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La termodinmica del ujo se apoya en los balances de masa, energa y entropa, que se han desarrollado en los captulos 2 y 5. En el presente captulo se examina la aplicacin de estos balances a procesos especcos. La disciplina fundamental en el estudio de los ujos es la mecnica de uidos,1 la cual incluye no slo los balances termodinmicos sino tambin el principio del momentum lineal (segunda ley de Newton). Lo anterior hace de la mecnica de uidos un amplio campo de estudio. La diferencia entre los problemas termodinmicos y los problemas de la mecnica de uidos depende de si se requiere de este principio para su solucin. Los problemas cuyas soluciones obedecen slo a la conservacin de la masa y a las leyes termodinmicas se suelen apartar del estudio de la mecnica de uidos y se tratan en cursos de termodinmica. Por lo tanto, la mecnica de uidos considera un amplio espectro de problemas en los cuales es necesario aplicar el principio del momentum. Aun cuando la divisin es arbitraria, suele hacerse de tal manera porque es lo ms conveniente. Considere, por ejemplo, el flujo de gas en una tubera. Si se conocen los estados y las propiedades termodinmicas del gas a la entrada y a la salida de la tubera, la aplicacin de la primera ley establece en tal caso la magnitud del intercambio de energa con los alrededores de la tubera. Por lo tanto, el mecanismo del proceso, los detalles del flujo y la trayectoria de los estados que en realidad sigue el fluido entre la entrada y la salida son innecesarios en este clculo. Por otra parte, si slo se tiene un conocimiento parcial de los estados inicial y final del gas, en tal caso se necesita contar con informacin del proceso antes de hacer cualquier clculo. Por ejemplo, la presin de salida del gas tal vez no est determinada. En tal caso es preciso aplicar el principio del momentum de la mecnica de fluidos, y ello requiere de una expresin emprica o terica para el esfuerzo cortante en la pared de la tubera.
1 Noel de Nevers, Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers, 3a ed., McGraw-Hill, Nueva York, 2005. La mecnica de uidos es tratada como una parte integral de los procesos de transporte por R. B. Bird, W. E. Stewart y E. N. Lightfoot en Transport Phenomena, 2a edicin, John Wiley, Nueva York, 2001; por C. O. Bennett y J. E. Myers en Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer, 2a ed., McGraw-Hill, Nueva York, 1982; por J. L. Plawsky en Transport Phenomena Fundamentals, Marcel Dekker, Nueva York, 2001; por D. P. Kessler y R. A. Greenkorn en Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer Fundamentals, Marcel Dekker, Nueva York, 1999; y por D. E. Rosner en Transport Processes in Chemically Reacting Systems, Butterworths, Boston, 1986, y DOVER, Mineola, Nueva York, 2000.
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7.1.en Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids 7.1. Flujo conductos de fluidos compresibles 7.1. Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids
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De manera inevitable, procesosresult de flujo resultan de gradientes presin fluido; adems, Flow processeslos inevitably from pressure gradients de within thedentro uid. del Moreover, pueden temperature, existirFlow gradientes de temperatura, velocidad y aun de concentracin dentro del fluido enuid. circulacin. processes inevitably result from pressure gradients within the uid. Moreover, velocity, and even concentration gradients may exist within the owing Lo anterior contrasta con las condiciones uniformes que prevalecen en el equilibrio en sistemas cerrados. La temperature, velocity, and even concentration gradients may exist within the owing uid. This contrasts with the uniform conditions that prevail at equilibrium in closed systems. The This contrasts with the uniform conditions that prevail at equilibrium in closed systems. The distribucin de las condiciones en los sistemas de flujo requiere que las propiedades sean atribuidas a las distribution of conditions in ow systems requires that properties be attributed to point masses distribution conditions in ow systems requires that properties bespecic attributed tocomo pointspecic masses masas puntuales delof fluido. De esta manera, suponemos que las propiedades intensivas, la densidad, la of uid. Thus we assume that intensive properties, such as density, enthalpy, of uid. Thus we assume that intensive properties, such as density, specic enthalpy, specic entalpa especfica, la entropa especfica, etc., en un punto se determinan slo por la temperatura, entropy, etc., at a point are determined solely by the temperature, pressure, and composition la at presin entropy, etc., at a point are determined solely by the temperature, pressure, and composition at y la composicin en ese punto, sin la influencia de gradientes que se hallen en el mismo. Es ms, suponemos the point, uninuenced by gradients that may exist at the point. Moreover, we assume that the the point, uninuenced by gradients that may exist at the point. Moreover, we assume that the que el fluido presenta el mismo conjunto de propiedades intensivas en el punto, como si existiera un uid exhibits the same set of intensive properties at the point as though it existed at equilibrium equiliuid the same presin set of intensive properties atconsecuencia the point as though it se existed at equilibrium brio a la misma temperatura, y composicin. La es que utilizara una ecuacin de at the exhibits same temperature, pressure, and composition. The implication is that an equation of state at the same temperature, pressure, and composition. The implication is that an equation of state estado local y de manera instantnea en cualquier punto en un sistema fluido, y que es posible invocar el applies locally and instantaneously at any point in a uid system, and that one may invoke a applies locally and instantaneously at del any point inof a equilibrium. uid system, and that one may invoke a conconcepto de estado local , independientemente concepto de equilibrio. La experiencia muestra que esto concept of local state , independent of the concept Experience shows that this concept local state , independent of the concept of equilibrium. Experience shows that this duce, para propsitos prcticos, a resultados que van de acuerdo con la observacin. leads for of practical purposes to results in accord with observation. leads for practical purposes to results in with Para una fcil referencia, en la tabla seaccord resumen lasobservation. ecuaciones de balance para sistemas abiertos de The equations of balance for 7.1 open systems from Chaps. 2 and 5 are summarized here in The equations of balance for open systems from Chaps. 2 and are summarized here inbalance los captulos y 5. Se hanreference. incluido las ecuaciones (7.1)(7.1) y (7.2), que son las5formas restringidas del Table 2 7.1 for easy Included are Eqs. and (7.2), restricted forms of the mass Table 7.1 for easy reference. Included are Eqs. (7.1) and de (7.2), restricted forms of the mass de masa. Estas ecuaciones son la are base del anlisis termodinmico procesos enprocesses ste y en los siguientes dos balance. These equations the basis for the thermodynamic analysis of in this and balance. These equations arelos the basis for the thermodynamic analysis of processes inel this and de las captulos. Cuando sechapters. combinan con enunciados de la propiedad termodinmica permiten clculo the next two When combined with thermodynamic property statements, they allow the next two When combined with thermodynamic property statements, they allow velocidades del proceso y de los estados del sistema. calculation ofchapters. process rates and system states. calculation of process rates and system states.
7.1
Algunos problemas como eleccin delpipes tamao dethe las shaping tuberas of y la forma de las toberas requieren de la apliSuch problems as la the sizing of and nozzles require application of the 2 y por cacin del principio del momentum de la mecnica de uidos, lo tanto, no entran en el campo de la ter2 Such problems as the of pipes andand thetherefore shaping do of not nozzles require the momentum principle ofsizing uid mechanics, lie within theapplication province ofof ther2 modinmica. De cualquier modo, la termodinmica proporciona ecuaciones que interrelacionan los cambios momentum principle of uid mechanics, does and therefore do not lie that within the province of thermodynamics. However, thermodynamics provide equations interrelate the changes que ocurren en la presin, la velocidad, el rea de la seccin transversal, la entalpa, la entropa y el volumen modynamics. However, thermodynamics doesarea, provide equations that and interrelate the changes occurring in pressure, velocity, cross-sectional enthalpy, entropy, specic volume of especco de unastream. corriente que circula. Consideramos en este caso un one-dimensional ujo en una estado occurring in pressure, velocity, cross-sectional area, enthalpy, entropy, and dimensin, specic of estaa owing We consider here the adiabatic, steady-state, ow volume of en a comcionario, adiabtico de un uido compresible en ausencia de trabajo de echa y de cambios en la energa poa owinguid stream. Weabsence consider here the adiabatic, steady-state, one-dimensional a compressible in the of shaft work and of changes in potential energy. ow The of pertinent tencial. thermodynamic Primero se deducen las ecuaciones termodinmicas pertinentes y en seguida se aplican al ujo en pressible uid in the absence of shaft workthey and are of changes in potential energy. pertinent equations are rst derived; then applied to ow in pipes The and nozzles. tuberasthermodynamic y toberas. equations arebalance rst derived; are With then applied to ow in pipes and to nozzles. The appropriate energy is Eq.they (2.32). Q , Ws and z all set equal zero, El balance energa apropiado es la ecuacin (2.32). Con Q Q,, W Ws z igualados a cero, sy Thede appropriate energy balance is Eq. (2.32). With and z all set equal to zero, u 2 H + u 2 = 0 H + 2 = 0 2 In differential form, d H = u du (7.3) En forma =u du udu In diferencial, differential form, d HdH = (7.3) (7.3) . The equation,de Eq. (2.27), is also applicable. Because m constant, its differTambin se continuity aplica la ecuacin continuidad, la ecuacin (2.27). Puesto es constante, su forma . isque The continuity equation, Eq. (2.27), is also applicable. Because m is constant, its differential form is: diferencial es: ential form is: d (u A / V ) = 0 d A/ V)) = =0 0 d( (u uA /V du dA dV du d A = 0 (7.4) or d V V u A =0 (7.4) (7.4) or o V u A
2 See W. L. McCabe, J. C. Smith, and P. Harriott, Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 7th ed., Sec. 2, 2 See W. L. McGraw-Hill, New York, J. 2006; R. H. Perry and D. Green, Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook McCabe, C. Smith, and P. Harriott, Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering ,, 7th ed., Sec. Sec. 6, 2,
FLUJO EN CONDUCTOS DE FLUIDOS COMPRESIBLES 7.1 DUCT FLOW OF COMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS 7.1 DUCT FLOW OF COMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS
2 Ver W. L. McCabe, J. C. Smith y P. Harriott, Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 7a ed., Seccin 2, McGraw-Hill, Nueva McGraw-Hill, McGraw-Hill, New NewYork, York,1997. 2006; R. H. Perry and D. Green, Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 7th ed., Sec. 6, York, 2006; R. H. Perry y D. Green, Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 7a ed., Seccin 6, McGraw-Hill, Nueva York, 1997. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1997.
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Table 7.1: 7.1: Ecuaciones Equations of Balance Tabla de balance Balance Equations Ecuaciones de balance for Single-Stream para procesos de ujo estable Steady-Flow Processes de una corriente (7.1) . . . m1 = m2 = m H + (2.30) (7.2)
. . . 2 + zg m H+1 u fs = Q + Ws 2
u 2 + g z = Q + Ws 2 (2.32a)
CAPTULO 7.Applications Aplicaciones de la termodinmica los procesos de flujo CHAPTER 7. of Thermodynamics to a Flow Processes
. Qj . . ( S m )fs = SG 0 T, j j
S (5.22)
Qj = SG 0 T, j j
(5.23)
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7.1. Duct Duct Flow Flow of of Compressible Compressible Fluids Fluids 7.1. 7.1. Flujo en conductos de fluidos compresibles 7.1. 7.1. Duct Duct Flow Flow of of Compressible Compressible Fluids Fluids 7.1. Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids
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The fundamental fundamental property property relation appropriate appropriate to this this application application is: esta aplicacin es: The fundamental property relation appropriate to this application is: La relacin para la evaluacin de una propiedad apropiada para The relation to is: The The fundamental fundamental property property relation relation appropriate appropriate to to this this application application is: is: The fundamental property relation appropriate to this application is: d H = T d S + V d P (6.8) d H = T d S + V d P (6.8) d H = T d S + V d P (6.8) dH = dS + dP (6.8) d d H H = = T T d d S S + + V V d d P P (6.8) (6.8) dH = T dS + V d P (6.8) In addition, the specic volume of the uid may be considered a function of its entropy and In es addition, the specic volume of the the uid uid may be be considered a funcin functionde of su itsentropa entropy y and In addition, the specic volume of may considered a function of its entropy and Adems, posiblethe que el volumen especco del uido se considere en de la preIn In addition, addition, the specic specic volume volume of of the the uid uid may may be be considered considered a a function function of of its its entropy entropy and and pressure: V = V ( S , P ) . Then, In addition, the pressure: V = Vspecic (tanto, S, ,P P) ). . volume Then, of the uid may be considered a function of its entropy and pressure: V = V ( S Then, sin: V pressure: = V ( S , P ). Por lo pressure:V V= =V V( S S , P ) ...Then, Then, pressure: V = V (( S ,,P P )) Then, V V V V V V d S + dP d V = dV V = = dS S+ + dP P V V d V V d d S P V V S S P P P S Pd Sd d d V V= = dS S+ + dP P P S d V = d S + d P S S P P P S P SS P S P P S This equation equation is put put into more convenient form through the mathematical mathematical identity: This equation is put into more convenient form through the mathematical identity: Esta ecuacin se expresa eninto forma ms conveniente por la identidad matemtica:identity: This is more convenient form through the This This equation equation is is put put into into more more convenient convenient form form through through the the mathematical mathematical identity: identity: the through form This equation is put into more convenient mathematical identity: V T V V T V V = V T = V V T T V V = S T S V V T S T S P= P P = S T S P P P = P P P S S P T T P S S P P P P P P P S T S P P P Substituting for the two two parciales partial derivatives derivatives on the the right by Eqs. Eqs. (3.2) (3.2) andy (6.17) gives: Sustituyendo las dos derivadas de la derecha por las by ecuaciones (3.2) (6.17) se obtiene: Substituting for the two partial derivatives on the right by Eqs. (3.2) and (6.17) gives: Substituting for the partial on right and (6.17) gives: Substituting Substituting for for the the two two partial partial derivatives derivatives on on the the right right by by Eqs. Eqs. (3.2) (3.2) and and (6.17) (6.17) gives: gives: Substituting for the two partial derivatives on the right by Eqs. (3.2) and (6.17) gives: V V VT T V V V T = = V V V V T T = V S P= C VP T P S C = S C P = P P S S P C C P P P P P S C P P where is the the volume volume expansivity. The equation derived in deducida physics for for the speed ofla sound c donde es el coeciente de expansin delThe volumen. La derived ecuacin enthe fsica para velocidad del where is the volume expansivity. The equation derived in physics for the speed of sound c where is expansivity. equation in physics speed of sound c where is is the the volume volume expansivity. expansivity. The The equation equation derived derived in in physics physics for for the the speed speed of of sound sound c c in a uid is: sonido where c en un uido es: where is The equation derived for the speed of sound c in a uid uid is:the volume expansivity. in physics in a is: 2 2 P P V V V2 in ina auid uidis: is: P V V 2 2 in a uid is: V 2 2 2 2 2 = V or = c 2 = V 2 P or = V c2 P V = V 2 2 or c 22 = V 2 2 2 V P c V P V V 2 V P S S= c o = V V2 or or = V c c 2= 2 P c S S = V or = c S S 2 2 V V S P P S c c22 SS SS V P c Substituting for the two partial derivatives in the equation for d V now yields: S S now Substituting for the two partial derivatives in the equation for d V yields: Substituting for the two partial derivatives in the equation for d V now yields: Substituting Substituting for for the thetwo twopartial partialderivatives derivatives in inthe theequation equation for for d d V V now nowyields: yields: Sustituyendo las dos derivadas parciales en la ecuacin para dV se produce: Substituting for the two partial derivatives in the equation for d V now yields: V T d V V T d V Vd T d dV = dS S V dP P (7.5) = S (7.5) V T Td d d V V= 2d P (7.5) 2 V C c V T d V Pd 2 V C c d S S d d P P (7.5) (7.5) (7.5) = = P V C c P dS 2 (7.5) 22d P V V =C C c c 2 P P P V C c P Equations (7.3), (7.3), (7.4), (7.4), (6.8), (6.8), and and (7.5) (7.5) relate relate the the six six differentials differentialsd dH H, , du du, dV V, ,d dA A, dS S, , Equations (7.3), (7.4), (6.8), and (7.5) relate the six differentials d H ,, du ,,dV d V , d A ,, d d S ,dP Equations d Las ecuaciones (7.3), (7.4), (6.8) y (7.5) relacionan las seis diferenciales dH du , ,, dA , dS y . Con Equations Equations (7.3), (7.3), (7.4), (7.4), (6.8), (6.8), and and (7.5) (7.5) relate relate the the six six differentials differentials d d H H , , du du , , d d V V , d d A A , , d d S S , and d P . With but four equations, we treat d S and d A as independent, and develop equations Equations (7.3), (7.4), (6.8), and (7.5) d Hdevelop , du , d Vequations , d A, d S ,, expreand dP P . With With but fourtratamos equations, we treat drelate S independientes, andthe dA Asix as differentials independent, and develop equations d . but four equations, we treat d S and d as independent, and no ms and de cuatro ecuaciones, dS y dA como y desarrollamos ecuaciones que and d P . With but four equations, we treat d S and d A as independent, and develop equations and express dP P.. With With but four equations, equations, we treat treat dS S and and d d A as independent, independent, and develop develop equations that express the remaining differentials as functions functions of these two. First, First, Eqs. Eqs. (7.3) and (6.8) are are and d but four we d A as and equations that the remaining differentials as functions of these two. First, Eqs. (7.3) and (6.8) are that express the remaining differentials as of these two. (7.3) and (6.8) sen lasthat diferenciales restantes como funciones de estas dos. Primero se combinan lasand ecuaciones that express express the the remaining remaining differentials differentials as as functions functions of of these these two. two. First, First, Eqs. Eqs. (7.3) (7.3) and (6.8) (6.8) are are(7.3) y combined: that express the remaining differentials as functions of these two. First, Eqs. (7.3) and (6.8) are combined: combined: (6.8): combined: combined: Td dS S+ +V Vd dP P= = u u du du (7.6) combined: T d S + V d P = u du (7.6) T (7.6) T T d d S S + + V V d d P P = = u u du du (7.6) (7.6) T dS +Eqs. V dP = u du Eliminating d dV V and and du du from from Eq. Eq. (7.4) (7.4) by (7.5) and (7.6) gives gives upon upon rearrangement: rearrangement: (7.6) (7.6) Eliminating d V and du from Eq. (7.4) by Eqs. (7.5) (7.5) and (7.6) gives upon rearrangement: Eliminating by Eqs. and (7.6) Eliminating Eliminatingd d V V and anddu dufrom fromEq. Eq.(7.4) (7.4)by by Eqs.(7.5) (7.5) and(7.6) (7.6)gives givesupon uponrearrangement: rearrangement: and Eqs. Eliminating V and du from Eq. (7.4) Eqs. (7.5) and upon rearrangement: Eliminando dV y du d de la ecuacin (7.4) por las by ecuaciones (7.5) y(7.6) (7.6)gives obtenemos, despus de reacomodarlas: 2 2 2 2 u2 u u2 u u 2 u 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 T d S ) V d P + 1 + d A = 0 (7.7) ( 1 M 2 Td dS S u )V Vd dP P+ + 1 1+ + dA A= =0 0 (7.7) (1 1 M M2 u u u2 T 2d ) (7.7) ( 22 C A u u P T C A T d d S S V V d d P P + + 1 1 + + d d A A = = 0 0 (7.7) (7.7) (7.7) ( ( 1 1 M M 2)) P C A P T dS A (7.7) (1 M )V d P + 1 + C C Ad A = 0 P P P C A P where M M is is the the Mach Mach number, number, dened dened as as the the ratio ratio of of the the speed speed of of the the uid uid in in the the duct duct to to the the where M is the Mach number, dened as the ratio of the speed of the uid in the duct to the where where where M M is is the the Mach Mach number, number, dened dened as as the the ratio ratio of of the the speed speed of of the the uid uid in in the the duct duct to to the thea la vedonde M es el nmero de Mach, denido como la relacin de la velocidad del uido en el conducto speed of sound in the uid, u / c . Equation (7.7) relates d P to d S and d A . where of Msound is the in Mach number, as (7.7) the ratio of the the uid speed of sound in the uid, uid, u/ /c c. .dened Equation (7.7) relates dP Pspeed to d dS S of and dA A . in the duct to the speed the u Equation relates d to and d . speed speed of of sound sound in in the the uid, uid, u u / / c c . . Equation Equation (7.7) (7.7) relates relates d d P P to to d d S S and and d d A A . . locidadspeed del sonido en el uido, u/c .uLa ecuacin (7.7) relaciona con dS y dA .. Equations (7.6) and (7.7) are combined to eliminate V dd P : of sound in the uid, /c.are Equation (7.7) relates d dP PV to S: and dA Equations (7.6) and (7.7) are combined to eliminate V d P : Equations (7.6) and (7.7) combined to eliminate d P Equations (7.6) and (7.7) are combined to eliminate V d P : Equations (7.6) and (7.7) are combined to eliminate V d P : Las ecuaciones (7.6) y (7.7) se combinan para eliminar a V dP : Equations (7.6) and (7.7) combined are to eliminate V d P : 2 2 u u2 u 2 2 2 2 2 2 + M 2 +M M2 u u2 + 2 u2 1 2 2 C u u 1 P u C + + M M 1 2 P C 22d 2 u du T d S + dA A= =0 0 (7.8) P +M u du T d S + = 0 (7.8) 1 1 u u 2d A 2 2 u du T dS + 1 (7.8) C P P P 2 2 A 1 M M2 M2 u 1M C T C A 1 M 1 M u u du du T d d S S + + d d A A = = 0 0 (7.8) (7.8) (7.8) P A 1 1 11 T d S + 11 u du dA = 0 (7.8) 22 22 A 2 2 A M M M M 2 2 A 1M 1M
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CHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes CHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes CHAPTER CHAPTER 7. 7.7. Applications Applications of ofThermodynamics Thermodynamics to toFlow Flow Processes CAPTULO Aplicaciones de la termodinmica a losProcesses procesos de flujo
This equation relates du to d S and d A. Combined with Eq. (7.3) it relates d H to d S and d A, This equation relates du to d S and d A ..Combined Combined with Eq. (7.3) it relates d H to d S and d A Esta ecuacin relaciona du (7.4) con dS y dA . Al combinarse con la ecuacin (7.3), relaciona dH con dS y This This equation equation relates relates du du to tod d S Sand and d d A A .to Combined with with Eq. Eq.(7.3) (7.3) it itrelates relates d d H Hto to d d S S and and d d A A ,,dA , , y al and combined with it relates d V these same independent variables. and combined with (7.4) it relates d V to these same independent variables. combinarse con la ecuacin (7.4) relaciona dV con esas mismas variables independientes. and andcombined combined with with(7.4) (7.4) itit relates relates dd VVto to these thesesame same independent independent variables. variables. The differentials in the preceding equations represent changes in the uid as it traverses The differentials in the preceding equations represent changes in the uid as it traverses Las diferenciales en las representan en in el fluido conforme stebe atraviesa The Thedifferentials differentials in inthe thepreceding preceding equations equations represent changes changes inthe theuid uid as as it ittraverses traverses a differential length ofecuaciones its path. If anteriores this length is d x ,represent then cambios each of the equations of ow may a differential length of its path. If this length is d x , then each of the equations of ow may be una longitud diferencial de su trayectoria. Si esta longitud es dx , en tal caso cada una de las ecuaciones de a adifferential differential length length of of its its path. path.If Ifthis thislength length is isdd xthen x , ,then then each eachof ofthe theequations equationsof ofow owmay maybe be divided through by d x. Equations (7.7) and (7.8) become: divided through by d x . Equations (7.7) and (7.8) then become: flujo se divide entre dx . De ese modo, las ecuaciones (7.7) y (7.8) sern: divided dividedthrough throughby bydd xx . .Equations Equations(7.7) (7.7)and and (7.8)then then become: (7.8) become: u2 u2 A d S 2 dP 2 2d u u d A d S d P 2 2 + T 1 + u 0 (7.9) V (1 M 2)d 22 d 22 u u u d d A A= d S S d P P 2 2) d x + T 1 + C P = 0 (7.9) V ( 1 M d x A d 2 + TT 11 + + CP dx A dx = = 0 0 (7.9) (7.9) (7.9) VV (1 (1 M M) ) d x + dd xx C C xx AAdd xx x P P dd P 2 u2 2 2 u 2 22 + M2 u u du 1 A 2 2 + M C 2 dS P 2d u + + M M du d S u 1 d A 2 udu T + 0 (7.10) C 22 P du d d S S u u 1 1 d d A A= 2 2 C C P P u T + = 0 (7.10) x 1 M2 A d x dx + 1 P M2 u ud T T + = = 0 0 (7.10) (7.10) (7.10) d x d x A d x 1 M 1 M 2 2 22 22 A dd xx dd xx Add xx 11 M M 11 M M According to the second law, the irreversibilities due to uid friction indel adiabatic ow De acuerdo con la segunda ley, las irreversibilidades propiciadas por la friccin uido en un cause ujo adiabAccording to the second law, the irreversibilities due to uid friction in adiabatic ow cause According According to to the the second second law, law, the the irreversibilities irreversibilities due due to to uid uid friction friction in in adiabatic adiabatic ow ow cause causeel ujo an entropy increase in the uid in the direction of ow. In the limit as the ow approaches tico provocan un aumento en la entropa en el uido en la direccin del ujo. En el lmite, conforme an entropy increase in the uid in the direction of ow. In the limit as the ow approaches an anentropy entropyincrease increase in inthe the uid uidin inthe the direction direction of ofow. ow. In Inthe thelimit limitas asthe theow owapproaches approaches reversibility, this increase approaches zero. In general, then, se aproxima a la reversibilidad, este aumento zero. tiende a general, cero. Enthen, tal caso, en general, reversibility, this increase approaches In reversibility, reversibility,this thisincrease increaseapproaches approacheszero. zero.In Ingeneral, general,then, then, dS d S 0 d d S S 0 d x 0 0 d x dd xx
Pipe Flow Pipe Flow Pipe Pipe Flow Flow Flujo For en tuberas the case of steady-state adiabatic ow of compressible uids in a horizontal pipe of con-
For the case of steady-state adiabatic ow of compressible uids in horizontal pipe of conFor Forthe the case caseof ofsteady-state steady-state adiabatic ow ow ofcompressible compressible uids uids in inaa ahorizontal horizontal pipe pipeof ofconconstant cross-sectional area, d adiabatic A /d x = 0, andof Eqs. (7.9) and (7.10) reduce to: stant cross-sectional area, d A / d x = 0, and Eqs. (7.9) and (7.10) reduce to: En el caso de un ujo adiabtico en estado estacionario de uidos compresibles, en una tubera horizontal de stant stantcross-sectional cross-sectionalarea, area, AA // dd xx = =0, 0,and andEqs. Eqs.(7.9) (7.9)and and(7.10) (7.10)reduce reduceto: to: dd 2 /dx = 0 y las ecuaciones (7.9) y (7.10) 2 se reducen a: rea de seccin transversal constante, dA u u 2 2 2 1 + u u 2 2 22 22 + M2 C uu uu dS T du dP 2 + M 1 + C 2 2 d S P P + + M M 1 1 + + d S d S T du d P T udu = T C CP d d C P d S S d S S T du d d P P= 2 C P P P = u = T d x x d x= x M 1 M2 d d 1 C C P2 PP = = V u u = T T 2 d x V d x d x d x 1 M 1 M dd dd 11 11 2 2 2 2 22 dd xx VV xx dd xx xx M M M M
For subsonic ow, 2 M2 < 1; all terms on the right sides of these equations are then positive, 21, Para un ujo subsnico, M < por lo tanto todos los trminos de los lados derechos dethen estas ecuaciones son For subsonic ow, M < 1; all terms on the right sides of these equations are then positive, 2 22 For For subsonic subsonic ow, ow, M M < < 1; 1;all all terms terms on onthe the right right sides sides of of these these equations equations are are thenpositive, positive, and positivos; y, and dP du and and d P du 0 and >0 d d P P< du du < 0 and > 0 d x d x> < < 0 0 and and >0 0 y d d x d d xx x the velocity increases in d d xthe x direction of ow. However, the Thus the pressure decreases and Thus the pressure decreases and the velocity increases in the direction of ow. However, the Thus Thus the the pressure pressure decreases decreases and andthe thevelocity velocity increases increases in inthe theexceed direction direction of of ow. ow. However, However, theposible velocity cannot increase If the velocity to the sonic value, then the As que la presin disminuye y indenitely. la velocidad aumenta en la were direccin del ujo. Sin embargo, nothe es velocity cannot increase indenitely. If the velocity were to exceed the sonic value, then the velocity velocity cannot cannot increase increase indenitely. indenitely. If If the the velocity velocity were were to to exceed exceed the the sonic sonic value, value, then then the the above inequalities would reverse. Such a transition is not possible in a pipe of constant crossaumentar la velocidad indenidamente. Si la velocidad excediera el valor del sonido, en tal caso se invertiran above inequalities would reverse. Such transition is not possible in pipe of constant crossabove aboveinequalities inequalities would reverse. reverse. Such aa atransition transition is isnot not possible in inaa a pipe pipe of of constant constant crosscrosssectional area. Forwould subsonic ow, Such the maximum uid velocity obtainable in a pipe of constant las desigualdades anteriores. Esta transicin no sera viable en possible una tubera de rea de seccin transversal sectional area. For subsonic ow, the maximum uid velocity obtainable in a pipe of constant sectional sectional area. area. For For subsonic subsonic ow, ow, the the maximum maximum uid uid velocity velocity obtainable obtainable in in a a pipe pipe of of constant constant cross section is the speed of sound, and this value is reached at the exit of the pipe. At this point constante. Para ujo subsnico, la velocidad mxima del uido alcanzada en una tubera de seccin transvercross section is the speed of sound, and this value isreached reached at the exit of the pipe. At this point cross cross section is is the the speed speed of of sound, sound, and and this this value value is reached at the the exit exit of the the pipe. pipe. At At this this point point d S /dsection x reaches its limiting value of zero. Given ais discharge pressure low enough for the ow dS/dx sal constante es la rapidez del sonido, y este valor se alcanza en laat salida deof la tubera. En este punto, d S / d reaches its limiting value of zero. Given discharge pressure low enough for the ow d S S / / d d xx xreaches reaches its its limiting limiting value value ofzero. zero. Given Given aa adischarge discharge pressure pressure low low enough enough for for the the ow owsnico, to become sonic, lengthening the of pipe does not alter this result; the mass rate of ujo ow decreases llega a d su valor lmite de cero. Dada una presin de descarga bastante baja para que el se vuelva to become sonic, lengthening the pipe does not alter this result; the mass rate of ow decreases to to become become sonic, sonic, lengthening lengthening the the pipe pipe does does not not alter alter this this result; result; the the mass mass rate rate of of ow ow decreases decreases so that the sonic velocity is still obtained at the outlet of the lengthened pipe. el alargamiento de la tubera no altera este resultado; la relacin de ujo msico disminuye, de modo que la so that the sonic velocity is still obtained at the outlet of the lengthened pipe. so sothat that the the sonic sonic velocity is isstill still obtained obtained at at the theoutlet outlet of ofthe the lengthened pipe. The equations for pipe ow indicate that when ow islengthened supersonicpipe. the pressure increases velocidad snica an sevelocity obtiene en la salida de la tubera alargada. The equations for pipe ow indicate that when ow is supersonic the pressure increases The The equations equations for for pipe pipe ow ow indicate indicate that that when when ow ow is is supersonic supersonic the the pressure pressure increases increases and the velocity decreases in the direction of ow. However, such a ow regime unstable, Las ecuaciones para el flujo en la tubera indican que cuando ste es supersnico, la is presin aumenta y and the velocity decreases in the direction of ow. However, such a ow regime is unstable, and and the the velocity velocity decreases decreases in in the the direction direction of of ow. ow. However, However, such such a a ow ow regime regime is is unstable, unstable, and when a supersonic stream enters a pipe of constant cross section, a compression shock la velocidad disminuye en la direccin del flujo. No obstante, tal rgimen de flujo es inestable, y cuando la and when supersonic stream enters pipe of constant cross section, compression shock and and when when aa a supersonic supersonic stream stream enters enters aa a pipe pipe of ofconstant constant cross section, section, aa acompression compression shock shock occurs, the result of en which is an abrupt and nite increasecross in pressure and decrease in velocity corriente supersnica entra una tubera de seccin transversal constante, ocurre un choque de compresin occurs, the result of which is an abrupt and nite increase in pressure and decrease in velocity occurs, occurs, the the result result of of which which is is an an abrupt abrupt and and nite nite increase increase in in pressure pressure and and decrease decrease in in velocity velocity to a subsonic value. que origina un aumento repentino y finito en la presin, as como una disminucin de la velocidad a un valor to subsonic value. to toaa asubsonic subsonicvalue. value. subsnico.
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Example 7.1 7.1 Example Example 7.1 Ejemplo 7.1 Consider the the steady-state, steady-state, adiabatic, adiabatic, irreversible irreversible ow ow of of an an incompressible incompressible liquid liquid in in a a Consider
Consider the steady-state, adiabatic, irreversible ow of an incompressible liquid in a ( a ) The The velocity velocity is is constant. constant. (( a )) a The velocity is constant. ( b)) ) The The temperature temperature increases increases in in the the direction direction of of ow. ow. (( b b The temperature increases in the direction of ow. ( c)) ) The The pressure pressure decreases decreases in in the the direction direction of of ow. ow. (( c c The pressure decreases in the direction of ow.
a) La velocidad es constante.
horizontal pipe of constant constant cross-sectional area. Show that: that: horizontal of cross-sectional area. Show Considere un flujopipe irreversible, adiabtico, en estado estacionario de un lquido incompresible, que est horizontal pipe of constant cross-sectional area. Show that: en una tubera horizontal de rea de seccin transversal constante. Demuestre que:
b) La temperatura aumenta en la direccin del flujo. c) La presin disminuye en la direccin del flujo.
b) El balance de entropa de la ecuacin (5.23) en este caso simply se convierte en S S For San G= 1. Para un (b b)) ) The The entropy balance of Eq. Eq. (5.23) (5.23) here becomes simply S = S S For an (( entropy balance of here becomes S S S G= 2 1.. 2 G 2 1 b The entropy balance of Eq. (5.23) here becomes simply S G = S 2S 1 . For an lquido incompressible incompresible con capacidad calorfica C (vase el ejemplo 6.2), incompressible liquid with heat capacity C (see Ex. 6.2, pp. 203204), liquid with heat capacity C (see Ex. 6.2, pp. 203204), incompressible liquid with heat capacity C (see Ex. 6.2, pp. 203204), T T 22 dT dT T 2 = S S = C dT S = S S = C S G 2 1 G 2 1 = S S = C S G 2 1 T T T T 11 T T 1 But S S is positive (ow is irreversible) irreversible) and hence, hence, by the the last last equation, equation, T >T T , But positive (ow is and by ,, G is 2> 1 G 2 1 No obstante, S es positiva (el flujo es irreversible) y, en consecuencia, para laT ltima ecuacin But S positive (ow is irreversible) and hence, by the last equation, T GGis 2 > T 1 and temperature increases in the direction of ow. and temperature increases in the direction of ow. T > T ,and y latemperature temperaturaincreases se incrementa la direccin del flujo. in theen direction of ow.
2 1
a) En este volumen de control es simplemente una longitud finita de una tubera horizon( a )caso, The el control volume here is is simply simply a a nite nite length of horizontal horizontal pipe, with (( a )) The control volume here length of pipe, with a The control volume here is simply a nite length of horizontal pipe, with tal, con las secciones de entrada y salida identificadas como 1 y 2. Por la ecuacin de continuidad, entrance and and exit exit sections sections identied identied as as 1 1 and and 2. 2. By By the the continuity continuity equation, equation, entrance entrance and exit sections identied as 1 and 2. By the continuity equation, la ecuacin (2.27), Eq. (2.27), Eq. (2.27), Eq. (2.27), A22 u A1 u22A u 1A u u 2A 2= = u11 A11 = V V V V 2 1 2 1 V V 2 1 However, A = A (constant cross-sectional area) and V V = V (incompressible De cualquier modo, A = A (rea de seccin transversal constante) yV V1 (fluido incompresiHowever, A = A (constant cross-sectional area) and V (incompressible 2 2 1 2= 1= 1 (constant cross-sectional area) 2 2 1 However, A22 = A11 and V 2 = V 1 (incompressible uid). Hence, u = u . ble). Por lo tanto, u = u . uid). Hence, u = u . 2 1 2 u 1 2 1 uid). Hence, 2 =u 1.
Solution 7.1
( c )As As shown in ( a ),u u22 a = u1 and therefore theenergy energy balance, Eq.(2.32), (2.32), reduces c) Como se indica enin el(( inciso ),u u1,therefore y por lo tanto el balance de energa, ecuacin (2.32), se (( c )) shown a ), = ,,= and the balance, Eq. reduces 1 2 c As shown in a ), u therefore the energy balance, Eq. (2.32), reduces 2 =u 1 , and for the stated conditions to H H = 0. Combining this with the integrated form reduce para las condiciones establecidas a H H = 0. Al combinar sta con la forma integrada for the stated conditions to H H = 0. Combining this with the integrated form 2 1 2 1 2 1 for the stated conditions to H2 H1 = 0. Combining this with the integrated form of Eq. ( A ) of Ex. 6.2 applied to an incompressible liquid yields: de la ecuacin ( del ejemplo 6.2 aplicada a un lquido incompresible se obtiene: of Eq. ( A ) of Ex. 6.2 applied to an incompressible liquid yields: of Eq. ( A) of Ex. 6.2 applied to an incompressible liquid yields: T T 22 T 2 H = C dT dT + +V V( (P P P P )= =0 0 H H = C H 2H 1 = 2 1) 2 1 2 1 C dT + V ( P H 2 1 2 P 1) = 0 Whence, Whence, De donde, Whence, T T 22 T 2 P ) = C dT dT V ( P P ) = C V ( P 2 1 2 1 P ) = C dT V (P 2 1 T
T 11 T 1 T T 11 T 1
As shownen inel ( b ), T T > T thus by the the last last equation, P < P , and and pressure As shown in (( b ), ;;>thus by equation, P ,, pressure 2 > 1 2 < 1 2 1 2 1 Como se muestra inciso ), T T T1; as, por la ltima ecuacin, P2P < , y la presin dismiAs shown in b ), T > T thus by the last equation, P P and pressure 2 1 2 b 1; 2 < 1P decreases in the direction of ow. decreases in the direction of ow. nuye endecreases la direccin del direction flujo. in the of ow. Repeating this example for the the case case of reversible adiabatic ow is is instructive. instructive. example for reversible adiabatic ow Repeating this example for the case of reversible adiabatic ow is ResultaRepeating ilustrativothis repetir este ejemplo paraof un flujo adiabtico reversible .instructive. En este caso u2 = In this case u = u as before, but S = 0. The entropy balance then shows that In this case u = u as before, but S = 0. The entropy balance then shows G 2 1 G 2 1 this case as before, but The entropymuestra balanceque then shows that u1 comoIn antes, perou S =u 0. lo tanto, elS balance entropa T2 = T1,that en cuya siG = 0. de 2 1 Por G= = T , in which case the energy balance yields P = P . We conclude that the en el T = T , in which case the energy balance yields P = P . We conclude that T 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 = T1 , in which case the energy yields P2que =P We conclude that the the tuacin T el de energa produce P2 =balance P1. Concluimos el de temperatura 2 balance 1 .aumento temperature increase of ( b ) and the pressure decrease of ( c ) originate from ow temperature increase of ( b ) and the pressure decrease of ( c ) originate from ow increase b) and the pressure decrease of (c) de originate from ow inciso btemperature ) y la disminucin de of la ( presin en el inciso c ) son la causa las irreversibilidades del irreversibilities, specically fromthe theirreversibilities irreversibilities associated with uid friction. irreversibilities, specically from associated with friction. irreversibilities, specically from the irreversibilities associated with uid friction. flujo, especficamente de las irreversibilidades asociadas con la friccin deluid fluido.
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260 260
CHAPTER 7. Applications of to CAPTULO Aplicaciones de la termodinmica a los Processes procesos de flujo CHAPTER 7. 7. Applications of Thermodynamics Thermodynamics to Flow Flow Processes
Tabla 7.2: Caractersticas del ujo para una tobera Table 7.2: Characteristics of Flow for Nozzle. Table 7.2: Characteristics of Flow for a a Nozzle.
Subsonic: Subsnica: M< <1 1 Subsonic: M M < 1 Supersonic: Supersnica: M> >1 1 Supersonic: M M > 1
Convergente Converging Diverging Converging Diverging Converging Divergente Diverging Convergente Converging Divergente Diverging
d dA A d dx x d dP P d dx x du du d dx x + + + + + + + + + + + +
for subsonic ow in nozzle, the increases and the De esteThus, modo, para el flujo subsnico en una tobera convergente, velocidad aumenta y la presin Thus, for subsonic ow in a a converging converging nozzle, the velocity velocityla increases and the pressure pressure decreases as the cross-sectional area diminishes. The maximum obtainable uid velocity the disminuye conforme decrece el rea dearea la seccin transversal. La velocidad mxima alcanzada por el fluido decreases as the cross-sectional diminishes. The maximum obtainable uid velocity is is the speed of sound, reached at the exit. Because of this, a converging subsonic nozzle can be used ser la rapidez del sonido, y staat se obtiene en la salida. Debido a esto, es posible utilizar una be tobera speed of sound, reached the exit. Because of this, a converging subsonic nozzle can usedconverto a owrate into region variable pressure. Suppose a uid to deliver deliverpara a constant constant owrate into a a de region of variableen pressure. Suppose a compressible compressible uid gente subsnica entregar una relacin flujoof constante una regin de presin variable. Suponga que enters a converging nozzle at pressure P and discharges from the nozzle into a chamber of 1 enters a converging nozzle at pressure P1 and a discharges from the la nozzle into a chamber of cmaun fluido compresible entra en una tobera convergente presin P1 y desde tobera se descarga a una .medida As discharge pressure decreases below ,debajo the velocity variable pressure 2 variable pressure P As this thisque discharge pressure decreases below P P1 the owrate owrate and velocity ra de presin variable P2.P A esta presin de descarga disminuye de P1,and aumentan el caudal 2. 1, increase. Ultimately, the pressure ratio P / P reaches a critical value at which the velocity at 2 1 increase. the pressure ratio P2 / P reaches value at which the velocity at en la y la velocidad. AlUltimately, final, la relacin de las presiones P P1 llegaaacritical un valor crtico en el cual la velocidad 12/ the is Further reduction in P effect on the in the the nozzle exit is sonic. sonic. Further reduction in P2 has no effect on the conditions conditions in the nozzle. nozzle. salida de lanozzle toberaexit es snica. Una mayor reduccin en Phas nono afecta las condiciones de la tobera. El flujo per2 2 The ow remains constant, and the velocity at the nozzle exit is sonic, regardless of the ow remains the velocity at the es nozzle exit isconsiderar sonic, regardless of the value maneceThe constante, y en la constant, salida de and la tobera la velocidad snica, sin el valor de P2value /P1, a condiP / P , provided it less than the For steam, the critical of P1 it is is always always less than the critical critical value. For el steam, the critical value of this this es, a of P2 cin deof que siempre sea menor que el valor crtico. Para value. el vapor, valor crtico devalue este cociente 2/ 1 , provided ratio is about 0.55 at moderate temperatures and pressures. ratio is 0.55moderadas, at moderatede temperatures temperaturas y about presiones casi 0.55. and pressures. Supersonic velocities readily in section of designed Supersonic velocities are are readily attained attained in the the diverging diverging section of a a properly properly designed Las velocidades supersnicas se consiguen con facilidad en la seccin divergente de una tobera converconverging/diverging nozzle (Fig. 7.1). With sonic velocity reached at the throat, a converging/diverging nozzle (Fig. 7.1). sonic velocity reached aten the a further further gente/divergente bien diseada (figura 7.1). Con With la velocidad snica alcanzada la throat, garganta, otro aumento increase and decrease in an in area, increaseyin in velocity and en decrease in pressure pressure requires an increase increase in cross-sectional cross-sectional area, a a en la velocidad la velocity disminucin la presin requiere requires de un aumento en el rea de la seccin transversal, una section to accommodate increasing volume of The occurs at diverging section to cabida accommodate increasing volume of ow. ow. The transition transition occurs at the the donde seccindiverging divergente para dar al creciente volumen de flujo. La transicin ocurre en la garganta, throat, where / = between velocity, area, throat, where d dA A /d dx x velocidad, = 0. 0. The The relationships relationships between velocity, area, and and pressure pressure in in a a convergconvergdA/dx = 0. La relacin entre rea y presin en una tobera convergente/divergente se ilustra numing/diverging nozzle are illustrated numerically in Ex. 7.2. ing/diverging nozzle ricamente en el ejemplo 7.2. are illustrated numerically in Ex. 7.2.
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261
7.1. Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids 7.1. 7.1. Duct Duct Flow Flow of of Compressible Compressible Fluids Fluids 7.1. Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids
Figura 7.1: Tobera Figure 7.1: convergente/divergente. Converging/diverging Figure 7.1: nozzle. Figure :: Figure7.1 7.1 Converging/diverging Converging/diverging Converging/diverging Figure 7.1: nozzle. nozzle. nozzle. Converging/diverging nozzle.
La rapidez sonido se logra en la garganta de una tobera convergente/divergente slo cuando Thedel speed of sound is attained at the throat of a converging/diverging nozzle only when la presin en the la garganta es bastante baja para alcanzar el valor crtico de P / P . Si la cada de presin disponible 2 1 pressure at the throat is low enough that the critical value of P2 / P1 is reached. If insufcient The speed of sound is attained at the throat of a converging/diverging nozzle only when en la tobera es insuficiente para que la velocidad sea snica, la seccin divergente de la tobera acta The speed of sound is attained at the throat of a converging/diverging nozzle only when The speed of soundin is the attained atfor thethe throat of a converging/diverging nozzle only when como pressure drop is available nozzle velocity to become sonic, the diverging section / P reached. If insufcient pressure at the throat is low enough that the critical value of P 2velocidad 1 is difusor.the Es decir, despus de llegar a la garganta la presin aumenta y la disminuye; ste es el com/ P is reached. If insufcient the pressure at the throat is low enough that the critical value of P The speed of sound is attained at the throat of a converging/diverging nozzle only when 2 1 reached. rises If insufcient the pressure the as throat is low enough that the the critical value of P of the nozzleat acts a diffuser. That is, after throat is reached the and the 2/ P 1 is pressure pressure drop is available in the nozzle for thesecciones velocity to become sonic, the diverging section portamiento convencional para el flujo subsnico en divergentes. pressure drop is available in the nozzle for velocity to become sonic, the diverging section / P is reached. If insufcient the pressure at the throat is low enough that the critical value of P pressuredecreases; drop is available in the nozzle for behavior the velocity to become sonic, the diverging section velocity this is the conventional for subsonic sections. 2 ow 1 in diverging of the nozzle as a diffuser. That is, after the throat is reached the pressure rises and the La relacin de acts la velocidad a la presin en una isentrpica se expresa manera analtica of the nozzle acts as a That after the reached the pressure rises and the pressure drop is available in the nozzle for the velocity tois become sonic, the de diverging section of the nozzle acts as velocity a diffuser. diffuser. That is, is, after the throat throat is reached the pressure rises and the si el The relation of to pressure in an tobera isentropic nozzle can be expressed analytically velocity decreases; this is the conventional behavior for subsonic ow in diverging sections. fluido se comporta como un gas ideal con una capacidad calorfica constante. Si se combinan las ecuaciones velocity decreases; this is the conventional behavior for subsonic ow in diverging sections. of the nozzle acts as a diffuser. That is, after the throat is reached the pressure rises and the velocity decreases; is ideal the conventional behavior for subsonic ow in diverging if the uid behaves this as an gas with constant heat capacities. Combination of sections. Eqs. (6.8) The relation of velocity to pressure in an isentropic nozzle can be expressed analytically (6.8) y (7.3) para el flujo isentrpico se The relation of velocity to pressure an nozzle be expressed velocity decreases; this is the conventional behavior for subsonic ow in diverginganalytically sections. The relation of velocity toobtiene: pressure in in an isentropic isentropic nozzle can can be expressed analytically and (7.3) for isentropic ow gives: if the uid behaves as an ideal gas with constant heat capacities. Combination of Eqs. (6.8) if uid behaves as an with heat Combination of Eqs. relation of velocity togas pressure in an isentropic nozzle can be expressed analytically if the the The uid behaves as an ideal ideal gas with constant constant heat capacities. capacities. Combination of Eqs. (6.8) (6.8) u du = V dP and (7.3) for isentropic ow gives: u du = Vheat d P capacities. Combination of Eqs. (6.8) and (7.3) for isentropic ow gives: if the uid behaves as an ideal gas with constant and (7.3) for isentropic ow gives: and (7.3) for isentropic ow gives:de entrada La integracin, con las condiciones y salida de la tobera, indicadas por 1 y 2, produce: u du = Vd P Integration, with nozzle entrance and exit conditions by 1 and 2, yields: u = P udu du = V Vd ddenoted P u du = V d P P2 exit conditions denoted Integration, with nozzle entrance by 1 and 2, yields: ( 1)/ Integration, entrance and and exit conditions 1 2, P2 2 P1 Vdenoted Integration, with with nozzle nozzle denoted by by 1 and and 2, yields: yields: 1 2 2 entrance and exit conditions (7.11) (7.11) 1 by 1 = 2 andV d Pconditions = 2 u 1entrance Integration, with u nozzle exit and yields: ( 2, 1)/ P V 1denoted P1 2 PP 1 ( 1 )/ P 2 P 1 1 2 ( 1 )/ 2 P 2 2 2 2 1V 1 2 P V 2 P P (7.11) P u 2 2 2 2 2= 2 (7.11) 1 u u1 = 2 2 V Vd dP P= = 11 1 1 u (7.11) 1 P1 ( 1)/ u 2 1 2u 1 = 2 P1P2 V d P = 2 V P 1 P 1 1 2 where the nal term upon elimination of V by Eq. (3.30c), P V = const. 2 is obtained 2 1 1 P P 1 1 P 1 y, (7.11) 1 u = 2 V d P = donde se llega al trminounal al eliminar V mediante la ecuacin (3.30c), PV = constante. 2 1 1 ratio P2 P /1 P for which u 2 reaches the Equation (7.11) may be solved for the pressure P1 la La ecuacin (7.11) se puede resolver para la relacin presiones P21 /P1 para que u2 llega a la rapidez where the nal term is obtained upon elimination ofde V by Eq. (3.30c), P V const. = where the nal term is obtained V by Eq. (3.30c), P V = const. whereof the nal term is obtained upon upon elimination elimination of of V by Eq. (3.30c), P V = const. speed sound, i.e., where ratio P2 / P1 for which del sonido, esEquation decir, donde u reaches the (7.11) may be solved for the pressure 2 / u (7.11) for ratio P P whereEquation the nal term is may obtained upon of V by Eq. (3.30c), Pwhich V = const. 2 1 /P P for which u22 reaches reaches the the Equation (7.11) may be be solved solved for the pressure pressure ratio P 2 1 for 2 elimination 2 the 2 speed of sound, i.e., where u = c = V 2 speed of sound, i.e., where / P for which u reaches the Equation (7.11) may be solved for the pressure ratio P speed of sound, i.e., where 2 1 2 V S 2 2 2 P P speed of sound, i.e., where u c V 2 2 2 2= 2= 2 P 2 u = c = V u = c = V The derivative is found by differentiation with respect to V V 2 2 S of P V = const.: P V 2 2 2 V S S u2 = = V c with = const.: The derivative is found by differentiation respect to P V VV = P P Sof The is by with to of P V The derivative derivative is found found by differentiation differentiation with respect respect to V V of Pconstante: V = = const.: const.: La derivada se encuentra por diferenciacin con respecto aV de PV = = const.: V V The derivative is found by differentiation with respect to V of P V S P P P P = P P = = V V 2 S P P V V = P V Substitution then yields: u V 2 S S =2 2 V V V 2 S 2 P V Substitution then yields: u 2 20, 2solution for the pressure ratio at the throat With this value for u 2 in Eq. (7.11) and with u1 = 2= 2 = P V Substitution then yields: u La sustitucin nos da: 2 2 = P V Substitution then yields: u 2 2 2 2 2 =P V gives: 2 in Eq. (7.11) and with Substitution then yields: u 2 2 With this value for u u = 0, solution the pressure ratio at the throat 2 2 1 2 /( 1) for 2 2 With this value for u in and with u = 0, solution for the pressure ratio at 1 With this value forla u22 inEq. Eq.(7.11) (7.11) and with u = 0, solution for the pressure ratio atthe thethroat throat P 2 1 Con este valor para u en ecuacin (7.11) y con u = 0, la solucin para la relacin de presiones en la gar2 1 2 gives: 2 = (7.12) gives: With this value for u in Eq. (7.11) and with u = 0, solution for the pressure ratio at the throat gives: 1 ganta da: /( 1 ) 2 P + 1 1 2 /( 1) P 2 gives: P 2 P 2 /( 1) (7.12) 2= 2 = (7.12) /( 1) = (7.12) P + 1 1 2 P 2 1 P + +1 1 1= (7.12) (7.12) P1 +1
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Example Example 7.2 7.2 Example 7.2 Example 7.2 Example 7.2 Ejemplo 7.2 7.2 C. At A Example high-velocity A high-velocity nozzle nozzle is is designed is designed to to operate to operate with with steam steam at at 700 at 700 kPa kPa and and 300 300 C.At At Ahigh-velocity high-velocity nozzle is designed to operate with steam at 700 kPa and 300 C. At Example 7.2 A nozzle designed operate with steam 700 kPa and 300 C. Example A high-velocity 7.2 nozzle is designed designed to operate with steam at 700 700 kPa and 300 C. At C. 1 11 A high-velocity nozzle is to operate with steam at kPa and 300 At
600, 500, 400, 300, and 200 kPa. Assume that the nozzle operates isentropically.
CHAPTER CHAPTER 7. 7. Applications 7. Applications of of Thermodynamics of Thermodynamics to to Flow to Flow Processes Processes CHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes CHAPTER Applications Thermodynamics Flow Processes CHAPTER 7. 7. Applications of Thermodynamics Thermodynamics to Flow Flow Processes CAPTULO Aplicaciones de la termodinmica a los Processes procesos de flujo CHAPTER 7. Applications of to CHAPTER CHAPTER7. 7. Applications Applicationsof ofThermodynamics Thermodynamicsto toFlow FlowProcesses Processes
the the nozzle nozzle inlet inlet the the velocity velocity is is 30 is m 30 s m .s Calculate .Calculate Calculate values values of the of the ratio ratio /A A A / (where A (where A A Se disea una tobera de alta velocidad para funcionar con vapor a of 700 kPa yA 300 C. En entrada de 1 the nozzle inlet the velocity is 30 m s .Calculate values of the ratio / A A la 1 1(where 1At 1 the nozzle inlet the velocity 30 m s values the ratio / A (where A A high-velocity nozzle is designed to operate with steam at 700 kPa 300 C. 11 111 the nozzle inlet the velocity is 30 30 m s .. Calculate Calculate values of the ratio Aand / A (where A 1 1 1 A high-velocity nozzle is designed to operate with steam at 700 kPa and 300 C. At 1 the nozzle inlet the velocity is m s . values of the ratio A / A (where A is the is the cross-sectional cross-sectional area area of the of the nozzle nozzle inlet) inlet) for the for the sections sections where where the the pressure pressure is is la tobera la velocidad es 30 m s . Calcule los valores de la relacin A / A (donde es el rea de sec1 1 is the cross-sectional area of the nozzle inlet) for the sections where the pressure is 1 1 1 is the cross-sectional area of the nozzle inlet) for the sections where the pressure is the nozzle inlet the velocity is m s .. Calculate values of the ratio A / (where A 1pressure 1 is the cross-sectional area of of the nozzle inlet) for for the the sections where the is the nozzle inlet the velocity is30 30 m s1 Calculate values of the ratio A /A A 1 (where 1 is the cross-sectional area the nozzle inlet) sections the pressure is 600, 600, 500, 500, 400, 400, 300, 300, and and 200 200 kPa. kPa. Assume Assume that that the the nozzle nozzle operates operates isentropically. isentropically. cin transversal de la entrada de la tobera) para las secciones donde la where presin es 600, 500, A 400, 300 600, 500, 400, 300, and 200 kPa. Assume that the nozzle operates isentropically. 600, 500, 400, 300, and 200 kPa. Assume that the nozzle operates isentropically. is the cross-sectional area of the nozzle inlet) for the sections where the pressure is 600, 500, 400, 300, and 200 kPa. Assume that the nozzle operates isentropically. is the cross-sectional area of the nozzle inlet) for the sections where the pressure is 600, 500, 400, 300, and 200 kPa. Assume that the nozzle operates isentropically. y 200 kPa. Suponga que la tobera funciona de manera isentrpica. 600, 500, 400, 300, and 200 kPa. Assume that the nozzle operates isentropically.
3 When 3 When 1 , 1 1 must 1 must 1 and 1by u is in uis (ft)(s) is in (ft)(s) H in ,H H (Btu)(lb in (Btu)(lb ) be be multiplied be multiplied by by 778.16(ft by 778.16(ft lbf )(Btu) lb and the by dimensional the dimensional When in (ft)(s) in (Btu)(lb ) must be multiplied by 778.16(ft lb and by the dimensional 33 11 11must 11and m) m m f )(Btu) f )(Btu) 3 1 1 1 When uu is in (ft)(s) ,, H in (Btu)(lb ) multiplied 778.16(ft lb )(Btu) by the dimensional m When u is in (ft)(s) , H in ) must be multiplied by 778.16(ft lb )(Btu) and by the dimensional 1(Btu)(lb 2(s) 11 22 m 3 When 1m 1 must 1 and ff)(Btu) constant constant g g = 32.174(lb = 32.174(lb )(ft)(lb )(ft)(lb ) (s) ) . . constant g = 32.174(lb )(ft)(lb ) (s) . 1 2 c c m u is in (ft)(s) , H in (Btu)(lb ) be multiplied by 778.16(ft lb by the dimensional f f c m 1 1 1 f m 1 (s) 2 .. ) constant g = 32.174(lb 32.174(lb )(ft)(lb ) (s) 3 When 1 1 1 Cuando en (ft)(s) ,Hm en (Btu)(lb debe multiplicarse por 778.16 (ft lbf)(Btu) f y por la dimensional gc = 32.174 c m m constant g )(ft)(lb u= , ,H (Btu)(lb 3u es g 1 1must constante 1and c 1)(s) 2m ff) f )(Btu) uis isin in(ft)(s) (ft)(s) H in in (Btu)(lb mustbe bemultiplied multipliedby by778.16(ft 778.16(ftlb lb andby bythe thedimensional dimensional constant 32.174(lb m) 1 When 2c m )(ft)(lb f )(Btu) f ) 1 (s)2 . (lbm)(ft)(lb .= f) (s) gc constant = 32.174(lb )(ft)(lb ) . 1 2 m f constant gc = 32.174(lbm )(ft)(lbf ) (s) .
3
The required required area area ratios ratios are are given given by by Eq. Eq. (2.27), (2.27), and and the the velocity velocity u u is is found found from from The the integrated the integrated form form of Eq. of (7.3): Eq. (7.3): the integrated form of Eq. (7.3): the integrated form of Eq. (7.3): The required area ratios are given by Eq. (2.27), and the velocity u is found from cuentra a partir de la forma integrada de la ecuacin (7.3): the integrated form of Eq. (7.3): The required area ratios are given by Eq. (2.27), and the velocity u is found from the integrated form of Eq. (7.3): the integrated form of Eq. (7.3): V V u u A form A V u A 1 1 the integrated of Eq. (7.3): 1 2 2 2 2 2u= 22( V u1 A 1V u A 2 2 == = u H ( H H ) H and u yand u u= = = u ( H H )) and u 1H 1 2 2 1u 1 = u 22 (2 H )1 and V1 u A 1) 1 = = 2 ( H H1 and u2 11 2 A1A A u V A V uu 1 V1 1= 1 V u 1 1 V u and u = u 2 ( H H ) 2 2 1 1 1) V u1 AA V 1u 1 2 = u1 2 H u 1unidades 1, and 2 tiene unidades 2(s 2 A 12 1 = 1u =V = u (H H. H )1 and u2 Con unidades para la velocidad de m u de Las de J kg1 para 1 1 A V u 1 1s 2. 2 12 22has 22s 2m 11for 1 1 , u , has u the has units, the units, m s m . s Units Units of J of kg J kg for H for are H are For For velocity velocity units units of m of s m s A V u 1 2 2 2 1 , u the units, m . Units of Jkg kg H are For velocity units of m s 1 of m1s 1 2 2 1 3 2 2 1 , u has the units, m s . Units of J for H are For velocity units H son consistentes estas unidades, ya que J 1m kg m , de donde 1 = 1 m2 s2. ,u u 2 has has the 1 units, m s .s Units Units of J kg for H are For velocity velocitycon units of m s1 , 2 2 . 1 kg 3 because 2= 2 2 1 1J 2 2 33 2 2 1 2 22 the units, s of J kg for H are For units of m s consistent consistent with with these, these, because 1 J = 1 1 J kg = 1 m kg s m , s whence , whence 1 J kg 1 J kg = 1 m = 1 s m . s . 3 2 2 1 2 2 consistent with these, because 1 J = 1 kg m s , whence 1 J kg = 1 m s . 1 2 2 2 1 3 because 2 la 2 ,, 1= 2H 2 consistent with these, because 1 J= = 1 kg kg m2 s whence 1 J kg = 1 m s ,, u has the units, m swhence .. Units of J kg are For velocity units of m ss1 2 2 1 for De las tablas de vapor, los valores iniciales para entropa, la1 entalpa y el volumen 1 J 1 m s 1 J kg 1 m s .. especconsistent with these, 3m 22 1 2s 2 uenthalpy, has the units, m s Units of J kg for H are For velocity units of because 1 J = 1 kg m s , whence J kg = 1 m . consistent with these, Initial Initial values values for entropy, for entropy, enthalpy, enthalpy, and and specic specic volume volume from from the steam the steam tables: tables: Initial values for entropy, and specic volume from the steam tables: 3 2 2 1 2 2 Initial values values for entropy, entropy, enthalpy, and specic volume1 from the steam tables: 1 kg ,,whence JJkg 1 ss2 .. consistent with 3 because 2 ss2 1 = fico son: Initial for enthalpy, and specic volume from the steam tables: consistent withthese, these, because 1JJ= =1 1and kgm m whence 1 kg = 1m m2 Initial values for entropy, enthalpy, specic volume from the steam tables: Initial values for entropy, enthalpy, and specic volume from the steam tables: 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1K 11 Initial values for enthalpy, and specic volume from the steam tables: 3kg 3 g = 7 .= 2997 7 .2997 kJ kJ kg kJ kg K K H1H = H1 3,059.8 = 3,059.8 10 10 J Jkg kg V1V = V1 371 = .371 39 .39 cm g g S1 S S1 1entropy, 11 11 1 = .2997 kJ kg H = 3,059.8 10 V = 371 .cm 39 cm S 3 3 1 1 1 1 = 77 .2997 2997 kg K = 3,059.8 10 JJ kg = 371 .39 39 cm g 11 11 11 = 7 . kJ kg K H = 3,059.8 10 kg V = 371 . cm S 3 J 3 g 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3,059.8 S1 = 7.2997 kJ kg1 K1 H1 = 3 J kg 1 V1 = 371.39 cm 3 g 1 10 3 JV 7.2997 kJ kg 1 K H = 371.39 cm 3 g 1 S 1 = 1A 1 = 3030 30 VV 30 V K1 A H =3,059.8 3,059.8 10 10 Jkg kg1 V V S 1 = 7.2997 kJ kg 1 A 1 = 371.39 cm g A A 30 V Thus, Thus, = = ( A( )( ( A Thus, = A ) ) (A) Thus, = 371 A 30 As queThus, = (A A )) A1A A .371 39 .39 uV A .39 uu 1 371 1= A 30 V 371 . 39 u Thus, ( ) 1 A 30 V A 371 . 39 u 1 = 371.39 Thus, ((A )) A1 Thus, = 371.39 u A A u 2 = 3 )10 12( 22 33 A 371 . 39 u and and u u 900 = 900 H 2 ( H 3,059.8 3,059.8 10 ) ( B ) ( B 2 3 1 y and u = 900 2 ( H 3,059.8 10 ) ( B ) ) (B) 2 = 3) and u2 = 900 900 2 2( (H H 3,059.8 3,059.8 10 103 ) B)) and u ((B B and u = 900 2 (H 3,059.8 10 ) ( ) 2 3 and u = 900 (( H 3,059.8 )) values ((B )) 2 3 Because Because the expansion the expansion is isentropic, is isentropic, S = S = S ; steam-table ;steam-table steam-table values values at las 600 at 600 kPa kPa are: are: Because the expansion is isentropic, SS = S ;steam-table at 600 kPa are: 1 1 and u = 900 2 2 H 3,059.8 10 10 B Puesto que el proceso de expansin es isentrpico, S = S valores de tablas de vapor a 600 Because the expansion is isentropic, S = S1 ;1 values at 600 kPa are: 1; los 1; Because the expansion is isentropic, S = S steam-table values at 600 kPa are: Because the expansion is isentropic, S = S ; steam-table values at 600 kPa are: 1 kPa son: Because the expansion is isentropic, S = S ; steam-table values at 600 kPa are: 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 11K 1 1 1 1 11 11 1 the is isentropic, S= ; steam-table values at 600 kPa are: 33 3 K HH = H 3,020.4 = 3,020.4 S 10 10 J kg Jkg kg V = V 418 = .418 25 .25 cm g g S Because = S 7 .= 2997 7 .2997 kJexpansion kg kJ kg 1 1 1 1 K H = 3,020.4 10 V = 418 .cm 25 cm g = .2997 kJ kg 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 K = 3,020.4 10 JJ kg V = 418 25 cm g SS= = 77 2997 kJ kg K H= = 3,020.4 10 kg V = 418 ..25 25 cm S 7 ..2997 2997 kJ kg 3 J 3 g 1 K 1 1 1 H 3,020.4 10 J kg V = 418 . cm g S =7 . kJ kg 3 3 1 1 K1 1 = 3,020.4 10 J kg .. 25 S = 7 .. 2997 kJ kg 1 K1 H 1 13 1 1 V 1 Hu = 3,020.4 J kg V= =418 418 25cm cm3 g g, S = 7 2997 kJ kg From From Eq. ( Eq. B ), ( B ), = u 282 = .282 3. m .3 s10 m s 1 From Eq. ( B ), = 282 . 3 m s ,, 1 From Eq. ( B ), uu = 282 3 m s From Eq. ( B ), u = 282 . 3 m s ,, 1 From Eq. ( B ), u = 282 . 3 m s , 1 1 From Eq. ), u 282 3 m s ,, .418 1 30 u De la ecuacin (B ), == 282.3 m s.25 A 418 .3 418 25 .s 25 30 From Eq.((B B ), A A u = 282 . m A 30 418 25 30 A= = 418 ..25 25 30 By Eq. By ( Eq. A( ), ( A ), == 0 .= 120 0 .120 = By Eq. ( A ), = 0 .120 = By Eq. A ), 0 . 120 A 418 . 30 282 418 = 371 By Eq. Eq. ( (A A), ), =0 0. .120 120 A1A A= .371 39 .39 .282 3 .3 A 371 .39 282 .3 1 371 .. 25 30 39 282 .3 3 By 11= 418 25 30 AA 371 ..39 39 282 1 Eq. ), = 0 .. 120 = A 371 . 282 .3 1 UsandoBy la ecuacin By Eq.((A A ), (A), = 0 120 = A 371 .evaluated 39 282 .. 3 1pressures Area Area ratios ratios for other for other pressures are are evaluated the same the same way, way, and and the results the results are are Area ratios for other pressures are evaluated the same way, and the results are A 371 . 39 282 3 1 Area ratios ratios for for other other pressures pressures are are evaluated evaluated the the same same way, way, and the results are Area and the results are Area ratios for other pressures are evaluated the same way, and the results are summarized summarized in the in following the following table. table. summarized in the following table. Las relaciones de las reas para otras presiones se evalan de igual manera y los resultados se summarized in the following table. Area other pressures are summarized in the following table. Area ratios ratios for for other pressures are evaluated evaluated the the same same way, way, and and the the results results are are summarized in the following table. resumen en la siguiente tabla: summarized in the following table. summarized in the table. 3 1 1 /m u 1 3 1 1 /m u 1 33 1following 11 33 1u 11 P /kPa P /kPa V /cm V /cm g g u s/m A /A A A / A P /kPa P /kPa V /cm V /cm g g s/m A /A A A / A 3 1 1 3 1 1 P /kPa V /cm g /m ss / A P /kPa V /cm g /m ss / A 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 P /kPa V /cm g uu /m s / A P /kPa V /cm g uu /m s / A 111 P 111 P /kPa V /cm g u /m s A/ / A /kPa V /cm g u /m s A/ / A 3 1 1 3g 1 1 1 1 P /kPa V /cm3 g1 u /m s1 A A P /kPa V /cm u /m s A A 1 1 3 1 1 P /kPa /m s A / P /kPa u /m ss1 0.088 A / 3g 3g 1 1 P /kPa V/cm /cm g1 u u /m s1 1.0 A /A A P /kPa V/cm /cm g1 523.0 u /m A /A A 700 700 V 371.39 371.39 30 30 1.0 400 V 571.23 571.23 523.0 0.088 700 371.39 30 1.0 400 571.23 523.0 0.088 1 400 1 700 371.39 30 1.0 400 571.23 523.0 0.088 700 371.39 30 1.0 400 571.23 523.0 0.088 700 371.39 30 1.0 400 571.23 523.0 0.088 418.25 418.25 282.3 282.3 0.120 0.120 300 300 711.93 711.93 633.0 633.0 0.091 0.091 600 600 418.25 282.3 0.120 300 711.93 633.0 0.091 600 418.25 282.3 0.120 300 711.93 633.0 0.091 600 700 371.39 30 1.0 400 571.23 523.0 0.088 418.25 282.3 0.120 300 711.93 633.0 0.091 600 700 371.39 30 1.0 400 571.23 523.0 0.088 600 418.25 282.3 0.120 300 711.93 633.0 0.091 500 500 481.26 481.26 411.2 411.2 0.095 0.095 200 200 970.04 970.04 752.2 752.2 0.104 0.104 500 481.26 411.2 0.095 200 970.04 752.2 0.104 500 481.26 411.2 0.095 200 970.04 752.2 0.104 418.25 282.3 0.120 300 711.93 633.0 0.091 600 500 481.26 411.2 0.095 200 970.04 752.2 0.104 418.25 282.3 0.095 0.120 300 711.93 633.0 0.104 0.091 600 500 481.26 411.2 200 970.04 752.2 500 481.26 411.2 200 970.04 752.2 500 481.26 411.2 0.095 0.095 200 970.04 752.2 0.104 0.104 The The pressure pressure at the at throat the throat of the of nozzle the nozzle is about is about 380 380 kPa. kPa. At lower At lower pressures, pressures, The pressure at the throat of the nozzle is about 380 kPa. At lower pressures, The pressure at the throat of the nozzle is about 380 kPa. At lower pressures, Theen pressure at the the throat of the the nozzle is380 about 380 kPa. At At lower lower pressures, La presin la clearly garganta de la tobera esnozzle de casi kPa. A kPa. presiones ms pressures, bajas, es evidente The pressure at throat of is about 380 the nozzle the nozzle clearly diverges. diverges. the nozzle clearly diverges. the nozzle clearly diverges. The pressure at the throat of the nozzle is about 380 kPa. At lower pressures, the nozzle clearly diverges. que la tobera difiere. The pressure at the throat of the nozzle is about 380 kPa. At lower pressures, the nozzle clearly diverges. the thenozzle nozzleclearly clearlydiverges. diverges.
Solution Solution 7.2 7.2 Solution 7.2 Solution 7.2 The The required required area area ratios ratios are given are given byby Eq. by Eq. (2.27), (2.27), and and the velocity the velocity u is found is found from from The required area ratios are given by Eq. (2.27), and the velocity uu is found from Solution 7.2 The required area ratios are given Eq. (2.27), the velocity u is found from Las relaciones de las reas requeridas estn dadas por la and ecuacin (2.27) y la velocidad u se en-
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7.1. Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids 7.1. Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids 7.1.Duct Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids 7.1. Flow of Compressible Fluids Flow of Compressible Fluids 7.1. Duct 7.1. FlowDuct of Compressible Fluids 7.1. Flujo en conductos de fluidos compresibles
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Example 7.3 Example 7.3 Ejemplo 7.3 7.3 Example 7.3 Example Consider again the nozzle of Ex. 7.2, assuming now that steam behaves as an ideal Example 7.3 Example 7.3 Consider again Consider againthe thenozzle nozzleof ofEx. Ex.7.2, 7.2,assuming assumingnow nowthat thatsteam steambehaves behavesas asan anideal ideal
Considere de nuevo la tobera del ejemplo 7.2, assuming pero ahora suponga que el behaves vapor se as comporta como un Consider again the nozzle of Ex. 7.2, now that steam an ideal gas. Calculate: gas. Calculate: Consider the ofassuming Ex. 7.2, assuming now that steam as behaves as an ideal Consider again theagain nozzle of nozzle Ex. 7.2, now that steam behaves an ideal gas. Calculate: gas ideal. Calcule: gas. Calculate: gas.( Calculate: gas. Calculate: ) critical pressure ratio and the velocity at the throat. (a a ) The The critical pressure ratio and the velocity at the throat. (a The critical pressure ratio and the velocity at the throat. a) La relacin de presiones crticas y and la velocidad en la garganta. (a ) )The critical pressure ratio the velocity at the throat. ( a ) The critical pressure ratio and the velocity at the throat. (a) The critical pressure ratio and the velocity at the throat. ( b ) The discharge pressure for a Mach number of 2.0 at the nozzle exhaust. ( b ) The discharge pressure for a Mach number of 2.0 at the nozzle exhaust. (b The discharge pressure for Mach number of 2.0 at the nozzle exhaust. b) La presin de descargapressure para un nmero Mach de 2.0 of en el escape de la tobera. (b ) )The discharge for aa Mach number 2.0 at the nozzle exhaust. ( b ) The discharge pressure for a Mach number of 2.0 at the nozzle exhaust. (b) The discharge pressure for a Mach number of 2.0 at the nozzle exhaust.
Solution 7.3 ( ratio of specic heats steam about 1.3. Substituting 7.3 Solution 7.3 a) LaSolution relacin los calores especficos elis vapor es aproximadamente 1.3.(7.12), Sustituyendo en (a a) ) The Thede ratio of specic heats for for para steam is about 1.3. Substituting in in Eq. Eq. (7.12),
() a) The ratio of specic heats for steam about 1.3.Substituting Substituting in Eq. (7.12), (a The ratio of specic heats for steam isis about 1.3. in Eq. (7.12), ecuacin (7.12), 1 . 3 /( 1 . 3 1 ) (a)of The ratio of specic heats for steam is about 1.3. Substituting in Eq. (7.12), (a)la The ratio specic heats for steam is about 1.3. Substituting in Eq. (7.12), 1 . 3 /( 1 . 3 1 ) P 2 3/( 3 1) 22 P2 1.1 3./( 1.1 3. 1) 2 =0 . 2 PP = 00 .55 55 2 2= 1. 3. /( 1+ .3 1 ) 1.3/(1.31) = = = .55 1 3 1 1 2 P = 1.3 + 1 = 0. 55 2 P2 2 1 1 . 3 + 1 1 = = 0 . 55 PP 1 . 3 + 1 = = 0 . 55 1 P1 3+ 1 speed P 1.3 + equal 1 1.to The velocity at throat, the of sound, is found from Eq. (7.11), 1 the The velocity at the throat, equal to the speed of sound, is found from Eq. (7.11), La velocidad en la garganta, al igual que la rapidez delof sonido, se encuentra a partir de la ecuacin The velocity at the throat, equal to the speed of sound, is found from Eq. (7.11), The velocity at the throat, equal to the speed sound, is found from Eq. (7.11), which contains the product P V . For steam as an ideal gas: 1 1 which contains the product P V . For steam as an ideal gas: The velocity at throat, equal to the speed of sound, is found from Eq. (7.11), The velocity at the throat, equal to the speed of sound, is found from Eq. (7.11), 1 1 (7.11), que contiene el producto P V . Para el vapor como un gas ideal: V . For steam as an ideal gas: which contains the product P 1 1 1 1 which contains the product P1 V1 . For steam as an ideal gas: . For steam as gas: 2 2 which contains the P which contains the product P1product V1 . RT For steam as an ideal gas: ( 8,314 )( 573 . ) 1V 1 1 RT 8,314 )( 573 .15 15 )an ideal 1 = (( 2 s 2 V = 264,511 m P RT 8,314 )( 573 .15 1 1 1 = (8,314 RT )( 573 .15 ) )= V = = 264,511 m P 1 1 1 2 2s 22 = s =(8,314 = 264,511 m M 18 . 015 1V RT )( 573.15) = = s = 264,511 m PP RT ( 8,314 573 . 15 ) M 18 . 015 1 )( 1 11 1V 2 2 2 2 M 18 . 015 = s = = 264,511 m M 18 . 015 s = 264,511 m P1 V1 = P1 V= 1 this equation R / M has the units: M 18 . 015 M 18 . 015 En esta In ecuacin R / M tiene las unidades: In this equation R /M has the units: In this equationR R Mhas has the units: In this equation // M the units: In thisR equation R/ M has the units: In this equation / M has the units: 2 2 2m 2s 2 2 J N m kg m s m J N m kg m s m m s 22 22 22 = = N m kg m s m m s JJ = N m kg m s m m s = = = 2 2 2 2 2 2 =kg =m =m K kg kg K kg K JK Nm m kg m s m= s = J N m s= m kg K kg K kg K K kg K kg K kg Ks = K = kg = 2 K K kg K K = kg = = 2 2s kg 2, kg K kg K K K V , is in m the units of velocity squared. SubstiThus RT / M , and hence P kg K kg K kg K K 2 2 1 1 V , is in m s , the units of velocity squared. SubstiThus RT / M , and hence P 2 2 , the units As, RTThus /M , y,RT por lo P son en s unidades de la velocidad al cuadrado. Si susti1 V 1 ,m 2 las 2 1V1, P is in m s of velocity squared. SubstiThus RT / M , and hence P 1 1, 1 is in m s , the units of velocity squared. Substi/ M ,tanto and hence 1V tution in Eq. (7.11) gives: 2 2 2 2 tution in Eq. (7.11) gives: V1s, is,in munits s , the units of velocity squared. SubstiThus RT /Eq. M , and hence P tuimos la ecuacin (7.11) obtenemos: V , is in m the of velocity squared. SubstiThus RT /en M , and hence P 1 1 1 tution in (7.11) gives: tution in Eq. (7.11) gives: tution in Eq. (7.11)2gives: tution in Eq. (7.11) gives: ( )( 1 . )( 264,511 ) 2 ( (2 22 )( 11 .3 3 )( 264,511 )) 2 2+( (1 1. .3 3 1 1)/ )/1 1. .3 3 = 296,322 u = ( 30 ) 1 ( 0 . 55 ) ( )( . 3 )( 264,511 2 )( 1 . 3 )( 264,511 ) throat 2 2 ( 1 . 3 1 )/ 1 . 3 2 u = 296,322 = ( 30 ) + 1 ( 0 . 55 ) 2 2 ( 1 . 3 1 )/ 1 . 3 throat u = ( 30 ) + = 296,322 1 ( 0 . 55 ) 1 . 3 1 uu (2)(1.1 3. )( 264,511 296,322 = ()( 30 +264,511 (1 0 .55 ) (1.31)/1.3 = (2 1).2 3)( ) garganta 3 11 ) 1 2 throat throat 2 2 ( 1 . 3 )/ 1 . 3 1 . 3 u throat .55) = 296,322= 296,322 1.3 u throat = (30 ) += (30) + 11 (0.55)1 (0 .3 1= 544 1.3 1 1 1 1 . m s u throat 544 .35 35 m s u throat = 11 = 544 .35 m s u uu throat = 544 . 35 m s garganta throat 1 1 =the 544 .35 m s u throat This result is good agreement value obtained in Ex. 7.2, because steam = 544 .with 35 m s u throat This result is in in good agreement with the value obtained in Ex. 7.2, because steam This result in good agreement with the value obtained in Ex. 7.2, because steam This result isis in good agreement with the value obtained in Ex. 7.2, because steam Este resultado va de acuerdo con el valor obtenido en el ejemplo 7.2, ya que, en estas condiciones, at these conditions closely approximates an ideal gas. at these conditions closely approximates an ideal gas. This result is in good agreement with the value obtained in Ex. 7.2, because steam This resultat is in good agreement with the value obtained in Ex. 7.2, because steam at these conditions closely approximates an ideal gas. these conditions closely approximates an ideal gas. el vapor se asemeja mucho a un gas ideal. at these conditions closely approximates an ideal gas. at these conditions closely approximates an ideal gas. ( b ) For a Mach number of 2.0 (based on the velocity of sound at the nozzle throat) (b ) For a Mach number of 2.0 (based on the velocity of sound at the nozzle throat) () b) For Mach number of 2.0 (based on the velocity of sound at the nozzle throat) b) Para ( un nmero Mach de 2.0 (con base enon la velocidad del sonido en la garganta de la tobera) b For aa Mach number of 2.0 (based the velocity of sound at the nozzle throat) the discharge velocity is: the discharge velocity is: ( b ) For a Mach number of 2.0 (based on the velocity of sound at the nozzle throat) (b)la For a Mach number of 2.0 (based on the velocity of sound at the nozzle throat) the discharge velocity is: velocidad de descarga es: is: the discharge velocity the velocity discharge velocity is: the discharge is: 1 1 =( )( 544 . ) 1,088.7 m s 2 u throat 22 uu (2 22 )( 544 .35 35 ))= = 1,088.7 m s throat = 11 = ( )( 544 .35 = 1,088.7 m s 1 throat = ( 2 )( 544 . 35 ) = 1,088.7 m s 2 u throat 2 u = (2)(544.35) = 1 088.7 m s 1 garganta = () 2 )( .35) = 1,088.7 m sof 2 u)( 2uof =value (2 544 .35 =544 1,088.7 mcalculation s1 throat throat Substitution this in Eq. (7.11) allows the pressure ratio: Substitution of this value in Eq. (7.11) allows calculation of the pressure ratio: Substitution of this value in Eq. (7.11) allows calculation of the pressure ratio: Substitution of this value in Eq. (7.11) allows calculation of the pressure ratio: La sustitucin devalue este en la in ecuacin (7.11) permite calcular la relacin de las presiones: Substitution ofvalor this value Eq. (7.11) allows calculation of the pressure ratio: ( 1 . 3 1 )/ 1 . 3 Substitution of this in Eq. (7.11) allows calculation of the pressure ratio: ( 1 . 3 1 )/ 1 . 3 P ( 2 )( 1 . 3 )( 264,511 ) 2 (.1 3 1)/ 3 2 (( 22 )( 11 .3 )( 264,511 ))1 P (1 3. 1)/ 1.1 3. 2 2 (30)2 2=( ( 1,088.7 ) P )( . 3 )( 264,511 2 (1.31)/1.3 P2 2)(1.3)(264,511 ) 1 (( 1,088.7 ))2 (( 30 ))2= (1 1 .3 1)/ .3 1,088.7 30 = 1 . 3 1 1 P1 (2)(1. 3 )( 264,511 )2 1 (1,088.7 )2 (30 ).2 = (2 )( 1 3)( 264,511 ) 1 . 3 11 P 2 2 1 1 .3 1,088.7 1 PP (30)2 = 1. 3 1 (1,088.7)2( 1 (30)2)= 11 P1 1.3 1 1.3 1 P1 P ( (1 1. .3 3 1 1)/ )/1 1. .3 3 2 (.1 . 3 1)/ 1 .3 P ( 1 3 1 )/ 1 . 3 2 0 . and P =( . )( 700 ) 30 . kPa 2 (1.31)/1.3 = PP Thus, (1.3 Thus, = 00 .4834 4834 and P (0 00 .0428 0428 )( 700 )= = 30 .0 0 kPa 2 2 = 1)/ 1.2 3 Thus, = .4834and and P P = ( .0428 )( 700 = 30 .0 kPa P 1 Thus, = 0. 4834 = (0 .0428 )( 700 )) = 30 .0 kPa P P 2 22 2 1 P 1 = P2 = ( 0. 0428 )(700 ) = 30.0 kPa P1 = Thus, 0.4834 y and P(0.0428) (0.0428 )(700 ) = kPa 30 .0 kPa As, Thus, = 0.4834 P0 = (700) = 30.0 2 = and 2.4834 P1 P1
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Procesos de estrangulamiento
Cuando un uido pasa por una restriccin, como un oricio, una vlvula cerrada parcialmente o un tapn poroso, sin ningn cambio apreciable en la energa cintica o potencial, el principal resultado del proceso es una cada de presin en el uido. Este proceso de estrangulamiento no produce trabajo de echa y, en ausencia de transferencia de calor, la ecuacin (2.32) se reduce a H = 0 o H2 = H1
Por lo tanto, este proceso ocurre a entalpa constante. Ya que la entalpa de un gas ideal depende slo de la temperatura, un proceso de estrangulamiento no cambia la temperatura de un gas ideal. Para la mayor parte de los gases reales en condiciones moderadas de temperatura y presin, una reduccin en la presin a entalpa constante origina un descenso en la temperatura. Por ejemplo, si el vapor a 1 000 kPa y 300 C se estrangula a 101.325 kPa (presin atmosfrica), H 2 = H 1 = 3 052.1 kJ kg 1 La interpolacin en las tablas de vapor para esta entalpa y a una presin de 101.325 kPa indica una temperatura corriente abajo de 288.8 C. La temperatura ha disminuido, pero el efecto es pequeo. Es posible que el estrangulamiento de vapor hmedo a presiones suficientemente bajas haga que el lquido se evapore y el vapor se sobrecaliente. De ese modo, si el vapor hmedo a 1 000 kPa (t sat = 179.88 C) con una calidad de 0.96 se estrangula a 101.325 kPa, H 2 = H 1 = (0.04)(762.6) + (0.96)(2 776.2) = 2 695.7 kJ kg 1 El vapor a 101.325 kPa con esta entalpa tiene una temperatura de 109.8 C; en consecuencia, est sobrecalentado (tsat = 100 C). En este caso, la considerable cada de temperatura es resultado de la evaporacin del lquido. Si un lquido saturado se estrangula a una presin menor, algo del lquido se evapora o vaporiza repentinamente, lo que produce una mezcla de lquido y vapor saturados a menor presin. De manera que si el agua lquida saturada a 1 000 kPa (t sat = 179.88 C) se vaporiza de manera repentina a 101.325 kPa (t sat = 100 C), H 2 = H 1 = 762.6 kJ kg 1 A 101.325 kPa la calidad del vapor resultante se encuentra mediante la ecuacin (6.73a) con M = H: 762.6 = (1 x )(419.1) + x (2 676.0) = 419.1 + x (2 676.0 419.1) Por lo tanto, x = 0.152
As, 15.2% del lquido original se evapora en el proceso. De nuevo, la gran cada de temperatura se debe a la evaporacin del lquido. Los procesos de estrangulamiento con frecuencia se encuentran aplicados en la refrigeracin (captulo 9). El siguiente ejemplo ilustra el uso de las correlaciones generalizadas en los clculos para procesos de estrangulamiento.
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7.1. Duct Duct Flow Flow of of Compressible Compressible Fluids Fluids 7.1. 7.1. Duct Flowof of Compressible Fluids 7.1. Duct Flow Compressible Fluids 7.1. Flujo en conductos de fluidos compresibles 7.1. Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids 7.1. Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids 7.1. Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids
265
Example 7.4 Ejemplo 7.4 7.4 Example Example 7.4 Example 7.4 Propane gas at 20 bar bar and 400 400 K is is throttled in in a steady-state steady-state ow process process to 1 1 bar. Propane gas at Propane gas at20 20 barand and 400K K isthrottled throttled ina a steady-stateow ow processto to 1bar. bar.
propane can be found from suitable generalized correlations.
Propane gas at and 400 throttled in ow bar. Propane gas at 20bar bar and 400K Kis is throttled ina asteady-state steady-state owprocess processto to1 1 bar. 1 bar. Propane gas at 20 bar and 400 K is throttled in a steady-state ow process to 1 bar. Propane gas at 20 bar and 400 K is throttled in a steady-state ow process to 1 bar. Gas propano a 20 bar y 20 400 K se estrangula en un proceso de en estado estacionario hasta Estimate the nal temperature of the propane and itsflujo entropy change. Properties of Estimate the nal temperature of the propane and its entropy change. Properties of Propane gas at 20 bar and 400 Kthe is throttled in a steady-state ow process to 1 bar. Estimate the nal temperature of the propane and its entropy change. Properties of Estimate the nal temperature of propane and its entropy change. Properties of Estimate the nal temperature of the propane and its entropy change. Properties of Estimate the nal temperature of the propane and its entropy change. Properties of Estime propane la temperatura final del propano y su cambio en la entropa. Las propiedades del propano se can be found from suitable generalized correlations. propane can be found from suitable generalized correlations. Estimate thebe nal temperature of the propane and its entropy change. Properties of propane can be found from suitable generalized correlations. propane can found from suitable generalized correlations. propane can be found from suitable generalized correlations. propane can be found from suitable generalized correlations. obtienen a partir de correlaciones generalizadas apropiadas.
Solution 7.4 Solution 7.4 Solucin 7.4 Solution 7.4 Solution 7.4 Solution 7.4
Solution Apply Eq.7.4 (6.93) to this this constant-enthalpy process: Apply Eq. (6.93) to constant-enthalpy process: Aplicando la ecuacin (6.93) a este proceso de entalpa constante: Apply Eq.(6.93) (6.93) tothis this constant-enthalpy process: Apply Eq. to constant-enthalpy process: Apply Eq. (6.93) to this constant-enthalpy process: Apply Eq. (6.93) to this constant-enthalpy process: Apply Eq. (6.93) to this constant-enthalpy process: ig ig R R R R C CP H (T T2 T T1 )+ +H H2 H H1 =0 0 H H= = ig ig ( R R= ig 2 1) R R R R ig 2 1 P H( R R C ( T T ) + H H =0 0 H= = C T T ) + H H = H C ( T T ) + H H = 0 H = 2 1 2 1 C ( T T ) + H H 0 H = 2 1 2 1 P H 2 1 ig P 1 2 1 P H H 2 R R= 2 1 P H H = C P H (T2 T1 ) + H2 H1 = 0 R = 0, and R R If propane in its nal state at 1 bar is assumed to be an ideal gas, thenlo H2 Si se supone que el propano en su estado final a 1 bar es un gas ideal, por tanto H 0, and If propane in its nal state at 1 bar is assumed to be an ideal gas, then H R= R R 2 2 = 0, y la R =0, 0, and Ifpropane propane in itsnal nalstate state at 1bar baris isassumed assumed to be anideal ideal gas,then thenH H = and If in its at 1 to be an gas, = 0, and If propane in its nal state at 1 bar is assumed to be an ideal gas, then H = 0, and If propane in its nal state at 1 bar is assumed to be an ideal gas, then H 2 2 2 R 2 , becomes the preceding equation, solved for T , becomes the preceding equation, solved for T ecuacin anterior, resuelta para T , ser: 2assumed = 0, and If propane in its nal state at 1 bar is to be an ideal gas, then H 2 2 becomes thepreceding precedingequation, equation,solved solvedfor forT T 2 ,,,,becomes the becomes the preceding equation, solved for T 2 22 becomes the preceding equation, solved for T the preceding equation, solved for T2 R R 2 , becomes H1 H R R R 1 R H H (A) = H +T T1 (A A) ) T2 H + ( T 1 2= 1 1 1 R + 1 ig ig = C +T T ( A ) T ( A ) T = + T ( A ) T H 2= 1 2 1 = + T ( A ) T 2 1 H 2 1 ig ig 1 C ig ig P H P + T ( A ) T2 = C C 1 CP C P H ig H P H = CP H = 369 369..8 8K K Pc 42 .48 48 bar bar = =0 0..152 152 For propane, propane, T Tc P H P 42 . For c= c= = 369 . 8K K P =42 42 . 48bar bar = = 0 . 152 Forpropane, propane, T T ... 8 P ... 48 = 0 ... 152 Para el For propano, T =369 369.8 = 42.48 0.152 = 369 8 K P = 42 48 bar = 0 152 For propane, T c= c= c c c = 369 8 K P = 42 48 bar = 0 152 For propane, T c c c c Pc = 42.48 bar = 0.152 For propane, Tc = 369.8 K Thus for for the the initial initial state, state, Thus Thus forthe the initialstate, state, Thus for initial As, para el estado inicial: Thus for the initial state, Thus for the initial state, Thus for the initial state, 400 20 400 20 400 = 20 = 400 20 Trr11 = =1 1..082 082 P =0 0..471 471 = 400 = 20 400 20 T P r1 r 1 = T = 1 . 082 P =0 0 . 471 = = T = 1 . 082 P ... 471 = = T = 1 . 082 P = 0 471 = = r r 369 . 8 42 .48 48 = 400 20 r Trrr P 0 471 1 = 369.8 = 1.082 1 = 42 r 1 1 1 1 r 1 1 369 . 8 = 1.082 42 . 48 = ... 8 .. 48 369 8 42 48 Tr1 = 369 Pr1 = 42 = 0.471 369 8 42 .. 48 8 42second .second 48 At these these conditions conditions369 the . generalized correlation based based on on virial coefcients coefcients At the generalized correlation virial At theseconditions conditions thegeneralized generalized correlation based onsecond second virial coefcients At these the correlation based on coefcients At these conditions the generalized correlation based on second virial coefcients En estas condiciones es satisfactoria la correlacin generalizada, que se virial basa en el segundo At these conditions the generalized correlation based on second virial coefcients R by R is satisfactory (Fig. 3.14), and calculation of H Eqs. (6.87), (3.65), (6.89), coefiis satisfactory (Fig. 3.14), and calculation of H Eqs. (6.87), (3.65), (6.89), R by R At these conditions the generalized correlation based on second virial coefcients R R 1 R 1 issatisfactory satisfactory (Fig. 3.14), andcalculation calculation of H by Eqs. (6.87), (3.65), (6.89), (6.89), is (Fig. 3.14), and of H by Eqs. (6.87), (3.65), (6.89), is satisfactory (Fig. 3.14), and calculation of H by Eqs. (6.87), (3.65), (6.89), ciente virial (figura 3.14), y el clculo de H a travs de las ecuaciones (6.87), (3.65), is satisfactory (Fig. 3.14), and calculation of H by Eqs. (6.87), (3.65), (6.89), 1 11 1 6.7): R (3.66), and (6.90) (6.90) is represented represented by (Sec. (Sec. 6.7): (3.66), and is by is satisfactory (Fig. 3.14), and calculation of H1 (3.66), and (6.90) isrepresented represented by (Sec.6.7): 6.7): 1 by Eqs. (6.87), (3.65), (6.89), (3.66), (6.90) is by (Sec. (3.66), and (6.90) is represented by (Sec. 6.7): (3.66) y (6.90)and se representa por (seccin 6.7): (3.66), and (6.90) is represented by (Sec. 6.7): (3.66), and (6.90) is R represented by (Sec. 6.7): R H1 H R R R 1 R H H H = HRB(1.082,0.471,0.152) = 0 0..452 452 H = HRB(1.082,0.471,0.152) = 1 11 R = =HRB(1.082,0.471,0.152) HRB(1.082,0.471,0.152)= = 0 . 452 0 ... 452 = HRB(1.082,0.471,0.152) = 0 452 H1 RT HRB(1.082,0.471,0.152) = 0 452 RT c = c 1 RT RT RT c = HRB(1.082,0.471,0.152) = 0.452 c RT c c RRT 1 1 R =c( (8 8..314 314)( )(369 369..8 8)( )( 0 0..452 452) )= = 1,390 1,390 J J mol mol Whence, H1 Whence, H R= 1 R 1 R 1 1 R 1 =( ( 8 . 314 )( 369 . 8 )( 0 . 452 )= = 1,390J Jmol mol Whence, H = 8 . 314 )( 369 . 8 )( 0 . 452 ) 1,390 Whence, H = ( 8 . 314 )( 369 . 8 )( 0 . 452 ) = 1,390 J mol Whence, H = ( 8 . 314 )( 369 . 8 )( 0 . 452 ) = 1,390 J mol Whence, H 1 1 1 R = (8.314)(369.8)(0.452) = 1,390 J mol1 De donde, Whence, H1 1 ig ig The only only remaining remaining quantity quantity in in Eq. Eq. ( (A A) ) to to be be evaluated evaluated is is C CP H Data for for ig ig The .. Data Data ig ig P H. The only remaining quantityin inEq. Eq.( ( A )to tobe beevaluated evaluatedis isi C Datafor for The only remaining quantity A ) C g The only remaining quantity in Eq. ( A ) to be evaluated is C Data for The only remaining quantity in Eq. ( A ) to be evaluated is C Data for P H...informacin ig P H P H La nica cantidad restante en la ecuacin (A) para evaluarse es C H . La para P H propane from remaining Table C.1 provide the heat-capacity equation: propane from Table C.1 provide the heat-capacity equation: P The only quantity in Eq. ( A ) to be evaluated is C . Data for propane from Table C.1 provide the heat-capacity equation: P H propane from Table C.1 provide the heat-capacity equation: propane from Table C.1 provide provide the heat-capacity equation:calorfica: propane C.1 the heat-capacity equation: el propano de la from tabla Table C.1 proporciona la ecuacin de la capacidad propane from Table C.1 provide the heat-capacity equation: ig ig CP ig ig C ig ig 3 3 6 6 2 2 P C C C T 8 8..824 824 10 10 T2 =1 1..213 213 + + 28 28..785 785 10 10 C T T 3 6 2 P = ig 3 6 P 3 6 2 P 3 6 2 P T 8 . 824 10 T = 1 . 213 + 28 . 785 10 T 8 . 824 10 T = 1 . 213 + 28 . 785 10 T 8 . 824 10 T = 1 . 213 + 28 . 785 10 C R T 8 . 824 10 T = 1 . 213 + 28 . 785 10 R 3 6 2 P R R R R = 1.213 + 28.785 10 T 8.824 10 T ig ig R ig ig For an an initial initial calculation, calculation, assume assumeithat that C CP H equals the the value value of C CP at the the initial initial ig igat ig ig For equals of ig ig ig ig g i g of P P H equals For an initial calculation, assume that C equals the value of C atthe theinitial initial For an initial calculation, assume that C the value C For an initial calculation, assume that C equals the value of C at the initial Para unFor clculo inicial, suponga assume que CPthat H es igual al valor de CP of a la temperatura inicial de an initial calculation, CP value CP at the initial P P at H equals ig ig H ig P P H ig 1 1 the 1 P P H 1 For an initial calculation, assume that C equals the value of C at the initial = 94 . 07 J mol K . temperature of 400 K, i.e., C ig i g ig = 94 . 07 J mol K . temperature of 400 K, i.e., C ig 1 1 1 1 1 1 ig P P H 1 1 P H P H 1 1 400 K, temperature es decir, CPof H = 94.07 J mol K . = 94 . 07 J mol K . temperature of 400 K,i.e., i.e., C = 94 . 07 J mol K . 400 K, C = 94 . 07 J mol K . temperature of 400 K, i.e., C = 94 . 07 J mol K . temperature of 400 K, i.e., C P H ig H P P H 1 K1 . H temperature of 400 K, i.e., CP P H = 94.07 J mol 1,390 1,390 1,390 + 1,390 1,390 = + 400 400 = = 385 385..2 2K K From Eq. Eq. ( (A A), ), T2 1,390 From T 2= De la ecuacin (A ), = +400 400= =385 385 . 2K K FromEq. Eq. ( A ), T ... 2 From ( A ), T = + 400 = 385 2 K From Eq. ( A ), T 2= 94 07 + 1,390 2 = + 400 = 385 2 K From Eq. ( A ), T 94 .. 07 2 2 94 . 07 94 . 07 94 . 07 From Eq. ( A), T2 = 94.07 + 400 = 385.2 K ig ig 07 and Clearly, the the temperature temperature change change94 is.small, small, and C CP H is reevaluated reevaluated to an an excellent excellent ig ig Clearly, is is to ig ig ig P H is Clearly, thetemperature temperature change issmall, small, and C is reevaluated toan an excellent Clearly, change is and C reevaluated to Clearly, the temperature change is small, and C is reevaluated to an excellent Como se puede the ver, el cambio de temperatura es pequeo, y C H se vuelve aexcellent evaluar para una Clearly, the temperature change is small, and C reevaluated to an excellent P H is ig P H ig P H ig P P H Clearly, the temperature change is small, and C is reevaluated to an excellent at the arithmetic mean temperature, approximation as C CP ig i g ig at the arithmetic mean temperature, approximation as ig ig P H P at aproximacin excelente de C a una temperatura media aritmtica, at the arithmetic mean temperature, approximation as C the arithmetic mean temperature, approximation as C at the arithmetic mean temperature, approximation as C approximation as CP PPat the arithmetic mean temperature, ig P mean approximation as CP P at the arithmetic 400 + + 385 385 2 temperature, 400 .. 2 400 + 385 . 2= 400 + 385 . 2 400 + 385 . 2 = = 392 392..6 6K K T 400 + 385 . 2 T am = am = 400 + =392 392 . 6K K T ... 6 T = = 392 6 K T am= 2385.2 = am = = 392 6 K T 2 am am 2 2 2 = 392.6 K Tam = 2 2
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CHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes CHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes CHAPTER 7. Applications of to CHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes CAPTULO Aplicaciones de la termodinmica a los Processes procesos de flujo CHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes CHAPTER 7.7. Applications ofThermodynamics Thermodynamics toFlow Flow Processes CHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes CHAPTER Applications Thermodynamics Flow Processes CHAPTER 7.7.Applications ofof Thermodynamics toto Flow Processes
ig
1 1 ig ig ig = 92.73 J mol 1 1 1 1 1K 1 This gives: C K ig ig This gives: C = 92 .. 73 J mol K This C = 92 .. 73 J mol 1 1 Esto da: P H This gives: C = 92 73 J mol K 1K 1 P H P H This gives: C = 92 73 J mol P H ig Thisgives: gives: C = 92 . 73 J mol K 1 1 ig P H ig 1 1 P H 1 1 This gives: C = 92 . 73 J mol K This gives: C = 92 . 73 J mol K This gives: C = 92 . 73 J mol K P H H and recalculation of T by Eq. ( A ) yields the nal value: T = 385 . 0 K. P P( H 2 2 and recalculation of T by Eq. ( A ) yields the nal value: T = 385 .. 0 K. and recalculation of T by Eq. A ) yields the nal value: T = 385 . 0 and recalculation of T by Eq. ( A ) yields the nal value: T = 385 0 K. 2 2 2 2 2 2el y calculando nuevamente a T mediante la ecuacin ( A ) se obtiene valor final: T2 = 385.0 K. and recalculation of T by Eq. ( A ) yields the nal value: T = 385 . 0 K. 2 andThe recalculation of T bythe Eq. ( A) yields the nal value: T = 385 . 0K. K.becomes: 2 2 2 by 2= entropy change of propane is given by Eq. (6.94), which here and recalculation of T2 Eq. ( A ) yields the nal value: T 385 . 0 K. 2 2 and recalculation of T by Eq. ( A ) yields the nal value: T = 385 . 0 K. The entropy change of the propane is given by Eq. (6.94), which here becomes: The entropy change of the propane is given by Eq. (6.94), which here becomes: and recalculation of T by Eq. ( A ) yields the nal value: T = 385 . 0 K. The entropy change of the propane is given by Eq. (6.94), which here becomes: 2 2ecuacin 2 El cambio de entropa del propano se proporciona mediante la (6.94), que en este The entropy change of the propane is given by Eq. (6.94), which here becomes: The entropy change of the propane is given by Eq. (6.94), which here becomes: The entropy change of the propane is given by Eq. (6.94), which here becomes: The entropy change of the propane is given by Eq. (6.94), which here becomes: entropy change of the propane is given by Eq. (6.94), which here becomes: T P caso ser: The 2 2 ig R T P T P 2 2 2 2 ig ig 2 R ln P 2 SR ig ln T R R T P C S = T P 2 2 ig 2 2 R ig 1 C ln R ln S S = C R ln S S P S C ln R ln S S = R 1 1 P S P S 1 C ln R ln S S = P ig Sln T P 2 2 T P ig C lnT R ln S S= = 1 1 R 2 2 1 2 2 P S T P ig P R T P 1 P S R 1 1 1 1 1 1 C C Sln lnln RR lnln S1 SS == T P C S1 T P 1 1 R ln S S = PP 1 1 1 P SS T P 1 1 T P T P 1 1 Because the temperature change is so small, to an excellent approximation, 1 1 Because the temperature change is so small, to an excellent approximation, Because the temperature change is to an approximation, Because the temperature change is so small, to an excellent approximation, Because the temperature change is so small, to an excellent approximation, Because the temperature change isso sosmall, small, to anexcellent excellent approximation, Ya que el cambio de temperatura es tan pequeo, una excelente aproximacin es, Because the temperature change is so small, toto an excellent approximation, Because the temperature change is so small, an excellent approximation, Because the temperature change is so small, to an excellent approximation, ig ig 1 1 ig ig ig ig ig ig 1 1 1 1 1K 1 C = C = 92 . 73 J mol K ig ig ig ig C = C = 92 . 73 J mol K C = C = 92 . 73 J mol 1 1 P P S H C = C = 92 . 73 J mol K 1 1 P P S H P P S H C = C = 92 . 73 J mol K P P S H ig ig CP = CP = 92.73 J mol K 1 1 1 1 S H ig ig 1 1 P ig P ig S H C C S == C C H == 92 .73 73 J mol mol KK C S C = 92 .73 J mol = 92 . J K PP PP R P P S HH R R R Calculation of S by Eqs. (6.88) through (6.90) is represented by: Calculation of S by Eqs. (6.88) through (6.90) is represented by: R Calculation of 1 Calculation of S by Eqs. (6.88) through (6.90) is represented by: R by 1 1 Calculation of S by Eqs. (6.88) through (6.90) is represented by: 1 Calculation ofS S byEqs. Eqs.(6.88) (6.88)through through(6.90) (6.90)is isrepresented representedby: by: R R 1 1R R Calculation of S by Eqs. (6.88) through (6.90) is represented by: El clculo de S mediante las ecuaciones (6.88) a la (6.90) se representa por: Calculation of S by Eqs. (6.88) through (6.90) is represented by: Calculation of S1 Eqs. (6.88) through (6.90) is represented by: 1 1 1by R R R R S S R S 1 S R 1 1 S 1 = = SRB(1.082,0.471,0.152) = 0 . 2934 S R 1 = SRB(1.082,0.471,0.152) = 0 .. 2934 0 . 2934 = SRB(1.082,0.471,0.152) = 0 2934 1R R S = SRB(1.082,0.471,0.152) = 0 . S R =SRB(1.082,0.471,0.152) SRB(1.082,0.471,0.152)= = 0 .2934 2934 S 1 R R R 1 == SRB(1.082,0.471,0.152) = 0 . 2934 R SRB(1.082,0.471,0.152) = 0 .2934 R1 = SRB(1.082,0.471,0.152) = 0 . 2934 R R 1 1 R R R 1 1 R 1 1 R 1 1 Whence, S = ( 8 . 314 )( 0 . 2934 ) = 2 . 439 J mol K Whence, S = ( 8 . 314 )( 0 . 2934 ) = 2 . 439 J mol K R Whence, S ( 8 ... 314 )( 0 ... 2934 ) = 2 ... 439 J mol 1 1 1 Whence, S = ( 8 314 )( 0 2934 ) = 2 439 J mol K De donde, R= 1K 1 1 1 Whence, S = ( 8 314 )( 0 2934 ) = 2 439 J mol K 1 Whence, S = ( 8 . 314 )( 0 . 2934 ) = 2 . 439 J mol K R 1 1 1 R 1 1 1 == R 1 1 Whence, S ( 8 . 314 )( 0 . 2934 ) = 2 . 439 J mol K Whence, S ( 8 . 314 )( 0 . 2934 ) = 2 . 439 J mol K Whence, S1 8 . 314 )( 0 . 2934 ) = 2 . 439 J mol K 1 1= ( 1 385 . 0 1 385 .. 0 1 385 .. 0 1 1 1 385 0 1 1 1 1 1 385 1K 1 8 . 314 ln 2 . 439 = 23 . 80 J mol and S = 92 . 73 ln K y 1+ 385 .0 0 8 .. 314 ln + 2 .. 439 = 23 .. 80 J mol and S = 92 .. 73 ln K . 314 . 439 . 80 and S . 73 1 1 8 314 ln + 2 439 = 23 80 J mol and S = 92 73 ln K 1K 1 1 1+ 385 .0 0.0 8 . ln + 2 . = 23 . J mol and S = 92 . ln 400 20 385 8 8 .314 314ln ln20 +2 2 .439 439= =23 23 .80 80J Jmol mol and S= =92 92 .73 73ln ln 385 K 1 . 1 1 400 20 400 400 20 1 1 1 1 8 . 314 ln + 2 . 439 = 23 . 80 J mol and S = 92 . 73 ln K 400 20 8 . 314 ln + 2 . 439 = 23 . 80 J mol and S = 92 . 73 ln K 400 20 and S = 92.73 ln 400 8.314 ln 20 + 2.439 = 23.80 J mol K 400 20 El valorThe positivo refleja la reects irreversibilidad de los procesos de estrangulamiento. 400 20 positive value the irreversibility of throttling processes. The positive value reects the irreversibility of throttling processes. The The positive value reects the irreversibility of throttling processes. The positive value reects the irreversibility of throttling processes. Thepositive positivevalue valuereects reectsthe theirreversibility irreversibilityof ofthrottling throttlingprocesses. processes. The positive value reects the irreversibility of throttling processes. The positive value reects the irreversibility of throttling processes. The positive value reects the irreversibility of throttling processes.
Example 7.5 Example 7.5 Example 7.5 Example 7.5 Example 7.5 Example 7.5 Example 7.5 Ejemplo 7.5 Throttling a real gas from conditions of moderate temperature and pressure usually Throttling a real gas from conditions of moderate temperature and pressure usually Throttling a real gas Throttling a a real real gas from from conditions conditions of of moderate moderate temperature temperature and and pressure pressure usually usually Throttling gas from conditions of moderate temperature and pressure usually
Solution 7.5 Solution Solution 7.5 7.5 Solution 7.5
Throttling a real gas from conditions moderate temperature and pressure usually results in a temperature decrease. Under what conditions would an increase in temresults a decrease. Under what conditions an increase temThrottling a real gas from conditions ofof moderate temperature and pressure usually results in temperature decrease. Under what conditions would an increase in temEl estrangulamiento de un gas real en condiciones de temperatura ywould presin moderadas, normalmente results in a temperature decrease. Under what conditions would an increase in temresultsin in atemperature temperature decrease. Under what conditions would an increase in in temperature be expected? results in a temperature decrease. Under what conditions would an increase in temresults in a temperature decrease. Under what conditions would an increase in temperature be expected? perature be expected? results in a temperature decrease. Under what conditions would an increase in temperature be expected? da como resultado una disminucin de la temperatura. Bajo qu condiciones se esperara que aumenperature be expected? perature be expected? perature be expected? perature be expected? perature be expected? tara la temperatura?
Throttling a real gas from conditions of moderate temperature and pressure in usually results in a decrease. Under what conditions would an pressure increase temThrottling a temperature real gas from conditions of moderate temperature and usually
Solution 7.5 Solucin 7.5 Solution 7.5 Solution 7.5 Solution 7.5 The sign of the temperature change is determined by the sign of the derivative The sign of the temperature change is determined by the sign of the derivative The sign of temperature change is determined by sign The sign of the temperature change is determined by the sign of of the derivative The sign of the the temperature change is determined by the sign of the derivative The sign thela temperature change is determined by the the of the the derivative derivative El signo del cambio de temperatura se determina por el de sign la derivada (T/P) , que se , called the Joule/Thomson coefcient :signo ( T / P ) of
The sign of the temperature change is determined by the sign of the derivative H H The sign of the temperature change is determined by the sign of the derivative , called the Joule/Thomson coefcient :: ( T / P ) the Joule/Thomson coefcient :: ( P ) The sign of the temperature change is determined ,called called the Joule/Thomson coefcient ( T / P ) H H H,, called the Joule/Thomson coefcient ( T / P ) called the Joule/Thomson coefcient :by the sign of the derivative (T T/ / P ) H H,,called conoce ( como el coeficiente de Joule/Thomson : the Joule/Thomson coefcient : ( T / P ) H , called the Joule/Thomson coefcient ( / )H , called the Joule/Thomson coefcient :: TT / PP )H T T T T T T T P TH T P P H H P P P H H H P temperature PP H HH When is positive, throttling results in a decrease; when negative, in When is positive, throttling results in a temperature decrease; when negative, in is positive, throttling results in a temperature decrease; when negative, When is positive, throttling results in a temperature decrease; when negative, in CuandoWhen es positivo, el estrangulamiento conduce a una disminucin de la temperatura; When is positive, throttling results in a temperature decrease; when negative, in When is positive, throttling results in a temperature decrease; when negative,in incuando a temperature increase. When isis positive, throttling results inin aa temperature decrease; when negative, inin When positive, throttling results temperature decrease; when negative, a temperature increase. a temperature increase. When is positive, throttling results in a temperature decrease; when negative, in a temperature increase. es negativo, se refleja en un aumento de temperatura. a increase. a temperature temperature increase. Because H = f ( T , P ) the following equation relates the Joule/Thomson aa temperature increase. temperature Because H = ff ( T , P ) ,,, the the following equation relates the Joule/Thomson Because = T , ) ,,, following equation a temperature increase. Because H = ( T , P ) the following equation relates the Joule/Thomson Puesto que H = fH ( T ,increase. P ), f la siguiente ecuacin relaciona el relates coeficiente de Joule/Thomson con Because H = f ( T , P ) the following equation relates the Joule/Thomson Because H = f( ( T ,P P ) the following equation relates the the Joule/Thomson Joule/Thomson 4 4 4 4 coefcient to other thermodynamic properties: Because H == f( ( T ,, P4 ), ,), the following equation relates the Joule/Thomson Because H f ( T P the following equation relates the Joule/Thomson coefcient to other thermodynamic properties: coefcient to other thermodynamic properties: 4 Because H = f T , P ) the following equation relates the Joule/Thomson coefcient to other thermodynamic properties: 4 otras propiedades termodinmicas: coefcient coefcient to to other other thermodynamic thermodynamic properties: properties: 44 4 coefcient to other thermodynamic properties: coefcient to other thermodynamic properties: coefcient to other thermodynamic properties: 1 1 1 1 T H H T H 1 T H H T H T H H T H 1 T H H T H = H H T H = = T T H H T H 1 1 H = = = = = 1 T H T H = = P H P T P T H H T H = = T H H T H H P T T P P H P T P P H P T P = = H P T T P H= P T= T P P H P T P P P H H H P P P T T T P P P T H P T T P H = P T = T P P P H H P T T P P P H H P P T T P P T P HH PP TT TT PP
4 Recall the general equation from differential calculus, 4 4 4 Recall the general equation from differential calculus, Recall calculus, Recallthe thegeneral generalequation equationfrom fromdifferential differential calculus, 4 4 Recall the calculus, Recall thegeneral generalequation equationfrom fromdifferential differential calculus, 4 z x 4 4 Recall x Recall the general equation from differential calculus, Recall the general equation from differential calculus, the general equation from differential calculus, x x z z x x
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7.1. Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids 7.1. Flujo conductos de fluidos compresibles 7.1.en Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids 7.1. Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids 7.1. Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids
6
6 6 6
4 Tr 2
Tr Tr Tr 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 Tr 2
Figure 7.27.2: : Inversion curves for Figura Curvas de inversin para Figure 7.2 : Inversion curves for reduced coordinates. Each line Figure 7.2 : Inversion curves for coordenadas reducidas. Cada lnea Figure 7.2: Inversion curves for reduced coordinates. Each line represents a locus of points for de puntos reduced coordinates. Each line representa un configuracin reduced coordinates. Each line represents a locus of points for which = 0. Solid curve is represents a locus of points for para los cuales curve = 0. La curva represents a locus of points for which = 0. Solid is from a data correlation; dashed which = 0. curve is correlacin continua pertenece a dashed una which Solid = 0. Solid curve is from a data correlation; curve, from the Redlich/Kwong from dataacorrelation; dashed de a datos; la curva discontinua se from data correlation; dashed curve, from the Redlich/Kwong equation. A temperature increase curve, from the Redlich/Kwong obtiene de la ecuacin de Redlich/ curve, from the Redlich/Kwong equation. A temperature results from throttling in increase the equation. AUn temperature increase Kwong. aumento la temperatuequation. A temperature increase results from throttling in en the region where is negative results from throttling in the ra resulta del estrangulamiento results throttling in the en la region wherefrom is negative region where ises negative zona donde negativo. region where is negative
12 12 12 12
0 0 0
4 4 4
Pr
8 8 Pr 8 4 Pr 8 Pr Pr
12
5 D. G. Miller, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., vol. 9, pp. 585589, 1970. 5 D. G.Ind. D. G. Miller, Eng. Chem. Fundam vol. 9, pp. 585-589, 1970. Miller, Ind. Eng. Chem. ,Fundam. , vol. 9, pp. 585589, 1970. 5 D. G.5Miller, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., vol. 9, pp. 585589, 1970. D. G. Miller, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., vol. 9, pp. 585589, 1970.
1 H Whence, by Eq. (2.20), = 1 H ( A) 1P H P TH Whence, by Eq. (2.20), = C ( A) 1 Whence, Eq. ( A) ( A(A) CP P T De donde, por la by ecuacin (2.20), Whence, by(2.20), Eq. (2.20), = = ) CP PP Because C P is necessarily positive, the sign of determined by the sign of C T Pis T Because CP is necessarily the sign of is determined by the sign of ( H / P) in turn ispositive, related to P V T se behavior: Ya que C es necesariamente positiva, elpositive, signo de determina por el signo de (sign T/P )T, que T , which Because C is positive, the sign of of is determined by the of Because C necessarily sign of a P is related to P V the is determined by the sign (PH / P )T P , which innecessarily turn is T behavior: su vez se relaciona con el comportamiento PVT : ( H / which in turn is related to P V TPbehavior: His V related T ,P (P H)/ )T , which in turn V behavior: = T V to T (6.19) H V V H P TH T = T V (6.19) PV T (6.19) (6.19) P T = V = T P V written P T T Because V = Z RT / P , this equation be more concisely as (6.19) T P may PT P T be written more Because V = Z RT / P , this equation may concisely as escribir Ya que V = ZRT /V P, = esta ecuacin se puede en una forma ms concisa como: Because Z RT /P , this equation may be written more concisely as 2 Because V =Z RT / P , this may be written more concisely as H equationRT Z 2 H = Z RT 2 2 Z H P TH P RT T PZ = RT P T T = =P P P P T P into T P Substitution PT where Z is the compressibility factor. Eq.P ( A)Agives: T donde Z es el factor de compresibilidad. Sustituyendo en la ecuacin ) se obtiene: where Z is the compressibility factor. Substitution into Eq. ( A( ) gives: where Z is the compressibility factor. Substitution into Eq. ( Eq. A) gives: 2 where Z is the compressibility factor. Substitution into ( A) gives: RT Z = RT 2 Z 2 2Z RT T PZ = C P P RT = CP P T = P En estos trminos ( Z / T ) y tienen el mismo signo. Cuando (Z/T)P es cero, como para un C P T P P C P PWhen PT ( Thus, ( Z / T ) P and have the same sign. PZ / T ) P is zero, as for an Thus, ( Z / T ) and have the same sign. When ( Z / T ) P throttling. is zero, as for an gas ideal, en tal caso = 0, y no hay cambio de temperatura que acompae el estrangulamiento. P idealThus, gas, = 0, and no temperature change accompanies Thus, ( Zthen / T ) and have the same sign. When ( Z / is as for an P= P throttling. ( Z / T= ) and temperature have the same sign. When (T Z) / T )zero, as for an P P is zero, ideal gas, then 0, and no change accompanies La condicin ( Z / T ) 0 se puede obtener en forma local para gases reales . Dichos P The condition ( Z= / 0, T no )and = 0 temperature may obtain locally for real gases. Such points puntos P temperature ideal gas, then = 0, and change accompanies throttling. ideal gas, then no change accompanies throttling. The condition ( Z / ) obtain locally forla real gases. Such points definen dene la curva de inversin deT Joule/Thomson, cual separa regin positiva de de la reP = 0 may the Joule/Thomson inversion curve ,la which separates the region of positive The condition ( Z / )/ =) 0 may locally for real gases. Such points P T The condition (T Z = 0 obtain may obtain locally for real gases. Such points P las dene the Joule/Thomson inversion curve , which separates the region of positive gin negativa de . La figura 7.2 presenta curvas de inversin reducidas y da la relacin entre from that of negative .inversion Figure 7.2 shows reduced inversion curves giving the dene the Joule/Thomson curve , which separates the region of positive dene the Joule/Thomson inversion curve , which separates the region of positive from that of negative . Figure 7.2 shows reduced inversion curves giving the Tr y Pr para la que = 0. La lnea continua es una correlacin de informacin para Ar, CH , N2, 4 relation between T P. for which = 0. The solid line inversion correlates data for Ar, the r and r Figure from that of negative 7.2 shows reduced inversion curves giving the 5 from that of negative which . Figure 7.2 shows reduced curves giving relation between T and P for = 0. The solid line correlates data for Ar, CO, C2H , C H , CO y NH . La lnea punteada se calcula a partir de la condicin ( Z / T 5 r r 4 3 8 2 3 r)Pr, CH4 ,relation N2 , CO, C2 H ,C H , CO , and The dashed iscorrelates calculated from 3P 2 3 .5= relation between T and for which NH = 0. The lineline correlates data for Ar, r4 r8, between T and P for which 0. solid The solid line data for Ar, rH r2 CH , N , CO, C H , C CO , and NH . The dashed line is calculated from que se aplica a la ecuacin de estado de Redlich/Kwong. 4 2 2 4 3 8 3 5Redlich/Kwong )3 = 0 to the equation of state. the condition ( Z / T 5 dashed line r P CH ,CH N24 , ,CO, C ,2 C H ,3 CO and NH The is calculated from r, 8 2H 4 3 .NH N2( , CO, C H C Happlied , ,CO 82 2 , and 3 . The dashed line is calculated from ) the 4 condition Z / Tr P4 r = 0 applied to the Redlich/Kwong equation of state. the condition ( Z / T ) = 0 applied to the Redlich/Kwong equation of state. r / Pr Tr ) P = 0 applied to the Redlich/Kwong equation of state. the condition ( Z r
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CHAPTER 7. 7. Applications of Thermodynamics Thermodynamics to Flow Flow Processes CAPTULO Aplicaciones de la termodinmica a los Processes procesos de flujo CHAPTER 7. Applications of to CHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes
7.2
TURBINAS (EXPANSORES) 7.2 TURBINES TURBINES (EXPANDERS) 7.2 7.2 TURBINES (EXPANDERS) (EXPANDERS)
La expansin de un gas en para to producir una corriente de alta velocidad es un proceso que convierThe expansion expansion of a una gas tobera in a a nozzle nozzle produce a high-velocity high-velocity stream is a a process process that converts converts The of a gas in to produce a stream is that The expansion a gas in a energy, nozzle to produce a high-velocity stream is a process converts te la energa interna en of energa cintica, la cual se in convierte en trabajointo de echa cuando lathat corriente golpea en internal energy into kinetic which turn is converted shaft work when the stream internal energy into kinetic energy, which in turn is converted into shaft work when the stream internal into kinetic energy, which (o in turn is converted into shaft work when the stream las aspas de unaenergy echa giratoria. As, una turbina expansor) consiste en un conjunto alternado dealtoberas y impinges on blades attached to a rotating shaft. Thus a turbine (or expander) consists of impinges on blades attached to a rotating shaft. Thus a turbine (or expander) consists of alimpinges blades to a rotating shaft. Thus turbine (or expander) consists of alaspas giratorias aon travs de attached lasand cuales uye vapor through o gas en un a proceso de expansin en estado estacionario, ternate sets of nozzles rotating blades which vapor or gas ows in a steady-state ternate sets of nozzles and rotating blades through which vapor or gas ows in a steady-state ternate sets of nozzles rotating blades through which vapor or gas ows in a steady-state cuyo efecto total es la conversin eciente de energa interna una corriente de of alta presin en un trabajo expansion process. Theand overall result isla the conversion ofde the internal energy a high-pressure high-pressure expansion process. The overall result is the conversion of the internal energy of a expansion process. The overall result is the conversion of the internal energy of a high-pressure de echa. Cuando el vapor proporciona la fuerza motriz, como en unaas planta de energa, al dispositivo se le stream into shaft work. When steam provides the motive force in a power plant, the device stream into shaft work. When steam provides the motive force as in a power plant, the device stream into shaft work. When steam the force as in or a power plant, the device en una conoce is como turbina; cuando un gas de alta provides presin es el motive uido de trabajo, como amoniaco o etileno called a turbine; when it is a high-pressure gas, such as ammonia ethylene in a chemical is called a turbine; when it is a high-pressure gas, such as ammonia or ethylene in a chemical is called turbine; when it device is a high-pressure gas, such as ammonia a chemical planta qumica oapetroqumica, al dispositivo se le conoce como expansor. En cualquier caso el proceso se or petrochemical plant, the is called called an expander. The processor is ethylene shown inin Fig. 7.3. or petrochemical plant, the device is an expander. The process is shown in Fig. 7.3. or petrochemical plant, the device is called an expander. The process is shown in Fig. 7.3. ilustra en la gura 7.3.
Figura 7.3: Flujo en estado estacionario a travs de Figure 7.3 7.3: : Steady-state Steady-state ow ow through through a a Figure una turbina o expansor. Figure 7.3 : Steady-state ow through a turbine or expander. turbine or expander. turbine or expander.
1 1 1
Turbina
2 2 2
. W .ss W W s
2
Ws
Las ecuaciones (2.31) y (2.32) son relaciones apropiadas de energa. De cualquier modo, es posible Equations (2.31) and (2.32) (2.32) are appropriate appropriate energy relations. However,Adems, the potentialpotentialEquations (2.31) and are energy relations. However, the omitir el trmino de energa potencial, porque el cambio en la elevacin es pequeo. en cualquier Equations (2.31) and (2.32) are there appropriate energy relations. However, the potentialenergy term can be omitted, because is little change in elevation. Moreover, in any any energy term can be omitted, because there is little change in elevation. Moreover, in diseo apropiado de una turbina, la transferencia de calor es insignificante, y los tubos de la entrada y la salienergy term can be omitted, because there is little change in elevation. Moreover, in any properly designed turbine, heat transfer is negligible and the inlet and exit pipes are sized to properly designed turbine, heat transfer is negligible and the inlet and exit pipes are sized to da de laproperly tubera se dimensionan de tal manera que las velocidades del fluido sean casi iguales. Por lo tanto, las designed turbine, heat transfer is negligible and (2.32) the inlet and exit pipes to: are sized to make uid velocities roughly equal. Equations (2.31) and and therefore reduce make uid velocities roughly equal. Equations (2.31) (2.32) therefore reduce to: ecuaciones (2.31) y (2.32) sern ahora: make uid velocities roughly equal. Equations (2.31) and (2.32) therefore reduce to: . . . . . . .s W =m m H H= =m m (H H2 H H1 ) (7.13) (7.13) W Ws = = H H= =H H2 H H1 (7.14) s = 1) 1 . .( W (7.14) Ws = m H = m ( H2 (7.13) Wss = H = H2 (7.14) 2 H1 ) 2 H1 Por lo general, las condiciones de entrada T y P y la presin de descarga P son fijas.Thus Por esto, Usually, the inlet conditions T and P and the discharge pressure P are xed. Thus in en la 1 1 2 1 and P1 1 and the discharge pressure P2 2 are xed. Usually, the inlet conditions T1 in Usually, the inlet conditions T1 and P and the discharge pressure P2 are xed. Thus in 1W ecuacin (7.14) slo se conoce H ; mientras que H y W son incgnitas, y slo con la ecuacin de la is known; both H and are unknown, and the energy equation alone Eq. (7.14) only H 1 2 s s are unknown, and the energy equation alone energa 1 is known; both H2 2 and Ws Eq. (7.14) only H1 is known; both H and W are unknown, and the energy equation alone Eq. (7.14) only H sfluido 1 clculo. 2 no es posible realizar No obstante, siif elthe en lathe turbina se somete a reversibly un proceso de expandoes not not allowalgn their calculation. However, if the uid in the turbine expands reversibly and does allow their calculation. However, uid in turbine expands and does not allow their calculation. However, if isentrpico, the uid in second the turbine expands reversibly and sin que es tanto reversible como adiabtico , ste es y S = S . La segunda ecuacin permite la adiabatically , the process is isentropic, and S = S . This equation xes the nal state 2 1 2 = S1 1. This second equation xes the nal state adiabatically, the process is isentropic, and S2 adiabatically , the process isH isentropic, and Stanto S1 .W This second equation xeswritten: theW nal state 2 = determinacin del estado final del fluido, y por lo de H . Para este caso especial, est dado por of the uid and determines . For this special case, is given by Eq. (7.14), 2 s 2. For this special case, W s is given by Eq. (7.14), written: of the uid and determines H2 of the uid y and determines H2 . For this special case, Wss is given by Eq. (7.14), written: la ecuacin (7.14) se escribe como: Ws (isentropic isentropic) )= = ( ( H H) )S (7.15) s( S W (7.15) W isentropic) = )S (7.15) (7.15) S Wss( (isentrpico) =( (H H) The shaft shaft work work | |W Ws |(isentropic) (isentropic) is is the the maximum maximum that that can can be be obtained obtained from from an an adiabatic adiabatic s| The The work |W is the maximum that can be obtained from anadiabtica adiabatic s |(isentropic) El trabajo deshaft flecha |W es el mximo que se puede obtener de una turbina s |(isentrpico) turbine with given inlet conditions and given discharge pressure. Actual turbines produce less con las turbine with given inlet conditions and given discharge pressure. Actual turbines produce less turbine with given inlet conditions and given discharge pressure. Actual turbines produce less trabacondiciones de entrada y la presin de descarga que se proporcionan. Las turbinas reales producen menos work, because because the the actual actual expansion expansion process process is is irreversible; irreversible; we we dene dene a a turbine turbine efciency efciency as: as: work, work, because the actual expansion process is Por irreversible; we dene a turbine efciency as: como: jo, porque el proceso de expansin real es irreversible. lo tanto, la eficiencia de la turbina se define Ws s W Ws Ws ( isentropic ) W s isentropic) Ws( (isentrpico) (isentropic) is the the actual actual shaft shaft work. work. By By Eqs. Eqs. (7.14) (7.14) and and (7.15), (7.15), where W Ws s is where donde W trabajo real de echa. Por las ecuaciones (7.14) y (7.15), s es elW where s is the actual shaft work. By Eqs. (7.14) and (7.15), H H = = H (7.16) (7.16) (7.16) ( H H) )S = ( (7.16) S ( H )
S
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Values usually range from 0.70.7 to a 0.8. H S diagram 7.4 shows an una actual Los valores de of usualmente abarcan desde 0.8. The El diagrama HS deof la Fig. gura 7.4 muestra expansin Values of turbine usuallyand range from 0.7expansion to 0.8. The H Ssame diagram of Fig. 7.4 shows an actual in y a a reversible for the intake and the same real en expansion una turbina una expansin reversible para iguales condiciones de conditions entrada y la misma presin de expansion in a turbine a reversible expansion for the same(constant-entropy) intake conditions and the same discharge pressure. The and reversible path is the discontinua dashed vertical line descarga. La trayectoria reversible es una lnea vertical (entropa constante) desde elfrom punto 1 a la discharge pressure. The reversible path is the dashed vertical (constant-entropy) line from 1 at intake P1 point 2 discharge pressure P . The solid line, showing the 2 presinpoint de entrada P1 al pressure punto 2 a lato presin deat descarga P . La lnea continua, que representa la trayectoria 2 at discharge point 1 at intake pressure P to point 2 pressure P . The solid line, showing the 1 2 actual irreversible 1 and terminates atsobre pointla 2 isobara on the isobar for P2 .que Because irreversible real, empieza path, en el starts puntoat 1 point y termina en el punto 2 para P el proceso es 2. Ya actual irreversible path, starts at point 1 and terminates at point 2 on the isobar for P . Because 2 the process is adiabatic, irreversibilities an increase in entropy of the uid, and the path adiabtico, las irreversibilidades ocasionan un cause aumento en la entropa del uido, y la trayectoria se dirige the process is adiabatic, irreversibilities an increase in entropy of the and the path is directed toward increasing Thecause more irreversible the process, the uid, further point hacia entropa creciente. Cuanto msentropy. irreversible sea el proceso, el punto 2 se encontrar ms a la2derecha isto directed toward increasing entropy. The more irreversible lies the right on the lower the efciency ofthe theprocess, process. the further point 2 2 isobar, sobre la isobara para P2 y the serP menor la and eciencia del proceso. lies to the right on the P2 isobar, and the lower the efciency of the process.
1 1 H
H P 1
P1
P1 2 2
H
2
(H)S (H)S
H (H)S
2
2 S S
Figura 7.4: Proceso de expansin adiabtica en Figure 7.4 : Adiabatic expansion process Figure 7.4 Adiabatic expansion process una turbina o: expander. expansor. in a turbine or in a turbine or expander.
P2
P2 2 P2 S
Example 7.6 Example 7.6 Ejemplo 7.6 A steam turbine with rated capacity of 56,400 kW (56,400 kJ s1 ) operates with steam
at inlet of 8,600 kPa and 500de C, and discharges into a )condenser at vapor a Una turbina de conditions vapor con una capacidad nominal 400 kW (56 400 kJs1 funciona con en 56 at inlet conditions of 8,600 kPa and 500 C, and discharges into a condenser at a pressure of 10 kPa. a turbine efciency of 0.75, determine the state of de the condiciones de entrada de 8 Assuming 600 kPa y 500 C y descarga en un condensador a una presin 10 kPa. pressure of 10 kPa. Assuming a turbine efciency of 0.75, determine the state of the steam at discharge and mass rate of determine ow of theel steam. Suponiendo una eficiencia de lathe turbina de 0.75, estado del vapor en la descarga y la rasteam at discharge and the mass rate of ow of the steam. pidez de flujo de la masa del vapor.
A steam turbine with rated capacity of 56,400 kW (56,400 kJ s1 ) operates with steam
Solution 7.6
At the inlet conditions of 8,600 kPa and 500 C, the steam tables provide: C,tablas En las condiciones de conditions entrada de 8 600 kPa y 500 de vapor indican: At the inlet of 8,600 kPa and C, 500las the steam tables provide:
1 1 K1 3,391.6 kJ kg = 6.6858 kgK H1 = 1 1 1 6.6858 =3,391.6 3 391.6 kJkg kg S1S= kJ kJ kg1 1 1 = kJ S = 6 . 6858 kJ kg1 K1 HH 1 1 = S = 6.6858. Steam with this If the expansion kPa is isentropic, then, S S2 1 2 = Si la expansin a 10 kPato es10 isentrpica, por lo tanto, =S 6.6858. El vapor conwith esta this entropa S1 If the expansion to 10 kPa is isentropic, then, S2 = =x6 , Steam v.6858. entropy at 10 kPa is wet, and Eq. (6.82b), with M = S and = x2 yields: 1 a 10 kPa es hmedo, y la ecuacin (6.82 b ), con M = S y x = x , produce: v 2 entropy at 10 kPa is wet, and Eq. (6.82b), with M = S and x = x , yields: 2 = 0.8047 x2 = 0.8047 x2
l v l = S2 S2 + l x2 ( S 2 v S2 ) l = S2 + x2 ( S2 S2 ) S2 (8.1511 0.6493) Then, 6.6858 = 0.6493 + x2 (8.1511 0.6493) Then, 6.6858 = 0.6493 + x2 En consecuencia,
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This is the quality (fraction vapor) of the discharge stream at point 2 . The enthalpy This is the the quality quality (fraction vapor) of corriente the discharge discharge stream at aten point 2. . The The enthalpy calidad sta esThis la (fraccin de vapor) de la de descarga el punto 2 . La entalpa H2 This is (fraction vapor) of the stream point 2 enthalpy is the (fraction vapor) of stream 2 enthalpy H2 is also given by Eq. (6.82b), written: This is the quality quality (fraction vapor) of the the discharge discharge stream at at point point 2 .. The The enthalpy H is also given by Eq. (6.82b), written: 2 tambin est dada por la ecuacin (6.82 b ), que se escribe: 2 H is also given by Eq. (6.82b), written: H is also Eq. written: This is the given quality (fraction vapor) of the discharge stream at point 2 . The enthalpy H2 is also given by by Eq. (6.82b), (6.82b), written: 2 2 l v l is also given by Eq. (6.82b), = Hl2 + x2 ( Hv Hl2 ) H2 H2 written: l+ v l) 2 =H Hl2 x2 (H Hv Hl2 H2 l v l 2 l v l 2 2 2 2 2 = + x ( H ) H = H + x ( H H ) H 2 2 2 2 2 = H + x ( H H ) H2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 = 191.8 + (0.8047 )(2,584.8 l v l = 2,117.4 kJ kg1 191.H 8) Thus, H2 =)( H H191 ) 2,117.4 kJ kg H2 1 = 1 1 2 .8 2 + x2 ( 2= 191 . 8 + ( 0 . 8047 2,584.8 ) Thus, H As, Thus, 1 2 = 1 2 = 191 8 + (0 0..8047 8047)( )(2,584.8 2,584.8 191 191..8 8) )= = 2,117.4 2,117.4 kJ kJ kg kg Thus, H ( H = 191 191.. .8 8+ + Thus, H2 2 (0.8047)(2,584.8 191.8) = 2,117.4 kJ kg 1 2 H ( )191 H+ H 2,117.4 3,391.6 = 1,274.2 kJ kg 11 S =.8 1 = )( 1 2 = (0H .8047 2,584.8 191.8)= = 2,117.4 Thus, H ( H )S =H H2 = 2,117.4 2,117.4 3,391.6 1,274.2kJ kJkg kg 1 1 2H 1 S= 1= 2 ( H ) = H = 3,391.6 = 1,274.2 kJ kg ( ) H H 2,117.4 3,391.6 = 1,274.2 kJ kg S 1 S 1 2 ( H ) S = H2 H1 = 2,117.4 3,391.6 = 1,274.2 kJ kg 1 2 ( H ) S = H2 H1 = 2,117.4 3,391.6 = 1,274.2 kJ kg1 and by Eq. (7.16), y por laand ecuacin (7.16), by Eq. (7.16), and by Eq. (7.16), and and by by Eq. Eq. (7.16), (7.16), 1 H = ( H ) S = (0.75)(1,274.2) = 955.6 kJ kg and by Eq. (7.16), 1 1 1 H) )S =( (0 0. .75 75)( )( 1,274.2 1,274.2) )= = 955 955. .6 6 kJ kJ kg kg H H= = ( ( H 1 S 1 = H ) = ( 0 . 75 )( 1,274.2 ) = 955 . 6 kJ kg H = ( S H = ( H )S S = (0.75)(1,274.2) = 955.6 kJ kg 11 De donde, Whence, HH H H =(3,391.6 955.6) = 2,436.0 kJ kg 2= 1 +H )H 0.75)( 1,274.2 =2,436.0 955.6kJ kJkg kg =H ( 1 1 1 S = Whence, H = + = 3,391.6 955 . 6 = 2 1 1 2 1 Whence, H =H H1 + H H= = 3,391.6 3,391.6 955 955..6 6= = 2,436.0 2,436.0 kJ kJ kg kg1 Whence, = + 2 1 Whence, H H2 2 = H 1 + H = 3,391.6 955.6 = 2,436.0 kJ kg 1 calidad Por esto, el vapor que se halla en su estado final real tambin es its hmedo y su Thus the steam in its actual nal state is also wet, with quality given by: se encuentra Whence, H = H + H = 3,391.6 955 . 6 = 2,436.0 kJ kg 2 1 Thus the the steam steam in in its its actual actual nal nal state state is is also also wet, wet, with with its its quality quality given given by: by: Thus Thus the steam in its actual nal state is also wet, with its quality given by: mediante la ecuacin: Thus the steam in its actual nal state is also wet, with its quality given by: (2,584.8 191 .8with ) x2 = 0. 9378 2,436.0 = 191.8 nal + x2state Thus the steam in its is also wet, its quality (2,584.8 2,584.8 191 191 .8 8) ) x2 =0 0. .given 9378 by: 2,436.0 = actual 191. .8 8+ +x x2 2 2= ( . x = 9378 2,436.0 = 191 ( 2,584.8 191 . 8 ) x 0 . 9378 2,436.0 2 2 2 ( 2,584.8 191 . 8 ) x = 0 . 9378 2,436.0 = = 191 191..8 8+ +x x2 2 2 1 K1 0.6493 + (0.8 9378 )( 8 .1511 0191 .6493 ) = 7.6846 kJ0 kg Then S2 = ( 2,584.8 .8) x2 = .9378 2,436.0 = 191 +x 1 1 1 1 K 1 1 28 = 0 . 6493 + ( 0 . 9378 )( . 1511 0 . 6493 = 7 . 6846 kJ kg Then S 2 1 1 2 1K 1 Luego, Then = 0 6493 + ( 0 9378 )( 8 1511 0 6493 ) = 7 6846 kJ kg K Then S = 0 .. 6493 + ( 0 .. 9378 )( 8 .. 1511 0 .. 6493 ) = 7 .. 6846 kJ kg S 2 2 = 0 . 6493 + ( 0 . 9378 )( 8 . 1511 0 . 6493 ) = 7 . 6846 kJ kg K Then S 2 This value may be compared with the initial value of S1 = 6.6858.1 1 This value value may be compared compared with the initial initial value of S. = 6.6858. 6.6858. 0.6493 + )(8.1511 0.6493 ) of =7 6846 kJ kg K 1 Then S2 = . (0.9378 1 1 This may be with the value S = This value may be the initial of S = 6.6858. 1 .. is The steam rate m given by Eq. (7.13). For a6.6858. work rate of 56,400 kJ s Este valor se puede comparar con el with valor inicial devalue S This value may be compared compared with the initial value of S1 = 6.6858. 1 1= 1 rate 1 1,, . . The steam rate m is given by Eq. (7.13). For a work of 56,400 kJ kJ s s 1 . is 1,, The steam rate m is given by Eq. (7.13). For a work rate of 56,400 The steam rate given by Eq. For a work of 56,400 kJ s This value be m compared with the initial value of S1 rate = 6.6858. La proporcin de vapor se da a.travs de(7.13). la ecuacin (7.13). Para una transferencia The steam rate m is given by Eq. (7.13). For a work rate of 56,400 kJ s , de trabajo . may . . =m 1 1 .. s = .. (2,436.0 .. =of 56,400 3,391.6 ) a work m 59 .02 kg kJ s W The steam rate m is given by Eq. (7.13). For rate 56,400 s , 1 . 1 de 56 400 kJ s1 , . . . . . . ss = = 56,400 56,400 = =m m (2,436.0 2,436.0 3,391.6 3,391.6) ) m = 59 59.02 02 kg kg s s W 1 1 .( .= 1 ( m = W = 56,400 = m 2,436.0 3,391.6) m 59..02 kg s W m W s = 56,400 = m . ss . (2,436.0 3,391.6) . = 59.02 kg s1 m = 59.02 kg s Ws = 56,400 = m (2,436.0 3,391.6) Example 7.6 is solved with data from the steam tables. When a comparable set of tables Example 7.6 7.6 is is solved solved with with data data from from the the steam steam tables. tables. When When a a comparable comparable set set of of tables tables Example solved with data the When a set of tables is notExample available7.6 foris the working uid, the generalized correlations of Sec. 6.7 may be used in Example 7.6 is solved with data from from the steam steam tables. tables. Whenof a comparable comparable set of tables is not available for the working uid, the generalized correlations Sec. 6.7 may be used in is not available for the working uid, the generalized correlations of Sec. 6.7 may be used in is not available for the working uid, the generalized correlations of Sec. 6.7 may be used in Example 7.6 is solved with data from the steam tables. When a comparable set of tables conjunction with Eqs. (6.93) and (6.94), as illustrated in the following example. El ejemplo 7.6 se resolvi a partir de la informacin de las tablas de vapor. Cuando no se cuenta is not available for the(6.93) working the generalized correlations of Sec. 6.7 may be used in con un conjunction with Eqs. anduid, (6.94), as illustrated in in the following following example. conjunction with Eqs. (6.93) and (6.94), as illustrated the example. conjunction with Eqs. (6.93) and (6.94), as illustrated in the following example. is not available for the working uid, the generalized correlations of Sec. 6.7 may be used in de la conjunto cotejable de tablas para el fluido de trabajo, es posible usar las correlaciones generalizadas conjunction with Eqs. (6.93) and (6.94), as illustrated in the following example. with con Eqs.las (6.93) and (6.94), as y illustrated in the seccinconjunction 6.7 en conjunto ecuaciones (6.93) (6.94), como sefollowing ilustra enexample. el siguiente ejemplo.
CHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes CHAPTER 7. Applications Applications of of Thermodynamics Thermodynamics to to Flow Flow Processes Processes CHAPTER7. CHAPTER 7. CHAPTER Applications of to CAPTULO Aplicaciones de la termodinmica a losProcesses procesos de flujo CHAPTER 7. 7. Applications of Thermodynamics Thermodynamics to Flow Flow Processes CHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes
Example 7.7 7.7 Example Example 7.7 C and 45 bar is expanded adiabatically in a turbine Example 7.7 Ejemplo 7.7 A stream of ethylene gas at 300 C A stream of ethylene gas at 300 and 45 45 bar bar is is expanded expanded adiabatically adiabatically in in a a turbine turbine Example 7.7 A stream of ethylene gas at 300 C and A of gas at and 45 adiabatically in tostream 2 bar. Calculate the isentropic work produced. Find the properties of ethylene by: A stream of ethylene ethylene gas at 300 300C C and 45 bar bar is is expanded expanded adiabatically in a a turbine turbine
( a) Equations for an ideal gas. (b) Appropriate generalized correlations. Solution 7.7 Solution 7.7 Solution 7.7 Solution 7.7 Solucin 7.7 Solution 7.7and entropy changes for the process are: The enthalpy The enthalpy andy entropy changes for the process process are: Solution 7.7 Los cambios de entalpa entropa para elfor proceso son: are: The enthalpy enthalpy and entropy changes for the are: The and entropy changes the process (a a) ) Equations Equations for for an an ideal ideal gas. gas. ( (b b ) Appropriate Appropriate generalized generalized correlations. correlations. ( for an ideal ) ( ) (a a) ) Equations Equations for anideal. ideal gas. gas. b( ( b ) Appropriate Appropriate generalized generalized correlations. correlations. a) Ecuaciones para un gas )b Correlaciones generalizadas apropiadas. to 2 (bar. Calculate for thean isentropic work Find the properties of ethylene by: a) Equations ideal gas. (bproduced. ) Appropriate generalized correlations.
Una corriente de gas etileno 300 C ywork 45 bar se expande adiabticamente enethylene una turbina to 2 2 bar. bar. Calculate theaisentropic isentropic produced. Find the properties properties of of by: a 2 bar. to Calculate the work produced. Find the ethylene by: to 2 bar. the isentropic work produced. the of ethylene by: A stream of ethylene gas at 300 C and 45 bar is Find expanded adiabatically in a turbine to bar. Calculate Calculate the isentropic work produced. Find the properties properties of ethylene by: Calcule el2trabajo isentrpico que se produce y encuentre las propiedades del etileno por: (a) Equations for an ideal gas. (b) Appropriate generalized correlations.
ig for the process are: The enthalpy and entropy R R H1 (6.93) H changes = C ig ig ig H ( T2 T1 ) + H2 R R R R P C ( T T ) + H H (6.93) H = ig R R The enthalpy and entropy changes for the process are: R R 2 1 2 1 ig 2 1 P H R R 2 1 P H C ( T T ) + H H (6.93) H = C ( T T ) + H H (6.93) H = 2 1 2 1 2 1 H1 (6.93) (6.93) H = CP P H ( T T1 ) + H 2 P2H2 ig H T22 ig P R R 1 R R T P2 C (T R T1ln )+ H (6.93) 2 Cig ln S SR (6.94) SH == ig 22 2H+ ig R R R 2 1 2 1 T P P H P S T P 2 2 2 2 C C ig S ln T R R ln ln P +S SR S SR (6.94) S S= = R R T P 2 2 ig 2 1 1 1+ P R R 2 1 P S ln + (6.94) C ln R ln S S (6.94) S = T P 2 1 S1 (6.94) (6.94) S = CP P S ln T 1 2 1 S 1 R ln P2 1 +S 2 1 P 2 ig S 1 1 1 R + 273 R .15 = 573.15 K. T1 P 1 = 45 bar, P =2 bar, and T 300 Given values are P1 S45 = bar, C P P S and R lnT + S2 273 S1 (6.94) 2 ln 11= = = 2 bar, = 300 + . 15 = 573 .15 15 K. K. Given values are P 1 2 1 1= 2= 11 T P 1 = 45 45 bar, bar, P = 2 bar, and T = 300 + 273 15 = 573 Given values are P P 2 bar, and 300 + 273 .. 573 Given values are 1 2 1 1 2 bar, P P = 45 2 bar, and T1 = 300 + 273 .15 15 = 573.. .15 15 K. Given values are P P 1 = 45 son 2= 1 Los valores que se proporcionan bar, P2 T = 2= bar yT 300 += 273.15 = K. 573.15 K. 1 1= Given values are P1 = 45 bar, P2 = 2 bar, and T1 = 300 + 273.15 = 573.15 K.
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7.2. Turbines (Expanders) 7.2. Turbines Turbines(Expanders) (Expanders) 7.2. Turbines (Expanders) 7.2. Turbines (Expanders) 7.2. 7.2. Turbines (Expanders) 7.2. Turbines (Expanders) 7.2. Turbinas (expansores)
271
(( a )) If If ethylene is assumed an ideal gas, then all residual properties are zero, and a If ethylene ethylene is is assumed assumed an an ideal ideal gas, gas, then then all all residual residual properties properties are are zero, zero, and and ( a ) ethylene is assumed an ideal gas, then all residual properties are zero, and ( a ) If If ethylene is assumed an ideal gas, then all residual properties are zero, and ( a ) ( a ) If ethylene is assumed an ideal gas, then all residual properties are zero, and a ) If ethylene is assumed an ideal gas, then all residual properties are zero, and the preceding equations reduce to: a) Si se ( supone al etileno como un gas ideal, entonces todas las propiedades residuales son cero y the preceding equations reduce to: the preceding equations reduce to: the preceding preceding equations equations reduce reduce to: to: the the preceding equations reduce to: the preceding equations reduce las ecuaciones anteriores se reducen a: to: T P 2 2 ig ig T P T P 2 R ln P 2 2 2 ig ( T2 T1 ) ig ln T ig ig T P C S = C H = 2 2 ig ig 2 2 ig ig T P P P H S T P C ( T T ) S = C ln R ln H = C ( T T ) S = C ln R ln H = 2 2 ig ig 2 2 ig ig 2 1 2 1 2 2 C ( T T ) S = C ln R ln H = P P H S P P H S ig ig T P C ( T T ) S = C ln R ln H = 2 1 1 1 2 1 C ( T T ) S = C ln R ln H = P H P H( T2 S T ) S = C ln R ln H = C P P S 2 1 T P T P 1 1 1 1 1 P P H S P P H S 1 T P T P 1 1 P H 2 P S 1 1 T P T P 1 1 1 1 1 1 For an isentropic process, S = 0, and the second equation becomes: For anisentropic isentropic process, S = 0, andthe theecuacin secondequation equation becomes: For an isentropic process, S = 0, and the second equation becomes: For an isentropic process, S = 0, and the second equation becomes: an process, 0, and second becomes: Para unFor proceso isentrpico, S = 0,S y= la segunda se convierte en: For an isentropic process, S = 0, and the second equation becomes: For an isentropic process, S = 0, and the second equation becomes: ig ig ig C P 2 T ig ig 2 2 P S CP C ig P 2 = 3.1135 T P 2 T ig 2 = ln P 2 = ln 2 2 2 C P S ln T S ig C T P 2 2 2 2 2 C P 2 T P S C P S 2 =ln ln P =ln ln 45 ln T = 3 1135 = ln = ln ln = 3 .. 1135 2 2 2 2 P S P S 2 2 ln = 3 1135 = ln = ln R T P = = ln = 3 . 1135 P S 1 1 = ln = ln ln = 3 1135 = ln = ln ln 3 ... 1135 R T P 45 R T P 45 1 1 1 1 R T P 45 = R T P 45 1 1 1 1 R T P 45 R T P 45 1 1 1 1 1 3.1135 1 3 . 1135 + ln 573.15 3 .. 1135 3 1135 or ln T = 3 . 1135 2 3 . 1135 3 . 1135 or ln T +ln ln573 573 15 = or ln T + ln 573 .. 15 = ig 2= 2 or lnT T + ln 573 15 = C ig or ln . 15 ig / R + ig 2 2 or ln T + ln 573 15 = o or ln T ln 573 ... 15 = 2 ig 2 P S CP /R R+ C / R ig 2 ig C / R P S S ig C / CP S /R R P S/ C P S S P S P 3 . 1135 3 . 1135 3 . 1135 Then, 3 . 1135 T + 6 . 3511 ((A A )) = exp 3 . 1135 2 3 3 .1135 1135 + Then, Then, . T +6 6 . 3511 A =exp exp T 6 .. 3511 ( ) = exp ig 2= 2 Then, Then, T + 6 3511 (A A ) = exp T . ( ) ig / R + ig 2 2 Then, T + 6 .3511 3511 ( A ) = exp C Then, T + 6 . 3511 ( A ) = exp 2 ig ig 2 P S En consecuencia, (A) C / R C / R ig 2 ig CP /R R P S P S ig C / C / R P S C / R S P S S P P S ig ig / R , which for computaig Equation (5.17) provides an expression for C ig ig P S Equation (5.17) (5.17) provides provides an an expression expression for for CP /R R which for for computacomputaEquation (5.17) provides an expression for C / R ,,, which which for computaig ig Equation (5.17) provides an expression for C / R which for computaP S S ig Equation C / , Equation (5.17) provides an expression for C / R which for computaig P S Equation (5.17) provides an expression for C / R ,, which for computaP S tional purposes is represented by: P S P S La ecuacin (5.17) proporciona una expresin para C / R , que para fines de clculo se P S tional purposes is represented by: tional purposes is represented by: S P tional purposes purposes is is represented represented by: by: tional tional purposes is represented by: tional purposes is represented by: representa por: ig ig ig C ig ig P S CP C ig ig C P S = MCPS(573.15,T2;1.424,14.394E-3,-4.392E-6,0.0) S ig C C P S C P S =MCPS(573.15,T2;1.424,14.394E-3,-4.392E-6,0.0) MCPS(573.15,T2;1.424,14.394E-3,-4.392E-6,0.0) = MCPS(573.15,T2;1.424,14.394E-3,-4.392E-6,0.0) P S P S = MCPS(573.15,T2;1.424,14.394E-3,-4.392E-6,0.0) R P S = MCPS(573.15,T2;1.424,14.394E-3,-4.392E-6,0.0) = MCPS(573.15,T2;1.424,14.394E-3,-4.392E-6,0.0) R = R R R R R is found where the constants for ethylene come from Table C.1. Temperature T 2 is found found where the the constants constants for for ethylene ethylene come come from from Table Table C.1. C.1. Temperature Temperature T is found where the constants for ethylene come from Table C.1. Temperature T 2 is 2 is found where the constants for ethylene come from Table C.1. Temperature T where T 2 ig 2 is found where the constants for ethylene come from Table C.1. Temperature T is found where the constants for ethylene come from Table C.1. Temperature T 2 2 ig ig donde las constantes para el etileno resultan de la tabla C.1. La temperatura T se encuentra por by iteration. Assume an initial value for evaluation of C / R . Equation ((A A )) 2 2 ig ig P S /R R Equation ( A by iteration. iteration. Assume Assume an an initial initial value value for for evaluation evaluationig of CP by iteration. Assume an initial value for evaluation of C / R .. Equation ( ) ig ig by iteration. Assume an initial value for evaluation of C / R Equation (A A ) P S S ig by of C / . ) by iteration. Assume an initial value for evaluation of C / R Equation ( A ) ig P S by iteration. Assume an initial value for evaluation of C / R ... Equation Equation ( A ) P S iteracin. Suponga un valor inicial para la evaluacin de C / R . A continuacin, la ecuacin P S S ig ig P S then provides a new value of T from which to recompute C / R , and the P P S 2 ig ig P S then provides provides a a new new value value of of T T from which which to to recompute recompute CP /R R and the the then provides a new value of T from which to recompute C / R ,,, and and the ig ig ig 2 from 2 then provides a new value of T from which to recompute C / R and the P S S ig then C / , 2 2 (A) proporciona un nuevo valor de T partir del cual se vuelve a calcular C /R , the y el procethen provides a new value of T from which to recompute C / R ,S and the P S then provides a new value of from which to recompute C / R , and P S 2 aT 2 2 procedure continues to convergence on the nal value: T = 370 .. 8 K. The value P P S 2 P S 2 P S procedure continues to convergence on the nal value: T = 370 8 K. The value procedure continues to convergence on the nal value: T = 370 . 8 K. The value ig 2= 2 procedure continues to convergence convergence onvalor the nal nal value: T = 370 370 . 8 K. K. The value procedure continues to on the value: T . 8 The value 2 ig 2 dimiento contina hasta la convergencia en el final: T = 370.8 K. El valor de C procedure continues to convergence on the nal value: T = 370 . 8 K. The value procedure continues to convergence on the nal value: T = 370 . 8 K. The value 2 2 2 ig ig P H / R, of C / R , given by Eq. (4.8), is for computational purposes represented by: 2 ig ig P H of C /R R givenpara byEq. Eq. (4.8), isfor forcomputational computational purposesrepresented representedby: by: of C / R ,,given given by Eq. (4.8), is for computational purposes represented by: ig ig of C / R given by Eq. (4.8), is for computational purposes represented by: P H/ P H ig of C , by (4.8), is dado por la ecuacin fines de clculo se representapurposes por: of C / R given by Eq. (4.8), is for computational purposes represented by: P H of C / R ,,,(4.8), given by Eq. (4.8), is for computational purposes represented by: P H P H P H P H ig ig ig C ig ig P H CP C ig ig C P H = MCPH(573.15,370.8;1.424,14.394E-3,-4.392E-6,0.0) = 7.224 H ig C C P H C P H =MCPH(573.15,370.8;1.424,14.394E-3,-4.392E-6,0.0) MCPH(573.15,370.8;1.424,14.394E-3,-4.392E-6,0.0)= =7 7 224 = MCPH(573.15,370.8;1.424,14.394E-3,-4.392E-6,0.0) = 7 .. 224 P H P H = MCPH(573.15,370.8;1.424,14.394E-3,-4.392E-6,0.0) = 7 224 R = . 224 P H = MCPH(573.15,370.8;1.424,14.394E-3,-4.392E-6,0.0) = 7 224 = MCPH(573.15,370.8;1.424,14.394E-3,-4.392E-6,0.0) = 7 ... 224 R R R R R R ig ig ( T2 T1 ) ig (( isentropic )) = = ( H ))S = = C Then W s(isentrpico) ig ig P H isentropic =( (H H) = CP ( T T T ) Then W ( isentropic ) ( H ) C ( T T ) Then W ig En seguida, Then W ig s S= 2 1 s S 2 1 s ( isentropic ) = ( H ) = C ( T T ) Then W P H( H ig ( isentropic ) = C T ) W s S 2 1 s S 2 1 ( isentropic ) = ( H ) = C ( T T ) Then W P H ( T T ) Then Ws H s(isentropic) = ( H ) S S = C P 2 1 2 1 P H P s S 2 1 P H H 1 1 1 W (s isentropic )) = = (( 7 .. 224 )( 8 .. 314 )( 370 .. 8 573 .. 15 )) = = 12,153 J mol 1 ss( W (isentrpico) (7.224)(8.314)(370.8 573 573.15) = 12 153 JJ mol 1 1 W ( isentropic == 7 224 )( 8 314 )( 370 8 573 15 = 12,153 J mol W isentropic ) ( 7 . 224 )( 8 . 314 )( 370 . 8 . 15 ) 12,153 mol s 1 1 W ( isentropic ) = ( 7 . 224 )( 8 . 314 )( 370 . 8 573 . 15 ) = 12,153 J mol W ( isentropic ) = ( 7 . 224 )( 8 . 314 )( 370 . 8 573 . 15 ) = 12,153 J mol s 1 s W ( isentropic ) = ( 7 . 224 )( 8 . 314 )( 370 . 8 573 . 15 ) = 12,153 J mol Ws s(isentropic) = (7.224)(8.314)(370.8 573.15) = 12,153 J mol s ( b )) For ethylene, b) Para ( el etileno, ( b Forethylene, ethylene, b ) For ethylene, ( b ) For For ethylene, ( b ) ( b ) For ethylene, ( b ) For ethylene, = 282 .. 3 K P = 50 .. 4 bar = 0 .. 087 T c c =282 282 3K K P =50 50 4bar bar = =0 0 087 T = 282 . 3 K P = 50 . 4 bar = 0 . 087 T c= c= c c = 282 . 3 K P = 50 . 4 bar = 0 . 087 T . 3 P . 4 . 087 T c c c c = 282 . 3 K P = 50 . 4 bar = 0 . 087 T = 282 . 3 K P = 50 . 4 bar = 0 . 087 T c c c c c c At the initial state, Atthe the initialstate, state, At the initial state, En el estado inicial, At the initial state, At initial At the initial state, At the initial state, 573 .. 15 45 573 15 = 2.030 45 = 0.893 573 . 15 45 573 15 45 = = P T 573 . 15 45 rr rr 573 .. 15 45 1 = 1 = 573 . 15 45 = = = 2 . 030 P =0 0 893 T = 2 . 030 P = 0 .. 893 T r r 1 1 1 1 = = = 2 . 030 P = 0 893 T 282 . 3 50 .. 4 = = = 2 . 030 P . 893 T r r r = = = 2 . 030 P = 0 893 Tr 1 1 1 1 = = = 2 . 030 P = 0 ... 893 T r r 282 . 3 50 4= 282 . 3 50 . 4 r r 1 1 r1 r1 282 3 50 4 282 . 3 50 . 4 1 1 1 1 282 .. 3 50 .. 4 282 . 3 50 . 4 According to Fig. 3.14, the generalized correlations based on second virial coefAccordingto toFig. Fig. 3.14, 3.14,the thegeneralized generalizedcorrelations correlationsbased basedon onsecond secondvirial virialcoefcoefAccording to Fig. 3.14, the generalized correlations based on second virial coefAccording to Fig. 3.14, the generalized correlations based on second virial coefAccording De acuerdo con lato figura las generalized correlaciones generalizadas, que se apoyan en(6.88), los segundos According to Fig. 3.14, the generalized correlations based on second virial coefAccording Fig. 3.14, the correlations based on second virial coefcients should be satisfactory. The computational procedures of Eqs. (6.87), cients should be satisfactory. The computational procedures of Eqs. (6.87), (6.88), cients should be satisfactory. The computational procedures of Eqs. (6.87), (6.88), cients should be satisfactory. The computational procedures of Eqs. (6.87), (6.88), cients should be satisfactory. The computational procedures of Eqs. (6.87), (6.88), coeficientes viriales, son satisfactorias. Los procedimientos de clculo de las ecuaciones cients should be satisfactory. The computational procedures of Eqs. (6.87), (6.88), cients should be satisfactory. The computational procedures of Eqs. (6.87), (6.88), (6.87), (3.65), (3.66), (6.89) and (6.90) are represented by: (3.65), (3.66), (3.66), (6.89) (6.89)and and(6.90) (6.90)are arerepresented representedby: by: (3.65), and (6.90) are represented by: (3.65), (3.66), (6.89) and (6.90) are represented by: (6.88), (3.65), (3.66), (6.89) y (6.90) se representan por: (3.65), (3.66), (6.89) and (6.90) are represented by: and (6.90) are represented by: (3.65), (3.66), (6.89)R R R H R 1 R H H R R H 1 1 H = HRB(2.030,0.893,0.087) = 0 .. 234 R H 1 H 1 =HRB(2.030,0.893,0.087) HRB(2.030,0.893,0.087)= = 0 234 = HRB(2.030,0.893,0.087) = 0 . 234 1 1 = HRB(2.030,0.893,0.087) = 0 234 RT 0 . 234 1c = = HRB(2.030,0.893,0.087) = 0 234 = HRB(2.030,0.893,0.087) = 0 ... 234 RT RT c c RT RT c RTc RT c c c
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R S R R 1 R S R =R SRB(2.030,0.893,0.087) = 0.097 S R 1 S 1 S1 S 1 1 = SRB(2.030,0.893,0.087) = 0 097 = SRB(2.030,0.893,0.087) = 0 ... 097 R R= 1 SRB(2.030,0.893,0.087) = 0 . 097 = SRB(2.030,0.893,0.087) = 0 097 S S = SRB(2.030,0.893,0.087) = 0.097 = SRB(2.030,0.893,0.087) = 0 .097 097 R 1 R 1 = SRB(2.030,0.893,0.087) R R = 0 . = SRB(2.030,0.893,0.087) = 0 . 097 R R R 1 = ( 0 . 234 )( 8 . 314 )( 282 . 3 ) = 549 J mol Then, H1 R R 1 1 R = ( 0 234 )( 8 314 )( 282 3 ) = 549 J mol Then, H R RR 1 1 1 = ( 0 ... 234 )( 8 ... 314 )( 282 ... 3 ) = 549 J mol Then, H R R 1 1 = ( 0 . 234 )( 8 . 314 )( 282 . 3 ) = 549 J mol Then, H = ( 0 234 )( 8 314 )( 282 3 ) = 549 J mol Then, H 1 = ( 0 . 234 )( 8 . 314 )( 282 . 3 ) = 549 J mol Then, H = ( 0 . 234 )( 8 . 314 )( 282 . 3 ) = 549 J mol Then, H 1 En consecuencia, 1 R 1 R 1 1 1 = ( 0 . 234 )( 8 . 314 )( 282 . 3 ) = 549 J mol Then, H J1 mol Then, H R = (0.234)(8.314)(282.3) = 549 1 11 S K R = (0.097)(8.314) = 0.806 J mol 1 1K 1 1 R 1 R R S = ( 0 . 097 )( 8 . 314 ) = 0 . 806 J mol 1 1 1 1 S = (R 0 .. 097 )( 8 .. 314 ))= = 0 .. 806 JJmol mol K R = 1 1 1 1 mol 1K 1 S 0 . 097 )( 8 . 314 ) . 806 S = ( 0 097 )( 8 314 = 0 806 mol K S( = ( 0 .097 )(8 314 )0 = 0J .806 J 1 1 S = ( 0 097 )( 8 314 ).= = 0 806 J mol K R 11K 11 K R R= 1 1 S ( 0 ..097 )( ..314 ) 0 ..806 J mol For an initial estimate of SR ,8 assume that T = 370.8 K, the value determined S = ( 0 . 097 )( 8 . 314 ) = 0 . 806 J mol K 2 R 1 2 1 For an initial estimate of S assume that T = 370.8 K, the value determined R R For an initial estimate of S ,,,assume assume that T = 370.8 K, the value determined 2= 2 2 R , assume R RS For an initial estimate of , that T 370.8 K, the value determined For an initial estimate of S assume that T = 370.8 K, the value determined 2 2 2 2 in part ( a ). Then, For an initial estimate of S that T = 370.8 K, the value determined For an initial estimate of S , assume that T = 370.8 K, the value determined 2 Parain una estimacin inicial deof S2S , suponga T2T = el the valor determinado en el inciR 2 K,K, 2 370.8 R 2 que 2 For an initial estimate , assume that = 370.8 value determined part ( a ). Then, in part ( a ). Then, 2 For an initial estimate of S , assume that T = 370.8 K, the value determined 2 22 in part ( a ). Then, in part ( a ). Then, in part ( a ). Then, in part ( a ). Then, so a). Por lo tanto, in ). inpart part(a (a ).Then, Then, 370 .8 2 370 8 2 370 .. 8 2 = 1.314 Pr2 = 2 = 0.040 Tr2 = 370 . 8 370 . 8 2.4 = 370 . 8 20 370 . 8 2 = = = 1 . 314 P = 0 040 T = = = 1 . 314 P 0 ... 040 T r2 r 282 . 3 50 r r 2 2 2 = = = 1 . 314 P = . 040 T = = = 1 . 314 P = 0 040 T r r 370 . 8 2 2 2 r r 370 . 8 2 = = = 1 . 314 P = 0.040 T 2 2 2 2 = = = 1 . 314 P = 0 .040 040 T 282 . 3 50 . 4 282 . 3 50 . 4 r r r r 2 2 .. 2 = 282 2 = 50 . 3 4 282 . 3 50 4 = 1 . 314 P = 0 . T r2 r2 =.3 1.314 P =.4 0.040 T 282 r2 = 282.3 r2 = 50.4 50 282 . 3 50 . 4 282 . 3 50 . 4 R SR R 2 S R R =R S Whence, SRB(1.314,0.040,0.087) = 0.0139 R 2 S S 2 S2 SR De donde, 2 2 Whence, = SRB(1.314,0.040,0.087) = 0 0139 Whence, = SRB(1.314,0.040,0.087) = 0 ... 0139 R= 2 Whence, SRB(1.314,0.040,0.087) = 0 . 0139 Whence, = SRB(1.314,0.040,0.087) = 0 0139 S S Whence, = SRB(1.314,0.040,0.087) = 0.0139 Whence, = SRB(1.314,0.040,0.087) = 0 .0139 0139 R 2 2 R R Whence, = SRB(1.314,0.040,0.087) = 0 . Whence, = SRB(1.314,0.040,0.087) = 0 . 0139 R R R 1 K1 R and SR = ( 0 . 0139 )( 8 . 314 ) = 0 . 116 J mol R R 1 1 1 1 2 R 1 1 and S = ( 0 0139 )( 8 314 ) = 0 116 J mol K R= 1K 1 1 and S = ( 0 ... 0139 )( 8 ... 314 ) = 0 ... 116 J mol K R 1 R 1 1 2 y and S ( 0 . 0139 )( 8 . 314 ) = 0 . 116 J mol and and S = ( 0 0139 )( 8 314 ) = 0 116 J mol K 2 S = ( 0 . 0139 )( 8 . 314 ) = 0 . 116 J mol and S = ( 0 . 0139 )( 8 . 314 ) = 0 . 116 J mol K 2 2 R 11K 11 K 2 2R= and SS ( 0 .0139 )( 88 .314 ))= 00 .116 JJmol If the expansion process is isentropic, Eq. (6.94) becomes: and = ( 0 . 0139 )( . 314 = . 116 mol K 2 2 If the expansion process is isentropic, Eq. (6.94) becomes: If the expansion process is isentropic, Eq. (6.94) becomes: If expansion process is Eq. becomes: Ifthe the expansion process isisentropic, isentropic, Eq.(6.94) (6.94) becomes: If the expansion is isentropic, Eq.(6.94) (6.94) becomes: Si el proceso de expansin es process isentrpico, la ecuacin ser: If the expansion process is isentropic, Eq. (6.94) becomes: If is isentropic, Eq. (6.94) becomes: Ifthe theexpansion expansionprocess process is isentropic, Eq. (6.94) becomes: T 2 2 ig T 2 T 2 2 C ln 8 . 314 ln 0 . 116 + 0 . 806 0 = ig 2 ig T 2 T 2 2 P 2 2 ig ig S ln C 8 . 314 ln 0 . 116 + 0 . 806 0 = T 2 28 2 ig 573 ig .15 T 45 C ln . 314 ln 0 . 116 + 0 . 806 0 P S C ln 8 . 314 ln 0 . 116 + 0 . 806 0= = P S T 2 2 T 2 ig C ln 8 . 314 ln 0 . 116 + 0.806 0 = C ln 8 . 314 ln 0 . 116 + 0 . 806 0 = P S 573 . 15 45 P S 573 . 15 45 2 ig P S P S 573 . 15 45 573 . 15 45 C 88 .314 00 .116 .806 00= C Sln ln 573.15 .314ln ln 45 .116+ +00 .806 = 573 .15 45 PP S 573 . 15 45 T 26 . 576 573.15 45 2 T 26 .. 576 T 26 . 576 2 Whence, ln T = 2 26 . 576 T 26 576 2 2 ig T 26.576 T 26 . 576 Whence, ln = Whence, ln = 2 2 573 . 15 ig Whence, ln = Whence, ln = C S T 26 . 576 ig 2 T 26 . 576 Whence, ln = Whence, ln = 573 . 15 P 573 . 15 2 ig ig C C ig 573 . 15 573 . 15 ig Whence, ln = De donde, P S C CP Whence, ln 573 S 573= .15 15 P S ig C C P S P S ig ..15 573 P S 573 .15 C C 26 .576 PP SS .. 26 576 26 576 or T = exp + 6 . 3511 2 = exp 26 . 576 26 . 576 ig or T + 6 . 3511 26 . 576 26 . 576 or T = exp + 6 .. 3511 2= 2 ig or T exp . 3511 or or T =T exp +6 6 3511 C S + 26 . 576 ig 2 2= 26 .576 + 6.3511 or T exp + 6 .3511 3511 ig P ig 2 = exp 2 C C ig ig or T = exp + 6 . P S 22 = exp C CP or T P S o S ig C S6.3511 C P S P+ ig P S C C PP S S An iteration process exactly like that of part (a) yields the results An iteration process exactly like that of part (a a ) yields the results An iteration process exactly like that of part ( a ) yields the results An process exactly like of part ) the Aniteration iteration process exactly likethat that of part a )yields yields theresults results An iteration process exactly like that of( part (a) yields the results An iteration process exactly like that of part (( a ) yields the results Un proceso iterativo exactamente como el del inciso a ))yields produce los resultados: An process exactly like that of part ( a ) the results Aniteration iteration process exactly like that of part ( a yields the results T2 = 365.8 K and Tr2 = 1.296 T = 365 . 8 K and T = 1 . 296 T = 365 . 8 K and T = 1 . 296 r2 2= r 2 2= T 365 .. 8 K .. 296 T =T 365 8 K .8 K and and and T T = 1 296 r 2 2 2= = 365 T1 = 1.296 2 2= T 365 8 K and T 1 296 r2 2 rr 2 T = 365.8 K y T = 1.296 2 2 rT = 365 ..8 K and T = 1 ..296 2 r2 22 T = 365 . 8 K and = 1 . 296 r With this value ofT T and with P = 0 . 040, 2 r2 r2 With this value of T and with P = 0 040, With this value of T and with P = 0 ... 040, r2 r2 r r 2 and 2= With this of with P 0 . 040, WithWith thisvalue value ofT T and with P = 0 040, 2 2 r r r r this value of T and with P = 0 . 040, 2 2 2 2 With this value of T and with P = 0 . 040, r2 r r2 = 0 Con este valor devalue Tr2 y of con P 2 2 r =r0.040, With this .040, 2andwith rR r2 With this value ofT T withP P .040, 2 r2and r2 = 0 S R R 2 S R R S = SRB(1.296,0.040,0.087) = 0.0144 R R 2 S S 2 S2 SR 2 2 = SRB(1.296,0.040,0.087) = 0 0144 = SRB(1.296,0.040,0.087) = 0 ... 0144 R= 2 SRB(1.296,0.040,0.087) = 0 . 0144 = SRB(1.296,0.040,0.087) = 0 0144 S S = SRB(1.296,0.040,0.087) = 0.0144 = SRB(1.296,0.040,0.087) = 0 .0144 0144 R 2 R 2 R R = SRB(1.296,0.040,0.087) = 0 . = SRB(1.296,0.040,0.087) = 0 . 0144 R R R 1 K1 R R = ( 0 . 0144 )( 8 . 314 ) = 0 . 120 J mol and SR y R = (0.0144)(8.314) = 0.120 J mol 1 1 K 1 1 2 R 1 1 and S R= 1K 1 1 = (R 0 .. 0144 )( 8 .. 314 ))= = 0 .. 120 JJmol mol K and S 1 R 1 1 2 0 . 0144 8 . 314 ) . 120 and S = ( 0 0144 )( 8 314 = 0 120 mol K and and S 2 = ( 0.)( 0144 )(8 .314 )0 = 0J .120 J mol S( = ( 0 . 0144 )( 8 . 314 ) = 0 . 120 J mol K and S 2 2 R 1 1 R 1 1K 2 2 = ( 0 . 0144 )( 8 . 314 ) = 0 . 120 J mol K and S = ( 0 . 0144 )( 8 . 314 ) = 0 . 120 J mol K and S 2 Este resultado representa cambio from tan pequeo a estimate partir dethat la estimacin inicial, que se con2 unchanged This result is so little the initial another recalculation of This result is so little changed from the initial estimate that another recalculation of R This result is so little changed from the initial estimate that another recalculation of R This result is so little changed from the initial estimate that another recalculation of This result is so little changed from the initial estimate that another recalculation of sidera innecesario volver a calcular T , y se evala H en las condiciones reducidas recin 2 T is unnecessary, and H is evaluated at the reduced conditions just established: This result is so little changed from the initial estimate that another recalculation of 2 This result is so little changed from the initial estimate that another recalculation of 2 is R is from R 2 R T unnecessary, and H evaluated at the reduced conditions just established: This result is changed the estimate that another recalculation of R is T is unnecessary, and H is evaluated at the reduced conditions just established: This result isso solittle little changed from theinitial initial estimate that another recalculation of 2 is 2 R is evaluated R 2 T unnecessary, and H evaluated at the reduced conditions just established: T is unnecessary, and H is evaluated at the reduced conditions just established: 2 establecidas: 2 2 T is unnecessary, and H at the reduced conditions just established: T is unnecessary, and H is evaluated at the reduced conditions just established: 2 2 RR evaluated 2 2 unnecessary, 2 T and 22is T is unnecessary, and H is 2 evaluatedat atthe thereduced reducedconditions conditionsjust justestablished: established: R H 22 is H R R 2 H R R H = HRB(1.296,0.040,0.087) = 0 . 0262 R R 2 H H 2 H H 2 2R = HRB(1.296,0.040,0.087) = 0 0262 R = HRB(1.296,0.040,0.087) = 0 ... 0262 RT 2 c= HRB(1.296,0.040,0.087) = 0 . 0262 =2 HRB(1.296,0.040,0.087) = 0 0262 H H = HRB(1.296,0.040,0.087) = 0.0262 = HRB(1.296,0.040,0.087) = 0 .0262 0262 RT 22 RT c= c RT RT HRB(1.296,0.040,0.087) = 0 . c c = HRB(1.296,0.040,0.087) = 0 . 0262 RTc RT c RT R cc 1 RT H2 R = (0.0262)(8.314)(282.3) = 61 J mol 1 1 R R R= = ( 0 0262 )( 8 314 )( 282 3 ) = 61 J mol H 1 1 1 ( 0 ... 0262 )( 8 ... 314 )( 282 ... 3 ) = 61 J mol H R R 2 1 2 = ( 0 . 0262 )( 8 . 314 )( 282 . 3 ) = 61 J mol H = ( 0 0262 )( 8 314 )( 282 3 ) = 61 J mol H = ( 0 . 0262 )( 8 . 314 )( 282 . 3 ) = 61 J mol H 2 2 = ( 0 . 0262 )( 8 . 314 )( 282 . 3 ) = 61 J mol H R 1 R= ( ig)(8.314)(282.3) = 61 J mol 1 20.0262 2 H =) S ( 0. 0262 )( 8 .314 )( 282 .3) =) 61 J+ mol By Eq. (6.93), H ( = Cig (365 .8 573 .15 61 549 22 H ig ig P H( ig By Eq. (6.93), ( H ) = C ( 365 8 573 15 ) 61 + 549 By Eq. (6.93), ( H ) = C 365 ... 8 573 ... 15 ) 61 + 549 S= ig ig P H By Eq. (6.93), ( C ( 365 . 8 . 15 ) 61 + 549 By Eq. (6.93), (H H) )S =) C ( 365 8 573 573 15 ) 61 +61 549 P H S S= ig By Eq. (6.93), ( H = C ( 365 . 8 573 . 15 ) + 549 Mediante la ecuacin (6.93), By Eq. (6.93), ( H ) C ( 365 . 8 573 . 15 ) 61 + 549 P H P H S ig S H P H (P By H )) C 365 .8 573.15) 61 + 549 SS= ByEq. Eq.(6.93), (6.93), ( ( H = C PP H H (365.8 573.15) 61 + 549
CHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes CHAPTER CHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes CHAPTER 7. Applications of to Processes CHAPTER 7. 7. Applications ofThermodynamics Thermodynamics toFlow Flow Processes CAPTULO Aplicaciones de la Thermodynamics termodinmica a los procesos de flujo CHAPTER 7. Applications of to Flow Processes CHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes CHAPTER CHAPTER7. 7. Applications Applicationsof ofThermodynamics Thermodynamicsto toFlow FlowProcesses Processes
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11 W isentropic = ( (H H))SS = = 11,920JJmol mol W isentropic )) = 11,920 ss(( 1 W s (isentrpico) = ( H ) S = 11 920 mol Thisdiffers differsfrom fromthe theideal-gas ideal-gasvalue valueby byless lessthan than2%. 2%. This ste difiere del valor del gas ideal por menos de 2%.
and and
7.3
Al igual que los procesos de expansin dan como resultado la disminucin de la presin en el uido que circula, los procesos de compresin provocan aumentos en la presin. Los compresores, las bombas, los abaniJust as expansion expansion processes result in pressure reductions in a a owing owing uid, so compression compression as result in pressure reductions in uid, so cos, losJust ventiladores y lasprocesses bombas de vaco son dispositivos diseados para este propsito. Son importantes processes bring about la pressure increases. Compressors, pumps, fans, blowers, and vacuum bring about pressure increases. Compressors, pumps, fans, blowers, and vacuum para: elprocesses transporte de uidos, uidizacin de partculas slidas, llevar a los uidos a la presin apropiada pumps are are all devices designed designed for this purpose. They are vital for for the thepor transport of uids, uids, for devices for this purpose. are vital transport of for para la pumps reaccin o all el procesamiento, etc. En esta seccin They no nos preocupamos el diseo de estos disposiuidization of particulate particulate solids, for bringing bringing uids uids to the the proper proper pressure for reaction reaction orestacionario prouidization of solids, for to pressure for or protivos, sino por la especicacin de los requerimientos energticos para la compresin en estado cessing, etc. Weare areen concerned here not withthe thedesign designof ofsuch suchdevices, devices,but butwith withspecication specication cessing, etc. We concerned here with que ocasionan un aumento la presin delnot uido. ofenergy energyrequirements requirementsfor forsteady-state steady-statecompression compressioncausing causingan anincrease increasein inuid uidpressure. pressure. of
. Ws
.. W W ss
Compressor Compressor
Compresor
Figure7.5 7.5 Steady-state Figure :: Steady-state Figura 7.5: Proceso de compresin compression process. compression process. en estado estacionario.
1 1
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CHAPTER 7. 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow CAPTULO Aplicaciones de la termodinmica a los Processes procesos de flujo
In a compression process, the isentropic work, as por given Eq. (7.15), ises the En un proceso de compresin, el trabajo isentrpico dado la by ecuacin (7.15) el minimum trabajo de flecha work required compression ofun a gas desde from a given initial state to a given discharge mnimoshaft que se requiere parafor la compresin de un estado inicial dado hasta una presin de despressure. Thus dene a compressor efciency as: carga determinada. Dewe esta manera, la eficiencia de un compresor se define como: )) W Ws (isentropic isentrpico s( W ss W In view Eqs. (7.14) and (7.15), this issta alsotambin given by: De acuerdo conof las ecuaciones (7.14) y (7.15), se da por: ( H ) S H (7.17) (7.17)
Compressor efciencies are usually the range of to 0.8. de 0.7 a 0.8. En general, las eciencias del compresor sein encuentran en 0.7 el intervalo
2 2
2
H
Figura 7.6: Proceso de compresin Figure 7.6 : Adiabatic compression process. adiabtica.
P2 2
P2
(H)S S
(H)S
1 P1 1
1 S
P1 S
The compression process is shown on an H S en diagram in Fig. HS 7.6. The vertical dashed En la figura 7.6 se muestra un proceso de compresin un diagrama . La lnea vertical discontinua line rising from point 1 to point 2 represents the reversible adiabatgicadiabtica (constant-entropy) comque se eleva del punto 1 al punto 2 representa el proceso de compresin reversible (constanteto P . The actual irreversible compression process follows the solid pression process from P 1 2 entropa) desde P hasta P . El proceso de compresin irreversible real sigue la lnea continua desde el punto 1 2 from 1 upward and to the right in thede direction of increasing terminating 1 hacialine arriba y apoint la derecha en direccin del aumento la entropa, y terminaentropy, en el punto 2. Cuanto ms at point The more irreversible process,ms the a further this point lies to the right P2 menos irreversible sea 2. el proceso, este punto se the encontrar la derecha, sobre la isobara paraon P2the y ser isobar, the lower the efciency of the process. la eficiencia and del proceso.
Saturated-vapor steam at ( 100 kPa (t C) = se 99.63 C) is de compressed adiabatically Vapor de agua saturado a 100 kPa t sat = 99.63 comprime manera adiabtica hasta to 300 kPa. 300 kPa. If the compressor efciency is 0.75, what is the work required and what are Si la eficiencia del compresor es 0.75, cul es el trabajo necesario y cules son las propiedades de la the properties of the discharge stream? corriente de descarga?
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7.3. Compression Compression Processes Processes 7.3. 7.3. Compression Processes 7.3. Compression Processes 7.3. Compression Processes 7.3. Procesos de compresin 7.3. Compression Processes 7.3. Compression Processes
1 1 H1 1 1 = 7.3598 kJ kg1 K1 1 = 2,675.4 kJ kg 1 H S1 1 = 2,675.4 kJ kg1 For saturated steam at at 100 kPa, For saturated steam 100 kPa, 1 1 1 K1 1 7.3598 kJ kg H1 S1 For saturated steam at 100 kPa, 1 = 1 = 2,675.4 kJ kg 1 K1 11 kg 1 1 =compression 7.3598 kJ kg = 2,675.4 kJ S1 = S 1 H 1 1 1 1 1 1 For isentropic to 300 kPa, S = 7 . 3598 kJ kg K .1Interpo- en las 1 1 1 1 1 Para la compresin a 300 kPa, S = S = 7.3598 kJ kg K . La interpolacin 2 1 1 2 For isentropic compression to 300 kPa, S = S = 7 . 3598 kJ kg K 1 2 = 7 . 3598 kJ kg K H = 2,675.4 kJ kg S1isentrpica K1 H1 = 2,675.4 S1 = 7.3598 kJ kg 2 1 kJ 1 kg 1 1 . Interpo 1 1 = 7 . 3598 kJ kg K H = 2,675.4 kJ kg S 1 For isentropic compression to 300 kPa, S = S = 7 . 3598 kJ kg K . Interpolation in the tables for superheated steam at 300 kPa shows that steam with thistiene la 1 1 2 at 300 1 que tablas para el in vapor sobrecalentado a300 300 kPa el vapor con esta 1 1 . entropa 2 lation the tables for superheated steam kPa shows steam with this For isentropic compression to kPa, Smuestra = S 7.3598 kJ that kg K Interpo 1= 1 = 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 lation in the tables for superheated steam at 300 kPa shows that steam with this entropy has the enthalpy: H 2,888.8 kJ kg . 2= entalpa: 2For 888.8 kJ the kg .compression For isentropic compression to 300 kPa, S = S1 7.3598 kJthat kgkg isentropic to 300 kPa, = = 7 .3598 kJ K . Interpo. Interpo2 entropy has enthalpy: H2 2,888.8 kJ kg .= 1 S 1K 2 300 lation in the tables for superheated steam at kPa shows steam this 1S For isentropic compression to 300 kPa, S2 = S1 7.3598 kJkg K1with . Interpo1. = = 2,888.8 kJ kg entropy has the enthalpy: H2 2 at 2 1 that lation in the tables for superheated steam 300 kPa shows that steam with this 1 lation in the tables for superheated steam at 300 kPa shows steam with this 1 1 entropy has the enthalpy: H = 2,888.8 kJ kg . S = 2,888.8 2,675.4 = 213 . 4 kJ kg Thus, ( H ) S lation in the tables for superheated steam at 300 kPa shows that steam with this 2 = 1 2,888.8 2,675.4 = 213 ( H )S = As, Thus, = 1 . .4 kJ kg1 entropy has the enthalpy: H 2,888.8 kJ kg . entropy has the enthalpy: H 2,888.8 kJ kg 1 1 .213.4 kJ kg 2 = 2 2,888.8 S = 2,888.8 2,675.4 = Thus, ( H ) S kJ kg entropy has the enthalpy: 1 2 H) =H 2,888.8 Thus, ( H ) S S 2,675.4 ( 213. .4 4 = 213.4 kJ kg S 1 11 ( H ) 213 1 S By Eq. (7.17), H = = = 284 .5 5 kJ kg 1 2,888.8 2,675.4 = 213 .4 kJ kg Thus, H ) = 2,888.8 2,675.4 = 213 . 4 kJ kg Thus, ( H )= S= Por la ecuacin (7.17), ( S ( By Eq. (7.17), H = = 284 . kJ kg 1 S H ) 213 . 4 0 . 75 = 2,888.8 2,675.4 = 213 . 4 kJ kg Thus, ( H ) S 1 1 ) S = 213 0.75 By Eq. (7.17), H S = ( H .4 = 284.5 kJ kg 1 0.213 75 By Eq. (7.17), H = ( = H) .4 .= ( H 4 284.5 kJ kg 11 S) S 213 1 1 De donde, 0 .+ 75 ( H2,675.4 )S = 213 .284 4 =. By Eq. (7.17), H = 284 .2,959.9 5 .kJ kgkg 2= 1 By Eq. (7.17), H = 284 5 kJ Whence, H2 =H H + = H = 2,675.4 + 284 .= 5 = 2,959.9 kJ kg1 2 1 1 kg Whence, H + H = = kJ 1 By Eq. (7.17), H = = 0.75 =5 284 .5 kJ kg 1 0 . 75 1 2 = H1 1 + H = Whence, H2 284.5 = 2,959.9 kJ kg 2,675.4 0+ .75 Forpor superheated steam with this enthalpy, interpolation yields: Whence, H2 = H1 se + H = 2,675.4 +interpolation 284.sobrecalentado 5 = 2,959.9 kJ con kg 1 De nuevo, interpolacin muestra que el vapor esta For superheated steam with this enthalpy, yields: 11 entalpa tiene las Whence, H2H = H1H + H == 2,675.4 + 284 .5 .= 2,959.9 kJ kJ kgkg Whence, H 2,675.4 + 284 5= 2,959.9 For superheated steam with this enthalpy, interpolation yields: 2 = 1+ 1 propiedades adicionales: Whence, H2 steam = H1 with + H =enthalpy, 2,675.4 + 284.5 = 2,959.9 kg 1 1kJ 1 1 For superheated interpolation yields: this 1 K 1 2= 2 = 246 . 1 C S = 7 . 5019 kJ kg T 2 2 246 . 1 C S = 7 . 5019 kJ kg K T 2 2 For superheated steam with this enthalpy, interpolation yields: For superheated steam with this enthalpy, interpolation yields: 1 1 1 1 For superheated steam with this enthalpy, yields: 2 2 interpolation = 246.1 246 .1 C S2 = 7.5019 kJ kg K1 T2 T = 1 K 246.1 C S = 7 . 5019 kJ kg T2 2 = 2 Moreover, by Eq. (7.14), the work required is: 1 11 C required 1 Moreover, by Eq. (7.14), work is: = 246 .the 1 C S2 S = 7.5019 kJ kJ kgkg K T2T 246 .1 = 7.5019 K 2 = 2 Moreover, by Eq. (7.14), the work required is: = 246el .1 C S2 = 7.5019 kJ kg1 K1 T2 Adems, por la ecuacin (7.14), trabajo requerido es: 1 1 Moreover, by Eq. (7.14), the work required is: 1 s= = Hrequired = 284 284 .5 5is: kJ kg kg W s H = . kJ W s Moreover, byby Eq. (7.14), the work required is: Moreover, Eq. (7.14), the work 1 1 Moreover, by Eq. (7.14), the required = H = 284is: .5 kJ kg 1 Wswork Wss = H = 284.5 kJ kg 11 = H == 284 .5 .kJ kgkg Ws H 284 5 kJ W s = H = 284.5 kJ kg1 Ws = The direct direct application application of of Eqs. Eqs. (7.13) (7.13) through through (7.15) (7.15) presumes presumes the the availability availability of of tables tables The The direct application of Eqs. (7.13) through (7.15) presumes the availability of tables of data or an equivalent thermodynamic diagram for the uid being compressed. Where such of data or an equivalent thermodynamic diagram for(7.15) the uid being compressed. Where such The direct application of Eqs. (7.13) through presumes thebe availability of tables of data or an equivalent thermodynamic diagram for the uid being compressed. Where such information is not available, the generalized correlations of Sec. 6.7 may used in conjunction The direct of of Eqs. (7.13) through (7.15) presumes the availability of of tables information is notapplication available, the generalized of Sec. 6.7 may be used intablas conjunction La aplicacin directa de la ecuacin (7.13) a correlations la (7.15) supone la disponibilidad de de datos o de The direct application Eqs. (7.13) through (7.15) presumes the availability tables of data or an equivalent thermodynamic diagram for the uid being compressed. Where such The direct application of generalized Eqs.as (7.13) through (7.15) presumes the of tables information is not available, the correlations of Sec. 6.7 may beavailability used in conjunction with Eqs. (6.93) and (6.94), exactly illustrated in Ex. 7.7 for an expansion process. of data or an equivalent thermodynamic diagram for the uid being compressed. Where such with Eqs. (6.93) and (6.94), exactly as illustrated in Ex. 7.7 for an expansion process. un diagrama termodinmico, equivalente para el fluido que ser comprimido. Cuando no se disponga de tal of data or an equivalent thermodynamic diagram for the uid being compressed. Where such information is equivalent not available, the generalized correlations of Sec. 6.7 may be used in conjunction of data or(6.93) an diagram for the uid being compressed. Where such with Eqs. and (6.94), exactly as illustrated in Ex. 7.7 for an expansion process. The assumption ofthermodynamic ideal gases leads to equations of relative simplicity. By Eq. (5.18) for (6.93) information is not available, the generalized correlations of Sec. 6.7 may be used in conjunction The assumption of ideal gases leads to equations of relative simplicity. By Eq. (5.18) for informacin se utilizan las correlaciones generalizadas de la seccin 6.7 en conjunto con las ecuaciones information is not available, the generalized correlations of Sec. 6.7 may be used in conjunction with Eqs. (6.93) and (6.94), exactly as illustrated in Ex.of 7.7 for an expansion process. information is not available, the generalized correlations of Sec. 6.7 may be used in conjunction The assumption of ideal gases leads to equations relative simplicity. By Eq. (5.18) for an ideal gas: with Eqs. (6.93) and (6.94), exactly as illustrated in in Ex. 7.7 for ansimplicity. expansion process. an ideal gas: y (6.94), tal como se ilustra en el ejemplo 7.7 para un proceso de expansin. with Eqs. (6.93) and (6.94), exactly as illustrated Ex. 7.7 for an expansion process. The assumption of ideal gases leads to equations of relative By Eq. (5.18) for with Eqs. (6.93) and (6.94), exactly as illustrated in Ex. 7.7 for an expansion process. 2 2 T P an ideal gas: 2 2 T2 R P 2 relativa The assumption of of ideal gases leads to equations of relative simplicity. By Eq. (5.18) for La de los gases ideales conduce a ecuaciones de una simplicidad. Mediante la ecuaThe assumption ideal gases leads to of relative simplicity. By Eq. (5.18) for C CP S= = lnequations ln P ansuposicin ideal gas: S S ln R ln S Pto The assumption of ideal gases leads equations relative simplicity. By Eq. (5.18) for 2 2 T P S T2 P 2 1 Rof 1 1 1 anan ideal gas: T P cin (5.18) para un gas ideal: ideal gas: S = C P ln ln 1 1 T2 P2 P S S an ideal gas: Chas S = 1 1 T1 P1 P S ln 2T 2P2 the mean heat capacity. If the 2 R ln from where for for simplicity simplicity the the superscript superscript ig been omitted T P where has been omitted from T P C S = S ln R ln 1 12 the mean heat capacity. If the P C ig S= ln R ln P S 2 C S = ln R ln T P T where for simplicity the superscript ig has been omitted from compression is isentropic, S = 0, and this equation becomes: P 1 1P the mean heat capacity. If the 1 becomes: compression is isentropic, S = 0, and equation T1 P1 1 the mean heat capacity. If the where for simplicity the superscript igthis has S been omitted from compression is isentropic, S = 0, and this equation becomes: where for simplicity the superscript ig has been omitted the mean heat capacity. If the where for simplicity the superscript ig has been omitted from the mean heat capacity. If the R/ / C C S from compression is isentropic, S = 0, and this equation becomes: R P where for simplicity the superscript ig has been omitted the meanmedia. heat capacity. If the R / C P S from 2 donde, por simplicidad, omite el S superndice ig de la capacidad calorca Si la compresin es P P S P S 2 compression is isentropic, = 0, 0, and this equation becomes: and compression isse isentropic, S= this equation becomes: P 2 = T (7.18) T R/ / C CP S 1 equation R 2 =this 1 T (7.18) compression isesta isentropic, se S= 0,T and becomes: P S 2 1 2 P 2 isentrpica, S = 0, y ecuacin convierte en: P 2 1 R /C P S = T1 P 1 P (7.18) T2 1 R 2 2 1 P / C S R / C P P S = T (7.18) T 1 1 P 2 1 2 2 R / C is the temperature that results when P S from T and P to P is isentropic P P = T1 T1compression (7.18) T2T (7.18) where T T2 compression is 12 = (7.18) 1 and P1 1 2 is isentropic 1 2 2when where the temperature that results from T1 2 1 to P2 T1 P1P1 (7.18) T2 = 2 is the .isentropic where T temperature that results when compression from T and P to P is and where C is the mean heat-capacity for the temperature range from T to T P S is the mean heat-capacity for P . 1 from 1 T1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 temperature range and the C 2 S P temperature 2 1 to S P 2 eswhere S where Ttemperatura the that results when compression Ta and P1 to P2 T is .isentropic donde T la quemean resulta cuando la Eq. compresin de Tfrom es isentrpica , y donde CP 1P 1yP 1 2 2 is 2 and where C is the heat-capacity for the temperature range from T to T Applied to isentropic compression, (4.9) here becomes: 1 S P 2 1 where T is the temperature that results when compression from T and P to P is isentropic Applied to isentropic compression, Eq. (4.9) here becomes: Pthe where T is temperature that results when compression from T and P to P is isentropic S is 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 and where C the mean heat-capacity for the temperature range from T to T . es la capacidad media para el intervalo de temperaturas que van de T1 a . P2 2 where Tcalorca the that results when compression from T1 and P1 1 to is isentropic S P Applied isentropic compression, Eq. (4.9) here becomes: to temperature 2 is and where C is the mean heat-capacity for the temperature range from T2 to T2T . 2 . and where C the mean heat-capacity for the temperature range from 1T 1 to S becomes: S is P Applied to isentropic compression, Eq. (4.9) here the Para compresin isentrpica, la ecuacin (4.9) se convierte en: anduna where CP is the mean heat-capacity for temperature range from T to T . S 1 H ) = C ( T T ) ( 1 2 H P S 1 S P 2 2 H P H ) = C ( T T ) ( S 1 Applied to isentropic compression, Eq. (4.9) here becomes: Applied to isentropic compression, Eq. here becomes: H 2 P (4.9) Applied to isentropic compression, Eq. here becomes: S = 1 C(4.9) ( T T ) ( H ) S 2 H 2 P H P 1) H )S = H ( T T 1 (isentropic isentropic )C = C (T T T T1 (7.19) In accord accord with with Eq. Eq. (7.15), (7.15), W Ws 2 P s ( 1) 2 2 P H PT ) = C ( (7.19) In H s (( 1) H) C ( T ) 1) 2 H = P C ( T ( H P S )= 1T S 2(2 H H P ( isentropic ) = C T T ) (7.19) In accord with Eq. (7.15), Ws (T s ( H ) S = C H 1 2T1 ) 1 H P 2 2 H P C P H (T2 T1 ) (7.19) In accord with Eq. (7.15), Ws (isentropic) = P (isentropic ) = C ( T T ) 1) (7.19) In In accord with Eq. (7.15), (7.19) De acuerdo con la ecuacin (7.15), isentrpico ( isentropic ) = C ( T (7.19) accord with Eq. (7.15), Ws W s 2 2 1 T H P H P (7.19) In accord with Eq. (7.15), Ws (isentropic) = C P H (T2 T1 )
Solution 7.8 Solution 7.8 For saturado saturated steam at 100 100 kPa, kPa, 7.8 Para Solution vapor asteam 100 kPa, For saturated at Solution 7.8 Solution 7.8 For saturated steam at 100 kPa, Solution 7.8 1 1 1 1 For saturated at 100 kPa, = 7.3598 kJ kg S steam 1 K 1
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CHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes CAPTULO 7. Aplicaciones de termodinmica a losProcesses procesos de flujo CHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes CHAPTERCHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to la Flow Processes CHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes CHAPTER 7. Applications of to Flow Processes CHAPTER 7. Applications ofThermodynamics Thermodynamics to Flow Processes CHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes CHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes
This result may beresultado combined with the compressor efciencyobteniendo: to give: Es posible combinar este con la eciencia del compresor This result may be combined with the compressor efciency to give: This resultThis mayresult be combined with the compressor efciency to give: This result may be combined with the compressor efciency to give: may bemay combined with the compressor efciency to give: This result be combined with the compressor efciency to This result may be combined with the compressor efciency togive: give: This result may be combined with the compressor efciency to give: This result may be combined with the compressor efciency give: isentropic) to Ws ( (isentrpico) = (7.20) (7.20) W ( isentropic ) W Ws (isentropic ( isentropic ) W s() s s isentropic ) W isentropic ))) ) W (isentropic isentropic W isentropic s ss( sW s ( = (7.20) W ( W (7.20) Ws = = (7.20) W sW s = W (7.20) Ws = (7.20) = (7.20) W = (7.20) sss = s (7.20) W compression La temperatura de discharge descarga real T2, resultado de la compresin, se encuentra tambin a partir de la ecuacin The actual temperature T2 resulting from is also found from Eq. (4.9), The actual discharge temperature T resulting from compression is also found from Eq. (4.9), The actual discharge temperature T2 resulting compression isfrom also found from Eq. (4.9), The actual discharge temperature T resulting from compression is also found from Eq. (4.9), 22 (4.9), rescrita como: The actual discharge temperature T2from resulting compression is also found from Eq. (4.9), The actual discharge temperature T from compression is also found from Eq. (4.9), The actual discharge temperature T resulting from compression is also found from Eq. (4.9), rewritten as: The actual discharge temperature T resulting compression is also found from Eq. (4.9), 2 2resulting 2from The actual discharge temperature T resulting from compression is also found from Eq. (4.9), 2 rewritten as: rewritten as: rewritten as: rewritten as: rewritten as: rewritten as: C H = ( T T ) rewritten as: P 2 1 rewritten as: H H = C T T H = C T2 T= )( H C (( T T )) P P 1H P 22 11 H H (= C T T ) H C ( T ) H = C C H ( T T ) = C T ( T T1 ) P= 2P 1 2 1 P 2 1 P 2T H = ( H H H H P 2 H H T1 ) Whence, T1H + (7.21) H H T2 = H H H C HH Whence, T = T + (7.21) H Whence, Por T2 = T1 +T2 = TT (7.21) Whence, T = T + (7.21) P 2= 2 11 Whence, + (7.21) lo tanto, (7.21) Whence, T + (7.21) Whence, T = T + (7.21) Whence, T = T + (7.21) 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 C Whence, T = T + (7.21) C P H C P 2 C 1 C P H H C C P H CPP P H H H H heat-capacity for the temperature where by Eq. (7.14) H = Ws . Here C P H is thePmean por la H ecuacin HP = W .s.En este C es lafor capacidad calorca media para el intervalo ss P ..C Here C is the mean heat-capacity for the temperature where by Eq. H = W .(7.14) Here C is the mean heat-capacity the temperature where by donde, Eq. (7.14) = W Here caso C is the mean heat-capacity for the temperature where by Eq. (7.14) H = W P H s(7.14) P HW H Here is the mean for thefor temperature where by Eq. (7.14) H W Here C is mean heat-capacity the temperature where by Eq. (7.14) H C C H isthe the mean heat-capacity forfor the temperature where by Eq. (7.14) H = W range from T to T . . Here C is heat-capacity the mean heat-capacity the temperature where by Eq. (7.14) H = s .= P ss. P sW P 1 2= sHere P . Here is the mean heat-capacity for the temperature where by Eq. (7.14) H = W H H H H P de temperaturas de a T . H 1 2 range from T to T . range from T to T . range from T to T . 1 from 2 range 11 22 range T1 tofrom T .1 range from T to ... range from T to T For the special of an ideal gas with constant heat capacities, T to Tcase 2 2 1 2 1T 2. range from T to T 1 2 Para el caso especial de un gas ideal con capacidades calorficas constantes, For the special case of an ideal gas with constant heat capacities, For the special case of an ideal gas with constant heat capacities, For the special case of an ideal gas with constant heat capacities, For the special case of an ideal gas constant heat capacities, For the special case of ideal gas with constant heat capacities, For the special case ofan an ideal gas with constant heat capacities, For the special case of an ideal gas with constant heat capacities, with For the special case of an ideal gas with constant heat capacities, C = C = C = C P P H H S P P C = C = C = C = C P H = = = C C = C C = C C = P PC P P P S= P P S P H H S P P C CP C C C C C C C C H = C C H = C C = C C = C = C = P P P P P P P P= = = C H = H S P H P H H S P P H H S P P H = H= SC P P= P P H H S P P Equations (7.18) and (7.19) therefore become: Equations (7.18) and (7.19) therefore become: EquationsPor (7.18) and (7.19) therefore become: Equations (7.18) and (7.19) therefore become: lo tanto, las ecuaciones (7.18) y (7.19) sern: Equations (7.18) and (7.19) therefore Equations (7.18) and (7.19) therefore become: R Equations (7.18) and (7.19) therefore become: Equations (7.18) and (7.19) therefore become: / Cbecome: Equations (7.18) and (7.19) therefore become: P P2 R / C R / C R / C P P P T2 = T1R and Ws (isentropic ) = C P (T2 T ) /C P R // C R /C C R /C P P2 P P2 P P 2 R = T1 ) P P2T P P 2 2 P2 P T T and W ( isentropic ) = C ( T T11 T2 = T1 T = TT and W ( isentropic ) = C ( T T ) T = and W ( isentropic ) = C ( T )) 1 s P 1 2 s P 1 s P 1 2 2 = ( 2 2 2 and W ( isentropic ) = C ( T T ) T and W ( isentropic ) = C ( T ) T = T and W ( isentropic ) = C ( T T T = T and W ( isentropic ) = C y W (isentrpico) = C ( T T )T s P 1 1 s P 1 11 s P 1 1 s P 1 s P 2 1 P 21 2 C P (T T and Ws (isentropic) = )T1 ) 22 22 2= 2T 2 T1 P11 2T P P P P 1 11 1 P1 P 6 Combining these equations gives: 6equations 66 Combining these equations gives: 6gives: Combining theseCombining equations gives: Combining these 6 6 6 6 6 Combining these equations gives: these equations gives: Combining these equations gives: Combining these equations gives: Combinando estas ecuaciones se obtiene: Combining these equations gives: R/C P P2 R / C R / C R / C P P P Ws (isentropic T1 R 1 (7.22) /C P R / C R / C R / C P2 ) = C PP P P P P 2 P 22 P R / C P P P 2 2 2 P W ( isentropic ) = C T 1 (7.22) Ws (isentropic ) = C T 1 (7.22) W ( isentropic ) = C T 1 (7.22) 1 s P 1 2 P 1 s P 1 Ws (isentropic ) = C T 1 (7.22) W ( isentropic ) = C T 1 (7.22) W ( isentropic ) = C T 1 (7.22) W ( isentropic ) = C T 1 (7.22) P 1 s P 1 s P 1 s P 1 P W (7.22) W = CP T1 P 1 (7.22) P1 ) = P s(isentrpico) s (isentropic 11 P P P 1 1 1 1 P 1 For monatomic gases, such as argon and helium, R /C P = 2/5 = 0.4. For such diatomic For monatomic gases, such as argon and helium, R / C = 2/5 = 0.4. For such diatomic For monatomic gases, such as argon and helium, Rargon / Cand = helium, 2/5 = 0.4. For such For monatomic gases, such as argon and helium, R / C = 2/5 = 0.4. For such diatomic P P P For monatomic gases, such as argon and helium, R/ CR = 2/5 = 0.4. For such diatomic For monatomic gases, such as argon R / C = 2/5 = For such diatomic For monatomic gases, such as argon and helium, R / C = 2/5 =0.4. 0.4. For such diatomic 2 / 7 = 0. 2857. For como gases as oxygen, nitrogen, and air at moderate temperatures, R / Cdiatomic For monatomic gases, such as helium, R / C = 2/5 = 0.4. For such diatomic P /C P P P P For monatomic gases, such as argon helium, R / C = 2/5 = 0.4. For such diatomic Para gases monoatmicos, como el argn y and el and helio, = 2/5 = 0.4. Para gases diatmicos P P 2 / 7 = 0 . 2857. For gases as oxygen, nitrogen, and air at moderate temperatures, R / C 2/ 7 =R 0 2857. For gases as oxygen, nitrogen, and air at moderate temperatures, R /temperatures, C 2 /. 7 = 0 . 2857. For gases as oxygen, nitrogen, and air at moderate temperatures, R /./ C P Ptemperatures, P 2 / 7 = 0 2857. For gases as oxygen, nitrogen, and airand at and moderate temperatures, R / C 2 / 7 = 0 . 2857. For gases as nitrogen, air at / C 2 / 7 = 0 . 2857. For gases asoxygen, oxygen, nitrogen, and air atmoderate moderate temperatures, R C gases of greater molecular complexity the ideal-gas heat capacity depends more strongly onFor 2 / 7 = 0 . 2857. gases as oxygen, nitrogen, air at moderate R / C P P P P 2 / 7 = 0 . 2857. For gases as oxygen, nitrogen, and air at moderate temperatures, R / C oxgeno, nitrgeno y aire a temperaturas moderadas, R / C 2/7 = 0.2857. Para gases de mayor complejidad P P gases of greater molecular complexity the ideal-gas heat capacity depends more strongly on gases of greater molecular complexity the ideal-gas heat capacity depends more strongly on gases of greater molecular complexity the ideal-gas heat capacity depends more strongly on gases of greater molecular complexity the ideal-gas heat capacity depends more strongly on gases of complexity the ideal-gas heat capacity depends more strongly on gases ofgreater greater molecular complexity the ideal-gas heat capacity depends more strongly onon protemperature, andmolecular Eq. (7.22) is gas less likely to be suitable. One can easily show that the assumpgases of greater molecular complexity the ideal-gas heat capacity depends more strongly gases of greater molecular complexity the ideal-gas heat capacity depends more strongly on molecular, la capacidad calorfica del ideal depende en mayor medida de la temperatura, y es menos temperature, and Eq. (7.22) is less likely to be suitable. One can easily show that the assumptemperature, and temperature, Eq. (7.22) is less likely to be suitable. One can easily show that the assumptemperature, and Eq. (7.22) is less likely to be suitable. One can easily show that the assumptemperature, and Eq. (7.22) is less likely to be suitable. One can easily show that the assumpand Eq. (7.22) is less likely to be suitable. One can easily show that the assumptemperature, and Eq. (7.22) is less likely be suitable. One can easily show that the assumption of constant heat capacities also leads to the result: temperature, and (7.22) is less likely to be suitable. One can easily show that temperature, and Eq.Eq. (7.22) is less likely to be suitable. One can easily that the assumpbable que laof ecuacin (7.22) sea apropiada. Se demuestra con facilidad que lashow hiptesis dethe las assumpcapacidades tion constant heat capacities also leads to the result: tion of constant heat capacities also leads to the result: tion of constant heat capacities also leads to the result: tion of constant heat capacities also leads to the result: tion of heat capacities also leads to result: tion ofconstant constant heat capacities also leads tothe the result: tion of constant heat capacities leads to the result: tion of constant heat capacities also leads to the result: calorficas constantes tambin conduce al also resultado: T1 T2 T T (7.23) T + T1 1 T2 T T T 2 = 11 2 2 T T T T T 1 1 1 T1 T T (7.23) = T + T 2 22 2T 2T (7.23) T2 = T1 +T2 = TT (7.23) = T + TT 1 2= 2 11 (7.23) + (7.23) (7.23) T + (7.23) = T + (7.23) = T + T 2 1 2 1 2 1 (7.23) = T + T 1 2 1
6 Because R = C C for an ideal gas: R = C P C V = 1 . An alternative form of Eq. (7.22) V C C R C 11 C V CC R C P R 1 R C V1 PPC V 6 Because R = CP C 6 Because R = 6 C.V C R C 1 C R C 1 R C 1 .An An alternative formof ofEq. Eq.(7.22) (7.22) for anideal idealgas: gas: = = P P P P V P VC P V An alternative form of Eq. (7.22) C P 6 C for ideal gas: = = . alternative form Because R = CC C for an = = 6Because 6 P V C R C 1 6 6 V P V P V Puesto que R = C C para un gas ideal: Una forma alternativa la(7.22) ecuacin (7.22) es, por lo tanto: . An alternative form ofde Eq. R = Can C for an ideal gas: = = 6 . form of Eq. Because R = C C for an ideal gas: = = An alternative form of Eq. (7.22) Because R = C for an ideal gas: = = . alternative An alternative form of (7.22) Eq. (7.22) Because R = C C for an ideal gas: = = V C C PP V P V P V P V C C C C P P ..An An alternative form of Eq. (7.22) Because R = C for an ideal gas: = = P P P P C C P V C C C C C C ( 1 )/ P P P P P P P CP P C RT P P 1 2 ( 1 )/ 1 () = 1 )/ ( 1 )/ is therefore: Ws (isentropic RT RT P RT P2 RT P ( )/ ( 1 )/ ( 1 )/ ( 1)/ . Although this is the form commonly encountered, 1 2 1 1 (isentropic 1 2 ( 1 )/ 1 P P RT P RT P RT istherefore: therefore: W = .Although Although thisis is the formcommonly commonly encountered, 1 1= 2 1 2 1 2P (isentrpico) = .1 Aunque es la forma ms comn, la ecuacin (7.22) esencountered, ms simple y se aplica con 2 sta is therefore: W Wss (isentropic ) therefore: = 1 Although this is the commonly encountered, is W (isentropic isentropic )) 11 .form this the form encountered, s RT P s 1 2 is therefore: W ( isentropic ) = 1 . Although this is the form commonly encountered, is therefore: W ( ) = 1 . this is the commonly is therefore: W ( isentropic ) = 1 Although this is the form commonly encountered, is W ( isentropic ) = 1 . Although this isform the form commonly encountered, s 11 P s s P1 1 P is therefore: W 1 ..Although Although this is the form commonly encountered, 11 P ss(isentropic ) 1= P 1 P 1 P 1 1 1 1 1 1applied. P1 Eq. (7.22) is simpler and more easily
C and from If methane (assumed to be an ideal gas) is compressed adiabatically from 20 C and C and If methane (assumed to estime be(assumed an(assumed ideal gas) isbe compressed adiabatically from 20 If methane (assumed to be an ideal gas) is compressed adiabatically 20 C and If methane (assumed to be estimate an ideal gas) is compressed adiabatically from 20 If to an ideal is adiabatically from 20 C and Ifmethane methane (assumed tobe be an ideal gas) iscompressed compressed adiabatically from 20 C and 140 kPa to 560 kPa, the work requirement and the discharge temperature of If methane to an ideal gas) is compressed adiabatically from 20 C and del hasta 560 kPa, el trabajo necesario ygas) la temperatura de descarga del metano. La eficiencia If methane (assumed to be an ideal gas) is compressed adiabatically from 20 C and 140 kPa to 560 kPa, estimate the work requirement and the discharge temperature of 140 kPa to 560 kPa, estimate the work requirement and the discharge temperature of 140 kPa to 560 kPa, estimate the work requirement and the discharge temperature of 140 kPa to 560 kPa, estimate the work requirement and the discharge temperature of 140 kPa to 560 kPa, estimate the work requirement and the discharge temperature of 140 kPa to 560 kPa, estimate the work requirement and the discharge temperature of the methane. The compressor efciency is 0.75. 140 kPa to 560 kPa, estimate the work requirement and the discharge temperature compresor es 0.75. 140 kPa to 560 kPa, estimate the work requirement and the discharge temperature of of the methane. The compressor efciency is 0.75. the methane. The compressor efciency is 0.75. the methane. The compressor efciency is 0.75. the methane. The compressor efciency is 0.75. the methane. The compressor efciency is 0.75. the methane. The compressor efciency is 0.75. the methane. The compressor efciency is 0.75. the methane. The compressor efciency is 0.75.
Ejemplo 7.9 7.9 Example Example 7.9 Example 7.9 Example 7.9 Example 7.9 Example 7.9 Example 7.9 Example 7.9 Example 7.9 If methane to be an ideal gas) compressed adiabaticallydesde from 20 C and Si el metano (si se(assumed supone como un gas ideal) se is comprime adiabticamente 20 y 140 kPa C
Eq.(7.22) (7.22) issimpler simpler andmore moreeasily easilyapplied. applied. Eq. (7.22) is ms simpler and more easily Eq. is and facilidad. Eq. (7.22) is (7.22) simpler and more easily applied. Eq. is simpler and more easily applied. Eq. (7.22) is simpler and more easily applied. Eq. (7.22) isapplied. simpler and more easily applied. Eq. (7.22) is simpler and more easily applied.
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Compression Processes 7.3. Compression Processes 7.3. 7.3. Compression 7.3. Compression Processes Processes 7.3. Compression Processes 7.3. Compression Processes 7.3. Compression Processes 7.3. Compression Processes 7.3. Procesos de compresin
Solution Solution 7.97.9 Solution Solution 7.97.9 Solution 7.9 Solution 7.9 Solucin 7.9 . This is Application of requires evaluation of the R / Application of Eq. Eq. (7.18) requires evaluation of exponent the exponent R / C C . This is S Solution S Application Application of 7.9 Eq. (7.18) of (7.18) Eq. requires (7.18) requires evaluation evaluation of the of exponent the exponent R /C . P / This C is P S . This is P S R P
Application of Eq. (7.18) (7.18) requires evaluation of the the exponent exponent R/ / C CP This is La aplicacin deEq. la of ecuacin (7.18) requiere de la evaluacin del exponente R CP S . sta se Application of Eq. (7.18) requires evaluation of the exponent R / C This is provided (5.17), which for the computation is represented by: provided Eq. (5.17), which for the present computation is represented by: S../ P S Application Eq. requires evaluation of R is provided provided Eq. (5.17), Eq. which (5.17), for which the present forpresent thecomputation present computation is represented is represented by: by: P S . This provided Eq. (5.17), which for the present computation is represented by: logra con la ecuacin (5.17), que para el presente clculo se simboliza por: provided Eq. (5.17), which for the present computation is represented by: Application of Eq. (7.18) evaluation of the exponent R /C P S . This is provided Eq. (5.17), which requires for the present computation is represented by: which for the present computation is represented by: C CP provided Eq. (5.17), S S P C P C = P MCPS(293.15,T2;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0) =S MCPS(293.15,T2;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0) S CP S C = MCPS(293.15,T2;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0) = MCPS(293.15,T2;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0) S P R = MCPS(293.15,T2;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0) S R P = MCPS(293.15,T2;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0) R CR = MCPS(293.15,T2;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0) R RP S C R = MCPS(293.15,T2;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0) where the for are Table C.1. Choose a for T where the constants constants for methane methane are from from Table C.1. Choose a value value for T 2 where the where constants the for methane for methane are from are Table from C.1. Table Choose C.1. a Choose value for a value T for 2 R constants T2 2 where the constants for methane are from Table C.1. Choose a value for T where the constants for methane are from Table C.1. Choose a value for T somewhat higher than the initial temperature T = 293 . 15 K. The exponent in donde las constantes para el metano se obtienen de la tabla C.1. Seleccione un valor para T algo somewhat higher than the initial temperature T = 293 . 15 K. The exponent in 1 2 2 2in where the constants for methane are temperature from C.1. Choose a value for somewhat somewhat higher than higher the than initial the temperature initial T1Table = 1293 T1 .15 = K. 293 The .15 exponent K. The exponent in T2 / R . With somewhat higher than the initial temperature T1 = 293 . 15 K. / The exponent in somewhat higher than the initial temperature T = 293 .= 15 K. The exponent in 1P Eq. (7.18) is the of / P = 560 140 = 4 . 0 and mayor la temperatura inicial T 293.15 K. El en la ecuacin (7.18) es el recpro from Eq. (7.18) is the reciprocal of C C /With R . /exponente With P / P 560 / 140 = 4 . 0 and 2 1 1 where the constants for methane are Table C.1. Choose a value for T 2 1 somewhat higher than the initial temperature T = 293 . 15 K. The exponent in S P S P Eq. que (7.18) Eq. is (7.18) the reciprocal is reciprocal the reciprocal of = C of C / R . R P . / With P = P 560 / P / 140 = 560 = / 4 140 . 0 and = 4 . 0 1 2 and 2 1 2 1 S S With P P / / Eq. (7.18) is the reciprocal of C R . With P / P = 560 / 140 = 4 . 0 and Eq. (7.18) is the reciprocal of C R . P / P = 560 / 140 = 4 . 0 and . El 2 1 = 293 . 15 K, nd a new value of T . The procedure is repeated until no further T co de C / R . Con P / P = 560/140 = 4.0 y T = 293.15 K, encuentre un nuevo valor de 2 1 = 293 . 15 K, nd a new value of T . The procedure is repeated until no further T S P 1 2 areciprocal 1 1 somewhat higher than the initial T1 = 293 .15 K. The in T2 P S 1 S(7.18) P Eq. is the of C / . 2 .With Pis /repeated P 560 /140 = 4.0 and 2 293 .1 15 = K, 293 nd .15 K, new nd value a new of T value .temperature procedure T The procedure is repeated until no exponent further until no further T1 = T 2 2 1 = S PThe .R of 2 . procedure = 293 . 15 K, nd a new value of T The procedure is repeated until no further T = 293 . 15 K, nd a new value of T . The is repeated until no further T 1 signicant change occurs in the value of T This process produces the values: procedimiento se repite hasta que ningn cambio significativo ocurre en el valor de T . Este pro1 signicant change occurs in the value of T . This process produces the values: 2 Eq. (7.18) isK, the reciprocal of C R .2 With P2 /produces P = 560 /140 = 4 .values: 02 and 2 293 .15 nd ain new of T ./ is until no further T 1 repeated signicant change occurs change occurs thevalue value inthe of T value of T .The This process process produces the values: the 2 1 =signicant S P 2 .procedure 2 2 . This signicant change occurs invalue the value value of T2 This process producesuntil the values: values: signicant change occurs in the value of T . This This process produces the values: . ceso dasignicant los valores: 2 293.15 K, nd a new of T2 . The procedure is repeated no further T1 = change occurs in the of T process produces the 2 C CP signicant occurs in the value of T2 . This process S produces the values: S P C change C S S P P = 4 . 5574 and T = 37 .. = 4 . 5574 and T = 397 37 K K C CR 2 C 2 P = 4.5574 = 4.5574 and y and T2 = T 397 .397 37 = K 397 .37 K S P S = 2 R = 4 . 5574 and T 397 . 37 K = 397 =4 4. .5574 5574 and T . 37 K R P S = R 2 2 and T = 397 . 37 K R 2 R C RP S =4.5574 /and T2 = 397.37 K For the T and T ,, evaluate by Eq. (4.8): , , evaluate H For the same T and T evaluate C /R R by Eq. (4.8): Para lasthe mismas T y se evala C /C R por la ecuacin (4.8): 1 1 H P 2 2 P H P For same Forsame the T1 T and T and T , evaluate C / R C by Eq. / R (4.8): by Eq. (4.8): 2 R 1 same 1 /P ,, evaluate H P 2 T 2 For the the same same T T1 and T2 evaluate CP RH by Eq. Eq. (4.8): (4.8): For the same T C H /R R by Eq. (4.8): , 1 and H/ P 2 For evaluate C by 1 and T2 H P C CP the same T1 and T2 , evaluate C P H / R by Eq. (4.8): H H HMCPH(293.15,397.37;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0) C PFor C P = H P = MCPH(293.15,397.37;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0) =4 4..5774 5774 C H C P = = MCPH(293.15,397.37;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0) = 4.= 5774 = 4.5774 H MCPH(293.15,397.37;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0) P R = MCPH(293.15,397.37;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0) MCPH(293.15,397.37;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0) = =4 4. 5774 H R P = MCPH(293.15,397.37;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0) = 4 ..5774 5774 RC R = R R C P H R 1 1 = MCPH(293.15,397.37;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0) 1 = ( ..5774 )( = 38 ..056 mol Whence. = 1K 1K 11K1 = 4.5774 De Whence. donde, (4 4 5774 )(8 8.) .314 314 = 38 056 J mol K Whence. C CP H R H P = (4 .5774 H = )( (8 4.314 5774 )( =8) 38 .)314 .056 ) = J 38 mol .J 056 J mol Whence. C P C 1 1 1 1 H P H =( (4 4..5774 5774)( )(8 8..314 314) )= = 38 38..056 056 J J mol mol1 K K1 Whence. C CP K Whence. C H= P Whence. Then by Eq. (7.19), P H = (4.5774)(8.314) = 38.056 J mol Then by Eq. (7.19), ThenWhence. by Then Eq. (7.19), by Eq. (7.19), = (4.5774)(8.314) = 38.056 J mol1 K1 C En consecuencia, por la ecuacin (7.19), Then by by Eq. Eq. (7.19), Then by Eq. (7.19), P H Then (7.19), 1 1 1 ( isentropic ) = ( ..37 15 J mol W 1 J )38 =.056 (38 38 .056 056 397 37 293 15) ) .= = 3,966.2 J mol W ss (isentropic Then Eq. (7.19), (isentropic )=( ) =.)( (397 38)( .)( 056 .397 37 )( 397 293 .37 .293 15 )..= 293 3,966.2 153,966.2 ) =J3,966.2 mol mol Wsby W s (isentropic 1 1 1 W (isentrpico) = (38.056)(397.37 293.15) = 3 996.2 J mol ( isentropic ) = ( 38 . 056 )( 397 . 37 293 . 15 ) = 3,966.2 J mol W ( isentropic ) = ( 38 . 056 )( 397 . 37 293 . 15 ) = 3,966.2 W 1 s s s (isentropic) = (38.056)(397.37 293.15) = 3,966.2 J mol Ws is Eq. (7.20): The actual actual work is found found from Eq.)( (7.20): (isentropic ) found =from ( 38from .056 397 .37 293.15) = 3,966.2 J mol1 W swork The The actual The work actual is found work from is Eq. (7.20): Eq. (7.20): El trabajo real se encuentra a partir de Eq. la ecuacin (7.20): The actual work is found from Eq. (7.20): The actual work is found from (7.20): The actual work is found from Eq. (7.20): 3,966.2 3,966.2 1 The actual work is found Eq.3,966.2 (7.20): 3,966.2 1 1 W = J mol 1 J Wsfrom = 5,288.3 5,288.3 J mol = s= 3,966.2 3,966.2 Ws = W3,966.2 = 5,288.3 =J5,288.3 mol mol = s 1 0 . 75 1 0 . 75 W = 5,288.3 J mol = W = 5,288.3 J mol = 0.75 0.75 1 s= s Ws 0. 75 = 5,288.3 J mol 0 ..75 75 3,966.2 0 1 W = 5,288.3 J mol = Application of Eq. (7.21) for the calculation of T gives: s the calculation of T Application of(7.21) Eq. for gives: 2 2 Application Application of Eq. of (7.21) Eq. for (7.21) the calculation for the calculation of T2 gives: of T2 gives: 0 . 75 Application of Eq. Eq. (7.21) (7.21) for the calculation calculation of T2 gives: Application of Eq. (7.21) for the calculation of T 2 gives: Al aplicar la ecuacin (7.21) parafor el clculo de T2 se obtiene: Application of the of T 2 gives: 5,288.3 5,288.3 Application of Eq. (7.21) forT the calculation of T2 gives: 5,288.3 5,288.3 ..15 + = 293 15 + 2 2= 5,288.3 5,288.3 T2 =T T 293 .293 15 = + 293 .15 + 2 C 5,288.3 C P P T = 293 . 15 + H T = 293 . 15 + H C C 2 = 293.15 +P H 2 P H T2 C CP H C P 5,288.3 H T2 = 293.15 + P H as a starting value, this Because we iterate. T as Because C CP depends on T T we again iterate. With T as a starting value, this this 2 iterate. C PWith P 2,,again H 2 H Because Because C P depends C depends on Ton on T2 ,again we iterate. again With T2 as With a starting T2 avalue, starting this value, 2 H P H depends 2 , we as H Because C depends on T , we again iterate. With T as a a starting starting value, value, this this Because C depends on T , we again iterate. With T a starting value, this P 2 leads to the results: P 2, we again iterate. With leads to the results: H 2 H 2 Because C depends on T T as leads to the leads results: to the results: P H 2 Puesto que C P H depende de T2, iteramos de nuevo. Con T2 como valor inicial, lo que conduce 2 leads to the the results: leads to the results: Because Cresults: leads to P H depends on T2 , we again iterate. With T2 as a starting value, this a los resultados: C ..65 T = 428 65 K K or or t2 =tt2 =t 155 5 C T 2 leads to the results: 2= 2= = 428 .428 65 = K 428 .65 K or or 155 .155 5 = C..5 155 T2 T 2 2 C.5 C T = 428 . 65 K or t = 155 . 5 = 428 . 65 K or t = 155 . 5 C T 2 2 2 = 428.65 K 2 = 155.5 C or t T2 2 155.5 C T2 = 428.65 K o t2 = 1 1 1 = 39 ..027 mol 1K 1K 11 1 .5 C = 39 027 J mol K and and C CP . 65 or t = 155 T2 =428 PK H 2 H = 39 027 = J 39 mol .J 027 J mol and and CP C P. 1 1K 1 1 H H = 39 . 027 J mol K and C = 39 . 027 J mol K and C 1 1 P P H H K and C P H = 39.027 J mol and C P H = 39.027 J mol1 K1 y
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CAPTULO Aplicaciones de la termodinmica a los Processes procesos de flujo CHAPTER 7. Applications of to CHAPTER 7. 7. Applications of Thermodynamics Thermodynamics to Flow Flow Processes CHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes
Liquids are usually moved by generally rotating equipment. equations apply Liquidses are usually moved by pumps, pumps, generally rotating equipment. The The same equations apply Por lo general posible mover lquidos usando bombas, que normalmente sonsame equipo giratorio. Se aplican Liquids are usually moved by pumps, generally rotating equipment. The same equations apply to adiabatic pumps as to adiabatic compressors. Thus, Eqs. (7.13) through (7.15) and Eq. (7.17) to adiabatic pumps as to adiabatic compressors. Thus, Eqs. (7.13) through (7.15) and Eq. (7.17) las mismas ecuaciones a bombas adiabticas que a compresores adiabticos. De este modo, son vlidas las to adiabatic pumps asapplication to adiabaticof compressors. Thus, Eqs. (7.13) through (7.15) and Eq. (7.17) are However, Eq. for calculation of W = requires vals are valid. valid. However, application ofcualquier Eq. (7.14) (7.14) for the the calculationde ofla W = H H(7.14) requires valecuaciones (7.13) a la (7.15) y (7.17). De modo, la aplicacin ecuacin para el clculo s are valid. However,of application of (subcooled) Eq. (7.14) for the calculation of Ws = H requires The valthe compressed liquids, are ues of the enthalpy enthalpy of compressed (subcooled) liquids, and and these these are seldom seldom available. de Ws =ues Hof requiere valores de la entalpa de lquidos comprimidos (subenfriados), y available. rara vez se The encuentran ues of the enthalpy of compressed (subcooled) liquids, and these are seldom available. The fundamental property relation, Eq. (6.8), provides an alternative. For an isentropic process, fundamental property relation, para Eq. (6.8), provides de an una alternative. For ecuacin an isentropic process, disponibles. La relacin fundamental la evaluacin propiedad, (6.8), proporciona una fundamental property relation, Eq. (6.8), provides an alternative. For an isentropic process, alternativa. Para un proceso isentrpico, d (const dH H= =V Vd dP P (const S S) ) dH = V dP (const S ) dH = V dP (S constante) Combining Combining this this with with Eq. Eq. (7.15) (7.15) yields: yields: Combining this with Eq. (7.15) yields: Al combinar sta con la ecuacin (7.15) se obtiene: P 2 2 2 P P2 V d P ( isentropic ) = ( H ) = W s S ( isentropic ) = ( H ) = V dP W S = W (isentrpico) = ( isentropic ) = ( H ) Wss s S P 1 V dP P1 The assumption for (at conditions well removed from the critical point) is that V La suposicin acostumbrada lquidos condiciones alejadas del punto crtico) The usual usual assumption para for liquids liquids (at(en conditions well muy removed from the critical point)es is que thatV Ves indeThe usual assumption for liquidsthen (at conditions well removed from the critical point) is that V is independent of P . Integration gives: pendiente de P. En tal of caso integracin proporciona: is independent P .la Integration then gives: is independent of P . Integration then gives: W ( (7.24) W (isentrpico) = ( ss W (isentropic isentropic) )= = ( H H) )S =V V( (P P2 P P1 ) (7.24) (7.24) S = 2 1) Ws (7.24) s (isentropic) = ( H ) S = V ( P2 P1 ) Tambin se consideran tiles las ecuaciones siguientes del captulo 6: Also useful are the following equations from Chap. 6: Also useful are the following equations from Chap. 6: Also useful are the following equations from Chap. 6: d dH H= =C C P dT dT + +V V( (1 1 T T) )d dP P d H = CP P dT + V (1 T ) d P (6.28) (6.28) (6.28)
P1
1
dT dT V d P d (6.29) dT V d P dS S= =C CP (6.29) P d S = CP T (6.29) T V d P T where the expansivity by Eq. temperature changes in the donde el coeciente de expansin volumtrica se dene por laBecause ecuacin (3.2). Puesto que los de where the volume volume expansivity is is dened dened by Eq. (3.2). (3.2). Because temperature changes incambios the where the volume expansivity is dened by Eq. (3.2). of Because temperature changes in the pumped uid are very and because the to pressure temperatura en el uido sesmall bombea son muy pequeos y las propiedades deinsensitive los lquidos insensibles a pumped uid areque very small and because the properties properties of liquids liquids are are insensitive toson pressure pumped uid are very small and because the properties of liquids are insensitive to pressure (again at not to point), these are usually on la presin (de nuevo en condiciones alejadas del punto crtico), en equations general, estas se integran (again at conditions conditions not close close to the the critical critical point), these equations are ecuaciones usually integrated integrated on con la (again at conditions not close to the critical point), these equations are usually integrated on the that , V , and are constant, usually at initial values. Thus, to a good suposicin de que CP, V y C son constantes, usualmente en los valores iniciales. En estos trminos, para una P the assumption assumption that C , V , and are constant, usually at initial values. Thus, to a good P , V , and are constant, usually at initial values. Thus, to a good the assumption that C P approximation buena aproximacin approximation approximation H H= =C C P dT dT + +V V( (1 1 T T) ) P P H = CP P dT + V (1 T ) P (7.25) (7.25) (7.25) T T2 T2 2 S S= =C CP T V V P P S = C P V P P T1 1 T1 (7.26) (7.26) (7.26)
Example 7.10 Example 7.10 Ejemplo 7.10 C and 10 kPa enters an adiabatic pump and is discharged at a pressure Water at 45
Solution 7.10
Water at kPa. 45 C andentra 10 kPa enters an pump and is discharged at a pressure En unaof bomba agua a 45 C adiabatic y 10 kPa y se descarga a una 8 pump, 600 kPa. Su8,600 pump efciency to 0.75. Calculate the work the of 8,600adiabtica kPa. Assume Assume the the pump efciency to be be 0.75. Calculate thepresin work of ofde the pump, of 8,600 kPa. Assume the pump efciency to be 0.75. Calculate the work of the pump, ponga que la eficiencia de la bomba es de 0.75. Calcule el trabajo de la bomba, el cambio de temperathe temperature change of the water, and the entropy change of the water. the temperature change of the water, and the entropy change of the water. the temperature change of the water, and the entropy change of the water. tura y el cambio de entropa del agua.
C The are saturated liquid water (318.15 K): The following following are properties properties for saturated liquid water at 45 (318.15 K): Las siguientes son propiedades para for el agua lquida saturada a at 4545 C (318.15 K): C The following are properties for saturated liquid water at 45 C (318.15 K): 1 3 V kg1 V = = 1,010 1,010 cm cm3 kg V = 1,010 cm3 kg1 1 6 = = 425 425 10 106 K K1 = 425 106 K1
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7.3. Processes 7.3. Procesos de compresin 7.3. Compression Compression Processes 7.3. Compression Processes
Por la ecuacin (7.24), By By Eq. Eq. (7.24), (7.24), By Eq. (7.24), 66kPa cm33 1 1 = (H H )S =( (1 010) 600 10 10) = 10 kg W (isentropic ) = ( )S = 1,010 )( 8,600 ) 8 10 kPa kg s (isentrpico) s WW = ( 1,010 )((8 8,600 10 )= =8.676 8..676 676 106 kPa cm cm3 kg1 s (isentropic) = ( H )S Ws (isentropic) = ( H ) S = (1,010)(8,600 10) = 8.676 106 kPa cm3 kg1 6 kPa 3, 6 cm 3, Puesto que 1 kJ = 10 Because kPa Because 1 1 kJ kJ = = 10 106 kPa cm cm3 , 6 Because 1 kJ = 10 kPa cm3 , 11 W( (isentrpico) ( H = 8.676 sisentropic S= 1 W ) == ( H )) 8.676 kJ kJ kg kg Ws s (isentropic) = ( H )S S = 8.676 kJ kg 1 Ws (isentropic) = ( H ) S = 8.676 kJ kg ( 8 (H H) )S 8..676 676 = 11.57 kJ kg 1 S 1 By de la ecuacin By Eq. Eq. (7.17), (7.17), H H= = ( = 8 = 11.57 kJ kg . 676 H )S = 0 . 75 = 0.75 = 11.57 kJ kg 1 By Eq. (7.17), H = 0.75 1 1 1 and W = 11 kJ kg s y H H= = 11.57 and WW H = 11..57 57kJ kJkg kg s = s = and Ws = H = 11.57 kJ kg1 El cambio de temperatura del agua durante el bombeo, a partirfrom de laEq. ecuacin The temperature change of water during pumping, (7.25): The temperature change of the the water during pumping, from Eq. (7.25):(7.25): The temperature change of the water during pumping, from Eq. (7.25): 8,590 6 6)(318.15) 8,590 11 . 57 = 4 . 178 T + 1,010 1 ( 425 10 11.57 = 4.178 T + 1,010 1 (425 10 6)(318.15) 8,590 6 11.57 = 4.178 T + 1,010 1 (425 10 )(318.15) 10 106 106 Solution Solution for for T T gives: gives: La solucin para for T proporciona: Solution T gives: 0 or 0 T T= = 0..97 97 K K or 0. .97 97C C T= o 0.97 T= 0.0.97 97 KK or 0C .97 C The entropy change of water is given by (7.26): The entropy change of the the water by Eq. Eq. (7.26): El cambio de entropa del agua se da poris lagiven ecuacin (7.26): The entropy change of the water is given by Eq. (7.26): 319 ..12 8,590 6 319 12 8,590 = 0.0090 kJ kg 6 1 1 K 1 1 ( 425 10 )( 1,010 ) S S= =4 4..178 178 ln ln 318 )( 1,010 ) ( 425 10 319 . 12 8,590 6 = 0.0090 kJ kg 1 K 1 6 S = 4.178 ln 318..15 = 0 . 0090 kJ kg K 15 (425 10 )(1,010) 10 106 6 318.15 10
279
Figura 7.7: Eyector de una sola Figure Figure 7.7 7.7:: Single-stage Single-stage etapa. Figure 7.7: Single-stage ejector. ejector. ejector.
Eyectores Ejectors Ejectors Los eyectores transeren gases o vapores de un espacio a evacuar y los comprime para descargarlos a una Ejectors
remove gases or from an space and compress them for Ejectors removees gases or vapors vapors from an evacuated evacuated space and compress them for discharge presinEjectors mayor. Cuando posible mezclar los gases o vapores con el uido impulsor, por lo discharge general los eyecEjectors remove gases or vapors from an gases evacuated spacewith and the compress them for discharge at a higher pressure. Where mixing of the or vapors driving uid is allowable, at a higher pressure. Where mixing of the gases or vapors with the driving uid is allowable, tores son ms baratos y tienen costos de mantenimiento ms bajos que los otros tipos de bombas de vaco. at a higher pressure. Where mixing of the gases or vapors with the driving uid is allowable, ejectors lower in cost and costs than types ejectors are usually lower in rst rst costconsiste and maintenance maintenance costsinterna than other other types of of vacuum vacuum pumps. pumps. Como se ilustraare en usually la gura 7.7, un eyector en una tobera convergente/divergente a travs de ejectors are usually lower in rst cost and maintenance costs than other types of nozzle vacuum pumps. As illustrated in Fig. 7.7 an ejector consists of an inner converging/diverging through As illustrated in Fig. 7.7 an ejector consists of an inner converging/diverging nozzle through la cual se alimenta al fluido impulsor (por lo general vapor) y una tobera externa, ms grande, a travs de la As illustrated in Fig. 7.7 an ejector consists of an inner converging/diverging nozzle through
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which the driving uid (commonly steam) is fed, and an outer, larger nozzle through which cual pasan gases o gases vapores y el fluido impulsor. El momentum del fluido alta velocidad, que both thelos extracted or extrados vapors and the driving uid pass. The momentum of de the highsale de la tobera impulsora, se transfiere parcialmente a los gases o vapores extrados, y por lo tanto es menor speed uid leaving the driving nozzle is partly transferred to the extracted gases or vapors, and la velocidad de la mezcla que la del fluido impulsor que sale de la tobera ms pequea. A pesar the mixture velocity is therefore less than that of the driving uid leaving the smaller nozzle. de eso, sta es mayor que la rapidez del than sonido y, speed por loof tanto, la tobera ms grande acta como difusor convergente/diIt is nevertheless higher the sound, and the larger nozzle therefore acts as a vergente en donde aumenta la presin y disminuye la velocidad, pasando por la rapidez del sonido converging/diverging diffuser in which the pressure rises and the velocity decreases, passing en la garganta. Aunque lasof toberas las ecuaciones de la energa, for el proceso through the para speed soundse ataplican the throat. Although acostumbradas the usual energy equations nozzlesde mezclado 7 es complejo y, por ello, el diseo del eyector es emprico en gran medida. apply, the mixing process is complex, and as a result ejector design is largely empirical.7
PROBLEMAS PROBLEMS
7.1. El aire se expande adiabticamente a travs de una tobera, desde una velocidad inicial insignifican7.1.te Air expands adiabatically as nozzle from initial velocity to a nal 1. Cul hasta una velocidad final through de 325 m es a lanegligible cada de temperatura del aire, si se supone que 1 . What is the temperature drop of the air, if air is assumed to be velocity of 325 m s ste es un gas ideal para el que CP = (7/2)R? an ideal gas for which C P = (7/2) R ? 7.2. En el ejemplo 7.5 se encontr una expresin para el coeficiente de Joule/Thomson, = (T/P)H, 7.2.que In Ex. 7.5 an expression is found for coecient, = ( T / ) H , Desarrolo relaciona con la informacin de the unaJoule/Thomson capacidad calorfica y una ecuacin deP estado. that relates it to a heat capacity and equation-of-state information. Develop similar lle expresiones similares para las derivadas: expressions for the derivatives: a)(a)(( T/T P )SP ;b ) ;( T) / V) U. / )S (b ( T / V )U .
What can youdecir say about the of these derivatives? ForPara what qu types of processes Qu se puede acerca de signs los signos de estas derivadas? clase de procesos estas demight these derivatives be important characterizing quantities? rivadas podran ser cantidades importantes? 7.3.La The thermodynamic sound speed csonido is dened Sec. 7.1. Prove that: 7.3. termodinmica de la rapidez del c sein define en la seccin 7.1. Demuestre que: V CP c= MC V where volume M mass. A To what does this result donde VV es is el molar volumen molarand yM es is la molar masa molar. qu se reduce este general resultado general para: a) reduce for: (a )) An ideal gas? (b) An incompressible liquid? What do these results Un gas ideal? b Un lquido incompresible? Qu sugieren cualitativamente estos resultados acersuggest qualitatively about the speed of sound in liquids relative to gases? ca de la rapidez del sonido en lquidos con respecto a los gases?
C at negligible velocity and discharges at a 7.4.Entra Steam enters nozzle at 800 kPa andy280 7.4. vapor enauna tobera a 800 kPa 280 C a una velocidad insignificante y se descarga a una pressure of 525 kPa. Assuming isentropic expansion the steam in the presin de 525 kPa. Suponga expansin isentrpica delof vapor dentro de la nozzle, tobera. what Cul es la velois the exit velocity and what is the cross-sectional area at the nozzle exit for a ow cidad de salida y cul el rea de la seccin transversal en la salida de la tobera para rate una relacin de 1 ? 1 of 0.75 kg s flujo de 0.75 kg s ? with negligible velocity. If 7.5.Entra Steam enters converging nozzle at 800 kPa and 7.5. vapor enauna tobera convergente a 800 kPa y 280 280 C C con velocidad insignificante. Si la exexpansion is isentropic, what isla the minimum pressure that can be reached in such a es el rea pansin es isentrpica, cul es presin mnima que se alcanza en esta tobera y cul nozzle and what is the cross-sectional area at the nozzle throat at this pressure for a de la seccin transversal en la garganta de la tobera con esta presin para una relacin de flujo de 1 ow rate of 0.75 kg s1 ? 0.75 kg s ?
7 R. H. Perry and D. Green, Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 7th ed., pp. 10-5610-57, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1997.
7
R. H. Perry y D. Green, Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 7a ed., pp. 10-56 y 10-57, McGraw-Hill, Nueva York, 1997.
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Problemas Problems
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281
7.6. Un gas entra en una tobera convergente a presin P1 con velocidad insignificante, se expande de manera 7.6. A gas enters a converging nozzle at pressure P1 with negligible velocity, expands isenisentrpica en la tobera y se descarga a una cmara a una presin P2. Trace grficas que muestren la velotropically in the nozzle, and discharges into a chamber at pressure P2 . Sketch graphs cidad en la garganta y la relacin de flujo de la masa como funciones de la relacin de presiones P2/P1. showing the velocity at the throat and the mass owrate as functions of the pressure ratio P2 / P1 . 7.7. Para una tobera convergente/divergente con velocidad de entrada insignificante en donde la expansin esisentropic isentrpica, trace grficas de la relacin de flujo de masa m negligible , velocidadentrance u y relacin entre 7.7. For expansion in a converging/diverging nozzle with . lasvelocity, reas A/A en funcin de la relacin de presiones P / P . En este caso, A es el de la seccin 1 1, and area ratio A / A rea sketch graphs of mass owrate m , velocity u 1 vs. the transversal de la tobera en el punto donde la presin es P y el subndice 1 denota la de la pressure ratio P / P1 . Here, A is the cross-sectional area of the nozzle at the point entrada in tobera. the nozzle where the pressure is P , and subscript 1 denotes the nozzle entrance. 7.8. UnAn gas idealgas conwith capacidades constantes en una tobera convergente/divergente con 7.8. ideal constant calorficas heat capacities entersentra a converging/diverging nozzle with velocidad insignificante. Si ste se expande isentrpicamente dentro de la tobera, demuestre que negligible velocity. If it expands isentropically within the nozzle, show that the throat la velocidad la garganta est dada por: velocity isen given by: 2 RT1 2 2 u garganta u throat = M +1 donde T1 T es la the temperatura del of gas que entra en la the tobera, M la masa molar yR la constante molar temperature the gas entering nozzle, M is the molar mass, and where 1 is delR gas. is the molar gas constant. 7.9. Se Steam expande vapor isentrpicamente en una tobera convergente/divergente, desde las condiciones de 7.9. expands isentropically in a converging/diverging nozzle from inlet conditions C, entrada de 1kPa, 400 325 kPa, 325 C negligible y una velocidad insignificante, a una presin descarga de 140 kPa. and velocity to a discharge pressure ofde 140 kPa. At of 1,400 2. Determine la relacin de flujo de la Enthe la garganta, rea de la seccin transversal mide 6 cm throat the el cross-sectional area is 6 cm2 . Determine the mass owrate of the steam masa y el estado de en laof salida de la tobera. anddel thevapor state of the steam atste the exit the nozzle. 7.10. Se Steam expande vapor adiabatically adiabticamente una from tobera desde las condiciones de entrada de 130(psia), 7.10. expands in a en nozzle inlet conditions of 130(psia), 420( F), 1 1 420(F) una velocidad de 230(pie)(s) a una presin de descarga 35(psia), donde su and a y velocity of 230(ft)(s) to a discharge pressure of 35(psia)de where its velocity is velocidad . 1. Cul es el estado del vapor en la salida de la tobera, y cul es S 1 . What es 2,000(ft)(s) de 2 000(pie)(s) is the state of the steam at the nozzle exit, and what is SG for the G para el proceso? process?
C 7.11. Se Air descarga aire desde una tobera adiabtica 15 C con velocidad de 580 s1. Cul es la 7.11. discharges from an adiabatic nozzle at a 15 with a una velocity of 580 m s1m . What temperatura en la entrada de la tobera la nozzle velocidad de entrance entrada es insignificante? Suponga que el is the temperature at the entrance ofsi the if the velocity is negligible? Assume air ideal to be con an ideal for aire es un gas CP =gas (7/2) R.which C P = (7/2) R . C is throttled from 5(atm) to 1(atm), as in a kitchen faucet. What is 7.12. water agua at 15fra 7.12. Se Cool estrangula a 15 C desde 5(atm) hasta 1(atm), como en una llave de la cocina. Cul es the temperature change del of the water? What is trabajo the lost perdido work per kilogram of water for por da en el cambio de temperatura agua? Cul es el por kilogramo de agua C and 1(atm), the volume expansivity this everyday household happening? At de 15expansin esta casa? A 15 C y 1(atm), el coeficiente volumtrica para el agua lquida es casi 4 K1 . The surroundings temperature T is 20 C. water 1.5 10 de for 1.5liquid 104 K1. is Laabout temperatura de los alrededores T es de 20 C. Establezca con cuidado cualState carefullyque any realice. assumptions you make. The steam are source of data. quier suposicin Las tablas de vapor son unatables fuente de a informacin.
7.13. gasen at condiciones upstream conditions is to a downstream pressure of 1.2 bar. 7.13. UnA gas corriente(T arriba T1throttled , P1) se estrangula a una presin corriente abajo de 1.2 1 , P1 ) ( Use the Redlich/Kwong equation to estimate the downstream temperature and S bar. Use la ecuacin de Redlich/Kwong para estimar la temperatura corriente abajo y of S para uno for onegases: of the following: de the los gas siguientes
a) b) c) d)
350 K Ky and = bar. 80 bar. (a ) Carbon with 11 = 1 80 Dixido dedioxide, carbono, conT T = 350 P1 P = (b ) Ethylene, with T = 350 K and P = 60 bar. 1 K y P1 = 60 bar. 1 Etileno, con T1 = 350 (c ) Nitrogen, with = 250 P1 bar. = 60 bar. Nitrgeno, con T1 T = K yK Pand 1 250 1 = 60 (d ) Propane, with T400 400 K1and Pbar. Propano, con T1 = yP = 20 1 =K 1 = 20 bar.
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7.14. Un gas en condiciones corriente arriba, que son dadas por uno de los incisos del problema 7.13 se 7.14. A gas at upstream conditions by one of the parts of Pb. 7.13 is throttled to a presestrangula a una presin de 1.2given bar. Use la ecuacin de Soave/Redlich/Kwong para estimar la temsure ofcorriente 1.2 bar. abajo Use the Soave/Redlich/Kwong equation to estimate the downstream peratura y S del gas. temperature and S of the gas. 7.15. Un gas en condiciones corriente arriba, dadas por uno de los incisos del problema 7.13 se estrangu7.15. gas presin at upstream by one of the parts of Pb.estimar 7.13 isla throttled to corriente laA a una de 1.2conditions bar. Use lagiven ecuacin de Peng/Robinson para temperatura a pressure ofgas. 1.2 bar. Use the Peng/Robinson equation to estimate the downstream abajo y S del temperature and S of the gas. 7.16. Para una ecuacin de estado explcita en la presin, demuestre que la curva de inversin de Joule/ 7.16. For a pressure-explicit equation state, Thompson es el lugar de los estadosof para los prove cuales:that the Joule/Thompson inversion curve is the locus of states for which: Z Z = T T T
Apply this equation to (a) the van der Waals equation; (b) the Redlich/Kwong equation. Aplique esta Discuss theecuacin results. a: a) la ecuacin de van der Waals; b) la ecuacin de Redlich/Kwong. Analice los resultados. 7.17. Two nonconducting tanks of negligible heat capacity and of equal volume initially 7.17. Dos tanques noquantities conductores de same capacidad calorfica insignificante de igual volumen contienen contain equal of the ideal gas at the same T and P . y Tank A discharges inicialmente cantidades idnticas del mismo gas ideal con las mismas T y P . El tanque A descarga a to the atmosphere through a small turbine in which the gas expands isentropically; latank atmsfera a travs de una pequea turbina en la que el gas se expande isentrpicamente; B discharges to the atmosphere through a porous plug. Both devices operate until el tanque B discharge descarga a la atmsfera a travs de un tapn poroso. Los dos dispositivos funcionan hasta que se ceases. termina la descarga. (a) When discharge ceases, is the temperature in tank A less than, equal to, or greater than the in tankla B ?temperatura del tanque A es menor, igual o mayor que la tema) Cuando se temperature acaba la descarga, B? in both tanks have fallen to half the initial pressure, is the (bperatura ) When del the tanque pressures temperature of the gas discharging from the turbine than,de equal to, or greater b) Cuando las presiones en ambos tanques disminuyen a less la mitad la presin inicial, la tempethandel thegas temperature of the gas discharging theigual porous plug? que la temperatura del gas ratura que se descarga de la turbina esfrom menor, o mayor se descarga del tapn poroso? (cque ) During the discharge process, is the temperature of the gas leaving the turbine less c) Durante el proceso de descarga, latemperature temperaturaof del gas que sale de la turbina menor, igual o than, equal to, or greater than the the gas leaving tank A at thees same mayor que la temperatura del gas que sale del tanque A en el mismo instante? instant? d) (dDurante proceso de descarga, gas que sale del poroso ) Duringel the discharge process, isla thetemperatura temperature del of the gas leaving thetapn porous plug es menor, igual o mayor que la temperatura del gas que sale del tanque B en el mismo instante? less than, equal to, or greater than the temperature of the gas leaving tank B at the e) Cuando cesa la descarga, la masa del gas que queda en el tanque A es menor, igual o mayor que same instant? la masa del gas que queda is enthe el tanque Bgas ? remaining in tank A less than, equal to, (e) When discharge ceases, mass of or greater than the mass of gas remaining in tank B ? 7.18. Una turbina de vapor funciona adiabticamente a un nivel de potencia de 3 500 kW. El vapor entra en la turbina a 2 400 kPa y adiabatically 500 C, y escapa de la turbina como vapor saturado a 20the kPa. Cul es 7.18. A steam turbine operates at a power level of 3,500 kW. Steam enters laturbine cantidad de vapor a travs de la turbina y cul es la eficiencia de la turbina? at 2,400 kPa and 500 C and exhausts from the turbine as saturated vapor at 20 kPa. What is the steam rate through the turbine, and what is the turbine efciency? 7.19. Una turbina funciona adiabticamente con vapor sobrecalentado, que entra a T1 y P1 con una relacin de flujooperates de masaadiabatically m . La presin de descarga es Psteam de laand turbina es .aPara uno de P1 with 7.19. A turbine with superheated entering at T1 2 y la eficiencia . los conjuntos de condiciones de operacin siguientes, determine la potencia de salida de la turbina, mass owrate m . The exhaust pressure is P2 and the turbine efciency is . For one of as como la entalpa y la entropa del vapor de descarga. the following sets of operating conditions, determine the power output of the turbine and the enthalpy and entropy of the . exhaust steam. a) T1 = 450 C, P1 = 8 000 kPa, m = .80 kg s1, P2 = 30 kPa, = 0.80. (a) T1 = 450 C, P1 = 8,000 kPa, m = 80 kg s1 , P2 = 30 kPa, = 0.80.
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Problemas b) c) d) e) f) g) . T1 = 550 C, P1 = 9 000 kPa, m = 90 kg s1, P2 = 20 kPa, = 0.77. . T1 = 600 C, P1 = 8 600 kPa, m = 70 kg s1, P2 = 10 kPa, = 0.82. . T1 = 400 C, P1 = 7 000 kPa, m = 65 kg s1, P2 = 50 kPa, = 0.75. . T1 = 200 C, P1 = 1 400 kPa, m = 50 kg s1, P2 = 200 kPa, = 0.75. . T1 = 900F), P1 = 1 100(psia), m = 150(lbm)(s)1, P2 = 2(psia), = 0.80. . T1 = 800(F), P1 = 1 000(psia), m = 100(lbm)(s)1, P2 = 4(psia), = 0.75.
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7.20. Gas nitrgeno, inicialmente a 8.5 bar, se expande de manera isentrpica a 1 bar y 150 C. Suponiendo que el nitrgeno sea un gas ideal, calcule la temperatura inicial y el trabajo producido por mol de nitrgeno. 7.21. Los productos de la combustin de un quemador entran en una turbina de gas a 10 bar y 950 C, y se descargan a 1.5 bar. La turbina funciona adiabticamente con una eficiencia de 77%. Si se supone que los productos de la combustin son una mezcla de gases ideales con capacidad calorfica de 32 J mol1 K1, cul es el trabajo de salida de la turbina por mol de gas y cul es la temperatura de los gases que se descargan de la turbina? 7.22. De manera adiabtica se expande isobutano en una turbina desde 5 000 kPa y 250 C hasta 500 kPa, con una relacin de 0.7 kg mol s1. Si la eficiencia de la turbina es 0.80, cul es la potencia de salida de la turbina y cul es la temperatura del isobutano que sale de sta? 7.23. La cantidad de vapor a una turbina para una salida variable se controla mediante una vlvula de estrangulamiento en la tubera de entrada. Se suministra vapor a la vlvula de estrangulamiento a 1 700 kPa y 225 C. Durante una corrida de prueba, la presin en la entrada de la turbina es 1 000 kPa, el vapor se descarga a 10 kPa con una calidad de 0.95, la proporcin de flujo de vapor es 0.5 kg s1 y la potencia de salida de la turbina es 180 kW. a) Cules son las prdidas de calor de la turbina? b) Cul sera la potencia de salida si el vapor suministrado a la vlvula de estrangulamiento se expande isentrpicamente a la presin final? 7.24. Gas dixido de carbono entra en un expansor adiabtico a 8 bar y 400 C y se descarga a 1 bar. Si la eficiencia de la turbina es 0.75, cul es la temperatura de la descarga y cul es el rendimiento del trabajo por mol de CO2? Suponga que el CO2 es un gas ideal en estas condiciones. 7.25. Pruebas en una turbina adiabtica de gas (expansor) producen valores para las condiciones de entrada (T1, P1) y para las de salida (T2, P2). Suponga gases ideales con capacidades calorficas constantes y determine la eficiencia de la turbina para uno de los siguientes casos: a) b) c) d) e) T1 = 500 K, P1 = 6 bar, T2 = 371 K, P2 = 1.2 bar, CP / R = 7/2. T1 = 450 K, P1 = 5 bar, T2 = 376 K, P2 = 2 bar, CP / R = 4. T1 = 525 K, P1 = 10 bar, T2 = 458 K, P2 = 3 bar, CP / R = 11/2. T1 = 475 K, P1 = 7 bar, T2 = 372 K, P2 = 1.5 bar, CP / R = 9/2. T1 = 550 K, P1 = 4 bar, T2 = 403 K, P2 = 1.2 bar, CP / R = 5/2.
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7.26. La eficiencia de una serie particular de turbinas adiabticas de gas (expansores) se correlaciona con | En este caso, la potencia de salida de acuerdo con la expresin emprica: = 0.065 + 0.080 ln | W | es el valor absoluto de la potencia de salida real en kW. Gas nitrgeno se expande desde las |W condiciones de entrada de 550 K y 6 bar, hasta una presin de salida de 1.2 bar. Para una relacin de flujo molar de 175 mol s1, cul es la potencia entregada en kW? Cul es la eficiencia de la turbina? Cul es la rapidez de generacin de entropa S G? Suponga que el nitrgeno es un gas ideal con CP = (7/2)R. 7.27. Una turbina funciona adiabticamente con vapor sobrecalentado que entra a 45 bar y 400 C. Si el vapor de salida debe estar seco, cul es la presin de descarga mnima permitida para una eficiencia de la turbina, = 0.75? Suponga que la eficiencia es de 0.80. La presin de descarga mnima sera menor o mayor? Por qu? 7.28. Las turbinas se usan para recuperar energa de corrientes lquidas a alta presin. Sin embargo, no se utilizan cuando la corriente de alta presin es un lquido saturado. Por qu? Demuestre este hecho determinando el estado corriente abajo, para una expansin isentrpica de agua lquida saturada desde 5 bar hasta una presin final de 1 bar. 7.29. Entra agua lquida en una hidroturbina adiabtica a 5(atm) y 15 C, y se descarga a 1(atm). Estime la potencia de salida de la turbina en J kg1 del agua si su eficiencia es = 0.55. Cul es la temperatura de salida del agua? Suponga que el agua es un lquido incompresible. 7.30. Un expansor funciona adiabticamente con nitrgeno que entra a T1 y P1 con una relacin de flujo molar n . La presin de descarga es P2 y la eficiencia del expansor es . Estime la potencia de salida del expansor y la temperatura de la corriente de descarga para uno de los siguientes conjuntos de condiciones de operacin. a) b) c) d) e) T1 = 480 C, P1 = 6 bar, n = 200 mol s1, P2 = 1 bar, = 0.80. T1 = 400 C, P1 = 5 bar, n = 150 mol s1, P2 = 1 bar, = 0.75. T1 = 500 C, P1 = 7 bar, n = 175 mol s1, P2 = 1 bar, = 0.78. T1 = 450 C, P1 = 8 bar, n = 100 mol s1, P2 = 2 bar, = 0.85. T1 = 900(F), P1 = 95(psia), n = 0.5(lb mol)(s)1, P2 = 15(psia), = 0.80.
7.31. Cul es la cantidad de trabajo ideal para el proceso de expansin del ejemplo 7.6? Cul es la efiG? A qu es ciencia termodinmica del proceso? Cul es la rapidez de generacin de entropa S perdido? Considere T = 300 K. igual W 7.32. Se descarga gas a 400 C y 1 bar desde un motor de combustin interna fluye a una proporcin de 125 mol s1 en una caldera de calor residual, donde se genera vapor saturado a una presin de 1 200 kPa. El agua entra en la caldera a 20 C (T), y los gases de escape se enfran a la temperatura de vapor, ms o menos 10 C. La capacidad calorfica de los gases de escape es CP /R = 3.34 + 1.12 103 T/K. El vapor fluye hacia una turbina adiabtica y se descarga a una presin de 25 kPa. Si la eficiencia de la turbina es de 72%, a) Cul es Ws, la potencia de salida de la turbina?
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Problemas
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b) Cul es la eficiencia termodinmica de la combinacin caldera/turbina? c) Determine S G para la caldera y la turbina. d) Exprese Wperdido(caldera) y W perdido(turbina) como fracciones de | W ideal |, el trabajo ideal del proceso. 7.33. Un compresor pequeo de aire adiabtico se usa para bombear aire hacia un tanque aislado de 20 m3. El tanque contiene inicialmente aire a 25 C y 101.33 kPa, exactamente las condiciones con las que entra el aire en el compresor. El proceso de bombeo contina hasta que la presin en el tanque alcanza los 1 000 kPa. Si el proceso es adiabtico y la compresin es isentrpica, cul es el trabajo de flecha del compresor? Suponga que el aire es un gas ideal para el que CP = (7/2)R y CV = (5/2)R. 7.34. 2.5 kg s1 de vapor saturado a 125 kPa se comprime de manera adiabtica en un compresor centrfugo a 700 kPa. La eficiencia del compresor es 78%. Cul es la potencia requerida del compresor y cules son la entalpa y la entropa del vapor en el estado final? 7.35. Un compresor funciona adiabticamente con aire que entra a T1 y P1 con una relacin de flujo mo. La presin de descarga es P y la eficiencia del compresor es . Estime la potencia que requielar n 2 re el compresor y la temperatura de la corriente de descarga para uno de los conjuntos de condiciones de operacin siguientes. a) b) c) d) e) f) T1 = 25 C, P1 = 101.33 kPa, n = 100 mol s1, P2 = 375 kPa, = 0.75. T1 = 80 C, P1 = 375 kPa, n = 100 mol s1, P2 = 1 000 kPa, = 0.70. T1 = 30 C, P1 = 100 kPa, n = 150 mol s1, P2 = 500 kPa, = 0.80. T1 = 100 C, P1 = 500 kPa, n = 50 mol s1, P2 = 1 300 kPa, = 0.75. T1 = 80(F), P1 = 14.7(psia), n = 0.5(lb mol)(s)1, P2 = 55(psia), = 0.75. T1 = 150(F), P1 = 55(psia), n = 0.5(lb mol)(s)1, P2 = 135(psia), = 0.70.
7.36. Se comprime gas amoniaco desde 21 C y 200 kPa hasta 1 000 kPa en un compresor adiabtico con una eficiencia de 0.82. Estime la temperatura final, el trabajo requerido y el cambio de entropa del amoniaco. 7.37. Se comprime 1 kg mol s1 de propileno adiabticamente desde 11.5 bar y 30 C hasta 18 bar. Si la eficiencia del compresor es 0.8, cul es la potencia requerida del compresor y cul es la temperatura de descarga del propileno? 7.38. Se comprime 1.5 kmol s1 de metano adiabticamente en la tubera de una estacin de bombeo, desde 3 500 kPa y 35 C hasta 5 500 kPa. Si la eficiencia del compresor es 0.78, cul es la potencia requerida del compresor y cul es la temperatura de descarga del metano? 7.39. Cul es el trabajo ideal para el proceso de compresin del ejemplo 7.9? Cul es la eficiencia termodinmica del proceso? Cules son los valores de SG y Wperdido? Considere T = 293.15 K.
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CHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes CHAPTER
7.40. is (in effect) a gas compressor moves volumes large volumes air at low pressure 7.40.Un A ventilador fan A is fan (in effect) a efecto) gas compressor whichwhich moves of air of at low pressure 7.40. es (en un compresor de gas large que mueve grandes volmenes de aire a baja across small (1 to 15 kPa) pressure differences. The usual design equation is: acrossa small (1de topequeas 15 kPa) pressure differences. The design equation is: presin travs diferencias de presin (1usual a 15 kPa). La ecuacin de diseo comn es: . .. RT1 . RT1 P n =n P W =W P1 P1
donde el subndice denota las condiciones de entrada the es la eficiencia con respecto a la operawhere subscript 1 denotes inlet conditions y is efciency with respect to isenwhere subscript 11 denotes inlet conditions and and is the efciency with respect to isencin isentrpica. Desarrolle esta ecuacin. Tambin demuestre cmo se deduce a partir de tropic operation. Develop this equation. Show also how it follows from the usual tropic operation. Develop this equation. Show also how it follows from the usual la ecuacin comn para la compresin de un ideal capacidades calorficas constantes. equation for compression of angas ideal gascon with constant heat capacities. equation for compression of an ideal gas with constant heat capacities. 7.41. compresor de compressor, gas adiabtico, eficiencia con respecto a la isentrpica es una 7.41. For an adiabatic gas compressor, the efciency with respect tooperacin isentropic operation is 7.41.Para Forun an adiabatic gas the la efciency with respect to isentropic operation is medida de las irreversibilidades internas; as, la rapidez de generacin de la entropa sin dimensioa measure of internal irreversibilities; so is the dimensionless rate of entropy generation a measure . of internal . . irreversibilities; so is the dimensionless rate of entropy generation .S nes que el gas es ideal conconstant capacidades RG n R . Suponiendo Assuming that the is ideal with heat calorficas capacities, show G /S G / RS /n R ./ Assuming that the gas isgas ideal with constant heat capacities, show constantes, SGes that and S / are related through the expression: demuestre que y S / R estn relacionadas por medio de la expresin: G G related through the expression: that and SG / R are 1 +1 G P C P + SG SC = ln = R ln R R R
wherewhere donde
R / C P) R / C P (1 R /P C P / P )2 P/ P1 p (P(2 /P 2 1)
C is compressed in a staged reciprocating compressor (with in C 35 7.42. at aire 1(atm) and 7.42.Se Air atAir 1(atm) and 35 is compressed in compresor a staged reciprocating compressor in7.42. comprime de 1(atm) y 35 C en un oscilante por etapa (con (with interenfriamiento) a tercooling) to50(atm). a pressure nal pressure of etapa, 50(atm). For stage, each stage, the gas inlet gas temperature is tercooling) to a de nal of 50(atm). For each the inlet temperature is una presin final Para cada la temperatura de entrada del gas es 35 C y la tem C and the maximum allowable outlet temperature is C. Mechanical power is 200 35 C 35 and the maximum allowable outlet temperature is 200 C. Mechanical power para is todas las peratura mxima permisible de salida es 200 C. La potencia mecnica es la misma the all stages, and isentropic efciency is 65% forstage. each stage. The volumetric the same for allfor stages, and isentropic efciency is 65% for each Thevolumtrico volumetric etapas y la same eficiencia isentrpica es 65% en cada etapa. La relacin de flujo del aire es 1 3 s 13 owrate of air is 0.5 theto inlet the rst stage. 1 of owrate air is 0.5 m atsthe at inlet theto rst stage. 0.5 m3 s a la entrada de la m primera etapa.
(a) many How many are required? (a) How stagesstages are required? a) Cuntas etapas se necesitan? (b) What is the mechanical-power requirement per stage? ) What the mechanical-power per stage? b) (bCul esis el requisito de potencia requirement mecnica por etapa? (c) What is theduty heatfor duty for intercooler? each intercooler? ( c ) What is the heat each c) Cul es el calor til para cada interenfriador? and leaves C. C 25 (d) Water is the coolant for the intercoolers. It enters at ) Water is el the coolant forpara the intercoolers. It enters at 25 leaves 45 C.45 d) (dEl agua es refrigerante los interenfriadores. Entra a at 25 and CC y sale aat 45 C. Cul es la is the cooling-water rate per intercooler? What What is the cooling-water rate per cantidad de agua de enfriamiento porintercooler? cada interenfriador? Assume air ideal is an gas ideal gasC with 7./2) R . Assume air is an with (P 7/= 2) ( R P =C Suponga que el aire es un gas ideal con CP = (7/2)R. Demonstrate that the power requirement for compressing is smaller, the more 7.43. 7.43. Demonstrate that the power requirement for compressing a gas a isgas smaller, the more . gas comprimido . of n 7.43. Demuestre quegas. el requerimiento potencia es ms pequeo cuando complex the gas. Assume xed values , , T , P , and P , and that the gas is ideal el gas 1 1 2 complex the Assume xedde values of n para , , Tun , P , and P , and that the gas is ideal 1 1 2 eswith msconstant complejo. Suponga valores fijos de n , , T , P y P , y que el gas es ideal con capacidades 1 1 2 with constant heat capacities. heat capacities. calorficas constantes. Tests an adiabatic gas compressor yield values forconditions inlet conditions (1T , P1out) and out7.44. 7.44. Tests on an on adiabatic gas compressor yield values for inlet (T1 , P )1and 7.44. Experimentos con compresor adiabtico de gas producen valores paracapacities, las condiciones de entrada let conditions ( T , P ). Assuming ideal gases with constant heat determine 2 2 let conditions (T2un ,P ). Assuming ideal gases with constant heat capacities, determine 2 (T , P ) y de salida ( T , P ). Suponiendo gases ideales con capacidades calorficas constantes, de1 compressor 1 the compressor 2efciency 2 for one for one the following: the efciency of theof following: termine la eficiencia del compresor para una de las condiciones siguientes: (a= ) T 300 =2 464 =6 C= R = 7/2. P/ 1 = 2 = (a) T1 300 K, P1 K, =P 21bar, Tbar, 464 K, P2 K, =P 62bar, Cbar, 7 /2. P /R 2 =T = 290 K, P = 1 . 5 bar, T = 547 K, P = 5 bar, C / R = 5/2. ( b ) T a) (bT = 300 K, P = 2 bar, T = 464 K, P = 6 bar, C / R = 7/2. P 1 1 2 2 T2 = 547 ) 1T1 = 290 K, 1 P1 = 1.5 bar, 2 2 K, P2 = 5 Pbar, C P / R = 5/2. b) (cT = 290 K, P = 1.5 bar, T = 547 K, P = 5 bar, C / R = 5/2. ( c ) T = 295 K, P = 1 . 2 bar, T = 455 K, P = 6 bar, C / R = 9/2. 1 P1 = 1. 2 T2 = 455 2 P2 = 62bar, P CP /R = P 9/2. 1 K, 12 bar, 2 K, ) 1T1 = 295 c) (dT = 295 K, P = 1.2 bar, T = 455 K, P = 6 bar, C / R = 9/2. (d= ) T 300 1 =8 C= R/ = 1 P1 K, 2 .1 2 505 P P/ 1 = 11= 2 = ) 1T1 300 K, =P 1. bar, Tbar, 505 K, P2 K, =P 82bar, Cbar, 11 2. 11/2. P /R 2 =T d) (eT = 300 K, P305 = 1.1 bar, T1 505 K, P =P 8 bar, C /R = 11/2. 1P 2 .= 2 496 P = K, P = 5 bar, T = K, P = 7 bar, C / R = 4. ( e ) T P 1 1 2 2 = 305 K, = 1 . 5 bar, T = 496 K, = 7 bar, C / R = 4. ) 1T P 1 1 2 2 e) T1 = 305 K, P1 = 1.5 bar, T2 = 496 K, P2 = 7 bar, CP / R = 4.
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Problemas Problems
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7.45. Se comprime aire en un compresor de flujo estable, entra a 1.2 bar y 300 K, y sale a 5 bar y 500 K. 7.45. Air is compressed in a steady-ow compressor, entering at 1.2 bar and 300 K and leavLa operacin es no adiabtica, con transferencia de calor a los alrededores a 295 K. Para el mismo ing at 5 bar and 500 K. Operation is nonadiabatic, with heat transfer to the surroundings cambio de estado del aire, el requerimiento de potencia mecnica por mol del aire es mayor o meat 295 K. For the same change in state of the air, is the mechanical-power requirement nor para una operacin no adiabtica que para una adiabtica? Por qu? per mole of air greater or less for nonadiabatic than for adiabatic operation? Why? 7.46. A Un calentador produce un gran exceso de vapor a baja presin [50(psig), 5(F) sobreca7.46. boiler house domstico produces a large excess of low-pressure [50(psig), 5( F)superheat] lentado]. Se propone una modificacin: primero el vapor a baja presin recorrera steam. An upgrade is proposed that would rst run the low-pressure steam througha travs de un compresor decompressor, flujo estable, produciendo vapor a presin media [150(psig)]. Un joven an adiabatic adiabtico steady-ow producing medium-pressure [150(psig)] steam. ingeniero expresa su preocupacin de que la compresin d como resultado la formacin de agua A young engineer expresses concern that compression could result in the formation of lquida, daando el compresor. Existe motivo para preocuparse? Sugerencia : Haga referencia al liquid water, damaging the compressor. Is there cause for concern? Suggestion: Refer diagrama de Mollier de la figura 6.4. to the Mollier diagram of Fig. 6.4. 7.47. A Una bomba funciona en forma with adiabtica agua lquida entrando a 1T1 y P1 una relacin de 7.47. pump operates adiabatically liquid con water entering at T and P with a con mass . . La presin de descarga es P2 y la eficiencia de1la bomba flujo de masa m es . Para uno de los conowrate m . The discharge pressure is P2 , and the pump efciency is . For one of the juntos de condiciones de operacin siguientes, determine el requerimiento de potencia following sets of operating conditions, determine the power requirement of the pump de la bomba y lathe temperatura de of descarga deldischarged agua desde la bomba. and temperature the water from the pump. . 1 (a) T1 = 25 C, P1 = 100 kPa, m = 20 kg s , P2 = 2,000 kPa, = 0.75, = 257.2 106 K1 . . = 30 kg s1 , P = 5,000 kPa, = 0.70, (b) T1 = 90 C, P1 = 200 kPa, m 2 6 1 = 696.2 10 K . . = 15 kg s1 , P = 5,000 kPa, = 0.75, (c) T1 = 60 C, P1 = 20 kPa, m 2 6 1 = 523.1 10 K . . = 50(lb )(s)1 , P = 20(atm), = 0.70, (d) T1 = 70( F), P1 = 1(atm), m m 2 6 1 = 217.3 10 K . . = 80(lb )(s)1 , P = 1,500(psia), = 0.75, (e) T1 = 200( F), P1 = 15(psia), m m 2 6 1 = 714.3 10 K . 7.48. What Cul es el ideal trabajo ideal para proceso process de bombeo del 7.10? ejemplo 7.10? es la eficiencia termo7.48. is the work for theel pumping of Ex. What is Cul the thermodydinmica del proceso? A qu es igualis SG Cul es W ? Considere perdido = 300 K. namic efciency of the process? What S? What isel W ? Take T = 300T K. G? lost 7.49. Show Demuestre que los on puntos en la curva de inversion inversin curve de Joule/Thomson [para que = (T/P)H 7.49. that the points the Joule/Thomson [for which = ( T los / P )H = = are 0] tambin son caracterizados por cada una de las siguientes expresiones: 0] also characterized by each of the following: H V V Z Z = 0; (b) = 0; (c) = ; (d) = 0; (a) T P P T T P T V P P P (e) V +T =0 V T T V 7.50. According De acuerdo problema 7.3, la termodinmica de c ladepends rapidez on delthe sonido c depende 7.50. tocon Pb. el 7.3, the thermodynamic sound speed PV T equationde la ecuacin de estado PVT . Demuestre cmo pueden emplearse las mediciones rapidez del sonido para of state. Show how isothermal sound-speed measurements can be usedde to la estimate the calcular el segundo coeficiente virial B de unthat gas. Suponga se aplica la ecuacin second virial coefcient B of a gas. Assume Eq. (3.38) que applies, and that the ratio(3.38) y que la relacin CP/CV est dada por suvalue. valor de gas ideal. C by its ideal-gas P / C V is given 7.51. Real-gas El comportamiento de gas real en la maquinaria de turbinas en ocasiones se adapta de manera em7.51. behavior empirically accommodated through . for turbomachinery . . sometimes is ig prica por medio W= Z is Wthe , donde W ig es la potencia mecnica del gas ideal y the expression W de = la Zexpresin W ig , where Wig ideal-gas mechanical power and Z Z es un valor dened promedio que esvalue convenientemente definidofactor. del factor de compresibilidad. is some suitably average of the compressibility
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CAPTULO 7. Aplicaciones de la termodinmica a los procesos de flujo CHAPTER CHAPTER 7. 7. Applications Applications of of Thermodynamics Thermodynamics to to Flow Flow Processes Processes
a) Explique racionalmente esta expresin. (a ) Rationalize this Rationalize this expression. expression. b( )a) Planee un ejemplo incorporando el comportamiento de gas real en una turbina mediante propie( b ) Devise a turbine incorporating real-gas behavior via residual properties, (b) dades Devise a turbineyexample example incorporating real-gas behavior via residuales determine un valor numrico de Z para el residual ejemplo.properties, and determine a numerical value of Z for the example. and determine a numerical value of Z for the example. 7.52. Se captura la informacin de operacin para una turbina de aire. De una corrida en particular, P1 = 7.52. Operating are taken on an a run, P = 8 bar, T = bar, T1 = data 600 K yP No turbine. obstante,For la temperatura salida que registra 7.52. 8 Operating data are taken onbar. an air air turbine. For a particular particular de run, P1 8 se bar, T1 2 = 1.2 1 = 1 = es poco legi= 1 . 2 bar. However, the recorded outlet temperature is only partially 600 K, and P 2 ble; 318, 348 o 398 K.the Cul de stas debera ser? Para condiciones 1. 2 bar. However, recorded outlet temperature islas only partially observadas 600 podra K, andser P2 T= 2= legible; could T 318, 398 must considere el be aire es= un gas 348, idealor con CPK. = Which (7/2)R constante. legible; it it que could be T2 = 318, 348, or 398 K. Which must it it be? be? For For the the given given condicondi2 tions, = (7/2) R . tions, assume assume air air to to be be an an ideal ideal gas gas with with constant constant C CP P = (7/2) R . 7.53. Benceno lquido a 25 C y 1.2 bar se convierte en vapor a 200C y 5 bar en un proceso de flujo C is converted to at 200 5 in two7.53. Liquid benzene at C C and and 1.2 1.2 bar bar is medio converted to vapor vapor at a 200 C and and 5 bar bar in a a two7.53. estable Liquid de benzene at 25 25compresin dos etapas: por de una bomba 5 bar, seguido por vaporizacin en un step steady-ow process: compression by a pump to 5 bar, followed by vaporization step steady-ow process: compression by a pump to 5 bar, followed by vaporization intercambiador de calor en contraflujo. Determine los requerimientos de potencia de la bomba y el in heat the requirement pump in a a counter-ow counter-ow heat exchanger. exchanger. Determine the power power requirement of the pump and and rendimiento del intercambiador en Determine kJ mol1. Suponga una eficiencia of de the la bomba de 70% y consi1 the duty of the exchanger in kJ mol . Assume a pump efciency of 70%, and treat 1 . Assume a pump efciency 1 1 the duty of the exchanger in kJ mol of 70%, and treat dere al vapor de benceno como un gas ideal con CP = 105 J mol1 K 1constante. benzene = 105 J mol1 K benzene vapor vapor as as as as an an ideal ideal gas gas with with constant constant C CP K1 . . P = 105 J mol 7.54. Benceno lquido a 25 C y 1.2 bar se convierte en vapor a 200 C y 5 bar en un proceso de flujo is converted to at a 7.54. Liquid Liquid benzene benzene at at 25 25 C C and C and and 1.2 1.2 bar bar to vapor vapor at 200 200 and 5 5 bar barain in a bar, seguido 7.54. estable de dos etapas: vaporizacin en is unconverted intercambiador de calor enC contraflujo 1.2 two-step steady-ow process: vaporization in a counter-ow heat exchanger at 1.2 bar, two-step steady-ow process: vaporization in a counter-ow heat exchanger at 1.2 bar, de una compresin como un gas a 5 bar. Determine el rendimiento del intercambiador y los requefollowed compression as a bar. Determine the of the and 1. Suponga followed by by a gas gas to to 5 5en bar. the duty duty of eficiencia the exchanger exchanger and the the de 75% y rimientos de compression potencia del as compresor kJDetermine mol una de compresor 1 . Assume a power requirement of the compressor in kJ mol compressor efciency of 1 1 1 power requirement of the compressor in kJ mol . Assume a compressor efciency of considere al vapor de benceno como un gas ideal con CP = 105 J mol K constante. 1 K1 . 75%, and treat benzene vapor as as an ideal gas with constant C = 105 J mol 1 P 75%, and treat benzene vapor as as an ideal gas with constant C P = 105 J mol K 1 . 7.55. en los 7.53 problemas 7.53 y 7.54, cul recomendara usted, y por qu? 7.55. De Of los the procesos processespropuestos proposed in in Pbs. and 7.54, 7.54, which would you recommend? Why? 7.55. Of the processes proposed Pbs. 7.53 and which would you recommend? Why? 7.56. lquidos que se mencionan a continuacin a 25 C se encuentran completamente vaporizados a completely vaporized at in 7.56. Los Liquids (identied below) at at 25 25 C C are arede completely vaporized at 1(atm) 1(atm) in a a countercounter- es el vapor 7.56. Liquids (identied below) 1(atm) en unexchanger. intercambiador de calor contracorriente. El medio de calentamiento current heat Saturated steam is the heating medium, available at four prescurrent heat exchanger. Saturated steam is the heating medium, available at fourde pressaturado, disponible a cuatro presiones: 4.5, 9, 17 yis 33 bar.appropriate De la diversidad condiciones del sures: 4.5, 9, 17, and 33 bar. Which variety of steam most for each case? sures: 4.5, 9, 17, and 33 bar. Which variety of steam is most appropriate for each case? caso? vapor cul es la ms apropiada para cada Suponga una aproximacin mnima T de 10 C en Assume a minimum approach T of 10 C for heat exchange. Assume a minimum T of 10 C for heat exchange. el intercambiador de approach calor. (a ) ( b n -Decane; c ) Ethylene (d ) ) Benzene; Benzene; b () b) ) n -Decane; ( (c c) ) Etilenglicol; Ethylene glycol; glycol; d-Xileno )o o-Xylene -Xylene a( )a Benceno; nDecano; d) (o
1 is from 1.2 and K 7.57. One hundred (100) hr 7.57. kmol hr1kmol de etileno seethylene comprimen desde 1.2 bar y 300 Kbar hasta 6 300 bar mediante un comof ethylene is compressed compressed from 1.2 bar and 300 K to to 7.57. Cien One (100) hundred (100) kmol hr1 of 6 bar by an electric-motor-driven compressor. Determine the capital cost C of the unit. presor impulsado por un motor elctrico. Determine el costo capital C de la the unidad. Considere al 6 bar by an electric-motor-driven compressor. Determine the capital cost C of unit. 1 1 . 1= Treat as an ideal con gas C 50 . etileno como un gas CP =constant 50.6 J mol K1 Treat ethylene ethylene as an ideal gas with with constant CP 50constante. .6 6J J mol mol1 K K1 . P = Data (compressor) 0.70 Data: : (compresor) (compressor)== =0.70 0.70 . Datos: .952 . S /kW)0 C (compressor)/$ = W 0.952 . C (compressor)/$ = 3,040( 3,040( W S /kW) . where isentropic power requirement for the Spotencia where W power que requirement forpara the compressor. compressor. donde WS W isentrpica se requiere el compresor. S isentropic . 0 . 855 . C (motor)/$ = 380( | W | /kW) 0 . 855 e . C (motor)/$ = 380( |/kW) |W .e donde We W de eje trasmitida por el motor. where delivered shaft power of motor. epotencia where W e delivered shaft power of motor.
7.58. Four types for are: gas 7.58. clases diferentes de impulsores para compresores de gas motors, son: motores elctricos, expansores 7.58. Cuatro Four different different types of of drivers drivers for gas gas compressors compressors are: electric electric motors, gas expanders, expanders, steam turbines, and internal-combustion engines. Suggest when each might be de gas, turbinas de vapor y mquinas de combustin interna. Sugiera en qu momento steam turbines, and internal-combustion engines. Suggest when each might be approappro- es ms apropriate. How would you estimate operating costs for each of these drivers? Ignore piado cada uno de estos. Cmo estimara los costos para cada uno de estos impulsores? Ignore priate. How would you estimate operating costs for each of these drivers? Ignore such such add-ons as maintenance, operating labor, and overhead. cuestiones adicionales tales como mantenimiento, gastos de operacin y gastos en general. add-ons as maintenance, operating labor, and overhead.
7.59. Se proponen dos esquemas parathe la reduccin en la presin del gas de etileno a 375 and K y 18 bar hasta 7.59. 7.59. Two Two schemes schemes are are proposed proposed for for the reduction reduction in in pressure pressure of of ethylene ethylene gas gas at at 375 375 K K and 1.2 bar to en1.2 un bar proceso de flujo uniforme: 18 bar in a steady-ow process: 18 bar to 1.2 bar in a steady-ow process:
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Problemas a) Pasarlo a travs de una vlvula de estrangulacin, reguladora. b) Enviarlo a travs de un expansor adiabtico con 70% de eficiencia.
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Para cada proposicin, determine la temperatura de descarga y la rapidez de generacin de entropa en J mol1 K1. Cul es la salida de potencia para la propuesta b) en kJ mol1? Discuta los puntos a favor y en contra de las dos propuestas. No haga la suposicin de que son gases ideales. 7.60. Una corriente de hidrocarburo gas a 500 C se enfra al combinarlo de manera continua con una corriente de aceite ligero en una torre adiabtica. Este aceite ligero entra como un lquido a 25 C; en tanto, el flujo combinado sale como un gas a 200 C. a) Dibuje un diagrama de flujo cuidadosamente sealizado para el proceso. b) Si F y D denotan, respectivamente, la masa molar de hidrocarburo gas caliente y el aceite ligero, haga uso de los datos que se proporcionan a continuacin para determinar un valor numrico para la proporcin aceite-gas D/F. Explique su anlisis. c) Cul es la ventaja de enfriamiento del hidrocarburo gas con un lquido en vez de hacerlo con otro gas (de enfriamiento)? Proporcione una explicacin.
v Datos: CP (promedio) = 150 J mol1 K1 para el hidrocarburo gas. v CP (promedio) = 200 J mol1 K1 para el vapor de aceite. H lv (aceite) = 35 000 J mol1 a 25C.
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