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ABSTRACT
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 3
1.1 Problem Definition 4
1.2 Problem Analysis 4
Chapter 4. IMPLEMENTATION 41
4.1 Circuit Diagram/Schematic 42
4.2 Schematic Level Working . 43
RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
APPENDIX 58
1. PCB Layouts
2. Bill Of Material
3. Datasheets
Chapter 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
CHAPTER # 1
INTRODUCTION
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
parking to the microcontroller in the vehicle cabin. The microcontroller in the vehicle
cabin displays this slot number to the driver on the LCD display which is fixed in the
vehicle cabin. The entry of the user will get recorded with the help of RTC. In the
similar way, at the time of leaving the driver must enter the code to open the gate of
parking . The exit time also get recorded and stored in the memory. The entry and exit
record of all vehicle can be obtained any time from the memory. The record can be
display on the LCD fixed in the receiver cabin or on a computer.
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
CHAPTER # 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
2.1 RF THEORY
2.1.1 History :
Somewhere around 1889 a German physicist Herinrich Hertz actually
succeeded in generating the first airborne RF wave in his laboratory for all his daring
&brilliance the RF engineers of the world have honored him by using his name as the
unit of measure for frequency. Before progressing into today's radio technology it is
interesting to put it in perspective & look at in the way in which radio developed. The
story of its development is fascinating.
Maxwell's worked into electromagnetic theory. Much of his work was
theoretical & not practical .Latter a German scientist Herinrich. Hertz proved
existence of these waves & its properties. As Hertz has discovered these waves they
soon became to known as "Hrtzian Waves ". Once existence of electromagnetic waves
was confirmed, it did not take long before people started to think of using them for
communicating.
Marconi managed to receive a signal over two km away from transmitter .The
navy saw the possibilities of using wireless equipment for communication at sea &
they showed considerable interest. Marconi started to investigate its use for providing
a long distance communication link .The main goal was to be able to send a message
across Atlantic ,which was not easy .Finally on 12'th December 1901 the first
transmission was received when the letter 'S' was detected in receiver.
The term radio frequency (RF) refers to the electromagnetic field that is
generated when an alternating current is input to an antenna .This field ,also called an
RF field or radio wave can be used for wireless broadcasting & communication over
a significant portion of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum from 9 KHz to 1000's
GHz .This portion is referred to as the RF spectrum .As the frequency is increased
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
beyond the RF spectrum , electromagnetic energy takes form of infrared (IR), visible
light .Ultraviolet (UV), X-rays & gamma rays.
Radio technology is becoming increasingly important in today's highly
sophisticated electronics industry. There are traditional uses including broadcasting &
point to point communication, as well as new technology associated with cellular
phones & new wireless data .In limited area communication we can expand our
network from a single building to a complex consisting of multiple building .Now the
actual information may be of still lower frequencies of the order of few KHz & term
wireless implies RF.
Many types of wireless devices make use of RF fields, television, cordless &
cellular telephones , satellite communication system & many measuring & instrument
system used in manufacturing .Some wireless devices, such as remote control boxes &
cordless mice operate at IR or visible light frequencies .The RF spectrum is divided
into several ranges or bands .Each of these bands ,other than the lowest frequency
segment, represents an increase of frequency corresponding to an order of
magnitude(power of ten).
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
MHz
Very High Frequency VHF 30MHz - 300 10 m – 1 m
MHz
Ultra High Frequency UHF 300 MHz - 3 GHz 1 m – 100 mm
Super High Frequency SHF 3 GHz - 30 100 mm – 10
GHz mm
Extremely High Frequency EHF 30 GHz - 300 10 mm – 1 mm
GHz
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
Radio communications are used over cable based communication network for
several reasons:
1) LINE OF SITE:-
Line of site when speaking of RF means more than just being able to see the
receiving antenna from the transmitting antenna .In, order to have true line of site no
objects(including trees, houses or the ground ) can be in the Fresnel zone. The Fresnel
zone is the area around the visual line of sight that radio waves spread out into after
they leave the antenna. This area must be clear or else signal strength will weaken
2) COST EFFECTIVENESS:-
The cost of setting up a cable –based network can be huge, due to the amount of
buried or aerial cabling required .The cabling is costly to install & maintain.
These problems are solved by the use of a radio link where the only hardware
required is the building for housing the equipment, the equipment itself the mast &
antenna.
3) QUICK SET-UP:-
The set-up time for a microwave link is a shorter than for a cable based
network. If there is already a tower &building located in the link placement area, the
installation time is in hours or days. If tower & equipment building have to built, the
installation time will be measured in weeks rather than months. This would be the
case if a similar cable based network would be installed.
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
4) REALLOCATION:-
Relocation of radio communication equipment is extremely fast , as the
equipment only has to be moved to another location &set up along with its antenna.
5) INACCESSIBILITY:-
In some places the only practical way to provide communication normally due
to the environment is to use a radio based link, as it may be impossible to install a
cable based network.
2.1.4 RF Technology :
What is radio frequency?
A radio wave is electromagnetic wave propagated by an antenna. Radio waves
have different frequencies, and by tuning a radio receiver to a specific frequency you
can pick up a specific signal.
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
Many types of wireless devices make use of RF fields. Cordless and cellular
telephone, radio and television broadcast stations, satellite communication systems,
and two-way radio services all operate in RF spectrum. Some wireless devices operate
at IR or visible-light frequencies, whose electromagnetic wavelengths are shorter than
those of RF fields. Examples include most television-set remote-control boxes, some
cordless computer keyboards and mice, and a few wireless hi-fi stereo headsets.
The RF spectrum is divided into several ranges, or bands. With the exception of
the lowest frequency segment, each band represents an increase of frequency
corresponding to an order of magnitude (power of 10). The table depicts the eight
bands in a RF spectrum, showing frequency and bandwidth ranges. The SHF and EHF
bands are often referred to as the microwave spectrum.
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
The RF bands most of us are familiar with are VHF(Very High Frequency),
used by radio and television station 2-13, and UHF(Ultra High Frequency), used by
other television stations, mobile phones and two-way radios. Microwave ovens even
use RF waves to cook food , but these waves are in a super high frequency band or
SFH. Following the electromagnetic spectrum into even higher frequencies, one finds
infrared waves, and finally invisible light.
Radio Frequency, the mode of communication for wireless technologies of all
Kinds, including cordless phones, radar, ham radio, GPS, and radio and television
broadcasts. From baby monitors to cell phones, Bluetooth to remote control toys, RF
waves are all around us.
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
2.2 RF MODULE
Why we are using RF module :
We can use the bar code system and RFID tag for the same purpose but both are
having some disadvantages over RF modules which are not suitable for our system
because we are designing a system, which is reprogrammable and RF module allows
the reprogramming. That’s why we are using RF module instead of bar code system
and RFID tag.
Bar code system is having many disadvantages some of those are as shown
below:-
Z The bar code is fixed at the time of printing & it cannot be changed.
Z For the bar code to be read by the scanner there should be a clear optical
line of sight and in many practical application, it is difficult to achieve this.
Z It is very easy to deface the bar code.
Z With just a laser printer, it is very easy to duplicate bar code causing
security violations.
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
are available which transmit data up to 500m but with higher cost. For our purpose, it
doesn’t require so long range of 500 metre. 100 metre range is sufficient to our
application. So we decided to go for lower range RF modules of low cost and high
accuracy.
Hence we decided to design low cost RF module, which forms a plate form for
Wireless communication system. This module work on 2.4 GHz frequency & can be
easily absorbed in any project. Free scale semiconductor (MOTOROLA), Reynolds
Electronics, Dallas, Semiconductor(MAXIM), ATMEL, MAXSTREAM, MICREL
etc. are the manufacturers working in this field. We studied some of RF modules
available in companies. After comparing RF IC’s we decided to use small sized XBee-
PRO RF module of MAXSTREAM because of it’s availability, cost and support.
XBee RF module
XBee RF Modules were engineered to meet IEEE 802.15.4 standards and support
the unique needs of low-cost, low-power wireless sensor networks. The modules require
minimal power and provide reliable delivery of data between devices. The modules
operate within the ISM 2.4 GHz frequency band and are pin-for-pin compatible with
each other.
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
RF Module operation :
Serial Data
Data enters the module UART through the DI pin (pin 3) as an asynchronous
serial signal. The signal should idle high when no data is being transmitted. Each data
byte consists of a start bit (low), 8 data bits (least significant bit first) and a stop bit
(high). The following figure illustrates the serial bit pattern of data passing through the
module.
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
Example Data Format is 8‐N‐1 (bits ‐ parity ‐ # of stop bits) The module UART
performs tasks, such as timing and parity checking, that are needed for data
communications. Serial communications depend on the two UARTs to be configured
with compatible settings (baud rate, parity, start bits, stop bits, data bits).
Flow Control
When serial data enters the RF module through the DI pin (pin 3), the data is
stored in the DI Buffer until it can be processed.
Hardware Flow Control (CTS). When the DI buffer is 17 bytes away from being
full; by default, the module de-asserts CTS (high) to signal to the host device to stop
sending data [refer to D7 (DIO7 Configuration) parameter]. CTS is re-asserted after
the DI Buffer has 34 bytes of memory available.
When RF data is received, the data enters the DO buffer and is sent out the
serial port to a host device. Once the DO Buffer reaches capacity, any additional
incoming RF data is lost. Hardware Flow Control (RTS). If RTS is enabled for flow
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
control (D6 (DIO6 Configuration) Parameter = 1), data will not be sent out the DO
Buffer as long as RTS (pin 16) is de-asserted.
API Operation
API (Application Programming Interface) Operation is an alternative to the
default Transparent Operation. The frame-based API extends the level to which a host
application can interact with the networking capabilities of the module. When in API
mode, all data entering and leaving the module is contained in frames that define
operations or events within the module. Transmit Data Frames (received through the
DI pin (pin 3)) include: • RF Transmit Data Frame • Command Frame (equivalent to
AT commands) Receive Data Frames (sent out the DO pin (pin 2)) include: • Showing
a received RF packet • A response to a command • Showing events such as reset,
associate, disassociate, etc. The API provides alternative means of configuring
modules and routing data at the host application layer. A host application can send
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
data frames to the module that contain address and payload information instead of
using command mode to modify addresses. The module will send data frames to the
application containing status packets; as well as source, RSSI and payload information
from received data packets.
Modes of Operation
XBee/XBee-PRO RF Modules operate in five modes.
1. Idle Mode
When not receiving or transmitting data, the RF module is in Idle Mode. The
module shifts into the other modes of operation under the following conditions:
• Transmit Mode (Serial data is received in the DI Buffer) • Receive Mode (Valid RF
data is received through the antenna) • Sleep Mode (Sleep Mode condition is met)
• Command Mode (Command Mode Sequence is issued)
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
RF Data Packets
Each transmitted data packet contains a <Source Address> and <Destination
Address> field. The <Source Address> matches the address of the transmitting
module as specified by the MY (Source Address) parameter (if MY >= 0xFFFE), the
SH (Serial Number High) or the SL (Serial Number Low) parameters. The
<Destination Address> field is created from the DH and DL parameter values. The
<Source Address> and/or <Destination Address> fields will either contain a short 16-
bit or long 64-bit address. The RF data packet structure follows the 802.15.4
specification.
Direct Transmission
A NonBeaconing Coordinator can be configured to only use Direct
Transmission by setting the SP (Cyclic Sleep Period) parameter to “0”. Also, a
NonBeaconing Coordinator using indirect transmissions will revert to direct
transmission if it knows the destination module is awake. To enable this behavior, the
ST (Time before Sleep) value of the Coordinator must be set to match the ST value of
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT
PARKING SYSTEM
the End Device. Once the End Device either transmits data to the Coordinator or polls
the Coordinator for data, the Coordinator will use direct transmission for all
subsequent data transmissions to that module address until ST time (or number of
beacons) occurs with no activity (at which point it will revert to using indirect
transmissions for that module address). “No activity” means no transmission or
reception of messages with a specific address. Global messages will not reset the ST
timer.
Indirect Transmission
To configure Indirect Transmissions in a PAN (Personal Area Network), the SP
(Cyclic Sleep Period) parameter value on the Coordinator must be set to match the
longest sleep value of any End Device. The SP parameter represents time in
NonBeacon systems and beacons in Beacon-enabled systems. The sleep period value
on the Coordinator determines how long (time or number of bea-cons) the Coordinator
will retain an indirect message before discarding it.
Acknowledgement
If the transmission is not a broadcast message, the module will expect to receive
an acknowledgement from the destination device. If an acknowledgement is not
received, the packet will be resent up to 3 more times. If the acknowledgement is not
received after all transmissions, an ACK failure is recorded.
3. Sleep Mode
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT
PARKING SYSTEM
• The module is idle (no data transmission or reception) for the amount of
time defined by the ST (Time before Sleep) parameter. [NOTE: ST is only
active when SM = 4-5.]
4. Command Mode
To modify or read RF Module parameters, the module must first enter into
Command Mode - a state in which incoming characters are interpreted as commands.
Two Command Mode options are supported: AT Command Mode and API Command
Addressing
When communication occurs between two networked devices, each data
packet contains a <Source Address> and <Destination Address> field. The module
conforms to the 802.15.4 specification and supports both short 16-bit addresses and
long 64-bit addresses. A unique 64-bit IEEE source address is assigned at the factory
and can be read with the SL (Serial Number Low) and SH (Serial Number High)
parameters. Short addressing must be configured manually. An RF modem will use its
unique 64-bit address as its Source Address if its MY value is “0xFFFF” or
“0xFFFE”. To send a packet to a specific module using 64-bit addressing, set the
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT
PARKING SYSTEM
Destination Address (DL + DH) to match the Source Address (SL + SH) of the
intended destination RF modem. To send a packet to a specific module using 16-bit
addressing, set the DL (Destination Address Low) parameter to equal the MY (Source
Address) parameter and set the DH (Destination Address High) parameter to “0”.
1) Unicast Mode
Unicast Mode enables acknowledged communications. While in this mode,
receiving modules send an acknowledgement (ACK) of RF packet reception to the
transmitter. If the transmitting module does not receive the ACK, it will re-send the
packet up to three times or until the ACK is received. Unicast Mode is the only mode
that supports retries.
2) Broadcast Mode
Any RF module will accept a packet that contains a broadcast address. When
configured to operate in Broadcast Mode, receiving modules do not send
acknowledgements and transmitting modules do not automatically re-send packets as
is the case in Unicast Mode. To send a broadcast packet to all modules regardless of
16-bit or 64-bit addressing, set destination addresses of all the modules as shown
below. Sample Configuration (All modules in the network):
• DL (Destination Low Address) = 0x0000FFFF
• DH (Destination High Address) = 0x00000000
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
SDA
SCL
DEVICE CONNECTIONS
Data Transfer
Data transfer may be initiated only when the bus is not busy. During a data
transfer, the data line must remain stable whenever the clock line is high. Any changes in
the data line while the clock line is high will be interpreted as a START or STOP
condition. The state of the data line represents valid data when after a START condition,
the data line is stable for the duration of the HIGH period of the clock signal. The data on
the line must be changed during the LOW period of the clock signal. There is one clock
pulse per bit of data. Each data transfer is initiated with a START condition and
terminated with a STOP condition.
START Condition
The START condition precedes all commands to the devices and is defined as a HIGH to
LOW transition of SDA when SCL is HIGH.
STOP Condition
The STOP condition is defined as a LOW to HIGH transition of SDA when SCL is
HIGH. All operations must end with a STOP condition.
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
Acknowledge
After a successful data transfer, each receiving device is required to generate an
acknowledge. The Acknowledging device pulls down the SDA line.
Device addressing
The MASTER begins a transmission by sending a START condition. The MASTER then
sends the address of the particular slave devices it is requesting. The SLAVE address is 8
bits.
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
RS232 Overview :
RS232 is the serial connection commonly used in PCs. It is used for many
purposes, such as connecting computers to sensors and modems, or for instrument
control. RS232 hardware permits communication at distances up to 50 ft. RS232 is
limited to point-to-point connections between PC serial ports and devices. For this
reason, it is common to require additional RS232 serial ports for the computer.
National Instruments offers RS232 serial interfaces on a variety of platforms, including
PCI, USB, PCMCIA, ExpressCard, PXI, and Ethernet. Depending on the platform, NI
Serial interfaces are available in 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 port versions. In addition, NI RS232
serial interfaces offer increased functionality, such as high speed baud rates up to 1 Mb/s,
minimal CPU usage through DMA transfers, optional 2000 V port-to-port isolation, and
configurable nonstandard baud rates.
DB-9 CONNECTOR :
The DB9 (male) connector is normally used to provide serial input and output
to/from a remote computer. The signal levels are fully RS232 compliant. (connected
computer specifications may be slower). The wiring of the DB9 connector is:
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
1 N/C (DCD)
2 Receive Data RxD
3 Transmit Data TxD
4 N/C (DTR)
5 Signal Ground GND
6 N/C (DSR)
7 Request to Send RTS
8 Clear to Send CTS
9 N/C RI
MAX232 :
MAX232 convert the RS-232 signals to CMOS-logic output levels. The MAX232
line drivers/receivers are designed for RS-232 and V.28 Communications innsures harsh
environments. The guaranteed 0.8V input low threshold e that receivers shorted to ground
have a logic 1 output. This provides clean output transitions, even with slow rise/fall-time
signals with moderate amounts of noise and ringing.
MAX
232
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
MAX3232 :
The MAX3232 have 2 receivers and 2 drivers. The MAX3222 and MAX3232 are
pin, package, and functionally compatible with the industry-standard MAX232.
MAX
3232
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
CHAPTER # 3
SOLUTION DESIGN
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
RF
Transreceiver
KEYPAD
Micro-
Controller
LCD
Display
RF RTC DS1307
Transreceiver
Micro-
Controller
SWITCHES
INPUTS LCD DISPLAY
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
We are using two RF modules, one for transmitting the vehicle number and
other one is use for the receiving that vehicle number. The RF modules which is used
to transmit the vehicle number is placed in the vehicle cabin and other RF module is
placed in security cabin for receiving that vehicle number.
When a user want to park his vehicle in the parking zone, user has to enter the
code provided to him. The code which is entered by the user is checked by the
microcontroller in the vehicle cabin if it is correct then the microcontroller send the
vehicle number to the RF module placed in the security cabin. The RF modules in
security cabin will receive that vehicle number. The microcontroller in security cabin
find the available empty slot number and send that slot number to the microcontroller
placed in the vehicle cabin and the LCD display will shows the empty slot number and
microcontroller will open the gate and then the entry of the vehicle will get recorded
with the help of RTC.
The microcontroller in the security cabin also checks whether the vehicle is
parked in correct slot number or not? If it is parked in wrong slot number then the
incorrect slot in which vehicle is parked is founded and the allocated number is
replaced by the incorrect number in memory. The number which is allocated to user is
then stored as vacant slot. Each slot is provided a separate switch for it, if a vehicle is
parked in a slot then the corresponding key will get pressed and its output will go
high. The output of each switch is given to the MUX IC. The status of each slot
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
number is decided by MUX output. The entries in the memory for the vacant slot are
updated as per the MUX output.
At the time of entry of vehicles, the system will store the users vehicle number,
entry time of each vehicle, slot number of the vehicle. The controller keeps the space
reserved in the memory for storing exit time of vehicle.
If any vehicle leaves the slot, then switch in corresponding slot released and
using MUX controller finds the slot number. The controller finds out the memory
record of that slot number and save the exit time in empty space.
At the exit time user has to again enter that four digit code which is provided to
him and microcontroller will check that code if the code is correct then RF module
will send the vehicle number to the security cabin and microcontroller in the security
cabin will receive that number with the help of RF module and microcontroller will
open the gate and store the exit time.
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
• Microcontroller :
There are four major 8 bit microcontrollers. They are: Motorola’s 6811,
Intel’s 8051, and PIC 16X from Microchip technologies. Each of the above
microcontrollers has unique features. Some important points considered while
selecting a micro controller.
Z Micro controller should meet computing need of the task efficiently and cost
effectively. That is we must see whether 8-bit, 16-bit or 32 bit micro
controller can best handle computing needs of the task.
Z Further we should check availability of on-chip RAM and EPROM, number
of I/O pins, timers and interrupts.
Z We should also see cost per unit and power consumption.
Z Availability of software development tools such as compiler, assemblers,
Debuggers.
Z The micro controller should have sufficient memory to complete the need of
program.
Z The microcontroller should be easily available in the market.
Considering these points we have selected micro controller AT89C51RD2.
The AT89C51RD2 is a low power high performance, flash version of 89C51 8-bit
micro controller.
89C51RD2 Microcontroller
The P89C51RD2xx contains a non-volatile 64KB Flash program memory that is
both parallel programmable and serial In-System and In-Application Programmable.
In-System Programming (ISP) allows the user to download new code while the
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
Specification of 89C51RD2
Z Four 8-bit I/O ports.
Z RAM expandable externally to 64 kbytes
Z On-chip Flash Program Memory with In-System Programming
(ISP) and In-Application Programming (IAP) capability.
Z Boot ROM contains low level Flash programming routines for
downloading via the UART.
Z Can be programmed by the end-user application (IAP).
Z Seven interrupt sources
Z Full-duplex enhanced UART
– Framing error detection
– Automatic address recognition
• RF modules :
XBee RF module
XBee RF Modules were engineered to meet IEEE 802.15.4 standards and
support the unique needs of low-cost, low-power wireless sensor networks. The
modules require minimal power and provide reliable delivery of data between devices.
The modules operate within the ISM 2.4 GHz frequency band and are pin-for-pin
compatible with each other.
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
XBee-PRO RF module
• Display :
LCD Display
It has easy interface with a 4-bit or 8-bit MPU and built-in Dot Matrix LCD
Controller with font 5x7, Character generator ROM which provide 160 characters
with font 5x7 dots and 32 characters with font 5x10 dots. Both display data and
character generators RAMs can be read from the MPU. It has built in oscillator circuit
(No external clock required). Wide range of instruction functions like Clear Display,
Cursor Home, Display ON/OFF, Cursor ON/OFF, Curser Shift and Display Shift are
there. Basically there are two types of displays viz. LED and LCD.
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
We have preferred liquid crystal display (LCD) it has less operating voltage and
it is easily mountable. The LCD module is to be powered by a 5V power supply. The
power supply to the backlight is given through the current limiting resistor.
A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of
color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. It is prized
by engineers because it uses very small amounts of electric power, and is therefore
suitable for use in battery-powered electronic devices.
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
• EEPROM Memory :
AT24C512
The AT24C512 provides 524,288 bits of serial electrically erasable and
programmable read only memory (EEPROM) organized as 65,536 words of 8 bits
each. The device’s cascadable feature allows up to 4 devices to share a common 2-
wire bus. The device is optimized for use in many industrial and commercial
applications where low-power and low-voltage operation are essential.
Specification of AT24C512
Z Low-voltage and Standard-voltage Operation.(5.0V,2.7V,1.8V)
Z 2-wire Serial Interface.
Z Bidirectional Data Transfer Protocol.
Z 1 MHz (5V), 400 kHz (2.7V) and 100 kHz (1.8V) Compatibility.
Z Write Protect Pin for Hardware and Software Data Protection.
Z 128-byte Page Write Mode. (Partial Page Writes Allowed)
Z High Reliability.(Write Cycles– Data Retention: 40 Years)
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
CHAPTER # 4
IMPLEMENTATION
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
COLUMNS
LCD DISPLAY
39 1 4
P0.0 P1.0 RS
ROWS
38 2 5
37 P0.1 P1.1 3 6 RW
36 P0.2 P1.2 5 7 EN
24 P0.3 P1.4 6 8 D0
23 P2.3 P1.5 7 9 D1
22 P2.2 P1.6 8 10 D2
P2.1 P1.7 D3 ANT
21 11
P2.0 12 D4
25 13 D5 XBee RF
4X4 KEYPAD 26 P2.4 14 D6 MODULE
27 P2.5 D7
28 P2.6 1 GND VCC Din Dout
P2.7 GND GND
GND 35 +5V 2
33 pF 34 P0.4 3 VCC 10 1 2 3
P0.5 -5V VSS
12 MHz
33
P0.6
10K
32 GND +3.5V
P0.7
.
33 pF 18
19 XTAL2
9 XTAL1
RST
10 uF 11 10 7 3 2 7 10
40 TXD 10 9 Tin Tout 8 2 TXD - 3 RXD 8 Tout Tin 9
VCC RXD Rout Rin 1 RXD- TXD Rin Rout 1
.
C2 C1+ C2 C1+
RESET AT89C51
20
6 C3 6 C3
15 V- 3 15 V- 3
GND C1- 4
DB-9 DB-9 GND C1- 4
C1 C2+ C1 C2+
GND
C5 2 C4 2 C4
16 +V 5 16 +V 5
VCC C2- VCC VCC C2-
MAX232 MAX3232
-5V+5VGND BATTERY
DS1307 32KHz
S/W INPUTS
........
VCC 1 1 39 3 1
2 2 P1.0 P0.0 38 VBAT X1
P1.1 P0.1
4
5
6
3
2
1
3 3 37 2
GND 4 4 P1.2 P0.2 35 7 X2
RS
VSS
RW
EN
VCC
GND
........ 7
8
7
8
P1.5
P1.6
P1.7
P0.6
P0.7
32
25
SDA
10 D2
D3 LCD DISPLAY
5
6
P2.4
SCL
26
P2.5
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
12 22 5 6 6 5
9
13 P3.2 P2.1 23
P3.3 P2.2 GND ANT
14 21 4 4
15 P3.4 P2.0 24
SDA SCL - - SCL SDA XBee RF
16 P3.5
P3.6
P2.3
VCC
8 8
VCC
MODULE
17
27 P3.7 GND VCC Din Dout
28 P2.6 24C512 +5V
24C512
18 P2.7 10 1 2 3
19 XTAL2 11
GND XTAL1 P3.1/TXD
12 MHz
33 pF 9 10 GND +3.5V
40 RST P3.0/RXD
VCC
10K
10 7 3 2 7 10
.
.
33 pF 9 8 2 3 8 9
Rout Rin RXD- TXD Rin Rout
20
1 1
AT89C51RD2 C2 C1+ C7 C1+
6 C3 6 C9
10 uF 15 V- 3 15 V- 3
GND C1- 4
DB-9 DB-9 GND C1- 4
C1 C2+ C6 C2+
GND
RESET C5 2 C4 2 C8
16 +V 5 16 +V 5
VCC C2- VCC VCC C2-
MAX232 MAX3232
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
- 43 -
RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
The MAX232 converts the TTL level of microcontroller to the RS232 level and
vice versa. The pin no.9 (Rout) and pin no.10 (Tin) of MAX232 are connected to pins
p3.1 (TxD) and p3.0 (RxD) of the microcontroller respectively. The pin no.7 (Tout)
and pin no.8 (Rin) of MAX232 are connected to pin no.3 (TxD) and pin no.2(RxD) of
the DB9 connector respectively.
The MAX3232 converts the RS232 level to the TTL level of RF module and vice
versa. The pin no.7 (Tout) and pin no.8 (Rin) of MAX3232 are connected to pin no.3
(TxD) and pin no.2 (RxD) of the DB9 connector respectively. The pin no.9 (Rout) and
pin no.10 (Tin) of MAX3232 are connected to pin no.2 (Dout) and pin no.3 (DI) of the
RF module respectively.
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
RF module is interface with the microcontroller using two port pins p3.0 and
p3.1. The port pin p3.1 (TxD) of microcontroller is connected to DI pin (no.3) of RF
module and port pin p3.0 (RxD) of microcontroller is connected to DOUT pin (no.2) of
RF module. The microcontroller sends the data serially through the TxD pin and receive
data on the RxD pin (p3.0).
For conversion of TTL level of microcontroller to the RS232 level and vice versa
MAX232 is used. The pin no.9 (Rout) and pin no.10 (Tin) of MAX232 are connected to
pins p3.1 (TxD) and p3.0 (RxD) of the microcontroller respectively. The pin no.7 (Tout)
and pin no.8 (Rin) of MAX232 are connected to pin no.3 (TxD) and pin no.2 (RxD) of
the DB9 connector respectively.
For conversion of RS232 level to the TTL level of RF module and vice versa
MAX3232 is used. The pin no.7 (Tout) and pin no.8 (Rin) of MAX3232 are connected
to pin no.3 (TxD) and pin no.2 (RxD) of the DB9 connector respectively. The pin no.9
(Rout) and pin no.10 (Tin) of MAX3232 are connected to pin no.2 (Dout) and pin no.3
(DI) of the RF module respectively.
Two external EEPROM memories are used to store the record of incoming and
outgoing vehicles. AT24C512 is a serial EEPROM data memory which controlled by two
lines SDA (serial data line) and SCL (serial clock line). The port pins p2.4 and p2.5 of the
microcontroller are used as SDA and SCL respectively. Pin no.5 and pin no.6 of
AT24C512 are connected to the port pins p2.4 and p2.5 of the microcontroller.
A serial RTC DS1307 is interfaced with microcontroller for date and time
information. RTS DS1307 requires two wire interface as same as EEPROM memory.
Same lines SDA (p2.4) and SCL (p2.5) of the microcontroller are used for serial
communication. Pin no.5 (SDA) and pin no.6 (SCL) of RTC are connected to p2.4 and
p2.5 of the microcontroller. A 32KHz crystal oscillator is used between pin no.1(X1) and
pin no.2(x2). The battery supply is given to the RTC through pin VBAT (pin no.3).
- 45 -
RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
DISPLAY “WELCOME TO
AUTO PARKING”
SEND ‘^’
CHARACTOR
‘#SS’ CHARACTER NO
RECEIVED?
YES
DISPLAY MESSAGE
ENTER YOUR PASSWORD
NO
CHECK PASSWORD DISPLAY MESSAGE
CORRECT? “ACCESS DENIED”
YES
SEND VEHICLE NUMBER
YES
STOP
- 46 -
RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
MASTER ROUTINE
START
‘^’ CHARACTER
RECEIVED?
NO
YES
SEND ‘#SS’
CHARACTER
IS THE VEHICLE
PARKED?
NO
YES
- 47 -
RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
EXIT ROUTINE
START
YES
SAVE THE EXIT DATE,
TIME, VEHICLE No. & SLOT
No. IN THE MEMORY
- 48 -
RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
DISPLAY ROUTINE
START
SET POINTER
TO 0A2H OR 0A4H
ADDRESS
NO
IS POINTER AT END
OF MEMORY?
YES
The software selection is the backbone of entire project. Software development includes
programs written for the interfacing of microcontroller with RF module, 4X4 matrix
keypad, LCD display, RTC etc. The codes written for the microcontroller are best
explained with the help of the above flowcharts. The complete program and the
interfacing codes have been written in C language using the software Keil V2.20a. The
software Orcad 9.2 have been used for schematic of project circuit.
- 49 -
RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
Layout Planning :-
The layout of PCB should encompass the relation between and the
interaction of components and assemblies throughout the system. Depending up to
accuracy required the art work may be produced at 1:1 or 2:1 or 4:1 ratio. If it is 1:1
layout the actual size of the component should be known, 1:1 layout is supposed to be
the best.
In our design we have preferred 1:1 ratio for preparing artwork.
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
PCB Size :-
In order to have efficient testing and repairs of PCBs small size boards shall be
given performance. In large PCBs the isolation of that part of the circuit which is not
functioning is very difficult because there are usually no means to interrupts or
influence the signal flow. It is always recommended to provide at least 5% extra area
for modification so that complete design of PCB can be avoided.
The size of PCB used in security cabin is 15cm X 12cm. And the PCB used in the
vehicle cabin are of size 10cm X 12cm.
Layout approaches:-
The rules for preparing layout for PCB are as follows.
i) Each and every PCB layout should be made from viewing from the component
side i.e. top side.
ii) Unless the circuit diagram is completely clear the designing of layout should not
be started.
iii) As far as possible the layout should be delivered in the direction of the signal
flow.
iv) The larger component should be planned to be placed first and the space in
between should be filled with smaller components.
v) The components which requires input/output should come near the connectors.
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
work required in PCB technology is entirely of line type. Line photography means
that only fully black or fully transparent portion have to be reproduced.
Etching :-
With the help of etching the final copper pattern is formed by selective removal
of all the unwanted copper, which is not provided by the etch resist.
Rinsing :-
After the etching is over the rinsing is necessary to remove the etchant
contamination from the surface. For rinsing HCL or Oxalic acid is used.
Drilling :-
Drilling of component mounting holes into PCBs is by far the most important
mechanical machining operation. Holes are made by drilling wherever a superior hole
finish is required.
Soldering
Soldering is done for the metallurgical joining two or more parts. There are two
types soldering : Hard and Soft soldering. Alloys used for hard solders require
temperature above 400 oC while soft solders bond at temperatures below 400 oC.
Almost Soft solders are tin alloys. It has higher bonding strength.
- 52 -
RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
CHAPTER # 5
APPLICATIONS
&
ADVANTAGES
- 53 -
RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
5.1 APPLICATIONS
Z IN PRIVATE COMPANY OR HOUSING SOCIATY:-
In private company or housing society we can also use this system.
Z FOR MILITARY PURPOSE:-
In military areas the security is of great concern. The military vehicle will
having RF transmitter which will be transmitting it's identity to the receiver
module present in security cabin .the security cabin will access the data send &
will grant the entry of the vehicle.
Z FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANT:-
Nuclear power plant or reactor is highly restricted areas. Hence this
technology can be used there. So that entry of vehicle & people can be recorded
there.
Z FOR PARLIAMENT PARKING:-
In parliament parking each minister vehicle will having RF
transmitter & receiver module, which will be transmitting it's identity to the
other similar module present in security cabin .the security cabin will access the
data send & will grant the entry of the vehicle.
- 54 -
RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
5.2 ADVANTAGES
5.3 CONSTRAINTS
- 55 -
RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
CHAPTER # 6
FUTURE SCOPE
- 56 -
RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
The system can be enhanced more to face the challenges in the future. For this
system must be improved technically.
Z Instead of using 4X4 matrix keyboard, one can use 8X8 keyboard.
Because of which the code word will be more which will be difficult to
hack.
Z Code bits can be increased to send more data for verification.
Z Data collision can be avoided using software.
Z The range of RF module can be increased by using better module.
Z By increasing range better performance can achieved.
Z For commercial purpose some modification can be carried out.
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM
CHAPTER # 7
APPENDIX
- 58 -