Intermolecular Forces

London forces
Exist between all atoms Size of force is relative to size of electron cloud Susceptible to distortion and electron density shifts (induced instantaneous dipoles)

Permanent Dipole
Polar molecules have permanent dipole.

Hydrogen Bonding
Hydrogen must be bonded to Nitrogen, Florien, Oxygen atom to have hydrogen boning. There is 180 angle between two molecules. H bonds are the strongest intermolecular forces and give molecules unusually high melting and boiling points

Physical Properties in relation to intermolecular forces - Carbon chain length increases means boiling temperature increase because there are more London forces which requires more energy to break - Branching increases means boiling temp decreases as less overlap between chains so less London forces - Hydrogen bonds reduce volatility of molecules such as alcohols compared to alkanes, they are much stronger than London dispersion forces

Experiments into solubility by mixing various solvents together Ionic compounds are soluble in water as dipoles on water bond with the oppositely charged ions Alcohols are also soluble in water due to the ability to Hydrogen bond although increase in Carbon chain length, decrease in solubility Polar and non-polar solvents are immiscible as forces present before mixing do not equal the potential for new forces. Compounds are only soluble in solvents which have similar intermolecular forces