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) C HEJ

 * IGKA@= E A=

,A - A F  J= I GKA A AH @A LA?AI GKA IA A A?KJ= = CK =I FAH=?E AI F=H= L= HAI IK?AIEL= A JA =O HAI GKA k, FHAIA J= K @A @A ?HA?E EA J IE E =H = GKA JEA A A AH J J= @A FAH=?E AI GKA A A ?KJ= A = C HEJ  2=H= D=?AH K = AIJE =?E @A = ?= JE@=@ @A JEA F GKA J=H@= K = C HEJ A A A?KJ=HIA AI A?AI=HE ? J=H A AH J J= @A FAH=?E AI GKA HA= E = 5A FKA@A A ACEH = CK = = = GKA IA E@A JE ?=H ? FAH=?E > IE?= GKA >IAHLA K ? F HJ= EA J F=HA?E@ = @A AH J J= @A FAH=?E AI HA= E =@=I O GKA F H J= J IAH FH F H?E = = JEA F
IJAHE H A JA ?K= @ IA E JH @K ?= A ? @=@AI I @A EI H@A
2

?AFJ @A H@A

IA @EH GKA = >=I ?= JE

2 - 1,), ,- ) / 416

'

J J= @A A A?K?E 2=H= A = C HEJ = JAHE H IA FKA@A ? J=H ?K= GKEAH= @A =I FAH=?E AI A ?E =@=I - CA AH= @A>A FH ?KH=HIA GKA = FAH=?E > IE?= A = ?K= IA >=I= A = EIEI @A = CK = B H = AIJ HA =?E =@= ? A JEF @A FH > A = GKA IA E JA J= HAI LAH EC H= @ =I =IEC =?E AI @A L= HAI E E?E= AI O =I FAH=?E AI I >HA L=HE=> AI F=H= ? JH @A ?E? I  @E?AI = FAH=?E > IE?= A A ) C HEJ  > IGKA@= E A=  AI = ? F=H=?E A JHA I A A A J I @A =HHAC O A L= H >KI?=@ FKAI ?K F A ? =I ? IE@AH=?E AI = JAHE HAI

-A F

- ) C HEJ >JEA A A FH @K?J @A I @ I L= HAI I CH= @AI ? JA E@ I A K =HHAC A @A n A JAH I 6 =HA I AIJA FH > A = F=H= A A F E ?=H = A A??E @A = FAH=?E > IE?= ? EH=I = D=?AH A = EIEI @A = C HEJ - AIJA = C HEJ IA HA= E = =I IECKEA JAI FAH=?E AI = + F=H=?E A JHA AI = = =O H1 , =O H2 O =O H2 I A A A J I @A =HHAC

> )IEC =?E ? )IEC =?E @ )IEC =?E

=O H1 O @E?A i

= = BK ?E I =O HAI @E?A i A JHA A @E?A i O = CEJK@ @A =HHAC

A 2H @K?J @A B  1 ?HA A J = C + F=H=?E

=I FAH=?E AI ? B O C IA ? ?AI =I FAH=?E AI @ O A IA A A?KJ= = AI = AH J J= @A FAH=?E AI - J GKA IA FKA@A ? IE@AH=H F=H= D=?AH A = =O H1 , =O H2 O I A A A J I @A =HHAC =O HAI

IE@AH= F H HA= E =HIA A JHA @E K = I = LA O I FH F H?E ?AI IA JEA A GKA =I FAH=?E AI EIEI I =I ? F=H=?E AI A JHA O =I =IEC =?E AI = I A A A J I

+ A @A HA =H?=H = I = A A??E @A = FAH=?E > IE?= = .ECKH= E KIJH= = IA A??E @A FAH=?E AI > IE?=I A = CK I = C HEJ I KO ? K AI 4AIK EA @ A = EIEI @A K = C HEJ IA FKA@A D=?AH ? IE@AH= @ I =GKA = FAH=?E GKA ?K F = I IECKEA JAI ?HEJAHE I

+)2 67

 1 64 ,7++1

BK ? 2H @K?J =O HAI (A, n) ? EA = IE A[1] > A[2] A J ?AI JH EI

mayor1 A[1]; mayor2 A[2]; mayor1 A[2]; mayor2 A[1];

i 3;

EA JH=I i n D= IE A[i] > mayor1 A J

EI =D

mayor2 mayor1; mayor1 A[i]; JH IE A[i] > mayor2 A J ?AI mayor2 A[i];

?AI

i i + 1;
=O HAI mayor1 mayor2; 2H @K?J @A I L= HAI I CH= @AI @A K = EIJ= @A AH I

JAH E = ) C HEJ

2H @K?J

24 * - )
* IGKA@= @A K A A A J A K ? K J K JEF E?=H @ I =JHE?AI 4A? HHAH K H> 4AI LAH K IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI E A= AI H@A =H K ? K J @A L= HAI +

2-4)+1

* 51+)

F=H=?E A JHA A L= H O I A A A J I @A ? K J 2H @K?J @A I A A A J I @A =I = JHE?AI 8EIEJ=H K @ 5K = + F=H=?E A JHA L= HAI

.ECKH=

- A??E

@A = FAH=?E

> IE?= F=H= = CK

I FH > A =I

2 - 1,), ,- ) / 416 =@= ?

= ,A>A AIJ=H HA =?E

A JEF @A FH > A = GKA IA HAIKA LA

> ,A>A A A?KJ=HIA K AH @A LA?AI ?KO @A @A ?HA?E EA J IA= IE E =H = @A AH J J= @A FAH=?E AI GKA ABA?J = A = C HEJ 5E E CK = @A =I FAH=?E AI A ? JH=@=I ?K F A ? = > I ?HEJAHE I AI F IE> A @A? E =H A FHE AH 5E =K =I AI F IE> A A ? JH=H K = FA H=?E HAFHAIA J=JEL= IA @A>A D=?AH K = EIEI C >= ? J= @ J @=I =I FAH=?E AI - = JA H = @A = C HEJ I AI KO BHA?KA JA KI=H A J H E E IJ= ?E= F=H= E @E?=H K ?=I AIFA? ? @A K FH > A = )I F H A A F IE A FH > A = AI = K JEF E?=?E @A A JAH I F IEJEL I K = E IJ= ?E= AI A F=H @A AH I = K JEF E?=H L C '$$ " + I ? ?AFJ I A K ?E=@ I D=IJ= =GK AI F IE> A ?= ?K =H = BK ?E ? F A E@=@ JA F H= ft (n) F=H= K = C HEJ IE F A - A - A F ! IA ?= ?K = @E?D= BK ?E F=H= A = C HEJ 

-A F

! + IE@ HAIA A ) C HEJ  F=H= D=?AH A = EIEI @A IK ? F H J= EA J J A I ? FAH=?E > IE?= =I ? F=H=?E AI ? A A A J I @A =HHAC O ? ?=I KAIJH= A = [2, 7, 4, 1, 3] O n = 5.
5E 8= H 5E 8= H 5E 8= H IA D=?A K = ? " IA D=?A JHAI ? & IA D=?A ?E ? ? F=H=?E F=H=?E F=H=?E

ft (5) = 1
AI ft (5) = 3 AI O ft (5) = 5

,A - A F ! AI F IE> A @AI?K>HEH GKA = BK ?E ? F A E@=@ AI J= A HA= E@=@ AI K = HA =?E O= GKA F=H= K EI J= = @A FH > A = IA >JEA A @EIJE J I L= HAI @A = BK ?E ? F A E@=@ + IJA D=O K?D I = C HEJ I A I GKA A AH @A FAH=?E AI @AFA @A I @A J= = @A FH > A = IE J= >E @A = E IJ= ?E= AIFA? ?= GKA IA FHAIA JA A J ?AI @A GK = AH= IA FKA@A ANFHAI=H A L= H @A = BK ?E ? F A E@=@ ) ? JE K=?E @= I K = HAIFKAIJ= 5A= I (n) = {I1 , I2 , I3 , . . . , Ik } A ? K J @A E IJ= ?E=I @A FH > A = ?KO J= = AI n. 5A= O(n) = {O1 , O2 , O3 , . . . , Ok } A ? K J B H =@ F H A AH @A FAH=?E AI GKA K = C HEJ HA= E = F=H= HAI LAH ?=@= E IJ= ?E= - J ?AI Oj AI A AH @A FAH=?E AI A A?KJ=@=I F=H= HAI LAH = E IJ= ?E= Ij F=H= 1 j k. 5A @EIJE CKA JHAI ?=I I A A L= H @A = BK ?E ? F A E@=@ JA F H=

+)2 67 = 2A H ?=I

 1 64 ,7++1

ft (n) = m ax({O1 , O2 , O3 , . . . , Ok })
> A H ?=I

ft (n) = m n({O1 , O2 , O3 , . . . , Ok })
? +=I A@E
k

ft (n) =
i=1

Oi P (i)

@A P (i) AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA ?KHH= = E IJ= ?E= Ii . - JH=I F= =>H=I A A H ?=I IA FHAIA J= ?K= @ F=H= K = A JH=@= @A J= = n, A = C HEJ A A?KJ= A E AH F IE> A @A FAH=?E AI A FA H ?=I ?K= @ D=?A A NE O A A ?=I A@E IA ? IE@AH= J @ I I ?=I I F IE> AI F=H= ?= ?K =H A FH A@E @A =I FAH=?E AI GKA IA D=?A J = @ A ?KA J= = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA ?KHH= ?=@= E IJ= ?E= I ?=I I A = BK ?E ? F A E@=@ AIF=?E= IA FKA@A @A EH = C= A JA ? IE@AH= @ =D H= A ? K J C (n), ? A ? K J B H =@ F H A AH @A ?A @=I @A A HE= KJE E =@=I F H A = C HEJ F=H= HAI LAH ?=@= E IJ= ?E= @A FH > A = I - A F I " O # IA E KIJH= A = EIEI JA F H= @A I ) C HEJ I  O 2=H= AIJ I FH > A =I A AH @A FAH=?E AI L=H = ? IE@AH=> A A JA F=H= E IJ= ?E=I @EBAHA JAI @A EI J= =

-A F

" ) C HEJ 2H > A =

@A > IGKA@= E A= * IGKA@= E A= @A K L= H A K =HHAC @A J= = n. 6= = @A 2H > A = n = AH @A A A A J I A A =HHAC + F=H=?E @A L= H ? I A A A J I @A FAH=?E > IE?= =HHAC

)
E

EIEI 6A F H=
A H ?=I ?KHHA ?K= @ A L= H AI A FHE AH A A A J @A =HHAC

ft (n) = 1
EE 2A H ?=I IK?A@A ?K= @ A L= H IA A ?KA JH= A A =HHAC

ft (n) = n + 1

2 - 1,), ,- ) / 416

EEE +=I

A@E

ft (n) = 1P (1) + 2P (2) + 3P (3) + 4P (4) + ... + nP (n) + nP (n + 1)

@ @A P (i) AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA A L= H IA A ?KA JHA A = ?= E@=@ i, (1 i n) O P (n + 1) AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA AIJ A A =HHAC 5E IA IKF A GKA J @ I I ?=I I I ECK= A JA FH >=> AI

P (i) =

1 n+1
n+1

1 ft (n) = n+1

i=
i=1

(n + 1)(n + 2) n+2 = 2(n + 1) 2

-A F

FH @K?J =O HAI 2H > A = ,=@ K =HHAC @A L= HAI A ? JH=H A FH @K?J @A I @ I AH I =O HAI 6= = @A 2H > A = n = AH @A A A A J I A A =HHAC + F=H=?E A JHA I A A A J I @A =HHAC FAH=?E > IE?= O I =O HAI

# ) C HEJ

)
E

EIEI 6A F H=
A H ?=I ?KHHA ?K= @ A =HHAC AIJ A ?=@= EJAH=?E I D=?A = FHE AH= ? H@A =@ =I?A @A JA A JA F=H=?E 

ft (n) = 1 + (1 (n 2)) = n 1
EE 2A H ?=I A =HHAC AIJ H@A =@ @A = AH= @AI?A @A JA IA D=?A @ I ? F=H=?E AI F H EJAH=?E A A ?E? 

ft (n) = 1 + (2 (n 2)) = 2n 3
EEE +=I A ? A@E A AIJA FH > A = IA JEA A

K J @A GKA IA ANJH=A IA @A>A ?

|U | n! ?=I I @ n I A A A J I @A =HHAC
J=H =I FAH=?E

@A U AI

; F=H= D=?AH A ? ?K ?=@= ?=I

AI GKA IA D=H = A

"

+)2 67

 1 64 ,7++1

= J=HA= @A ? JA >= AIJ= AJ @ C = HAIK J= AN?AIEL= A JA => HE I= F H GKA IA HA?KHHEH = JH A?= EI - = C HEJ D=?A IEA FHA K = ? F=H=?E = E E?E O A A E JAHE H @A ?E? FKA@A IAH GKA IA HA= E?A K = ? F=H=?E @ I >I HLAIA GKA F=H= ?=@= A[i] FKA@A IAH ?EAHJ= K = @A JHAI =IALAH=?E AI E A[i] > EE EEE
=O H1 IA D=?A K = ?

F=H=?E F=H=?E AI ?AI A FH A@E AI

=O H1 A[i] >

=O H2 IA D=?A @ I ?

=O H2 A[i] IA D=?A @ I ?

F=H=?E

5E ?=@= ?=I JEA A = IA D=H

EI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A ?KHHA ?E= A J

1 5 (1 + 2 + 2) = 3 3
F H J= J A = C HEJ HA= E =H A FH A@E

F=H=?E

AI F H EJAH=?E

5 (5n 7) ft (n) = 1 + (n 2) = 3 3
? F=H=?E AI

-I E F HJ= JA A ?E =H GKA J @ I I = C HEJ I FHAIA J= ?=I I O HAIK J= E JAHAI= JA JA AH K = DAHH= EA J= F=H= @AJA?J=H ?K @ IA F=HJE?E =H A = EIEI A ?=I I F H A A J = E?= =OK@= ? = GKA IA ?KA J= AI = E JKE?E O FHACK J=HIA IA FKA@A HAI LAH A FH > A = @A = AH= JHELE= F=H= = CK = E IJ= ?E= AIFA? ?= 5E = HAIFKAIJ= AI = H =JEL= A = C HEJ JA @H ?=I I F H GKA A FH > A = @A @AJA??E IA HA@K?A = ? JAIJ=H AIJ=
IE F A FHACK J= + ANFKAIJ A AIJ= IA??E O ? D=>E E@=@AI B H = AI A E B H = AI @A ? JA IA FKA@A AIJE =H = ?= JE@=@ @A HA?KHI I GKA K = C HEJ ? IK A FAH A > AJEL I AI ? ?AH @E?D= ?= JE@=@ IE I= F @AH ? F=H=H A ? F HJ= EA J @A @EIJE J I = C HEJ I ? A @A @A?E@EH ?K @A A I KJE E =H >= ?EH?K IJ= ?E=I AIFA? ?=I - = IECKEA JA IA??E IA @= =I >=IAI JA HE?=I F=H= J =H @A = AH= ? => A = @A?EIE

 ! - -4+1+1 5

!

- AH?E?E I
K JEF E?=H =I =JHE?AI A O B @A @E A IE

- AH?E?E   = HAC = F=H=

2 2 O >JA AH C = AB, AI

c11 = a11 b11 + a12 b21 c21 = a21 b11 + a22 b21

c12 = a11 b12 + a12 b22 c22 = a21 b12 + a22 b22
AI +K J=I IK

IJ= E L K?H= & K JEF E?=?E AI O " IK =I ,EIA A K = C HEJ GKA KIA I = A JA % K JEF E?=?E =I KI= IK = C HEJ 5KCAHA ?E= -NFHAIA ?=@= A JH=@= @A = =JHE C, ? B H K =I @A 5JH=IIA

K = IK = @A =I

m1 m2 m3 m4

= (a11 + a22 )(b11 + b22 ) = (a21 + a22 )b11 = a11 (b12 b22 ) = a22 (b21 b11 )

m5 = (a11 + a12 )b22 m6 = (a21 a11 )(b11 + b12 ) m7 = (a12 a22 )(b21 + b22 )

- AH?E?E 

- = C HEJ ! A ?KA JH= = HAFHAIA J=?E >E =HE= @A K A JAH @A?E = F IEJEL - = C HEJ IA >=I= A @ELEIE AI IK?AIEL=I F H )I F=H= K A JAH F IEJEL N IA ?= ?K =

N = 2q0 + r0 q0 = 2q1 + r1 q1 = 2q2 + r2 qk 1 = 2 qk + r k

@ @A ?=@= HAIE@K ri AI   - = C HEJ IA @AJEA A ?K= @ qk = 0. = HAFHAIA J=?E >E =HE= AI A J ?AI N 2 = rk rk1 . . . r1 r0 . E ,A EH K A A??E @A I F=H AJH I ? J= = @A FH > A = KIJE GKA IK

+)2 67 

 1 64 ,7++1

FH ? 4AFHAIA J=?E *E =HE= ? EA =

y N; i 0;

EA JH=I (y = 0) D= IE F=H (y ) A J ?AI JH EI

r[i] 0 r[i] 1; y y1

JAH E =

k i 1; N 2 r[0...k ];

=D

y y/2; i i + 1;

) C HEJ

! 4AFHAIA J=?E

>E =HE=

EE - E = = FAH=?E > IE?= F=H= >=I=H A = ? F A E@=@ JA F H= EEE

EIEI JA F H= O ?= ?K A = @A FH > A log N +1. H @A K =

KAIJHA GKA IE A ECA A L= H @A AH N ? A J= = = A AH @A FAH=?E AI GKA HAGKEAHA A = C HEJ AI EJ= @A A JAH I x1 , x2 , . . . , xn , KI= @ A = C HEJ A@E@= H= => A F=H= A J= = "

10 3

- AH?E?E  ! 5KF AH GKA IA @AIA= A ? JH=H A A A A J

IA?KA ?E= E 5KCAHEH K = EE 4A= E?A A =

@A FH > A =

EIEI JA F H= O AIF=?E= F=H= A = C HEJ E =@ *KH>K = ABA?

- AH?E?E  " 2=H= A = C HEJ

J AA =

@A H@A = EA J @A EIEI JA F H= O AIF=?E= A J @ I I ?=I I

- AH?E?E  # 2=H= A = C HEJ

KAIJHA GKA A @A @A ?HA?E EA J @A J J= @A FAH=?E AI ? B H A A J= = @A FH > A = IA E ?HA A J= AI IE E =H = GKA >IAHL= = FAH=?E > IE?=

 ! - -4+1+1 5

FH ? *KI?= ? EA =

(X )

EI =D JAH E =

b X [1]; F=H= j 2 = n D= IE (X [j ] < b) A J ?AI b X [j ];

 b=

E { x1 , x 2 , . . . , x n } 

) C HEJ

" 8= H

- AH?E?E  $ 5A JEA A K =H?DEL @A n HACEIJH I O ?=@= HACEIJH ? JEA A m

@=J I GKA @A>A =?JK= E =HIA FAHE @E?= A JA E ,EIA A K = C HEJ GKA =?JK= E?A J= =H?DEL ,E?D = C HEJ HA?E>A ? A JH=@= A AH @A HACEIJH I A A =H?DEL O K = EIJ= GKA ? JEA A I AH @A HACEIJH GKA IA D= @A =?JK= E =H 5E K AH @A HACEIJH AIJ A = EIJ= J @ I IKI @=J I IA =?JK= E = EE ,A EH K @A I F=H AJH I ? J= = @A FH > A =

EEE - ACEH K = FAH=?E

> IE?=

+= ?K =H = ? F A E@=@ JA F H= A A A H ?=I A A FA H ?=I O A A ?=I A@E =IK EA @ GKA P (0) = 0, P (1) = P (2) = P (3) = = P (n), 2k O @AIFK I =IK EA @ GKA P (k ) = ( n @A P (k ) AI = 2 + n); 0 k n, @ FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA @A>= =?JK= E =HIA I @=J I @A k HACEIJH I

- AH?E?E  % ,=@= K = EIJ= H@A =@= ?

AI?HE>= K = C HEJ F H= @A EI

HAFHAIA J=?E EC=@= IA ?E = F=H= E IAHJ=H K A A A J O >JA C= = ? F A E@=@ JA

A A A J I AI?HE>EH K = C HEJ F=H= >JA AH A k IE AA A J I FAGKA A ? JH= @ I k A HAI IE O I n k + 1 =O HAI IE k > n . 2=H= AIJA = C HEJ >J C=IA = k n 2 2 ? F A E@=@ JA F H= A J @ I I ?=I I

- AH?E?E  & ,=@ K =HHAC ?

&

+)2 67

 1 64 ,7++1

+=F JK + F HJ= EA J )IE J JE? @A .K ?E AI

 , E E =IE J JE?

+K= @ IA E F = J= K = C HEJ F=H= HAI LAH FH > A =I FAGKA I A ? IJ =@E?E = CA AH=@ F H A CH=@ @A E A ?EA ?E= @A = C HEJ A ACE@ AI F ? IEC E ?=JEL 2 H A ? JH=HE ?K= @ A J= = @A FH > A = AI CH= @A = ?= JE@=@ @A HA?KHI I GKA A = C HEJ A?AIEJA FKA@A ?HA?AH J= J GKA D=C= E FH ?JE? 2 H AIJ= H= F=H= A ACEH A JHA @ I = C HEJ I AI A?AI=HE I=>AH ? IA ? F HJ= ? FH > A =I CH= @AI - =JA ?E = AIJ= A?AIE @=@ IA AIJK@E=H = LA ?E@=@ @A ?HA?E EA J @A = ?= JE@=@ @A HA?KHI I GKA K = C HEJ HAGKEAHA ? B H A A J= = @A FH > A = IA E ?HA A J= AI @A?EH IA AIJK@E=H A ? F HJ= EA J =IE J JE? @A =I BK ?E AI ? F A E@=@ = ,A E?E  E JH @K?A A ? ?AFJ BK @= A J=

,A

JE?= A JA = g J= AI GKA

E?E

 5A= f O g BK ?E AI @A N = R 5A @E?A GKA f @

GKA g AI @

E = =IE J E =@= =IE J JE?= A JA F H f, IE k 0 O m 0

|g (n)| m|f (n)|, n k

- DA?D @A GKA K = BK ?E @ E A =IE J JE?= A JA = JH= IA E JAHFHAJ= ? IA KAIJH= A = .ECKH= ! - A = IA HAFHAIA J= =I CH ?=I @A =I BK ?E AI m|f (n)| O |g (n)|, @ @A k AI A L= H = F=HJEH @A ?K= m|f (n)| AI =O H GKA |g (n)|, O AIJ= HA =?E @A =C EJK@ IA ? IAHL= ? B H A n ?HA?A '

!

+)2 67

2 46) 1- 6

- JH I J H E I F @A I @A?EH GKA IE K = BK ?E @ E = = JH= IK LA ?E@=@ @A ?HA?E EA J AI =O H ECK= 5E AI=I BK ?E AI AIJ HAFHAIA J= @ A ? IK @A HA?KHI I @A = ? FKJ=@ H= >LE= A JA = BK ?E @ E =@= ?HA?AH = I = = EI = LA ?E@=@ @A = JH=
5

m|f (n)| |g (n)|

.ECKH= ! 4AFHAIA J=?E

CH

?= @A ?

?AFJ @A @

E E =IE J JE?

2KAIJ GKA =I BK ?E AI ? F A E@=@ I BK ?E AI ? @ E E N, I AH I =JKH= AI O ? JH=@ E E R, I AH I HA= AI I ? ?AFJ I O =I FH FEA@=@AI @A @ E E =IE J JE? FH F H?E = K = = AH= ? LA EA JA @A ANFHAI=H =I O = EFK =H =I + = E JA ?E @A =? =H=H = @A E?E = ? JE K=?E IA FHAIA J= = CK I A A F I

-A F
E ,A

$ 5A= f (n) = n O g (n) = n3

IJH=H GKA g @ E = =IE J JE?= A JA = f. -IJ AI @A IJH=H GKA

m 0, k 0 J= AI GKA |f (n)| m|g (n)| n k.

5K>IJEJKOA @ f (n) O g (n) @=

|n| m|n3 |, n k,

 ,

1 1

)51 6 61+

!

IE IA J J= J f.

= m = 1 O k = 0, =I @AIECK= @=@AI = JAHE HAI IA ?K F A F H m O k ANEIJA O A ? IA?KA ?E= g @ E = =IE J JE?= A JA = @ E = =IE J JE?= A JA = g. -NFHAI=@ =JA

EE ,A IJH=H GKA f JE?= A JA IA JEA A

(m 0, k 0 J= AI GKA |g (n)| m|f (n)|, n k )

=F E?= @ = AC=?E IA JEA A

m 0, k 0, n k J= GKA |g (n)| > m|f (n)|

IKIJEJKOA @ g O f A ?=@= =@ @A = @AIECK= @=@

|n3 | > m|n|

IE F E ?= @

|n 2 | > m n2 > m n > m F=H= =

IK =nk

IE IA J = n > m ax ( m, k ) = >=I @AIECK= @=@AI IA ?K F A f @ E = =IE J JE?= A JA = g.

IK>IA?KA JA IA KJE E =H =IE J JE?= A JA = =I E E?E= AI @ = ? IE E @A @ E =

-A F
,A

% 5A= g K = BK ?E @A N = R O f (n) = cg (n) ? IJH=H GKA f O g IA @ E = =IE J JE?= A JA

IJH=H f @ = g.

c>0OcR

E 2 H @A

m 0, k 0 J= AI GKA |g (n)| m|cg (n)|, n k

FAH |ab| = |a||b| F H J= J

|g (n)| m|c||g (n)|, n k

+)2 67

2 46) 1- 6

c > 0, A J

?AI

|g (n)| mc|g (n)|,

J

, = @ m= 1 c

1 |g (n)| c|g (n)|, n k c |g (n)| |g (n)|, n 0

O k = 0,

f @ = g.
EE 1CK= A JA IA JEA A GKA @A IJH=H GKA C @ = B AIJ AI

m 0, k 0 J= AI GKA |cg (n)| m|g (n)|, n k

AIJ AI

c|g (n)| m|g (n)|, n k

J = @ m = c O k = 0,

c|g (n)| c|g (n)|, n 0 g @ = f.

- A IECKEA JA A A F IA JE@ =IE J JE? IA ? IE@AH= BK ?E AI GKA IA @ E = A A

-A F

& 5A=
f (n) = n O g (n) = 1 IE n AI F=H n3 IE n AI E F=H

,A

IJH=H GKA f O g

IA @

E = =IE J JE?= A JA @ = g. 7JE E = @ = AC=?E @A

E 2HE AH IA @A>A @A IJH=H GKA f = @A E?E IA ANFHAI= GKA

m 0, k 0; n k J= GKA |g (n)| > m|f (n)|.

 ,

1 1

)51 6 61+

!!

+ IE@AH= @ A ?=I ?K= @ n AI E F=H O IK>IJEJKOA @ f O g A @AIECK= @=@ IA JEA A

|n3 | > m|n| n2 > m n > m2

- J FA f ?AI F=H= J @= n E F=H > m ax (m 2 , k ) =I @AIECK= @=@AI IA ?K @ = g. IA @A>A @A IJH=H GKA g @ = f. -IJ AI
1 1

EE 6= >E 6

m 0, k 0; n k J= GKA |f (n)| > m|g (n)|

= @ A ?=I F=H= A ?K= n AI F=H IA >JEA A

|n| > m|1| F=H= = CK = n k |n | > m

- J g ?AI F=H= J @= n > m ax(m, k ) IA I=JEIB=?A @ = f. I HAGKEIEJ I
F A E@=@ @A ? n, @A J= F=H= K =

+K= @ IA D=?A A = EIEI JA HE? F=H= >JA AH = BK ?E ? f (n) GKA ?=H=?JAHE?A = K = C HEJ IA AIJ >JA EA @ K @A F HJ= EA J F=H= = @A = @= @A HA?KHI I A BK ?E @A F=H AJH B H = GKA IE t(n) AI = ?= JE@=@ HA= @A HA?KHI GKA IA ? IK A E F = J=?E AIFA? ?= @A = C HEJ IA JEA A GKA

t(n) f (n) t(n) = kf (n) |t(n)| k |f (n)|

E A f (n) @ E = =IE J JE?= A JA = ?K= GKEAH t(n), @E?D @A JH= = AH= = @A = @= @A HA?KHI I IA L= = HACEH F H A @A @A ?HA?E EA J GKA >IAHLA f (n). ) ? JE K=?E IA ANF A K = IAHEA @A JA HA =I GKA AIJ=> A?A FH FEA@= @AI O HA =?E AI >=I=@=I A A ? ?AFJ @A @ E E =IE J JE?

!"

+)2 67

2 46) 1- 6

6A HA =  5A= M A ?
I >HA AIJA ? K J @A

K J @A BK ?E E@= ?

AI @A N = R. = HA =?E

>E =HE=

{< f, g > |f, g M O g @

O AI HA ANEL= O JH= IEJEL=

E = =IE J JE?= A JA = f }

,A

IJH=?E

 = @A
@A

IJH=?E

= HA= E =

I F H F=HJAI

E 2 ,

= HA =?E

E@= AI HA ANEL= AI @A?EH

f M f d.a.f.
5E J = I m = 1 O k = 0 = @AIECK= @=@ |f (n)| m|f (n)|, n k IA ?K F A F H J= J f @ = f O = HA =?E AI HA ANEL= EE 2 , = HA =?E AI JH= IEJEL= ,A>A GKA f @ = g O g @ = h f @ = h. I IJH=H GKA IE f, g, h M J=

5=>A

I GKA m1 , m2 , k1 O k2 0 J= AI GKA

|g (n)| m1 |f (n)|, n k1
O

|h(n)| m2 |g (n)|, n k2
F H GKA

|h(n)| m1 m2 |g (n)|, n max(k1 , k2 )

? m = m1 m2 O k = max(k1 , k2 ) IA I=JEIB=?A = @A J= J f @ = h O = HA =?E AI JH= IEJEL=
- IECKEA JA A A F E KIJH= = =F E?=?E

E?E

F H

@A = FH FEA@=@ @A JH= IEJELE@=@

 ,

1 1

)51 6 61+

!#

-A F
?

c > 0 O c R. ,A 5=>A I F H = @A O LE?ALAHI=

' 5A= f (n) = cn, g (n) = n O h(n) = c + n BK ?E AI @A N = R

IJH=H GKA f O h IA @ E = =IE J JE?= A JA IJH=?E @A A A F % GKA f (n) = cn @ = g (n) = n IJH=HA I GKA g @ = h, AI @A?EH GKA

E ,A IJH=H GKA f @ = h. ,A m 0 O k 0 J= AI GKA

|h(n)| |g (n)|, n k |c + n| m|n|, n k

5E m = 2 O k = c, IA ?K F A GKA

|c + n| 2|n|, n c
@A = JAHE H IA JEA A GKA g @ = h O f @ = g f @ = h. EE ,A IJH=H GKA h @ = f.

,A IJH=HA I GKA h @ = g, AI @A?EH m 0, k 0 J= AI GKA |n| m|n + c|, n k. 2=H= m = 1,

|n| |n + c|, n 0.
2 H J= J h @ = g O I=>A I GKA g @ = f h @ = f, f O h IA @ E = =IE J JE?= A JA
- 6A HA = E @K?A = ? ?A>EH A ? K J @A BK ?E AI @A N = R ? = K E @A @EIJE J I IK>? K J I = A I @A J= = AH= GKA @ I BK ?E AI AIJ A A EI IK>? K J IE IA @ E = =IE J JE?= A JA 5A IKCEAHA ? IK J=H I ? ?AFJ I @A HA =?E @A AGKEL= A ?E= O F=HJE?E

6A HA =
IA @

5A= f O g BK ?E AI A M, = HA =?E >E =HE= f g f O g E = =IE J JE?= A JA AI K = HA =?E @A AGKEL= A ?E= I >HA M. 2 , GKA = HA =?E @AI?HEJ= AI IE JHE?= HA ANEL= O JH=

,A

IEJEL=

IJH=?E

!$

+)2 67

2 46) 1- 6

E

= HA =?E

AI IE

JHE?= AI @A?EH f g g f. ?AI F H @A E?E

2KAIJ GKA f g f @ = g O g @ = f A J O = HA =?E AI IE JHE?= EE EEE = HA =?E = HA =?E f h, 5=>A

gf

AI HA ANEL= 5A IECKA @A JA HA =  AI JH= IEJEL= -I @A?EH IE f, g, h M O f g O g h

I GKA f @ = g O g @ = h f @ = h. J= J f g,

)@A I h @ = g O g @ = f h @ = f F H = HA =?E AI JH= IEJEL=

,=@ GKA J @= HA =?E @A AGKEL= A ?E= E @K?A K = F=HJE?E = HA =?E @AI?HEJ= F=HJE?E = A ? K J @A BK ?E AI @A N = R A IK>? K J I J= AI GKA J @ I I A A A J I @A K EI IK>? K J IA @ E = =IE J JE?= A JA A JHA I 5A D= @A IJH=@ GKA =I BK ?E AI n, n + c O cn(c R) IA A ?KA JH= A K EI IK>? K J @A = F=HJE?E I ? ?AFJ I D=IJ= =GK ?EJ=@ I I F=HJA @A = @AI?HEF?E @A K = A J @ C = GKA IA @AI=HH =H A AIJ= IA??E F=H= AIJE =H =FH NE =@= A JA I ? IJ I A AIF=?E O JEA F  @A =I I K?E AI GKA FH F H?E = I = C HEJ I O F=H= ? F=H=H = C HEJ I ? >=IA A J= AI ? IJ I = ?=H=?JA H IJE?= FHE ?EF= @A AIJ= FH FKAIJ= AI GKA @A>A EC H=HIA B=?J HAI ? IJ= JAI O ? ?A JH=HIA A A ? F HJ= EA J @A = C HEJ ?K= @ I J= = I @A FH > A = I CH= @AI

J=?E

@A H@A

+K= @ @AI?HE>E I ? AI GKA A AH @A FAH=?E AI f (n) @AFA @A @A J= = n, GKA I E JAHAI= AI A ? JH=H A F=JH @A ?HA?E EA J F=H= = BK ?E ? F A E@=@ O =I ?=H=?JAHE =H = = C HEJ K = LA DA?D= AIJ= ?=H=?JAHE =?E F @HA I =CHKF=H =I BK ?E AI @A =?KAH@ = AH @A FAH=?E AI GKA HA= E = 2=H= J= FH F IEJ IA @= = IECKEA JA @A E?E

E?E - ? K J @A J @=I =I BK ?E AI GKA I =IE J JE?= A JA @ E =@=I F H K = BK ?E g AI @A J=@ O(g ) O IA AA

H@A @A g  >EA
CH= @A @A g 

,A

6)+1

,-

4,?AI f IA @E?A IAH O(g ).

!%

5E f O(g ), A J 2 HAA F

E f (n) = n, g (n) = 2n3 + 50

f AI O(g ) O g

AI O(f ).

EE f (n) = n, g (n) = cn

f AI O(g ) O g AI O(f ).
EEE f (n) = n, g (n) =

1 n3

IE n AI F=H IE n AI E F=H

AI O(g ) O g J= F ? AI O(f ).

= J=?E CH= @A I FAH EJA EC H=H ? IJ= JAI ? LA EA JA A JA =I IEA FHA F @HA I AI?HE>EH O(n3 ) A LA @A O(2n3 + 50). - IECKEA JA JA HA = AIJ=> A?A = CK =I HA =?E AI E F HJ= JAI A JHA K = BK ?E f O A ? K J O(f ).

6A HA = ! 5A= f, g O h M, A J ?AI
= f AI O(f ). > 5E f AI O(g ) cf AI O(g ) F=H= c R. -I @A?EH A ? ?AHH=@ >= = K JEF E?=?E F H K = ? IJ= JA K J O(g ) AI

? 5E f AI O(g ) O h AI O(g ) (f + h) AI O(g ) @ @A (f + h)(n) = f (n) + g (n), E A O(g ) AI ?AHH=@ >= = IK = @A BK ?E AI

,A

IJH=?E

! 6A A

= f AI O(f ); @=@ GKA f @ = f f AI O(f ). > f AI O(g ) m1 0 O k1 0 J= AI GKA

|f (n)| m1 |g (n)|, n k1 .
2 , cf AI O(g ) E A m 0, k 0, J= AI GKA

|cf (n)| m|g (n)|, n k

?

c R.

!&

+)2 67

2 46) 1- 6

5E J

I m = |c|m1

|cf (n)| |c|m1 |g (n)|, n k1 |c||f (n)| |c|m1 |g (n)|, n k1 |f (n)| m1 |g (n)|, n k1

A J ?AI ? m = |c|m1 O k = k1 = @AIECK= @=@ |f (n)| m1 |g (n)| IA ?K F A O A ? IA?KA ?E= cf AI O(g ). ? f AI O(g ) O h AI O(g ) (f + h) AI O(g ) 5=>A I GKA ANEIJA m1 , m2 , k1 , k2 0 J= AI GKA

|f (n)| m1 |g (n)|, n k1 |h(n)| m2 |g (n)|, n k2

5K = @ =I @AIECK= @=@AI J H E =J H E

|f (n)| + |h(n)| m1 |g (n)| + m2 |g (n)|, n max(k1 , k2 )

2 H = @AIECK= @=@ @A JHE CK

|f (n) + h(n)| |f (n)| + |h(n)|

5KIJEJKOA @ A = IK =

|f (n) + h(n)| (m1 + m2 )|g (n)|, n max(k1 , k2 )

+

m = m1 + m2 O k = m ax(k1 , k2 ) IA ?K F A GKA |f (n) + h(n)| m|g (n)|, n k

O F H A @A g @ = (f + h), (f + h) AI O(g ).
- IECKEA JA JA HA = AIJ=> A?A GKA f AI O(g ) IE O I IE J @=I =I BK ?E AI @ E =@=I =IE J JE?= A JA F H f I J= >E @ E =@=I =IE J JE?= A JA F H g.

6)+1

,-

4,-

!'

6A HA = " 5A= f O g BK ?E AI @A N = R f AI O(g ) O(f ) O(g ). ,A IJH=?E "

() 5E f AI O(g ) A J ?AI O(f ) O(g ). 5E f AI O(g ), F H @A E?E g @ = f. 5A= h K = BK ?E =H>EJH=HE= J= GKA f @ = h, F H JH= IEJELE@=@ g @ = h, KAC A J ?AI h AI O(g ). ,=@ GKA h FKA@A IAH ?K= GKEAH A A A J @A O(f ) F @A I ? ? KEH GKA O(f ) O(g ). () 5E O(f ) O(g ) A J ?AI f AI O(g ). f AI O(f ) LAH JA ! O ? O(f ) O(g ) f AI O(g ).
,=@ GKA =I BK ?E AI ? F A E@=@ AIJ A M, AI F IE> A ? =IE ?=H I = C HEJ I IAC A H@A @A IK BK ?E ? F A E@=@ /H= F=HJA @A I = C HEJ I JEA A ? F A E@=@ GKA ?=A A K @A I IECKEA JAI ?=I I O(1) + F A E@=@ ? IJ= JA O(log n) + F A E@=@ C=H J E?= O(n) + F A E@=@ E A= O(n log n) + F A E@=@
C  2 O(n ) + F A E@=@ ?K=@H JE?= n O(c ), c > 1 + F A E@=@ ANF A ?E= O(n!) + F A E@=@ B=?J HE= ; AI F IE> A HA =?E =H I =JA @EA @ = IK H@A A@E= JA A HAIK J=@ @A IECKEA JA JA HA =

6A HA = # 5A= c R O c > 1, A J ?AI

O(1) O(log n) O(n) O(n log n) O(n2 ) O(cn ) O(n!)
O =I ? JA ?E AI I FH FE=I

1 JAHFHAJ= @ AIJA JA HA = @A =?KAH@ = KAIJH I E JAHAIAI F @A I @A?EH GKA K = C HEJ ? ? F A E@=@ B=?J HE= ? IK A I HA?KHI I GKA K ? ? F A E@=@ ANF A ?E= O K ? ? F A E@=@ ANF A ?E= ? IK A I GKA K ? ? F A E@=@ ?K=@H JE?= AJ? = @A IJH=?E IA @A = = A?J H + BHA?KA ?E= A ? JH=HA I GKA = = = E =H K = C HEJ K = IA??E @A ? @EC AI @A K H@A O JH= F=HJA AI @A JH H@A A J ?AI I FHACK J= I ?K AI A H@A @A = C HEJ = HAIFKAIJ= IA AIJ=> A?A = ? JE K=?E

"

+)2 67

2 46) 1- 6

A J ?AI f + g AI O(m ax(h1 , h2 )), @ = @ E = =IE J JE?= A JA

6A HA = $ 5A= f, g, h1 , h2 BK ?E AI @A N = R. 5E f AI O(h1 ) O g AI O(h2 )

@A K = BK ?E AI =O H GKA JH= IE

,A

I f esO(h1 ) E A m1 0 O k1 0 J= AI

IJH=?E

# 6A A

|f (n)| m1 |h1 (n)|, n k1

=@A I g AI O(h2 ), AI @A?EH m2 0 O k2 0 J= AI GKA

|g (n)| m2 |h2 (n)|, n k2

5K = @ =I A?K=?E AI >JA A I

|f (n)| + |g (n)| m1 |h1 (n)| + m2 |h2 (n)|, n max(k1 , k2 )

2 H = @AIECK= @=@ @A JHE CK IA JEA A

|f (n) + g (n)| |f (n)| + |g (n)|

2 H A JA HA = ! O IKIJEJKOA @ = JAHE H

|f (n)| + |g (n)| (m1 + m2 ) m ax(h1 (n), h2 (n)), n max(k1 , k2 )

5E |h(n)| = m ax(h1 (n), h2 (n)) O k = m ax(k1 , k2 )

|f (n) + g (n)| (m1 + m2 )|h(n)|, n k (f + g ) AI O(m ax(h1 , h2 ))

.HA?KA JA A JA IA JEA A I @A K = C HEJ GKA ANFHAI= = I K?E @A K FH > A = IE A F=HJE?K =H IA JEA A K = C HEJ GKA D=?A O(n2 ) FAH=?E AI 3 O JH GKA D=?A O(n ), GK = C HEJ IA FHABAHEH = 2=H= D=?AH K = A A??E H= => A @A>A ? IE@AH=HIA A HAIK J=@ @A JA HA = %

6A HA = % 5A= c, d R O 0 < c < d, A J ?AI O(nc ) O(nd ) O =

? JA ?E AI FH FE=
+ ? IA?KA ?E= @A JA HA = = JAHE H JA A I K HAIK J=@ IE E =H = GKA IA FHAIA J= ? A CA>H= A A A J=
F=H= @AJAH E =H A CH=@ @A K F E E IA A ECA A J H E @A =O H CH=@ 
F=H= AIJE =H A H@A @A K = ANFHAIE =IE J JE?= IA KI= A J H E I HAFHAIA J=JEL 

! 1 6-424-6)+1

,-

5+

+-26 5 - 7 +1), 5

"

6A HA = & 5E P (n) AI K F E
O(n ).
k

E A

n @A CH=@ k, A J

?AI P (n) AI
F A E@=@

5KF C= GKA =I IECKEA JAI BK ?E F=H= JHAI = C HEJ I GKA HAIKA LA K

AI HAFHAIA J= BK ?E EI FH > A =

AI ?

1 + 63 AI O(1). n2 1 f2 (n) = rn + + kn log n AI O(n log n). n f3 (n) = .6n3 + 31n + 468 AI O(n3 ). f1 (n) =
I H@A AI @A =I EI =I IA >JEA A B ?E A JA =F E?= @ K = O JH= LA I HAIK J=@ I A K ?E=@ I O A >=IA = IJ I AI F IE> A D=?AH K = A A??E IE IACKE I A ?HEJAHE GKA IA @AI?HE>A A = IECKEA JA IA??E

1 JAHFHAJ=?E

@A

I?

?AFJ I A K ?E=@ I

7JE E = @ =I FH FEA@=@AI AIJ=> A?E@=I F H I JA HA =I F @A I HA FHAIA J=H A ? K J @A BK ?E AI @A N = R ? IA KAIJH= A = .ECKH= " @ @A J @=I =I BK ?E AI GKA AIJ A = ? H = O(f ) @ E = =IE J JE?= A JA = f O I @ E =@=I F H f. -GKEL= A JA A JA F @A I @A?EH GKA ?=@= ? H = HAFHAIA J= K IK>? K J @A = F=HJE?E E @K?E@= F H = HA =?E @A AGKEL= A ?E= @A E@= A A 6A HA = # )D H= >EA IE JA A I = C HEJ I A1 O A2 GKA HAIKA LA A EI FH > A = O @AIA= I A ACEH A GKA HAGKEAH= = A H ?= JE@=@ @A HA?KHI I D=HA I = A A??E ?= ?K = @ FHE AH IKI ? F A E@=@AI O KAC A H@A @A =I EI =I 2KA@A ?KHHEH @ I ?=I I  3KA K @A I = C HEJ I @EC= I A1 , JA C= K = BK ?E ? F A E@=@ f1 (n) GKA @ E A = f2 (n), FAH GKA f2 (n) @ E A = f1 (n), E A IA A ?KA JH= A F=HJE?E AI @EBAHA JAI ANFHAI=@ @A JH= = AH=

m, n0 0 n n0 J= GKA |f1 (n)| > m|f2 (n)|.

,=@ GKA =I BK ?E AI ? F A E@=@ I J =I ?HA?EA JAI = @AIECK= @=@ IA ?K F A F=H= n n0 , AIJ IEC E ?= GKA F=H= FH > A =I @A J= = n0

"

+)2 67

2 46) 1- 6

O(c )

O(n log n) O(log n) O(1) O(n)

O(n )

O(n!)

.ECKH= " - ?

K J @A BK ?E

AI @A N = R.

" ,

1 1

)51 6 61+

16-5

"!

A =@A = JA A = C HEJ A1 ? IK A I HA?KHI I GKA A2 , F H J= J IE GKAHA I FJE E =H I HA?KHI I @A = GKE = @A>A I A ACEH A @A = ? F A E@=@ @ E =@= - JH ?=I F IE> A AI GKA A H@A @A = >=I BK ?E AI ? F A E@=@ IA= A EI A IJ= IEJK=?E =I ?= JE@=@AI @A I HA?KHI I GKA ? IK A I = C HEJ I ?HA?A @A = AH= IE E =H O = A A??E @A = C HEJ @A>A >=I=HIA A = ? F=H=?E @A =I BK ?E AI ? F A E@=@ I GKA A IK H@A + F=H=H I = C HEJ I A >=IA = ? F HJ= EA J =IE J JE? @A IKI BK ?E AI ? F A E@=@ AI K = DAHH= EA J= @A A A??E KO F @AH I= GKA IE A >=HC @A>A IAH KJE E =@= ? ?KE@=@ FKAI F H A A F IE JA A I @ I = C HEJ I ? BK ?E AI ? F A E@=@

f (n) = cn, AI O(n) O g (n) = an2 , AI O(n2 ) ?

aOc?

IJ= JAI

A >=IA = @E?D A ACEH = I A = C HEJ ?KO= BK ?E ? F A E@=@ AI f (n), IE A >=HC IE c = 25 O a = 1, g (n) < f (n) F=H= n < 25, F H J= J J= >E AI E F HJ= JA J =H A ?KA J= A J= = @A FH > A = AIFA?E ?

"

E E =IE J JE? ?

EJAI

-NEIJA L=HE=I B H =I F=H= IJH=H GKA K = BK ?E AI @A EI H@A GKA JH= ) ? JE K=?E IA @= K = @A E?E GKA IA >=I= FHE ?EF= f (n) A JA A A ? F HJ= EA J @A ? ?EA JA ?K= @ n JEA @A = IAH E EJ g (n) J= @A E?E E F E?= A KI @A EJAI

,A

E?E

! 5A= f O g BK ?E AI @A N = R.
IJ= JA c = 0 A J ?AI f O g I @A

= 5E l m

f (n) = c, F=H= = CK = ? n g (n) EI H@A

f (n) > 5E l m = 0, f AI O(g ), FAH g n g (n) A H GKA g.

? 5E l m

AI O(f ); E A

f AI @A H@A

f (n) = , A J n g (n)

?AI f AI @A

=O H H@A GKA g.

""

+)2 67

2 46) 1- 6

-IJ= @A E?E HAIK J= ? =H= IE AIJK@E= I A ? F HJ= EA J @A =I BK 1 IE ?E AI f (n) = 1 O g (n) = n, ?K= @ IA J = A EJA @A ? ?EA JA n n . ) H = I A J ?AI GKA IE I L= HAI @A n I CH= @AI g (n) ?HA?A I H FE@ GKA f (n) O A L= H @A EJA AI 0, KAC F H A ?=I > @A = @A E?E = JAHE H F @A I = H =H GKA f (n) AI O(g (n)).

-A F
KI= @

 5A= f (n) =
= @A E?E @A

n2 , O g (n) = 300n2 BK ?E 2 EJA GKA O(f ) = O(g ).

n 300n2

AI @A N = R.

IJH=H

1 , 600 ,A = ,A E?E != IA JEA A GKA I @A EI H@A FKAI A EJA AI @EIJE J @A ?AH A CA AH= @ I BK ?E AI GKA @E AHA F H K B=?J H ? IJ= JA I @A EI H@A  .HA?KA JA A JA IA KI= = HAC = @A 0 FEJ= F=H= ?= ?K =H A EJA FKAI A ? JH=H A EJA F=H= = @AHEL=@= A ?=IE AI AI I IA ?E GKA F=H= = BK ?E EI = = HAC = @A 0 FEJ= AIJ=> A?A GKA IE l m =
n

n2 2

l m f (n) = O l m g (n) =
n

A J

f (n) f (n) = l m n g (n) n g (n) @ @A f O g I =I @AHEL=@=I @A f O g HAIFA?JEL= A JA = JAHE H J= >E AI L E@ ? n HALEI=H OI IE f (n) O g (n) I @EBAHA ?E=> AI 5E IA @AIA= HALEI=H A ? ?AFJ @A EJA O @AHEL=@= IKCAHE I LAH I IECKEA JAI A A F I =F E?= A HAIK J=@ = JAHE H l m

?AI

-A F

7I= @



IJH=H GKA f (n) = log n AI O(n), FAH g (n) = n E EJAI = E@A JE@=@ log n = ln n log e O = HAC = @A

AI O(log n). 0 FEJ=

f (n) (ln n log e) = l m n g (n) n n l m = l m

1 n log e

1 1 = l m log e n n = 0,
n

,A = ,A

E?E

!> IA JEA A GKA f AI O(n) O g

AI O(f )

" ,

1 1

)51 6 61+

16-5

"#

-A F

F A E@=@ F=H= I = C HEJ I A O B HAIFA?JEL= A JA GKA HAIKA LA K EI FH > A = ,AJAH E =H ?K= @A I = C HEJ I AI FJE =IE J JE?= A JA 7I= @ 0 FEJ= @=

 5A= f (n) = n2 O g (n) = en =I BK ?E AI ?

n2 2n = l m n n n e n e 2 = l m n n e = 0, l m
=I n2 AI O(en ), =IE J JE? O en AI O(n2 ) F H J= J A AI FJE A A IA JE@

IJH=HA I =D H= = AGKEL= A ?E= A JHA =I @A E?E AI GKA IA D= ?EJ=@ LA= =I ,A E?E AI  O ! F=H= @AJAH E =H = ? F A E@=@ @A K = C HEJ 2=H= D=?AH AIJ F=HJE I @A = ANFHAIE

f (n) = c, n g (n) l m
O?

 

AIJ= >JA AH K = ANFHAIE @A = B H = E @E?=@= F H = @AB  = A?K=?E  @E?A GKA F=H= J @= e > 0, k 0 J= GKA n k, IA JEA A = @AIECK= @=@ f (n) c <e g (n) 2=H= L= HAI CH= @AI @A k O ?

e = 1 >JA A

f (n) c < 1, n k g (n) f (n) c < 1, n k g (n) |f (n)| < (c + 1)|g (n)|, n k
+

m = (c + 1), IA JEA A |f (n)| < m|g (n)|, n k

,A AIJ= = AH= IA @= K = ? J= IKFAHE H A J H E I @A = BK ?E g (n), @A I L= HAI @A f (n) F=H= L= HAI CH= @AI @A n, GKA AI FHA?EI= A JA GKA @E?A = ,A E?E 

"$

+)2 67

2 46) 1- 6

+ O= IA A ?E = = JAHE H ,A E?E ! AI JH= DAHH= EA J= F=H= AIJK@E=H A ? F HJ= EA J @A = BK ?E ? F A E@=@ =I ?E=@= = K = C HEJ A E ? LA EA JA ? A = AI GKA E F E?= ? ?AFJ I =JA JE? I GKA I A A A J= AI ? I @A = ,A E?E 

#
- AH?E?E

- AH?E?E I
AI @ E = =IE

 ,AJAH E A ?K= AI @A =I IECKEA JAI BK ?E J JE?= A JA = =I JH=I

E f1 (n) = EE f2 (n) =

n, IE n AI F=H n, IE AI E F=H n+1 n+1

1 n2

EEE f3 (n) = 3n2 log n + EL f4 (n) = 4n3 L f5 (n) = log n2

- AH?E?E
2n
2

2=H= GKA L= HAI @A n IA I=JEIB=?A = ANFHAIE

10n log n >

- AH?E?E

!
EI

 )CHKFA =I IECKEA JAI BK ?E AI @ I BK ?E AI f O g FAHJA A?A = CHKF IE O I IE IA @ E = =IE J JE?= A JA

f1 (n) = n f2 (n) = n3 f3 (n) = n log n f4 (n) = n2 + log n f5 (n) = n 2 + log n f6 (n) = 3n!
H@A A H@A
1

f7 (n) = 2n f8 (n) = log n f9 (n) = n n3 + 9n5 f10 (n) = n2 f11 (n) = ln n f12 (n) = (log n)2
IK

I CHKF I B H =@ I A A E ?EI  A B H = ?HA?EA JA IAC

# - -4+1+1 5

"%

- AH?E?E

IA= O(g (n)), F=H= ?=@= K E f (n) = C (n, 2) EE f (n) = EEE f (n) =

" - ?KA JHA K = BK ?E

@A

g (n) @A = B H = AB  J= GKA f (n) I IECKEA JAI ?=I I

5n3 + 6 n+2 (n2 + 7)3n 2n

EL f (n) = n!

- AH?E?E

KAIJHA GKA F=H= ?K= AIGKEAH= ? IJ= JAI F IEJEL=I c0 , c1 , c2 , . . . , ck = ANFHAIE c0 + c1 n + c2 n2 + + ck nk AI O(nk ). 2HKA>A GKA = ANFHAIE AI O(nk1 ). I GKA K = ANFHAIE AI A?AI=HE AIFA?E ?=H = >=IA @A C=HEJ JA ?E AI AI FH FE=

- AH?E?E - AH?E?E
@A =I ?

$ +K= @ @A?E

f (n) AI O(log n), F HGK

% 2H >=H =I IECKEA JAI =IALAH=?E AI O LAHE ?=H GKA ?=@= K =

E O(n) O(n log n) EE O(n log n) O(nd ), d > 1 EEE O(cn ) O(n!), c > 1

- AH?E?E

& ,A

IJH=H AI ?

I IECKEA JAI HAIK J=@ I @ E E N. - J ?AI

E 5A= f, g BK ?E

= f AI O(g ) O g AI O(f ) O(f ) = O(g ). > 5E f AI O(g ) O g AI O(h) f AI O(h).

EE 5A= c, d R, @ ?E AI FH FE=

@A 0 < c < d, A J

?AI O(cn ) O(dn ) O = ?

JA

- AH?E?E - AH?E?E
A ?=I

' 2HKA>A GKA O(log n) = O(log(n + k )), n, k > 0.  2HKA>A GKA R, 0 i n, ik AI O(nk+1 ), IE k N; IE
? JH=HE AI

@A KAIJHA

- AH?E?E



IJH=H GKA F=H= J @=I ?

IJ= JAI a, b > 0 (log2 n)a AI O(nb ).

"&

+)2 67

2 46) 1- 6

+=F JK )
!

! I 1JAH=JEL I

EIEI @A ) C HEJ
1 JH @K??E

,A =?KAH@ = I ? ?AFJ I A K ?E=@ I @A>A HAIK J=H ? =H GKA A = EIEI @A K = C HEJ FHA?EI= @A K ? JA @A I HA?KHI I ? IK E@ I - K = C HEJ IE = =@=I HA?KHIEL=I K = LA IA A??E =@ I A J= = @A FH > A = O = FAH=?E > IE?= A = EIEI IA HA= E = KJE E = @ J ? E?=I JH=@E?E = AI @A ? JA IK?AIE AI FH CHAIE AI =HEJ JE?=I IK =I AJ?  O A ? ?AFJ @A H@A @A K = BK ?E - A A A F IECKEA JA IA E KIJH= A = EIEI JA F H= @A K = C HEJ EJAH=JEL @A H@A =?E

-A F

# HA= E = K = H@A =?E =I?A @A JA @A HAI @A =HHAC A. -IJE =H IK ? F A E@=@ JA F H= 6= = @A FH > A = n, = @E A IE @A =HHAC A. FAH=?E > IE?= )IEC =?E AI

! - = C HEJ

I L=

)
=

EIEI 6A F H=
A H +=I ?KHHA ?K= @ A =HHAC AIJ H@A =@

ft (n) = 2(n 1), AI O(n).

> 2A H +=I 5K?A@A ?K= @ A =HHAC "' AIJ H@A =@ A B H = @A?HA?EA

# JA

+)2 67

! )

1515 ,- ) / 416

5 16-4)618 5

ft (n) = n
i=2 n

(i + 1) i + (n 1)
i=2

=n

n+1 =n 1 + (n 1) 2 n2 + 3 n 4 ft (n) = , AI O(n2 ). 2

? +=I IEJ=

A@E

2=H= ?

?=H K A A A J A[i] A IK KC=H ? HHA?J

A?A

1 1 (2 + 3 + 4 + + (i + 1)) = i i =

i+1

j
j =2

1 (i + 1)(i + 2) 1 i 2 (i + 1)(i + 2) 2 = 2i i2 + 3i = 2i i+3 = =IEC =?E AI 2

!  1 64 ,7++1 )I JA A I GKA
n

#

ft (n) =
i=2

i+3 2

= = = = =

1 n(i + 3) 2 1 n(n + 1) 1 + 3(n 1) 2 2 1 [n(n + 1) 2 + 6(n 1)] 4 1 2 (n + n 2 + 6n 6) 4 n2 7n + 2 AI O(n2 ). 4 4

FH ? 1 IAH?E ,EHA?J=(ini, n, A) ? EA = F=H= i = ini + 1 = n D= ? EA =

x A[i]; j i 1;

EA JH=I (j ini) (A[j ] > x) D=

A[j + 1] A[j ]; j j 1;

JAH E = =D JAH E = ) C HEJ

A[j + 1] x;

=D

H@A =?E

F H 1 IAH?E

,EHA?J=

+)2 67

! )

1515 ,- ) / 416

5 16-4)618 5

EIEI F H > GKAI

- A ?=F JK = JAHE H IA @AI=HH K @A =JA JE? F=H= ? F=H=H O AL= K=H A ? IJ A AIF=?E O JEA F  @A I = C HEJ I GKA ? IE@AH= A ? F HJ= EA J @A =I BK ?E AI ? F A E@=@ ?K= @ A J= = @A FH > A = AI CH= @A -IJ= DAHH= EA J= FH F H?E = K E F HJ= JA A@E F=H= D=?AH K = EIEI I @E E? GKA IA >=I= FHE ?EF= A JA A A ? ?E EA J @A H@A @A I > GKAI @A E IJHK??E AI =GK ?=>A IA = =H GKA K > GKA @A E IJHK??E AI FKA@A IAH K = C HEJ @A ?K= ? ?A I IK ? F A E@=@ ? FKJ=?E = 2=H= @AJAH E =H A H@A @A K > GKA AI A?AI=HE JA AH A A JA A H@A @A =I AIJHK?JKH=I @A ? JH I KIK= AI ? AIJA > AJ = ? JE K=?E IA FHAIA J= A = EIEI @A =I AIJHK?JKH=I @A ? JH

5A?KA ?E=

5A= {I1 , I2 } K = IA?KA ?E= @A E IJHK??E AI ? ? F A E@=@AI O(f ) O O(g ) HAIFA?JEL= A JA A J ?AI A H@A @A = IA?KA ?E= AI F H A 6A HA = $ O(m ax(f, g )). 8AH .ECKH= #
?

I1 O(f )
?

I2 O(g )
?

.ECKH= # +

F A E@=@ @A = IA?KA ?E=?E

5A A??E

@E?E

- A ? IJHK?J H IA A??E ? @E?E = IA AL= = = ? @E?E C, IE AI LAH@=@AH= IA A A?KJ= A > GKA I1 GKA JEA A ? F A E@=@ O(f ) O IE AL= = = B= I IA A A?KJ= I2 GKA AI O(g ) ? IA LA A = .ECKH= $ J = @ A ?KA J= IJ = ? F A E@=@ @A = IA A??E AI

1515 2 4 *

37-5

#! GKA

E - A FA H ?=I AIJ= @AJAH E =@= F H A H@A @A = E IJHK??E E F E?= I FAH=?E AI AIJ AI O(m ax(f, g )). EE 2=H= A FAH=?E

A H ?=I IA ? IE@AH= = E IJHK??E ? A H AH @A AI @A AIJ= = AH= = ? F A E@=@ IAH O(m n(f, g )).

EEE 5A J = A ?KA J= = FH >=>E E@=@ P @A GKA = ? @E?E IA= LAH@=@AH= O A J ?AI = ? F A E@=@ A A ?=I FH A@E AI O(P f ) + O((1 P )g ).
? @

V
?

C
@ @

@ F

I1 O(f )

I2 O(g )

.ECKH= $ +

F A E@=@ @A = IA A??E

@E?E

1JAH=?E

5E A > GKA @A ? F A E@=@ O(f ) IA HA= E = n LA?AI @A@K?E I GKA = EJA H=?E AI O(nf (n)). K?D=I ?=IE AI = ? F A E@=@ @A > GKA @AFA @A @A = C @E?A 5E = ? F A E@=@ AI O(f (i)) F=H= 1 i n = ? F A E@=@
n

@A = EJAH=?E

AI
i=1

f (i). 8AH CKH= %

5A DE O= A = EIEI @A JHAI = C HEJ I EJAH=JEL I =D H= KJE E = @ =I J ? E?=I GKA DA I @AI?HEJ = = E =HA I F=I = F=I K = C HEJ IA ?E GKA HAGKEAHA A ? ?E EA J @A ? ?AFJ I A A A J= AI @A = CA>H= E A=

-A F

= =JHE FH @K?J C = AB. - = C HEJ = @A E?E @A FH @K?J @A =JHE?AI @

n

" 5A= A O B @ I =JHE?AI @A n n ?

A JH=@=I HA= AI += ?K =H GKA IA KJE E =H AI E F E?=@ F H @A = =JHE C JEA A = B H =

cij =
k=1

aik bkj ,

i, j [1, n].

#"

+)2 67

! )

1515 ,- ) / 416

5 16-4)618 5

I1 O(f )

 V @

@ @

@ @ @ F ?

.ECKH= % +

F A E@=@ @A = EJAH=?E

FH ? =JHE 2H @K?J (n, A, B ) ? EA = F=H= i = 1 = n D= F=H= j = 1 = n D=

C [i, j ] 0; F=H= k = 1 = n D= C [i, j ] C [i, j ] + A[i, k ] B [k, j ];

=D JAH E =

=D

=D

I1 I2 I3 I4 I5

) C HEJ

$ 2H @K?J @A

=JHE?AI

1515 2 4 *

37-5

##

6= = @A FH > A = FAH=?E > IE?= +=I

n, = @E A IE @A =I =JHE?AI = K JEF E?=?E A JHA =I A JH=@=I @A =I = JHE?AI - = C HEJ D=?A A EI AH @A FAH= ?E AI A J @ I I ?=I I

EIEI 6A F H=

,A = AH= E B H = F @A I @A?EH GKA F=H= >JA AH K = A JH=@= @A cij IA D=?A n K JEF E?=?E AI ? = =JHE C JEA A n n A JH=@=I IA JEA A GKA ft (n) = n(n2 ) = n3 AI O(n3 ). I JH I F @A I >JA AH A HAIK J=@ = JAHE H IE =IEC = I K H@A IAC IK ? F HJ= EA J =IE J JE?  = ?=@= > GKA @A E IJHK??E AI IAC =I AIJHK?JKH=I @A ? JH = I5 JEA A H@A ? > + IJ= JA A J ?AI AI  ?AI A H@A AI O(n 1) = O(n).

I5 AIJ @A JH @A ?E?

I4 A J

? - ?E? I2 ? JEA A = ? K J @A E IJHK??E AI I3 A I4 , IE I3 AI O(1) IA JEA A GKA = IA?KA ?E= JEA A H@A O(n), FAH IJ= IA HA= E = n LA?AI =I A H@A F=H= AIJA > GKA AI O(n n) = O(n2 ). @ 2 H JE A ?E? I1 ? JEA A = = E IJHK??E I2 GKA IA HA= E = n LA?AI @A IJ= B H = A H@A F=H= I1 , O A ? IA?KA ?E= F=H= A ) C HEJ $ AI O(n n2 ) = O(n3 ).

EIEI -IF=?E=

fe (n) = AIF=?E @A (n) + AIF=?E @A (A, B, C ), fe (n) = 1 + 3n2 AI O(n2 ).


n n n

JA GKA A =

EIEI AI E@A JE? IE D=?A

I >
k=1

1 = n, ?
j =1

n = n2 O @
i=1

n2 = n3 .

#$

+)2 67

! )

1515 ,- ) / 416

5 16-4)618 5

) ? JE K=?E IA HA= E = A = EIEI @A K = C HEJ K HE? EJEA @ I @AJ= AI @A IK BK ?E = EA J F=H= AIJE =H A H@A @A = BK ?E ? F A E@=@ JA F H=
n

-A F
E ?

# 5A= A K LA?J H @A ? A ?EA JAI O IA= Pn (z ) =

i=0

A[i]z i K F

E @A CH=@ n, AL= K=@ F=H= K =HCK A J HA= z. - ? JH=H = BK ?E F A E@=@ JA F H= O AIF=?E= F=H= A = C HEJ GKA AL= = Pn (z ).

FH ? 0 H AH (n, z, A) ? EA =

=D JAH E =

polinomio 0; F=H= i = 0 = n D= polinomio polinomio z + A[n i];

I1 I2 I3

) C HEJ
6= = @A FH > A = FAH=?E > IE?= +=I

J @ @A 0 H AH

n, A CH=@ @A F E E = K JEF E?=?E A I3 , FKAI IA HA= E = K AH @A LA?AI @A EI H@A = J= = @A FH > A = A CH=@ @A F E E  - = C HEJ D=?A A EI AH @A FAH= ?E AI A J @ I I ?=I I

EIEI 6A F H=
= I3 AI @A H@A O(1), > I2 ? JEA A = = E IJHK??E @A H@A O(1), GKA IA A A?KJ= n LA?AI @A AIJ= = AH= A H@A @A I2 AI O(n), ? - H@A @A ft (n) F=H= A ) C HEJ % AIJ @=@ F H = IA?KA ?E= I1 , @A H@A O(1), A I2 ; J = @ m ax(O(I1 ), O(I2 )) IA JEA A

ft (n) AI O(n).

! ! - -4+1+1 5

#%

EIEI -IF=?E=

fe (n) = AIF=?E @A (n) + AIF=?E @A (z, polinomio) + AIF=?E @A (A), fe (n) = 1 + (1 + 1) + (n + 1) = 4 + n, E A AI O(n).

!!

- AH?E?E I

GKA @=@ K ? K J @A AH I A JAH I @EBAHA JAI O H@A =@ I @ALKA L= A FHE AH L= H x J= GKA A[x] = x. += ?K A = ? F A E@=@ AIF=?E= O JA F H= @A = C HEJ

- AH?E?E !  -I?HE>= K = C HEJ

- AH?E?E !
@A

NE ? J=@ F H M CD(n, m), AI A

@ELEI H @A @ I A JAH I F IEJEL I n O m, E? A JAH F IEJEL k J= GKA

 k @ELE@A = m O n, J @ I I @A I A JAH I GKA @ELE@A = m O n I A HAI GKA k. >JA C= =I

- ) C HEJ & A ?KA JH= A M CD @A @ I A JAH I F IEJEL I ANFHAIE AI F=H= IK ? F A E@=@ AIF=?E= O JA F H=

BK ? NE + ? EA =

,ELEI H (m, n)

a m ax(n, m); b m n(n, m); r 1; EA JH=I (r > 0) D= r a mod b; a b; b r;

H AI A HAIE@K

=D

JAH E =

NE

,ELEI H a;

) C HEJ

&

NE

@ELEI H @A @ I A JAH I

#&

+)2 67

! )

1515 ,- ) / 416

5 16-4)618 5

- AH?E?E ! ! ,EIA A K = C HEJ

EJAH=JEL F=H= I = C HEJ I @A H@A = ?E 3KE? I HJ O AHCAI HJ - ?KA JHA = ? F A E@=@ JA F H= O AIF=?E= F=H= ?=@= K @A A I

- AH?E?E ! " -

E ? JEF O n, AI A A JAH I FAGKA GKA AI K K = C HEJ EJAH=JEL F=H= A ? JH=H A H@A @A IK ? F A E@=@ JA F H=

 +  @A @ I A JAH I F IEJEL I m JEF @A = > I AH I ,EIA A + @A @ I A JAH I ,AJAH E A A

+=F JK )
"

" I 4A?KHIEL I

EIEI @A ) C HEJ
1 JH @K??E

= HA?KHIELE@=@ AI K BA A GKA IA FHAIA J= A K?D I FH > A =I @A B H = =JKH= @A AC= @ = I K?E @A K FH > A = A = I K?E @A JH I FAGKA I IECKEA JAI I @ I A A F I ? IE? I
- ? IJ @A LAH n FEA =I @A AGKEF FAI=@ @AFA @A @A ? IJ F HA LE EA J @A n 1 FEA =I I K ? IJ =@E?E = F H A ? IJ @A LAH = A IE = FEA =
- JEA F HAGKAHE@ F H ?EAHJ = C HEJ F=H= H@A =H n A A A J I @AFA @A @A JEA F GKA = IJA A J = H@A =H n 1 A A A J I I A JEA F =@E?E = HAGKAHE@ F=H= ? ?=H = A IE A A A J A IK KC=H ? HHA?J  + IA >IAHL= ANEIJA IEJK=?E AI A =I ?K= AI =I ?= JE@=@AI GKA GKA HA I AIJK@E=H FKA@A IAH @A =@=I =JA JE?= A JA F H BK ?E AI @A E@=I A B H = HA?KHIEL= 7 = A?K=?E GKA ANFHAI= K = BK ?E @A AIJA JEF HA?E>A A >HA @A A?K=?E HA?KHHA JA IE =@A I AIJ @=@ I K I L= HAI @A n AIFA? ? I GKA IA JEA A AI K IEIJA = HA?KHHA JA I = C HEJ I = ECK= GKA =I BK ?E AI J= >E FKA@A IAH @A E@ I HA?KHIEL= A JA @A DA?D JEA A K?D A ? FKAI = > I =?AFJ= K ? K J @A A JH=@=I CA AH= I= E@=I ? HHAIF @EA JAI = =I A JH=@=I O JEA A K = HAC = ? K J @A HAC =I F=H= >JA AH =I I= E@=I = F=HJEH @A =I A JH=@=I )I GKA K?D I ? ?AFJ I GKA IA =F E?= = BK ?E AI IA =F E?=H BHA?KA JA A JA J= >E = I = C HEJ I #'

$

+)2 67

" )

1515 ,- ) / 416

5 4-+74518 5

+K= @ IA GKEAHA ?= ?K =H = @A = @= @A HA?KHI I @A K = C HEJ @A E@ HA?KHIEL= A JA = BK ?E ? F A E@=@ GKA HAIK J= AIJ @A E@= I A J H E I @A J= = @A FH > A = O = CK =I ? IJ= JAI IE A J H E I @A = BK ?E ? F A E@=@ EI = )@A I AI K = I = A?K=?E @=@ GKA ANEIJA JH=I = A I K = GKA @AJAH E = = ?= JE@=@ @A HA?KHI I F=H= I ?=I I >=IA @A I = C HEJ I HA?KHIEL I ,=@= AIJ= IEJK=?E F=H= F @AH >JA AH A ? F HJ= EA J @A = C HEJ AI A?AI=HE HAI LAH A IEIJA = HA?KHHA JA >JA E@ - AIJ= IA??E IA KAIJH= A FHE ?EFE @A = EIEI @A I = C HEJ I HA?KHIEL I O = >JA ?E @A =I BK ?E AI ? F A E@=@ = F=HJEH @A = I K?E @A I IEIJA =I HA?KHHA JAI A@E= JA = J ? E?= ANF= IE @A HA?KHHA ?E=I

"

5EIJA =I HA?KHHA JAI

+ IE@AHA I A ) C HEJ AH A JAH n, HA?KHIEL ' GKA ?= ?K = A B=?J HE= @A K

BK ? .=?J HE= (n) ? EA = IE (n = 0) A J ?AI JH EI JAH E =

.=?J HE= 1; .=?J HE= n F actorial(n 1);

) C HEJ

' .=?J HE= @A K

AH

2=H= A ? JH=H = ? F A E@=@ JA F H= @A>A I A ACEH K = FAH=?E J= GKA A H@A @A AH @A LA?AI GKA IA HA= E = IA= ECK= = H@A @A J J= @A FAH=?E AI GKA D=?A A = C HEJ FKAIJ GKA = BK ?E AI HA?KHIEL= = F=HJA I ? IJ I= AI = HA?KHIE O JA A I GKA A ACEH K = FAH=?E GKA IA ABA?J A A J @=I =I = =@=I GKA D=?A A = C HEJ A K AH @A A =I GKA IA= @A EI H@A GKA A H@A @A AH J J= @A = =@=I ,A =I FAH=?E AI GKA HA= E = A = C HEJ F @A I ? J=H K JEF E?=?E AI LA= I GKA @E?D= FAH=?E ?K F A ? =I ? @E?E AI AIJEFK =@=I - = C HEJ F=H= HAI LAH K FH > A = @A J= = n, D=?A K = K JEF E ?=?E O HAIKA LA K FH > A = @A J= = n 1 D=?A K = K JEF E?=?E O

"

5156- )5 4-+744- 6-5

$

HAIKA LA K FH > A = @A J= = n 2 O HAIKA LA K FH > A = @A J= =  D=?A K = K JEF E?=?E O HAIKA LA K FH > A = @A J= =  F=H= A GKA O= A A?KJ= @E?D= FAH=?E 2KAIJ GKA = BK ?E JEA A F=HJAI A ?=I >=IA O = F=HJA HA?KHIEL= = BK ?E ? F A E@=@ IA FKA@A ANFHAI=H ? K IEIJA = @A A?K=?E AI

f (0) = 0, F=H= A ?=I >=IA f (n) = f (n 1) + 1, F=H= A ?=I CA AH=

KAIJH=I A?K=?E AI B H = GKA IA ? ?A ? K IEIJA = HA?KHHA JA - K IEIJA = @A AIJ= =JKH= A = IA @EIJE CKA F=HJAI E = A?K=?E HA?KHHA JA GKA @= A L= H @A K = BK ?E A K FK J n A J H E I @A IK L= H A JH I FK J I m ? n > m. - KAIJH ?=I = A?K=?E f (n) = f (n 1) + 1 @= A L= H @A f (n) A J H E I @A L= H @A f (n 1).

EE 7 ? K J @A L= HAI @A BH JAH= ? @E?E AI E E?E= AI  I L= HAI @A K = BK ?E A FK J I AIFA? ? I GKA @AJAH E = K J ? = A?K=?E HA?KHHA JA ? F AJ= A JA = K = BK ?E - KAIJH A A F

f (0) = 0.
5E IA JEA A K = ? ?= ?K =H f (n), KI= @ @E?E E E?E= J= ? f (0) = 0, A J ?AI F @A = A?K=?E HA?KHHA JA F=H= JH I L= HAI @A n. )I I

f (1) = f (0) + 1 = 1 f (2) = f (1) + 1 = 2 f (3) = f (2) + 1 = 3 f (4) = f (3) + 1 = 4

7 = I K?E = K IEIJA = HA?KHHA JA AI K = BK ?E ?E HA?KHHA JA O =I ? @E?E AI E E?E= AI = I K?E = KAIJH IEIJA = AI f (n) = n. + FH > I

GKA I=JEIB=?A = A?K=

+)2 67 5E n = 0 A J 5E n > 0 A J

" )

1515 ,- ) / 416

5 4-+74518 5 @E?E E E

?AI f (0) ?AI f (n)

=0 = f (n 1) + 1 = (n 1) + 1 =n

I=JEIB=?A = ? ?E= O

I=JEIB=?A = A?K=?E HA?K HHA JA F H J= J AI K = I K?E = IEIJA = 2=H= A ? JH=H = I K?E = K IEIJA = HA?KHHA JA ANEIJA J @= K = JA H = GKA ANF A @ELAHI I J @ I - A = EIEI @A = C HJE I HA?KHIEL I I IEIJA =I HA?KHHA JAI GKA HAIK J= I @A >= = ? F A E@=@ O A = =O H = @A I ?=I I >=IJ= = =F E?=?E @A K = J ? E?= KO IE F A F=H= HAI LAH I - AIJ= IA??E IA ANF @H A J @ @A ANF= IE @A HA?KHHA ?E=I GKA IAH KJE E =@ IEA FHA GKA IA= A?AI=HE HAI LAH K IEIJA = @A IJA JEF

"

-NF= IE

@A HA?KHHA ?E=I

-IJA J @ @A I K?E ? IEIJA A KJE E =H = HA?KHHA ?E= EI = F=H= IK>IJEJKEH f (n) F H IK L= H A J H E I @A f (m), @ @A m < n, EJAH=JEL= A JA D=IJ= A ? JH=H K = ? @E?E @A BH JAH= f (r) GKA JA @H K L= H ? IJ= JA - = A?K=?E HA?KHHA JA IA F A J @ I I JAH E I ? f A A =@ E GKEAH@ O IA HA= E = = ANF= IE ) IK =H J @=I =I A?K=?E AI > JA @HA I K = ANFHAIE F=H= f (n) A J H E I @A n O = CK =I ? IJ= JAI ) IJ= ANFHAIE = IA A @A E = B H = ?AHH=@= F=H= f (n).

-A F

$ 7JE E?A

I A IEIJA = >JA E@ F=H= = BK ?E

B=?J HE=

f (n) = f (n 1) + 1
F A I I JAH E I @A f A A =@ E GKEAH@

f (n) f (n 1) = 1

"

5156- )5 4-+744- 6-5

$!

ANF= @A

I = HA?KHHA ?E=

f (n) f (n 1) = 1 f (n 1) f (n 2) = 1 f (n 2) f (n 3) = 1 f (2) f (1) = 1 f (1) f (0) = 1 f (0) = 0

IK = @ J @=I =I A?K=?E AI

f (n) = 1 + 1 + + 1
n LA?AI

f (n) = n

-A F

% AH @A FAH KJ=?E AI KI= @ A IECKEA JA IEIJA = HA?KHHA JA P (0) =  FKAI I D=O K J I O P (n) = nP (n 1), F HGKA F @A I F IE> AI O @AIFK K = FAH KJ=?E J= JAI 5 K?E

@A n > AJ I IA FKA@A ANFHAI=H = FAH KJ=?E @A  A A A

A ACEH K A A A J @A I n I ?K= GKEAH IA?KA ?E= GKA IA= @A I n 1 A A A J I HAI

P (n) nP (n 1) = 0 nP (n 1) n(n 1)P (n 2) = 0 n(n 1)(n 2) . . . 2 P (1) n(n 1)(n 2) 1 P (0) = 0 P (0) = 1

$"

+)2 67

" )

1515 ,- ) / 416

5 4-+74518 5

IKIJEJKOA @ P (0) O IK = @ A?K=?E

AI

P (n) n(n 1)(n 2) 2 1 = 0 P (n) = n!

I IEIJA =I HA?KHHA JAI >JA E@ I ?K= @ IA E JA J= ?= ?K =H = ? F A E@=@ @A I = C HEJ I HA?KHIEL I ? BHA?KA ?E= IA = KIJ= = = CK = B H = AIJ @=H O IE ? ?A I = I K?E CA HE?= F=H= I= B H = I =D HH=HA I A JA AH GKA D= =H = I K?E ?=@= LA GKA IA FHAIA JA K ?=I =I - IEIJA = @A KAIJH A A F E E?E= AI @A = IECKEA JA B H =

f (1) = a, f (n) = cf (n 1) + b

@A a, b O c I A JAH I - ? JH=HA I = I K?E

AC=JEL I O f : N R. CA HE?= =F E?= @ A

J @ ANFKAIJ

f (n) cf (n 1) = b cf (n 1) c2 f (n 2) = cb c2 f (n 2) c3 f (n 3) = c2 b cn2 f (2) cn1 f (1) = cn2 b cn1 f (1) = cn1 a

IK = @ J @=I =I A?K=?E AI JA A I

f (n) = cn1 a + b + cb + c2 b + + cn2 b

n2

= cn1 a + b
i=0

ci

" I=>A

5156- )5 4-+744- 6-5 I GKA

n

$#

ci = n + 1, IE c = 1
i=0 n

ci =
i=0

cn+1 1 , IE c = 1 c1

A J

?AI IE c = 1

f (n) = a + b(n 1)
O IE c = 1

f (n) = cn1 +
)? JE K=?E FHAIA J=

b(cn1 1) c1
= JAHE H

I K JA HA = >=I=@ A

6A HA = ' 5A= a, b O c A JAH I

AC=JEL I O f : N R. J= GKA

f (1) = a f (n) = cf (n 1) + b
A J ?AI ?AI f (n) = a + b(n 1) ?AI f (n) = cn1 a +

E 5E c = 1 A J EE 5E c > 1 A J

b(cn1 1) . c1

) ? JE K=?E E KIJH= I A KI @A JA HA = = JAHE H F=H= HAI LAH FH > A =I @ @A A IEIJA = HA?KHHA JA HAIK J= JA IA = KIJ= = = B H = AIFA?E ?=@= F H A JA HA =

-A F

@A = JKH= h, @

& - ? JH=H A
@A ?=@=

=O H AH @A D =I GKA FKA@A JA AH K @ JEA A CH=@ k 2.

H>

f (1) = k f (h) = kf (h 1)

$$

+)2 67

" )

1515 ,- ) / 416

5 4-+74518 5

@A JA HA = = JAHE H a = k, b = 0 O c = k F H

J= J

f (h) = kk h1 = k h .

-A F

? F A E@=@ JA F H= F=H= A = C HEJ GKA HAIKA LA A FH > A = @A =I J HHAI @A 0= E GKA ? IEIJA A IECKEA JA IA JEA A @EI? I =FE =@ I @A =O H = A H A = J HHA BKA JA O IA JEA A GKA LAH = = J HHA @AIJE KJE E = @ K = J HHA =KNE E=H I @EI? I IA JEA A GKA LAH K = K O =FE =H I @A J= B H = GKA K ?= GKA@A K @EI? >= JH =O H GKA = I K?E HA?KHIEL= = FH > A = IA E KIJH= A A ) C HEJ 

' - ? JH=H = BK ?E

FH ? 0= E (n, ini, med, f in) ? EA = IE (n = 1) A J ?AI AI?HE>A (ini, , f in); JH ? EA =

EI JAH E =

JAH E =

0= E (n 1, ini, f in, med); AI?HE>A (ini, , f in); 0= E (n 1, med, ini, f in);

) C HEJ

 6 HHAI @A 0= E

- ? JH=HA I =D H= = BK ?E ? F A E@=@ JA F H= @A ) C HEJ  6= = @A FH > A = n, AH @A @EI? I = LAH FAH=?E > IE?= LE EA J I @A @EI? FKAI IA D=?A A J @=I =I = =@=I HA?KHIEL=I 7 LE EA J @A @EI ? AI K = AI?HEJKH= @A E E +=I - = C HEJ D=?A A EI AH @A FAH= ?E AI A J @ I I ?=I I

EIEI 6A F H=
= HA =?E @A HA?KHHA ?E= AIJ= @=@= F H

ft (1) = 1 ft (n) = 2f (n 1) + 1

"

5156- )5 4-+744- 6-5 I a = 1, b = 1 , c = 2 :

$%

2=H= =F E?=H A JA HA = = JAHE H D=?A

ft (n) = 2

n 1

2n1 1 + = 2n1 + (2n1 1) = 2n 1 AI O(2n ). 1

0=IJ= =D H= I DA I = = E =@ = C HEJ I GKA KJE E =>= A HE= AI J JE?= I ) C HEJ I  O  F H IAH HA?KHIEL I HAGKEAHA AIF=?E F=H= = =?A =H I HACEIJH I @A =?JEL=?E @A =I @EBAHA JAI = =@=I @A J= = AH= GKA EA JH=I I = E@=?E @A = >EA JAI ANEIJ= =O H ?= JE@=@ @A A HE= ? IK EH I IECKEA JAI A A F I E KIJH= A ? ?K @A = ? F A E@=@ AIF=?E= @E E?= F=H= = C HEJ I HA?KHIEL I

-A F

F A E@=@ AIF=?E= @E GKA HAIKA LA A FH > A = @A =I J HHAI @A 0= E

 - ? JH=H = ?

E?= F=H= A = C HEJ

EIEI -IF=?E=

- = C HEJ HA?E>A " F=H AJH I O A?AIEJ= K = ?= E@=@ @A A HE= =@E?E = F=H= = =?A =H = @EHA??E @A HAJ H 2=H= HAI LAH K FH > A = @A J= = n > 1, A = C HEJ @A>A = =?A =H I L= HAI @A =I L=HE=> AI O IK @EHA??E @A HAJ H F H J= J A?AIEJ=H # ?A @=I @A A HE= @E E?= I =I GKA ? IK = F=H= HAI LAH K FH > A = @A J= = n 1. >IAHL= I GKA D=?A = =@=I HA?KHIEL=I ? =HCK A J n1, FAH ?K= @ A FHE AH @A A I JAH E = = A HE= ? IK E@= IA E>AH= O AI HAKJE E =@= F H = IACK @= = =@= A J ?AI F @A I ANFHAI=H = BK ?E ? F A E@=@ AIF=?E= F H A IECKEA JA IEIJA = fe (1) = 5, FKAI F=H= n = 1 IA D=?A = =@=I HA?KHIEL=I fe (n) = fe (n 1) + 5 2=H= =F E?=H A 6A HA = ' D=?A I a = 5, b = 5, c = 1 O >JA A I

fe (n) = 5 + 5(n 1) = 5n, GKA AI O(n).

-A F

 - ? JH=H = ? F A E@=@ AIF=?E= O JA F H= F=H= A = C HEJ GKA AL= = = F JA ?E= @A K AH >=IAANF ) C HEJ 
6= = @A FH > A =

n, A ANF

A JA

$&

+)2 67

" )

1515 ,- ) / 416

5 4-+74518 5

BK ? 2 JA ?E=(base, exp) ? EA = IE (exp = 1) A J ?AI JH EI JAH E =

P otencia base P otencia base 2 JA ?E=(base, exp 1);

) C HEJ ) EIEI -IF=?E=

 2 JA ?E= @A K

AH

fe (1) = AIF=?E (exp) + AIF=?E (base) + AIF=?E (@EHA??E fe (1) = 3 fe (n) = fe (n 1) + 3

2=H= =F E?=H A 6A HA = ' D=?A I a = 3, b = 3 O c = 1 :

@A HAJ H

fe (n) = 3(n 1) + 3 = 3n GKA AI O(n)

- IEIJA = HA?KHHA JA @A KAIJH IECKEA JA JA HA = =F=HA?A ? K?D= BHA?KA ?E= A = C HEJ I GKA @ELE@A A FH > A = E E?E= A a FH > A =I @A n J= = ABA?JK= @ = I c FAH=?E AI > IE?=I A ?=@= = =@= = b = C HEJ - IECKEA JA JA HA = @AI?HE>A = B H = ?AHH=@= @A IEIJA = F=H= I @EBAHA JAI L= HAI GKA FKA@= J =H =I ? IJ= JAI E L K?H=@=I

BK ?E

6A HA =  5A= a, b, c A JAH I J= AI GKA a 1, b > 1 O c > 0, O IA= f K =

=H>EJH=HE= @A N = R ?KO I L= HAI IECKA A IEIJA =

f (1) = c n f (n) = af ( ) + c b
F=H= =HCK A J I @A = B H = n = bk , @ IECKEA JAI I K?E AI = IEIJA = E 5E a = 1 A J ?AI f (n) = c(logb n + 1) @A k N O k > 0, IA JEA A =I

"

5156- )5 4-+744- 6-5

$'

EE 5E a = 1 A J

?AI f (n) =

c(anlogb a 1) a1

,A

IJH=?E

$ 5A= A IEIJA =
f (1) = c n f (n) = af ( ) + c b

n = bk O k 1 IA JEA A f (bk ) af (bk1 ) = c af (bk1 ) a2 f (bk2 ) = ac ak1 f (b1 ) ak f (b0 ) = ak1 c

IK = @

=I A?K=?E

AI

f (bk ) = c + ac + + ak1 c + ak c
k

=c
i=0

ai

6A A

I @ I ?=I I

E 5E a = 1, ? O J=

n = bk f (bk ) = c(k + 1)
?AI

I GKA logb n = logb bk = k, KAC A J

f (n) = c(logb n + 1).

EE - A IACK @ ?=I a = 1. 6A @HA I

f (bk ) =

c(ak+1 1) a1 c = (aak 1) a1

%

+)2 67

" )

1515 ,- ) / 416

5 4-+74518 5

FAH

alogb n = blogb a

logb n

= blogb n logb a = blogb a logb n = blogb n

A J ?AI
logb a

= nlogb a c (aalogb n 1) a1 c f (n) = (anlogb a 1) a1 f (n) =

= B H = ?AHH=@= F=H= A IEIJA = HA?KHHA JA GKA A K ?E= A JA HA = I AI L E@= F=H= =HCK A J I @A = B H = bk , ? b > 1 O k > 0. 3K H@A F @A I =I ?E=H A = = BK ?E A IK B H = ?AHH=@= @=@ GKA K = BK ?E AI @A H@A g IE g = @ E = =IE J JE?= A JA O = @A E?E @A @ = E F E?= GKA A @ E E IA @ A J @ I I =JKH= AI = F=HJEH @A = C L= H k AIFA? ? O A JA HA = =IACKH= A @ E E A K H= C ? JE K @A I =JKH= AI AI F IE> A =I ?E=H A K H@A = = BK ?E 5E A >=HC F @A I A K ?E=H = IECKEA JA @A E?E GKA I ?=H=?JAHE = A ? F HJ= EA J @A K = BK ?E A K IK>? K J @A I =JKH= AI

,A

K J E N. 5A @E?A GKA f AI O(g ) A S IE ANEIJA m 0, k 0 J= AI GKA

E?E

" 5A= f O g BK ?E AI @A N = R O S K IK>?

|f (n)| m|g (n)|, n S O n k.

EJ @A

- A =H? @A = @A E?E = JAHE H @EHA I GKA IE f ?K F A ? HAIJHE??E AI F = JA=@=I A A 6A HA =  A J ?AI E 5E a = 1, f AI O(log n) A S EE 5E a = 1, f AI O(nlogb a ) A S, @

=I

@A S = {bk |b, k N b > 1, k > 0.}

)D H= >EA ?K= @ A IEIJA = HA?KHHA JA GKA HAIK JA @A K = C HEJ JA C= AN=?J= A JA = B H = @A JA HA = FAH IA FKA@A AI?HE>EH A AI= B H = ?= >E= @ = ECK= @=@ F H K = @AIECK= @=@ IA FKA@A =IACKH=H K H@A F=H= = BK ?E FAH K = ANFHAIE AN=?J= F=H= A IEIJA = HA?KHHA JA AIJ= =IALAH=?E AIJ HAIF= @=@= F H A IECKEA JA JA HA =

"

5156- )5 4-+744- 6-5

%

6A HA =  5A= a, b, c A JAH I J= AI GKA a, b O c > 0 O f K = BK ?E

N = R J= GKA f (1) c n f (n) af ( ) + c, F=H= n = bk @ b
+ @A k > 0,

@A

S {bk |b, k N b > 1, k > 0.} IA JEA A

 IE a = 1 A J IE a = 1 A J ?AI f AI O(log n) A S ?AI f AI O(nlogb a ) A S

=I I K?E

AI

,A

= IEIJA = HA?KHHA JA GKA F = JA= A JA HA = ?K= @ IA JEA A = ECK= @=@ A =I @ I ? @E?E AI =I g JEA A = B H =

IJH=?E

% 5A= g K = I K?E

g (1) = c n g (n) = ag ( ) + c, F=H= n = bk O k > 0 b

2 H A 6A HA =  AI B ?E LAH GKA = BK ?E g AI O(log n) A S IE a = 1, O O(nlogb a ) A S IE a = 1. )I JA A I GKA = BK ?E g AI K = ? J= F=H= = BK ?E f A S, AI @A?EH

f (n) g (n), IE n S.
2 H = ,A E?E " = BK ?E O(nlogb a ) A S IE a = 1.
- IECKEA JA A A F

f AI O(log n) A S ?K= @ a = 1 O f AI
@A JA HA = = JAHE H

E KIJH= = =F E?=?E

-A F
?

J @ I

- ) C HEJ  ?KA J= A I ELA AI A I 4A= E?A IK =

AH @A @ I A K EIEI JA F H=
H>

H> >E =HE

6= = @A FH > A = FAH=?E > IE?= +=I I

n, A AH @A @ I A A =I =IEC =?E AI A = C HEJ JEA A ?=I I

+)2 67

" )

1515 ,- ) / 416

5 4-+74518 5

BK ? +KA J=(raiz ) ? EA = IE (JEF (raiz ) = hoja)) A J JH EI JAH E = ) C HEJ )

+KA J= 1 +KA J= 1 + +KA J=(DE E G(raiz )) ++KA J=(DE @AH (raiz ));

?AI

+KA J= A

AH @A

@ IA K

H>

>E =HE

EIEI 6A F H=

ft (1) = 1, ?=I >=IA n1 ft (n) = 2f ( ) + 1, ?=I CA AH= 2

+ ft (n) AI J = ?HA?EA JA O @A AIJ= B H = IA JEA A A IEIJA =

n 2

>

n1 2

A J

1 ?AI ft ( n ) > ft ( n ), 2 2

n ft (n) 2f ( ) + 1 2

ft (1) 1

2 H A 6A HA =   ? a = 2, b = 2 O c = 1, F @A I ? ? KEH GKA ft AI O(n) A S, @ @A S = {2k |k N, k > 0}. - A IECKEA JA A A F IA = = E = K = C HEJ F=H= A ? JH=H A A A A J NE A K =HHAC KJE E = @ HA?KHIELE@=@ A IA =F E?= J= >E A HAIK J=@ @A 6A HA = 

-A F

A AA A J

! - ? JH=H = ?
NE

F A E@=@ @A ) C HEJ ! A ?K= A ?KA JH= A K =HHAC A ? n A A A J I

"

5156- )5 4-+744- 6-5

%!

FH ? NE (ini, f in, max) ? EA = IE (ini = f in) A J ?AI JH ? EA =

max A[ini]

EI JAH E = ) C HEJ

EI JAH E =

f in ; mitad ini+ 2 NE (ini, mitad, max); NE (mitad + 1, f in, =N =KN ); IE ( =N =KN > max) A J ?AI max =N =KN ;

! * IGKA@= @A

NE

A K =HHAC

@A A A A J I

6= = @A FH > A = FAH=?E > IE?=

+=I I

n, A AH @A A A A J I A A =HHAC =I ? F=H=?E AI A JHA A A A J I FKAI A AH J J= @A A =I O A AH J J= @A FAH= ?E AI I @A EI H@A L =IA A - A F "  A = C HEJ JEA A ?=I I

EIEI 6A F H=

n ft (n) = 2ft ( ) + 1 2
-IJA IEIJA = HA?KHHA JA ?K F A ? =I @AIECK= @=@AI

ft (1) = 0

n ft (n) 2ft ( ) + 1 2

ft (1) 1

%"

+)2 67

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1515 ,- ) / 416

5 4-+74518 5 I

)F E?= @ A 6A HA =  ?

a = 2, b = 2 O c = 1 >JA A

ft (n) AI O(nlogb a ) A S
+

log2 2 = 1, A J

?AI @A S = {2k |k N, k > 0}

ft (n) AI O(n) A S, @

)
+

EIEI -IF=?E=
AI ? =H =? F A E@=@ AIF=?E= AI @A @ I JEF I  -IJ JE?=

fee (n) = AIF=?E (A)

A J ?AI

fee (n) = n

,E E?= 5A JEA A A IEIJA = HA?KHHA JA

fed (1) = AIF=?E (ini) + AIF=?E (f in) + AIF=?E (mitad) + AIF=?E (max) + AIF=?E (max aux) + AIF=?E (@EHA??E @A HAJ H ) fed (1) = 6 n fed (n) = fed ( ) + 6 2
)F E?= @ A 6A HA =  ?

a = 1, b = 2 O c = 6 >JA A

fed (n) = 6(log2 n+1) GKA AI O(log n) A S, @

@A S = {2k |k N, k > 0}

,A = JAHE H IA JEA A GKA = ? F A E@=@ AIF=?E= AI F H A 6A HA = $ m ax(fee (n), fed (n)), F H J= J fe (n) AI O(n). ) =F E?=H I HAIK J=@ I @A I 6A HA =I  O  I F @A I C=H= JE =H = ? LAHCA ?E= F=H= A IK>? K J S, A A IECKEA JA JA HA = IA AIJ=> A?A GKA IE = BK ?E ?K F A ? ?EAHJ=I HAIJHE??E AI A ? F HJ= EA J @A = C HEJ AI A EI A J @ I I =JKH= AI

"

5156- )5 4-+744- 6-5

%#

O(g ) A S, @

6A HA =  5A= f : N R+ K = BK ?E
k

J = ?HA?EA JA J= GKA f AI @A S = {b |b, k N, k > 0, b > 1}, A J ?AI ?AI f AI O(log n) F=H= J @= n ?AI f AI O(n log n) F=H= J @= n

 IE g AI O(log n) A J IE g AI O(n log n) A J ! IE g AI O(nd ) A J

?AI f AI O(nd ), d 0 F=H= J @= n I J = ?HA?EA JA O g AI

,A

IJH=?E

& 2=H= A FHE AH E ?EI JA A

 0EF JAIEI f AI O(g ) A S, f : N R+ , f O(log n).

,=@ GKA f AI O(g ) A S, O g AI O(log n) F H JH= IEJELE@=@ f AI O(log n) A S, =D H= >EA IE IJH= I GKA F=H= J @ j BKAH= @A S, |f (j )| m| log j |, F=H= = C m 0 O k 0 AIFA? ? I AIJ E F E?=H = GKA f AI O(log n) F=H= J @= n.

5A= j J= GKA bi < j < bi+1 , ?

f AI

= ?HA?EA JA

f (bi ) < f (j ) < f (bi+1 ) O @=@ GKA f AI O(log n) A S, |f (bi )| m1 | log bi+1 |, n k1
?

f : N R+ O = BK ?E f (bi+1 ) m1 log bi+1 f (bi+1 ) m1 log bbi

C=HEJ

AI ?HA?EA JA

f (bi+1 ) m1 (log b + log bi ) log b f (bi+1 ) m1 log bi (1 + ) log bi

?
log b log bi

1 F @A

I IKIJEJKEH

IE = JAH=H = @AIECK= @=@

f (bi+1 ) m1 log bi (1 + 1) f (bi+1 ) 2m 1 log bi f (j ) < f (bi+1 ) 2m1 log bi 2m1 log j f (j ) 2m1 log j

%$

+)2 67

" )

1515 ,- ) / 416

5 4-+74518 5

j AI ?K= GKEAH

AH GKA

AIJ A S, ?

m = 2m1 O k = k1

|f (j )| m| log j |, j k O j BKAH= @A S f AI O(log n).

=I @A IJH=?E AI F=H= I E ?EI I > O ? IECKA @A = ? A AH?E?E I = A?J H = EI = AJ @ C = O IA

2=H= HAI LAH K IEIJA = HA?KHHA JA = A K@ AI A?AI=HE ?= ?K =H = A?K=?E = = GKA ? LAHCA = CK = IK?AIE +K= @ IKHCA IK =J HE=I F=H= =I GKA IA ? ?A = I K?E AN=?J= IA IKA A =? J=H F H =HHE>= A@E= JA A KI @A ? ?K E JACH= A =F=HJ=@ IECKEA JA @AI?HE>A A E KIJH= >HALA A JA AIJ= J ? E?=

"!

)FH NE = @ F H E JACH= AI

4A? H@A I GKA KAIJH > AJEL AI ? ?AH = ?= JE@=@ @A HA?KHI I GKA K = C HEJ ? IK A F=H= @AJAH E =H A JHA JH=I ? I=I IE AI ? LA EA JA ? @E ?=H +K= @ = ANF= @EH K = HA?KHHA ?E= I HAIK JA A K = IK =J HE= GKA IAF= I = GKA ? LAHCA A ? ?K E JACH= ? IJEJKOA K = DAHH= EA J= JE FKAI I @ = F IE>E E@=@ @A >JA AH K = ? J= IKFAHE H F=H= = IK =J HE= ,AI?HE>EHA I A FH ?A@E EA J A@E= JA K A A F IKF C= GKA JEA A = IK =J HE= n 1 i i=1 F=H= = GKA IA ?
n

?A K = B H K = ?AHH=@= = AI?HE>E
n 2

I?

i=1

1 = 1+ i

1 dx = 1 + (ln x|x=n ln x|x=2 ) x

1 + ln n ln 2
F H GKA F @A I KJE E =H AIJA L= H F=H= =? J=H = IK =J HE= IE FAH@AH @A LEIJ= GKA = ECK= @=@ AI =D H= K = @AIECK= @=@

" " - -++1

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2-4)+1

* 51+)

%%

""

- A??E

@A = FAH=?E

> IE?=

= A A??E @A = FAH=?E > IE?= F=H= K = C HEJ HA?KHIEL IA @A>A KIJE ?=H @= @ K = @A IJH=?E ? IJHK?JEL= @A GKA = ?= JE@=@ @A LA?AI GKA IA A A?KJ= AIJ= FAH=?E >IAHL= K @A @A ?HA?E EA J IE E =H = @A J J= @A FAH=?E AI ? B H A A J= = @A FH > A = ?HA?A AI @A?EH IA @A>A @A IJH=H GKA A H@A @A J J= @A FAH=?E AI GKA D=?A A = C HEJ AI ECK= = H@A @A J J= @A FAH=?E AI > IE?=I 2 @A I IE JAJE =H A FH ?A@E EA J A I IECKEA JAI F=I I  5A LEIK= E = A H> @A = =@=I HA?KHIEL=I @A = C HEJ A JA AIJ=H A BK ?E @A J= = @A FH > A = F H I @A?EH GKA D=O K AH @A @ I g (n). GKA >LE= J= J F @A AI GKA A

5A >JEA A K = ? J= NE = F=H= = ?= JE@=@ @A FAH=?E = C HEJ D=?A A ?=@= = =@= HA?KHIEL=

! + = BK ?E g (n) O = ? J= >JA E@= A A F=I = JAHE H F @A I >JA AH A H@A @A J J= @A FAH=?E AI A J H E I @A AI I @=J I " 8EIK= E =H = ?= JE@=@ @A = =@=I A =I GKA IA D=?A FAH=?E AI > IE?=I O A ? JH=H K = ? J= F=H= = ?= JE@=@ @A FAH=?E AI > IE?=I GKA IA ABA?J = A ?=@= @ -NFHAI=H A J H E I @A = g (n) >JA E@= A A F=I  O AIJ=> A?AH A H@A @A J J= @A FAH=?E AI > IE?=I # 5E A H@A @A J J= @A FAH=?E AI AI ECK= = H@A @A FAH=?E > IE?=I A J ?AI = FAH=?E A ACE@= AI L E@= A ?=I ? JH=HE @A>A E JA J=H ? JH= - IECKEA JA F=H @A A A F I E KIJH= KIJE ?=@= A@E= JA A FH ?AI = JAHE H = A A??E @A = FAH=?E AI IA

> IE?=

-A F

K =HHAC

A?

" - ) C HEJ

" A ?KA JH= A A A A J NE OA k n A JAH I @ @A n AI @A = B H = n = 2 , k 0.

IA JEA A AI A JHA =I IECKEA JAI FAH=?E AI

@A

- AIJA = C HEJ = ? F=H=?E

@E?AI

> =IEC =?E

AI =

=N O

%&

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5 4-+74518 5

FH ? =N E (ini, f in, max, min) ? EA = IE (ini = f in) A J ?AI JH

max A[ini]; min A[ini];

JAH E = ) C HEJ
? ? @ F=H=?E FAH=?E

JAH E =

mitad [(ini + f in)/2]; =N E (ini, mitad, max, min); =N E (mitad + 1, f in, max1 , min1 ); IE max1 > max A J ?AI max max1 ; EI IE min1 < min A J ?AI min min1 ; EI

EA

" * IGKA@= @A
I NE IO I

NE E @A

OA I @E?A

AI A JHA

AI E L K?H=@=I A

= >JA ?E

EJ=@

=I FAH=?E AI = O @ =I @A = I @A =@ F H AIJ=H =I ?E=@=I = @E?AI =I FAH=?E AI > O ? I >KA I ?= @E@=J I F=H= D=?AH A = EIEI + IE@A H=HA I = FAH=?E ? ,A IJH= I GKA O( AH @A ? F=H=?E AI) = O(J J= @A FAH=?E AI). ,=@ GKA A =HHAC AI IEA FHA @A = B H = 2k , A H> @A = =@=I HA?KH IEL=I IA FKA@A HAFHAIA J=H F H A H> @A = .ECKH= & A @ @A ?=@= @ AIJ AJEGKAJ=@ ? A J= = @A FH > A = GKA HA?E>A - A H> D=O g (n) @ I E JAH I O + g (n) + 1 @ I ANJAH I F H GKA D=O 2g (n) + 1 @ I A J J= A ?=@= = =@= HA?KHIEL= IA D=?A = I

c = m ax( F A
GKA E F E?= A J

=I D =I, F A

@ I E JAH

I)

?AI GKA IA D=?A A J J= AI GKA AI O(g (n)).

c(2g (n) + 1) FAH=?E

" " - -++1

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* 51+)

%'

n 2

n 2

n 4

n 4

n 4

n 4

.ECKH= &

H>

@A = =@=I HA?KHIEL=I F=H= K FH > A = @A J= =

= FAH=?E > IE?=  > A IK>IA?KA JA IA ABA?J = I A I @ I ? J= = @A FH > A = =O H GKA  AI @A?EH A I @ I E JAH I F @A I @A?EH A J ?AI GKA IE JA A I g (n) @ I E JAH I O A ?=@= @ IA D=?A > A J ?AI

2(g (n) + 1) AI O(g (n))

>

@=@ GKA O( AH @A > ) = O( AH J J= @A FAH=?E H=?E AI FKA@A IAH A ACE@=I ? >

AI), =I ?

F=

-A F

@A = FAH=?E > IE?= F=H= A = C HEJ @A B=?J HE= IA KIJE ?= A@E= JA A IECKEA JA H= = EA J 5E = = I
g (n) = AH @A = =@=I HA?KHIEL=I GKA D=?A A = C HEJ F=H= K FH > A = @A J= = n JA A I GKA D=?AH A J J= c g (n) FAH=?E AI @ @A = ? IJ= JA c HAFHAIA J= =I FAH=?E AI DA?D=I A ?=@= = =@= F H J= J A AH J J= @A = =@=I HA?KHIEL=I O A AH J J= @A FAH=?E AI I O(g (n)). - g (n) 1 = =@=I IA D=?A K JEF E?=?E AI F H J= J A AH @A K JEF E?=?E AI AI O(g (n)), O IA FKA@A ? IE@AH=H = FAH=?E F=H= A = EIEI @=@ GKA O(J J= @A FAH=?E AI) = O(J J= @A K JEF E?=?E AI). ! AI ? HHA?J=

# = A A??E

-A F

KAIJHA GKA = A A??E

@A = FAH=?E

> IE?= F=H= A ) C HEJ

&

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5 4-+74518 5

@A IK = @A

2=H= LAH GKA AIJ AI ?EAHJ ? IE@ HAIA A H> @A = =@=I HA?KHIEL=I = .ECKH= & @ @A g (n) HAFHAIA J= A J J= @A @ I GKA IA >JEA A = @ I @ I E JAH I h(n) I A J J= @A @ I ANJAH I h(n) + 1. 5E = I g (n) = AH @A = =@=I HA?KHIEL=I GKA @AFA @A @A J= = FH > A = n, A J ?AI IA JEA A

O( = =@=I HA?KHIEL=I) = O(g (n)),

KAC A J ?AI IA D=?A c g (n) FAH=?E AI c AI A AH @A FAH=?E AI DA?D=I A ?=@= = =@= D=IJ= =GK F @A I = H =H GKA A AH J J= @A FAH=?E AI AI O(g (n)). >IAHLA GKA A ?=@= @ E JAH @A H> IA D=?A K = ? F=H=?E =I J J= @A FAH=?E AI > IE?=I = 1 h(n) g (n) 1 = 2 AI O(g (n)) IA FKA@A KI=H F=H= A =
AI > IE?=I)

@A FKAI

= JAHE H ?

H =

I GKA = FAH=?E

EIEI

O(J J= @A FAH=?E

AI) = O(J J= @A FAH=?E

"#

- AH?E?E I
I IECKEA JAI IEIJA =I HA?KHHA JAI @ @A f (1) = 1
"  " 

- AH?E?E "  4AIKA L=

O F=H= n 2

n f (n) = 8f ( ) + n2 2 n f (n) = 2f ( ) + log n 2

- AH?E?E "

KAIJHA GKA A AIJ @=@ F H = HA?KHHA ?E=

AH @A BK ?E

AI >

A= =I @A n L=HE=> AI

f (1) = 4 f (n) = (f (n 1))2

" # - -4+1+1 5

&

- AH?E?E " ! 4AIK L= IA =I IECKEA JAI HA?KHHA ?E=I ,A K = I K?E

J=

AN=?
" ! " "

f (1) = 2 f (n) = 2f (n 1) + 1 f (1) = 1 n f (n) = f (n 1) + 2

- AH?E?E " "

KAIJHA GKA = I K?E

= IEIJA = HA?KHHA JA

f (1) = c n f (n) = af ( ) + cn, F=H= n = bk k > 0, b

AI  IE a > b A J IE a = b A J ! IE a < b A J @ @A a, b O c I @A N = R. ?AI f AI O(na) ?AI f AI O(n log n) ?AI f AI O(n) A JAH I J= AI GKA a 1, b > 1 O c > 0, O f AI K = BK ?E I HA?KHIEL I F=H= HAI LAH F A E@=@ JA F H= O AIF=?E= I IECKEA JAI FH

- AH?E?E " # - => HA = C HEJ

> A =I O ?= ?K A IK ?

 - ? JH=H K = A@= B= I= A K =HHAC @A n A@=I ? n = 2k A =HHAC ? JEA A I FAI I @A =I A@=I O = B= I= FAI= A I GKA =I JH=I -L= K=H K = ANFHAIE =HEJ JE?= A J=?E E = GKA IA A ?KA JH= A K =HHAC GKA ? JEA A FHE HE@=@AI @A =F E?=?E F=H= I A A A J I @A = ANFHAIE  = FHE HE@=@ @A K FAH= @ AI E EJ= O IA= A O B @ I =JHE?AI n n. J @ @A 5JH=IIA F=H= >JA AH A FH @K?J C = AB, ? IEIJA A n O K JEF E?=H =I KI= @ F=HJE?E =H A O B A =JHE?AI ? F A JAI @A n 2 2 =I B H K =I A ?E =@=I A A - AH?E?E   -IJ AI =I B H K =I I KI= @=I HA?KHIEL= A JA F=H= K JEF E?=H =I =JHE?AI ? F A JAI HA@K?EA @ A FH > A = = K JEF E?=H =JHE?AI @A @E A IE :

- AH?E?E " $ 5A= n K = F JA ?E= @A

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5 4-+74518 5

 1 F A A JA K = C HEJ >=I=@ A AIJA J @ O KAIJHA GKA A AH @A FAH=?E AI > IE?=I GKA D=?A AI =FH NE =@= A JA n2 . ,EI?KJ= = E F HJ= ?E= @A = C HEJ F=H= HAI LAH JH JEF @A FH > A =I GKA E L K?H= =JHE?AI n n  >JA AH = =JHE E LAHI= I K?E @A IEIJA =I @A A?K=?E AI E A= AI IE K J A=I AJ? 

- AH?E?E " % = = JKH= @A K

H> AI A ELA NE @A H>  = @EIJ= ?E= NE = A JHA = H= O K @ ANJAH  ,EIA A K = C HEJ HA?KHIEL F=H= ?= ?K =H = = JKH= @A K H> >E =HE +K AI = ? F A E@=@ JA F H= @A IK = C HEJ

- AH?E?E " & =

CEJK@ @A ?= E @A K H> AI AI @A J @ I I @ I A A H> 5E A = IK = IA ? I ELA AI @A I @ I ANJAH I = IJ= IA = = = JAH -I?HE>= K = C HEJ HA?KHIEL F=H= ?= ?K =H J= >E =HE ,AJAH E A A H@A @A AH @A FAH=?E AI = C HEJ

= IK = @A I IE@AH= E?= CEJK@ @A ?= E CEJK@ A K > IE?=I GKA HA= E

ELA A JA AN H> = IK

- AH?E?E " ' -I?HE>= K = LAHIE

?E?E ! 

HA?KHIEL= @A ) C HEJ

& LA=IA A A AH

- AH?E?E "  ,A KAIJHA I E ?EI I > O ? @A 6A HA =