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Vi ba Bch khoa ton th m Wikipedia Trang ny ni v bc x; v gia dng, xin xem l vi ba.

. Tp tin:8 4GHz microwave image of galaxy 3C353.jpg Hnh nh vi ba ca thin h 3C353 ti tn s 8,4 GHz (bc sng 3,6cm). B ngang ca cu trc trong hnh rng chng 120 kpc. Vi ba (hay vi sng / sng ngn) l sng in t c bc sng di hn tia hng ngoi, nhng ngn hn sng radio. Vi ba, cn gi l tn hiu tn s siu cao (SHF), c bc sng khong t 30 cm (tn s 1 GHz) n 1 cm (tn s 30 GHz). Tuy vy, ranh gii gia tia hng ngoi, vi ba v sng radio tn s cc cao (UHF) rt l tuz { v thay i trong cc lnh vc nghin cu khc nhau. S tn ti ca sng in t, trong vi ba l mt phn ca ph tn s cao, c James Clerk Maxwell d on nm 1864 t cc phng trnh Maxwell ni ting. Nm 1888, Heinrich Hertz ch to c thit b pht sng radio, nh vy ln u tin chng minh s tn ti ca sng in t. Ch thch: trn 300 GHz, kh quyn Tri t hp th bc x in t mnh n ni kh quyn thc s khng trong sut i vi cc tn s cao ca bc x in t, nhng kh quyn li tr nn trong sut trong phn quang ph nhn thy c v vng hng ngoi. Mc lc [n]

1 Pht sinh 2 ng dng 3 Bng tn vi ba 4 Lch s v nghin cu 5 Xem thm

Pht sinh[sa] C th to ra vi ba bng nhiu thit b, chia lm hai loi: thit b cht rn v thit b ng chn khng. Thit b vi ba cht rn da trn cht bn dn nh silicon hoc arsenur galli, v ngay c cc transistor hiu ng trng (FET), transistor tip xc mt lng cc (BJT), cc diode Gunn v diode IMPATT (diode dng thc va chm c thi gian qu cnh). T cc transistor tiu chun ngi ta pht trin nhng linh kin tc cao hn dng trong cc ng dng vi ba. Bin th vi ba ca transistor BJT c loi HBT (heterojunction

bipolar transistor), bin th vi ba ca transistor FET th c loi MESFET (transistor hiu ng trng c mng bn dn kim loi), loi HEMT (cn gi l HFET), v transistor LDMOS. Thit b ng chn khng hot ng da trn chuyn ng ca electron trong chn khng di nh hng ca in trng hoc t trng, gm c magnetron, klystron, n sng chy (TWT), v gyrotron. ng dng[sa]

L vi sng (cng gi l l vi ba) dng mt magnetron sinh ra vi ba c tn s khong 2,45 GHz nu nng. Vi ba nu thc n bng cch lm rung cc phn t nc v hp cht khc. S rung ny to sc nng lm chn thc n. V cc cht hu c ch yu cu to bng nc nn phng php ny d dng nu chn thc n. Vi ba c dng trong thng tin v tinh v vi ba d dng truyn qua kh quyn Tri t, t b nhiu so vi cc bc sng di hn. Ngoi ra, trong ph vi ba cn nhiu bng thng hn phn cn li ca ph radio. Vi ba cng c dng rng ri trong thng tin v tuyn chuyn tip n ni t vi ba thc t ng ngha vi v tuyn chuyn tip (thng gi "lin lc vi ba", "tuyn vi ba", "trm vi ba"...) mc d c 1 s thit b v tuyn chuyn tip hot ng trong di tn s 410-470 MHz (thuc bng tn s cc cao UHF). Radar cng dng bc x vi ba pht hin khong cch, tc v cc c trng khc ca nhng i tng xa, nh -t v cc phng tin giao thng. Cc giao thc mng khng dy (wireless LAN) nh Bluetooth v cc chun IEEE 802.11g v 802.11b dng vi ba trong di 2,4 GHz (thuc bng tn ISM, tc bng tn cng nghip, khoa hc v y t), cn chun 802.11a dng bng tn ISM di 5,8 GHz. Nhiu nc (tr Hoa Kz) cp php cho dch v truy cp Internet khng dy tm xa (n 25 km) trong di 3,5 4,0 GHz. Truyn hnh cp v truy cp Internet bng cp ng trc cng nh truyn hnh qung b dng vi tn s vi ba thp. Mt s mng in thoi di ng t bo cng dng di tn s vi ba thp. Vi ba c th dng truyn ti in ng di; sau nh th chin ngi ta kho st kh nng . Thp nin 1970 v u thp nin 1980 NASA tin hnh nghin cu kh nng dng h thng V tinh s dng nng lng Mt Tri (SPS, Solar Power Satellite) vi nhng tm pin mt tri ln c th truyn ti in xung b mt Tri t bng vi ba. Maser l thit b tng t laser, ch khc l hot ng trn tn s vi ba.

Bng tn vi ba[sa] Ph vi ba thng c xc nh l nng lng in t c tn s khong t 1 GHz n 1000 GHz, nhng trc y cng bao gm c nhng tn s thp hn. Nhng ng dng vi ba ph bin nht khong 1 n 40 GHz. Bng tn vi ba c xc nh theo bng sau:

Bng tn vi ba K hiu Di tn Bng L 1 n 2 GHz

Bng S 2 n 4 GHz Bng C 4 n 8 GHz Bng X 8 n 12 GHz Bng Ku 12 n 18 GHz Bng K 18 n 26 GHz Bng Ka 26 n 40 GHz Bng Q 30 n 50 GHz Bng U 40 n 60 GHz Bng V 50 n 75 GHz Bng E 60 n 90 GHz Bng W 75 n 110 GHz Bng F 90 n 140 GHz Bng D 110 n 170 GHz Bng trn theo cch dng ca Hi v tuyn in Anh (Radio Society of Great Britain, RSGB). i lc ngi ta k hiu di tn s cc cao (UHF) thp hn bng L l bng P. Xem thm cc nh ngha khc: Letter Designations of Microwave Bands Lch s v nghin cu[sa] bit thm v lch s pht trin l thuyt in t n cc ng dng vi ba hin i, xem:

Michael Faraday James Clerk Maxwell

Heinrich Hertz Nikola Tesla Guglielmo Marconi Samuel Morse Lord Kelvin Oliver Heaviside Lord Rayleigh Oliver Lodge

Nhng thnh tu ni bt v nghin cu vi ba v ng dng: Cng trnh v vi ba Thc hin Thnh tu

Barkhausen v Kurz B dao ng li dng Hull Anh em Varian Randall v Boot Magnetron hc trn Tc tia electron b bin iu n klystron Magnetron hc cng hng

Ra a
Bch khoa ton th m Wikipedia

Anten ra a khong cch ln (ng knhkhong 40 m (130 ft) quay trn mt ng nht nh quan st cc hot ng gn ng chn tri.

Ra a (phin m t ting Php: radar) l thut ng vit tt ca cm t ting Anh: RAdio Detection and Ranging[1] (d tm v nh v bng sng v tuyn) hay ca Radio Angle Detection and Ranging (d tm v nh v gc bng sng v tuyn) trong ting Anh. y l mt h thng s dng nh v v o khong cch v lp bn cc vt th nh my bay hay ma.
Mc lc
[n]

1 Nguyn tc 2 S phn x 3 Phn cc 4 Hin tng nhiu sng 5 Nhiu 6 Ch thch 7 Xem thm 8 Lin kt ngoi

Nguyn tc[sa]

Trong k thut radar, ngi ta truyn i mt chm xung v tuyn c cng ln v thu sng phn x li bng my thu. Bng cch phn tch sng phn x, vt phn x c nh v, v i khi c xc nh hnh dng. Ch vi mt lng nh sng phn x, tn hiu radio c th d dng thu nhn v khuch i. Sng radio c th d dng to ra vi cng thch hp, c th pht hin mt lng sng cc nh v sau khuch i vi ln. V th radar thch hp nh v vt khong cch xa m cc s phn x khc nh ca m thanh hay ca nh sng l qu yu khng nh v. Tuy nhin, sng radio khng truyn xa c trong mi trng nc, do , di mt bin, ngi ta khng dng c radar nh v m thay vo l my sonar dng siu m.

S phn x[sa]
c trng vt l cho kh nng m mt vt phn x hay tn x sng radio l din tch phn x hiu dng. Sng in t phn x (tn x) t cc b mt ni c s thay i ln v hng s in mi hay hng s nghch t. C ngha l mt cht rn trong khng kh hay chn khng, hoc mt s thay i nht nh trong mt nguyn t ca vt th vi mi trng ngoi, s phn x sng radar. iu c bit ng vi cc vt liu dn in nh kim loi hay si cacbon, lm cho radar c bit thch hp nh v cc my bay hay tu thuyn. Cc vt liu hp th radar, gm c cc cht c in tr v c t tnh, dng trong cc thit b qun s gim s phn x radar, gip cho chng kh b pht hin hn trn mn radar. Phng php trong k thut sng v tuyn ny tng ng vi vic sn vt th bng cc mu ti trong sng nh sng. Sng radar tn x theo nhiu cch ph thuc vo t l gia kch thc ca vt th tn x vi bc sng ca sng radio v hnh dng ca vt. Nu bc sng ngn hn nhiu so vi kch thc vt, tia sng s di li tng t nh tia sng phn chiu trn gng. Nu nh bc sng ln hn so vi kch thc vt, vt th s b phn cc, ging nh mt ngten phn cc. iu ny c miu t trong hin tng tn x Rayleigh (mt hiu ng lm bu tri c mu xanh lam). Khi 2 tia c cng cng th c hin tng cng hng. Bc sng radar cng ngn th phn gii hnh nh trn mn radar cng r. Tuy nhin cc sng radar ngn cn ngun nng lng cao v nh hng, ngoi ra chng d b hp th bi vt th nh (nh ma v sng m....), khng d dng i xa nh sng c bc sng di. Cc radar th h u tin dng sng c bc sng ln hn mc tiu v nhn c tia phn hi c phn gii thp n mc khng nhn din c, tri li cc h thng hin i s dng sng ngn hn (vi xentimt hay ngn hn) c th ha li hnh nh mt vt nh nh bt cm hay nh hn. Sng radio phn chiu t b mt cong hay c gc cnh, tng t nh tia sng phn chiu t gng cu. V d, i vi tia sng radio ngn, hai b mt to nhau mt gc 90 s c kh nng phn chiu mnh. Cu trc bao gm 3 mt phng gp nhau ti 1 gc, nh l gc ca hnh hp vung, lun phn chiu tia ti trc tip tr li ngun. Thit k ny p dng cho vt phn chiu gcdng lm vt phn chiu vi mc ch lm cc vt kh tm tr nn d dng nh dng, thng tm thy trn tu tng s d tm trong tnh hung cu nn v gim

va chm. Cng mt l do , trnh vic b pht hin, ngi ta c th lm cho cc b mt c cong thch hp gim cc gc trong v trnh b mt v gc vung gc vi hng nh v. Cc thit k kiu ny thng dn n hnh dng k l ca cc my bay tng hnh. Cc thn trng nh th khng hon ton loi b s phn x gy ra bi s nhiu x, c bit vi cc bc sng di. gim hn na tn hiu phn x, cc my bay tng hnh c th tung ra thm cc mnh kim loi dn in c chiu di bng na bc sng, gi l cc ming nhiu x, c tnh phn x cao nhng khng trc tip phn hi nng lng tr li ngun.

Phn cc[sa]
S phn cc th hin hng dao ng ca sng; vi sng in t, mt phng phn cc l mt phng cha vector dao ng t trng. Radar s dng sng radio c phn cc ngang, phn cc dc, v phn cc trn ty theo tng ng dng c th nh v tt hn cc loi phn x. V d, phn cc trn dng lm gim thiu nhiu x to bi ma. Sng phn x b phn cc phng thng cho bit sng c di li t b mt kim loi, v gip radar tm kim vt tr ngi ma. Cc sng radar c tnh phn cc ngu nhin thng l cho bit b mt phn x nh t , v c s dng bng radar cho tu b.

Hin tng nhiu sng[sa]


H thng radar phi vt qua mt s ngun sng khc tp trung trn mc tiu tht s. Cc sng lm nhiu bt ngun t cc ngun bn trong v bn ngoi, gm ch ng v b ng. Kh nng vt qua cc sng khng mong i c nh ngha l t s tn hiu trn nhiu (signal-to-noise ratio hay SNR). Trong cng mt mi trng nhiu, t s SNR cng ln, th h thng radar cng d nh v vt.

Nhiu[sa]
Sng nhiu lun c pht ra km theo tn hiu t ni ngun ca sng, thng gy ra bi thit k in t khng thc s ng b s dng cc linh kin in t cha ti u. Nhiu ch yu xut hin nh l sng di nhn c t u thu vo thi im tht s khng c sng radar no c nhn. V th, hu ht cc nhiu u xut hin u thu v cc n lc gim thiu yu t ny tp trung trong thit k u thu. lung ha nhiu, ngi ta a ra ch s nhiu, l t s gia cng sng nhiu thu c trn u nhn so vi mt u nhn l tng. Ch s ny cn c gim thiu.

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