GEOPHYSICAL WELL LOGGING

!"#$%&'() +'(,-.'/0 12234

+5-#5(% 6)$.' 7$-8%
!7$,5( 9:;.5-0 12214
Cuttings
Cuttings = mud log
10 cm
!<8)5(0 12224
WLLL
CCMLL1ICN
!=>>8- $%) "8%;5(0 122?4
1CCLS
!<8)5(0 12224
1CCLS
!@AAB (5/'(#0 12214
Plgh poroslLy, low
veloclLy
!<8)5(0 12224
!<8)5(0 12224
Log types

Log keso|unon (averages)

LCG Source-rece|ver
spac|ng (cm)
M|n|mum bed
reso|unon (cm)
nor|zonta| reso|unon
(cm)
Camma-ray -- 90 10
uenslLy 43 60 12
8eslsuvlLy (LLu) 80 73 210
Sonlc 60 60 2-23 (depends on \)
!<8)5(0 12224
MUD INVASICN
CALILk LCG

! C1LN1IAL kLSLkVCIk!!
!9:5%;5-0 12C24
Ca||per |og - we|| dr|||ed w|th |ow sa||n|ty water

?oung shale
Low poroslLy and
permeablllLy sandsLone
Plgh poroslLy and
permeablllLy llmesLone
ConsolldaLed shale, wlLh
layer of smecuLe
PallLe
CranlLe
6 16 (lnches)
(12" b|t)
CAL
GAMMA kA LCG
(Gk)
LLLC1kCMAGNL1IC SLC1kUM
8CISL IkCN1
8asalL
SedlmenLary rock
successlon
8hyollLe
8hyollLe
SedlmenLary rock
successlon
Gk
m|n
Gk
max
SnALL VCLUML (V
sh
)
"5)8D5%#$(E -5FG'%0 F'D/'-5) '&
-$%)-#'%50 F$(H'%$#5- $%) -.$>5I
!J(8>> H8# -8K5L CC 8%F.5-4
DLNSI1 LCG
(knC8, CDL, CDS " DnI)
Rock and fluid densities
p_waLer=1 g/cc
p_salL_waLer=1.146 g/cc
(200,000 ppm naCl)
p_oll_average=0.83 g/cc (range: 0.2-0.9 g/cc)
p_meLhane=0.00068 g/cc
poroslLy lncreases
RESISTIVITY LOGS
!7$,5( 9:;.5-0 12214
Fluid saturations
Conductivity vs. salinity
!<8)5(0 12224
8
Formation water resistivity (R
w
)
!<8)5(0 12224
!<8)5(0 12224
Clay minerals and water
Formation factor, F
Archies Law
!<8)5(0 12224
!=>>8- $%) "8%;5(0 122?4
Dual laterologs (LLD, LLS)
8
LLu
/8
xo
8
LLu
/8
LLS
8
L
/8
xo
8
L
/8
LLu
Estimating formation
true resistivity
SONIC LOG
!7$,5( 9:;.5-0 12214
Sonic log tool
Velocity vs. porosity
(sandstone)
!7$#K>5 5# $>I0 122M4
Velocity vs. porosity
(carbonates)
!<$&$N8F. 5# $>I0 COPM4
Wyllies Equation
!<8)5(0 12224
Rock and fluid velocities and travel times
!<8)5(0 12224
1
2
3
4
3
6
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
CkCSI1 (frac.)
C
C
M

k
L
S
S
I
C
N
A
L

V
L
L
C
C
I
1

(
k
m
]
s
)






b
!
c
!7$#K>5 5# $>I0 122M4
Sandstone velocity divided into classes
1
2
3
4
3
6
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
CkCSI1 (frac.)
C
C
M

k
L
S
S
I
C
N
A
L

V
L
L
C
C
I
1

(
k
m
]
s
)






b
V
I
II
III
IV
!
c
I Clean SandsLone
II ConsolldaLed SandsLone
III Weakly CemenLed
IV Suspenslons
V lracLured
!7$#K>5 5# $>I0 122M4
Sandstone velocity divided into classes
8eecuon CoemclenL, Z Acousuc lmpedance, Al (kg/m
2
s)
p=2.1, vp=2.3
[p]:g/cm3 [vp]:km/s
p=2.1, vp=3.3
p=2.3, vp=3.7
p=2.36, vp=3.8
p=2.3, vp=3.0
p=2.4, vp=3.0 llmesLone
shale
shale
!=20%
sandstone
brlne
Z Al (kg/m
2
s)
p=2.1, vp=2.3
[p]:g/cm3 [vp]:km/s
p=2.1, vp=3.3
p=2.3, vp=3.7
p=2.36, vp=3.8
p=2.3, vp=3.0
p=2.4, vp=3.0 llmesLone
shale
shale
!=20%
sandstone
brlne
x10
6
3 12
3.23
7.33
8.31
8.97
7.3
12
+ -
0
0.17
0.07
0.03
-0.09
0.23
kC
+ -
0
AI
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"!MLEF$! M' EMD$!
7U-HV8(
'1:A -21Q9+--
7I49>+/-+ 1@ >+21:46?8
lf d < drllllng blL
slze, smooLh wlLh
depLh ! mud
cake. ermeable
and porous rock.
LCW C8 due Lo:
CuarLz sands,
carbonaLes,
evaporaues and
coal.
LCW uLnSl1?:
hlgh , organlc
mauer, coal, salL
(naCl)
LCW nLu18Cn:
Low poroslLy, gas has
low hydrogen lndex
! underesumaLes
PlCP 8LSlS1lvl1?:
Cll and gas ln pore
space. non-porous
rock, coal, salL,
anhydrlLe, maLure
source rock.
LCW SLCWnLSS
(hlgh v):
Low , salL
anhydrlLe,
lf d>blL slze ! Lhe
rock has been
washed-ouL.
Shales,
unconsolldaded.
PlCP C8 due Lo:
Shales, feldspars,
glauconlLe, mlcas,
marlne organlc
mauer
PlCP uLnSl1?:
Low , anhydrlLe,
mlca
(muscovlLe),pyrlLe
PlCP nLu18Cn:
Plgh poroslLy.
neuLron sees" bound
and free waLer, Lhus
shales can show hlgh
.
LCW 8LSlS1lvl1?:
WaLer lled
formauons, shales.
PlCP SLCWnLSS
(low v):
Coals, organlc
mauer, hlgh .
*Shale compacuon
(scale 1:3000). Low
compacuon=low p.
*unconformlLy !
slgnlcanL change
ln denslLy ln shale.
* LsumaLe 1CC
- uenslLy-neuLron
crossover ! gas.
- uenslLy-neuLron
crossploLs ! llLhology
*lf deep 8 ls hlgh and
shallow 8 ls low !
probably Lhere ls oll/
gas. lf boLh are hlgh,
buL equal ! non-
* lacles analysls
*lnLerpreL LexLure
*Compacuon
*LsumaLe 1CC
Ca||per |og - we|| dr|||ed w|th |ow sa||n|ty water

?oung shale
Low poroslLy and
permeablllLy sandsLone
Plgh poroslLy and
permeablllLy llmesLone
ConsolldaLed shale, wlLh
layer of smecuLe
PallLe
CranlLe
6 16 (lnches)
(12" b|t)
CAL
"5)8D5%#$(E -5FG'%0 F'D/'-5) '&
-$%)-#'%50 F$(H'%$#5- $%) -.$>5I
!J(8>> H8# -8K5L CC 8%F.5-4
mud cake
washouL
Sha|e
Sha|e
Sha|e
Sha|e
C|ean sandstone (or carbonates)
I|n|ng downward sandstone
1wo th|n c|ean sandstones (or carbonates)
"D|rty" sandstone
C|ean sandstone (or carbonate)
I|n|ng upward sandstone