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INDEX

ABSTRACT
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 3
1.1 Problem Definition 4
1.2 Problem Analysis 4

Chapter 2. LITERATURE SURVEY 6


2.1 RF Theory 7
2.1.1 History 7
2.1.1 RF Bands 8
2.1.2 Advantages of radio communication 10
2.1.3 RF Technology 11
2.1.4 Application of Radio Frequency 13
2.2 RF Module 15
2.3 Serial communication 25

Chapter 3. SOLUTION DESIGN 31


3.1 Block Diagram 32
3.2 Functional Description 33
3.3 Hardware Solution 35
3.3.1 List of components used 35
3.3.2 Hardware configuration 36

Chapter 4. IMPLEMENTATION 41
4.1 Circuit Diagram/Schematic 42
4.2 Schematic Level Working . 43
RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

4.3 Software Solution 46


3.4.1 Flowcharts 46
3.4.2 Softwares used 49
4.4 PCB Design 50

Chapter 5. ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS 53

Chapter 6. FUTURE SCOPE 56

APPENDIX 58

1. PCB Layouts
2. Bill Of Material
3. Datasheets

Chapter 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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CHAPTER # 1

INTRODUCTION

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1.1 Problem Definition :


The aim of this project is to design security system for the private societies,
Companies and restricted area by identifying the vehicle entry in the campus. For
permitting entry of vehicle, vehicle code and driver code will be entered from vehicle
cabin. The controller will process the data sent by vehicle cabin and will give the
necessary signal to barricade.

1.2 Problem Analysis :


In private society, companies, the entries of vehicles as well as men are not
allowed. So instead of employing large man power an automatic secured parking
system is employed. This saves lot of money and chances of errors are also less. Some
methods to meet these requirements are used of RF-ID and Bar Code Reader. But they
have their limitations. In RF-ID we cannot make changes; it’s a fixed pattern. Once the
RF-ID tag is programmed, it cannot be programmed again. And in Bar Code Reader,
the Bar patterns can be easily duplicated. So, we have designed a system, which is
reprogrammable. So even if the code is leaked out it can be changed.
The basic theme of the project is to monitor and control the entry of vehicles
in private and restricted zones. Such a system in our case is P89S51RD2 based
microcontroller board. The system will check the code for entry and keep the record of
vehicle number, date & time of entry. A 4x4 matrix keyboard is interfaced with
microcontroller P89S51RD2 in the vehicle cabin for the driver to enter the required
code for transmission of that vehicle number. The code can be alphanumeric. The code
entered by the driver is given to the microcontroller and it matches with a specified
code, if the code is matched, the microcontroller will send it’s vehicle number to the
receiver in the security cabin. After receiving the vehicle number, the microcontroller
will open the gate of parking and sending the empty slot number available in the

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parking to the microcontroller in the vehicle cabin. The microcontroller in the vehicle
cabin displays this slot number to the driver on the LCD display which is fixed in the
vehicle cabin. The entry of the user will get recorded with the help of RTC. In the
similar way, at the time of leaving the driver must enter the code to open the gate of
parking . The exit time also get recorded and stored in the memory. The entry and exit
record of all vehicle can be obtained any time from the memory. The record can be
display on the LCD fixed in the receiver cabin or on a computer.

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CHAPTER # 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

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2.1 RF THEORY
2.1.1 History :
Somewhere around 1889 a German physicist Herinrich Hertz actually
succeeded in generating the first airborne RF wave in his laboratory for all his daring
&brilliance the RF engineers of the world have honored him by using his name as the
unit of measure for frequency. Before progressing into today's radio technology it is
interesting to put it in perspective & look at in the way in which radio developed. The
story of its development is fascinating.
Maxwell's worked into electromagnetic theory. Much of his work was
theoretical & not practical .Latter a German scientist Herinrich. Hertz proved
existence of these waves & its properties. As Hertz has discovered these waves they
soon became to known as "Hrtzian Waves ". Once existence of electromagnetic waves
was confirmed, it did not take long before people started to think of using them for
communicating.
Marconi managed to receive a signal over two km away from transmitter .The
navy saw the possibilities of using wireless equipment for communication at sea &
they showed considerable interest. Marconi started to investigate its use for providing
a long distance communication link .The main goal was to be able to send a message
across Atlantic ,which was not easy .Finally on 12'th December 1901 the first
transmission was received when the letter 'S' was detected in receiver.

The term radio frequency (RF) refers to the electromagnetic field that is
generated when an alternating current is input to an antenna .This field ,also called an
RF field or radio wave can be used for wireless broadcasting & communication over
a significant portion of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum from 9 KHz to 1000's
GHz .This portion is referred to as the RF spectrum .As the frequency is increased

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beyond the RF spectrum , electromagnetic energy takes form of infrared (IR), visible
light .Ultraviolet (UV), X-rays & gamma rays.
Radio technology is becoming increasingly important in today's highly
sophisticated electronics industry. There are traditional uses including broadcasting &
point to point communication, as well as new technology associated with cellular
phones & new wireless data .In limited area communication we can expand our
network from a single building to a complex consisting of multiple building .Now the
actual information may be of still lower frequencies of the order of few KHz & term
wireless implies RF.
Many types of wireless devices make use of RF fields, television, cordless &
cellular telephones , satellite communication system & many measuring & instrument
system used in manufacturing .Some wireless devices, such as remote control boxes &
cordless mice operate at IR or visible light frequencies .The RF spectrum is divided
into several ranges or bands .Each of these bands ,other than the lowest frequency
segment, represents an increase of frequency corresponding to an order of
magnitude(power of ten).

2.1.2 Radio frequency bands :

Designation Abbrivation Frequencies Free-space


wavelengths
Very Low Frequency VLF 9 kHz - 30 kHz 33 km – 10 km
Low Frequency LF 30 kHz - 300 kHz 10 km – 1 km
Medium Frequency MF 300 kHz - 3 MHz 1 km – 100 m
High Frequency HF 3 MHz - 30 100 m – 10 m

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MHz
Very High Frequency VHF 30MHz - 300 10 m – 1 m
MHz
Ultra High Frequency UHF 300 MHz - 3 GHz 1 m – 100 mm
Super High Frequency SHF 3 GHz - 30 100 mm – 10
GHz mm
Extremely High Frequency EHF 30 GHz - 300 10 mm – 1 mm
GHz

The frequency of a wave is determined by its oscillations or cycles per second.


One cycle is one hertz (Hz); 1,000 cycles is one kilohertz (KHz); 1 million cycles is 1
megahertz (MHz); and 1 billion cycles is 1 gigahertz (GHz). A station on the AM dial
at 98, for example, broadcasts using a signal that oscillates 98,000 times per second,
or has a frequency of 98 KHz. A station a little further up the dial at 710 broadcasts
using a signal that oscillates 710,000 times per second, or has a frequency of 710
KHz. With a slice of the RF pie licensed to each broadcaster, the RF range can be
neatly divided and utilized by multiple parties.

The FCC shares responsibility for RF assignment with the national


telecommunication and Information Administration (NTIA), which is responsible for
regulating federal uses of the RF spectrum. At present, according to the FCC,
frequencies from 9 KHz – 275 GHz have been allocated, with the highest bands
reserved for satellite and radio astronomy. The sample chart below lists of major
categories with approximated RF ranges. In actuality, there are no gap between
categories, as hundreds of other uses are also assigned, from garage door openers and
alarm system to amateur radio and emergency broadcasting.

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2.1.3 Advantages of radio communication :

Radio communications are used over cable based communication network for
several reasons:
1) LINE OF SITE:-
Line of site when speaking of RF means more than just being able to see the
receiving antenna from the transmitting antenna .In, order to have true line of site no
objects(including trees, houses or the ground ) can be in the Fresnel zone. The Fresnel
zone is the area around the visual line of sight that radio waves spread out into after
they leave the antenna. This area must be clear or else signal strength will weaken

2) COST EFFECTIVENESS:-
The cost of setting up a cable –based network can be huge, due to the amount of
buried or aerial cabling required .The cabling is costly to install & maintain.
These problems are solved by the use of a radio link where the only hardware
required is the building for housing the equipment, the equipment itself the mast &
antenna.

3) QUICK SET-UP:-
The set-up time for a microwave link is a shorter than for a cable based
network. If there is already a tower &building located in the link placement area, the
installation time is in hours or days. If tower & equipment building have to built, the
installation time will be measured in weeks rather than months. This would be the
case if a similar cable based network would be installed.

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4) REALLOCATION:-
Relocation of radio communication equipment is extremely fast , as the
equipment only has to be moved to another location &set up along with its antenna.

5) INACCESSIBILITY:-
In some places the only practical way to provide communication normally due
to the environment is to use a radio based link, as it may be impossible to install a
cable based network.

2.1.4 RF Technology :
What is radio frequency?
A radio wave is electromagnetic wave propagated by an antenna. Radio waves
have different frequencies, and by tuning a radio receiver to a specific frequency you
can pick up a specific signal.

Radio frequency (abbreviated RF) is a term that refers to alternating current


(AC) having characteristics such that, if the current is input to an antenna, an
electromagnetic (EM) field is generated suitable for wireless broadcasting and/or
communications. These frequencies over a significant portion of the electromagnetic
radiation spectrum, extending from 9 KHz; the lowest allocated wireless
communications frequency (it’s within the range of human hearing), to thousands of
gigahertz (GHz).

When an RF current is supplied to an antenna, it gives rise to an


electromagnetic field that propagates through space. This field is sometimes called an
RF field; in less technical jargon it is a “radio wave”. Any RF field has a wavelength

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that is inversely proportional to the frequency. In the atmosphere or in outer space, if ‘


f ‘ is the frequency in megahertz and ‘ s’ is wavelength in meters, then,
s = 300/f

The frequency of an RF signal is inversely proportional to the wavelength of


the EM field to which it corresponds. At 9 KHz, the free space wavelength is
approximately 33 kilometers (km) or 21 miles (mi).At the highest frequencies, the EM
wavelengths measure approximately one millimeter (1 mm). As the frequency is
increased beyond that of the RF spectrum, EM energy takes the form of infrared (IR),
visible, ultraviolet (UV), X-rays, and gamma rays.

Many types of wireless devices make use of RF fields. Cordless and cellular
telephone, radio and television broadcast stations, satellite communication systems,
and two-way radio services all operate in RF spectrum. Some wireless devices operate
at IR or visible-light frequencies, whose electromagnetic wavelengths are shorter than
those of RF fields. Examples include most television-set remote-control boxes, some
cordless computer keyboards and mice, and a few wireless hi-fi stereo headsets.

The RF spectrum is divided into several ranges, or bands. With the exception of
the lowest frequency segment, each band represents an increase of frequency
corresponding to an order of magnitude (power of 10). The table depicts the eight
bands in a RF spectrum, showing frequency and bandwidth ranges. The SHF and EHF
bands are often referred to as the microwave spectrum.

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2.1.5 Application of radio frequency :

Z Garage door opners, alarm system, etc. –Around 40 MHz


Z Standard cordless phones: Bands from 40 to 50 MHz
Z Baby monitors: 49 MHz
Z Radio controlled airplanes: Around 72MHz
Z Radio controlled cars: Around 75MHz
Z Wildlife tracing collars: 215 to 220 MHz
Z MIR space station: 145 MHz and 437 MHz
Z Cell phones: 824 to 849 MHz
Z New 500 MHz cordless phones: Obviously above 900 MHz!
Z Air traffic control: radar: 960 to 1,215 MHz
Z Global positioning system: 1,227 and 1,575 MHz

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Some more applications of RF with the respective frequency band are as


mentioned in the following table:

Aeronautical/Maritime 9 KHz – 535 KHz


FM Radio 535 KHz – 1,700 KHz
Shortwave radio 5.9 MHz – 26.9 MHz
Citizen’s Band(CB) 26.96 MHz – 27.41 MHz
TV station 2-6 54 MHz – 88 MHz
FM radio 88 MHz – 108 MHz
TV stations 7-13 174 MHz – 220MHz
Cell phones CDMA 824 MHz – 849 MHz
Cell phones GSM 869 MHz – 894 MHz
Air traffic controller 960 MHz – 1,215 MHz
GPS 1,227 MHz – 1,575 MHz
Cell phones PCS 1,850 MHz – 1,990 MHz

The RF bands most of us are familiar with are VHF(Very High Frequency),
used by radio and television station 2-13, and UHF(Ultra High Frequency), used by
other television stations, mobile phones and two-way radios. Microwave ovens even
use RF waves to cook food , but these waves are in a super high frequency band or
SFH. Following the electromagnetic spectrum into even higher frequencies, one finds
infrared waves, and finally invisible light.
Radio Frequency, the mode of communication for wireless technologies of all
Kinds, including cordless phones, radar, ham radio, GPS, and radio and television
broadcasts. From baby monitors to cell phones, Bluetooth to remote control toys, RF
waves are all around us.

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2.2 RF MODULE
Why we are using RF module :
We can use the bar code system and RFID tag for the same purpose but both are
having some disadvantages over RF modules which are not suitable for our system
because we are designing a system, which is reprogrammable and RF module allows
the reprogramming. That’s why we are using RF module instead of bar code system
and RFID tag.
Bar code system is having many disadvantages some of those are as shown
below:-
Z The bar code is fixed at the time of printing & it cannot be changed.
Z For the bar code to be read by the scanner there should be a clear optical
line of sight and in many practical application, it is difficult to achieve this.
Z It is very easy to deface the bar code.
Z With just a laser printer, it is very easy to duplicate bar code causing
security violations.

To overcome these problems, RF technology can be effectively used for


materials management & asset tracking. In the last few years Radio frequency
technology has gained a lot of importance & many innovative applications are being
developed using this technology. RF module is going to revolutionize the business all
over the world in coming years.

Initially objective our project was to transmit data between two


microcontrollers, which were 100m apart by using ISM band at frequency of 2.4 GHz.
For that we went through various sites like Atmel, Maxstream, Zigbee, Chipcon etc.
But main hurdle was support, availability also set up cost is to high. Some modules

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are available which transmit data up to 500m but with higher cost. For our purpose, it
doesn’t require so long range of 500 metre. 100 metre range is sufficient to our
application. So we decided to go for lower range RF modules of low cost and high
accuracy.

Hence we decided to design low cost RF module, which forms a plate form for
Wireless communication system. This module work on 2.4 GHz frequency & can be
easily absorbed in any project. Free scale semiconductor (MOTOROLA), Reynolds
Electronics, Dallas, Semiconductor(MAXIM), ATMEL, MAXSTREAM, MICREL
etc. are the manufacturers working in this field. We studied some of RF modules
available in companies. After comparing RF IC’s we decided to use small sized XBee-
PRO RF module of MAXSTREAM because of it’s availability, cost and support.

XBee RF module
XBee RF Modules were engineered to meet IEEE 802.15.4 standards and support
the unique needs of low-cost, low-power wireless sensor networks. The modules require
minimal power and provide reliable delivery of data between devices. The modules
operate within the ISM 2.4 GHz frequency band and are pin-for-pin compatible with
each other.

XBee OEM RF Module

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RF Module operation :

The XBee OEM RF Modules interface to a host device through a logic-level


asynchronous serial port. Through its serial port, the module can communicate with
any logic and voltage compatible UART; or through a level translator to any serial
device (For example: RS-232/485/422 or USB interface board).

UART Data Flow


Devices that have a UART interface can connect directly to the pins of the RF module

as shown in the figure below.

Serial Data
Data enters the module UART through the DI pin (pin 3) as an asynchronous
serial signal. The signal should idle high when no data is being transmitted. Each data
byte consists of a start bit (low), 8 data bits (least significant bit first) and a stop bit
(high). The following figure illustrates the serial bit pattern of data passing through the
module.

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Example Data Format is 8‐N‐1 (bits ‐ parity ‐ # of stop bits) The module UART
performs tasks, such as timing and parity checking, that are needed for data
communications. Serial communications depend on the two UARTs to be configured
with compatible settings (baud rate, parity, start bits, stop bits, data bits).

Flow Control

DI (Data In) Buffer

When serial data enters the RF module through the DI pin (pin 3), the data is
stored in the DI Buffer until it can be processed.
Hardware Flow Control (CTS). When the DI buffer is 17 bytes away from being
full; by default, the module de-asserts CTS (high) to signal to the host device to stop
sending data [refer to D7 (DIO7 Configuration) parameter]. CTS is re-asserted after
the DI Buffer has 34 bytes of memory available.

DO (Data Out) Buffer

When RF data is received, the data enters the DO buffer and is sent out the
serial port to a host device. Once the DO Buffer reaches capacity, any additional
incoming RF data is lost. Hardware Flow Control (RTS). If RTS is enabled for flow

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control (D6 (DIO6 Configuration) Parameter = 1), data will not be sent out the DO
Buffer as long as RTS (pin 16) is de-asserted.

Transparent Operation (By default)


XBee/XBee-PRO RF Modules operate in Transparent Mode. When operating in
this mode, the modules act as a serial line replacement - all UART data received
through the DI pin is queued up for RF transmission. When RF data is received, the
data is sent out the DO pin. When the RO (Packetization Timeout) parameter threshold
is satisfied [refer to RO command description], the module attempts to initialize an RF
transmission. If the module cannot immediately transmit (for instance, if it is already
receiving RF data), the serial data continues to be stored in the DI Buffer. Data is
packetized and sent at any RO timeout or when 100 bytes (maxi-mum packet size) are
received. The module operates as described above unless the Command Mode
Sequence is detected. The Command Mode Sequence consists of three copies of the
command sequence character [CC parameter] surrounded by before and after guard
times [GT parameter

API Operation
API (Application Programming Interface) Operation is an alternative to the
default Transparent Operation. The frame-based API extends the level to which a host
application can interact with the networking capabilities of the module. When in API
mode, all data entering and leaving the module is contained in frames that define
operations or events within the module. Transmit Data Frames (received through the
DI pin (pin 3)) include: • RF Transmit Data Frame • Command Frame (equivalent to
AT commands) Receive Data Frames (sent out the DO pin (pin 2)) include: • Showing
a received RF packet • A response to a command • Showing events such as reset,
associate, disassociate, etc. The API provides alternative means of configuring
modules and routing data at the host application layer. A host application can send

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data frames to the module that contain address and payload information instead of
using command mode to modify addresses. The module will send data frames to the
application containing status packets; as well as source, RSSI and payload information
from received data packets.
Modes of Operation
XBee/XBee-PRO RF Modules operate in five modes.

Figure 2‐05. Modes of Operation

1. Idle Mode

When not receiving or transmitting data, the RF module is in Idle Mode. The
module shifts into the other modes of operation under the following conditions:
• Transmit Mode (Serial data is received in the DI Buffer) • Receive Mode (Valid RF
data is received through the antenna) • Sleep Mode (Sleep Mode condition is met)
• Command Mode (Command Mode Sequence is issued)

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2. Transmit & Receive Modes

RF Data Packets
Each transmitted data packet contains a <Source Address> and <Destination
Address> field. The <Source Address> matches the address of the transmitting
module as specified by the MY (Source Address) parameter (if MY >= 0xFFFE), the
SH (Serial Number High) or the SL (Serial Number Low) parameters. The
<Destination Address> field is created from the DH and DL parameter values. The
<Source Address> and/or <Destination Address> fields will either contain a short 16-
bit or long 64-bit address. The RF data packet structure follows the 802.15.4
specification.

Direct and Indirect Transmission


There are two methods to transmit data. The first method, Direct Transmission,
transmits data immediately to the <Destination Address>. The second method,
Indirect Transmission, retains a packet for a period of time and transmits the data only
after the destination module (<RF Module Source Address> = <Data Destination
Address>) requests the data. Indirect Transmissions can only occur on a Coordinator.
Thus, if all devices in a network are End Devices, only Direct Trans-missions will
occur. Indirect Transmissions are useful to ensure packet delivery to a sleeping device.
The Coordinator currently is able to retain up to 2 indirect messages.

Direct Transmission
A NonBeaconing Coordinator can be configured to only use Direct
Transmission by setting the SP (Cyclic Sleep Period) parameter to “0”. Also, a
NonBeaconing Coordinator using indirect transmissions will revert to direct
transmission if it knows the destination module is awake. To enable this behavior, the
ST (Time before Sleep) value of the Coordinator must be set to match the ST value of

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the End Device. Once the End Device either transmits data to the Coordinator or polls
the Coordinator for data, the Coordinator will use direct transmission for all
subsequent data transmissions to that module address until ST time (or number of
beacons) occurs with no activity (at which point it will revert to using indirect
transmissions for that module address). “No activity” means no transmission or
reception of messages with a specific address. Global messages will not reset the ST
timer.
Indirect Transmission
To configure Indirect Transmissions in a PAN (Personal Area Network), the SP
(Cyclic Sleep Period) parameter value on the Coordinator must be set to match the
longest sleep value of any End Device. The SP parameter represents time in
NonBeacon systems and beacons in Beacon-enabled systems. The sleep period value
on the Coordinator determines how long (time or number of bea-cons) the Coordinator
will retain an indirect message before discarding it.

Acknowledgement
If the transmission is not a broadcast message, the module will expect to receive
an acknowledgement from the destination device. If an acknowledgement is not
received, the packet will be resent up to 3 more times. If the acknowledgement is not
received after all transmissions, an ACK failure is recorded.

3. Sleep Mode

Sleep Modes enable the RF module to enter states of low-power consumption


when not in use. In order to enter Sleep Mode, one of the following conditions must
be met (in addition to the module having a non-zero SM parameter value):

• Sleep RQ (pin 9) is asserted.

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RF BASED INTELLIGENT
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• The module is idle (no data transmission or reception) for the amount of
time defined by the ST (Time before Sleep) parameter. [NOTE: ST is only
active when SM = 4-5.]

The SM command is central to setting Sleep Mode configurations. By


default, Sleep Modes are disabled (SM = 0) and the module remains in Idle/Receive
Mode. When in this state, the module is constantly ready to respond to serial or RF
activity.

 
4. Command Mode
To modify or read RF Module parameters, the module must first enter into
Command Mode - a state in which incoming characters are interpreted as commands.
Two Command Mode options are supported: AT Command Mode and API Command

Addressing
When communication occurs between two networked devices, each data
packet contains a <Source Address> and <Destination Address> field. The module
conforms to the 802.15.4 specification and supports both short 16-bit addresses and
long 64-bit addresses. A unique 64-bit IEEE source address is assigned at the factory
and can be read with the SL (Serial Number Low) and SH (Serial Number High)
parameters. Short addressing must be configured manually. An RF modem will use its
unique 64-bit address as its Source Address if its MY value is “0xFFFF” or
“0xFFFE”. To send a packet to a specific module using 64-bit addressing, set the

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RF BASED INTELLIGENT
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Destination Address (DL + DH) to match the Source Address (SL + SH) of the
intended destination RF modem. To send a packet to a specific module using 16-bit
addressing, set the DL (Destination Address Low) parameter to equal the MY (Source
Address) parameter and set the DH (Destination Address High) parameter to “0”.

1) Unicast Mode
Unicast Mode enables acknowledged communications. While in this mode,
receiving modules send an acknowledgement (ACK) of RF packet reception to the
transmitter. If the transmitting module does not receive the ACK, it will re-send the
packet up to three times or until the ACK is received. Unicast Mode is the only mode
that supports retries.

2) Broadcast Mode
Any RF module will accept a packet that contains a broadcast address. When
configured to operate in Broadcast Mode, receiving modules do not send
acknowledgements and transmitting modules do not automatically re-send packets as
is the case in Unicast Mode. To send a broadcast packet to all modules regardless of
16-bit or 64-bit addressing, set destination addresses of all the modules as shown
below. Sample Configuration (All modules in the network):
• DL (Destination Low Address) = 0x0000FFFF
• DH (Destination High Address) = 0x00000000

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2.3 SERIAL COMMUNICATION

Serial is a device communication protocol that is standard on


almost every PC. Most computers include two RS232-based serial
ports. Serial is also a common communication protocol for
instrumentation in many devices, and numerous GPIB-compatible
devices come with an RS232 port. Furthermore, you can use serial
communication for data acquisition in conjunction with a remote
sampling device.
The concept of serial communication is simple. The serial
port sends and receives bytes of information one bit at a time.
Although this is slower than parallel communication, which allows
the transmission of an entire byte at once, it is simpler and you
can use it over longer distances. For example, the IEEE 488
specifications for parallel communication state that the cabling
between equipment can be no more than 20 m total, with no
more than 2 m between any two devices; serial, however, can
extend as much as 1200 m.
Typically, engineers use serial to transmit ASCII data.
They complete communication using three transmission lines --
ground, transmit, and receive. Because serial is asynchronous,
the port can transmit data on one line while receiving data on
another. Other lines are available for handshaking but are not

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required. The important serial characteristics are baud rate, data


bits, stop bits, and parity.

SDA

SCL

MASTER SLAVE SLAVER


DEVICE DEVICE 1 DEVICE n

DEVICE CONNECTIONS
Data Transfer

Data transfer may be initiated only when the bus is not busy. During a data
transfer, the data line must remain stable whenever the clock line is high. Any changes in
the data line while the clock line is high will be interpreted as a START or STOP
condition. The state of the data line represents valid data when after a START condition,
the data line is stable for the duration of the HIGH period of the clock signal. The data on
the line must be changed during the LOW period of the clock signal. There is one clock
pulse per bit of data. Each data transfer is initiated with a START condition and
terminated with a STOP condition.

START Condition
The START condition precedes all commands to the devices and is defined as a HIGH to
LOW transition of SDA when SCL is HIGH.
STOP Condition
The STOP condition is defined as a LOW to HIGH transition of SDA when SCL is
HIGH. All operations must end with a STOP condition.

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Acknowledge
After a successful data transfer, each receiving device is required to generate an
acknowledge. The Acknowledging device pulls down the SDA line.

Device addressing
The MASTER begins a transmission by sending a START condition. The MASTER then
sends the address of the particular slave devices it is requesting. The SLAVE address is 8
bits.

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RS232 Overview :
RS232 is the serial connection commonly used in PCs. It is used for many
purposes, such as connecting computers to sensors and modems, or for instrument
control. RS232 hardware permits communication at distances up to 50 ft. RS232 is
limited to point-to-point connections between PC serial ports and devices. For this
reason, it is common to require additional RS232 serial ports for the computer.
National Instruments offers RS232 serial interfaces on a variety of platforms, including
PCI, USB, PCMCIA, ExpressCard, PXI, and Ethernet. Depending on the platform, NI
Serial interfaces are available in 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 port versions. In addition, NI RS232
serial interfaces offer increased functionality, such as high speed baud rates up to 1 Mb/s,
minimal CPU usage through DMA transfers, optional 2000 V port-to-port isolation, and
configurable nonstandard baud rates.

DB-9 CONNECTOR :

The DB9 (male) connector is normally used to provide serial input and output
to/from a remote computer. The signal levels are fully RS232 compliant. (connected
computer specifications may be slower). The wiring of the DB9 connector is:

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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

DB9 SIGNAL RS232 Name

1 N/C (DCD)
2 Receive Data RxD
3 Transmit Data TxD
4 N/C (DTR)
5 Signal Ground GND
6 N/C (DSR)
7 Request to Send RTS
8 Clear to Send CTS
9 N/C RI

MAX232 :
MAX232 convert the RS-232 signals to CMOS-logic output levels. The MAX232
line drivers/receivers are designed for RS-232 and V.28 Communications innsures harsh
environments. The guaranteed 0.8V input low threshold e that receivers shorted to ground
have a logic 1 output. This provides clean output transitions, even with slow rise/fall-time
signals with moderate amounts of noise and ringing.

MAX
232

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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

MAX3232 :
The MAX3232 have 2 receivers and 2 drivers. The MAX3222 and MAX3232 are
pin, package, and functionally compatible with the industry-standard MAX232.

MAX
3232

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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

CHAPTER # 3

SOLUTION DESIGN

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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM :

VEHICLE CABIN SECTION :

RF
Transreceiver

KEYPAD
Micro-
Controller

LCD
Display

SECURITY CABIN SECTION :

RF RTC DS1307
Transreceiver

Micro-
Controller

SWITCHES
INPUTS LCD DISPLAY

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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

3.2 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION


Every vehicle is allocated with specific code number of four byte. There is
record of vehicle number, parking account number for every code number.

We are using two RF modules, one for transmitting the vehicle number and
other one is use for the receiving that vehicle number. The RF modules which is used
to transmit the vehicle number is placed in the vehicle cabin and other RF module is
placed in security cabin for receiving that vehicle number.

When a user want to park his vehicle in the parking zone, user has to enter the
code provided to him. The code which is entered by the user is checked by the
microcontroller in the vehicle cabin if it is correct then the microcontroller send the
vehicle number to the RF module placed in the security cabin. The RF modules in
security cabin will receive that vehicle number. The microcontroller in security cabin
find the available empty slot number and send that slot number to the microcontroller
placed in the vehicle cabin and the LCD display will shows the empty slot number and
microcontroller will open the gate and then the entry of the vehicle will get recorded
with the help of RTC.

The microcontroller in the security cabin also checks whether the vehicle is
parked in correct slot number or not? If it is parked in wrong slot number then the
incorrect slot in which vehicle is parked is founded and the allocated number is
replaced by the incorrect number in memory. The number which is allocated to user is
then stored as vacant slot. Each slot is provided a separate switch for it, if a vehicle is
parked in a slot then the corresponding key will get pressed and its output will go
high. The output of each switch is given to the MUX IC. The status of each slot

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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

number is decided by MUX output. The entries in the memory for the vacant slot are
updated as per the MUX output.

At the time of entry of vehicles, the system will store the users vehicle number,
entry time of each vehicle, slot number of the vehicle. The controller keeps the space
reserved in the memory for storing exit time of vehicle.

If any vehicle leaves the slot, then switch in corresponding slot released and
using MUX controller finds the slot number. The controller finds out the memory
record of that slot number and save the exit time in empty space.

At the exit time user has to again enter that four digit code which is provided to
him and microcontroller will check that code if the code is correct then RF module
will send the vehicle number to the security cabin and microcontroller in the security
cabin will receive that number with the help of RF module and microcontroller will
open the gate and store the exit time.

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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

3.3 HARDWARE SOLUTION


3.3.1 List of components used :
1) RF data modules:
Two RF modules are required, one for transmission of vehicle number from
vehicle cabin and another for reception of that vehicle number in security cabin.
2) Microcontrollers:
Two microcontrollers are required; one used in security cabin which will
keep the record of all coming and going vehicle, another used in vehicle cabin which
is used for checking the code entered and is interfaced with RF module and keypad.
3) 16*2 char LCD displays:
Two LCD displays are use. One LCD display is provided in the vehicle
cabin, it will display vacant slot number, some messages. Another one is provided in
the security cabin to display received vehicle number and some messages. It is also
used to view record of all vehicles.
4) On/off Switches:
The number of on/off switches depends on number of slots in the parking.
These are used to check the status of each slot in the parking.
5) A matrix keyboards:
A matrix keypad is used in the vehicle cabin to enter a four digit code of the
user.
6) EEPROM Memory:
Two external serial EEPROM memories are used to store the record of all
incoming and outgoing vehicles separately.
7) Serial RTC:
A serial real time clock is used to get date and time at the time of entry and
exit of vehicles.

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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

3.3.2 Hardware configuration :

• Microcontroller :
There are four major 8 bit microcontrollers. They are: Motorola’s 6811,
Intel’s 8051, and PIC 16X from Microchip technologies. Each of the above
microcontrollers has unique features. Some important points considered while
selecting a micro controller.
Z Micro controller should meet computing need of the task efficiently and cost
effectively. That is we must see whether 8-bit, 16-bit or 32 bit micro
controller can best handle computing needs of the task.
Z Further we should check availability of on-chip RAM and EPROM, number
of I/O pins, timers and interrupts.
Z We should also see cost per unit and power consumption.
Z Availability of software development tools such as compiler, assemblers,
Debuggers.
Z The micro controller should have sufficient memory to complete the need of
program.
Z The microcontroller should be easily available in the market.
Considering these points we have selected micro controller AT89C51RD2.
The AT89C51RD2 is a low power high performance, flash version of 89C51 8-bit
micro controller.

89C51RD2 Microcontroller
The P89C51RD2xx contains a non-volatile 64KB Flash program memory that is
both parallel programmable and serial In-System and In-Application Programmable.
In-System Programming (ISP) allows the user to download new code while the

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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

microcontroller sits in the application. In-Application Programming (IAP) means that


the microcontroller fetches new program code and reprograms itself while in the
system. For In-Application Programming, the user program erases and reprograms
the Flash memory by use of standard routines contained in ROM. The instruction set
is 100% compatible with the 80C51 instruction set.

Specification of 89C51RD2
Z Four 8-bit I/O ports.
Z RAM expandable externally to 64 kbytes
Z On-chip Flash Program Memory with In-System Programming
(ISP) and In-Application Programming (IAP) capability.
Z Boot ROM contains low level Flash programming routines for
downloading via the UART.
Z Can be programmed by the end-user application (IAP).
Z Seven interrupt sources
Z Full-duplex enhanced UART
– Framing error detection
– Automatic address recognition

• RF modules :
XBee RF module
XBee RF Modules were engineered to meet IEEE 802.15.4 standards and
support the unique needs of low-cost, low-power wireless sensor networks. The
modules require minimal power and provide reliable delivery of data between devices.
The modules operate within the ISM 2.4 GHz frequency band and are pin-for-pin
compatible with each other.

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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

XBee-PRO RF module

Specification of XBee-PRO RF module


Z Indoor/Urban: up to 30 metre
Z Outdoor line-of-sight: up to 100 metre
Z Transmit Power: 1 mW
Z Receiver Sensitivity: -92 dBm
Z RF Data Rate: 250,000 bps

• Display :
LCD Display
It has easy interface with a 4-bit or 8-bit MPU and built-in Dot Matrix LCD
Controller with font 5x7, Character generator ROM which provide 160 characters
with font 5x7 dots and 32 characters with font 5x10 dots. Both display data and
character generators RAMs can be read from the MPU. It has built in oscillator circuit
(No external clock required). Wide range of instruction functions like Clear Display,
Cursor Home, Display ON/OFF, Cursor ON/OFF, Curser Shift and Display Shift are
there. Basically there are two types of displays viz. LED and LCD.

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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

Fig3: LCD display (16x2)

A general purpose alphanumeric LCD, with two lines of 16 characters.

We have preferred liquid crystal display (LCD) it has less operating voltage and
it is easily mountable. The LCD module is to be powered by a 5V power supply. The
power supply to the backlight is given through the current limiting resistor.
A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of
color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. It is prized
by engineers because it uses very small amounts of electric power, and is therefore
suitable for use in battery-powered electronic devices.

• Real Time Clock :


Serial RTC DS1307
The DS1307 serial Real Time clock, which incorporates a 2-wire serial
interface, it can be controlled using an 8051-compatible microcontroller. Any two of
the I/O ports can control the DS1307 operation. Address & data are transferred
serially via 2-wire bi-directional bus. The DS1307 Serial Real Time Clock is a low
power, full BCD clock/calendar plus 56 bytes of nonvolatile SRAM. The
clock/calendar provides seconds, minutes, hours, day, date, month, and year
information. The end of the month date is automatically adjusted for months with less
than 31 days, including corrections for leap

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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

Specification of RTC DS1307


Z Real time clock counts seconds, minutes, hours, date of the month, month,
day of the week, and year with leap year compensation valid up to 2100
Z 56 byte nonvolatile RAM for data storage
Z 2-wire serial interface
Z Programmable squarewave output signal
Z Automatic power-fail detect and switch circuitry
Z Consumes less than 500 nA in battery backup mode with oscillator running

• EEPROM Memory :
AT24C512
The AT24C512 provides 524,288 bits of serial electrically erasable and
programmable read only memory (EEPROM) organized as 65,536 words of 8 bits
each. The device’s cascadable feature allows up to 4 devices to share a common 2-
wire bus. The device is optimized for use in many industrial and commercial
applications where low-power and low-voltage operation are essential.

Specification of AT24C512
Z Low-voltage and Standard-voltage Operation.(5.0V,2.7V,1.8V)
Z 2-wire Serial Interface.
Z Bidirectional Data Transfer Protocol.
Z 1 MHz (5V), 400 kHz (2.7V) and 100 kHz (1.8V) Compatibility.
Z Write Protect Pin for Hardware and Software Data Protection.
Z 128-byte Page Write Mode. (Partial Page Writes Allowed)
Z High Reliability.(Write Cycles– Data Retention: 40 Years)

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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

CHAPTER # 4

IMPLEMENTATION

- 41 -
RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

4.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM


-CIRCUIT IN VEHICLE CABIN-

COLUMNS
LCD DISPLAY
39 1 4
P0.0 P1.0 RS
ROWS

38 2 5
37 P0.1 P1.1 3 6 RW
36 P0.2 P1.2 5 7 EN
24 P0.3 P1.4 6 8 D0
23 P2.3 P1.5 7 9 D1
22 P2.2 P1.6 8 10 D2
P2.1 P1.7 D3 ANT
21 11
P2.0 12 D4
25 13 D5 XBee RF
4X4 KEYPAD 26 P2.4 14 D6 MODULE
27 P2.5 D7
28 P2.6 1 GND VCC Din Dout
P2.7 GND GND
GND 35 +5V 2
33 pF 34 P0.4 3 VCC 10 1 2 3
P0.5 -5V VSS
12 MHz

33
P0.6
10K

32 GND +3.5V
P0.7

.
33 pF 18
19 XTAL2
9 XTAL1
RST
10 uF 11 10 7 3 2 7 10
40 TXD 10 9 Tin Tout 8 2 TXD - 3 RXD 8 Tout Tin 9
VCC RXD Rout Rin 1 RXD- TXD Rin Rout 1
.

C2 C1+ C2 C1+
RESET AT89C51
20

6 C3 6 C3
15 V- 3 15 V- 3
GND C1- 4
DB-9 DB-9 GND C1- 4
C1 C2+ C1 C2+
GND
C5 2 C4 2 C4
16 +V 5 16 +V 5
VCC C2- VCC VCC C2-

MAX232 MAX3232

-CIRCUIT IN SECURITY CABIN-

-5V+5VGND BATTERY
DS1307 32KHz
S/W INPUTS
........

VCC 1 1 39 3 1
2 2 P1.0 P0.0 38 VBAT X1
P1.1 P0.1
4
5
6

3
2
1

3 3 37 2
GND 4 4 P1.2 P0.2 35 7 X2
RS

VSS
RW
EN

VCC
GND

5 5 P1.3 P0.4 34 8 D0 8 +5V


SDA
SCL

6 6 P1.4 P0.5 33 9 D1 VCC

........ 7
8
7
8
P1.5
P1.6
P1.7
P0.6
P0.7
32

25
SDA
10 D2
D3 LCD DISPLAY
5
6

P2.4
SCL
26
P2.5
16
15
14
13
12
11
10

12 22 5 6 6 5
9

13 P3.2 P2.1 23
P3.3 P2.2 GND ANT
14 21 4 4
15 P3.4 P2.0 24
SDA SCL - - SCL SDA XBee RF
16 P3.5
P3.6
P2.3
VCC
8 8
VCC
MODULE
17
27 P3.7 GND VCC Din Dout
28 P2.6 24C512 +5V
24C512
18 P2.7 10 1 2 3
19 XTAL2 11
GND XTAL1 P3.1/TXD
12 MHz

33 pF 9 10 GND +3.5V
40 RST P3.0/RXD
VCC
10K

10 7 3 2 7 10
.

Tin Tout TXD - RXD Tout Tin

.
33 pF 9 8 2 3 8 9
Rout Rin RXD- TXD Rin Rout
20

1 1
AT89C51RD2 C2 C1+ C7 C1+
6 C3 6 C9
10 uF 15 V- 3 15 V- 3
GND C1- 4
DB-9 DB-9 GND C1- 4
C1 C2+ C6 C2+
GND
RESET C5 2 C4 2 C8
16 +V 5 16 +V 5
VCC C2- VCC VCC C2-

MAX232 MAX3232

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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

4.2 SCHEMATIC LEVEL WORKING


Circuit in the vehicle cabin :
In the vehicle cabin, the microcontroller is interfaced with the RF module,
LCD display and a keypad. The microcontroller has four 8 pin port named as p0, p1, p2,
p3 etc.
A 4x4 keypad is a matrix keypad which has four rows and four columns. It is
connected to p0 and p2 of the microcontroller. Four rows are connected separately to pins
p0.0, p0.1, p0.2 and p0.3 and columns are connected to p2.0, p2.1, p2.2 and p2.3 pins of
microcontroller. The microcontroller scans every key pressed and generates a separate
code for each key. There are 16 different codes for all combination of pressed rows and
columns.
A 16x2 LCD display is connected to the port p1 of the microcontroller. LCD has 8
data pins and three control signal pins. The pin no.4 (RS), 5 (R/W) and 6 (EN) are
connected to p1.0, p1.1 and p1.2 pins of microcontroller respectively. Only four data
lines are used for sending the 8 bit data by dividing the 8 bit data into group of 4 bits.
Four data pins 7(D0), 8(D1), 9(D2) and 10(D3) are connected to port pins p1.4, p1.5,
p1.6 and p1.7 respectively.
The microcontroller is also interfaced with the RF module. The operation of RF
module is totally based on the concept of serial communication. The RF module has two
pins for data transfer, DI (pin no.3) and DOUT(pin no.2). The RF module receive the
data serially on the pin DI (pin no.3) and send the data through pin DOUT(pin no.2). The
port pin p3.1 (TxD) of the microcontroller is connected to DI pin of RF module and port
pin p3.0 (RxD) of the microcontroller is connected to DOUT pin of RF module The
microcontroller send the data serially through the TxD pin and receive data on the RxD
pin (p3.0). The RF module is operated by separate 3,5V power supply. Vcc is applied to
pin no.1 and ground is connected to the pin no.10 of the RF module.

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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

The MAX232 converts the TTL level of microcontroller to the RS232 level and
vice versa. The pin no.9 (Rout) and pin no.10 (Tin) of MAX232 are connected to pins
p3.1 (TxD) and p3.0 (RxD) of the microcontroller respectively. The pin no.7 (Tout)
and pin no.8 (Rin) of MAX232 are connected to pin no.3 (TxD) and pin no.2(RxD) of
the DB9 connector respectively.
The MAX3232 converts the RS232 level to the TTL level of RF module and vice
versa. The pin no.7 (Tout) and pin no.8 (Rin) of MAX3232 are connected to pin no.3
(TxD) and pin no.2 (RxD) of the DB9 connector respectively. The pin no.9 (Rout) and
pin no.10 (Tin) of MAX3232 are connected to pin no.2 (Dout) and pin no.3 (DI) of the
RF module respectively.

Circuit in the security cabin :


In the security cabin the microcontroller is interfaced with serial RTC (DS1307),
two serial external EEPROM memories, the RF module, LCD display and sixteen
on/off switches.
There are 16 switches connected to port pins of the microcontroller. Every slot has
separate switch placed in it and connected to one port pin. By checking the voltage levels
of these port pins microcontroller will find whether the slot is empty or not? When a
vehicle is parked in the slot, the switch in that slot connects Vcc (+5V) to the
corresponding port pin and in the absence of vehicle the port is connected to ground. 16
switches are connected to port pins p1.0-p1.7, p3.2-p3.7, p2.6 and p2.7 sequentially.
A 16x2 LCD display is connected to the port p0 of the microcontroller. LCD has 8
data pins and three control signal pins. The pin no.4 (RS), 5 (R/W) and 6 (EN) are
connected to p0.0, p0.1 and p0.2 pins of microcontroller respectively. Only four data
lines are used to send 8 bit data by dividing the 8 bit data into group of 4 bits. Four data
pins 7(D0), 8(D1), 9(D2) and 10(D3) are connected to port pins p0.4, p0.5, p0.6 and p0.7
respectively.

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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

RF module is interface with the microcontroller using two port pins p3.0 and
p3.1. The port pin p3.1 (TxD) of microcontroller is connected to DI pin (no.3) of RF
module and port pin p3.0 (RxD) of microcontroller is connected to DOUT pin (no.2) of
RF module. The microcontroller sends the data serially through the TxD pin and receive
data on the RxD pin (p3.0).
For conversion of TTL level of microcontroller to the RS232 level and vice versa
MAX232 is used. The pin no.9 (Rout) and pin no.10 (Tin) of MAX232 are connected to
pins p3.1 (TxD) and p3.0 (RxD) of the microcontroller respectively. The pin no.7 (Tout)
and pin no.8 (Rin) of MAX232 are connected to pin no.3 (TxD) and pin no.2 (RxD) of
the DB9 connector respectively.
For conversion of RS232 level to the TTL level of RF module and vice versa
MAX3232 is used. The pin no.7 (Tout) and pin no.8 (Rin) of MAX3232 are connected
to pin no.3 (TxD) and pin no.2 (RxD) of the DB9 connector respectively. The pin no.9
(Rout) and pin no.10 (Tin) of MAX3232 are connected to pin no.2 (Dout) and pin no.3
(DI) of the RF module respectively.
Two external EEPROM memories are used to store the record of incoming and
outgoing vehicles. AT24C512 is a serial EEPROM data memory which controlled by two
lines SDA (serial data line) and SCL (serial clock line). The port pins p2.4 and p2.5 of the
microcontroller are used as SDA and SCL respectively. Pin no.5 and pin no.6 of
AT24C512 are connected to the port pins p2.4 and p2.5 of the microcontroller.
A serial RTC DS1307 is interfaced with microcontroller for date and time
information. RTS DS1307 requires two wire interface as same as EEPROM memory.
Same lines SDA (p2.4) and SCL (p2.5) of the microcontroller are used for serial
communication. Pin no.5 (SDA) and pin no.6 (SCL) of RTC are connected to p2.4 and
p2.5 of the microcontroller. A 32KHz crystal oscillator is used between pin no.1(X1) and
pin no.2(x2). The battery supply is given to the RTC through pin VBAT (pin no.3).

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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

4.3 SOFTWARE SOLUTION


4.3.1 Flowcharts :
SLAVE ROUTINE START

DISPLAY “WELCOME TO
AUTO PARKING”

SEND ‘^’
CHARACTOR

‘#SS’ CHARACTER NO
RECEIVED?

YES
DISPLAY MESSAGE
ENTER YOUR PASSWORD

RECEIVE THE PASSWORD

NO
CHECK PASSWORD DISPLAY MESSAGE
CORRECT? “ACCESS DENIED”

YES
SEND VEHICLE NUMBER

IS THE SLOT No. NO


RECEIVED?

YES

DISPLAY THAT SLOT NO.

STOP
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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

MASTER ROUTINE
START

‘^’ CHARACTER
RECEIVED?
NO

YES

SEND ‘#SS’
CHARACTER

RECEIVE THE VEHICLE NUMBER

SEND EMPTY SLOT NUMBER

IS THE VEHICLE
PARKED?
NO

YES

FIND SLOT NUMBER IN


WHICH VEHICLE IS
PARKED?

DISPLAY THAT SLOT NO.

SAVE DATE, IN TIME, VEHICLE


NO. IN THE MEMORY

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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

EXIT ROUTINE

START

FIND THE SLOT NO. FROM


WHICH VEHICLE IS OUT

DISPLAY THAT SLOT NO

IS THE VEHICLE No.


RECEIVED? NO

YES
SAVE THE EXIT DATE,
TIME, VEHICLE No. & SLOT
No. IN THE MEMORY

- 48 -
RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

DISPLAY ROUTINE

START

SET POINTER
TO 0A2H OR 0A4H
ADDRESS

SEND THE NEXT 26 BYTES


TO DISPLAY

WAIT FOR 2 SEC

NO
IS POINTER AT END
OF MEMORY?

YES

4.3.2 Softwares used :

The software selection is the backbone of entire project. Software development includes
programs written for the interfacing of microcontroller with RF module, 4X4 matrix
keypad, LCD display, RTC etc. The codes written for the microcontroller are best
explained with the help of the above flowcharts. The complete program and the
interfacing codes have been written in C language using the software Keil V2.20a. The
software Orcad 9.2 have been used for schematic of project circuit.

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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

4.3 PCB DESIGN


The field of PCBs combines a wide range of disciplines, such as mechanics,
chemists, electronic design, production and process management etc. Making a PCB
involves essentially the following two steps :
1) Design and layout of PCB.
2) Fabrication of PCB.

Layout Planning :-
The layout of PCB should encompass the relation between and the
interaction of components and assemblies throughout the system. Depending up to
accuracy required the art work may be produced at 1:1 or 2:1 or 4:1 ratio. If it is 1:1
layout the actual size of the component should be known, 1:1 layout is supposed to be
the best.
In our design we have preferred 1:1 ratio for preparing artwork.

Types of PCB Boards:-


There are most popular two types of PCB Boards.
1) Single Side boards.
2) Double Side boards.
Single sided boards should be used wherever a particular circuit can be
accommodated. The number of jumper wires on the boards should be minimum.
The double sided PCBs can be made with or without plated through holes. The
production of boards with plated through holes is fairly expensive.
In our project we have used single sided PCB.

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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

PCB Size :-
In order to have efficient testing and repairs of PCBs small size boards shall be
given performance. In large PCBs the isolation of that part of the circuit which is not
functioning is very difficult because there are usually no means to interrupts or
influence the signal flow. It is always recommended to provide at least 5% extra area
for modification so that complete design of PCB can be avoided.
The size of PCB used in security cabin is 15cm X 12cm. And the PCB used in the
vehicle cabin are of size 10cm X 12cm.

Layout approaches:-
The rules for preparing layout for PCB are as follows.
i) Each and every PCB layout should be made from viewing from the component
side i.e. top side.
ii) Unless the circuit diagram is completely clear the designing of layout should not
be started.
iii) As far as possible the layout should be delivered in the direction of the signal
flow.
iv) The larger component should be planned to be placed first and the space in
between should be filled with smaller components.
v) The components which requires input/output should come near the connectors.

Film Master Preparation:-


The film master is film negative finally used for direct exposure of photoresists
coated PCB. The film master is a high precision tool for etching. The photographic

- 51 -
RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

work required in PCB technology is entirely of line type. Line photography means
that only fully black or fully transparent portion have to be reproduced.

Etching :-
With the help of etching the final copper pattern is formed by selective removal
of all the unwanted copper, which is not provided by the etch resist.

Rinsing :-
After the etching is over the rinsing is necessary to remove the etchant
contamination from the surface. For rinsing HCL or Oxalic acid is used.

Drilling :-
Drilling of component mounting holes into PCBs is by far the most important
mechanical machining operation. Holes are made by drilling wherever a superior hole
finish is required.

Soldering
Soldering is done for the metallurgical joining two or more parts. There are two
types soldering : Hard and Soft soldering. Alloys used for hard solders require
temperature above 400 oC while soft solders bond at temperatures below 400 oC.
Almost Soft solders are tin alloys. It has higher bonding strength.

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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

CHAPTER # 5
APPLICATIONS
&
ADVANTAGES

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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

5.1 APPLICATIONS
Z IN PRIVATE COMPANY OR HOUSING SOCIATY:-
In private company or housing society we can also use this system.
Z FOR MILITARY PURPOSE:-
In military areas the security is of great concern. The military vehicle will
having RF transmitter which will be transmitting it's identity to the receiver
module present in security cabin .the security cabin will access the data send &
will grant the entry of the vehicle.
Z FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANT:-
Nuclear power plant or reactor is highly restricted areas. Hence this
technology can be used there. So that entry of vehicle & people can be recorded
there.
Z FOR PARLIAMENT PARKING:-
In parliament parking each minister vehicle will having RF
transmitter & receiver module, which will be transmitting it's identity to the
other similar module present in security cabin .the security cabin will access the
data send & will grant the entry of the vehicle.

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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

5.2 ADVANTAGES

The system has lots of advantages, some of them is


Z Convenient & time saving.
Z Manpower required is less.
Z It provides security & reliability.
Z The chances of errors are less compared to manual system.
Z Records of many users can be stored.
Z The power consumption is less.
Z No separate power supply is required as the entire vehicle have battery.

5.3 CONSTRAINTS

Z The range is limited.


Z Initial cost is high.
Z As number of users increases complexity increases.

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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

CHAPTER # 6

FUTURE SCOPE

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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

6.1 FUTURE SCOPE

The system can be enhanced more to face the challenges in the future. For this
system must be improved technically.
Z Instead of using 4X4 matrix keyboard, one can use 8X8 keyboard.
Because of which the code word will be more which will be difficult to
hack.
Z Code bits can be increased to send more data for verification.
Z Data collision can be avoided using software.
Z The range of RF module can be increased by using better module.
Z By increasing range better performance can achieved.
Z For commercial purpose some modification can be carried out.

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RF BASED INTELLIGENT PARKING SYSTEM

CHAPTER # 7

APPENDIX

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