*A remarkable work... In these times of war and violence, this book eves teary ete res Buca ot) Sten) even eu Coen Ma Laon De PublishingBlackwell Readers in Anthropology Violence in War and Peace Edited by Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Philippe Bourgois dived by James L. Watson and Melisa Caldwell OuseContents Pla nec. L Shope agi, About the Editors Acknowledgment Introduction: Making S Parti: Conquest and Colonialism From Heart of Darknes Conrad 2. Culture of Terror ~ Space of Death: Roger Casement’s Putumayo een 9 om 0p Sa sort andthe Explanation of Tortare 5 Worlds: A Biography of the Last an in North 4 his Brain, Ishi's Ashes: Anthrop Nancy Scheper Fhghes 5) Taal W R.Br Part: The Holocaust | Poser Over Life Right of Death » 8 The Gray ZoHannah Arendt 10 Ietiation to Mass Murder: The ow Massacee a A Survivors Tale, I: And He Parti The Politics of Communal Violence 13. From “Helthounds’ ity and Exile Vi o di National From We Wish To Inform You That Tomorrow We W Be Killed With Our Families: Stories from R Part iV: Why Do People Kil? 16. Behavioral Srady of Ohedience Stanley Mj 18 Why Did You Kill: The Cambodian Genocide Side of Face and Fionor Htc Dark Part V: The State Amok: State Violence and Dirty Wars 19. Talking Terror ical Taussig 20 Rodies, Death, and Silence Namey Seb 21 Living in a State of Fear 22 Killing Press, Nuns, Women, Childeen The Fear of Indifference: Combatants’ Anxietcs about the Political Mentty of Civilians during Argentina's Dirty W (On Cultural Anesthesia: From Desert Storm to Rodney King he New War Against Terror: Responding to 9/11 Noa Ch Violence Foretol: Refletions on 9/11 Nancy Scheper-Hughes Part Vi: Violence and Political Resistance From On § Dirty Protest: Symbolic Overdetermination and Gender in Norther Ireland Eehnie Violence Who's the Killer? Populae Justice and Human Rights ina South Afican Sguatter Camp Part vil: Peacetime Crimes: Everyday Violence Terror as Usual: Waker isory as State of Siege “Two Feet Under and a Cardboaed Coftin: The Social Production of Indifference to Child Death N (On Suffering and Structural Violence: A View from Below Suffering Child: An Embodiment of War and Iv Aftermath in Post Sandinista Nicaragu ‘The Lower Classes Smell,” from The Road to Wigat Per 24IS lnnercity Apartheid: The Contoues of Structural i interpersonal Violence Philippe Bowrgois 38 Denaturalizing Disaster: A Social Autopsy of the 1995 Chicago Heat Wav Erie Klinenberg 39 The New “Peculiae Institution”: On the Prison as Surrogate Ghetto Loe Wae Part Vil Gendered Violence age and Body: Transactions in the Construction of P 41. From The Massacre at El Mozote: A Parable of the Cold War Mark Darmer 42 Gender and Symbolic Violen 43. The Everyday Violence of Gang Rape 14 Hooking Up Peotecive Pairing for Punks 45. Sex and Death i the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals Part: Torture 46 From The Body in Pa aking and Unmaking of 47, From Travia and Recovery: The Afar rom Domestic Abuse 0 P 48. The Wet Bag and Other Phantoms Anijie Krog The Treatment of Children in the ‘Diry War’ Meologyy State Terrorism, and the Abuse of Children in Argent Marcelo M, Suares-Orozec Part X: Witnessing/ Writing Violence 50 From Mau A Survivor's Tal, I: And Here My Troubles Bega 51. Missing the Revolution: Anthropologists and the War in Pera Orin St With Genet in the Palestinian Field The Antheopologst as Terrorist Joseba Zulaika An Alternative Anthropology: Exercising the Preferenial The Continuum of Vilence in War and Peace: Post-Cold War Lessons from El Salvado Philippe Be Part x: Aftermaths 38 56 60 365 6 Inde Colonial Wae and Mental Disorders rom The Soft Vengeance of a Freedom Fighter doing: Social Suffering and the Politics of Remosse rom W sme Killers: Colonialism, Ni Genocide ir Re Fr den of Memory: The Muse of Forgiveness W 2 402 416 420About the Editors Acknowledgments sis Professor and Chai of the De the University of Califor sc wn for his Di tly conducting fiekdwork among biprinted by permission of Georges Borchar ney forthe Edisons Gaia, 8. Levi Primo, 1988. excerpt) “The Geay Zone” rom The Drowned and the Saved, pp. 37-88, New York Som & Schuster From “The Gesy Zone” Abidged sr reprinted wth permission f Simon Be Areadt, Hannah. 1963, (abridged "Judgement, Appeal, and Execution” From Bichon in Jers A Report cm the Banlty of etl pp. 31, 25-6, 46-55 135, 137-8, 188,252. New Yorks Peng Books. Copyeiht © 1963, 1968 by Hannah Arend Used by pesion of Viking Penguin «division of 11, Borowski, Tadeuse. 1967 [1959], excerp) From This Way for th 2949. New York Penguin Books, Translated by Barbra Veer © 1967 by Penguin Books Ld Orginal tex copyright © 1959 hy Maria Borowski, Usd by permission of Viking Penguin, 12, Spiegelman, Ar, 1991 exer) From: Mau Ils A Survivor’ Tale: And Here My Troubles Bega 1p. 63-7. New York: aothcon Books. Copyright® 1986, 1989, 1990, 1991 by Ae Speen Used hy pesmiston of Pnthcon Books aivision of Random House 3. Liewack, Leon. 2000 abridge “Helhounds." From: Without Sanctuary, Lynching Photography America, pp. 8-14, 17-18, 20-4, 26, 30, 38-7, 206-7. Santa Fe, NM Twin Palas Publisher Reprinted by pesmnsion of Leon FLitwack 1. Mall, Lis 1995 (abides) “The Mythic History.” Fen Party and sie: Violence, Memory Repeated by permision of University of Chicago Press ® SN EONS 15. Gourevich, Philip. 1998, excerpt From We Wish to Bfonm You That Tomorrow We W With Our Fame toes from Reena, pp 88-100. New York: Fata, Stes 8 Goan, Copyighe 16, Milgeam, Stale. 1974, bridgd) “Bchavioral Study of Obeence.” In Zack Rubin, ey Doing Unto Other Joning, Molding, Confarming. Helper, Loving, pp. 98-108. Enlewoed Chills, Ni entice Hall, 1974 Kill: The Cambodian Genocide and the Dask f Aso Studie S71; 93-123. Reprinted with peemison of 19, Tous, Michal, 1992, (abridge) “Talking Teor” From The Nervous System pp. 29-35, 184, [New York Rouedg. Copyright © 1992. Reproduced by permisin of Routledge Ine. prt of Th 22. Franco, Jan 1985. (abridged) Kiling Pies Nuns Women, Children" In MarstllBonsyyed.On Signs pp 414-20, Baltimore: John Hopkins Press, Reproduced with permission ofthe athe 23, Rablea, Antonius. 1999, abidged) “The Fear of Indifference: Combatants’ Anetis show the ty of Chiians during Argentina's Diry Wat From K. Koonings and D. Kea ed Zed Moke. Repusdced by permission of Ze Books 24, Feldman, Allen, 1994 (abridged) “On Cultural Anesthesia: From Desert Storm to Rox King" Amovicon Ebrologist 212) 404-18, Reproduced by permission of the author std th American Anthropological Association from Amerian Edimologat Not forsale or farther reproduction 25. Chomsky, Noam. 201. fsbvdged “The New War Against Terror” From “An Evening with Noam Chon.” brpanreezmag.ongGlobalWatchichomskyichin. Copyright © 2001 and. 2003, [Noam Chomsky. This chaper sam excerpted ransrp ofa lecture piven a the Massachuvets Insti tf Technology (MIT) Technology and Care forum, October 18, 2000, 26. &cheper Hughes, Nancy, 2002 abridged) “Violence Foreol:Releston be Natoma Humanities Cente, 1 S68 61. Reprinted with permission of New York: Grove Press, © 1963 Jean-Paul Sartre, Reprinted by permasion of Harper ta Brace and Company 28, Arceaga, Bogota, 1995, (bsidged) “Diny Protest: Symbalie Ove Nechern Irland Eshnic Violence, hos 242) 123-4l, 14-8, Reproduced American Anthropological Associaton, No for sale ot futher reproduction, 430, ScheperHughes, Nancy 1995 abridge) Who's the Kier? Sci ati 92. abridged) “Terror as Usual Walter Benjamins Th re Nervout Systm, pp. I-16, 195-9. New Yorks Row ge Inc, pareof The Taylor & Francs Grp, ru Loe Wacquant, 1992. “Symbolic Violence.” From An Iitation ro Reflective 70-5. Chicago: University of Chisago Press. The Lniversiy of Chicago Press Nancy. 1992, excerpt) “Two Feet Under and a Cardboard Cai,” pp 2 ly Without Wesping. Berkeley, University of California Pres, Reproduced ives of Calton Press, 997. {abridged} “On Sullering and Seretual Violent: A View from Below of California Press. Reproduced by permision of The University of Califa 35. Quesada, Jim. 1998. (abridged “Surin Chil An Embodiment of War and its Afermath in Child Sursval, po. ost Sandinista Nicaragua.” Medical Annopology Quarely 121} 51-7 3, 245-6, Kluwee Publishing Company, Pubhed with kind permison from Reproduced by pemision wer Academic Publishes ofthe American Anthropogial Association, No fr ale ot further rprodacton 36. Orwell, George. 1937. “The Lowor Clases Sm.” From The Road 40 Wigan Pier New ¥ Harcourt Brace Jorsnovich 37, Bourgois, Philippe, 2002. abridged “US Inner Ciy Apart The Contours ofSrwtural and George Mares ed, Aevesuing Calural Anthropology pe 158 Ae Isha nek 8 TPS aon Inecpersoal Violence.” From In Search of Respect Sling Crack or Barco. New York: Cambridge Durham: Duke Uniersy Pes Repredced by peomicon othe Aieseon Anthopdlogeal ay 38. Kinnber, Ei 199. abridged) “Denaturaizing Disaster: A Social Autopsy of he 1995 Chicag 52, Pedely, Mark, 1995.fncep) Fem Wor Stories: The Caltarof Foreign Corepondent, pp. 1-4, Heat Wave” Tory and Society 28 239-42, 248, 46-30, 254-62, 263-76, 985-92, Pushed wih 12, 20, 245. Londo: Rout Ghetto." Theoretical Cronotogy 43% 377-8 Pres Repredced by permission of The Univesity of Caran Pres 40, Das, Veena, 1997. abridged) "Language and Body: Transactions ithe Construction of Pi.” Frm 54, Zulaik, Jose, 1995. abide “The Antvopolois as Terris.” From C, Notdstom and A tn Kleinman, Veena Da and Margatt Lock, edsy Sota Suffering, pp. 87-73, 75-8, 82-91 Robben, eds, Fieldoore Under Fire, pp. 207-10, 15-22. Berkeley: Universty of Calon Pe Berkeley, CA: Univer of California Pres: Reproduced by perminson ofthe Unversity of California Copyright ©1995 The Regents ofthe Univers of Calorie Reproduced wh pens sft 41, Danes, Mark 19. (abrdga reat BI Mocote: A Parable ofthe Cold Wa 45. Bnford Leigh, 199. abides) “Aa Atenative Anthropology excising the Preferential Opt 4-84, New York: Vintage Books. Copyright® 1994 by Mark Dann Used by pecmsion of he Poor" From The El Mocote Maratre, pp 192-206. es, AZ: Univesity of Arizona Presb Random Howe In 1996 The Arizona Boa of Regents. Reprinted by permission othe Univer of Atos Pes, ie, Pee 2001 abridged) "Gende and Sync Vlence.” From Matclne Domination, 56, Bours, Pilipe. 2001. abide) “The Power of Violence in War and Peace: Post Cl Ws 2. Stanford: Stanford University ees. Adaped rom Bourdieu, Pere, Domination asc Lessons from El Salvador” Ethnography 2(1f 534. © 2001 Sage Publications Lid. Repeated by 4, Bourgis Philipp. 2002. abridge) “The Everyday Violence of Gang Rap” From DeSean {he drive hope yp. 15-26. New York Zone Boks. Reproduced with permission of Back Respect Selling Crack in El Bari, New York Cambidge Universy Pres 1995, Repunted withthe ublishi 44. Donaldson, Stephen. abridged Hooking Us Protective Ping for Punks," Stop Prisoner Rape Earth pp 249,251, 264-6, 16075, 306-10, New Yankee Pee, Cope o 1908 een os Angles, CA SOD88 Aisne. Ued by permison of Grove Adan Ine 45. Colin, Carl, 1987. (abridged) “Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellect” E59, Sachs Abie 2000 aries) From The Sof Vege Freedom Fighter pp, Sie: Jounal of Woman in Cate ond Society 1214s 690-6, 699-705, 707-13, T1618, & The etheley University of California ess, Reproduced by permson ofthe Univer af California Pres University of Ch 60. chepes Hughes Nancy, 1998. abridged “Undoing ~ Sox Sufering and the Pols of Reto | 47. Heaman, Judith Lewis, 1992 (abridged) “A Now Diagnosis.” Trauma and Recovery, capt 6, ‘Copyright 2001 by Pinzon Univers Press. Reprinted by permission of Pineton Univer Prev bp. 115-22, 255-6, New York Basic Books. Copyright ® 1992 by Basic Books Reprinted by permission : a Df Basic Books, member of Perses Books, LL. en of Mem 998 by Wole Soyinka, Used by persion of Oxford cep) “The Wet Bag and Other Phantoms.” From Country of My Stal Universi Press I ins of Forgiveness in he New Sou Aca, pp 70. New York Tree Rivers | Used by permission of Tunes Bork, a dision 9 RaPlate 1: Sora Pelada Mine, Pars, rail 196, Photo © Sebestso Salgado, Contact Press mages Introduction: Making Sense of Violence Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Philippe Bourgois roduetive, destructive y. “Like produces lke,” that much we know. tly speak of chains, spicals, and mirrors of violence e. Weal know, as though by rote, that wife beaters usually beaten and abused, Repressve political regimes often mimetically reproduced by the same revolutionary Violence is slippery concept ~ noalinea ke imitative magie or home ves beth cist So we cane ox ase prefer a continua fi snd reproductive. Its rctural violence ~ the violence of pove ‘exclusion and humiliation ~ inevitably translates into intimate and d per Hughes, Chapter 33: Bourgois, Chapter 37). Politically motivated coreue is amplified by he symbolic violence chat rails in its wake, making those who were torture feel shame for their “weakness” in betraying thet contrades under dutess. Ri rs ~ especially those who were violated with genocidal or sadistic poiial itent during civil wars (Danes Chapter 41) often becon people fusing ro speak ofthe unspeakable, and are d community, and even by comrades and lovers (Das, ‘Chapter 40 Violence ts physicality ~ force, assault, or the infliction of pain ~ alone. Violence also inclides assaults on the personhood, dignity Sense of worth or vale of the victim. The socal and cultural dimensions of violence are what ives violence its power and meaning. Focusing exclusively onthe physical aspeets of tore! terroeviolence misses the point and transforms the project into a clinical, literary, or atatc which runs the isk of degenera 2 theatre or pornography of violence € voyeuristic impulse subverts project of witnessing, critiquing, and injustice, and sufferin en (Krog, Chapter ie minor player inthe last, ccame a key symbol of aparthei’s inhumanity and cruelty ducing the wn when he demon wet hag” which he usedpopulation to rural bantstans and to aad squatter camp and wores hosel Seca enn unexamined by the South Afian TRC (ee Scheper Hughes, Chaps 60 Seeks chores oo and Soyinka, Chapter 62) The elderly viet of apartheid who sed befor the TRC clone Despite our work in puting together this expansive, eclectic, anheopologically informed family-cour judges must decide whether spanking a child with» hands» habeas oso and responsibility, Word courts need to decide whethes to ince “dirty ware and coke lcansings” under the legalistic rbric of genocide: We have wat own slit views mortality, slow starvation, disease, despair, and humiatio that destroys socially marginal- Bea aed fearlessly apie he miltary governments atachs on “lent eg oe ‘sickness and destitution (see Farmer, Chapter 34) * in the Midle Fast are alternatively viewed as heroic patrotliberators or violent oppreson Violen acts may be denounced as “freakish” (ee, the cannibalistic serial kille) oc enoeed og ‘anal (eg the college date rapist) Violence (like power) corrupts absolutly, excepr when ts said co “ennoble” or liberate the perpetrator, as when Jean Pat Saree (Chapter 5) that colonized subjects can only segain thie humanity through acts of revolutionery viele Pechaps the most one can say about violence is that like madness, sicknessuffening or death isl, its « human condition. Violence is present (as.a capability) in cach of woe ae ‘opposite ~the rejection of vil Dur readers will note a conspicuous absence i che organization of our selections. We have plantation, he was placed on probation by his graduate program for visitng villages con ‘rolled by Salvadoran guerrillas and denouncing US complicity in humsa rights violations in that country without the appeoval of his insiutin’s committee for research with human subjects (Bourgois 1991), Members of his dissertation committee admonished him ko choose becween “being an anthropologist, a human rights activist o a journalist, Bourgos is hest known for his ethnographic work on crack dealers in East Harlem, which auddeeses the interface beeween interpersonal “delinquent violence,” including self destruc tive substance abuse and the gendered dynamics of brutality inthe family and of adolescent gang rape, withthe lager structural violence of what he calls US innercity apartheid. His analysis ofthe United Stats allows him to reinterpret the everyday violence he witness revolutionary Central America, especialy its gendered contours, which he had not yet ex plored when he focused instead on the direct, physically assaultive turmoil of political repression, esistance human rights violations, and organized class struggles and cleural ‘mobilizations Scheper-Hughes gradually came to the realization that the family is one ofthe most violet of social insiutions. But che family system ~ whether ieconcerned the scape-goating, expt ation, and social death inflicted on the fart-inheritng bachelor sons of County Kerry Ireland Scheper-Hughes [1979] 2000} or the hastened deaths of angel babies” in the Northeast of Brazil (Scheper-Hughes 1993) ~ was in each instance responding to lager social poiial {conomic exclusions which made the “violent” behavior sem hike the only posible recourse seudying che “dark interiors” of family life during the mid-1970s in 4 small mouncain rnmanty of western Ireland, Scheper-Hughes pad seant attention to the activities of Matty Dowd, from whom she rented cottage in the mountain hamlet of Ballynalacken. She ened a blind eye ro che installation of a small arsenal of guns and explosivesin the atc of her eented cottage that Matty and a few of his Sinn Fein buddies were then runing to fue the fies Northern Ireland, And so, she lef unexamined, until recently sce Scheper-Hughes 2000,4 ADICYSCHEPER HUGHES AND putiPE BOURGOH nrropucrion 5 the links between politcal violence in Northern feland and he family dramas of captive farmers on failed farms that certainly had a violence of their owe, Been ain fight ora duty: Mose violence isnot deviant behavior not disapproved of (1oet 84) Shcpeeti a mangsome ofthe harshest perodsofchemitar dizatowhip Be SfGacdasvitunisactominibescivceofgescals pleco 124-34) Schepe Hughes did not begin to stud ate violence unt the hal-grown sont ened ae ius (ShepecHoghe soaged °? MY the Bandork of poles local deth squads jap theron, onan onl meee eee aig tht conan Scheper Hughes 2003) J with sudden eruptions of extraordinary, pathological, cacesive, or "eratutons” woken vas to loca Polaco wecetsandthethnographicknowledgethacwasprodiced beeen sovialinyualiies nd indnadell andcolieaiormiegl ne ther t00 fast and wn A few generative key words and terms inform our antl anthropologists had something to say it was usually long afer the fact, Beg ae Beep through the maze of disparate readings. These include Bourdiew's “symbolic violence” end hig hewspapers insisted on printing stories about the “dangerounness” andthe “alee nr related notion of “misrecogntion,” Taussig’s “culture of terror, space of death,” and shantytown dwellers (especially of poor, young Alro-Bravilians)» public sander ther oad Benjamin’ “moder history asa state of siege"; Conrad “lascination ol the abomination the work ofthe death squads seem likea necessary defense against he anarchy of thefacela che Arendt’s “banality of evil’; Primo Levi's “gray zone,” Baslia's “peacetime crmis",Schepe odes," Farmer's “structural violence” and zamben's “impossibility of wimess ths ofthe medi, Ae tha time, she also emeved a me sak eee ed tholgis of powers Kleinman "social sen al struggle in Northeast Brazil against the hegemony of the death squads, rhich operated BE inimany cases with the act support ofthe pole md police ee ee ae primary to ier Hughes's “everyday violence” and “invisible ge Foucault’ “bio-power": and, finally, our “violence continuum Hughes @ Gur selections draw upon the socialsciences, moral and political phifosop ing the anti-apartheid strug ‘olved in national and personal programs of econctlation deag ed ick South AMficans and o help them to “get over” apactheld in le he frank impossibility of “un-doing” its collective See Chapters 30 and 60, let ce Capers 30 and 6 Violence in War and Peace steves, above all, “trouble” the distinctons beewees public and privat, od invisible legitimate and illegitimate forms of valence in times thos ene psychiatry, literature and journalism, All the selections ace infuned with an et anthropological sensibility in which scientific observation i combined with mu Triste Anthropologiques: Anthropology’s Heart of Darkness , “i F _Weopenthis anthology wth “Conquest and Colonialism’ because ofthe historic centrality of ‘Teaching Violence of colonial violence opens the daw roacniquofthecaegossolceonon nee programs sil surviving at American universes. By and lng, hose wien ent ur discipline ~ the so-called primitive, indigenous, eraditional, nonindustialied peoples liberal arts undergraduate curriculum, violence as am objeet of seedy avokes ony the world ~ is @ necessary place to hen, The lve suffering, snd deaths ofthese "ps appearances. Worse yet, in the natural and behavioral sciences classes (biology, morchcloce, Without history” ~as Eric Wolf (1982) described with ertcal irony those indigenous popula physical anthropology) where violence is addressed it tends ta be subsumed under hoheg ey first decimated by Europe and then bythe United States~have provided generations of notions of “human aggression,” reduced to a discussion of drives and insincty the SOY thropologiss with thei ielihond fenotype, and the fightlight response. Alternatively, woence & okey maha Genocide and ethnocde constitute anthropology’s primal scene. Despite this history and Cite cay ean ty at rcholgy and sociology classes as forexampleindscusions the prveged postin ofthe anthopoleare eleowhether are ea ofthe riminally insane), When the subject isrased in womens sudicoclanee sacl cokes vents ~ the discipline, until quite recendy, has been laggely mute on the subject. Etmocide against women and children, i tll often remains trap went These ideological approaches misrecognae the extent to which structural inequalities and ome from political journalists rather than from ethnographers i the fe. Most theories of i They alo flo addes he oaiy and range of violent ais ncungthow wha a lscplines~hisony psychology and psychiatry theology, comparative law, human rights ofmoral worth Mon mayor ak gee ie ad ansormed into expressions ubliched i 2003, represents an opcingpambit nan atemptcocsablsh arene moral worth, Mostimportacly inthis volume, we wanttodemonstrate how oftenthe mont (ally informed eld of lence omeces, especially cultural a the urgent need to document all aspects of the Nazi eoncentrati ist deniers and revisionist ~ som the twenty-first century weakness, and historical limits of postmod fragmented realitie lt (Chapter 7), Hannah Arendt (C and Tadeusz Borowski (Chapter 1) all attribute to the Holocaust a mad tiemph of rational aticefficiency, and rising upin the frm, ing promoted. He was, for Arende (Chapter 9) peototyp She took to be the p ently, Agamben (Chapte amp asthe prorarype of late moe teristic and lesson of the 2wing on Foucault in its creation ofa popu Holocaust. More appened in thos with human sa up hope and che last sheeds of their humanity of physical fonctions sions” (Agamben, C reduced condition led Primo Levis che Italian J the IG Farben Petrochemical plant at Auschoit developed the concept of che geay zone w ration camp inmates ~ lke exchange forthe smallest personal advantage. The g sand sealed off monads” a desperate, cover to survive (ce Levi, Chapt himself who did no stion Holocaust survivors, those li 1988: 40}. Such a celentiess and un s-betrayer can be understood as deriving from enormous grief and rage as well a5 > guilt. Bue Levi had something else in mind. He raises the question of ps. Would you or Thave Tat least, willbe selected to work rather than to de} What sec z ‘ i . : : i : i i: vive? Would I rather woud {be capable of doing in order to he mortal compre Brazilian peasants from that country’s deought and famine ie young and that the lngness to cheat death, The tactics used a They comment of the ng on this anthology, Bou his Second World War experi os tape-recorded his father, who had always been {as Levi called such inmates) who was deported fom IG Farben petroche Finally, Bourgois senior rel "ethere anything fel guilty abou is rena nthe Jewish camp who worked with sar tvaed waa’ lookin forte leith prisoners, but when dl Tspoke wih him. He was about reriding onthe back ofa ftbed ruck. Wecrowched forward cote Ign coves! hs Ene noo eta ite cupid because had been picked ced collaboration inthe Gray Zone doesnot al who were charged with responsiblity for maintaining and admnstern ive in separate barracks: th the common concent sd more warmly than nev Sondevkommando member at fone day in the life on. Sonderkommando represent theultimate col st task was always tims and vieimizer Thief Levi sees the gray zone asthe inal mora calle est should once more loom be iy industrial factory” (Levi 1988: 40}. ses oftheir predeces ‘want understand What takes place in apttheterm “communal violence,” bur we argue against the Weberian false dichotomy A similar message emerges from Spiegelman’s comic-strip book Maus, wth which we close sisbetweenmodern high-tech, hypeerationalized,andimpersonal geno this dificule section. Spiegelman, the son of an Auschwitz survivos, opens his book with his her warning him, Friends? Your Friends? Ifyou lock thems together ina room with no food intimate, personal, and “charismatic” genocides. Hence, we incladed in his up of Germansoldirschargedatane a week then you could see what tis, friends! (Spiegelman 1986; 5). The human capacity for ngintepety cruelty is nota particularly original lessonto come outof the Holocaune Much more important is the implication thatthe preparation and schooling in “how to behav during a holocaust or genocide takes place in very normal social contexts and institutions ee The Polite of Communal Violence nological ton of genocide fostered not only the banality of Bauman (1989) thesis linking genocide to a specific level of state formation effcieney, rationality and subjectivity i belied in many of he ethnographic examples included ocide is new, the “eliminationist” impulse can tions. A spiritual charter inthis anthology. While the legal concept of ee be found under premodern as well as modern and late modern con for genocide appears in the Old Testament when God the Creator turns into Conan th Destroyer and unleashes his rage ina flood to destroy the world save Noah and his family), The destruction of So firsrborn infant sons in Judea ace ther Biblical allusions to mass kiling-as-usual. to “weak states” (Bayare 198: $) controversial “coming o mm and Gomorra and King Herod's dectee ordering the destruct Killings in tei relationship to al acres have been attribute South in the United States atthe run ofthe century (Litwack, Ch in Robert Kaplan's ‘Genocides and communal mas Reno 1998) and to st usin Burundi in the 1980s and 1990s in equatorial massacres of Tusis in Rwanda and Hor Afeia (Malki, Chapter 14 and Goucevit thesis to explain the political chaos and violence that has periodically erupted Chapter 15}. We are mindful, hvwever, ofthe ¢ Germany at ayd-ewentieth century (se Goldhagen 1997; Arendt, Chapter 9) Of | course, genocides have also been identified asthe products of individualism (Eithmana, for at Makes Genocide Posie | example) as well ay its converse, communalism and obedience to authority (Goure we Sonoda ° | With the shocking reappearance of mass killings inthe late «wentieth century ~ in Cent Africa (Gourevitch and Malkin this volume), South Asia (Das 1990; Daniels 1997), Ease Europe (Olyjc 1998), and in Central and South America (Danner, Chapter 41; Green, Witch-huntsand witch burningsin parts of Africa and highland New Guinea to die-outs and to demographic collapse verging on genocide {see Knauft 1985; 1987). The ' : i i i impulse to identify and to eliminace all witches, seen as disease objet in some, especialy Ghapter 21; Ssarer-Orozco, Chapter 49; Pedy, Chapter 52; and Robben, Chapter 23) hoticulural, societies is motivated by a similar kindof “social hygiene” characteristic of the wold has witnessed the recurrence of what moral phlosophess once ovahe ccc ocx enocde in modern industrial states (ce Douglas 1970), Indeed mass kiln, genoidenand. $2 BaPpen again, following the Holocaust. The szcmeace faces ree ce cient as wells modern sete, B _Possibe? What, ater all,ean we say about the limits and capacities of human nature? How do InPare fon communal violence weare exploring another model of moder genocide—one $e explain the complicity of ordinary people, the proverbial bystanders, during outbreaks of compatriots. Gourevitch (Chapter 15) sesthe Huta genocide of Rwandan Tusisasa perverse Mf mindless obedience to authority figures, More recently Galdhayen 1997, pred vo Mall's (Chaptee 14) sympathetic portrait of Fiutu refugees who are both former vit Holocaust, aot out of fear of punishment or retribution by authority figures but because sJalone. What conditions made the frre prpetratorsof genocide, Thecircularchainl volence(cf. Mamdani, Chapter} 3 they chose to do so, guided by saciopathologieal race ha Suggested in the sad, angry narratives Tanzanian relocation camp forbatle as future gevocida ormants as taking heart Irom a “mythopoetic” history replete with race Moder theorists of genocide Rave proposed certain social-structural, poitcel-economic, and cultural and psychological prerequisites necesary to mass participation in genocides. Indeed, mass killings cacely appear on the scene unbidden, They evolve. There are Usually identifiable starting points or instigating circumstances, bur they are never a5 linear, Aiscrete, or predictable as cheorists are wont to imply, and these preconditions donot “cause es against hei Tusienemies, Malki presents her Hutu i fi ‘escaping Fuca refugees detract fom the brewing genocide or do they Is and blood vengeance. Do the ethnographer's cultural relativism and empathy withcur Genocides are oft otkerhuranbeing Kling ikea othe owerulhumansc histo beled. Buroncelamed the resstance oiling ike eee precipitous socioculr ining of taditional values and widespread anomie, o bias, for example, de bling. She watched B snd she spoke wich < with social sentiments that question oF the opposing gro i hemseveskilling social selFidentity predicated on a stigmatized, devalued notion ofthe other a8 Irish bachelors} can be readily overcome ‘example has alerted 2 generation of postSecond World War scholars to the ogies of socal conformity and the repression of dissent. More recently, the conflict in the Middle Fastin th nly cited book, On Killing (which we found use tue "g anthology), Lt. Col US Miltary Acade former Yugoslavia, and in many p sted that a past history of social suffering. and wo int, draws on his own bath imerican wats since the Second World Wa about heing killed bt about ki A kind of collective p “wronged” populations to a bypersensitivi and he zecords the diffi nelination to take the life of il hypervigilance that ean lead to another Mamdani, Chapter 61), Eenerative scapegoat ~a social las. racial group on which to pin the blame forthe social. Ritual sacrifice and the search to ientify a and economic problems that must confront and overcome in taining is new s beings ae profoundly uninterested in killing, the evolution of genocide. Finally, there must bea shared ideology, int for living, vision ofthe world and how tolive that defines 00d or hoy lif in the form of certain kinds of people w wiped out. There is the belie that ho must be removed, eliminated eryone will benefit froin this sociale ations with young an ly cold tha kill apartheid warrioes and that township thugs (“skollies" and *otses") had t helocal ANCand PAC branches to perform the violent ats Indeed, in her con unnatural to most yo evil disobedience or nd in Rwanda) who allow as in Nazi German be recruited in public undertake themselves, political leader] would have the courage it horn to do that! He wil never do that! But a born shot ad daylight. He has the ability to rape and to ourage. tis in his blood! ized, isthe role of external or global “bystanders” including Tike the United N, genocides a times w UN peace keeper erational and nongove se delays or refusals sll be reversed, In the were explicitly instructed to do nothing id during the worst phases of apartheid’s progr porations, such as IBM, continued to do busine 2, and US Customs b murder infront of al the people. Yes 0, we sai, Give hi ‘what we could NEVER do!” (Sc an Fighting among those peoples considered tobe excep usual with the perpetrators of ma deamaturgical, and mock aggression, igins and evolution of genocide are complex and inpredictable even if they are never ceducible shantyrowns of Brazil where homicide rates knife fight is about the break out, the agar by ther selatves and friends in fact, the handiwork of the police oa third of al eporte Amidst the recent accusations tl \why Do People Ki? Ash’ ethnographic films of Yanomami aggression and pologis (sce Tieme There is something dangerously seductive about this question 3 a specific set of biopsychological universal, And, indeed, eve fom meat protein hunger to unbalanced sex ratios Posturing and dramatic displ bloodshed. Chagnon are far more vseful in demonstrating “sham' Antheopology that pleasure in eating in sex, in as precotural, human reat World Wars fle into the ai well above thei he Vietnam War that a conscripted ry of new soldiers orrect,it was only du : i(On the other hand, Stanley Milgram’s classic behavioral lect Cectainly by te time ofthe Vietnam War in the mid-twentieth ceneury, American soldices id learned nor only to shoot to kill enemy fighters, but evento ube orders to mca military was effecive in applying the principles of behavior modification and opecane condi munists and “gooks,” power of authoritative institutions to elicit incredibly cruel behavior from naive saoces especially whe inthe historical shy human beings onducted inthe name of scence. Milgrams laboratory study was descned low of the Nazi Holocaust to demonserate how and why normaly decent inthiscase ordinary Yale Univesity students could eccruted tocommitag Inthisinstance,notasingle volunteer research participant refused tosdiminnererres civilians. These resulted in other transgressive terrorist acts, including gang rape nnd te taken from the ki bullets and bloodied “camivalzation” o Here, Renato Rosaldo’s (Chapter 17) painflly self-reflexive, almost lterar longot headhunting i 3 andl mutilation ofthe bodies of the enemy. Vietnam vets came home laden with wee worbies ing feds, including scalps, gold teeth, and skulls, Girlfriends were sent hiets to wear as necklaces or ankle beaceles. This Bakktinvan adistic death on the batlefeld has long vexed anthropologists and other pes. Rosaldocould notat first understand the bloodlust and deep villagers of the remote tribe in the Philippines. In this classic piece, Rosaldo argues thae Powerful emotions especialy the anger ad grief fllowing loss ate a primary moivareg reflex Hinton’ art Geertz turnin cultural studies, evokes with great sensitivity the cultural logis thee infor Killing their neighbors and preserving thei heads. But like his mentor neglects to supply the missing colonial historical context. He says alanost neehicg about the destructis al “development” and their persecution under the Mateos dictatorship. i (Chapter 18) on the Cambodia under Pol Por draws expiciey thropology and emphasizes the role of hierarchy, “fae,” and honor, ly "he institutional relations and the larger social contexts that have Late modera hi as-usual. Part V focuses ks tothe US govern ‘The State Amok ~ Dirty Wars isasterheunted by world wars, guetil civil wars, wats of and ~ most pervasivly, even f invisibly ~ hy dirty wats in which goveenmenee og izens suspected of harboring the seeds of subversion state-terror srilyon Latin America in the 1980s and 1990s, but also expl he destruction ofthe World Trade Cente in New York ith Taussig’s (Chapter 19) “talking terror" piece which harkens back J the cruelty of international cubber barons in the Colomba cds and punishment for hitting human like ets such as watermelons painted like heads that explode ina spray of ed ligutd directly bya bullet. US soldiers were successfully taught killing View ‘experiment on bind obedience to (Chapter 16), with which we open Part IV, argues, tothe content, forthe enorpeng discussion of eee Df the Hongor’s jangle horticultural ecosystem under the guise of eoetneiebie Ghguted bind acdc Seth ante gce ol eeyday Te nach ete Groce, Grape 49 ver is culy terrifying, whether in th entina (Robben, Chapter 23: Suaree gois, Chapter 56; Pedaley, Chapter 52] oc Guatemala {Green, Chapter 21; Franco, Chapter 22), Colombia [Taussig, Chapter 19} 0c isthe dads experiences ofthe shantytown poor of northeast Brazil (Scheper Hughes, Chapter 20);sch, Five ost one step away from the public morgue and the collective grave and whose oaly aera stabyersion is that chey have managed to survive al We have brought 9/11 into chs section hecause we see another version ofthe state amok in the anarchic terrorist attacks. The most powerful military and economic sate on earth, che United States, refuses to sec, let alone attend to, the human suffering caused by ne kal ‘sconomic and political policies (Chomsky, Chapter 25; Scheper-Hughes, Chopte: 2 Revolutionary Violence Violence and political resistance on the cusp of the rwenty-fest century recall the class Aebates ofthe mid-rwentieth century about the necessity and glorious ineveability of vidlara evolutions ro achieve national liberation in the context of anticolonial, secant erg Africa, Asia, and Latin America, In Pare VI we also explore mote recent revolurcence ‘mobilizations inthe very different contexts of Northern Ireland and South Aric In the 1950s through the early 1980s, anticolonal struggles, inspired by ideas of socials Iustice for peasaats and workers in the nonindustralized Thied. World emerging neta translated into a veritable celebration of armed serugele and revolutionary volencn, The most articulate expression ofthis view was that of the Martniquam poychintene, Frame Fanon, in writing about hs adopted country, Algeria, in The Wretched ofthe Eardh (Chapter 58), seconded by Jean-Paul Sattre (Chapt The public debate beeween the ewo leading French public intellectuals of the day ~ Albert Camas (himself colonial subjece of France born and raised in an iliteate, whee sctce family in Algeria) and Jean-Paul Saree (then an active member of the French Commanee Barty) ~ over the legitimacy of politcal violence and teror in the revolutionary stress tn Algeria remains one ofthe mos painful and traumatic philosophical sit inlarenoderearacs Garmus, a Christian humanist, rejected a form of violence that would hatm naive bystander, Force t "At this moment bombs are being thrown inthe trolleys of Agere and iy og herselfin one ofthese trolleys, andif that's your js Toda 139) Sarte (Chapter 27), in contrast, championed Third World revelutiona, Ubsration struggles not merely by any means necessary, but preferably through: Blood catharsis aspired by Fanon the-psychiatrist’s extraordinary documentation ofthe internalization of Stuctural and political violence ~ especially colonial tne Amplified Fanon’s insistence the only acts of revolutionary sm ~ among. Algerians, Sartre Bate the wretched of the arth, allowing them to become leaders of ther oxte he meee sire aiaecessary 10 make just such existential king violent acts in normal times to those of ation, pseudospecia ‘might not ordinarily think to indi fand eheve an even greater risk ies ailing to al practices and sentime abled Erving Goffman, economic development it Franco Basa nid-twentieth-centur radically critical thinkers, ro perceive th onstrate the small wars and invisible prisons, mental hospital nurs Making chat decisive m tf violence allows us and New York Ci f \s Witgenstein ob ifmoc enthusiasm ~of ordinar pls categories of rubbish peo he ferent abled th meal these ving, shave the very old sved, the things that i therefore taken 4, Bourdiew’s partial and unt infirm, the sck:poor, and, ofcourse, the d task, By inetd the inks berween the violence of everyday life and fully human ~a prerequisite ro context of war. Consider the parallel uses of rape during ime, of the family resemb Everyday violence encompasses the implic, m as the Cherokee inherent in particular sx i violence in the least likly places and eslinary taste ptison industrial complex as aken pl broad-based oppositio culture. Violence, Bourdiew insists, The public consensus is based. prvi he United States are and other moder recognize the existence of a genocidal capacity among Hence, Bourdieu teas direc aggression and physical violence as acrude, fessor2 NANCY SCHEPER-HUGHES aND PhiLifee BoURGONS of conn process" [Nader 19978] thteaul baichumanineclone eh nce agin, the pont of bringing int the discourses on genaide everyday, pomatve 's to help anser the gustion: What makes mas vilene and senses pees ek inrsenalund en experienced by perpetrators, calaburatrs, ysonden and cea espa and the altar, They harbor the early “waming apt’ (Chaney obi nas ings Hinton, ey 2002 cals the sgenoeial conten are cal ae der, “welfare queens," undocumented immigrant, deug adaies) tthe malar ion of ceyday ie (super-maximam-sccurity prisons, capital punishment; the Techaolosis of beighened personal security, including the house gun and gated commaunties and evescd Gendered Violence Because itis dificult to conceive of violence without addeessing its almost inevitably gendered contours egory for gendeved violence risks obscuring the exten to which gender erates ehroughout all foems of violence. We developed this separate Patt Vl. ease to addeess a range of gender violences~ some obviously visible; crue, and bloody ne arte rape (Das, Chaps 1s Chapter 41) and peacetime rape (Bougois Chapter 48; Donaldson, Chapter 44) hers deeply structural and symbolic (Cohm, Chapter 43), Ineach example, however, the violence sructured vo harness cultural notions of fering masculinity procreation, and nureurance advo putthem intothe service ofstawe macan lee own socially imposed suffering (Bourdieu, C Carol Cohn’ (Chapeer 45) semiotic and ethnogrephic analysis of how the horrors of nuclat warfare can be normalized through the clean professional languages of seer aval technology gives new mesning to Besjasin’s pes siege: Our selections on the uses and meanings of rape purposefully span both pereetine acl wartime a8 wells male an female victims on the battlefield in prison and inte ace cane Theis juxtaposition demonstrates the normalization and insitonalition of oh we «extreme form of gendered violence Whether male or femal feminized male body and against the male owners and supposed protecos of thece nas ies, The interface ofthe three bodies ~ individual, social, political «(schenee Fly Losk 1987) is shown to beat stake inthe sexual assault on female bodies as ove beng oo {Chapes 40; Danner, Chapter 41), as expression of adolescent rage (Bourgovs, Chane ay nd 25 involuted instutional hierarchy. Bourdieu considers gendered cppresing co be sic example of symbolic violence whereby hierarchies are naturalized ee ceoateoe ion of modernity as a constant sate of : ourse shared by the dominated and the dominant. Once again, Bourdieu forces us hat makes women want to mary taller men sensed recognize priarchal aesthet Torture and Modernity vcauldian narrative, spelled out most clearly in his Discipline and Punish, would hay Bec past 200 years torture has been superseded asa legitimate tool of th a bie tha over the pase 200 years torture has bee ions of guile as w Eavens. The black hooded toreurerexecutioner and the black robed knguietcnte a ae iaicen régime has given way ~ or so Foucaule suggests ~ to new socal techniques and fechnicians of governmentality - labor management special fogealrorace Fanon, Chapter 88) ~ epiomised inthe shesonenen at te de pter 49, Tausig, Chapter 19}. thon who were kidnapped, dex thin innocence andy taing tat their own unillingess tbe killed. Werle 1950 il” forms ofc tat (oe New York Tes, Man 3, 200, aft parents nd vice versa (Stare Oronc, Chater 49), Totueremergad sesolened dhingthe Diy War yeas tin demaceatsigstatslite Bel nsheel198or ag tub asapllicseectintmatre”democratslte he US nthe atermathof St ona toconiain an evecexpanding numberof ety, dug tlted offen teary oe wing the Al Queda atack om the Tw Towers ofthe World Trade Cntr andthe Penton, publ dchtesunmapatble beter Sony, ep. 21,2002) Oe’ iewori, As Eline Scary (Chapter 46) hs famously described eta sfenes od granted experience 0 me? Is this a dream?” [see Strejilevich 1997), Tortute produces a this really happening Profound sort of existential nausea and silen having eemained stemMauri ~ ie everything that structure ‘More imp ofa future with its long-term teaumatic sequel hhuman existence time, space, tan, torture obliterates hope and osibi shame and g s continually ass breaks all i its. Teis the 9 tortures as an ongoing dynamic of symbolic volenees, Toran ultimate spoiler chat takes and ruins everychiag in The aparth iment’ security forces “weinvented” “pr they discarded thei political enemi burning them ~ sometimes while sti fer barbecue pits fashioned after the traditional Afrikaner family pine ko (Scheper-tHushes, Chaprer 60). The accused “terrorist” ve. politicized voung Black en) wens kidnapped and brought into peaceful forest clearings where they were made to gather sickeand tobuild he bontiesover which succulent Afrikaner eaten whi coldhotlesof be the suspect The Brazilian and ingcould bea tool itive witch burnings and sad tobe interrogated, tormaed, killed, a oases well ee Feld 3000 Argentinean miliary “parrots perch” for brealang backs and for cats 1modern planes to dispose of the dead bodies produced by ther medieval tortaree as oon Meanwhile, the Argentina during the Dirty. War adult ied by publ for harvesting. and disribucing Meanwhile, however, metlated bodies of the grounds of Montes de O. for the detainnen 3 polit i chld-stealing for organs were eal brain-dead. Meanehi reputed oficial repe plac human organs from the mentally retarded public mental asylum, also Prisoners (Scheper Hughes discovered Modern torture i, ahove all, “smart Aesigned to leave no tell-tale marks on the body. At chet ‘of the township youths charged in the ston san sadent Amy Biel atthe Cape Town Supreme Courts the three ring leaders ofa spontaneous mob, protested that thei signed only evidence available to the apartheid state in transition) had bees oe The responsible Afeikaner police offices Me. Du Pless responded to the charge by subjecting the young men toa careful, forensic medical exeeng tion to prove (he said) thatthe many scars and marks on he hodies ofthe nee wounds resulting from knife fights, untreated spectacle of those death of Amer young men singled outa tracted through police torure d were old awls and public sural sed by omestic rather th kin ink and badly 6 ies reve the ordinary wo iolences of township life under apartheid. No politcal Police interrogation could he identified to suppore the officer Dus Pessey defense, according (0 ally sadistic Sou fom “good?” to “had?” cop, ba Reconciliation hearings; “Don't he road to Vakplas [the brit wt for his theatrical, bipolar swings cts during the South African Truth and od times we had together? Once, 0 vthing tng INCUCAL, g i : re chicken, you said, chan you had ever eaten atone ime in Spent F shop andyouse Agere spel we on etal nt et see fetes be Kop, Caper) vin ae pepsin” (see Parsons 1972). Through the cover offered in postt an rolved out of the “war neurose Th phenomenon, whch Mel soe ccs of te vo Wd Wars oun 1995) mo chaged ond ended fa fn isp trp tops pan, hah Heonen ee es pec le Bar wed ane nso what kind of AFI) tn cn lca om he vin ad th excatone ce aD sisson ofthe dating Te ative of the Supreme Coun cheer Hughes nc Speen lke for spay es ck cour We nfeed Wo. Do you tink it ean cosy sake for 24 hous imeogaonp ates Weseee Jeatish went vihouseptve*Segean Boo ee ee BB Ra Kes. Benin lana he could not emer exacly what bad doar ohn Ae ich Chup 5) theres oom in the New South eas — thre: Perhaps on of hereafter cs fio ry soe the claims made by police ‘sanctioned sadist othe “sickness umatic stress disorder battle fatigue,” and 1 and politcal morality is created by a diagnosis n war criminals police (Chapter 42 il reproductive f Cape To through man ewly conse mous “wet bag” and his tears his clini monster, bit to Justice n forthe likes of Sergeant ietim. Tortuter his Conradian secret rentieth century is that we can Wehave Ethnographic Witnessing on X on cing Violence ‘entury mode 1. Only one nonantheopologist ~a comic-strip writer fired inthis section, which smeanto be an unabashed clarion for frank In situations Conteary t writing againse violence might be impossible (or actually backlit), we is feahhuman role of engaged witness over that of scientific spectator This reauies o cena coming pomographers of violence. Here we ate thinking of Clifford Gesrean sight ertiqu ofthe privilege offist-world ethnographic authority (as “Faltnesing’) and, by analogy, of the images of the AIDS sufferer that Benetton used on bilbenie, advertise their line of clothing. There is always the intellectual trap of ethnographic ralig Anthropologists who make their living observing and recording the misery of the ald have a special obligation to eflect critically on the impact ofthe heute saaees of suman suffering thae they fist on the publ ue terain isthe fering body. The cexs and images we present the world are often profoundly daturbing When we report and write in an intimate way ahout scenes of violence, genoede, and exteres social suffering, our readers have the right to react with anger and to sak fst whee we ae after (afterall? Indeed, what do we wan from our audience? To shock? To evoke i To ezeate new forms of totalizing narrative through an “aesthetic” of misery? Wher of te hose suffering is being made ineo a public spectacle for the sake ofthe theonetead ue year of observing many different forms of misery, violence andchronie socal suring shown ws thatthe more frequent and ubigutous the images of sickness, suffering, ae ‘death the more likely they re to become invisible, Shock reations to blood sod viele work, need to continually eesensitize their audiences wel emergency in which we lve. To do s0 we must loc Not o distant so as to objectify their suffering, and not so clone that we tutn the stony a an object of pi misery a8 much asa descent into politcal rhetoric and polernie South Africa Scheper-Hughes was invited to record (and t9 he proper distance from our subject ntempr, oF public spectacle. We need to avoid the aestheiczation of Ina rural squatter camp photograph} the heir deaths (Scheper-Hughes, Chapter 30), When she ted to back away, her held sssseane, Sidney Khamalo countered: "You must dat for evidenc several open-air meetings inthe Chris Hani squatter camp duringan amonionsdehare anche i place of popular justice, discipline, and punishment in the context of the neg demoerase South Atica, After defying the codes of rough justice that obaned inthe comin Scheper-Hughes brought one ofthe flogged thieves o.a nearby hospital for treatmens, Deck And this record was, in fact, used at iustfy her actions, probably the most terrifying moment in sm anthropological coeerc eked by certain degree of politcal contentious Anthropological witnessing obviously postions the anthropologist inside human events ax csponsive, reflexive, and morally or politically committed hein, « person who coe be ounted on to “take sides” when necessiry and to eschew the privlesss of neurite Thee stance flies directly inthe face of academic non engagement remains, however, some combination of thik description, eye-witnessing, an salen were Position based on cross-cultural insight, Bot the eules af out © git ofthe ethnographer | win and living-with peoples | spl. Then anpriprini ery fens of genocide andi altexmath, or even sd sthnocide® When fice A what one doe he antopsagat sje wanes ene yea Seinography semains cl humanity, word-saving, and world-repair, even though we may not always be certain abou ‘jac what this means or what is being asked of us at any particular moment Inthe heal analysis we can only hope that ou time-honored methods of empathic and engaged witnece Ing, of being with” and “being there" as red as these old concepts may scart wal proce rs ibecatio [Aftermaths: Getting Over This leads quite naturally into our final Par, “Afremaths,” which corrects the celebrator. pase and contradicts banal assertions of personal and political closure and reconelhanen Tastead, these readings open a Pandoras box of ongoing confit in states posed beewrre cee and pesce. South Africa's much:heralded political transition offers a clase casein pons the ise decade ofthe new South Africa the fetamorphosed into criminal and delinquent violence arising in the cconorscals iaed shanrycowns that are the legacy of apartheid. Talk of reconciliation and justice side-tack the legitimate demand for redistributive ustice,a cll ta aethes believe in che trickle-down effets of global capitalism, Similacy, in 1 Salvador, criminal violence killed mote people than warsine the 10 years following the peace accords and the end of the cil war in 1991 Many wounded nations and populations ~ from post military the hearts and minds of those whe olence during Apartheid South Africs to post-genocide Roranda and Guatemala ~ have pot their high wa Spremationalribunals or in independent trah commissions to deal withthe ghosts of the past Attimesthishas meant uncovering mass graves and reburying the unguiet dead. Avother ee sin the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission ~this has meant a complicated Political gamble in which justice is traded for euth, But the very ides tha individeala nel Batons can heal and ukimately recover from violence falls pre to inappropriate and impow ished medical and psychological metaphors. The history of human wolence teaches te oh there are few happy endings. The only answer to violence rs onstant state of hypervigilance and a steadfast refusal to turn ito the very sae cnetny sad ene Notes F ntetinony peed tied Nich ew satheopologn cnt hs point, made by Ele Lay on sh rhe subsantal contigs he hs ‘ining lepton 1973) the oa France in loci reashows, were bared REFERENCES sre dinamo had David repli that tole Frank Redefining Ge Mie Noe York. St Mans res Guo, rk 907A Hot anc: Ci Feil, Mare fGen in 1999. For us eo We a Relat lo ° ele NewPart I Conquest and Colonialism # From Hert of Darkness of Terror Space of Death: Roger Ca cal Putumayo Report and the Explanation of Torture ‘A Biography ofthe Last Wild Indian in North America 1s: Anthropology andl Genocide Myth: The Making of a Namibian UnderclassFrom Heart of Darkness Joseph Conrad Wein a French steamer and she callin every front ofa sinister backelth. The idleness of & Hamed port they have our thee, for as far as | paseengenmy isolation armongt all these men ould se, the soe purpose oflanding solders and with whom I had no point of contac, the ely | fest ouse officers Iwatchedthecoast Watch~ and langnd sea, the unions sombreness of the coast as ilps bythe ship i ke thinking, coast, seemed co keep me aay fromthe teat of [pir an enigma. The ‘you~ smiling, thing, within ther of amour and senses owning, inviing, grand, mean, insipid, or delusion, The voice of the surf heard now an then ea was 2 postive plessur, lke the speech of 0 Game sn find ‘ brother Te wa eats that had it Tis as sil Fonotooous grinness The cde of nian Kilers and Bounty Hunters Mil Creek, California crea 1868, Photo Credit: Native ters Museum, Orovil,cafori, courte iment of Anthvopology, Univesity of Ppivhe srk an sah, kes Strom fre wht ofthe eyeball ginein Ferny slong leer whe ger They showy sags tr tvs seamed wh By aceping mist. The sun was Sere, the and pein they afc ke ene mk Deemed sn an dip wth team” Here "abe chaps br they had tne utes sl Bother greys seish specks showed oy clos vitality an tense enry of movement, tse wos fad sll» age than pirteas onthe uy-aprestcomfor look x world fll fouched expanse of ther background. We bslonged sil ta wer of seaghoward facts Posie slong, stopped, lined solders; went but the facing would ot lat one, Something fe landedcoomouse cts co ly tll wouldvumuptowarcamay, Once remeber Mat looked ike + Goddorsken ween, we came open s mavrot-wat anchor a Seth ished anda Bagot ln in ned Css, These asi eon cel here, and he Ie soles co ake care ofthe canons howe was sheng he bush appear the Fete had hts resunaiy. Some, Thc ot owned ther war ging On thereabouts Her the sr bc whether ny do tos ropped lin kes ag te maces feed parle care They were ch gun suck ouallovertbe low al fet tere, and on we wat Every ay the cot Plate 3: Death Mask of bhi, Clfomla, march MMe = ekhc sume, an though we hada ed oe thin avs Inthe empey TBI Phe Cet Aan Pom euenyof = WEL vous paca c= they fcr oy od wae ss wo Deperven of esse SE. ou! Me ic Gran Basan Lie op cames at ncompechensibl, nog ito consent, Pom fornia, Berkeley. * Peamed to belong to some sordid farce acted in yuld go one of the eight-inch guns; a smallfame would dar and vanish, le white smoke would disspeas, a tiny prec would give fecle screech = and nothing happened. Nechng ‘ould happen. There was. touchoinsengy ane roccedings a sense of lugvioun dal the sight and t mas no dsc by eo nebody of natives =e cle hem enemies “hes a Sigh someniee We ge er he ters eae he en in ht day] and went on, Wecalledarsome nae pacy phere fan overated catacombs slo thc formless coos bordered by dangross tt nt fers seams of death in ey hon fan import depuis Nour did nese tnerl sense of vague and oppesivg mente 9 upon me. Ie was lke ney ghee eas upward of thi days Boe sa the nuh ofthe biriver We sacred ol th sa the government Barmy work would aot tage at nal made at fora pce hy ale aha om Hes cain was a Swede and knowing eee man, ean fs ad morose th eg har a shutting Ei. Aswele che mises hk eee, he tse hs head conenprcuy ore cen ing there” e asked. eh lothse ovement chaps~arethey on heene ssitohin expected ose that soon Sook clined, He shed share hoping oe oe hea iglamiy. “Dontbetoonue sIecentct Theaterda tok apannan whohuned heel onthe road He wasa Swede on scl Why in Gods name “Hanged is vid, He kept on ‘Who Knows? Th the country peeps appeared mou ore, hous on hl, shove hovered wer hse of iri a son. Alt of people, mostly bck and te A binding suligh drowned a ee ina tude ecadesence of Company’ sation,” sad he See, ona Yousay? So Faroe then found a path leading up the il. sea taway-eack ng thereon its bac ek al wh The thing a ty ai. To the lets camp of ees ee shady spe, wher dack things cca ag feb: inked, he path was stxp A oon os tothe rig and Law che back poops aa Dull of smoke came out ofthe lt hae sag No change appeared on he ace hel They were balding away. The if was hag hea. Sic back men advanced in eo the path. They walked ect and slow ele sal bask fll of earth on the head eae slink kept cine with thee foosteps Black ound the nin ad he shor cal ie ike wil 1 soa a thir limbs ere ike kat ach had am iran cll ons nag ll were connected ogier with? Gl hose bight swung hemes thom ry linking, Another repr rom the el ae a thnk sudden of thar ship of war Thad ce ag. ation be called enemee They wee eld cage shel, bad come to them, a insula from oer these. Althr mega eae ee ‘ose he vse dsted nosis gue ti ys sar stoniy uphill They pase ne wil hes thon wich that complet afeenc of hap Pesaer ove of the cic, te product role seepondenty, Mea rile by imide. He bod no hse les, This was single proence whi Bice vo inch ake at « Gorance tht he Brot who | nigh be: He wes specy nie, white, esclly rin, ered to ake me ito show teu rd ith lance this charg Denby anecdote Afra So dsended 0 EaehelrI cited te hil, You knee ne eet Rot Toebud orcs ano Geisting the exact cost, according eo the demands Pech ne haunt tseeea devi eran Hird; br yale see ee Soe, Is, lye teu hat sage ale cca shorn che Hing sean {tnd orldheone seaimedthassby Coreg, weston FF foie ily iow tte Neca reson 1 ido srl ost Brsand mis oer tors mone Ya Teles thowsh ty swam Final Edexond etl vey owns hee hodses Efrat hole onc had Efe din on te sore che pure of which [ett ems vaca hae are Bee cnn with te panic See thing todo dost Wow Then ney kel mot enon ae Also no more sh orn inde Te Sore hat or of impr damge 7 Beret a foe tumble the Tes Shp Aco grandee My orp Mesos ints sa rs en ee Sorc win dane aeeed oe Thad spel Sth omy cic coon fee These shine nc ied te mur eles he grove, where not a breth sired, ot lal moved, witha mysterious sound ~ as thowgh the tearing pace of te lauached each had sudenly Become edible ‘Black shapes crouched fy, sit_ between the ces, leaning aginst he trunks clinging 0 the earth al coming ou, hal effaced within the io light, i ll the ates of pin, abandon iment and despa Another mine on he cif wens off, followed by a light shudder of the sil und my feet The work was gong on. The work! And this was the place where some ofthe belpers ha vwthdeavn so ie They were dyngslowly it wasvery cleat They not enemies, they wee nt criminals th ere notin thing but lack talows of disease aa! starvation, ling con fasely in he greenish loon, Brought ‘rom all asi all he legal of tne the recesses ofthe oniracts, losin uncongenal surroundings, fed on unfamise food, they sickened became neice rid were then allowed to crawl away and rest, These moribund shapes were fre a6 ait = and carly 2 hin Tegan to dsingis the lesen of yes under the ree. The, lacing down, naw a face aesemyhand. Theblack bones reclined a all ne shoulder agains the tee and nd the sunken eyes looked aca, ind of blind, the orbs, which ded = almast a boy length with ue Slo the eyelids rose up at me, enormous and ‘whi ficken nthe depths ut slowly, The man seemed but you know wth thers ard el {ound nothing else todo butoofe him one of my gad Swede ships ists I had in my pocket Thy slowly on ie and eld = there was no other movement and no other glance Te had tie a bic of whit arsed round is neck: Why? ‘Whee did he geit) Was ia Badge an ornament ~achaim~a proptiatory at? Washer any iden sang round white thread fom nace with this ito seal fis black neck beyond the seas "Nea he same te rngles sat wih ht es denn up. On hin propped on his kes, stared nln intolerable and. eppalling, manne: his brother phantom rested is forehead at oveccome with 8 great weariness and all bout others wee scat, tered in evry pose of eontorted collapse, a ih some psture ofa massacre ora pestilence. While tod hortorstrck, ont of thee creatures roe to his hand and knees, and went ff on all ours more bundles of acute ‘vith is2 Culture of Terror — Space of Death: Roger Casement's Putumayo Report and the Explanation of Torture Michael Taussig ie with the throsch arson Jacobo Timerman | 1 (otekessimaesconstction whose baroque dinensions allow i toserveas the mediatoe pa excellence of colonia] hegemony. The space of death i one of the eusial Spaces where Indian, Africa, and white gave bith tothe New World Thisspace of death asa longa rich ular is where the social inagination has pope ts metamorphosing images of evil andthe und wos in the Western teaison, Homes, Ves the Bible, Dane, Bosch, the Inguision, Rawde late, Rimbaud, Heart of Darkness in Nocthwest Amazonian raion, xe stialand supernatural beings, puteacion, death, ecith, and genesis, paps i the rivers and Land of maternal i bathed tceraly in sabe green light of cova leaves ‘With European conquest and colonization, these spaces of death blend as 2 common pool of key ers o eaption points binding the culate of he conqueror with that ofthe congue. The Space of death is premiers» pace of eran formation: through the expenence of dest ie through fea, los of wef and conformity to. new realy; or through ei, good. Lost inthe dak areying hrough the underworld With his pide, Dance achieves paras ony after eas mounted Stu's back, From Timermans chroniie and texts like Miguel Angel Asuras’ E!seor pres abundantly clear tha ulus of eror are hosed tonand nourished by sence and myth in which he Fanavclsresson the mystecous side he rye terioas flourishes by means of rumor an fants woven ina dense web of mapial reali, lis also ‘ea thatthe wcimizer nes the vit forthe purpose of making rath, abcipng the cin evs fantasies in che course ofthe er. To be Sue the rote desi alo prosaic to aeuire information, oat in concert with ge sal ec mie strategic elaborsted by the mastecs and exigencies of production. Ye equal if not mote importa isthe need to control massive popula ‘Sons hough the cual elaboration of far That is why sence is mposed, why Titman, the publishes, wat so imporant, why he knew when o been and lon off realy nthe torture chamber "Sach seach lous, ‘Ss thm. Then lense find nother ls People fee sce a they far madi peron who Want to gh seme his solide a heed Hence, theres the ned oe 0 Fight that tude, fe and silence, to examine hese condi 5 truth-naking and culure-akingy to fall Michel Foucault in seing historical how ei ‘of teth ate produced within discos whi inthemsever neither true false" Art time we not ony Have to se, we also have anew though the cevto of ountendicounag Wetec of uh ze power, then the gues raised not only concerning the pom to speak tmuch concer to howe involved in wring hl and ethaopraphies. Bat faced withthe nde ice of torture, tron andthe growth of We inthe New Wor are tosay assailed with ngency These isthe effort o understand tog fotder to malkeoters understand. Ye the eal Sake here makes a mockery of undecang and dendesraconaliy, a8 when the young Jacobo Timecmaa aks bis then, "Why da hate ws?” And she repli undestand An after hit onde the oT man writs ofthe eed fora hated objet and i Simlancows fear of tht object ~ the alg magical inevitability of hatred. "No,” he 6 tudes, there can be na doubt ny snoher the one who was mistaken, Iti not the Becase they dol wees Hated and feared, objects ro be despise, alto of awe, the reiiedeneace of evi in the bing af heir bods, these figures ofthe Jom ack, the Indian, and woman bere ar jets of clr constrain, the laden keel tsitand of mystery stabilizing the ship and coun thavis Wester history, With the cold war we aa the commons, With the time bomb cing il he mycleat fai, we add the fein and fps. The military and the New Right ike onguerors of ol, dncover the evi they have pte 0 these ales and mie the sagen I Fave inate, What sort of understanding - what sor spech, writing, and consraction of meaning iy mode can deal with and solver that? Brame means oc by Bice For bend the search for PRES to consol lbon, the need to Fipecaseting coor mening ee cing ~ whos toss hes ina fo df eo ail Bee es sch othe crocs andthe mo Btn body, and the experince of going inal femovesw thee eaiy sop for grab ration of the mitary 1 Mere were the cele there, comments ek Kad: King Leopold, made ot of ne Seely, and Conrad’, which, to quote cl eiday between the other toy 35 he eo penetrate che vell and yet was ane Fain allcnasryaualisy™* carson ishrp and important ithe sell whale retaining its hallacinaton Be lrevokes Pact Ricocer's two hermeneutic sor discussion of Freud: ha of ssp lees ofr il ln eas icas the ending and oat poerdal ndinene of imperialism, atc sriknglyUieraryqualsy and hal flminess do nt ial ind nd scum he he danger hee es with aeseticiing Hagan while Conrad manages stop shor that, we moe cealze that just tothe side He the sedocive pois of fascism and the ve source of erorand torture embedded Within ur all. The polka and actsce ry quality, while effotively cui i itll That would be he re catharsis the fbunterdiscourne shore postice we Mist Bsn the polvialtxain ow urgently ex B today; he form wherein al that appeals Bredices i the iconography and sensuality the underworld becomes its own force for sl Subversion, Foucault's concep of discure lads this asprin and concept of dilectaly en ‘ited subversion. But i i with thi poetics chat tee most develop the clr Casement offers wf and staring contrast Conrady all che move vivid because of the ways thei pats erosed in she Congo in 1850, because the tenures common to thee political ack European societies Poland and rland, and be ‘ane ofa indfiable nly superficial sl in their temperaments atl love of literate, Yuit teas Casement who sored onilent action on Ielf of his naive and organising gun running from Germany to the rebts at Dublin for East Sanday 1916, and was hang for teason, while Conca reslaely sack 0 Bs tak sa ai, Iced in sow and gui or Poland, lending imam boot inthe Congo Refoum Soce aiming he was but a sretched novels [oe Casement’ reports onthe Congo an he Puts mayo did much to atop the pervasive best there and in Edmund Morels opinion, “inno Inte che diplomacy of his county Bein] with a moral toxin” such that "hisonans will cherish these cccasions a the ony to in diploma Tn adicion to the coincidences of imperialist hinory, what beings Casement and Canad to ih politcal flct of ster the peblem the Ing the sherri power Social realism and yeh reals motional coaulgeneral who wrote eflsively on the side ofthe cloned ay a relist and a rational, and the grea ttt who did nor, ie The Putumayo Report CCasemetesParumayo repo, which was simi ted Sir Edward Grey, ead ofthe Brith Foreign Service, and published bythe Hoase of Common on 13 july 1913 when Casement ws fry nine yeas Atte oust should he noted that Casement stachment othe cause of Ish home ele aod his oss sabenanger a Brits imperialism made his almost hfe long work asa Brtsh cou extemely fraught vith conzadctio: in addition he fel hs expen ences Afica and South-America increased his undescandng of the cls ofthe colonials in Ireland, which n turn simulated is ethnographic and poltial senabilites regarding. conditions south of the equator He claimed, for example that i was his knowlege of Ins bistory whch alowed him to understand the Congo aoc, whereas the Foreign Ofc could aot bent the tempi evidence made no see to chem, In 2 ter this close frend Alice Gree he noted would no¢ unde rtedhemshebose ars were he alle Feonac wth hi low Los.) The emege of his 136-page Putumayo repor, based on seven weeks of wave in 191 rough the rubhergthorng ates ofthe jungles the Caraparana and Igraparandfflien of he ‘mile each he Pte Six months inthe Amazon basin ly ints deta of explanation of cases and his estimate of he volin human life Patmaya rubber would be wnprote able were it not for the forced labor of local Indian, picipally thos elle Huitotos Forth Indians thee lve. Deaths from the series depicted the brtalty of the ruber company, which since 1907 had bean