Low battery indicator.

The first simply circuit turns on an LED when the battery voltage gets too low.

For a transistor to conduct, it requires a voltage of about 0. between its base and emitter. This voltage is applied from the wiper of the !"# pot. $ow if the pot is at minimum, this voltage is across the %%#, so the !"# will have about &.%'v across it ( or &.'' across the pair. )dd the *+, from the -ener. this will require a battery voltage of /."'v to 0ust turn on the first transistor. )bove /."' the right hand transistor is turned on, the left hand is therefore off and the LED is also off. 1elow /."'v the LED will therefore come on. 2ith the pot at ma3imum, the 0. v needed is developped across the !"# and %%# ( so the threshold will be *., 4 0. or !./v. The preset will ad0ust between the two levels. For other voltages you can simply change the -ener diode. 5r you could use a &0# resistor and a &00# pot. 6ou will also need to increase the &007 resistor to 8eep the LED current sensible.