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: Enerjet HEGS (High Efficiency Gun System ), HSD (High Shot Density Gun System
c ), S.A.F.E. (Slapper Actuated Firing Equipment
-fl ), Selectric, SPAN
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), Pivot, IMPACT (Integrated Mechanical Properties Analysis & Characterization of Near-Wellbore Heterogeneity
fl
), MSRT (Multi-Sensor
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1.
2 .

34

, fl , fl, fl, flfl
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1998

35

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36

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,

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1998

37

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).
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38

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)
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1998

. 5. () ().
. , . 0,
, ,
90.
, . . 9 [23 c]
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(
9 [23 c], 0 12 /).
,
.
, ,
kcz k. ,
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-, fl .7 , ,
fl fl , fl .
fl fl .

3. , fl , fl
, ,
flfl . fl fl , fl
,
. ,
, , .
4. fl (API) fl (API RP-43).
1 fl fl (fl ),
.
1 fl fl . fl
API fl fl , 2.
5. Halleck PM, Saucier RJ, Behrmann LA and Ahrens TJ:
Reduction of Jet Perforator Penetration in Rock
Under Stress, paper SPE 18242, presented at the 63rd
SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,
Houston, Texas, USA, October 2-5, 1988.
6. Behrmann LA and Halleck PM: Effect of Concrete
and Berea Strengths on Perforator Performance and
Resulting Impact on the New API RP-43, paper SPE
18242, presented at the 63rd SPE Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Texas, USA,
October 2-5, 1988.
Halleck PM and Behrmann LA: Penetration of
Shaped Charges in Stressed Rock, in Hustrulid WA
and Johnson GA (eds.): Rock Mechanics Contributions and Challenges: Proceedings of the 31st US
Symposium. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: A.A.
Balkema (1990): 629-636.
7. Karakas M and Tariq S: Semianalytical Productivity
Models for Perforated Completions, paper SPE
18271, presented at the 63rd SPE Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Texas, USA,
October 2-5, 1988.
Economides MJ and Nolte KG (eds): Reservoir Stimulation, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA:
Prentice Hall (1989): 1-17.

39

 fl
: fl fl,
fl, fl fl
. , fl,
(. 7).
,
13 fl 8090%. ,
fl : fl , flflfl
fl,
fl .8

45

7
8

45

135

3
5

90 135 180 225 270 315 360

8

2
3

7
8
1

2
3
4
5

6
7
1

6
8

(7 )

. 8. 135/45:
, ,
. 135/45
, 135,
45. 1 [2,5 c],
36 /. .

40

. 7. .
.
( Pucknell Behrmann, 8).

:
fl , fl
fl , fl,
. fl fl , fl fl fl,
fl .
flflfl fl
fl (.
, . 41).
fl ,
fl,
flflfl
; fl fl fl
fl fl.
,
, 1,5 fl .
,
fl

fl , fl
.
fl flflfl , fl
fl (. 8).

flfl
, 6 ,
fl fl , fl.

fl fl
,
. fl
, fl fl

.
fl fl .
,
fl , .
.
, , fl ,
, . fl
fl , fl, , , , , fl ,
, fl fl
. fl
. , ? fl fl


flfl
, ,
, fl.
, fl .
fl fl fl ,
8. Pucknell JK and Behrmann LA: An Investigation of
the Damaged Zone Created by Perforating, paper SPE
22811, presented at the 66th SPE Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, Texas, USA, October 6-9, 1991.



, , ?

, -

- ?
> 18
60
, ,
1 .
12 .

, ;

.

.
,

(TCP)

DST.

(DST)

/
?

1998

Scallop
HSD ( ) . .

.
,


.

27,6 ,
< 99C?

,
?

( ).

HEGS
( ,

)

( )

(
5
).

41

fl

fl

fl fl

,
, fl .
fl fl
;
fl
fl fl,
(. 9).
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,
, fl fl . , flfl ,
,
fl. fl fl, fl

42

. 9.
:
,

.

,
.
,

,
,
.


: ,
.

fl . , , fl
fl, , fl - ,
, .9
fl fl , ,

(DST). fl fl , DST , fl
.
fl
,
fl, . fl fl
-

fl flfl fl fl . /
fl MSRT (MSRT MultiSensor Recorder/Transmitter) fl
fl LINC (LINC Latched
Inductive Coupling) fl fl fl

.
fl DST. , LINC,
fl fl fl
fl fl .
fl , fl , ,
fl, fl .
,
fl , .
fl
fl 4,83 , fl fl
fl , fl .

, fl
1980-
fl (
).10 fl .

IMPACT (IMPACT Intergrated Mechanical Properties Analysis & Characterisation of
Near-Wellbore Heterogeneity) fl

, .
.
, fl fl. fl
fl
, fl .

 fl fl
.
,
fl:
0 fl fl
fl fl
fl
(. 10). ,

fl Enerjet, fl fl fl 90.
flflfl
,
fl
180, , ,
1,78 [4,52 ].
, fl fl
.
9. Berhmann LA, Pucknell JK, Bishop SR and Hsia T-Y:
Measurement of Additional Skin Resulting from
Perforation Damage, paper SPE 22809, presented
at the 66th SPE Annual Technical Conference and
Exhibition, Dallas, Texas, USA, October 6-9, 1991.
Hsia T-Y and Behrmann LA: Perforating Skin as a
Function of Rock Permeability and Underbalance,
paper SPE 22810, presented at the 66th SPE Annual
Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, Texas,
USA, October 6-9, 1991.
10. Bell WT: Perforating UnderbalanceEvolving Techniques, Journal of Petroleum Technology 36 (October 1984): 1653-1662.
King GE, Anderson A and Bingham M: A Field
Study of Underbalance Pressures Necessary to
Obtain Clean Perforations Using Tubing-Conveyed
Perforating, paper SPE 14321, presented at the 60th
SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,
Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, September 22-25, 1985.

. 10. , .
Enerjet,
, 0;
Enerjet
90 scallop, 60.
Enerjet
scallop .

1998

Enerjet
0

Enerjet
45

Scallop
60

43



, ?
?

.
.

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, . 41).

Scallop



,
;
.

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.

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60
, ?

,
?

12
,
3 (API)?

Selectric

27,6 ,
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HEGS
( )

( )

( )

44



fl fl fl fl: (. ,
. 44). , flfl (acid-frac), fl
, fl
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. ,
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, fl
fl
. fl, , ,
fl, flfl fl fl fl . 11 ,
fl ,

fl fl . .

1215 , fl fl flfl.
.
, flflfl ,

1998

fl fl 90 fl . fl fl 3,79
(. 11). , fl fl fl
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fl fl
fl ;
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27

43

96,5

. 11. . ,


: 25 [64 ]
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fl fl
.


.
, ,

.
,

,
,
fl ,
. fl fl
.

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fl.
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fl
, .

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fl (30 ), ,
fl fl. , ,
( ) .
fl

.
fl
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,
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. fl
,
, , fl . fl

11. King ., 10.

45

46

60
> 30

. 13.
.
, , 30 ( 10). ,
, . . ,
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, , 30( Warpinski, 15).

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fl, fl fl

fl 12 (. 12). ,

.


,
fl
fl.
fl
fl . , flfl fl
fl , .
: fl fl
fl flfl, , ,
fl , .
. fl .13
fl
180

.
, fl .
fl ,
(TCP), ,
fl. fl , , fl. fl fl
, fl fl .

, fl fl
, fl
fl.14 ,
fl
, fl.15 -

0,15

0,27

0,58

10
8

4

- HEC, 100-cp

2
0
0

0,24

0,48

0,72

0,96

1,2

3,6

, /3

. 12.
.

.

-
(carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose
HEC), (
Gruesbeck Collins, 12).

12. Gruesbeck C and Collins RE: Particle Transport

Through Perforations, paper SPE 8006, presented at
the 3rd Symposium on Formation Damage Control
of the SPE of AIME, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA,
February 15-16, 1978.
13. Pearson CM, Bond AJ, Eck ME and Schmidt JH:
Results of Stress-Oriented and Aligned Perforating
in Fracturing Deviated Wells, Journal of Petroleum
Technology 44 (January 1992): 10-18.
14. Daneshy AA: Experimental Investigations of
Hydraulic Fracturing Through Perforations, Journal
of Petroleum Technology 25 (October 1973): 12011206.
15. Warpinski NR: Investigation of the Accuracy and
Reliability of In-Situ Stress Measurements Using
Hydraulic Fracturing in Perforated Cased Holes,
ProceedingsSymposium on Rock Mechanics 24
(1983): 773-786.
16. Behrmann LA and Elbel JL: Effect of Perforations on
Fracture Initiation, paper SPE 20661, presented at
the 65th SPE Annual Technical Conference and
Exhibition, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, September 23-26, 1990.
17. Nolte KG: Application of Fracture Design Based on
Pressure Analysis, SPE Production Engineering 3
(February 1988): 31-42.
18. ,

, .
fl
.



, ,
?

( ).

( ).

(DST)

(TCP)

DST.

c (
, ; ).

60
,
?

,

.

, , flfl .
,
fl flfl fl 30, fl ,
. ,
60 , ,
fl 1998

,
.

(TCP)

,
.

30.
60
, ,
fl fl
, , fl fl

.16 ,
fl 30, 10 (. 13). 17
, ,
fl fl,
(screenout)18 fl fl .

47

48

. fl fl , . , ,
, fl
,
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, ,
flfl fl .
flfl
.
, , fl
. fl ( ) . fl fl. ,
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fl , ,
fl flfl .

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, fl , , ,
.
.
,
.

.

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fl (. flfl,
. 47). fl, fl
. fl
, fl , fl .
fl , fl
, flfl
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fl , , fl
, fl , , , fl . fl
, fl
. fl , ,
fl (. 14).

, . fl , .
fl fl fl (TCP)

1
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6

15 /, 60
18 /, 60
36 /, 135
36 /, 120
36 /, 120

0,5
0,4
0,3
0

0,63

1,27

1,9

2,54

3,17

3,81

. 14.
.
HSD (
) 135/45
. 1.

fl . fl
,
fl .

fl
fl fl fl
(. fl
, . 37). fl fl
fl, .
fl (. 15).

fl fl
, .

fl . fl fl
, fl
.
(
) ,
fl.

.
fl fl
(cyclotrimethylene trinitramine RDX)
(cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine HMX). RDX fl 166C 1
,
100 93C. , HMX fl 1
204C, 100 149C. fl fl ,

 1998

fl flfl , fl .
, fl ,

, fl fl

fl flfl. fl , ,
120
fl
. fl fl -fl
80
(S.A.F.E.).20 ,
40

flfl
,
0
0
10
20
30
.

S.A.F.E.

. 15.
fl () .



(TCP)

.

. fl fl - flfl
fl , , fl
fl fl 3 fl. . fl fl
, fl flfl
(fl, , ) , .
fl - , fl
() , . fl- fl 12 , - .
fl fl (Trigger
fl .
Charge Firing System) fl
fl,
fl fl . - fl (TCP) .
fl - fl , - .

. fl - fl , .
.
, 19. Santarelli FJ, Ouadfel H and Zundel JP: Optimizing
fl . the Completion Procedure to Minimize Sand Production Risk, paper SPE 22797, presented at the
fl fl,
66th SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibi ,
tion, Dallas, Texas, USA, October 6-9, 1991.
.
20. Huber K, Pousset M and White D: New Technology

45

, %

, 260C fl 238C
. fl HNS
PYX fl
fl , .
, .

, ,
. fl
. fl , ,
,
, , fl
. fl

. fl
fl ,
fl
fl.
fl
, flflfl,
fl , .
fl : , ,
[H2S],
,
[CO2], fl
fl.
, . , flfl , fl
fl
, . fl fl , , . fl fl
(TCP), fl
, fl
H2S- .

for Saving Lives, Oilfield Review 2, no. 4 (October

1990): 40-52.

49

. 16.
.
.

50

fl
fl

fl. , , fl
(monobore). ,
.
,
- . fl
( fl , fl
).
,
-
, , fl
.
,
(
), (fl fl
).
fl fl, ,
, .

,
fl
.
fl
.
.
,
(. 16). fl

. fl fl
fl ,
. fl . , fl
fl. -

. 17. , ,
.


. .

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.
,
fl,
fl
fl .
fl fl fl fl ,
fl
(. 18). fl

, fl .
fl
fl
fl , . , flfl , fl , ,
.
- , - .

fl .

, , fl

. 18. , .
,
.
,
.


.

1998

51