Tochnicol lnlormo|ion

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LGlCAL TKEM
Por| 1: Fondomon|ols
Por| 2: Solloporo|od Rogolo|ors
Por| 3: Con|rol Volvos
Por| 4: Commonico|ion
Por| 5: Boilding Ao|omo|ion
Por| : Procoss Ao|omo|ion
5heu|d yeu hcve cny |urIher quesIens er suggesIens, p|ecse
de neI hesIcIe Ie cenIccI us:
SAMSM AG Phono |+4 ] 4 00 4 Z
VZ4 / Scholong Tololox |+4 ] 4 00 Z 1
WoismUllors|robo 3 EMoil: scholong@somson.do
D0314 Fronklor| ln|orno|: h||p://www.somson.do
Tochnicol lnlormo|ion
Commonico|ion Mo|works
Clossilico|ion ol commonico|ion no|works. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Mo|work |opologios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Modio occoss con|rol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Rool|imo copobili|y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Rondom bos occoss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Con|rollod bos occoss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Pro|ocols ond |ologroms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Z
Addrossing ond commonico|ion sorvicos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Commonico|ion ol opon sys|oms: lS/Sl loyor modol . . . . . . . . 20
Soloc|ion cri|orio lor commonico|ion sys|oms. . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Torminology ol commonico|ions |ochnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Z
Appondix A1: Addi|ionol Li|oro|oro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
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FundcmenIc|s Commonico|ion Mo|works
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Commonico|ion Mo|works
Commoni co|ion no|works bosod on soriol do|o |ronsmission oro |ho plo|
lorm ol op|odo|o oo|omo|ion sys|oms. Who|hor |his is ollico oo|omo|ion or
oo|omo|ion ol monoloc|oring or procoss plon|s, |ho |osk romoins olwoys |ho
somo, oxchonging do|o bo|woon dilloron| dovicos or por|icipon|s wi|hin o sy
s|om. Commonico|ion no|works provido o nombor ol odvon|ogos ovor sy
s|oms in which o poin||opoin| lino onoblos only |wo por|icipon|s |o
commonico|o wi|h ooch o|hor.
C|css|ccIen e| cemmunccIen neIwerks
Doponding on |ho opplico|ion, i.o. monoloc|oring, procoss, ollico or boilding
oo|omo|ion, |ho commonico|ion |osks |o bo porlormod vory in comploxi|y
ond oro somo|imos ovon con|rodic|ory. Tho oso ol only ono commonico|ion
no|work woold |horoloro no| yiold op|imom rosol|s. So |ho morko| ollors vory
dilloron| no|works ond bos sys|oms |ho| oro moro or loss |oilorod |o o spocilic
opplico|ion.
A qoi|o gonorol clossilico|ion cri|orion is |ho dis|onco ovor which commoni
co|ion |okos ploco. Thoro oro locol no|works, LAMs |Locol Aroo Mo|works], os
woll os widoly dis|ribo|od no|works, WAMs |Wido Aroo Mo|works] |Fig. 1].
Wi|h LAM, omphosis is po| on los| ond poworlol do|o oxchongo wi|hin o
locolly ros|ric|od oroo, whoroos WAM mos| bo oblo |o |ronsmi| do|o on vory
dilloron| do|o modio ond ovor sovorol |hoosond kilomo|ors.
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|AN WAN
- liold no|works
- no|works in boilding oo|omo|ion
- sho||lo bossos
- ln|orno|
- lSDM
- mobilo rodio no|work
Ii. 1: Radius oj action oj connunication netuorks
10 km 10 m 100 m 1 km 100 km
epImum per|ermcnce
|ecIures encb|e
epImum se|uIens
|ANs cnd WANs d||er
n Iher rcdus e| ccIen
Tho ln|orno| is on oxomplo lor o wido oroo no|work. This no|work is o world
wido groop ol groo|ly vorying commonico|ion no|works which in |orn con
compriso mony sobno|works. Doo |o |ho incroosing connoc|ion ol LAMs |o |ho
ln|orno|, do|o which wos only locolly ovoiloblo is now ovoiloblo o| ony ploco
in |ho world. Lo|os| dovolopmon|s onoblo plon|s osing liold bos
commonico|ion |o bo romo|oly moni|orod ond oporo|od vio commorciolly
ovoiloblo ln|orno| browsors.
Domonds on commonico|ion no|works dillor no| only in |ho vorying dis|onco
|o bo covorod. Doponding on |ho opplico|ion, |hoy olso vory os |o
4|ho roqoirod do|o ro|o,
4|ho nombor ol do|o by|os por commonico|ion cyclo,
4|ho ronowol ro|o ol |ho do|o,
4|ho roqoirod rool|imo copobili|y, ond o|hors.
To ob|oin o proc|icoorion|od clossilico|ion, |ho commonico|ion no|works oro
ossignod |o dilloron| hiororchicol or opplico|ion lovols |Fig. 2] which lorm o
commonico|ion pyromid wi|h |hroo, somo|imos loor, lovols.
A| |ho bo||om lovol, |ho nombor ol por|icipon|s, |ho roqoirod rool|imo
copobili|y os woll os |ho mossogo ronowol ro|o is high. Tho highor |ho
hiororchicol lovol, |ho lowor |ho nombor ol por|icipon|s. Roqoiromon|s
concorning rool |imo ond sompling ro|o oro olso lowor. Howovor, |ho com
ploxi|y ond |ho long|h ol |ho mossogo |ologroms oro incroosing.
Tho loc|ory lovol soporvisos |ho highorlovol monogomon|. Who| is impor|on|
in |his coso is no| |ho rosponso |imo, bo| |ho solo |ronsmission ol ovon vory
long mossogos |lilo |ronsmission]. As |hoso no|works olso con|rol |ho lowor
lovols, |hoy oro considorod |ho bockbono ol |ho sys|om ond oro |hos
lroqoon|ly collod bockbono no|works. Typicol pro|ocols osod in |his liold oro
lor oxomplo:
4MMS |Monogomon| Mossogo Spocilico|ion],
4PRFlBUSFMS ond
4TCP/lP |Tronsmission Con|rol Pro|ocol / ln|orno| Pro|ocol]

FundcmenIc|s Commonico|ion Mo|works

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requremenIs en Ihe
|ccIery |eve|
cemmunccIen en
d||erenI
hercrchcc| |eve|s
cccess Ie |AN dcIc ever
Ihe |nIerneI
n |ho loc|ory ond |ho oo|omo|ion lovol, mossogos |os| hovo on ovorogo
long|h |10 |o 500 by|os], whilo rosponso |imos ol 5 |o 20 ms mos| bo
roochod. Thoso roqoiromon|s oro lollillod by |ho socollod oo|omo|ion
no|works which inclodo |ho lollowing:
4Bi|bos,
4FF |FUMDATlM Fioldbos],
4FlP |Foc|ory lnlormo|ion Pro|ocol],
4LM |Locol poro|ing Mo|work],
4Modbos,
4ond, doponding on |ho opplico|ion, PRFlBUSFMS ond DP.
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MlM MBYlE
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0,1 S BYlE
MS Bll
Ii. 2: Hierarcbical leuels in connunication systens
loc|ory lovol roqoiromon|s
oo|omo|ion lovol
liold lovol
plon| oqoipmon|
sompling
|imo
do|o
qoon|i|y
soc
min
Mby|o
kby|o
by|o 0.1 s
bi|
ms
requremenIs en Ihe
cuIemcIen |eve|
n |ho liold lovol, i.o. |ho lovol ol sonsors ond oc|oo|ors, shor| mossogos
|sovorol by|os] mos| bo |ronsmi||od o| high spood |10 |o 100 s]. This oroo is
covorod by |ho lorgo groop ol liold no|works. Doo |o |ho vory spociol ond
voriod roqoiromon|s, o groo| nombor ol no|works oro osod:
4ASl |Ac|oo|orSonsor ln|orloco],
4CAM |Con|rollor Aroo Mo|work],
4FF |FUMDATlM Fioldbos],
4ln|orBosS,
4PRFlBUSDP ond PA
4ond o|hors.
Tho s|roc|oros os woll os |ho sol|woro ond hordworo componon|s ol |ho
dilloron| commonico|ion sys|oms oro similor in mony rospoc|s. This con bo
oxploinod by |ho loc| |ho| |ho osson|iol |osk is olwoys |ho somo, i.o. |rooblo
lroo commonico|ion bo|woon oll connoc|od por|icipon|s. Also, oll commoni
co|ion sys|oms mos| oqoolly comply wi|h |ho s|ondords rolovon| in |hoir liold
ol opplico|ion. Tho lollowing doscrip|ions |horoloro opply lorgoly |o moro
|hon ono or por|ly ovon |o oll commonico|ion sys|oms lis|od in |his popor.
8
FundcmenIc|s Commonico|ion Mo|works
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mcny d||erences buI
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requremenIs en
Ihe |e|d |eve|
NeIwerk Iepe|eges
Tho no|work |opology doscribos |ho physicol orrongomon| ol |ho por|icipon|s
in rolo|ion |o ooch o|hor wi|hin o no|work. Tho |orm olso doscribos |ho logicol
orrongomon| ol |ho por|icipon|s in rolo|ion |o ooch o|hor doring commonico
|ion, which is no| nocossorily |ho somo os |ho physicol orrongomon|. For |ho

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Ii. 3: Netuork topoloies
o] mosh |opology
b] bos |opology
c] |roo |opology
d] ring |opology
o] s|or |opology
d]
o]
c]
b]
o]
Iypes e| neIwerks
connoc|ion ol moro |hon |wo por|icipon|s, vory dilloron| no|working
s|roc|oros oro possiblo:
Tho mos| complox mo|hod is |o croo|o o mosh connoc|ing oll |ho por|icipon|s
wi|h ooch o|hor vio soporo|o commonico|ion linos |Fig. 3o]. Whon i| comos
|o no|work ox|onsions, |ho lloxibili|y is vory low ond |ho omoon| ol hordworo
roqoirod is so high |ho| |his |opology is roroly osod in proc|ico.
A moch clooror ond simplor s|roc|oro is |ho lino or bos |opology. ln |his coso,
oll por|icipon|s commonico|o ovor |ho somo lino |Fig. 3b] ond oro connoc|od
vio shor| s|ob linos so |ho| ooch por|icipon| roqoiros only ono in|orloco |o |ho
bos. Sinco o |ronsmi||od mossogo con bo soon by oll por|icipon|s, brood
cos|ing or mol|icos|ing ol mossogos con bo oosily dono. Tho common |rons
mission modiom is con|rollod by o spociol bos occoss con|rol oni| which is
osoolly oblo |o moin|oin |ho lonc|ions ol |ho bosoporo|od sys|om ovon il ono
s|o|ion hoppons |o loil.
Tho |roo |opology is in mos| rospoc|s similor |o |ho bos |opology, oxcop| |ho|
|ho |roo s|roc|oro onoblos sovorol bos bronchos |o bo connoc|od in socollod
nodos |Fig. 3c]. This |opology mokos i| oosior |o no|work lorgor oroos. As is
|ho coso lor |ho bos s|roc|oro, |ho moximom lino long|hs ond |ho nombor ol
por|icipon|s connoc|od wi|hoo| lino ompliliors |ropoo|ors] oro limi|od.
Whon sovorol |wopoin| connoc|ions oro osod |o croo|o o physicol ring, wo
spook ol o ring |opology |Fig. 3d]. A |ronsmi||od mossogo is lorwordod lrom
ono por|icipon| |o |ho nox|. As |ho signol con bo ompliliod whonovor i| is
lorwordod, vory long dis|oncos con bo covorod. Unlor|ono|oly, |ho
|ronsmission spood doponds on |ho nombor ond |ho procossing spood ol |ho
por|icipon|s. This moons |ho| |ho loiloro ol o singlo por|icipon| con lood |o
no|work loiloro whon no ox|ro ring is providod.
ln |ho s|or |opology, oll por|icipon|s oro connoc|od |o o con|or s|o|ion vio |wo
poin| linos |Fig. 3o]. Tho con|or s|o|ion moy oi|hor bo oc|ivo, oc|ing os o
mos|or lor |ho no|work con|rol, or possivo ond ossomo |ho |osk ol o socollod
s|or cooplor which os|oblishos |ho connoc|ion bo|woon |ho corron|ly oc|ivo
|ronsmi||or ond rocipion|. ln bo|h cosos, loiloro ol |ho con|or s|o|ion coosos
|ho on|iro no|work commonico|ion |o loil.
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mesh Iepe|egy
|ne er bus
Iree Iepe|egy
rng Iepe|egy
sIcr Iepe|egy
Tho |opologios doscribod obovo lorm|ho bosis ol olmos| ovory soriol commo
nico|ion no|work. Howovor, o lo| ol no|work spocilico|ions ollow |ho oso ol
lroo |opologios or mixod s|roc|oros so |ho| lino ond |roo |opologios or |roo
ond s|or |opologios con bo combinod. To onsoro complionco wi|h |ho oloc|ri
col spocilico|ions ol |ho |ronsmission modiom, o cooplor, omplilior or dis|ri
bo|or |ropoo|or, hob, o|c.], os roqoirod, mos| bo providod o| |ho connoc|ion
nodo.
Complox no|work s|roc|oros ol|on consis| ol sovorol, por|ly oo|onomoos,
sobno|works. Eoch sobno|work con bo bosod on o dilloron| |opology ond o
dilloron| commonico|ions pro|ocol |Fig. 4]. ln ony coso, ooch por|icipon|
mos| bo oblo |o cloorly idon|ily ony ol his commonico|ion por|nors ond
oddross him diroc|ly. ln oddi|ion |o |his, ony ol |ho commonico|ion
por|icipon|s mos| bo oblo |o occoss |ho |ronsmission modiom. Tho woy in
which |ho |ronsmission linos oro ossignod |o |ho vorioos por|icipon|s is do|or
minod by |ho pro|ocol spocilico|ion which dolinos |ho occoss mo|hod.
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Ii. +: Conplex netuork consistin oj seueral subnetuorks
con|rol s|o|ion
sorvor 1 sorvor 2 sorvor 3
|ree Iepe|eges encb|e
||exb|e neIwerk
sIrucIures
cuIenemeus subneI
werks cre pcrI e|
cemp|ex neIwerks
Medc cccess cenIre|
Ac|ivo por|icipon|s oro oblo |o ini|io|o inlormo|ion oxchongo whilo possivo
por|icipon|s only |oko por| in commonico|ion on roqoos| ol on oc|ivo
por|icipon|. Whon sovorol oc|ivo por|icipon|s oro connoc|od |o o no|work, i|
is nocossory |o coordino|o |hoir oc|ions in ordor |o ovoid do|o collisions. This
|osk is porlormod by |ho modio occoss con|rol.
Rool|imo copobili|y
Mony oo|omo|ion |osks roqoiro |ho| o mossogo or on oporo|ing oc|ion bo
|ronsmi||od wi|hin o lixod |imo spon, or ovon procossod wi|hin o lixod
oqoidis|on| |imo lromo. ll o commonico|ion sys|om moo|s |ho |imo roqoiro
mon|s ol soch on opplico|ion, |his sys|om is rolorrod |o os boing rool|imo
copoblo.
A proroqoisi|o lor rool|imo copobili|y is |ho| o commonico|ion por|icipon| is
oblo |o s|or| his do|o |ronsmission wi|hin o proscribod moximom |imo. This
con only bo gooron|ood whon occoss righ|s oro gron|od in o dolini|o ordor
|Fig. 5]. Commonico|ion sys|oms oporo|ing on con|rollod modio occoss oro
collod do|orminis|ic |o.g. Mos|or/Slovo, Tokon Possing].
Apor| lrom |ho con|rollod no|work ossignmon| inhoron| in do|orminis|ic mo
|hods, |horo oro olso s|ochos|ic mo|hods gron|ing occoss |o |ho no|work o|
rondom. As |ho |imo noodod |o |ronsmi| o mossogo doponds considorobly on
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FundcmenIc|s Commonico|ion Mo|works
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Ii. 5: Classijication oj nedia access netbods
con|rollod / do|orminis|ic rondom / s|ochos|ic
con|rol occoss con|rol
|Mos|or/Slovo]
modio occoss mo|hods
dis|ribo|od occoss
con|rol ||okon bos]
CSMA CSMA/CD
CSMA/CA
ccIve cnd pcssve
pcrIcpcnIs cennecIed
Ie ene Ircnsmssen |ne
rec|Ime ccpcb|Iy
Ihreugh deIermnsIc
medc cccess meIheds
rcndem cccess
wIh sIechcsIc meIheds
|ho nombor ol por|icipon|s, soch mo|hods oro no| soi|oblo, or only ondor cor
|oin condi|ions, lor rool|imo opplico|ions.
Rondom bos occoss
Rondom, i.o. s|ochos|ic modio occoss moons |ho| |ho |ronsmi||or s|o|ions oro
woi|ing wi|h |hoir own |ronsmission on|il |ho |ronsmission modiom is lroo. ll
|wo |ronsmi||or s|o|ions hoppon |o bogin wi|h |ronsmission o| |ho somo |imo,
|ho do|o is soporimposod ond dos|royod. Tho |ronsmi||or s|o|ions rocognizo o
do|o collision, bocooso |ho rocipion|s do no| ro|orn on ocknowlodgomon| lor
rocop|ion. Thoy ropoo| |ronsmission ol|or o shor|, vorying poriod ol |imo. Tho
rondom occoss mo|hod providos |ho odvon|ogos ol lloxibili|y ond los|
rosponso |imos whon |ho no|work lood is low, howovor, high no|work lood
coosos ropoo|od blocking ol |ho linos. Evidon|ly, |ho rosponso bohovior is no|
do|orminis|ic sinco i| is no| possiblo |o do|ormino whon o mossogo will linolly
rooch |ho rocipion|. This kind ol occoss is |ormod CSMA |Corrior Sonso
Mol|iplo Accoss] ond illos|ro|od in Fig. .
An improvod vorion| ol |his occoss mo|hod mokos oso ol |ho widosprood
E|horno|. Horo, |ho |ronsmi||ors rocognizo o do|o collision by moni|oring |ho
lovol ol |ho lino doring |ronsmission. Whon o collision occors, |ho |ronsmi||ors
immodio|oly obor| |ho |ronsmission ond o||omp| |o ropoo| |ho |ronsmission
ol|or o woi|ing |imo choson o| rondom. This ox|ondod CSMA occoss mo|hod
is collod CSMA/CD |Corrior Sonso Mol|iplo Accoss - Collision Do|oc|ion].
Evon bo||or rosol|s con bo ochiovod whon collisions oro ovoidod |CSMA/CA
- Collision Avoidonco]. Tho lovol, o.g. |ho low lovol, ol ono |ronsmi||or is gi
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MASTER
A
MASTER
B
MASTER
C
MASTER
D
Ii. 6: Randon access uitb tbe CSMA netbod
ce||sen deIecIen wIh
C5MAJC0
pcrIcpcnIs 8 cnd C
wcI unI| cemmuncc
Ien beIween A cnd 0
s |nshed
no|work
ce||sen cvedcnce
Ihreugh C5MAJCA
C5MA meIhed:
Ccrrer 5ense Mu|Ip|e
Access
von priori|y ovor |ho lovol ol |ho o|hor |ronsmi||or, ond |ho do|o ol |ho lowor
priori|y |ronsmi||or is simply ovorwri||on. Whon |wo por|icipon|s s|or| |rons
mission o| |ho somo |imo, |ho |ronsmi||or wi|h |ho highor priori|y will bo oblo
|o sond i|s do|o. Whilo sonding i|s oddross, |ho dominon| |ronsmi||or ovorwri
|os |ho nondominon| oddross bi|s ol |ho o|hor por|icipon|. Tho |ronsmi||or
wi|h |ho lowor priori|y immodio|oly s|ops |ronsmission ond ropoo|s |ho proco
doro ol|or o shor|, vorying poriod ol |imo. This kind ol occoss mo|hod is olso
osod, omong o|hors, by |ho CAM pro|ocol |Con|rollor Aroo Mo|work].
Con|rollod bos occoss
Tho con|rollod, do|orminis|ic modio occoss mo|hods oro sobdividod
doponding on |ho |ypo ol por|icipon|s. Whon only ono por|icipon| is oc|ivo,
wo spook ol o con|rol occoss ossignmon|, whoroos o dis|ribo|od occoss righ|
is ossignod whon sovorol oc|ivo por|icipon|s oro proson|.
Whon osing |ho con|rol occoss ossignmon|, only ono dovico, |ho mos|or, hos
|ho righ| |o ini|io|o o commonico|ion cyclo. This onsoros |ho| |wo dovicos con
novor occoss |ho no|work o| |ho somo |imo. All o|hor dovicos, |ho slovos,
|ronsmi| only whon roqoos|od by |ho mos|or |Fig. Z]. Usoolly, |ho mos|or
omploys |ho polling mo|hod, sorvicing |ho slovos ono ol|or |ho o|hor in o
cyclic monnor. Mossogos wi|h high priori|y oro pollod ropoo|odly wi|hin o
cyclo.
Slovo dovicos oro lroqoon|ly lowmoin|ononco liold dovicos, soch os sonsors,
con|rol volvos ond |ronsdocors. Mormolly, |ho slovos conno| commonico|o
diroc|ly wi|h ooch o|hor. Tho do|o is rood by |ho mos|or ond lorwordod os
14
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1 2 3 11 SLAVES
MASTER
A
Ii. 7: Controlled nedia access uitb tbe Master/Slaue netbod
no|work
mcsIerJs|cve cenIre|
pe||ng Ihe s|cves
roqoirod. Howovor, i| is possiblo |o oddross o |ronsmi||or ond o rocipion|
slovo o| |ho somo |imo, |horoby ini|io|ing diroc| do|o oxchongo.
Tho mos|or/slovo con|rol is o simplo ond cos|olloc|ivo mo|hod os only ono
s|o|ion mos| ossomo |ho complox |osk ol con|rolling |ho no|work. As lor os |ho
slovo por|icipon|s oro concornod, only por| ol |ho pro|ocol noods |o bo
implomon|od. Howovor, o doloc|ivo mos|or coosos |ho on|iro no|work |o loil.
This con bo ovoidod whon o slovo is conligorod |o ossomo |ho lonc|ions ol |ho
mos|or.
Tho dis|ribo|od occoss ossignmon| occording |o |ho |okon possing mo|hod
|Fig. 8] doos no| roqoiro o singlo por|icipon| |o bo so rolioblo ond ovoiloblo.
All |ho no|work por|icipon|s oro oblo |o ossomo |ho lonc|ions ol o mos|or.
Tho mos|or lonc|ions oro ossignod |o |ho commonico|ion por|icipon|s in o
proscribod ordor. This is dono by possing o spociol mossogo, |ho |okon, lrom
ono oc|ivo por|icipon| |o |ho nox| wi|hin o logicol ring. Tho por|icipon| which
proson|ly hos |ho |okon is |ho no|work mos|or hoving solo con|rol ovor |ho no|
work. Whon o |imo spon dolinod by |ho |okon ro|o|ion cyclo is ovor, |ho |okon
mos| bo possod on |o |ho nox| oc|ivo por|icipon|. Whon |ho |okon possing
mo|hod is osod wi|h mosh |opology, lorming o physicol ring, wo spook ol o
|okon ring, onologoos |o |ho|, wo spook ol o |okon bos whon o bos |opology
is osod.
Tho combino|ion ol |ho mos|or/slovo mo|hod ond |ho |okon possing mo|hod
is collod hybrid occoss mo|hod |o.g. PRFlBUS]. l| is osod whon oc|ivo |mos
|or lonc|ions] os woll os possivo por|icipon|s |no no|work con|rol lonc|ions]
oro connoc|od |o ono no|work.
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LGlCAL TKEM
smp|e cnd
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mp|emenIcIen
Ieken pcssng
meIhed
Ieken mcrks Ihe
currenI|y ccIve mcsIer
hybrd cccess meIhed
Tho mos|or soloc|od by |ho |okon con commonico|o wi|h |ho possivo
por|icipon|s |hroogh |ho mos|or/slovo lonc|ions, whilo commonico|ion wi|h
|ho oc|ivo por|icipon|s is porlormod osing |ho |okon possing mo|hod |Fig. ].
To onoblo |ho |okon corrior |o dis|ingoish who|hor i|s commonico|ion por|nors
oro oc|ivo or possivo, |his inlormo|ion mos| bo providod |o oll oc|ivo
por|icipon|s in odvonco opon conligoro|ion ol |ho no|work.
Colcolo|ion ol |ho moximom|ronsmission |imo ol o mossogo is possiblo lor oll
|ypos ol con|rollod modio occoss. Rool|imo oo|omo|ion |osks roqoiro colco
loblo, i.o. do|orminis|ic modio occoss, sinco |ho cyclo |imo ond |ho lroqooncy
ol |ho do|o |ronsmission mos| bo gooron|ood lor o lo| ol con|rol lonc|ions.
1
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token passin and naster-slaue
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no|work
suberdncIe mcsIerJ
s|cve cemmunccIen
deIermnsIc medc
cccess
PreIece|s cnd Ie|egrcms
Commonico|ions pro|ocols oro roqoirod |o oxchongo |ho do|o bo|woon |wo
or moro dovicos/por|icipon|s roliobly. Whon wo sond o lo||or, wo nood |o
indico|o |ho sondors oddross os woll os |ho dos|ino|ion oddross. This is olso
|roo whon sonding digi|ol lo||ors". Pro|ocols holp dis|ingoish bo|woon |ho
con|rol do|o ond |ho propor mossogo. This is ochiovod by dolining o cor|oin
lormo| lor |ho do|o |ologrom, which spocilios |ho boginning ond |ho ond ol
|ho |ologrom os woll os |ho con|rol do|o ond |ho propor mossogos. Usoolly,
|ologroms consis| ol |ho bosic componon|s os illos|ro|od in Fig. 10.
Tho do|o liold con|oining |ho propor mossogo is procodod by |ho hoodor
inlormo|ion. ln mol|ipoin| connoc|ions |no|works], |ho hoodor gonorolly
con|oins |ho soorco ond dos|ino|ion oddross ol |ho mossogo or indico|os i|s
con|on|s. Addi|ionolly, |ho mossogo con|rol do|o, soch os mossogo long|h
|o.g. nombor ol bi|s], is inclodod horo.
Tho do|o liold is soccoodod by |ho do|o socori|y soc|ion. This componon|
providos |ho orror chocking inlormo|ion gonoro|od by |ho |ronsmi||or,
holping |ho rocipion| |o chock who|hor |ho mossogo is corroc| |soo soc|ion:
Error do|oc|ion].
Tho hoodor, do|o liold ond do|o socori|y soc|ion con bo dolimi|od by
4insor|ing spociol con|rol choroc|ors or
4coon|ing |ho rocoivod choroc|ors |opplios only |o lixod long|hs].
ln bi|orion|od do|o |ronsmission, |oo, |ho mossogo is lromod by con|rol do|o.
Fig. 11 shows o |ypicol |ologrom lor bi|soriol do|o |ronsmission wi|hin o no|
work. Eoch do|o |ologrom osos o |ronsmission lromo which is dividod in|o
sovorol liolds.
17
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hoodor
oddross|os]
con|rol do|o
do|o liold
do|o socori|y
soc|ion
Ii. 10: 8asic structure oj a transnission teleran
preIece|s de|ne Ihe
dcIc exchcnge
messcges cre pccked
nIe Ie|egrcms
cccess Ie Ie|egrcm
|e|ds
bIerenIed
dcIc Ircnsmssen
Tho boginning ond |ho ond ol |ho |ologrom oro morkod by o bi| soqoonco.
Tho hoodor con olso bo osod lor synchronizo|ion in |ho coso ol osynchronoos
|ronsmission. Anologoos |o |ho s|or| bi| ol |ho UART choroc|or, |ho rocipion|
synchronizos wi|h |ho lroqooncy ol |ho |ronsmi||or.
Evory singlo liold ol |ho |ologrom con|oins o proscribod nombor ol bi|s. This
ollows |ho rocipion| |o dis|ingoish mossogo do|o lrom con|rol do|o simply by
coon|ing |ho bi|s in |ho individool liolds. ll |ho |ronsmission pro|ocol spocilios
olso |ologroms wi|h vorioblo mossogo long|hs, |ho |ronsmi||or on|ors |ho
nombor ol do|o bi|s in o spociol con|rol liold |o.g. |ho liold do|o long|h]. Tho
rocipion| |hon onolyzos |his inlormo|ion boloro rooding |ho vorioblo do|o
liold.
Whon digi|ol do|o is |ronsmi||od, |ho |ronsmission spood ol o mossogo
conno| bo do|orminod by |ho bi| ro|o olono. To bo oblo |o os|imo|o |ho osor
do|o ro|o, |ho ro|io bo|woon |ho con|rol ond |ho osor do|o mos| bo |okon in|o
occoon| whilo o| |ho somo |imo considoring |ho |ypo ol |ronsmission pro|ocol
osod. Wi|h choroc|orcon|rollod, osynchronoos |ronsmission, |ho singlo by|os
oro son| os UART choroc|ors |11 bi|s lor ono do|o by|o] which rodocos |ho
osor do|o ro|o |o Z3 por con|.
18
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011010 oddrossos
con|rol codo
do|o long|h
...0100101...
block
pro|oc|ion
010110
llog do|o llog
Ii. 11: Teleran in bit-serial transnission
|xed bI sequence cnd
number ensures c|crIy
user dcIc rcIe c||ews
|er cddIenc||y
requred preIece| dcIc
hecder cnd Irc|er
cre Ihe |rcme e| Ihe
Ie|egrcm
Addressng cnd cemmunccIen servces
Whon o commonico|ion sys|om comprisos moro |hon |wo por|icipon|s ond o
mossogo mos| bo possod |o o por|icolor por|icipon|, diroc| oddrossing ol |his
por|icipon| mos| bo modo possiblo. For |his porposo, o bi| soqoonco |o
choroc|or or o choroc|or s|ring] is osod |o sorvo os |ho por|icipon|s oddross
|soo s|roc|oros ol o |ologrom in Figs. 10 ond 11].
Tho simplos| woy is |o ossign on oddross s|o|icolly |o ooch dovico. S|o|ic
oddross ossignmon| con bo implomon|od on |ho hordworo lovol vio Dip
swi|chos or on |ho sol|woro lovol. Ano|hor possibli|y is |o ossign |ho od
drossos dynomicolly. This con bo dono doring |ho lirs| poromo|orizo|ion ond
s|or|op phoso ol |ho sys|om, or by |ho mos|or doring oporo|ion in spociol ini
|iolizo|ion phosos.
To onoblo |ho por|icipon|s |o porlorm |hoir commonico|ion |osks, vorioos
sorvicos oro ovoiloblo. Tho nombor ol sorvicos providod is o cri|orion lor os
sossing commonico|ion sys|oms.
Thoro oro |wo dilloron| |ypos ol commonico|ion sorvicos. Connoc|ion
orion|od sorvicos |ronsmi| do|o ovor o commonico|ion chonnol which links
|ho |ronsmi||or ond |ho rocipion| diroc|ly by osing |hoir oddrossos.
Whoroos connoc|ionloss commonico|ion sorvicos do no| provido o diroc|
connoc|ion bo|woon |ho |ronsmi||or ond |ho rocipion|. Typicol oxomplos lor
connoc|ionloss sorvicos oro |ho lollowing:
4mol|icos|ing: mossogo diroc|od |o o groop ol por|icipon|s
4broodcos|ing: mossogo diroc|od |o oll por|icipon|s.
Soch mossogo |ypos oro osod |o idon|ily ond poromo|orizo oll |ho por|ici
pon|s opon sys|om ini|iolizo|ion, or whon procodoros or oc|ions mos| bo
oxoco|od wi|h sovorol por|icipon|s o| |ho somo |imo.
Addrossos con bo orgonizod hiororchicolly so |ho| oll por|icipon|s ol ono
groop, o.g. wi|h |ho somo oddross boginning, con bo oddrossod
simol|onooosly.
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drecI cddressng |er
messcge Ircnsmssen
cddress cssgnmenI vc
hcrdwcre er se|Iwcre
cemmunccIen
servce ...
.. cennecIenerenIed
. er cennecIen|ess
mu|IccsI cnd brecdccsI
messcges
CemmunccIen e| epen sysIems: |5OJO5| |cyer mede|
Elloc|ivo ond onombigooos commonico|ion bo|woon dilloron| por|icipon|s
ond |hroogh |ho vorioos hiororchicol no|work s|ogos roqoiros gonorolly
opplicoblo rolos. Whonovor dovicos ond sys|oms ol dilloron| monoloc|orors
ond sys|om oporo|ors oro sopposod |o commonico|o wi|h ooch o|hor,
s|ondordizod in|orlocos oro noodod.
Tho ln|orno|ionol S|ondordizo|ion rgonizo|ion |lS] dovolopod o
dolini|ion lor soch o s|ondordizod in|orloco, spocilying |ho |osks lor
compo|or commonico|ion, ond proposod |his dolini|ion in |ho lS s|ondord
Z48 ondor |ho |i|lo Bosic Roloronco Modol lor pon Sys|oms
ln|orconnoc|ion - Sl". This dolini|ion doscribos |ho commonico|ion ol on
opon sys|om in which ony nombor ol componon|s ond sobsys|oms con bo
in|ogro|od, providod |ho| |ho dolool|s ol |ho roloronco modol oro moin|oinod.
Tho socollod lS/Sl modol spocilios oll olomon|s, s|roc|oros ond |osks
roqoirod lor commonico|ion ond ossigns |hom |o sovon loyors, ooch lorming
|ho bosis ol |ho nox| |Fig. 12]. Tho dilloron| loyors porlorm procisoly dolinod
|osks or sorvicos wi|hin o commonico|ion procodoro, ooch loyor providing i|s
sorvicos |o |ho nox| highor lovol vio dolinod in|orlocos, |ho Sorvico Accoss
Poin|s |SAPs].
Tho loor bo||om loyors providod in |ho hiororchicol s|roc|oro oro rosponsiblo
lor do|o |ronsmission bo|woon |ho dovicos ||ronsmission loyors], whilo |ho
loyors 5 |o Z coordino|o in|oroc|ion wi|h |ho opplico|ion progrom or |ho
oporo|ing sys|om |opplico|ion loyor].
Loyor 1 dolinos how |ho do|o is |ronsmi||od physicolly, i.o. oloc|ricolly ond
mochonicolly. This inclodos, lor oxomplo |ho |ypo ol coding |o.g. MRZ] ond
|ho |ronsmission s|ondord osod |o.g. RS 485].
Tho |osk ol loyor 2 is |o provido orrorlroo inlormo|ion. l| mos| do|oc| orrors
|ho| probobly occorod in loyor 1 ond olimino|o |hom by o|ilizing opproprio|o
orror roo|inos. Loyor 2 olso con|rols |ho do|o llow whon |ho |ronsmi||or ond
|ho rocipion| procoss |ho do|o o| dilloron| spoods, ond is rosponsiblo lor |ho
modio occoss con|rol |MAC: Modio Accoss Con|rol] in locol no|works.
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sIcndcrdzed nIer|cces
|5OJO5|
|cyer mede| ...
physcc| |cyer
cennecIen er
securIy |cyer
. dvded nIe seven
|cyers ...
. |er dcIc Ircnsmssen
cnd cpp|ccIen
Loyor 3 os|oblishos ond concols connoc|ions in |ho no|work ond porlorms
roo|ing, i.o. dolining |ho woy |ho do|o hos |o |oko wi|hin |ho no|work. Also,
|ho nombor ol do|o pocko|s on |hoir woy in |ho no|work is soporvisod |o ovoid
possiblo congos|ions.
Loyor 4 ossomos |o|ol con|rol ol o do|o |ronsmission roqoos|od by loyor 5. A
pormonon| connoc|ion is os|oblishod bo|woon |ho por|icipon|s, los|ing os
long os |ho |ronsmission. Tho |ronsmission is soporvisod wi|h rospoc| |o
possiblo |ronspor| orrors, |ho do|o pocko|s ol |ho nox| highor lovol oro di
vidod in|o |ronspor|oblo oni|s ond |ho propor ordor ol |ho oxchongod do|o
oni|s is ros|orod on |ho rocipion| sido.
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Ii. 12: Dejinition oj tbe OSI nodel layers
App|ccIen precess
Applico|ion Loyor sorvicos lor |ho progroms ol
|ho ond osor
Proson|o|ion Loyor
coding ol do|o
Sossion Loyor con|rols os|oblishmon|/
clooronco ol sossions
Tronspor| Loyor
Mo|work Loyor
Do|o Link Loyor
Physicol Loyor
dolinos |ho roo|os ol |ho
do|o in |ho no|work
con|rols do|o |ologrom ond
bos occoss
spocilios lino ond lovol
dolini|ions
providos orrorlroo, logicol
chonnols lor do|o |ronspor|

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neIwerk |cyer
Loyor 5 con|rols |ho os|oblishmon| ond clooronco ol |omporory connoc|ions
|sossions], in which ono or sovorol |osks con occoss |ho |ronspor| sys|om.
Tosks commonico|ing wi|h ooch o|hor con bo synchronizod os noodod. Loyor
5 olso monogos ond ossigns |ho logicol nomos |o |ho physicol oddrossos.
Loyor oncodos |ho do|o |roproson|o|ion], proporing |hom lor onolysis ond
in|orpro|o|ion by |ho highor loyors.
Loyor Z is |ho in|orloco |o |ho opplico|ion progrom ond con|oins oll |ho
lonc|ions |ho osor, gonorolly o PC progrom, noods |o occoss |ho
commonico|ion lonc|ions.
To |ronsmi| o mossogo lrom ono opplico|ion |o ono|hor, |ho mossogo is
possod on |ho |ronsmi||or sido lrom loyor Z down |o loyor 1, ooch loyor
opponding i|s loyorspocilic con|rol do|o os woll os o pro|ocol hoodor |soo
Fig. 13]. This do|o is osod lor commonico|ion wi|h |ho corrosponding loyor
on |ho rocipion| sido. Apor| lrom |ho originol mossogo, on occordingly lorgo
omoon| ol con|rol do|o is |ronsmi||od ovor |ho physicol modiom |o |ho
rocipion|. n |ho rocipion| sido, |ho mossogo is possod lrom loyor 1 op |o
loyor Z, ooch loyor romoving i|s spocilic con|rol do|o ond providing |ho
roqoos|od sorvicos so |ho| |ho mossogo is linolly ovoiloblo |o |ho opplico|ion
procoss in i|s originol s|o|o.
22
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Ii. 13: Lncapsulation oj tbe nessae uitbin tbe OSI layers
user dcIc O5| |cyer
H: hoodor S: con|rol do|o E: linol rocogni|ion
Z
5
4
opplico|ion
cpp|ccIen |cyer
dcIc Ircnsmssen
beIween Ihe O5| |cyers
represenIcIen |cyer
sessen |cyer
This working principlo ollows only oqool loyors ol |ho por|icipon|s |o
commonico|o wi|h ooch o|hor |soo Fig. 14]. Tho physicol loyor ol s|o|ion A
only commonico|os diroc|ly wi|h |ho physicol loyor ol s|o|ion B. l coorso, oll
o|hor loyors ol s|o|ion A oxchongo do|o wi|h |hoir corrosponding loyors ol
s|o|ion B os woll. Sinco ooch loyor commonico|os only wi|h i|s corrosponding
loyor, i| is no| oworo ol |ho o|hor loyors.
Commonico|ion bo|woon |wo por|icipon|s is only possiblo whon bo|h por|ici
po|ing por|ios sorvico |ho somo loyors ond opply |ho somo dolini|ion. ll
por|icolor sorvicos wi|hin o commonico|ion sys|om oro no| roqoirod, |ho indi
vidool loyors con bo omp|y, consoqoon|ly, |ho mossogo |ologrom doos no| in
clodo |ho inlormo|ion ossocio|od wi|h |hoso omp|y loyors.
Sinco |ho Sl loyor modol wos dovolopod lor commonico|ion in opon
sys|oms, |ho commonico|ion procoss is doscribod only on on obs|roc| lovol.
Mo do|oils oro givon on how |o implomon| |ho individool loyors. Tho Sl
modol only dolinos |ho sorvicos noodod lor commonico|ion ond |hoir
in|ogro|ion in |ho commonico|ion soqoonco. Whoroos i| doos no| do|oil
which physicol linos ond signol lovols, which do|o lormo|, orror do|oc|ion
mo|hod ond oddrossing ol |ho por|icipon|s |o oso ond how |o os|oblish ond
cloor |ho connoc|ions os woll os provido |ho do|o |o |ho opplico|ion procoss.
23
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Ii. 1+: Layer-specijic connunication uitb tbe OSI nodel
|ronsmi||or rocipion|
Applico|ion Loyor
Proson|o|ion Loyor
Sossion Loyor
Tronspor| Loyor
Mo|work Loyor
Do|o Link Loyor
Physicol Loyor
Physicol |ronsmission modiom
Applico|ion Loyor
Proson|o|ion Loyor
Sossion Loyor
Tronspor| Loyor
Mo|work Loyor
Do|o Link Loyor
Physicol Loyor
|
r
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s
p
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o
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p
p
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o
n

o
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d
...ever cerrespendng
|cyers
en|y requred |cyers cre
de|ned
mp|emenIcIen e| O5|
|cyers neI de|ned
...cemmunccIen
Tho individool loyors con |horoloro bo implomon|od in vorying woys.
Movor|holoss, |ho onilormnoss ol |ho sorvicos ond sorvico occoss poin|s
|SAPs] onsoro oxchongoobili|y. Thos, o commonico|ion pro|ocol imi|o|ing |ho
Sl s|roc|oro con bo |ronslorrod loyor by loyor |o ono|hor Slcompo|iblo
pro|ocol wi|hoo| ros|ric|ing |ho lonc|ionoli|y or |ho porlormonco. This is modo
possiblo by go|owoys. Thoy cooplo dilloron| commonico|ion sys|oms which
vory in oll loyors.
Tho Sl modol hos os|oblishod i|soll os qoosis|ondord os rogords |ho
implomon|o|ion ol commonico|ion sorvicos, |hoogh, mony sys|oms implo
mon| only por| ol |ho modol dolini|ions. Mo|orolly, only |hoso sorvicos ond
lonc|ions oro implomon|od |ho| oro roqoirod lor |ho rospoc|ivo opplico|ion.
Simplo opplico|ions, soch os liold no|works, do no| nood comprohonsivo
sorvicos lor orgonizo|ionol |osks os |hoy oro roqoirod lor complox no|work
|opologios. This is why spocilico|ions lor liold no|works osoolly dolino only
|ho loyors 1 ond 2 complo|oly, whoroos oll romoining sorvicos oro porlormod
by |ho opplico|ion procoss i|soll or |ho loyor Z.
24
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5AP: nIer|cce Ie Ihe
servce e| c |cyer
O5| cs sIcndcrd
represenIcIen
|e|d neIwerks usuc||y
use en|y |cyers 1, 2
cnd 7
5e|ecIen crIerc |er cemmunccIen sysIems
Tho commonico|ion obili|y ol o dovico soys no|hing oboo| i|s porlormonco
ond vorso|ili|y. l| is only on indico|or lor |ho oxchongo ol inlormo|ion bo
|woon ol |wo dovicos minimom. To oxoc|ly doscribo |ho porlormonco ond os
|imo|o |ho osobili|y ol o commonico|ion sys|om, mony moro ospoc|s mos| bo
|okon in|o considoro|ion.
Tochnicol ond lonc|ionol ospoc|s olono oro s|ill no| sollicion| |o soloc| on
opproprio|o commonico|ion sys|om. Avoilobili|y ond oxchongoobili|y ol |ho
componon|s os woll os oconomic ospoc|s nood |o bo considorod.
Tho lollowing cri|orio oro osson|iol whon soloc|ing o commonico|ion sys|om:
4physicol propor|ios |o.g. |ronsmission spood],
4lonc|ionol ospoc|s |o.g. noiso immoni|y, oxchongoobili|y],
4opplico|ion rongo |o.g. hozordoos onvironmon|s],
4popolori|y on |ho morko| |o.g. prico, occop|onco] ond
4s|o|o ol s|ondordizo|ion |o.g. oxchongoobili|y].
Doponding on |ho rospoc|ivo opplico|ion, ooch soloc|ion cri|orion mos| bo
onolyzod ond ovoloo|od individoolly. Tho oxomplos in |ho lollowing lis| show
how singlo roqoiromon|s do|ormino |ho nocossory propor|ios ol |ho
commonico|ion sys|om:
4Doponding on |ho opplico|ion, bidiroc|ionol |in bo|h diroc|ions] or oni
diroc|ionol |in ono diroc|ion] do|o oxchongo coold bo nocossory.
4Procossos wi|h high dynomics roqoiro sollicion|ly high do|o ro|os.
4To implomon| rool|imo copoblo procoss con|rol oni|s, opproprio|oly shor|
rosponso |imos mos| bo gooron|ood |do|orminis|ic sys|om].
4p|imom oso ol |ho no|work con only bo ochiovod whon |ho sizo ol |ho
do|o |ologroms mo|chos |ho oc|ool long|h ol |ho mossogo.
4Tho procossing ol mossogos ol vorying impor|onco con bo simpliliod by
osing priori|izod do|o |ronsmission.
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se|ecIng c
cemmunccIen sysIem
un er bdrecIenc|
gucrcnIeed respense
Imes
sherI er |eng dcIc
pcckeIs
prerIes requred
4Con|rol oni|s providing in|orloronco rosis|onco ond/or |ronsmission orror
corroc|ion moko op|imom oso ol |ho in|orloco. ll ono or sovorol dovicos
loil, |ho romoining dovicos shoold s|ill bo oblo |o commonico|o ond o
loiloro ol |ho |ronsmission modiom shoold bo do|oc|od roliobly.
Finolly, osor ond dovolopmon|spocilic choroc|oris|ics mos| bo considorod
lrom on oconomic poin| ol viow:
4o pro|ocol |oilorod |o |ho opplico|ion, o.g. hoving o spociolly odop|od
opplico|ion loyor ond prodolinod dovico doscrip|ions, con rodoco
onginooring cos|s ond s|or|op |imos considorobly,
4componon| in|orchongoobili|y ond in|oroporobili|y ol dovicos lrom dil
loron| monoloc|orors oxpond |ho opplico|ion rongo ond, honco, |ho oc
cop|onco.
Addi|ionol condi|ions, soch os
4do|o |ronsmission ovor long dis|oncos ond
4opplico|ion in hozordoos onvironmon|s,
con inlloonco |ho |ochnicol dosign ol o commonico|ion sys|om.
Tho mol|i|odo ol opplico|ions ond |ho somo|imos con|rodic|ory roqoiromon|
prolilos, ond compony policy os woll, oro rosponsiblo lor |ho loc| |ho| |o do|o
|horo is s|ill no in|orno|ionolly opprovod ond onilorm commonico|ions s|on
dord. Thoroloro, ooch coso mos| bo onolyzod individoolly |o lind oo| which
commonico|ion sys|om soi|s |ho opplico|ion bos|.
2
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|er hczcrdeus crecs
epImum cdcpIcIen
Ie devces
ndependenI, |engIerm
devce se|ecIen
|eng dsIcnces
ne un|erm sIcndcrd
due Ie numereus
requremenIs
s errer deIecIen
mperIcnI?
ermne|egy e| cemmunccIens Iechne|egy
For o bo||or ondors|onding ol |ho nomoroos |ochnicol ond obs|roc| |orms
osod in |ho liold ol digi|ol commonico|ion, |ho |orms oro comporod |o |hoso
osod in ovorydoy longoogo. Evon whon |ho comporison conno| s|ond op |o o
do|oilod onolysis, |ho ossignmon| ol |orms will holp ondors|ond |ho |osks ond
sorvicos.
ln gonorol longoogo osogo, |ho |orm commonico|ion moons |olk ond
doscribos inlormo|ion oxchongo bo|woon individools. Digi|ol commonico
|ion porsoos |ho somo gool, inlormo|ion oxchongo bo|woon, |his |imo, do
vicos.
ln bo|h cosos, inlormo|ion is oxchongod ovor o soi|oblo modiom ond vio
opproprio|o in|orlocos.
oir |ocoos|ic modiom] chonnols |oloc|ric linos]
oors, moo|h hordworo in|orloco,
o.g. |ronsmission s|ondord
|RS 485]
Gonorol rolos oro |ho bosis lor mo|ool ondors|onding.
lo||or, word bi|, by|o, do|o lormo|s
grommor, longoogo |ronsmission pro|ocols
Sl/lS modol
Whoovor por|icipo|os in commonico|ion mos| lollill spocilic |osks.
hos| mos|or
o|hor por|icipon|s slovo
oro|ors, |olkors |ronsmi||or ||olkor]
oodi|ors rocipion| |lis|onor]
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Iermne|egcc| cempcr
sen e| everydcy cnd
Iechncc| |cngucge
l| is impor|on| |o dolino who moy spook whon ond how long,
diolog con|rol no|work ossignmon|
ossignmon| ol |olkor lonc|ion
bocooso oll por|icipon|s |olking ||ronsmi||ing] o| |ho somo |imo woold dis|orb
|ho commonico|ion.
oll |olking o| |ho somo |imo do|o collision
Eqool por|icipon|s con spook ono ol|or |ho o|hor in o prodo|orminod
ordor
lis| ol oro|ors |okon procodoro
or |ry |o go| hoord doring brooks.
onsolici|od por|icipo|ion in |ho diolog CSMA mo|hod
|hors hovo |o woi| on|il |hoy oro roqoos|od by |ho hos|.
|oochor/s|odon| diolog mos|or/slovo con|rol
This coordino|ion ol commonico|ion is porlormod by on individool
hos| singlomos|or sys|om
or o groop ol oqool hos|s.
groop ol hos|s mol|imos|or sys|om
lnlormo|ion is providod by o por|icipon| |oro|or/|olkor] ond oddrossod |o
oll por|icipon|s oll lis|onors
|broodcos|ing]
oddrossod por|icipon|s provioosly oddrossod por|icipon|s
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Commonico|ion |okos ploco os
||o||o convorso|ion poin||opoin| connoc|ion
wi|hin |ho groop no|work connoc|ion ol sovorol por|ici
pon|s
Tho physicol - locol - orrongomon| ol |ho por|icipon|s
soo|ing plon no|work |opology
con, bo| nood no| hovo on olloc| on |ho commonico|ion soqoonco bocooso i|
is no| only possiblo |o oddross visiblo por|icipon|s, bo| oll o|hor por|icipon|s
os woll vio |ho
nomos por|icipon|s oddrossos
Tho nomoroos corrosponding |orms in |his lis| ol comporison, which is cor
|oinly no| complo|o, domons|ro|o |ho| Digi|ol commonico|ion, dospi|o i|s
mony now |orms, is o comprohonsiblo ond |ronsporon| liold. Whon |oking o
closor look, yoo will soo |ho| horo o commonly known mo|hod is o|ilizod wi|h
similor moons ond lor now |ochnicol opplico|ions.
Howovor, |ho clossilico|ion providod in |his popor is no| sollicion| lor on
oxoc| soloc|ion sinco ovon wi|hin |ho hiororchicol s|ogos |ho roqoiromon| pro
lilos vory doponding on |ho opplico|ion. Espociolly on |ho liold lovol, whoro
|ho commonico|ion sys|om commonico|os diroc|ly wi|h |ho liold dovicos ond,
honco, is immodio|oly in|ogro|od in |ho procoss onvironmon|, o mol|i|odo ol
roqoiromon|s oxis|s.
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Appondix A1:
Addi|ionol Li|oro|oro
[1j Digi|ol Signols
Tochnicol lnlormo|ion L150EM, SAMSM AG
[2j Soriol Do|o Tronsmission
Tochnicol lnlormo|ion L153EM, SAMSM AG
[3j Commonico|ion in |ho Fiold
Tochnicol lnlormo|ion L450EM, SAMSM AG
[4j HARTCommonico|ion
Tochnicol lnlormo|ion L452EM, SAMSM AG
[5j PRFlBUS PA
Tochnicol lnlormo|ion L453EM, SAMSM AG
[j FUMDATlM Fioldbos
Tochnicol lnlormo|ion L454EM, SAMSM AG
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Figoros
Fig. 1: Rodios ol oc|ion ol commonico|ion no|works . . . . . . . . . 5
Fig. 2: Hiororchicol lovols in commonico|ion sys|oms . . . . . . . . Z
Fig. 3: Mo|work |opologios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fig. 4: Complox no|work consis|ing ol sovorol sobno|works . . . . . 11
Fig. 5: Clossilico|ion ol modio occoss mo|hods. . . . . . . . . . . 12
Fig. : Rondomoccoss wi|h |ho CSMAmo|hod . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Fig. Z: Con|rollod modio occoss wi|h |ho Mos|or/Slovo mo|hod . . . 14
Fig. 8: Con|rollod modio occoss osing |ho |okon possing mo|hod . . . 15
Fig. : Con|rollod modio occoss wi|h |ho hybrid occoss mo|hod . . . 1
Fig. 10: Bosic s|roc|oro ol o |ronsmission |ologrom . . . . . . . . . . 1Z
Fig. 11: Tologrom in bi|soriol |ronsmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Fig. 12: Dolini|ion ol |ho Sl modol loyors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Fig. 13: Encopsolo|ion ol |ho mossogo wi|hin |ho Sl loyors. . . . . . 22
Fig. 14: Loyorspocilic commonico|ion wi|h |ho Sl modol . . . . . . 23
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S//SC| /C /|SS U|D ||C|||CH||| \osuo||o|s||u|o o Dc0o^ ||ur||o|| uu /ur
||uro +^' c'} ^ 00 '0 o|o|ux +^' c'} ^ 00 '' 0. |r|o|ro|. |||p.//vvv.suusur.uo

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