr chi phi trong cu thnh chi ph hot ng. Nu b nh cache ch cn thc hin c 60% ca hiu sut cache l thuyt ti a th cc ISP c th gim c cc yu cu lu lng ra bn ngoi khong 13%. Khi chi ph ca cache so snh c vi chi ph truyn ti, s khc bit c th chim mt phn quan trng trong chi ph hot ng c bn ca ISP. V d, nu chi ph truyn ti trung bnh l $150 cho mi gigabyte v ISP mua lu lng 1.000 gigabyte mi thng t mt ISP ngun vi 70% lu lng l truy cp web; khi nu mt b nh cache hot ng vi t l hit byte l 25% c th tit kim cho ISP $26.250 chi ph thng xuyn mi thng. Nu b nh cache c gi vn $100,000 v chi ph hot ng $2000 mi thng cho cc dch v, thc hin cc phn tch kinh doanh s thy hot ng ca b nh cache em li $18.000 mi thng cho cc doanh nghip. Khch hng cng c li ch l tc ti trang web tng ln (vi cc ni dung c lu m) do tr ca mng gia khch hng v b nh cache cc b gim. Kch thc trung bnh ca mt giao dch web l khong 16 gi d liu trn lung TCP. Trong mt qu trnh iu khin lu lng TCP theo kiu tng chm (slow-start), chu k u tin s truyn ti mt gi tin v ch i ACK. Vic nhn c ACK s kch hot truyn hai gi RTT (round-trip-time) th hai, v sau ngi gi s ch i hai ACK. Tip nhn hai ACK ny s kch hot thm bn gi trong chu k th ba v tm trong chu k tip theo, v cc gi tin cn li trong chu k th nm. Do , giao dch web cn trung bnh 5 RTT t trng thi ti u ca thut ton TCP tng chm. Nu mt ngi dng kh xa trang web, v RTT ti ngun l 300 ms, tr ti trang s l 1,5 giy. Trong khi , nu thi gian truy cp Web cache cc b l 2 mili giy, th tr ti trang ch l 10 ms. Nhng con s ny thu c vi gi s mng khng nghn trong c hai trng hp. Trong trng hp ny, min l tm kim Web cache c th hon thnh trong vng 1 giy, cache s cho tc ti trang nhanh hn nhiu so vi khi khng c cache. C th c mt phn tch hi khc l khi so snh hiu sut ca mt b nh cache c cu hnh ti im cui (Headend) ca mt h thng cp-IP (cable-IP) so vi vic thc hin truy cp trc tip. S khc bit v tr trong trng hp ny l do v tr b nh cache ti ngi s dng gn hn v bng thng hiu qu t b nh cache ti ngi dng tng ln rt nhiu. Mt tc v ti c b nh cache c th hot ng tc hng megabit/s, so vi vi kilobit hoc hng chc kilobits mi giy khi s dng modem quay s hoc cc dch v ISDN. Khi ti v mt hnh nh nng 100K, ngi s dng modem quay s c th gp tr 60 giy, v cng hnh nh ti v mt b nh cache cc b thng qua cp - IP c th ch mt t hn mt na giy.

Internet & Cc giao thc

Nhm 8

Web caching

PROXY WEB CACHING

S nh i ca lu m cache l cn i cc chi ph v dung lng vn chuyn, c v chi ph ca vic vn chuyn v chi ph hiu nng ca thi gian giao dch ng dng, so vi chi ph ca vic s dng cache. Vi cc ISP ngoi Bc M, thng c t l hit ln ca cache i vi my ch t ti Bc M, nhng li ch ca vic s dng rng ri cache l kh ng k. i vi cc nh khai thc cp-IP, li ch ca b nh cache cc b nm kh nng khai thc c li ch ca bc nhy (hop) cui tc rt cao t Headend ti ngi dng cui. Vi cc ISP khc, nhng li ch ca cache c th l t hn ng k, tuy nhin, c nhng kt qu tch cc ca cache v hiu sut v chi ph c th khai thc c. Cng nh cc m hnh truy cp trc tip, phng php ny cng c nhc im. Chng ti lu nhng cch khc nhau, trong m hnh phn phi ni dung Web t u n cui (end-to-end) c khai thc cung cp ni dung theo thi gian, ni dung da trn khch hng, v m bo an ton ni dung. Cache chn vo trong ng cnh endto-end ca m hnh giao dch ban u, v ngn chn cc giao dch bng cch a ra mt i din (proxy) ca im cui gc. Ni dung chuyn giao t b nh cache l ni dung da trn thi gian cache thc hin yu cu ca n n my ch, v ni dung cung cp t cc my ch da trn ci nhn v my ch trn nh danh ca b nh cache, ch khng phi l nh danh ca khch hng cui. Khi hot ng vi cc d liu cache, server c cache khng c c bc tranh chnh xc v thi gian truy cp cc ni dung, v ngi truy cp. Server khng th xc thc my khch, server cng khng th phn phi cc thng tin da trn thng tin nhn thc c cp cho my khch. Ti my khch cng c cc vn tim tng, do my khch khng nhn ra l ni dung c phn phi t mt cache i din. Ni dung c th khng phn nh ng nh danh ca my khch, v thng tin c th l da trn m hnh bo mt t server ti cache, hn l t server ti my khch u cui, v my khch c th khng nhn ra cc thay i trong tn min bo mt. Nu ni dung l ph thuc thi gian th n s phn nh thi gian cache ly ni dung hn l khi my khch thc hin yu cu. Nhng iu va ch ra cho thy cache khng phi l mt cng c c th p dng trong mi trng hp. Mt phn thch thc ca vic trin khai cc cache server l hiu c cc m hnh trin khai cache v phn phi ni dung Web, v m bo cache khng gy nhm ln theo cch lm thay i tnh thng nht ca ni dung phn phi ti ngi s dng u cui.

II.4.

T l trng Web cache - t l trng web server

Mt trong nhng vn ln nht l cn bng gia hot ng ca cache ti a t l cache trng v mong mun ca ngi pht hnh ni dung web l m bo m chnh xc s lt truy cp trang v xut pht ca truy cp. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, y l

Internet & Cc giao thc

Nhm 8

Web caching

CC M HNH WEB-CACHING

yu cu cn c xem xt hn l iu khin vic phn phi ni dung. Nh cung cp ni dung web khng nht thit phi quan tm ti t l hit ca ni dung web. Hn na, nhiu nh cung cp ni dung web thy c gi tr t vic phn phi cc ni dung tnh ti my khch hn l h phi chu nhiu chi ph phn phi ni dung t trang cc b. Cc trang tnh, gm cc ni dung nh v ch n gin c lu cache sn, do vy, cc nh phn phi ni dung gc c th khng bit chnh xc s ln trang c hin th khi kho st bn ghi trn server. Mt s nh thit k web t cc thng tin trong ng dn web; thng tin ny lm cho server web cache khng th ti s dng trang lu cache, Cch thng dng nht lm vic ny l t header mang thng tin "ht hn" (expire) theo thi gian, do vy trang s c ti li vo ln k tip khi n c truy cp. V mt trong nhng th thut ca cache server tng t l hit l b qua phn trong ng dn. Vn m truy cp ca server ngn cn s trin khai cache nhiu nm nay. D c nhng yu cu thc t v xc thc, bo mt, ni dung thi gian thc, v d liu theo my khch dn ti chc chn c cc dng d liu c gn c khng lu cache c, nhng nhiu d liu c gn c n gin ch server theo di nh danh ca my khch. Nhng dng trnh cache ny l khng cn thit v tiu tn ti nguyn mng, c th gy qu ti cho server ni dung. C mt Chun internet m rng cho HTTP nhm cung cp mt header o lng ("Meter" header), cache c th truy cp cc.thng tin lin quan v gi lng truy cp v cho server ni dung gc, m rng ny a ra cc gii hn s dng, nu ra mt cache server c th cung cp ni dung mt s gii hn ln trc khi phi xc nhn li vi server ni dung.

III.

CC M HNH WEB-CACHING
III.1. Caching ng ngha (caching hin hu)

Mt vi h thng cache y quyn c trin khai theo dng ty chn c thit lp bi ngi dng. Ngi dng ch nh mt cache server cho browser nh mt proxy agent, sau browser s chuyn tt c cc request n proxy cache. Ngi dng c th bt hoc tt ty chn ny ti mi thi im, m bo client c truyn thng trc tip vi server gc. Khi gp phi li, mt s trnh duyt hin i cng c c ch t ng tt proxy cache truy cp trc tip. Trong ch proxy cache, a ch ch nm di tng transport l a ch ca server cache, trong khi ni dung HTTP khng i. Kiu m hnh cache nh trn c th c trin khai bn trong mt mng cc b ca client, vi mc ch gim thiu lu lng (traffic) n ISP. Thm vo , ISP c th hot ng nh cache t nguyn(voluntary cache) phc v cc client ca n. Nu ISP hot ng ch ny, gia ngi dng (client) v ISP phi c s ngm nh cng nh client phi nhn bit c v tr ca cache khi cu hnh local browser.
Internet & Cc giao thc Nhm 8 Web caching

CC M HNH WEB-CACHING

III.2.

Caching hin hu p buc

Mt vi ISP c bit l cc ISP dng dialup hot ng trong mi trng cnh tranh v gi rt cao. Hiu nng v gi dch v l mt nhn t kinh t rt quan trng, v rt c th cc ISP la chn ch hot ng caching hin hu cho mng ca mnh m khng cn n quyt nh ca ngi dng, v th ch ny l ch caching hin hu p buc. V d: ISP s kha tt c cc lung lu lng mng i qua cng TCP 80 (cng c s dng bi giao thc vn ti HTTP Web), chuyn hng chng vo cc proxy cache khi client truy cp Web ngoi vng mng.

III.3.

Caching trong sut (transparent caching)

Vic s dng cache i vi ton b lu lng Web c th c ch nh bi ISP m khng cn cu hnh hin hu nhn dng cc proxy cache trong cc browser ca ngi dng (client). Nguyn tc ch ra rt r rng, tuy nhin c rt nhiu cch khc nhau trin khai. K thut caching ny c gi l caching trong sut (transparent caching). Vi vic caching ny, ngi dng, browser ca ngi dng khng cn nhn thc chnh xc rng vic ISP ang s dng caching khi x l cc request ca h. y mng s phi ct i cc bn tin HTTP c ch n cc Web server t xa (remote Web server), thay vo s gi tr li cc bn tin c trong proxy cache. Mt khi page c xc nh, ty theo cc s kin hit hay miss m cache s tr li yu cu ban u ca client bng cch gi nh l ch n ban u ca bn tin request (Hnh 3). Cn lu l cc c ch trn khng phi hon ton trong sut i vi Web client v Web Server. Nu Web server s dng m hnh truy cp bo mt u cui, vic caching trong sut c th khng thc hin c v cache s a ra a ch ca n ch khng phi a ch ca client. Vic ny dn n cc page b t chi khi yu cu cache, trong khi client c th hon ton giao dch trc tip vi server. Nhng tnh hung s dng cache c y quyn do cc chc nng lc v p buc, qua h thng chuyn hng trong sut, ngi dng s khng th nhn thy cch khc phc, lm cho s tht vng v ton b dch v cache tng ln nhanh chng.

Internet & Cc giao thc

Nhm 8

Web caching

CC M HNH WEB-CACHING

Hnh 3: Transparent Caching

Mt vi trng hp ta vn c th gii quyt vn ny. Mt cch tip cn l khi c li ly d liu cache (cache fetch error) th ta s kch khi h thng con cache, thit lp ra mt phin HTTP vi ni dung gi n server c a ch ngun l ca client, sau truyn i bn tin yu cu HTTP GET n server. Phn hi (respone) ca server sau s c truyn n client thng qua mt cu TCP (mt cu TCP l ni thit b kt ni c yu cu dch ra cc chui sequence number ca cc TCP header gia hai phin TCP). Cc h thng con cache chn bt cc packet ca server gi n client i hi s phi hp cht ch vi c cache router, nn hot ng ca TCP bridge kh phc tp, v vy m phng php ny thiu i s n nh. Mt cch tip cn na l ch nh cache server truyn ngc tr li client mt bn tin TCP RST, ch dn cho cache router thm mt u vo tm thi trong b lc chuyn hng tt c cc kt ni TCP cng 80 t client s c n server gc m khng b chuyn hng n cache na. Nu cch thit lp cache ch c mt li ch duy nht l tng cng tc truy nhp mng ca khch hng th ISP phi bit r hiu nng ca h thng cache phi c duy tr p ng c tt c cc Web request, nm trong kh nng ca ISP. S kin cache hit duy tr mc n nh s cho php client truy cp nhanh hn khi truy cp n server gc. S kin cache miss phi mc nht nh tc truy cp khng thp hn qu nhiu khi so snh vi phng php truy cp trc tip n trang web gc. Nu hiu nng ca cache khng c m bo cho ngi dng, th li ch hng n ngi dng s mt. Trong trng hp la chn k thut caching, th ngi dng s tt ty chn cache trong browser ca h v quay li cch thc truy cp trc tip. M hnh kinh doanh ca cache l gi thnh hot ng v vn b ra i cng vi lu lng cc b ti cc vng gim thiu chi ph cho ISP, khi so snh vi mng khng cache. Vic ct gim chi ph c th c chuyn cho tt c ngi dng thng qua hot ng ca ton b dch v vi mt mc gi thp hn hoc chuyn chn lc cho nhng khch hng s

Internet & Cc giao thc

Nhm 8

Web caching

H THNG WEB CACHE

10

dng b nh cache thng qua mt s hnh thc cc s dng cache. M hnh chung ca vic p dng gim chi ph cc dch v ca ISP chc chn l mt li th trong mt th trng cnh tranh gi. Tuy nhin, tr khi hiu sut ca b nh cache rt cao, v trong sut ca cache l gn hon ho, mi ngi dng c nhn vn c th s dng phng php truy cp trc tip. M hnh kinh doanh khc l phi vt qua cc khon tit kim chi ph cn bin cho nhng khch hng s dng b nh cache, v mt mc tng ng vi s dng b nh cache ca khch hng v hiu qu ca n trong hot ng tc truy cp cache cao. V d, cc ISP s dng mt m hnh tnh ph bao gm mt thnh phn thu da trn s lng d liu chuyn cho khch hng trong thi gian tnh ph, phn thu ny c th c iu chnh bng lng s dng ca khch hng c thc hin bi h thng b nh cache v hiu qu hot ng ca cc b nh cache trong vic to ra lt truy cp b nh cache. V d, nu lu lng b tnh ph $ 100 cho mi gigabyte c truyn ti khch hng, s gim gi c th c tnh cho lu lng nhn c t b nh cache web. Nu tc truy cp trung bnh b nh cache 30 %, sau khi thanh ton chi ph thit b v h tr hot ng, lu lng t b nh cache c th c tnh 80$ cho mi gigabyte. y, li ch ca vic s dng b nh cache Web c th hin trc tip vi nhng khch hng s dng b nh cache, c hai bn u c hng mc thu thp hn v t l thun vi vic s dng b nh cache v ng thi c c hiu sut cao nh s dng b nh cache. Qu trnh thanh ton theo m hnh tip th ny chc chn lin quan nhiu hn n qu trnh, lin quan n h thng thanh ton b sung v x l vic s dng b nh cache c ci nhn chnh xc v lng s dng cache ca ngi dng. Ngy cng tr nn r rng rng mt m hnh kinh doanh mnh m kt hp vi mt m hnh s dng ty ca mt b nh cache Web l cch tip cn n mt n v tnh gi thp hn cho lu lng. Bng cch ny, ngi dng thy ng lc li ch ti chnh trc tip trong vic la chn s dng h thng b nh cache. Khi cc nh cung cp trin khai b nh m n hoc bt buc, iu chuyn nhng li ch ca b nh m vo mt cu trc gim gi chung cho tt c cc khch hng v to ra mt m hnh kinh doanh tt hn.

IV.

H THNG WEB CACHE

H thng cache c th c nhiu dng. Cc my ch web gc t CERN, ni bt ngun ca s pht trin phn mm Web, cho php mt ch ca hnh vi proxy. M hnh my ch cache ny c pht trin r rt trong d n Harvest, mt d n nghin cu ti i hc Colorado. Sau tr thnh mt hng pht trin, cc my ch cache Harvest ang c

Internet & Cc giao thc

Nhm 8

Web caching

H THNG WEB CACHE

11

tip tc pht trin trong phm vi pht trin cc phn mm my ch cache Squid v giao thc cache internet lin kt (Caching Internet Protocol) (ICP). Hin nay c rt nhiu h thng b nh cache proxy kh dng, chng hn nh Squid, v cc h thng thng mi c sn nh Cache Engine Cisco Systems. Mt s cc h thng ny l cc gi phn mm hot ng trn nn tng h iu hnh thng thng, trong khi mt s s dng mt nn tng vi nhn ring, c ti u ha cho nhu cu mi trng truyn b nh cache. Nhiu c im ca h thng b nh m web c lin quan n hiu nng mi trng b nh cache. u tin l kch thc ca my ch cache. Mi quan h gia kch thc ca b nh cache v tc truy cp khng phi l mt mi quan h tuyn tnh. T cc c tuyn in hnh ca vic s dng Web c rt ra t mt lng ln ngi s dng, mt b nh cache dung lng 1 GB hoc cao hn s mang li tc hit hp l. Tng thm kch thc b nh cache s mang li nhng ci tin ng k tc truy cp, t l gia tng c m t tt nht bi mi quan h theo cp s m m. Do , b nh m h thng vi 100 GB dung lng lu tr em li hiu sut thay i khng ng k nu so vi h thng b nh m 10 GB. Nh vy vic tng b nh khng phi l mt mc tiu c xc nh, bi v vi cc mi trng a phng khc nhau th tt c u cho thy quy lut tr li gim dn (diminishing return), trong vic tng thm dung lng cache nhiu hn na khng to ra s khc bit r rt trong hiu qu b nh cache. B nh Cache ln mt nhiu thi gian hn, t vy ngy hoc thm ch c tun, xy dng mt kho lu tr ln cha cc d liu nhm to ra mt b nh cache c tc hit cao hn. Nhn chung, t 10 n 100 GB b nh cache l h thng cung cp hiu sut b nh cache hiu qu, min l b nh cache hot ng n nh trong vi tun sau khi khi ng. Yu cu b nh trong mt b nh cache cng cn phi c cu hnh mt cch cn thn. Ch s URL ca h thng lu tr c lu trong b nh hu ht cc kin trc b nh cache nhm mc ch thc hin tra cu b nh cache nhanh, do cc a lu tr nhiu cu hnh s yu cu b nh ln hn. Tham s tip theo l s lng yu cu b nh cache ng thi m my ch b nh cache c th qun l hiu qu. Lu rng gi tr ny l khc vi s lng yu cu mi giy m my ch c th qun l c. S lng cc phin truy cp ng thi m my ch b nh cache c th h tr lin quan n s lng ti nguyn c phn b cho cc yu cu b nh cache v tng cng sut ngun. Mi trng trin khai c lin quan mt thit n vic hiu nng mi trng cache. Gi tr lin quan n s lng cc yu cu ng thi c th qun l c l thi gian trung bnh x l mt yu cu. Kt hp hai gi tr ny cung cp cho ta s lng yu cu mi

Internet & Cc giao thc

Nhm 8

Web caching

M HNH TRIN KHAI WEB CACHE

12

giy m h thng b nh cache c th x l. Cng mt n v nhng s c s khc bit v gi tr hiu nng i vi s yu cu mi giy khi c trin khai cc mi trng khc nhau ca Internet. Nu h thng b nh cache c trin khai vi mt ngun cp d liu da l v tinh, th do thi gian trung bnh x l mt cache l lu hn v tr ca ng truyn v tinh l cao hn. Kch bn dn n qu trnh qun l cc yu cu ban u din ra trong mt khong thi gian di, v ngn chn cc yu cu khc s dng khe qu trnh ny. Nu cng mt n v c trin khai mt v tr ni b nh cache ch mt 1 phn ca mt giy x l, khe qu trnh c th nhanh chng c ti s dng. Mi khch hng kt ni hot ng cng tiu th b nh v kt ni s vn m cho n khi no hon tt giao dch web, hoc khi hit hoc miss. S lng phin hot ng ng thi cng nhiu trong b nh cache th tr vng vi mt s kin miss s tng ln cng ln. Tng t nh vy, cng nhiu modem tc thp hoc trm khng dy, th cng nhiu s lng phin hot ng ng thi trong b nh cache. Cho d khch hng hot ng ch n hoc trong ch b nh m y nhim th r rng cng l mt yu t quan trng. Khch hng s dng mt trnh duyt c proxy cache vi mt kt ni lin tc, trong khi nu b nh cache l mt b nh cache n, b nh cache s thy khch hng mang n v th cc kt ni HTTP mi ln thay i URL gc. Ti lp phin ny, cng vi h thng tn min b sung (DNS) phn gii ti i vi khch hng, c th tng ln n na giy thi gian p ng b nh cache n khi so vi phn ng tc thi ca b nh cache.

V.

M HNH TRIN KHAI WEB CACHE

Trong phn ny, chng ta xem xt vn m rng cc cu hnh b nh cache c tham chiu mt cch r rng, v sau nhn vo nhng thay i trong m hnh gii thiu thng qua b nh m n. M hnh trin khai n gin nht ca mt b nh cache r rng l trin khai mt h thng b nh cache duy nht m mt trnh duyt c th la chn. H thng ny c th c trin khai trong mi trng my ch ca ISP vi mt giao din cng TCP - 80 m cho truy cp ca khch hng. M hnh trin khai c th hin trong hnh 4.

Internet & Cc giao thc

Nhm 8

Web caching

M HNH TRIN KHAI WEB CACHE

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Hnh 4: Mt web cache c la chn

H thng b nh cache proxy web n c a vo c th chu ti ng k, v mt b nh cache qu ti v km hiu qu c l l cn ti t hn l khng c b nh cache. Tuy nhin, nhn rng m hnh trin khai ny c th chng minh thch thc. Mt ISP hot ng vi a im truy cp, hoc im hin din (POPs), mt trong nhng gii php m rng quy m l trin khai mt my ch ti mi POP v s dng cng a ch IP cho mi my ch. Gii php ny cho php cc ISP cung cp mt cu hnh ph hp cho tt c cc khch hng v tng thm dung lng bt k v tr lin mch. Nu b nh cache t chu trch nhim cho vic qung b a ch IP chung vo h thng nh tuyn, cc cache cng c th hot ng trong vai tr d phng cho nhau. Nu c mt my ch hng th qung co tuyn ng a phng s tt. Lu lng truy cp trc tip n a ch ny sau c vn chuyn bng h thng nh tuyn n b nh cache proxy gn nht. C th c mt s cp phin TCP khi to li cc phin hot ng trn cc phn t hng, nhng trong tt c cc trng hp khc, switchover l lin tc cho cc khch hng gc, v s phc hi trng thi hot ng t trong tp hp cc my ch nh vy c th c chuyn sang cho h thng nh tuyn. M hnh trin khai ny c ch ra trong Hnh 5. Cc my ch nh vy c th c cu hnh nh mt tp hp cc h thng truyn hnh v tinh a phng vi mt li b nh m ln hn, s dng mt giao thc cu hnh cache internet (ICP) thit lp mt h thng phn cp b nh m.

Internet & Cc giao thc

Nhm 8

Web caching

M HNH TRIN KHAI WEB CACHE

14

Hnh 5: Cc web cache ti to

ICP l mt nh dng thng ip trng s thp dnh cho giao tip gia web cache. nh dng tin nhn l mt s trao i hai gi tin n gin, vi mt b nh Web cache qua mt truy vn URL ti b nh cache khc. Phn hi l mt hit hoc miss, nhm cho thy s hin din ca i tng URL trn b nh cache t xa. Trn phn u ca giao thc ny c th c xy dng phn cp b nh cache, nhm cho php nhiu cache ln cn ng gp ngun lc ca h mt cch hiu qu. Phng thc cu hnh cache xut s c t chc theo dng phn cp. Khi phn cp, tt c cc cache server s kt ni vi hng xm ca n, v vi ICP parent. Khi c mt cache request khng c local cache p ng, u tin, cache s s dng tp cc lut cu hnh cc b quyt nh xem server c phi cc b hay khng. Nu ng, cache s truy vn trc tip server. Ngc li, cache s pht ra mt tp ng thi cc truy vn ICP ti tt c cc cache peer ca n. Nu bt c peer no tr li vi mt ICP hit, cache sau s yu cu peer ny cung cp ni dung lin quan. Tuy nhin, nu tt c cc peer khng th tr li truy vn ICP, hoc khong thi gian gian timeout hai giy tri qua, cache s request URL t parent c ch nh ca n, hoc cui cng s da trn request ban u thc hin ly cache t Internet (cache retrieval). Parent ny c th hoc hi cc peer, hoc tip tc gi truy vn ln parent ca n. Mc ch ca phng thc hot ng ny l request ln lt, t cp thp ln cp cao. Nhng thut ton lin cache khc cng c ngh, v
Internet & Cc giao thc Nhm 8 Web caching

M HNH TRIN KHAI WEB CACHE

15

d nh Hyper Text Caching Protocol (HTCP) v Cache Array Routing Protocol (CARP). N thng thc hin cc chc nng khi hot ng lin cache, tng t nh chc nng ICP. Mt phng php m rng khc, chnh l thay i cch thc hot ng t mt server thnh nhiu server, da trn TCP. C th hn, k thut cn bng ti trong h thng chuyn mch s gip ti c chia u cho cc server. Cu trc h thng c ch ra trong Hnh 6.

Hnh 6: M hnh cn bng ti cho h thng web cache

Vi cch cu hnh ny, tng cache s tn dng c ngun d liu nhng cache hng xm. Ngha l, cc server s hi nhau, trc khi khi to truy vn ln cc server cha thng tin khc. Ngoi ra, cch thc ny s cho php cn bng ti gia cc server, cc server s thng bo trng thi ti ca mnh ti b chuyn mch cn bng, qua trnh qu ti. Mt hng khc m rng cc cache server l chuyn bit ha, ngha l mi cache server s lu tr theo tng ni dung ring bit. Nhng, y cng cha hn l mt cch hay, bi a ch ch khng th gip server quyt nh URL no c request. Khi cu hnh explicit cache, trnh duyt s gi TCP session vo a ch TCP bn ngoi ca cm server (nh hnh 6 s l 172.16.0.1). Thng tin URL s c gn bn trong vng HTTP payload. vn ny cng c nhiu nh nghin cu quan tm. Vi s kt hp ca TCP spoofing v TCP session bridging, mt server chuyn mch c th la chn cache thch hp cho tng URL tham chiu HTTP, v sau kt ni logic TCP session ca client ti TCP session ca cache c la chn, truyn URL ti client. Vic trin khai transparent cache cng gp nhiu thch thc. Yu cu v chc nng l phi chuyn tt c cc Web request thng qua mt proxy cache server m khng cn mt

Internet & Cc giao thc

Nhm 8

Web caching

M HNH TRIN KHAI WEB CACHE

16

s hiu bit r rng v client. Hai k thut thng dng nht hin nay hng n nhng mc tiu sau: Cache phng (Inline caches): Cch tip cn ny s chuyn tt c cc traffic qua 2 port ca cache server. Cc traffic khng phi HTTP s n gin ch chuyn qua thit b m khng cn thay i cu trc. Cn HTTP traffic s c chn li v chuyn ti module cache. Vn chnh cn quan tm trong cch tip cn ny l nh hng ca mt im li ln ton b thc th mng. Bt c li no cache c th khin ngn chn tt c nhng traffic khc vo hoc ra mng con. Cache chuyn hng (Redirection caches): Vi cch ny c th khc phc nhc im ca Inline cache. N s dng chnh sch chuyn hng c gn trong router. Ngha l, n s chuyn hng tt c cc traffic c port 80 ti cache server. Thng thng, vi chnh sch chuyn hng ny th cache s c t cch router mt hop. Do , chuyn hng n gin ch l mt chnh sch cc b. Li khi hot ng vn l mt vn ng lu tm, bi k thut chuyn hng trong router thng thng khng bit c tnh trng hot ng ca cache. Transparent cache s cn m bo mt URL y c gn vo HTTP level request. Khi trnh duyt cho rng request c gi trc tip ti content server, bn tin GET request c th ch nh URL c lin quan ti server. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, transparent server s cn thc hin tra cu DNS ca a ch IP ch ca TCP session dng li mt URL y . Vn ch yu khi s dng transparent cache, l phi to ra mt k thut d phng li. Ngha l, nu cache server dng hot ng vi bt c l do no, th vic chuyn hng cache cng b v hiu ha. Mt gii php l s dng chc nng chuyn hng gn vi router kt hp cng giao thc qun l Web cache da trn bn tin keepalive. tng ny chnh l nn tng ca Web Cache Coordination Protocol (WCCP). WCCP cung cp thm kh nng chia s ti thng qua a cache server vi ni dung c phn phi. Transparent cache s h tr nhim v ny, bi a ch ch trong gi tin IP c th c s dng nh l yu t c bn ca vic la chn cache. Bn tin keepalive s c trao i gia router v h thng cache server, nhm cho php router dng khng chuyn hng Web traffic nu server li. Mt gii php thay th da trn vic cache t n tham gia vo mi trng nh tuyn cc b. Router chuyn hng s s dng cc chnh sch chuyn hng, nhm chuyn tip tt c cc traffic c cng 80 ti mt a ch c thng bo bi h thng cache ti mc u tin nh tuyn cao. Mt a ch tng t cng s c thng bo bi default route ca router ti mc u tin nh tuyn thp. Nu h thng cache gp li, ng i c u tin

Internet & Cc giao thc

Nhm 8

Web caching

KT LUN

17

cao s b hy b, v nu chc nng chuyn hng tip tc c dng router, vic chuyn hng s i theo default route. By gi, ta s xt n kha cnh x l cache miss tc c th so snh c khi khng dng cache. Tt nhin, qu trnh ko d liu v cache v sau cung cp d liu ny cho ngi dng s khng th t c mc tiu . Transparent cache s phi cp d liu cho ngi dng, trong khi ng thi lu tr mt bn copy nhm phc v cho cc yu cu trong tng lai. Tuy vy, vn cha phi l vn ln nht vi transparent cache. Thch thc ln nht chnh l cc transparent cache s ch cung cp mt ni dung c th, m khng xt ti nhn dng ca ni request. Cc web server thng s dng m hnh truy nhp u cui (end-to-end), da vo s nhn dng a ch ngun, hoc cc web server s c gng a ra nhng ni dung khc nhau cho cc client da trn a ch ngun ca client, v iu ny th khng ph hp vi m hnh transparent cache. Trong trng hp li xy ra, cn phi c gii php transparent cache dng hot ng, v cho php request ban u kt ni trc tip ti server. D cho cc gii php mng ng vai tr quan trng, nhng cc browser cng phi c s tr gip nht nh. Mt m hnh hot ng khc l transparent cache s ghi li nhn dng li, v gi tn hiu th li cho browser request, ng thi cng chuyn nhn dng lung ny tr li cho b chuyn hng, nh l b lc u vo tm thi. Khi c tn hiu truy vn li theo tn hiu t cache, redirecting router s c nhim v chuyn lung ti cache, v cho php thit lp phin dng end-to-end.

VI.

KT LUN

Web cache, v c bit l proxy cache, l mt ng dng rt ph bin hin nay. N ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic ci thin cht lng dch v cho mt phm vi rng ln ngi s dng trn Internet. Web cache gip gim gnh nng cho cc server, ng thi lm cho cc website dng nh c p ng nhanh hn, tc phc v client cng c tng ln. Proxy cache gm c hai loi chnh: explicit v transparent caching. Trn thc t, cng c rt nhiu cch trin khai hai loi hnh proxy cache ny. Kin trc chung ngy nay l s dng cache network, nhm t cc h thng cache nm gn bin truy nhp ca mng hn. Bn cnh nhng u im, proxy cache vn cn tn ti rt nhiu nhc im, cn phi gii quyt.

Internet & Cc giao thc

Nhm 8

Web caching

TI LIU THAM KHO

18

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] T. Geoff Huston, "Web caching," The Internet Protocol Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, p. 2, Sep. 1999. [2] "Web Caching," Packet Pushers, 26 11 2004. [Online]. Available: http://www.web-cache.com/. [Accessed 10 10 2013].

Internet & Cc giao thc

Nhm 8

Web caching