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Mc lc
Danh mc hnh v........................................................................................................ ii
Thut ng vit tt........................................................................................................ iv
Li ni u.................................................................................................................. vi
CHNG I. TNG QUAN V H THNG TRUYN DN WDM......................1
1.1 Nguyn l c bn v WDM................................................................................................1
1.1.1 WDM l g?......................................................................................................................1
1.1.2 S tng qut h thng WDM......................................................................................2
2.3 Quan h gia khong cch knh v tn sc vi XPM......................................................45
2.3.1 Khong cch knh..........................................................................................................45
2.3.2 Tn sc trong si quang.................................................................................................48
2.4 Kt lun.............................................................................................................................50
CHNG III. NH HNG CA XPM LN CHT LNG H THNG WDM
.................................................................................................................................... 51
3.1 nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM tng qut......................................51
3.1.1 Gii hn khong cch truyn dn..................................................................................51
3.1.2 Mo cng do XPM.................................................................................................56
3.1.4 Gim h s phm cht Q................................................................................................62
3.1.5 Xuyn knh gia cc knh c tc bit khc nhau do XPM........................................64
3.1.5 nh hng ca XPM ln h thng WDM c qun l v tn sc.............................67
3.2 Mt s gii php khc phc nh hng ca XPM trong h thng WDM.......................70
3.2.1 Dng b trit XPM ........................................................................................................71
3.2.2 Cc s b tn sc thch hp.......................................................................................74
3.3 Kt lun.............................................................................................................................76
Kt lun..................................................................................................................... 78
Ti liu tham kho................................................................................................... 79
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n tt nghip nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
Danh mc hnh v
Hnh 1.1 S nguyn l ghp knh theo bc sng...................................................1
Hnh 1.2. S h thng WDM s dng hai si..........................................................2
Hnh 1.3 S h thng WDM s dng mt si..........................................................3
Hnh 1.4 Tch knh s dng lng knh.........................................................................7
Hnh 1.5 Tch /ghp cc bc sng bng cch t nhiu x..........................................7
Hnh 1.8 Bc sng c tn sc bng khng, 0 v sn ti tn sc khng, S0...........17
Hnh 1.9 Tn sc thay i nh mt hm theo bc sng vi mt vt liu cho trc. .18
Hnh 2.1 Minh ho mt l chn Kerr..........................................................................32
Hnh 2.2 Tp thay i theo hm ca gc phn cc u vo vi.................................36
Hnh 2.3 Mc truyn ca si lng chit c di L=LB..........................................38
Hnh 2.4 Dng xung v ph ca cc xung bm v d, nt t l v tr xung u vo. 42
Hnh 2.5 Nn xung do XPM trong vng tn sc thng.............................................44
Hnh 2.6 Kt ni si quang ca mng LEANET dng trong th nghim (a) v s
khi th nghim (b)..................................................................................................... 46
Hnh 2.7 S ph thuc ca mo XPM vo khong cch knh....................................48
Hnh 2.8 S khi ca th nghim [4]......................................................................49
Hnh 3.1 Mo xung do XPM....................................................................................... 52
Hnh 3.2 S th nghim nghin cu XPM trong [5]...............................................52
Hnh 3.3 XPM v SPM vi cc knh c iu ch ti 2,5 Gb/s, si DSF, c tr
ban u khc nhau....................................................................................................... 53
Hnh 3.4 Mo XPM cho knh d (a)si DSF, (b) si SSMF.......................................53
Hnh 3.5. Cng sut gim sau cc chng thay i khi thay i s lng chng..........55
Hnh 3.6 Ph ca knh 2 sau 12 chng b trc trong th nghim (a) v m phng (b)
.................................................................................................................................... 56
Hnh 3.7 H s Q theo tn sc d................................................................................ 63
Hnh 3.8 S ph thuc ca WM vo s lng knh....................................................63
Hnh 3.9 Xuyn knh theo bng tn in thu..............................................................66
Hnh 3.10. Xuyn knh theo bng tn in thu...........................................................66
Hnh 3.11 Xuyn knh XPM ph thuc vo tn sc...................................................67
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n tt nghip nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
Hnh 3.12 Hm truyn t ca si SMF theo cc s b tn sc khc nhau............68
Hnh 3.13 Mo XPM theo cc t l b tn sc khc nhau vi s b trc..............69
Hnh 3.14 Mo XPM vi cc t l b tn sc khc nhau vi s b sau..................69
Hnh 3.15 Hai cu hnh b tn sc khc nhau cho kt qu khc nhau.........................70
Hnh 3.16 nh hng ca XPM thay i theo s chng m.........................................70
Hnh 3.17 nh hng ca t l b trong h thng nm chng.....................................70
Hnh 3.18 th nghim vi 10 knh c v khng c XS................................................71
Hnh 3.19 Suy gim nhy cho knh 6....................................................................73
Hnh 3.20 So snh suy gim khi c v khng c XS...................................................73
Hnh 3.21 Xuyn knh thay i theo b tn sc..........................................................74
Hnh 3.22 H s mx tch lu sau cc chng................................................................75
Hnh 3.23 H s mx tng theo khong cch................................................................76
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n tt nghip nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
Thut ng vit tt
Thut ng Ting Anh Ting Vit
ADM Add/Drop Multiplexer B ghp xen/r
APD Avalanche PhotoDetector Photodiode thc
ASE Amplified Spontaneous Emission Pht x t pht c khuch i
AWG Arrayed Waveguide Grating Cch t ng dn sng dng mng
CWDM Coarse WDM WDM mt thp
DBR Distributed Bragg Reflector laser Laser phn x Bragg phn tn
DCF Dispersion Compensating Fiber Si quang b tn sc
DFB Distributed FeedBack laser Laser phn hi phn tn
DGD Differential Group Delay Tr nhm vi sai
DR Distributed Reflector Phn x phn tn
DSF Dispersion Shifted Fiber Si quang dch tn sc
DUT Device Under Test Thit b kim tra o th
DWDM Dense WDM WDM mt cao
EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier B khuch i si quang pha tp
Erbium
FWM Four Wave Mixing Trn bn sng
GVD Group Velocity Dispersion Tn sc vn tc nhm
HDSF Half - Dispersion Shifted Fiber Si quang na tn sc dch
ICI Inter-Channel Interference Nhiu knh ln cn
IFBG In-Fiber Bragg Grating Cch t Bragg trong si quang
IL Insertion Loss Suy hao xen
ITU International
Telecommunications Union
Lin minh Vin thng quc t
MFD Mode Field Diameter ng knh trng mode
MPI MultiPath Interference Giao thoa a ng
NF Noise Figure H s tp m
NZ-DSF Non-Zero Dispersion Shifted
Fiber
Si quang tn sc dch khng v
khng
OADM Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer B ghp xen/r quang
ODMUX Optical DeMultiplexer B tch knh quang
OMUX Optical Multiplexer B ghp knh quang
PDL Polarization Dependent Loss Suy hao ph thuc phn cc
PMD Polarization Mode Dispersion Tn sc mode phn cc
PRBS Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence Chui bit gi ngu nhin
RIN Relatively Intensity Noise Nhiu cng tng i
SBS Stimulated Brillouin Scaterring Tn x Brillouin kch thch
SEL Surface Emitting Laser Laser pht x mt
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio T s tn hiu trn tp m
SONET Synchronous Optical NETwork Mng quang ng b
SPM Self Phase Modulation T iu ch pha
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n tt nghip nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
SRS Stimulated Raman Scaterring Tn x Raman kch thch
SSMF Standard Single Mode Fiber Si quang n mode tiu chun
WDM Wavelength Division Multiplex Ghp knh phn chia theo bc
sng
XPM Cross Phase Modulation iu ch pha cho
XS XPM Suppressor B trit XPM
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n tt nghip nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
Li ni u
S pht trin mnh m ca kinh t ko theo xu hng ton cu ha. Th gii ang
bc vo k nguyn thng tin. Nhu cu trao i thng tin gia ngi vi ngi, gia
quc gia vng lnh th ny vi cc quc gia vng lnh th khc bc thit hn lc
no khc. V th nhng cch thc trao i thng tin c k v lc hu dn chm vo qu
kh. Th gii lun lun chuyn ng, pht trin v nghnh vin thng, cng ngh
thng tin cng vy.
Trc nhu cu ngy cng tng v tnh a dng v cht lng dch v ca ngi
dng, mng th h sau NGN ang l xu hng pht trin ca vin thng trn th gii.
Trong cu trc NGN, mng truyn ti lu lng l khu quan trng nht c nhim v
truyn thng sut lu lng ln trn mng, trong mng truyn dn c xem l
huyt mch chnh. Mng truyn ti quang vi cng ngh ghp knh quang WDM c
nhng u im vt tri c xem l ng c quan trng nht lm nn tng cho mng
NGN. Trn thc t, cng ngh ghp knh quang WDM c nh gi l mt cng
ngh chn mui v c nhiu tin b trong thit k mng vin thng. Cng ngh
WDM v ang cung cp cho mng li kh nng truyn dn cao trn bng tn ln
si n mode, nhiu knh quang truyn ng thi trn mt si, trong mi knh
tng ng mt h thng truyn dn c lp vi tc cao nhiu Gb/s. p ng
nhu cu dung lng ngy cng tng hin nay, xu hng ca cc h thng thng tin
quang l hng ti tc v khong cch khng lp ln hn, cng nh tng s lng
knh bc sng trn mt si quang. Tuy nhin khi tin n cc gii hn ln v tc
nh vy th mt s c tnh ca mi trng truyn dn tr nn cng quan trng. Hn
ch do suy hao gy ra khng cn l vn vi cc h thng truyn dn WDM vi s
xut hin ca cc b khuch i EDFA nhng cc hiu ng phi tuyn trong mi trng
si quang vn l mt vn ln thch thc cc nh thit k. Trong , iu ch pha
cho XPM l hiu ng phi tuyn c nh hng ln nht n cht lng h thng
WDM.
n tt nghip ca em tp trung tm hiu v nhng hn ch m XPM gy ra i
vi mt h thng truyn dn WDM tng qut, bao gm ba chng chnh:
Chng I. Tng quan v h thng truyn dn WDM
Chng II. iu ch pha cho XPM
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n tt nghip nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
Chng III. nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
Do thi gian lm n c hn v kin thc cn hn hp nn chc chn n cn
nhiu thiu st v cn b sung. Do vy em rt mong cc thy c ch bo v b sung
thm, cc bn c quan tm n vn ny ng gp kin bo co ny hon thin
hn.
Em xin gi li cm n chn thnh n c gio hng dn Ths. Nguyn Th Thu
Nga, ngi ht sc tn tnh ch bo, b sung kin thc cho em, gip em hon thnh
tt n theo. Em cng xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c trong b mn thng tin
quang, cc thy c trong Khoa Vin thng I ht sc to iu kin gip em trong
thi gian lm n.
H Ni, ngy 12 thng 11 nm 2008
Sinh vin
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n tt nghip Chng I. Gii thiu h thng truyn dn WDM
CHNG I. TNG QUAN V H THNG TRUYN DN WDM
1.1 Nguyn l c bn v WDM
1.1.1 WDM l g?
WDM l t vit tt ca Wavelength Division Multiplexing ghp knh phn
chia theo bc sng.
Theo l thuyt th si quang c rng bng tn cc ln (khong 25 THz) trong di
tn suy hao thp 1550 nm; bng tn ny rng gp 1000 ln so vi rng ca bng tn
radio trn tri t. Tuy nhin tc d liu t c mi ch n hng chc Gb/s v
tc truy cp mng ca mt thit b u cui cn b gii hn bi tc p ng ca
mch in t. S chnh lch gia bng tn in v bng tn quang gy ra hin tng
nt c chai, do khng th tn dng ht bng tn khng l ny . Cc bc t ph
mi y (dung lng c Tb/s) l kt qu ca s kt hp gia WDM v EDFA.
Khi nim v WDM cng tng t nh FDM, cc tn hiu mang tin khc nhau
iu ch cc tn hiu quang ti cc bc sng khc nhau v kt hp ri truyn i trn
mt si quang. Lng knh v cch t nhiu x c dng kt hp (ghp) hoc phn
chia (tch) cc tn hiu c mu (bc sng ) khc nhau.
Nguyn l ghp WDM nh sau:
Hnh 1.1 S nguyn l ghp knh theo bc sng
Cc tn hiu quang c pht trn cc bc sng khc nhau
1
,
2
, ...,
N
s
c ghp vo cng mt si dn quang nh b ghp (MUX Multiplexer). Cc b
ghp phi m bo c suy hao nh. Tn hiu sau khi ghp c truyn trn si quang
ti u thu. Pha thu thc hin tch cc lung tn hiu qua b gii ghp DEMUX sau
cc b tch sng quang s nhn li cc lung tn hiu t cc bc sng ring r.
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n tt nghip Chng I. Gii thiu h thng truyn dn WDM
1.1.2 S tng qut h thng WDM
Ta xem xt hai s truyn dn WDM: h thng truyn dn quang ghp bc
sng n hng v h thng truyn dn quang ghp bc sng song hng. S h
thng hai si th hin trong hnh 1.2. Ti mi b pht, tn hiu in ca tng knh
c iu bin vi mt sng mang quang
( 1, 2,... )
i
i N
c rng ph rt hp. B
ghp OMUX thc hin ghp cc tn hiu ny ri truyn trn mt si quang duy nht
n u thu. Tn hiu trn ng truyn c khuch i nh b khuch i quang. B
ghp phi c suy hao nh m bo tn hiu n u ra cn ln. Gia cc knh c
khong bo v trnh xuyn nhiu. Ti pha thu, ODMUX thc hin tch cc tn hiu
c bc sng
( 1, 2,... , )
i
i N i j
khc nhau thnh cc knh ring r ri a n mt
my thu. Trn mi si quang, tn hiu pht ti mt u v thu ti mt u, mang tnh
n hng.
Ngoi h thng truyn dn ghp bc sng s dng hai si cn c s ghp
s dng mt si nh trong hnh 1.3. Cc sng mang c bc sng
1
N
c iu
bin bi cc tn hiu in t N knh v pht theo mt hng. Cc sng mang c bc
sng
N+1
2N
cng c iu bin bi tn hiu in t N knh v pht theo hng
ngc li. Phng php ny i hi cc b khuch i quang phi c kh nng khuch
i trn c hai chiu v yu cu nghim ngt v rng ph ca tng knh v cht
lng ca b tch knh.
Hnh 1.2. S h thng WDM s dng hai si
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n tt nghip Chng I. Gii thiu h thng truyn dn WDM
Hnh 1.3 S h thng WDM s dng mt si
1.1.3 WDM v DWDM
Cc h thng WDM c chia thnh hai loi: WDM thng thng v DWDM
(Dense WDM ghp mt cao). Cc h thng c trn 8 bc sng tch cc trn mt
si quang thng c coi l DWDM cn cc h thng c t hn 8 bc sng tch cc
trn mt si quang c coi l WDM thng thng.
WDM theo chun ca ITU v thut ng c ngha l hai (hoc nhiu hn) tn
hiu ghp trn cng mt si quang, trong mt tn hiu trong di 1550 nm v mt tn
hiu trong di 1310 nm. Mi y, ITU chun ho h thng c khong cch knh 20
nm s dng cho WDM, dng cc bc sng gia 1310 nm v 1610 nm. Nhiu bc
sng WDM di 1470 nm c coi l khng th s dng vi si quang theo khuyn
ngh G.652 do c suy hao ln trong di 1310-1470 nm. Nhng si quang mi theo cc
khuyn ngh G.652. C v G.652.D gn nh loi b c mt s nh suy hao v
cho php hot ng trn ton b 20 knh WDM ca ITU trong cc mng ni th.
c im chnh ca WDM theo chun ITU l cc tn hiu cha c khong cch
thch hp cho khuch i bng EDFA. Nguyn nhn l do khong cch truyn hn ch
ca WDM, ch khong 60 km vi tn hiu 2,5 Gb/s, ch cho cc ng dng mng ni
th. Vic gim cc yu cu v mt quang ko theo vic gim chi ph cho cc linh
kin WDM, xp x chi ph cho cc linh kin khng WDM. WDM cng c s dng
cho cc mng cp TV, ti cc bc sng khc nhau c s dng cho cc tn hiu
lung ln v xung. Trong cc h thng ny, cc bc sng thng c phn chia
rng, chng hn tn hiu lung xung ti 1310 nm trong khi tn hiu lung ln ti
1550 nm.
DWDM WDM mt cao, ch nhng tn hiu quang c ghp trong di
1550 nm, tn dng c kh nng khuch i ca EDFA (hiu qu ln nht vi cc
bc sng t 1530 1560 nm). Mt h thng DWDM c bn c nhng thnh phn
ch yu nh sau: mt b ghp knh u cui, b khuch i EDFA c th tch hp vo
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n tt nghip Chng I. Gii thiu h thng truyn dn WDM
trong b ghp ny hoc tch ring, mt thit b u cui quang trung gian, cn gi l
b ghp quang xen/r, mt b tch knh u cui, knh gim st quang. Cc bc
sng WDM c t trong h thng c khong cch knh chnh xc l 100GHz
(khong 0,8 nm), vi tn s tham kho c nh khong 190,10 THz (1552,52 nm). H
thng chnh c t bn trong bng tn khuch i si quang nhng c th m rng
cho cc bng tn rng hn. Cc h thng DWDM ngy nay s dng khong cch knh
50 GHz hoc thm ch l 25 GHz v c th c n 160 knh. Cc h thng DWDM t
hn rt nhiu so vi WDM v cc b pht laser cn phi n nh hn so vi WDM
thng thng. Cc h thng DWDM yu cu iu khin nhit chnh xc trong cc
laser pht trnh s ko tri bc sng trung tm rt hp. Thm vo , DWDM
c xu hng s dng trong cc mc cao ca h thng truyn thng, chng hn nh
ng trc Internet v do c kt hp vi cc tc iu ch cao, tuy nhin th
trng cho cc thit b DWDM cng c mc hiu nng cao, tng ng vi gi thnh
cao. Ni cch khc, cc thit b DWDM ch cn vi s lng nh. Nhng i mi gn
y trong cc h thng truyn ti DWDM bao gm cc module thu pht c kh nng
iu chnh phn mm, hot ng vi 40 hoc 80 knh.
1.2 Cc thnh phn c bn trong h thng WDM
Ta xt cc thnh phn c bn trong h thng truyn dn WDM: b pht quang,
b thu quang, b lc quang, cc b tch/ghp knh quang, b khuch i quang v si
quang.
1.2.1 B pht quang
B pht quang l thit b tch cc pha pht. Cc b pht quang hin nay thng s
dng ngun quang l laser phn hi phn tn DFB (Distributed Feedback laser) v
laser phn x Bragg phn b (Distributed Bragg Reflector Laser). Laser si quang pha
tp cht him cng ang c nghin cu, u im ca ngun loi ny l ph hp v
n nh tn s cao. Nhn chung cc ngun quang phi m bo mt s yu cu nh
sau: chnh xc ca bc sng pht, rng ng ph hp, dng ngng thp, c
kh nng iu chnh c bc sng, tnh tuyn tnh v nhiu thp. Cc yu cu trn
i vi ngun quang u nhm trnh cc loi nhiu, m bo tnh n nh, gim nh
hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn, t l li BER thp v m bo cht lng truyn
dn ca h thng.
p ng cc yu cu trn, ngun quang s dng trong cc b pht thng l
cc laser n mode. Laser loi ny c laser pht mt (SEL Surface Emitting Laser)
v cc cu trc c hc cng hng la chn tn s. cu trc laser pht mt, dy
vng tch cc nh hn 10
(2.7)
S ph thuc vo tn s ca
eff
(3)
khng c ch ra y do b qua tn sc.
S phn cc phi tuyn trong phng trnh (2.2) c mt s thi im dao ng ti cc
tn s mi 2
1
-
2
v 2
2
-
1
. Cc thi im ny l kt qu ca hin tng FWM. Nu
cc thnh phn tn s mi tch lu nhiu th cn phi lm tho mn iu kin kt hp
pha, mt iu kin khng tho mn trong thc t tr khi c cc sp xp c bit. Cc
thi im FWM c b qua vi gi thit khng xy ra kt hp pha. Hai thnh phn
cn li gp thm thnh phn phi tuyn cho chit sut. Ta c th thy iu ny nu vit
(2.3) v (2.4) di dng:
0
( )
NL
NL j j j
P E
(2.8)
j=1,2
v kt hp vi thnh phn tuyn tnh ta c phn cc gy ra nh sau:
0
( )
j j j
P E
(2.9)
Trong
2
( )
L NL L
j j j j j
n n + +
(2.10)
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n tt nghip Chng II. iu ch pha cho
XPM
n
j
L
l thnh phn tuyn tnh ca chit sut v n
j
l s thay i gy ra do cc hiu ng
phi tuyn bc ba. Dng php xp x n
j
<<n
j
L
, thnh phn phi tuyn ca chit sut
c cho nh sau:
( )
2 2
2 3
/ 2 2
NL
j j j j j
n n n E E
+
(2.11)
vi h s phi tuyn l
(3)
2
3
Re( )
8
xxxx
n
n
(2.12)
v gi s n
1
L
n
2
L
, b qua thnh phn o
(3)
.
Phng trnh (2.11) cho thy chit sut ca mt sng quang khng ch ph thuc vo
cng ca sng m cn ph thuc vo cng ca sng cng lan truyn. Khi
cc sng cng lan truyn bn trong si quang, pha phi tuyn ph thuc cng nh
sau:
2 2
2
3
[ 2 ]
j j NL
j j j j
z zn
n E E
c c
+ (2.13)
j=1,2
s hng u tin tng ng vi SPM. S hng th hai l kt qu iu ch pha ca mt
sng do sng cng lan truyn, c gi l XPM. H s 2 trong phng trnh cho thy
XPM gy nh hng gp i SPM vi cng cng . Ngun gc ca XPM c th
tm thy theo nhng s hng gp phn trong (2.2) v phn cc phi tuyn. Ni v phm
cht, s cc s hng gp i ln khi hai tn s quang c so snh ring bit so vi khi
cc tn s thoi ho.
Gi s cc hiu ng phi tuyn khng nh hng nghim trng n cc mode ca
si quang, s ph thuc theo chiu ngang s c ch r khi vit E
j
(r,t) di dng:
0
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) exp( )
j j j j
E r t F x y A z t i z
(2.14)
Trong F
j
(x,y) l phn phi mode ca si quang cho trng th j(j=1,2), A
j
(z,t) l
bin bin i chm,
0j
l hng s lan truyn tng ng ti tn s trung tm
j
. Cc
hiu ng tn sc c tnh n khi khai trin hng s lan truyn ph thuc phn cc
j
() i vi mi sng v ch cn li cc s hng bc 2. Phng trnh truyn sng t
c i vi A
j
(z,t) l:
( )
2
2
2
2
1 2 2
2
2 2
j j j j j
j j j jj j jk k
A A A in
i
A f A f A
z t t c
+ + + +
(2.15)
Trong k j,
1j
= 1/v
gj
, v
gj
l vn tc nhm,
2j
l h s GVD,
j
l h s suy hao.
Thnh phn chng ln f
jk
c xc nh nh sau:
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n tt nghip Chng II. iu ch pha cho
XPM
2
2
2
2
( , ) ( , )
( , ) ( , )
j k
ik
j k
F x y F x y dxdy
f
F x y dxdy F x y dxdy
_ _
, ,
.(16)
S khc bit gia cc thnh phn chng ln c th ln trong cc si a mode ni m
hai sng c th lan truyn trong cc mode khc nhau ca si quang. Trong trng hp
si n mode, f
11
, f
22
, f
12
khc nhau do lch tn s ca phn phi mode F
j
(x,y). Tuy
nhin s khc nhau kh nh v trong thc t c th b qua. Trong trng hp ,
phng trnh (2.15) c th vit theo cc phng trnh nh sau:
( )
2
2 2
1 1 1 1
21 1 1 1 2 1 2
1
1
2
2 2
g
A A A i
A j A A A
z v t t
+ + + +
(2.17)
( )
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
22 2 2 2 1 2 2
2
1
2
2 2
g
A A A i
A j A A A
z v t t
+ + + +
(2.18)
vi h s phi tuyn
j
nh sau:
2 j
j
eff
n
cA
(2.19)
V A
eff
l din tch li hiu dng (A
eff
=1/f
11
) c gi s l ging nhau cho c hai sng
quang. Trong vng nh sng nhn thy thng c A
eff
= 10-20 m
2
. Cc gi tr tng
ng ca
1
v
2
l xp x 10W
-1
km
-1
tu thuc vo cc tn s
1
v
2
. Thng thng
hai xung khng ch khc nhau v cc h s GVD m cn khc nhau v tc lan
truyn do s khc nhau v vn tc nhm. S khng ph hp v vn tc nhm ng vai
tr quan trng v n gii hn nh hng ca XPM khi cc xung truyn gn nhau.
2.2.1.2 Ghp ni cc thnh phn phn cc trc giao
Trng in lin kt vi mt sng quang c phn cc elip c th vit nh sau:
0
1
( , ) ( ) exp( ) . .
2
x y
E r t xE yE i t c c + +
(2.20)
Trong E
x
v E
y
l cc bin phc ca cc thnh phn phn cc ca mt sng ti
bc sng trung tm
0
. Trong mi trng ng hng, P
NL
c th c vit di
dng sau:
0
1
( , ) ( ) exp( ) . .
2
NL x y
P r t xP yP i t c c + +
(2.21)
vi P
x
v P
y
c cho bi cng thc sau:
( )
(3) * (3) * (3) * 0
3
2
i xxyy i j j xyxy j i j xyyx j j i
j
P E E E E E E E E E
+ +
(2.22)
L Bt Thng D04VT2 HVCNBCV
28
n tt nghip Chng II. iu ch pha cho
XPM
vi i,j=x hoc y.
Ba thnh phn c lp ca
(3)
lin quang n
(3)
xxxx
bi quan h sau:
(3) (3) (3) (3)
xxxx xxyy xyxy xyyx
+ +
(2.23)
ln tng i ca 3 thnh phn ph thuc vo c ch vt l ng gp vo
(3)
.
Trong trng hp si quang silic th ba thnh phn ny c ln tng ng.
n gin, gi s ba thnh phn ny l ng nht, cc thnh phn phn cc trong
phng trnh (2.22) c dng sau
2
2
(3) * 0
3 2 1
( )
4 3 3
x xxxx x y x x y y
P E E E E E E
1
_
+ +
1
,
]
(2.24)
2
2
(3) * 0
3 2 1
( )
4 3 3
y xxxx y x y y x x
P E E E E E E
1
_
+ +
1
,
]
(2.25)
S hng cui cng trong cc phng trnh (2.24) v (2.25) tng t nh s
hng FWM trong phng trnh (2.2) nhng ng gp ti cng tn s do s thoi ho t
nhin ca c thnh phn phn cc (
1
=
2
=
0
). S quan trng i vi tin trin ca qu
trnh phn cc ph thuc vo mc ph hp pha gia cc mode si quang phn cc
trc giao b chi phi bi di phch L
B
. Nu di si quang L>>L
B
, nh trong
trng hp nhng si quang lng chit mnh, s hng cui cng trong (2.24) v
(2.25) ng gp khng ng k do s khng ph hp pha ln. Ni cch khc, trong
cc si lng chit yu th s hng ny cn phi a vo.
S ng gp phi tuyn n
x
vo chit sut b chi phi bi s hng t l vi E
x
trong
phng trnh (2.24). S dng cc quan h tng t nh phng trnh (2.9) v (2.10) ta
c:
2
2
2
2
3
x x y
n n E E
_
+
,
(2.26)
2
2
2
2
3
y y x
n n E E
_
+
,
(2.27)
vi n
2
c xc nh trong (2.12). So snh vi phng trnh (2.11) cho thy s ng
dng gia hai trng hp. S dch pha phi tuyn c c bng cch s dng mt quan
h tng t nh (2.13). XPM gia hai thnh phn phn cc c nh hng nh hn
gia hai sng c tn s khc nhau qua h s 2/3 m khng phi l 2. Tuy nhin, nh
hng v cht lng vn nh vy. c bit, ghp ni phi tuyn do XPM gia cc
thnh phn E
x
v E
y
to ra lng chit phi tuyn lm thay i trng thi phn cc nu
nh sng u vo c phn cc elip. Hin tng ny c lin quan n s xoay elip do s
th hin nh mt elip phn cc quay.
L Bt Thng D04VT2 HVCNBCV
29
n tt nghip Chng II. iu ch pha cho
XPM
Cc phng trnh truyn sng nh hng n s pht trin ca hai thnh phn
phn cc. Cc bin thay i chm A
x
v A
y
, c xc nh trong phng trnh
(2.14), tho mn cc phng trnh sau:
2
2
2
* 2
1 2 2
2
exp( 2 )
2 2 3 3
x x x
x x x y x x y
A A A i i
A i A A A A A i z
z t t
_
+ + + + +
,
(2.28)
2
2
2
* 2
1 2 2
2
exp(2 )
2 2 3 3
y y y
y y y x y y x
A A A
i i
A i A A A A A i z
z t t
_
+ + + + +
,
(2.29)
Trong =
1x
1y
l vect bc sng do tuyn tnh hoc lng chit mode ca
si quang. Cn ch rng lng chit tuyn tnh ging nhau cng c th dn n s
ghp i khng tng xng vn tc nhm gia hai thnh phn phn cc. Cc phng
trnh (2.28) v (2.29) cng tng t cc phng trnh (2.17) v (2.18) tr s hng cui
cng. Mt c im ng ch khc l cc tham s
2
v l ging nhau cho c hai
thnh phn phn cc do cc tn s thoi ho.
Cc phng trnh (2.28) v (2.29) da trn gi thit si quang lng chit tuyn
tnh. Cc phng trnh ny c chnh sa nhiu i vi si quang lng chit elip
c thc hin bng cch xon si quang trong qu trnh ko si. V ton hc, phng
trnh (2.20) c thay th bi:
1 2 0
1
( , ) ( ) exp( ) . .
2
x y
E r t e E e E i t c c + +
(2.30)
Vi
1
e
v
2
e
l cc vect phn cc trc giao c quan h vi cc vect n v
x v
y
(nh hng dc theo cc trc chnh v trc ph ca elip lng chit) nh sau
1 2 1/ 2
(1 )
x iry
e
r
+
+
,
2 2 1/ 2
(1 )
rx iy
e
r
+
(2.31)
Tham s r th hin s m rng tnh cht elip. C th a thm tham s gc elip vi
r=tan(/2 ), trng hp = 0 v = /2 tng ng vi cc si lng chit tuyn tnh
v trn. Lm theo th tc tng t ch ra trn cho cc si lng chit tuyn tnh,
cc bin thay i chm A
x
v A
y
tho mn:
( )
( )
2
1 2 2
2
2
* 2 2
2
2
* 2
2 2
)
2
i z
x x x
x x
i z
x y x x y
i z
y x y x y
A A A i
A
z t t
i A B A A CA A e
i D A A e A A A e
+ + +
1
+ +
1
]
1
+ + +
1
]
(2.32)
L Bt Thng D04VT2 HVCNBCV
30
n tt nghip Chng II. iu ch pha cho
XPM
( )
( )
2
1 2 2
2
2
* 2 2
2
2
* 2
2 2
)
2
i z
y y y
y y
i z
y x y y x
i z
x y x y x
A A A
i
A
z t t
i A B A A CA A e
i D A A e A A A e
+ + +
1
+ +
1
]
1
+ + +
1
]
(2.33)
vi B, C, D quan h vi gc elip nh sau:
2
2
2 2sin
2 cos
B
+
,
2
2
cos
2 cos
C
+
,
sin
2cos
D
(2.34)
Vi si lng chit tuyn tnh ( = 0), B = 2/3, C = 1/3, D = 0, cc phng trnh (2.32)
v (2.33) tr thnh cc phng trnh (2.28) v (2.29).
Cc phng trnh (2.32) v (2.33) c th n gin ho ng k vi cc si quang
vi lng chit tng i ln. Vi cc si ny, di phch L
B
, c xc nh theo
cng thc L
B
= 2/, nh hn rt nhiu khong cch lan truyn in hnh. H qu l,
hm s m trong ba s hng cui cng trong cc phng trnh (2.32) v (2.33) dao
ng nhanh, gp phn nh vo qu trnh m rng xung. Nu b qua cc s hng ny,
s lan truyn sng trong si quang lng chit elip b chi phi bi:
( )
2
2
2
1 2 2
2 2
x x x
x x x y x
A A A i
A i A B A A
z t t
+ + + +
(2.25)
( )
2
2
2
1 2 2
2 2
y y y
y y y x y
A A A
i
A i A B A A
z t t
+ + + +
(2.36)
Cc phng trnh ny tng t nh (2.17) v (2.18) trong phn trc. im khc bit
chnh l h s ghp ni do XPM ph thuc vo gc elip v c th thay i t 2/3
n vi cc gi tr t 0 n /2. i vi si quang lng chit tuyn tnh, = 0 v B
=2/3. Ngc li, vi si lng chit trn, B = 2 v = /2. Ch rng B = 1 vi gc
c bit c tan
2
= 1/2, 35.
2.2.2 Lng chit phi tuyn
Nh thy trong phn 2.1, ghp ni phi tuyn gia hai thnh phn c phn cc
trc giao ca sng quang thay i chit sut theo nhng lng khc nhau n
x
v n
y
.
Hin tng ny lin quan n lng chit phi tuyn v c nhiu ng dng. Phn sau
y xem xt cc hiu ng ca lng chit phi tuyn trong si quang v cc kh nng
ng dng.
2.2.1.3 Hiu ng Kerr quang
Trong cc hiu ng Kerr quang, lng chit gy ra do mt chm tia bm mnh
c s dng thay i truyn dn ca mt chm tia d yu qua mt cht in mi
L Bt Thng D04VT2 HVCNBCV
31
n tt nghip Chng II. iu ch pha cho
XPM
phi tuyn ng hng. Hiu ng ny c tim nng ng dng nh mt l chn quang
vi thi gian p ng tnh bng ps. Hin tng ny ln u tin c quan st trong
si quang vo nm 1973 v thu ht c nhiu s ch .
Hnh 2.1 Minh ho mt l chn Kerr.
Nguyn l hot ng ca l chn Kerr c th hiu c ngay t hnh 2.1. Cc
chm tia bm v chm tia d c phn cc tuyn tnh ti u vo si quang vi gc
45 gia hai hng phn cc. Mt knh phn cc t ngang ti u ra si quang hn
ch s truyn dn chm tia d khi xut hin chm tia bm. Khi bm c bt ln, cc
chit sut tng ng vi cc thnh phn song song v trc giao (i vi hng phn
cc ca chm tia bm) khc nhay rt nh do lng chit do bm gy ra. S khc nhau
v pha gia hai thnh phn ti u ra si quang th hin nh s thay i trong phn
cc chm tia d, v mt phn cng chm d c pht qua knh phn cc. Vic
truyn ca cc d ph thuc vo cng chm tia bm v c th iu khin n gin
bng cch thay i. C th l, mt xung ti bc sng bm m l chn Kerr ch trong
khi i qua si quang. Do u ra chm d ti mt bc sng c th b iu ch qua mt
chm tia bm ti mt bc sng khc, thit b ny c lin quan n b iu ch Kerr
v c nhiu kh nng ng dng trong truyn thng quang si v chuyn mch quang.
lch pha gia thnh phn x v y ca tia d ti u ra si quang c di L c
dng nh sau:
2
( )
x y
L
n n
% %
(2.36)
vi l bc sng d v
x y x
n n n + % %
, y y y
n n n + %
(2.37)
Thnh phn tuyn tnh n
x
v n
y
ca cc chit sut thng khc nhau do lng chit
mode thuc v bn cht ca cc si quang d tr phn cc. lch gia n
x
v n
y
do
lng chit do bm gy ra.
Xt trng hp mt tia bm c phn cc tuyn tnh dc theo trc x. Thnh phn x
ca tia d c phn cc song song vi tia bm. S thay i chit sut tng ng n
x
t c t phng trnh (2.11). Nu b qua s c mt ca tia d, ta c:
L Bt Thng D04VT2 HVCNBCV
32
n tt nghip Chng II. iu ch pha cho
XPM
2
2
2
x p
n n E (2.38)
Trong
2
p
E l cng bm. Khi tia bm v tia d c phn cc trc giao, ch c s
hng u tin trong phng trnh (2.22) ng gp vo n
y
do cc bc sng khc nhau
ca chm tia bm v chm tia d. B qua s hng t c, n
y
tr thnh
2
2
2
y p
n n b E (2.39)
vi
(3) (3)
/
xxyy xxxx
b
(2.40)
Nu ngun gc ca
(3)
n thun l in ta c b=1/3. Kt hp cc phng trnh t
(2.37) n (2.40) ta c lch pha nh sau
( )
2
2
2
L B p L NL
L
n n E
+ +
(2.41)
Trong n
L
= n
x
n
y
i vi si quang lng chit tuyn tnh v h s Kerr c cho
nh sau
2 2
2 (1 )
B
n n b
(2.42)
S truyn tia d T
p
c quan h vi
theo cng thc
2
sin ( / 2)
p
T
(2.43)
S truyn ca l chn Kerr t c 100% khi
= hoc mt s l ln . Ni cch
khc, mt s dch pha theo s chn ln s ngn chn hon ton tia d.
quan st hiu ng Kerr quang trn th nghim thng dng si quang d tr
phn cc m bo tia bm duy tr phn cc. S dch pha c nh
L
do lng
chit tuyn tnh gy ra c th b bng cch chn mt ming kim loi 1/4 sng trc
knh phn cc nh trong hnh (2.1). Tuy nhin, trong thc t,
L
dao ng do nhit
v p sut thay i, do cn iu chnh tm kim loi lin tc. Mt phng php
khc l s dng hai on si quang d tr phn cc ging nhau ghp li sao cho cc
trc nhanh (fast axes) hoc cc trc chm nm pha gc phi i vi nhau. Do n
L
i du trong si th hai nn c th loi b dch pha chun
L
do lng chit tuyn
tnh.
Trong iu kin l tng, thi gian p ng ca l chn Kerr b gii hn bi thi
gian p ng phi tuyn xp x 2 4 fs. Trong thc t, tn sc trong si quang gii hn
thi gian p ng n di gi tr t ~1ps n ~1ns ph thuc vo cc tham s vn
hnh. Mt yu t gii hn thi gian p ng l s khng tng xng vn tc nhm
gia chm tia bm v chm tia d. tr nhm tng i c xc nh theo cng
thc
L Bt Thng D04VT2 HVCNBCV
33
n tt nghip Chng II. iu ch pha cho
XPM
1 2
/ /
g g g
t L v L v
(2.45)
Gi tr ny c th vt qua 1ns rt d dng vi si quang di 100m tr khi c d
phng c bit gim s khng tng xng vn tc nhm. Mt kh nng khc l
chn cc bc sng bm v bc sng d nm v hai pha ca bc sng c tn sc
ti thiu (gn 1,3 m). Lng chit tuyn tnh ca si quang to ra gii hn khc i
vi thi gian p ng . Do lch n
L
nn cc thnh phn phn cc trc giao ca
chm tia d truyn theo cc tc khc nhau. tr tng i gia cc thnh phn
nh sau
/
p L
t L n c
(2.46)
i vi si quang c di 100m c n
L
= 5x10
-5
, t
p
17 ps. C th gim tham s
ny bng cch s dng si quang c lng chit nh hn. S dng hai si quang ghp
li c cc trc nhanh nm pha gc phi ca nhau gn nh c th loi b t
p
. Hn ch
c bn ca thi gian p ng cn do GVD, lm gin xung bm khi lan truyn bn
trong si quang. Thi gian p ng c th gim xung cn 1ps hoc nh hn bng
cch gim di si hoc a bc sng bm gn bc sng c tn sc khng.
Cng sut bm truyn tia d 100% c th tnh c da trn cc phng trnh
t (2.42) n (2.44) nh sau:
2
2
eff
p
B
A
P
Ln
(2.47)
vi A
eff
l din tch li hiu dng. C th tnh n nh hng ca suy hao si quang khi
thay L bng di hiu dng ca si
[ ]
1
1 exp( )
eff
L L
(2.48)
Vi n
2B
= 4,5.10
-16
cm
2
/W, A
eff
= 10 m
2
, = 1,06 m, cng sut bm tnh c l P
p
=
1W vi si quang di 100m. Cng sut bm c th gim bng cch tng di si
quang nhng nh vy s khng c li v thi gian p ng cng chm hn. Trong mt
th nghim vi L = 580 m v A
eff
= 22 m
2
o c P
p
0,39 W. Trong mt th nghim
khc, gim din tch hiu dng cn 2m
2
v s dng laser bn dn hot ng ti bc
sng 1,3 m lm bc sng bm, vi cng sut bm ch 27 mW th dch pha o c
l 17.
Phng trnh (2.47) c th dng tnh h s Kerr n
2B
. Hu ht cc php o u
cho thy n
2B
= 4 10
-16
cm
2
/W vi sai s khong 20%. Gi tr ny thng nht vi
phng trnh (2.43) nu s dng n
2
= 3,2.10
-16
cm
2
/W v b=1/3. Tham s b c o
trong mt th nghim
[19]
cho php o c lp t s trong phng trnh (2.41). Gi tr o
L Bt Thng D04VT2 HVCNBCV
34
n tt nghip Chng II. iu ch pha cho
XPM
c b = 0,34 cho thy phn ng gp do in vo
(3)
chim u th trong si quang
silic. Kt qu ny cng ph hp vi cc php o tin hnh i vi thu tinh.
2.2.1.4 Thay i dng xung
Lng chit phi tuyn do mt xung gy ra c th c s dng sa dng ca
chnh xung khi xung truyn qua si quang v phn cc ph thuc cng .
Chng hn si quang c th hot ng nh mt b tch sng cng . Hin tng
ny c th dng loi b phn n (pedestal) km theo cc xung b nn do mt b
nn xung si quang (fiber-pulse compresspor). Cng c th dng to cc cng logic
quang si.
Nguyn l hot ng ca mt b tch sng cng tng t nh ca l chn Kerr
trong phn trc. S khc bit ch yu l thay v bm, tn hiu t to ra lng chit
phi tuyn v iu chnh trng thi phn cc. Xem xt trng hp mt chm tia u vo
c phn cc tuyn tnh ti mt gc ln lt ti mt trong cc trc c bn (trc x)
ca si quang. Cc thnh phn E
x
v E
y
thay i cc chit sut s n
x
v n
y
theo cc gi
tr n
x
v n
y
cho bi cc phng trnh (2.26) v (2.27). Kt qu l s dch pha gia
hai thnh phn ti u ra si quang l
( )
2
2
2
2
3
NL x y
n L
E E
(2.49)
Hng s dch pha
L
l kt qu ca lng chit tuyn tnh c gi s l b bng
mt tm chn 1/4 sng ngn nga vic truyn dn ti mc cng sut thp. Cc php
o bng th nghim v s dch pha phi tuyn cng ph hp vi phng trnh (2.49).
Lng chit phi tuyn cho php cng sut c th pht qua knh phn cc vi mc
truyn nh sau
2 2
0
sin [( / 6) cos(2 )]sin (2 )
p
T P L
(2.50)
Trong P
0
l cng sut u vo v tham s phi tuyn chnh l tham s c xt
trong phng trnh (2.19):
2
2
eff
n
A
(2.51)
Trong trng hp cc xung quang truyn qua si quang, tch s P
0
L c quan h vi
s dch pha ln nht
max
(2.53)
vi K(m) l 1/4 chu k ca hm elip v
1 Re( )
1
2
q
m
q
_
,
,
1 exp(2 ) q p i +
(2.54)
y l gc phn cc u vo o t trc chm v p l cng sut u vo c
chun ho p = P
0
/P
cr
, cng sut ti hn P
cr
c xc nh nh sau
3
2
cr
B
P
(2.55)
Vi s c mt ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn, p= 0, q = 1 v
2 /
eff
B B
L L
(2.56)
L Bt Thng D04VT2 HVCNBCV
37
n tt nghip Chng II. iu ch pha cho
XPM
di phch hiu dng tr nn khng xc nh ti P
0
= P
cr
vi = 90 do lng
chit bn cht b loi b hon ton bi lng chit tuyn tnh. y chnh l ngun gc
ca s khng n nh phn cc. Khi L
B
eff
thay i ln th phn cc u ra c th thay
i nghim trng khi P
0
gn n P
cr
v chm tia u vo c phn cc gn trc nhanh.
Hnh (2.3) ch ra s truyn T
p
l mt hm ca cng sut u vo vi nhiu gi tr sau
khi gi s mt knh phn cc t nm ngang ti u ra si quang chn nh sng c
cng yu. Khi = 0 hoc 90 , T
p
duy tr mc 0 ti tt c cc mc cng sut. S
thay i nh ca gn trc chm vn gi T
p
mc 0. Tuy nhin d thay i rt nh
gn trc nhanh th T
p
li thay i rt ln. nhy ca T
p
i vi goc thay i khi
thay i t 89 n 90 . Tuy nhin, s bin i nh tnh vn gi nguyn vi cc si
quang c di khc nhau.
Hnh 2.3 Mc truyn ca si lng chit c di L=L
B
S truyn ph thuc cng sut trong hnh (2.3) c th c ch i vi hin tng
thay i dng xung v chuyn mch quang. Cng sut u vo yu cu i vi chuyn
mch l kh ln tr khi s dng si quang c lng chit do bn cht. Si quang c
di phch hiu dng L
B
= 1m yu cu cng sut P
0
~ 1kW nu s dng 10 W
-1
km
-1
theo phng trnh (2.55). Chnh v vy, tnh khng n nh phn cc nh hng t hn
n nhng si quang lng chit ln (L
b
~1-10 cm). Tnh khng n nh phn cc c
th dn n s hn lon trng thi phn cc u ra nu lng chit do bn cht si b
iu ch dc theo chiu di si. Lng chit b iu ch xy ra khi si quang b xon
ng u khi cun trn trng cun dy.
L Bt Thng D04VT2 HVCNBCV
38
n tt nghip Chng II. iu ch pha cho
XPM
2.2.3 Cc hiu ng quang ph v thi gian
Trong phn ny xem xt nhng thay i v ph v thi gian xy ra nh l kt qu
ca tng tc XPM gia hai xung cng lan truyn v khng c chng ln ph. n
gin ho, cc hiu ng phn cc c b qua vi gi s chm tia u vo d tr phn
cc trong qu trnh lan truyn. Cc phng trnh (2.17) v (2.18) chi phi tin trin
ca xung dc theo si quang tnh n c cc hiu ng phi tuyn nh s khng tng
xng vn tc nhm, GVD, SPM v XPM. Nu b qua suy hao si quang, cc phng
trnh ny tr thnh:
2
2 2
1 1
21 1 1 2 1 2
( 2 )
2
A A i
i A A A
z T
+ +
(2.57)
2
2 2
2 2 2
22 2 2 1 2 2
( 2 )
2
A A A i
d i A A A
z T T
+ + +
(2.58)
Trong
1 g
z
T t
v
,
1 2
1 2
g g
g g
v v
d
v v
(2.59)
V T l thi gian o i vi xung 1.
Vi rng xung T
0
c th c di walk-off L
W
v di tn sc L
D
nh sau
0
W
T
L
d
,
2
0
21
D
T
L
(2.60)
Tu thuc vo ln tng i ca L
W
, L
D
v di si L c th suy ra lch
gia hai xung. Nu L nh hn so vi c hai di cn li th cc hiu ng tn sc
khng gi vai tr quan trng v c th b qua. iu ny c th xy ra vi T
0
1 ns v
L 10 m nu bc sng trung tm ca hai xung khng ra khi hai xung qu 10 nm (
10 / d ps m
). Nu L
W
L nhng L
D
>>L, o hm bc hai trong cc phng trnh
(2.57) v (2.58) c th b qua nhng o hm bc mt phi gi li. Mc d dng xung
khng thay i, s khng tng xng vn tc nhm v chirp tn s do phi tuyn c th
kt hp vi nhau to nh hng nghim trng n ph. iu ny xy ra trong trng
hp tng qut c T
0
~ 100 ps, L ~ 10 m v d 10ps/m. Vi cc xung cc ngn (T
0
< 10
ps), c th tnh c s hng GVD, khi XPM nh hng n c dng xung v ph.
Di y xem xt cc trng hp ny.
2.2.3.1 Gin rng ph khng i xng
Phn ny xem xt trng hp b qua o hm bc hai trong phng trnh (2.57)
vi gi thit L << L
D
v tnh n s khng tng xng vn tc nhm qua tham s d.
L Bt Thng D04VT2 HVCNBCV
39
n tt nghip Chng II. iu ch pha cho
XPM
V dng xung khng thay i nn c th gii phng trnh (2.57) v (2.58) theo
phng php gii tch. Nghim tng qut c dng
1 1 1
( , ) (0, ) exp( ) A L T A T i
(2.61)
2 2 2
( , ) (0, ) exp( ) A L T A T Ld i
(2.62)
Trong
2 2
1 1 1 2
0
( ) (0, ) 2 (0, )
L
T L A T A T zd dz
_
+
,
(2.63)
2 2
2 2 2 1
0
( ) (0, ) 2 (0, )
L
T L A T A T zd dz
_
+ +
,
(2.64)
Khi xung lan truyn trong si, pha b iu ch do s ph thuc cng ca chit
sut. Pha b iu ch do hai thnh phn ng gp. S hng u tin trong cc phng
trnh trn l do SPM. S hng th hai xut pht t XPM. S ng gp ca s hng ny
thay i dc theo si quang do s khng tng xng vn tc nhm. ng gp tng
cng ca XPM l do tch lu theo chiu di si quang.
Din gii hai phng trnh trn c th p dng cho mt s dng xung c bit.
minh ho ta xt trng hp hai xung Gausse khng chirp c cng rng xung T
0
.
Bin ban u nh sau
2
1 1 2
0
(0, ) exp
2
T
A T P
T
_
,
(2.65a)
2
2 2 2
0
( )
(0, ) exp
2
d
T T
A T P
T
_
,
(2.65b)
P
1
v P
2
l cng sut nh v T
d
tr
thi gian ban u gia hai xung. Thay phng
trnh (2.65) vo phng trnh (2.63) c pha phi tuyn
1
nh sau
2
1 1 1 2
( ) exp( ) [ ( ) ( )
d d
L P P erf erf
_
+
,
(2.66)
vi erf l hm li v
0
T
T
,
0
d
d
T
T
,
0
Ld
T
(2.67)
Lm tng t tnh
2
(T).
Ta bit rng s ph thuc thi gian th hin l s gin rng ph. Do , ph ca
mi xung c th gin rng v pht trin cu trc nhiu nh, hnh dng ph b chi phi
L Bt Thng D04VT2 HVCNBCV
40
n tt nghip Chng II. iu ch pha cho
XPM
bi s ng gp tng i ca SPM v XPM. Khi khng c mt XPM, ph i xng
v gin rng ph t hn. Vi s c mt ca XPM th ph ca xung khng cn i xng
na. Ph khng i xng ch do nh hng ca XPM.
Xem xt chirp tn s phi tuyn hiu nh tnh v cc c im v ph khi c
mt XPM. Vi xung 1, chirp tn s tnh c da trn phng trnh (2.66)
( )
2 2 2
( ) ( )
1 1 2
1 1
0
1
( )
2
d d
L P
v P e e e
T T
1
1
]
(2.68)
Vi
d
=0 v
W
1( ) L L << <<
, chirp c cho bi quan h n gin sau
2 1
1 1 2
0
( ) exp( )[ (2 )]
L
v P P
T
+
(2.69)
Tnh chirp cho xung 2 tng t theo cch trn v kt qu l
2 2
2 2 1
0
( ) exp( )[ (2 )]
L
v P P
T
+ +
(2.70)
S khng i xng ph xy ra do
( ) ( )
j j
, j=1 hoc 2, vi 0. Khi
mang du dng, chirp rng hn gn pha g trc i vi xung 1 v hp hn vi
xung 2. Do phn g trc v phn pha ui mang cc thnh phn ring bit nn ph
ca xung 1 c dch v pha mu trong khi ph ca xung 2 dch v pha mu xanh.
Cc c im nh tnh ca s gin rng ph c th hon ton khc nu hai xung
khng chng ln t u nhng c mt tr thi gian tng i.
2.2.3.2 Thay i v thi gian khng i xng
Phn trn y xt vn gin rng xung bt i xng, nguyn nhn ch yu l
do cc di L
D
ln hn di L v vy dn n kt qu l c hai xung duy tr dng
xung trong sut qu trnh truyn trong si. Nu L
D
so snh vi L hoc L
W
, s kt hp
cc hiu ng XPM, SPM v GVD c th dn n nhng thay i v thi gian nh tnh
km theo nhng thay i v ph nh trnh by trn. Qua cc phng trnh (2.17)
v (2.18) c th nghin cu nhng thay i v thi gian ny, ta a ra mt s tham s
nh sau
D
L
z
,
0
1
/
T
v z t
g
,
2 / 1
1
P
A
U
j
j
(2.71)
Cc phng trnh bin vit di dng
( )
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
21
1
2 ) sgn(
2
U U U iN
U i U
+
(2.72)
L Bt Thng D04VT2 HVCNBCV
41
n tt nghip Chng II. iu ch pha cho
XPM
( )
2
2
1
2
2
1
2 2
2
2
2
21
22 2 2
2
2
U U U iN
U i U
L
L U
W
D
+
(2.73)
Tham s N c xc nh nh sau
21
2
0 1 1
2
T P
L
L
N
NL
D
(2.74)
Gi s
j
L <<1 vi j = 1 hoc 2, c th b qua suy hao si quang.S hng th hai
trong phng trnh (2.73) ch s khng tng xng vn tc nhm gia hai xung. La
chn du cng hoc tr ph thuc vo du ca tham s d trong phng trnh (2.59).
tnh ring nh hng ca XPM, ta xem xt cu trc pump-probe. Gi s
2
1
2
2
U U <<
, c th b qua cc s hng c
2
2
U
trong cc phng trnh (2.72) v
(2.73). S tin trin ca xung bm, th hin bi phng trnh (2.72), khng cn b nh
hng bi xung d. Tuy nhin, s tin trin ca xung d li b nh hng ng k do
s c mt ca xung bm do XPM. Phng trnh (2.73) th hin s kt hp ca XPM
v GVD nh hng n dng ph ca xung d.
Hnh 2.4 Dng xung v ph ca cc xung bm v d, nt t l v tr xung u vo
Hnh (2.4) cho thy hnh dng v ph ca cc xung bm v xung d vi = 0,4, N
= 10, L
D
/L
W
= 10,
2
/
1
= 1,2 v
22
~
21
> 0. Ti u vo si quang, c hai xung u
c tc ng thnh xung Gausse c rng bng nhau v khng c tr thi gian
gia hai xung. Gi s xung bm lan truyn nhanh hn xung d. Dng ph ca xung
bm c cc c im l kt qu ca cc hiu ng SPM v GVD. Ngc li, dng ph
L Bt Thng D04VT2 HVCNBCV
42
n tt nghip Chng II. iu ch pha cho
XPM
ca xung d b nh hng bi XPM v GVD. Khi khng c mt GVD, dng xung
khng thay i do XPM ch nh hng n pha quang. Tuy nhin, khi c GVD th cc
phn khc nhau ca xung d lan truyn theo cc tc khc nhau v chirp do XPM
gy ra t vo xung d. Kt qu l xung d c dng xung khng i xng vi cu trc
kh ln. Xung d m rng cc dao ng nhanh gn pha bin ui ca xung trong khi
phn bin trc gn nh khng b nh hng. Nhng dao ng ny xut pht t hin
tng ph v bc sng quang (optical wave breaking), ti SPM v GVD dn n
nhng dao ng trn phn bin ca xung. Kt hp hiu ng XPM v GVD cng gy ra
nhng dao ng ti ton b na cui xung d. V mt vt l, chirp do XPM gy ra ln
nht ti trung tm xung. Chirp tn s v GVD dng h thp nh ca xung d v pha
ui. S ph v bc sng quang do XPM gy ra xut hin do nh xung b tt li pha
sau v giao thoa vi phn bin ui. C th hiu vn ny tng t nh mt xung
bm lan truyn nhanh hn tng tc vi phn bin ui ca xung d. Trong thc t,
nu hon v bc sng bm v bc sng d cho nhau th xung bm lan truyn chm
hn s tng tc ch yu vi phn bin trc ca xung d, cc dao ng s lan rng v
pha bin trc do chirp tn s m XPM gy ra tng tc cho nh xung d v pha
ui. Tc ng ca tr ban u gia hai xung c th dn n cc c im nh tnh
hon ton khc. Chng hn nh ngay c khi mt xung bm lan truyn qua xung d
theo ng bt i xng th ph ca xung bm cng khng cn l i xng nu tnh
n hiu ng GVD.
2.2.3.3 Nn xung do XPM
Ta bit rng chirp do SPM gy ra c th nn cc xung quang hoc bng i cch
t bn ngoi hoc t bn trong cng mt si quang bi phng php nn hiu ng
soliton. Do XPM cng t mt chirp tn s ln cc xung quang nn n cng c
dng nn xung. Mt u im ca qu trnh nn do XPM l XPM c th nn nhng
xung yu u vo do chirp tn s c to ra bi mt xung bm ln cng lan truyn.
Tuy nhin, chirp tn s do XPM cng b nh hng bi li xung v ph thuc vo
tr tng i ban u gia xung bm v xung d. Kt qu l, vic s dng nn xung
do XPM trong thc t i hi phi iu khin cc tham s xung bm nh rng,
cng sut nh, bc sng v ng b vi xung tn hiu.
Trng hp cn phi phn bit c lin quan ti ln tng i ca L
W
v L
D
.
Nu L
D
>>L
W
dc theo si quang th cc hiu ng GVD c th b qua. Trong trng
hp , si quang chu tc ng ca chirp do XPM, v cn c mt cp cch t bn
ngoi nn xung b chirp. Phng trnh (2.68) c th dng phn tch ln v
dng ca chirp. Mt chirp gn nh tuyn tnh c th c t ngang xung tn hiu khi
xung bm rng hn xung tn hiu nhiu ln. H s nn ph thuc vo nng lng xung
bm v c th d dng vt qua gi tr 10.
L Bt Thng D04VT2 HVCNBCV
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n tt nghip Chng II. iu ch pha cho
XPM
Trong trng hp L
D
L
W
, hai on si quang ging nhau c dng xc nh
chirp do XPM cng nn xung qua GVD. Trng hp nn xung do XPM c th xy ra
trong c vng khng nhn thy (vng GVD thng thng) m khng cn dng n cp
cch t. Nhn chung cn phi a ra tham s tr tng i
d
gia xung bm v
xung tn hiu xung lan truyn nhanh hn bt kp xung chm hn ri vt qua xung
. S nn ti a xy ra ti khong cch ~ W d
L
mc d cht lng ca xung ti u
khng cn phi l tt nht ti im nn ti a. Thng thng lun c s cn bng gia
ln v cht lng nn xung. C th tng h s nn bng cch tng cng sut bm.
Nn xung do XPM trong vng GVD thng thng ca si quang cn c th xy ra khi
ghp ni XPM do tng tc gia cc thnh phn phn cc trc giao trong mt chm
tia.
Hnh 2.5 Nn xung do XPM trong vng tn sc thng
Khi c xung bm v xung tn hiu lan truyn trong vng GVD thng thng ca
si quang, xung b nn cn phi c dng khng i xng do khng p ng vn tc
nhm v cc hiu ng walk-off km theo. Vn tc nhm c th to ra gn nh bng
nhau khi cc bc sng ca hai xung nm trn nhng phn i din nhau i vi bc
sng tn sc 0 (khong 1,3 m i vi si quang silic). Cng c th nn xung 1,55 m
bng cch s dng cc xung bm 1,06 m. Bn thn xung tn hiu l qu yu to ra
soliton quang. Tuy nhin, chirp do XPM t ln xung tn hiu bng mt xung bm
cng lan truyn c th ln xung tn hiu i qua pha nn ban u cng vi cc
soliton bc cao. C h s nn v cht lng xung u ph thuc vo rng v nng
lng ca xung bm v c th iu khin bng cc tham s xung bm ti u. Phng
php nn xung ny tng t nn hiu ng soliton nhng tn hiu khng bao gi to ra
soliton. S dng si quang dch tn sc, k thut nn xung ny c th p dng khi c
bc sng bm v bc sng tn hiu u nm trong vng 1,55 m, ch cn s dng
bc sng c tn sc bng 0 nm gia hai bc sng ny.
L Bt Thng D04VT2 HVCNBCV
44
n tt nghip Chng II. iu ch pha cho
XPM
2.2.3.4 Chuyn knh quang do XPM
Lng chit si quang kt hp vi XPM c th to ra chuyn knh quang. Trong
phn ny ta xem xt cch thc m dch pha do XPM c th dn n chuyn knh
quang bng cch s dng hai xung c bc sng khc nhau. Cc s o giao thoa
thng c dng xc nh ti sao dch pha do XPM li gy ra chuyn knh quang
cc nhanh. Xem xt mt dng c o giao thoa c thit k gm mt xung tn hiu
yu, b chia u lm hai nhnh, tri qua nhng dch pha ging nhau ti mi nhnh v
c truyn qua cu trc giao thoa tng hp. Nu mt xung bm ti bc sng khc
c tim vo mt nhnh ca b giao thoa th pha ca tn hiu trong nhnh c th
b thay i qua XPM. Nu s dch pha do XPM rng (gn n ), xung tn hiu s
khng c truyn na do giao thoa trit tiu xy ra ti u ra. Chnh v vy, mt xung
bm rt mnh c th chuyn mch xung tn hiu qua dch pha do XPM.
Ta bit trong phn trc, dch pha do XPM khng ch ph thuc vo rng v
dng ca xung bm m cn ph thuc vo s khng p ng vn tc nhm. Trong
trng hp c chm tia bm v chm tn hiu u c dng xung, s dch pha cn ph
thuc vo tr thi gian tng i ban u gia xung bm v xung tn hiu. Trong
thc t, ln v thi gian dch pha do XPM c th iu khin qua tr ban u.
im quan trng cn ch l dch pha c th gn ging nhau qua hu ht xung tn
hiu khi hai xung c php thng qua nhau hon ton, kt qu l c chuyn knh
ton b xung tn hiu. Cng sut bm yu cu to ra dch pha thng ln do s
khng p ng vn tc nhm.
C th gim s khng p ng vn tc nhm nu xung bm v xung tn hiu phn
cc trc giao vi nhau nhng c cng bc sng. Ngoi ra, ngay c khi dch pha do
XPM nh hn , v hin tng walk-off ca xung lin quan n lng chit, mt k
thut mi ni cho c th dng tch lu dch pha.
2.3 Quan h gia khong cch knh v tn sc vi XPM
Cc mc xuyn knh XPM v cc tnh cht v ph c lin quan n XPM ph
thuc rt nhiu vo tn sc trong si quang v khong cch knh. Phn 2.3.1 xem xt
s ph thuc ca XPM vo khong cch knh v phn 2.3.2 xem xt s ph thuc ca
XPM vo tn sc trong si quang.
2.3.1 Khong cch knh
XPM l tnh phi tuyn lm gim kh nng truyn dn ca h thng WDM khi cng
sut quang ln c a vo si quang. S c mt ca tn sc si quang dn n s
mo xung do XPM xut pht t chuyn i iu ch pha sang iu ch bin (PM-
AM), xy ra ngay c khi c b tn sc. nh hng ca XPM trong mo xung c
L Bt Thng D04VT2 HVCNBCV
45
n tt nghip Chng II. iu ch pha cho
XPM
nghin cu chi tit nh mt hm ca nhiu tham s khc nhau trong h thng theo cc
th nghim ng thng v vng quang.
xem xt s ph thuc ca XPM vo khong cch knh, trong phn ny trnh
by th nghim[6] c tin hnh trong mt phn mng quang LEANET, kt ni cc
phng th nghim BT ti Ipswich v Norwich, UK. Mo XPM c so snh vi cc th
nghim ti phng th nghim ca i hc Lun n, UK, s dng m hnh kt ni
tng t. S thay i ca XPM gia cc kt ni tng t c phn tch nh mt hm
ca tc bit ln n 10 Gb/s s dng cc s tn sc khc nhau vi khong cch
knh khc nhau. So snh vi cc th nghim trong phng th nghim ch ra s khc
bit trong suy hao si quang v dao ng ca phn cc c phn chiu trong cc mo
XPM o c. Si quang lp t cho cc kt qu thng k chnh xc hn, c bit
l vi tin trin ca phn cc tn hiu.
Hnh 2.6 Kt ni si quang ca mng LEANET dng trong th nghim (a) v s
khi th nghim (b)
Vi c hai th nghim, kt qu u c xc nhn bng m phng s dng bin
i Fourier. Cc nghin cu y cho thy nhy cao ca mo XPM i vi tc
bit, c bit l nu tnh n ng gp ca nhiu chng si quang c khuch i.
C th m t c bn vic thit lp th nghim nh sau: hai chng si quang c
khuch i ca mng LEANET c s dng, mi chng gm 92 km si SSMF. Kt
ni c b tn sc i xng s dng DCF vi xp x 6 dBm/knh c a vo mi
cun DCF. Cc b pht v b thu c t ti Ipswich, vi mt b khuch i EDFA
ti Norwich kt ni hai chng. Cu hnh pump-probe cho php tch XPM ra khi cc
hiu ng phi tuyn khc. Mt laser c th iu chnh v b iu ch Mach-Zehnder, do
L Bt Thng D04VT2 HVCNBCV
46
n tt nghip Chng II. iu ch pha cho
XPM
mt b to chui iu khin c s dng to xung bm, gy ra mo XPM trong tia
d l sng lin tc t mt laser DFB th hai. Cc knh bm v knh d c kt hp
li v khuch i bng b khuch i EDFA ca Corning, a cng sut 13 dBm/knh
vo trong kt ni. Si SSMF trong th nghim c tn sc trung bnh 16,5 ps/km/nm v
h s suy hao 0,27 dB/km ( = 0,20 dB/km cho m hnh kt ni trong phng th
nghim). PMD trung bnh ca kt ni l 4 ps. Tn hiu c khuch i thm thnh 9
dBm/knh ti Norwich v tr v qua chng th hai. Phn DCF bao gm nhiu si
quang c gi tr tn sc t -70 n -110 ps/km/nm. Knh d c la chn bng mt
b tch knh s dng cch t, c tch knh bng diode tc cao v c hin th
qua my hin sng ly mu. ln ca XPM trong knh d c nh lng bi ch
s m
x
, c xc nh l mo cng nh - nh c bnh thng ho n cng sut
trung bnh trong trng hp iu ch 1010, v l lch tiu chun ca dng sng
d cho iu ch PRBS.
Sau khi tin hnh th nghim, cc kt qu thu c cho thy XPM ph thuc
vo khong cch knh nh sau.
Walk-off ca chui bit ph thuc vo tc bit v , v mo XPM c nghin
cu vi t 0,4 n 2nm. Hnh v (2.4) trong th nghim cho thy mo XPM o
c ti 10 Gb/s s dng iu ch PRBS (2
15
-1) trong bm. di chui di hn
khng nh hng n mo XPM. Do di xung khc nhau trong th nghim vi iu
ch 1010 , mo XPM l khng ng u. V vy, mt php o c tc dng hn
o mo l lch tiu chun ca dng sng cng d ch khng phi m
x
c
dng m t dng sng tun hon. Vi tt c cc cu hnh, b tn sc v khng b,
mo t l nghch vi v mo XPM gim vi khong cch knh rng do walk-off
tng gia cc knh. Vi mu bm PRBS, khng c dao ng ng k ca vi
quan st c do lch tiu chun c tnh n vi tt c tn s ng gp vo mo
tng cng, v dng sng knh bm khng tun hon ngn chui sp xp li sau khi lan
truyn qua chng SSMF u tin. Tng t vi cc php o s ph thuc vo tc
bit ti = 0,4 nm, mo o c trong phng th nghim cao hn xp x hai ln trong
th nghim bn ngoi.
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n tt nghip Chng II. iu ch pha cho
XPM
Hnh 2.7 S ph thuc ca mo XPM vo khong cch knh
2.3.2 Tn sc trong si quang
Trong th nghim c trch dn trong phn 2.3.1, cc kt qu cng cho thy cc
hiu ng do XPM gy ra nh mo dng xung, bin i nhiu pha thnh nhiu cng
cng ph thuc rt nhiu vo tn sc si quang.
Trong mt th nghim khc[4] nghin cu s mo xung do XPM trong si
quang tn sc, kt qu o c chng minh s ph thuc ca XPM vo tn sc l
rt ln.
Th nghim ny s dng cu hnh bm d, c chn cch ly XPM vi cc
hiu ng phi tuyn khc. Dng sng c iu bin cng ti
p
(dng NRZ, chui
1010, 1-10 Gb/s), c to bi mt laser bn dn iu chnh c v mt b iu ch
hp th in EAM, c dng lm mo nh sng d CW ti
CW
t mt laser DFB.
Cc knh bm v knh d c kt hp v khuch i bng b khuch i EDFA ca
Corning, a cng sut 13 dBm/knh vo si quang th nghim. Ti u ra si quang,
knh d c chn bng b tch knh dng cch t free-space, c tch sng vi
mt diode tch sng quang tc cao v c hin sng ti mt my hin sng ly
mu. Trong th nghim s dng nhiu loi si quang khc nhau trong phn u tin c
cng sut quang cao v do cng c XPM ln. Cc nh hng kt hp ca XPM v
tn sc c c lng cho: si DSF (D=0ps/nm/km, = 2,43 W
-1
km
-1
, = 0,23
dB/km, L=45 km), si SSMF (D=17 ps/nm/km, = 1,52 W
-1
km
-1
, = 0,21 dB/km,
L=40 km) v cc kt ni c qun l tn sc s dng si SSMF v si quang b tn
sc DCF (D=-100 ps/nm/km, = 4,86 W
-1
km
-1
, = 0,5 dB/km, L=7 km). Phn si
quang SSMF th hai (L=22km) c dng bin i XPM t c thnh iu ch
bin kch hot php o bng tch sng trc tip. Mc mo do XPM c m
t qua ch s XPM m
x
, xc nh bng t s iu bin cng nh - nh v cng sut
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n tt nghip Chng II. iu ch pha cho
XPM
knh trung bnh, c o theo mt hm ca khong cch knh bng cch iu
chnh laser bm.
Hnh 2.8 S khi ca th nghim [4]
Kt qu th nghim thu c cho thy s ph thuc ca XPM vo tn sc si
quang qua cc s b tn sc khc nhau. Cc kt ni bao gm 40 km si SSMF,
c b chnh xc bi DCF, vi b trc (DCF+SSMF) v b sau (SSMF+DSF),
c s dng nh si quang o. B trc cho kt qu l mt dao ng ca ch s
XPM theo v si quang c tn sc cao (D=-100 ps/nm/km). V vy tng dn n
walk-off c di nhiu bit trong chiu di si quang hiu dng phi tuyn, w
bit
D.
.L/T
bit
, kt qu l c cc giao thoa tng hp v giao thoa loi tr tun hon ca cc
thnh phn XPM. Mt hiu ng tng t khng c quan st vi b sau v tn sc D
thp hn xp x 5 ln so vi trong DCF. Vi <0,9 nm, c th quan st thy mo
XPM ng k v gim nghim trng vi >0,9 nm. Cc im cc tiu v cc i ca
m
x
i vi DCF ph thuc vo chiu di xung v ln tng i ca cc gi tr ny
ph thuc vo tnh tun hon ca dng sng bm. i vi chui PRBS, cc im ny
v ln thay i theo thi gian. Mc mo cao nht quan st c trong si quang
c tn sc thp (DSF) v c pht hin l rt quan trng vi khong cch knh ln
n 10 nm. Vi tn sc cao (SSMF, DCF), walk-off tng ln dn n gim mo XPM.
iu ny cho php cc knh cch nhau bi <1 nm, mc d vi DWDM s dng cc
kt ni c qun l tn sc, XPM c th dn n tch lu tn sc d nghim trng gy
ra bin i PM-AM theo khong cch.
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n tt nghip Chng II. iu ch pha cho
XPM
2.4 Kt lun
Chng 2 ny nghin cu c bn v hiu ng iu ch pha cho XPM v mt
s hin tng c lin quan n XPM. Cc hin tng ny u nh hng khng tt
n cht lng truyn dn ca cc h thng a knh, c bit l h thng WDM, chng
hn nh gy mo xung, gin rng ph, lm mt n nh phn cc tn hiuCc hin
tng ny c trnh by c v mt l thuyt v qua mt s th nghim c trch dn
t mt s bi bo nghin cu v XPM. Ngoi ra chng 2 ny cng trnh by v hai
tham s c nh hng tng i ln n XPM l khong cch knh v tn sc si
quang. Tip theo, trong chng 3 ca ti trnh by v mt s nh hng m XPM
gy ra trong h thng truyn dn WDM v mt s bin php ci thin nhng nh
hng ny.
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n tt nghip Chng III. nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
CHNG III. NH HNG CA XPM LN CHT LNG H
THNG WDM
3.1 nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM tng qut
Trong chng 2 gii thiu v XPM v mt s hin tng c lin quan n
XPM. Nhng hin tng do XPM gy ra nh cc hiu ng ghp ni tn s, thay i
dng xung, khng n nh phn cc, gin rng ph bt i xng, thay i v thi gian
bt i xng u nh hng n cht lng truyn dn ca h thng WDM. Cc
hiu ng ny tc ng n h thng qua vic hn ch mt s tham s nh khong cch
truyn dn, s lng knh, khong cch knh Chng 3 s trnh by mt s hn ch
c nghin cu v kim chng bng kt qu thc nghim ca mt s nh nghin
cu trn th gii.
3.1.1 Gii hn khong cch truyn dn
Hn ch ln nht m XPM gy ra cho h thng truyn dn WDM l gii hn
khong cch truyn dn. Vn ny c nhiu nh khoa hc nghin cu v cng
b trn th gii. Cng vi nhng nh gi c v l thuyt v thc nghim, cc nghin
cu cng m ra nhiu bin php c th p dng trong thc t khc phc hn ch
ny.
Nh trnh by trong chng 2, XPM l kt qu s ph thuc ca chit sut vo
cng trong si quang silic (hiu ng Kerr). Mt tn hiu ti bc sng
k
tri qua
dch pha phi tuyn ph thuc cng sut quang ti cc bc sng khc. Vi cc h
thng WDM gm M knh, dch pha phi tuyn tng cng
NL
k
ca knh th k l
. . 3
M
NL
k eff k i
i k
L P P
_
+
,
(3.1)
S hng u tin trong biu thc ny l do SPM ph thuc vo cng sut ca ring
knh c tch sng. Tng dng tnh XPM tng t cng sut quang trong cc knh
ln cn ti cng sut tch phn trong si quang c lin quan n dch pha tng cng.
iu ch tn s ca cc knh bm dn n iu ch pha
( ) t
ca knh d do XPM.
Trong th nghim [5], hnh 3.1 biu din xuyn knh XPM bin i thnh mo xung.
Mo do XPM c xc nh nh lng bng ch s m
x
.
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n tt nghip Chng III. nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
Hnh 3.1 Mo xung do XPM
Cu hnh pump - probe trong hnh 3.2 c s dng tch XPM t cc hiu ng
khc. Laser bm kh chnh pht bc sng
pump
c iu ch ngoi bng mt b iu
ch hp th in EAM do b to chui Anritsu iu khin (chui xung NRZ, 1-10
Gb/s), trong khi tia d pht t laser DFB ti
pr
c b iu ch Mach-Zehnder tch
hp. Cc knh c kt hp v c khuch i vi cc b khuch i EDFA cng
sut cao. Trong th nghim mo do XPM gy ra ti
pr
c nghin cu cho cc si
quang o kim khc nhau (L=45 km) theo mt chng c nh bin i si quang c
bin i PM-AM. Mt b tch knh dng cch t khng gian t do c dng chn
pr
(xuyn knh tt hn 30dB vi >0,5 nm). Tn hiu c tch sng ra bng mt
diode tch sng tc cao v dng sng c hin th trn my hin sng. XPM c
nghin cu trong cc gii hn tn sc cao v thp. Vi ch tn sc thp, si quang
dng o kim l si DSF, (
D
<1 ps/nm/km) trong khi i vi kt ni truyn dn
c tn sc cao dng si SSMF. Cc kt qu th nghim c so snh vi kt ni c
b tn sc bao gm si SSMF v si DCF p dng c s b trc (DCF+SSMF) v
b sau (SSMF+DCF).
Hnh 3.2 S th nghim nghin cu XPM trong [5]
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n tt nghip Chng III. nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
Hnh 3.3 biu din mo xung do XPM , t c trong kt ni tn sc thp vi
khong cch knh ~0,4 nm v phn cc ngu nhin. Cc knh u c iu ch,
knh bm ti 2,5 Gb/s (chui bit 1010) v knh d vi chui bit di hn. Walk-off
wD..L nh hn 1-bit trong phn si DSF. Do , chirp gy ra do XPM v(t) tch
lu ni qua dng sng ca xung.
Hnh 3.3 XPM v SPM vi cc knh c iu ch ti 2,5 Gb/s, si DSF, c tr
ban u khc nhau
Hnh 3.4 Mo XPM cho knh d (a)si DSF, (b) si SSMF
Bin i PM-AM trong si quang SSMF cho kt qu l chui mo, d nhn thy
dng sng ny chng ln dng sng tn hiu ban u, v tiu biu cho trng hp
walk-off. Ti sn xung knh d, cc hiu ng SPM v XPM c th quan st c,
trong khi , mo ch do XPM gy nn. Bng cch chnh tr knh bm ban u,
mo ti cc sn xung do SPM cng c th tng hoc gim do XPM. Cc kt qu ca
m hnh th nghim ny c cho trong hnh 3.4, cho kt qu thng nht vi cc kt
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n tt nghip Chng III. nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
qu m phng. Trong hnh 3.4a v hnh 3.4b, mo XPM ca mt tn hiu CW c so
snh gia si DSF v si SSMF vi cng tc bit v khong cch knh. mc lch
ca mo l do walk-off cao trong trng hp si SSMF, lm gim tch lu XPM. ch
s m
x
c o nh mt hm ca =
pump
-
pr
bng cch thay i bc sng bm. Vi
si DSF, mo nghim trng xy ra khi =20 nm v gi tr m
x
ln nht ti nh
nht. Gi tr cc i th hai t c khi bc sng c tn sc bng khng ca si
DSF (
0
1554 nm) c t gia bc sng bm v bc sng d lm gim walk-off.
Mo xung do XPM gim rt nhiu khi thay th si DSF bng si SSMF vi cng bc
sng. L kt qu ca walk-off cao trong si quang tn sc, chirp XPM khng cc b
m phn tn qua xung v mo XPM ch c th quan st vi <1,5 nm.
nh hng ca tc bit ln XPM c nghin cu trong cu hnh bm d dng si
SSMF v c khong cch knh 50 GHz. Trong th nghim, di bit ca knh bm
c thay i trong khi thi gian chuyn tip xung l khng i. Chnh v vy, mc
chirp XPM gy ra do mi chuyn tip l khng i nhng nhiu chuyn tip xy ra
trong knh bm trong mt khong cch thi gian. Trong m phng bng my tnh cho
cng h thng th nghim, thi gian ln ca xung thay i thm. Chuyn tip xung
c tnh xp x nh cc sn ca mt phn phi Gausse vi bin v T
0
= 30 ps. Cc
gi tr ln dn n chuyn tip xung nhn hn, gi tr = 1,3 tng ng vi thi
gian ln ca xung trong th nghim. Vi mt tc bit cho trc, ch s XPM tng
theo v mi chuyn tip trong knh bm to ra s tng chirp XPM. Vi thi gian
chuyn tip xung cho trc, cc mo xp chng ca knh d CW theo XPM t cc
chuyn tip xung bm ln cn dn n tng mo ti cc chu k bit thp hn.
Trong [12] trnh by nhng hn ch v khong cch truyn dn do s gin rng
ph m XPM gy ra trong h thng dng si quang tiu chun c b tn sc. Th
nghim c tin hnh trn mt cu hnh vng tun hon gm si SSMF di 40 km (
= 0,23 dB/km) c b trc hoc b sau chnh xc bng hai cun si quang b tn
sc (DCF) Corning di 3,95 km (D = -87,3 ps/nm.km, = 0,49 dB/km, suy hao ghp
ni DCF/SSMF l 0,7 dB), mt b iu ch quang m (AOM) v mt coupler 3 dBvi
suy hao vng tng cng khong 21 dB. Suy hao ny c b bi mt b khuch i
EDFA c khuch i phng vi cng sut u ra bo ho +16 dBm v h s tp m 4,5
dB. Bn tia laser DFB, pht cch u nhau 50GHz (0,4 nm) trong di 1556,4 nm n
1557,6 nm, c ghp knh bng coupler 4x4, c iu ch bng b iu ch hp
th in (EAM) vi cc chui gi ngu nhin. Tin hnh truyn dn n knh v 4
knh vi hai trng hp b trc v b sau vi mt di cng sut knh, kt qu c
th hin trn hnh 3.5.
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n tt nghip Chng III. nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
Hnh 3.5. Cng sut gim sau cc chng thay i khi thay i s lng chng
Khi tin hnh th nghim vi knh n 10 Gb/s xc nh nh hng ca SPM,
vi kt ni c b trc, khong cch truyn dn c th t n trn 20 v 15 chng
(<1000 km) trc khi c tn hao 3 dB vi cng sut u vo ln lt l +4 v +8 dBm.
Cc khong cch ny b gim do bn kt ni b sau. Trong s b sau, chirp SPM
t c lm tng thm gin xung vi tn sc m ca DCF. Ngc li vi s b
trc, chirp SPM gy nn xung trong si SSMF ti cui mi chng.
Dng s c hai EDFA vi DCF t gia hai b khuch i c th ti thiu ho
cng sut a vo si quang, mc d iu ny lm tng tnh phc tp khi thit k h
thng. Kt qu cho thy SPM trong DCF t sau EDFA c th gim thit hi. Th
nghim vi 4 knh cch u nhau 50GHz, cng cng sut trn knh v b kh tng
quan SSMF 10,5 km c tin hnh. Thay i nh trong thit hi so vi trng hp
n knh vi b sau do s gin rng xung v thi gian gy ra bi SPM chim u th.
Tuy nhin, s c mt ca cc knh ln cn trong th nghim WDM b trc cng cho
kt qu l gim khong cch truyn dn ln nht c th xung di 10 chng. Vn
ny c hai nguyn nhn. u tin l jitter nh thi do XPM l kt qu ca vic gim
di ca xung b nn. Trong s c b tn sc, dch pha do XPM phn phi
dc theo chiu di si quang phi tuyn dn n mo cng do tn sc cn d ti
phn cui chng. Nguyn nhn th hai l s tng xuyn m xy ra gia cc knh ti b
thu do gin rng ph m XPM hoc SPM gy ra, dn n chuyn cc thnh phn ph
t mt knh sang bng tn ca cc knh ln cn. nghin cu mc ca xuyn m,
ph ca tn hiu WDM c o sau 1, 4, 8 v 12 vng tun hon ca vng quang bng
my phn tch ph v b lc FB. S gin rng ph ln vi khong cch truyn dn
c quan st c ghi trong my phn tch ph trong hnh 4. iu ny xy ra trong
trng hp b trc nh l kt qu ca cc xung b nn ti u chng dn n SPM v
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n tt nghip Chng III. nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
XPM ln. nh hng ca XPM t ln nht khi cc xung trong cc knh ln cn c
sp xp trong si quang phi tuyn. Xung rng hn trong cu trc b sau cho thy gin
ph thp hn.
Hnh 3.6 cho thy ph FP o vi knh 2 ti +8 dBm/ knh vi chui bit 1010 sau
12 chng. S chuyn i cng sut t sng mang sang di bin nh mt hm ca s
chng c v trong hnh 3.6, cho thy s gin rng ph do SPM (knh n) v gin
rng thm do XPM vi 4 knh c pht.
Hnh 3.6 Ph ca knh 2 sau 12 chng b trc trong th nghim (a) v m phng (b)
Qua cc kt qu m th nghim [12] t c ta thy rng nguyn nhn ch yu
lm gim khong cch truyn dn ca h thng WDM l do s gin rng xung (hoc
nn xung tu thuc vo s b tn sc c dng) v jitter nh thi xut pht t
XPM.
3.1.2 Mo cng do XPM
Nhng thit hi do XPM gy ra trong cc h thng DWDM tc cao nh hng
n cht lng cc h thng ny rt ln. nh gi cht lng h thng quang di
nh hng ca XPM, cn c mt m hnh gii tch c thc hin vi c im nhanh
hn, n gin v cng chnh xc cng tt. Cc nghim ca m hnh ny l o hm ca
hm jitter theo thi gian gii tch. Nhng nghin cu trc y ch i hi phn tch
iu ch cng pht sinh ti cui si quang. Cc hiu ng cng ch c phn tch
cho dng iu ch NRZ. Cng c VPI trong [7] cung cp cch lm n gin v hiu
qu m phng XPM bao gm c mo cng v jitter thi gian trong h thng
WDM.
tnh ton mo trng do XPM trong cc h thng WDM a chng khng i
hi bin i Fourier. iu ch pha quang do XPM gy ra v kt qu ca hin tng
ny l tnh ton dao ng cng sut tn hiu v chnh xc ca m hnh c
kim nghim. Xem xt mt h thng 5 chng vi di chng tnh n 100km c
xem xt. M hnh s dng tn sc 17 ps/nm.km v b tn sc -102 ps/nm.km. Mc
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Bc sng dch chuyn
(b)
56
n tt nghip Chng III. nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
cng sut 3 dBm vi dng sng c iu ch NRZ 10 Gb/s, ngoi ra, kt qu khng
c so snh vi tr gia cc chui bit knh bm v knh d. Mc d tr ch gy
ra nhng vn nh nhng nh hng ca dch bit phi c xem xt m phng
mt h thng quang ci thin chnh xc ca kt qu. M hnh y xem xt cc
tr gia cc chui d liu c m phng y cc hiu ng ca dch bit trong h
thng thc t. M hnh ny p dng bin i Fourier xc nh nh hng ca SPM
v tn sc c tin hnh bi cng c m phng VPI thc hin m hnh ho y
mt h thng quang. Cng c VPI xem xt c xuyn nhiu cng v mo jitter thi
gian cho cc dng iu ch.
Ph ca XPM trong h thng IMDD a chng c nghin cu v c l thuyt
v thc nghim. M hnh gii tch c s dng xc nh nh hng ca XPM v
mt l thuyt. Ch c cc h thng c iu ch cng c xem xt v cc th
nghim thay i nhng dao ng cng trong h thng IMDD. Cng sut a vo
cao hn khong 11,5 dBm c s dng. Dng sng dng cho iu ch l NRZ. Th
nghim ny xem xt cc h thng IMDD v c ch PM-AM. iu ch pha do XPM
c chuyn i thnh iu ch cng do tn sc sc th v v vy ch xem xt n
nh hng ca xuyn nhiu cng , khng xt n nh hng ca jitter nh thi.
M hnh ny xem xt iu ch RZ . C hai m hnh u xt n tr gia knh bm
v knh d.
M hnh gii tch ny xt n c cng v jitter nh thi trong c hai dng
sng iu ch do XPM. Do c th dng m hnh ny tnh ton cc hiu ng ca
XPM.
Trong m hnh ny xem xt mt h thng WDM vi SMF. Knh d ti u vo
si quang l mt sng CW v phn tch iu ch cng v pha to bi cng sut
c mang trong knh bm trn bc sng khc. S bin i v pha ca knh d i do
tng tc Kerr vi knh bm k dc theo khong cch rt nh t z n z+dz c cho
nh sau:
dz z P z d
k i i
) , ( 2 ) , (
(3.2)
Trong
i
l h s phi tuyn.Cng sut knh bm P
k
(z,) v c tnh theo cng
thc
) / exp( ). cos( ). , 0 ( ) , (
,k g z k k
v z i z z q P z P
vi gi thit tn hiu nh trong
[10]. Ti y q
k
= -
2,k
2
/2 vi
2,k
tnh n tn sc, l h s suy hao v v
g,k
l vn tc
nhm. Dao ng v pha rt nh do phn si quang dz to ra s lan truyn n cui si
quang c chiu di L. Do tn sc sc th ca si quang m iu ch pha rt nh ny s
tin trin thnh dao ng cng qua chuyn i PM-IM v cng xy ra tr pha qua
chuyn i PM-PM.
[ ] [ ] ) , ( ) ( sin . ) )( / ( exp ) ( 2 ) , (
, ,
z d z L q z L v i z P z dP
i i i g i i XPM
(3.3)
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n tt nghip Chng III. nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
[ ] [ ] ) , ( ) ( cos . ) )( / ( exp ) , (
, ,
z d z L q z L v i z d
i i k g i XPM
(3.4)
(3.3) biu th dao ng v cng sut v (3.4) biu th dao ng v pha ti cui si
quang do tng tc bm-d ti z.
y suy hao v tr truyn lan ca knh i c cho bi biu thc
[ ] ) ( ) )( / ( exp
,
z P z L v i
i i g
v P
i
(z) l cng sut trung bnh ca knh i ti khong
cch z t im bt u si quang. Trng tm ca m hnh ny l tnh ton jitter nh
thi do XPM nn ch xt phng trnh dao ng pha (3.3).
Khi nim di walk-off
Gii phng trnh Schrodinger a ra mt kt qu chnh xc bng phng php
s. iu ny bao gm c cc hiu ng tn sc v phi tuyn ca si quang. Tng tc
phi tuyn ch c ti di walk-off u tin trong phn bt u ca chng. Ch c tn
sc nh hng n s chuyn i t pha sang mo cng v cc hiu ng phi tuyn
c th b qua sau chiu di walk-off u tin. Chiu di walk-off dn n s thay i
cng do s thay i cc lin kt tng i ca cc knh tng tc. S thay i
tng i ny gii thch s khc nhau v thi gian nh gia cc xung, t m t cc
thay i cng ny. iu ny c cho bi
) /( D t L
W (3.5)
Vi D l tn sc sc th v l khong cch knh tnh theo nm. Vi tn hiu RZ
v NRZ, t l rng xung vi RZ v l rng tnh t cc sn ln v xung. Do
chiu di walk-off t l trc tip vi nhng thay i cng v t l nghch vi tch
tn sc v khong cch knh.
Khi khong cch knh rt rng th chiu di walk-off rt nh so vi chiu di hiu
dng ca si quang v khng ng k. Tuy nhin, khi cc bc sng cch nhau mt
khong nh th chiu di walk-off ln so vi chiu di hiu dng ca si quang.
Khi , cc mo XPM b chi phi bi suy hao si quang v chiu di walk-off ph
thuc vo khong cch knh. Trong trng hp ny cc mo XPM c lin quan n c
chiu di walk-off v suy hao si quang. V vy khi khong cch knh nh hn 0,4 nm
vi h s tn sc 17 ps/nm.km, chiu di walk-off ln khng th b qua. Khi
khong cch knh ln hn, cc tn hiu tch ri nhau trong min tn s nn nh hng
ca chiu di walk-off khng quan trng na. Trong trng hp si quang c tn sc
tng i thp, trong di t 2-5 ps/nm.km, s ph thuc ngc li vo khong cch
knh ch t c ti cc gi tr cao v tn sc l rt nh.
XPM ph thuc rt nhiu vo tn sc sc th. Vic ny ng vai tr quan trng i
vi s bin i t mo pha sang mo cng v jitter nh thi. iu ny cng nh
hng n cc chiu di walk-off h thng. Ti mi chng s b tn sc c th c
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58
n tt nghip Chng III. nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
a vo loi b cc hiu ng XPM do tn sc trong si quang nhng s lm gim
u im ca si quang trong trng hp truyn dn thng. Ngoi ra s ph thuc ca
XPM vo cng quang biu th quan h tuyn tnh c kh nng phn tch nhng
suy yu gy ra do cc knh cng sut cao.
Bin i nhiu pha sang nhiu cng
Trong mt h thng WDM hot ng ti tn s 1550 nm, si SSMF i qua tn sc
kh ln lm hn ch cht lng cc h thng quang. Tn sc bin i iu ch pha
thnh iu ch cng ti u ra si quang. Chnh v vy cn phi nghin cu cc
yu t gy ra s bin i ny. Trong mt nghin cu khc a ra mt ma trn bin
i m t mi quan h u vo v u ra ca iu ch pha v cng tng ng.
t S
in
(t) l cng sut quang u vo v
) (t
in
1
]
1
1
]
1
(3.7)
Trong
) , (
N
m
jk
L s
l dao ng bin ti im cui ca N chng c
khuch i to ra bi iu ch pha do XPM ti chng th m. L
N
l chiu di tng ca
si quang. P
k
m
(,0) l cng sut bm u vo chng th m, d
jk
l chiu di walk-off
gia hai knh trong chng th m. Pt (3.6) c dng tnh ton xuyn nhiu cng
do tn sc v tnh phi tuyn.
Tc ng ca mo cng
Trong mt h thng s dng dng sng NRZ, tn hiu d ti u ra si quang b
mo do XPM, c quan h trc tip vi tn hiu quang khng b mo ca knh d ti
u ra. Xuyn knh do XPM t knh bm sang knh d c cho bi (3.6) trong
m
j
(t) l dng sng d chun ho ti u ra v m
k
(t) l dng sng bm chun ho
ti u vo. F
-1
v F ch cc bin i Fourier v bin i ngc. H
j
() l hm truyn
t b lc bng gc ca h thng.
XPM bao gm mo nh thi v mo cng
Tnh cht tn sc t nhin ca si quang gy ra s suy gim trong cc mng
quang. Jitter nh thi c hnh thnh do cc mo pha trong pht sinh trong si quang
tn sc. Cc mo pha ny xy ra do chit sut phi tuyn ca si quang. Do cng sut
ca mt knh nh hng trc tip n chit sut ca si quang nn khi c nhng thay
i v cng sut dc theo si th lm thay i chit sut ca si. Chit sut li c nh
hng trc tip n pha ca tn hiu. Chnh v vy khi c cc bin thin ph thuc thi
gian trong si quang, s c s bin i pha trong tn hiu quang. Nhng bin i v
pha quang sau chuyn thnh dao ng cng v jitter nh thi ti u ra si
quang qua tn sc sc th. iu ny c nh hng nghim trng n cht lng h
thng. Cc mo cng v jitter nh thi l cc hiu ng tch bit v khi kt hp li
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60
n tt nghip Chng III. nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
to ra cc hiu ng c hi hn nhiu i vi truyn dn tn hiu. Cc mo cng do
s gin rng ng pha trn tng ng vi bit 1 v jitter nh thi l do gin rng
sn tng ng vi s chuyn tip gia bit 1 v bit 0.
Do hiu ng walk-off, s mt lin kt gia cc chui bit xy ra v kt qu l dch
tn s quang do knh bm gy ra trn knh d. V s dch tn gy ra bi cc sn mt
lin kt, dch ti sn ln b loi b bi dch ti sn xung do dn n dch
khng. Trong trng hp cc h thng c cc b khuch i quang t ti cc khong
cch u gia cc chng si quang, do s dao ng cng sut m cc knh khc nhau
ca cc chui bit bt i xng xung t ln nhau v dch tn chun ny ph thuc
vo khong cch knh.Ti cui si quang cc hiu ng ny dn n jitter nh thi do
ln ph thuc vo chui bit cng nh vo bc sng ca knh. Ngay c vi cc si
quang c tn sc cao, hiu ng walk-off xy ra nhanh hn ti sn nhng do bn cht
gi ngu nhin ca cc bit nn cn c mt trng thi m ti cc bit 1 di c pht
i thy c sn xung sau mt thi gian di. Khi , knh d phi tnh ton n
jitter thi gian ng k.
Jitter nh thi lm gim ng k cht lng h thng quang v ko theo suy hao
ln trong trng hp cc h thng DWDM tc cao. Chnh v vy nh gi cht
lng h thng quang cn xut pht t m hnh gii tch bao gm cc nh hng ca
jitter nh thi v mo bin .
Xem xt hai knh, knh bm th k v knh d th i. Do cng sut trong knh
bm, pha ca knh d thay i dc theo chiu di si quang. nh gi nh hng
ca cng sut bm ny, xem xt mt si SSMF c chiu di L. t dz l mt phn nh
ca si quang phn tch, z
-z). L kt
qu ca XPM, s bin i pha ca knh tn hiu (i) do s c mt ca knh bm th (k)
trong phn si quang dz l:
dz v z j z z q P dz z P z d
k k k k j
) / exp( ) cos( ) , 0 ( 2 ) , ( 2 ) , (
(3.8)
Trong l suy hao si quang, P
k
(0,) l cng sut knh bm, q
k
l mo ng
bao v v
k
l vn tc nhm ca knh bm.
iu ch pha ny c to ra ti z phi thay i trong khi lan truyn dc theo si
quang. Ti im z
i i
Q
XPM (3.12)
Trong i
1
v i
0
l dng tng ng vi cc bit 1 v bit 0,
1
v
0
l cc
lch tiu chun tng ng vi cc bit 1 v 0. Trong cng thc ny, nh hng ca
XPM ln mc 0 c th b qua, bi v ch c mc cng sut rt thp cho khong
trng (bit 0) v lch tiu chun ca hiu ng noise-like do XPM l rt thp. nh
hng ca XPM c th thy r qua suy gim v t s tn hiu trn nhiu quang OSNR.
Vi cc h thng truyn dn hin i c th c OSNR t 15 dB v cho php suy gim
ln n 2 dB. Bng tn b lc trong min quang c thit lp n 12,5 GHz v bng
tn b lc trong min in l 14 GHz. iu ny dn n gi tr h s Q thp nht c
th khi c XPM l xp x 10. Cc kt qu t cc cng thc gii tch c so snh vi
cc kt qu m phng bng chng trnh m phng trn my tnh dng phng php
bin i Fourier v c biu din trong hnh 3.7 di y
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n tt nghip Chng III. nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
Hnh 3.7 H s Q theo tn sc d
So snh bng hnh nh gip ta thy r hn kt qu l thuyt cng xp x kt qu
m phng. Ta cng thy rng h s phm cht Q bin thin ph thuc vo tn sc. Ti
tn sc bng khng th Q t nh v gim dn khi tn sc ln (i vi c gi tr tn sc
m v tn sc dng). Mt cng thc nh gi s ph thuc ca h s phm cht Q
vo s lng knh WDM c tm ra nh sau:
,
_
,
_
+
+
) 237 ( 00349 , 0
exp 1 ). 770 ( 00193 , 0
2
2
ik
ik M
a
M
a W
(3.13)
M l s lng knh bm v a
ik
= jD.
ik
, l suy hao, l tn s gc, D l
tn sc si quang,
ik
l khong cch knh i v knh k, W
M
l h s weighting cho tn
hiu u vo theo hm cos bnh phng tc 10 Gb/s vi h s roll-off l 0,5. T
hnh 3.8 c th tnh ton h s Q cho ring knh b xuyn nhiu hoc tnh h s Q cho
mt s lng knh bm bt k, cc knh bm ny cch u knh trung tm, bng cch
chia h s ny cho h s W
M
.
Hnh 3.8 S ph thuc ca W
M
vo s lng knh
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n tt nghip Chng III. nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
Cng xem xt trong h thng M knh, nghin cu [11] i su vo cng thc gii
tch tnh Q. t cng thc (3.11), vi
1
c tnh nh sau:
+
1
1
2
,
2
1 , 1
M
i
i XPM N
(3.14)
Trong
2
1 , N
trong
2
n
,
_
+
+
+
+
r
P
k
r
P r
k
r
P r
k
r r P k
Q
s n s
(3.15)
vi P l cng sut quang trung bnh ti u vo b thu v 0 1
/ P P r
l t s loi tr
(extinction) gia hai k hiu. S suy gim cng sut c tnh theo t s gia cng
sut trung bnh yu cu ti u vo b thu khi c v khng c nh hng ca XPM cho
mt gi tr Q c quy nh t trc. Suy gim cng sut tnh theo dB l
[ ] ) 0 ( / ) ( log 10
2 2
10
n n pe
P P P
. Dng cng thc (3.15), biu thc ny c bin i
thnh
'
1
1
1
.
1 .
1
log . 20
2 3
10
r
r
Q r
r
r
P
n
pe
(3.16)
Cng thc trn c th nh gi s suy gim do XPM gy ra theo hm ca Q, r v
2
n
=4,2x10
-3
(-23,8 dB) gi s r v
Q=7, cho t l li bit BER = 10
-12
.
3.1.5 Xuyn knh gia cc knh c tc bit khc nhau do XPM
Trong cc mng quang WDM, tc bit ca cc knh bc sng khc nhau c th
khng ging nhau. nh hng ca tc bit knh d n nhy vi xuyn knh
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n tt nghip Chng III. nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
XPM c th xc nh c da vo bng tn b thu. Hnh 3.9 biu din cc mc xuyn
knh cng sut chun ho theo bng tn in b thu vi cc knh bm c tc bit
l 2,5, 10 v 40 Gb/s. Hnh ny biu din trng hp mt chng gm 100 km si tn
sc vi D=2,9 ps/nm/km, cng sut a vo si l 11,5 dBm v khong cch knh 0,8
nm. Trong h thng c th ny, vi tc bit cao hn 10 Gb/s, xuyn knh do XPM t
nhy hn vi s tng ca tc bit. iu ny l do hm truyn t cng sut XPM
chun ho t n nh ti xp x 15 GHz. Khi ph ca knh bm rng hn 15 GHz,
nh hng ca xuyn knh XPM gim i rt nhiu. y l l do gii thch ti sao
xuyn knh do XPM gia cc h thng 40 v 10 Gb/s li nh hn rt nhiu xuyn
knh gia h thng 10 v 2,5 Gb/s.
Cc bng tn b thu in hnh cho cc h thng 2,5, 10 v 40 Gb/s ln lt l 1,75,
7,5 v 30 GHz. T hnh 3.9 c th thy rng khi bng tn b thu vt qu bng tn ca
knh bm, mc xuyn knh do XPM khng tng theo bng tn b thu na. Thc s
l xuyn knh gia cc knh tc cao v knh tc thp c th so snh vi xuyn
knh gia hai knh tc bit thp. Mt lin h quan trng vi iu ny l cc h thng
WDM lai ghp c cc tc bit khc nhau xen k, chng hn nh cc knh 1, 3, 5 c
tc bit cao v cc knh 2, 4, 6 c tc bit thp. Cc mc xuyn knh do XPM
trong c cc knh tc cao v cc knh tc thp u tng t nh nhau v khng
cao hn mc xuyn knh trong h thng c tc bit thp. Tuy nhin, khi khong
cch knh l qu thp, xuyn knh XPM t knh 3 n knh 1 c th ln hn xuyn
knh t knh 2 c tc bit thp.
Tng t nh hnh 3.9, hnh 3.10 biu din cc mc xuyn knh chun ho theo
bng tn in trong mt h thng dng NZDSF nm chng, 100km trn mt chng.
Tn sc si quang l 2,9 ps/nm/km v cng sut quang a vo mi chng l 8,5 dBm.
Ti y c s khc bit nh trong cc mc xuyn knh gia h thng 10 Gb/s v h
thng 40 Gb/s. Nguyn nhn l do trong h thng c tn sc tch lu cao hn, hm
truyn t cng sut XPM t nh ti tn s thp hn v cc thnh phn tn s cao b
suy hao mnh. Hnh 3.11 biu din xuyn knh chun ho theo tn sc si quang
cho cng h thng trong hnh 3.10. Cc bng tn thu nh bit trn. trng hp
xuyn knh xu nht xy ra ti tn sc thp vi tc bit cao hn. ng ch trong
h thng 10 Gb/s, trng hp xuyn knh xu nht xy ra vi D=2,5 ps/nm/km v do
tn sc tch lu tng cng ca h thng l 1250 ps/nm, ging nh gii hn tn sc
cho h thng 10 Gb/s khng c b.
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n tt nghip Chng III. nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
Hnh 3.9 Xuyn knh theo bng tn in thu
Hnh 3.10. Xuyn knh theo bng tn in thu
Cn phi ch ra rng, n gin ho, trong c hnh 3.9 v hnh 3.10, cc cng sut
quang ca tn hiu c chn la ging nhau cho cc h thng c tc bit khc
nhau.Tuy nhin, trong thc t thng yu cu mc cng sut cao hn i vi h thng
c tc bit cao. Vic tng qut ho cc kt qu ny trong trng hp c cc mc
cng sut quang tn hiu khc nhau t c khi dng s ph thuc tuyn tnh ca
xuyn knh XPM vo mc cng sut a vo .
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66
n tt nghip Chng III. nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
Hnh 3.11 Xuyn knh XPM ph thuc vo tn sc
Mc d xuyn knh XPM thng c coi l ch nghim trng trong si quang tn
sc thp, hnh 3.11 li ch ra r rng trong cc h thng khng b tn sc, trc gii
hn tn sc ca h thng th tn sc cao to ra nhiu xuyn knh hn. Ni cch khc,
trong cc h thng quang c b tn sc, tn sc ni cao hn gip lm gim iu ch
pha do XPM v tn sc h thng tch lu thp lm gim bin i nhiu pha thnh nhiu
cng .
3.1.5 nh hng ca XPM ln h thng WDM c qun l v tn sc
Vi cc h thng c qun l v tn sc, XPM cng c nhng nh hng nht
nh. Tuy nhin, do XPM ph thuc kh nhiu vo tn sc trong si quang nn vi cc
s qun l tn sc khc nhau, nh hng ca XPM l khc nhau. C mt m hnh
nghin cu v mt l thuyt [13] nh hng ca XPM n cht lng h thng WDM
qua phn tch hm truyn t b lc cng do XPM gy ra. Hm truyn t ny
trong cc s qun l tn sc khc nhau l khc nhau. T nghin cu l thuyt, mt
s kt qu c tnh ton, kim chng li l thuyt v m ra hng khc phc nh
hng ca XPM bng qun l tn sc thch hp.
M hnh l thuyt ny xem xt tia bm mnh v tia d tng i yu trong h
thng gm hai phn si quang c tn sc khc nhau D
1
v D
2
vi cc chiu di tng
ng L
1
v L
2
. Tia d l CW cn tia bm l tn hiu quang c iu ch c bin
bin i chm theo thi gian. Cng sut knh bm thay i l P
p
(z,t) v bin i
Fourier P
p
(z,). Tnh n c suy hao ca knh bm v walk-off gia knh bm v
knh d, c th b qua SPM ca tia bm v nhng dao ng cng ca knh bm
do knh d gy ra. Cc php bin i dn n kt qu l mt cng thc hm truyn
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n tt nghip Chng III. nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
t b lc cung ph thuc vo cc tham s nh h s phi tuyn, suy hao, walk-off,
tn sc si quang, chiu di si. Cng thc ny cho php nh gi nh hng ca
XPM t mt knh ln mt knh khc, m ra thm mt cch tnh nh hng ca
XPM t nhiu knh tc ng ln mt knh c th bng cch xp chng nh hng ca
tng knh ring l. Cng t l thuyt ny, cc kt qu tnh ton c a ra trong
nhiu trng hp c bit nghin cu nh hng ca qun l tn sc n cc hiu
ng XPM. Cc tham s c chn tnh ton l bc sng d 1550 nm. khong cch
knh 0,4 nm, h s suy hao 0,2 dB/km, h s phi tuyn 1,31x10
-3
m
2
/W. Di tn c
hn ch cn 0-50 GHz v cho n hin ti th cc tc bit trong cc h thng vn l
di 40 Gb/s.
Ta tham kho cc kt qu ny thy c trc quan nh hng ca XPM i vi
cc h thng qun l tn sc khc nhau l khc nhau.
Hnh 3.12 Hm truyn t ca si SMF theo cc s b tn sc khc nhau
Trong hnh 3.12 l hm truyn t ca 80 km si SMF (D=16 ps/nm/km) khng
b v c b (trc v sau). Hm truyn cho thy c im b lc thng cao. Hnh 3.13
v hnh 3.14 l cc hm truyn t vi cc t l b tn sc khc nhau trong cc h
thng c b trc v b sau. Hnh 3.15 so snh hai cu hnh tn sc khc nhau ca
cc h thng c b tn sc hon ton. 80 km si DSF c tn sc -2 ps/nm/km c
b hon ton bng si SMF c tn sc 16 ps/nm/km; 80 km si SMF c tn sc 16
ps/nm/km c b hon ton bng si DCF c tn sc 96 ps/nm/km. C th thy rng
do tn sc ni ca si SMF ln m nh hng ca XPM b loi b, do SMF l la
chn ti u i vi cc h thng WDM tc cao.
Trong cc h thng a chng, nh hng ca XPM tch lu ti im cui ca h
thng. Hnh 3.16 khng nh iu ny. Trong mi chng, si SMF c b hon ton
bi si DCF v suy hao c b bng b khuch i quang. Nh thy trn hnh, nh
hng ca XPM cng ln khi s chng tng ln. Trong hnh 3.17, cc s b thiu
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n tt nghip Chng III. nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
v b tha c nghin cu trong mt h thng WDM nm chng. C th thy rng,
tri ngc vi h thng mt chng, b thiu v b tha u lm gim nh hng ca
XPM trong h thng a chng.
Hnh 3.13 Mo XPM theo cc t l b tn sc khc nhau vi s b trc
Hnh 3.14 Mo XPM vi cc t l b tn sc khc nhau vi s b sau
Ni tm li, trong h thng WDM c qun l tn sc, nh hng ca XPM th
hin nh mt b lc cng vi c im l mt b lc thng cao, c ngha l XPM
l mt hiu ng phi tuyn c tnh tri trong cc h thng WDM tc cao. Cc kt
qu trn y rt hu ch tm ra bin php hn ch nh hng ca XPM, s c
trnh by trong phn sau.
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n tt nghip Chng III. nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
Hnh 3.15 Hai cu hnh b tn sc khc nhau cho kt qu khc nhau
Hnh 3.16 nh hng ca XPM thay i theo s chng m
Hnh 3.17 nh hng ca t l b trong h thng nm chng
3.2 Mt s gii php khc phc nh hng ca XPM trong h thng WDM
Qua cc phn trn ta thy nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM.
khc phc nhng nh hng ny, nhiu th nghim cng c tin hnh bi
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n tt nghip Chng III. nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
nhiu nh nghin cu v cho nhng kt qu kh quan. Mt s bin php c tm ra
thc s hiu qu v c th p dng trong thc t nng cao cht lng h thng.
Phn ny trnh by mt s bin php nh dng b trit XPM, s dng cc s b tn
sc hp l.
3.2.1 Dng b trit XPM
Phn ny gii thiu vic dng b trit XPM trong mt h thng c th [3] hn
ch nh hng ca XPM i vi cc kt ni si quang a chng. K thut trit XPM
ny gm vic a ra cc tr thi gian thch hp gia cc knh k nhau bn trong
mt b lp, thc y qu trnh ph hu ng gp tng cng t cc chng khc nhau
vo XPM tng th. Mt thit b th ng n gin, gi l b trit XPM (XS) da trn
mt lot cc cch t Bragg bng hp trong si quang (IFBG). Khi cc XS c chn
tun hon vo mt kt ni NZDSF 5x100 km, cc knh c khong cch 100 GHz ti
tc 10 Gb/s cho thy ch b suy gim 1 dB, trong o c t l li sn 10
-7
. Ngoi
ra, nh cc b trit XPM, dung sai vi tn sc d cng tng ln ba ln.
thit k mt b trit XPM, th nghim [3] xem xt mt h thng truyn dn
c qun l tn sc c M knh cch nhau v gm c N chng. Khi mi cp knh
lin tc tri qua gi tr ti u ging nhau ca tr thi gian gia cc knh ti im
u mi chng th s suy yu do XPM gy ra cho cc cp knh ny l ti thiu. tr
t
D
c th xc nh t m hnh nh gi nhiu cng do XPM trong b thu.
Hnh 3.18 th nghim vi 10 knh c v khng c XS
Trong s cho trong hnh 3.18, b trit XPM (XS) bao gm mt circulator v
mt lot cch t IFBG trong h thng M knh WDM, mi knh k (2kM) c phn
x ti mt v tr bn trong si quang, b tr khong thi gian t
D
t knh k-1 ti phn bt
u mi chng tip theo.
Tuy nhin, trong cc h thng thc t, si quang c tn sc c tch lu D
T
() to
ra m tr xuyn knh D
T
(). m khng th b hon ton bng tr D
C
().
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n tt nghip Chng III. nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
to ra bi modul b c tn sc tch lu D
C
(). Gia knh k-1 v knh k, XS dn n
mt tr na l
) ( ) ( ( ) (
k C k T D s
D D t k t +
(3.17)
Khong cch tng i m ti cc gng tng ng c m t l
) 2 /( ) ( . n k t c l
s k
vi c l vn tc nh sng, n l chit sut ca si quang. t hiu
qu ti a, t
D
cn c iu khin bi cc XS thm vo trong mi b lp, dc theo kt
ni nh trong hnh 3.18. Cn ch rng s ph thuc vo bc sng trong cng thc
(3.17), do sn tn sc, gii thch ti sao mt s tn sc l tng, n gin li
khng th thay th XS hn ch nhng nh hng ca XPM i vi s lng knh
ln.
Hnh 3.18 cho thy thit k vi thit b th nghim cho 10 knh, tr t
D
t ra c
lng khong 80ps t c trong mt di c lng [-20ps, +20 ps]. S x dch
trong mt di nh vy cng thch hp vi cc yu cu v l thuyt, do qu trnh trit
tiu XPM din ra mnh m. Vic t cc cch t IFBG mang tnh tng i ph thuc
vo knh l do sn tn sc ca si quang.Qua mt v d gm 5 XS c di 8 cm,
bng tn 3 dB trung bnh ca cc b lc IFBG l 0,4 nm vi ton b 10 knh, dn n
mt bng tn 0,26 nm tng ng khi bn n v c sp xp nh c m t trong
th nghim.
Cc XS c o trong truyn dn 10x10 Gb/s qua nm chng, mi chng 100km
biu din trong hnh 3.17b. B pht bao gm 10 laser DFB c cc bc sng nm
trong h thng ITU 100 GHz t 1552 n 1559 nm. Cc knh chn v l i qua hai b
iu ch cng c iu khin bi b to chui PRBS 2
31
-1 v 2
23
-1, c kt hp
vi phn cc song song, l trng hp xu nht cho XPM, v c khuch i t
c cng sut 5dBm/knh. Kt ni gm nm chng, mi chng 100 km si NZDSF
c tn sc trung bnh 2,8 ps/nm/km ti bc sng 1550 nm, sn tn sc 0,065
ps/nm/km v din tch hiu dng 53 m
2
. Suy hao ca chng c chnh n gi tr
thc t 25 dB bng b suy hao, c b suy hao bng cc b khuch i hai tng kt
hp mt XS v mt si DCF, c tn sc tch lu 309 ps/nm. Cc knh trung tm c
mi DCF b chnh xc cho lng tn sc trong chng pha trc nhng ti b thu li
khng c si DCF no. Sau khi lan truyn, tn hiu c a n mt b tin khuch
i quang, hai b lc 0,4 nm v mt b thu in 10 Gb/s.
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n tt nghip Chng III. nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
Hnh 3.19 Suy gim nhy cho knh 6
Trong hnh 3.19 biu din suy gim nhy ti BER=10
-10
cho knh th 6. S suy
gim ny tng nhanh theo khong cch khi khng c XS, dn n BER sn l 10
-7
sau
nm chng. Ngc li, khi cc XS c thm vo mt cch tun hon th s suy gim
ch cn 1,2 dB mc d c nhiu b khuch i v cc hiu ng lan truyn vn cn, v
c th nhn thy trc quan qua hnh 3.19. i vi 9 knh cn li cng c th kt lun
tng t. Tc dng ca cc XS i vi cc knh ngoi bin t nhy hn do cc knh
ny chu nh hng ca XPM t hn.
Hnh 3.20 So snh suy gim khi c v khng c XS
Thay i tn sc d trong kt ni cho thy li ch rt ln t cc XS v tn sc
d l mt tham s nh gi nh hng ca XPM. lm c iu , mt phn
thch hp ca si DCF hoc si G.652 c chn thm vo trc b thu. Suy gim
cho knh 6 sau nm chng c biu din trong hnh 3.20 l mt hm ca tn sc d
khi c v khng c cc XS.
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n tt nghip Chng III. nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
Theo nh mong i t l thuyt, khi tn sc d gn nh bng khng th cc XS
gn nh khng c tc dng n cht lng v t l li sn khng ging nh trn.
Thc s trong cu hnh ny, XPM khng bin i thnh nhiu cng c hi. Tuy
nhin, theo sn tn sc si quang, cu hnh dung sai XPM ny ch c th c c vi
cc h thng WDM c s lng knh nh v s suy gim khng th di 3 dB. Ngc
li, khi tn sc d tng ln n 366 ps/nm (khng c DCF trong b thu) hoc cao hn
th nu khng c XS s khng th c truyn dn khng li, trong khi truyn trong ch
tn sc d thng c XS c th ci thin ng k s suy gim h thng, n 2 dB.
Cui cng, di tn sc d ti suy gim 3 dB, sau khi tch nhiu ln hn gp ba ln so
vi khi khng c XS. iu ny c ngha l c th c dung sai ln hn nhiu cho si
NZDSF c b khng y .
Th nghim [3] cho thy mt bin php hiu qu hn ch nh hng ca
XPM, khng ch lm tng cht lng v khong cch truyn dn ca cc h thng
WDM in hnh m cn ci thin rt ln dung sai ca h thng i vi tn sc d, m
ng cho nhng kh nng ln hn.
3.2.2 Cc s b tn sc thch hp
Nhiu th nghim c trch dn trn cho thy b tn sc l bin php hiu
qu khc phc nhng hn ch m XPM gy ra.
Trong ti liu [9] trnh by xuyn knh do XPM trong cc h thng si quang c
th gim bng cch b tn sc. Ngoi ra, im t b b tn sc cng rt quan trng.
Lng b tn sc nh nht yu cu l khi b b c t trc b thu. Ti im ny,
b b s b xuyn knh do XPM to ra trong ton b cc chng. Lng b tn sc ti
u gim xuyn knh do XPM l khong 50% tn sc trong h thng. Mc d s
b tng hp ny yu cu lng b tn sc nh nht nhng vn khng t c cht
lng h thng tt nht.
Hnh 3.21 Xuyn knh thay i theo b tn sc
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n tt nghip Chng III. nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
Hnh 3.21 biu din cc mc xuyn knh cng sut chun ho theo t l b tn sc
trong mt h thng 10 Gb/s su chng, mi chng 100 km NZDSF. Tn sc trong si
quang truyn dn l 2,9 ps/nm/km v cng sut quang i vo mi chng l 8,5 dBm.
Cc hiu ng phi tuyn trong cc si quang dng b tn sc c b qua n
gin ho. Cc s b tn sc khc nhau c so snh trong hnh ny. ng (1) l
b tn sc trong tng chng, khi xuyn knh do XPM to ra trong mi chng c th
c b chnh xc nn khi b 100% th gim xuyn knh do XPM rt hiu qu. ng
(2) l t b b tn sc sau mi hai chng, khi gi tr b tn sc ch c th c ti
u ho cho chng u tin hoc chng th hai nhng khng th ti u cho c hai
chng. Mc xuyn knh do XPM d cao hn trong trng hp trc. Tng t nh
th, ng (3) trong hnh 3.21 l t b b tn sc sau mi ba chng cn ng (4) l
t mt b b tng hp ti trc b thu.
R rng l khi gim s lng cc b b tn sc, mc xuyn knh do XPM d
cao hn v gi tr b tn sc ti u gn hn n 50% gi tr tn sc ca h thng.
Chnh v iu ny, trong cc h thng c suy yu nghim trng do xuyn knh th cn
phi b tn sc trong mi chng. Tuy nhin, iu ny s lm tng s lng b b tn
sc ng ngha vi vic tng chi ph.
Trong ti liu [8], b tn sc thiu (undercompensation) c chng minh l c
nh hng ng k n mo do XPM. XPM pht sinh v phn b dc chiu di si
SSMF dn n mo cng ti b thu, ngay c trong trng hp c b tn sc
hon ton. B thiu c hiu qu kh cao trong vic gim mo cng do XPM ti b
thu. Hnh 3.22 biu din cc tch ly mo cng do XPM c tnh ton cho h
thng trong [8].
Hnh 3.22 H s m
x
tch lu sau cc chng
Mt cu hnh bm d cng c dng c trng ha mo do XPM, vi knh
bm iu ch cng , lm mo mt knh d CW, khong cch knh 0,4 nm. Cc
xung bm c rng 400 ps v thi gian ln xung 10-90% l 56 ps. H s c
trng cho XPM vn l m
x
. C th thy trong hnh 3.22 rng m
x
tch ly theo thi gian
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n tt nghip Chng III. nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
trong mi chng, do tn sc ca si quang SSMF bin i PM-IM. B b pha sau
gim do tn sc m o ngc bin i PM-IM. Tuy nhin vn cn tn ti iu ch
cng d. Gi tr m
x
t cc tiu ti mt s khong cch trc im cui mi
chng v v th, lng iu ch cng ti b thu c th ti thiu ha nh b thiu
ti chng cui cng. Dng m phng trong [13] c c kt qu l b thiu gim
m
x
t 0,41 xung cn 0,16 sau 10 chng.
Hnh 3.23 H s m
x
tng theo khong cch
Th nghim cng c tin hnh vi cu hnh bm-d dng vng quang khp kn
tun hon, cng sut knh 13 dBm v iu ch vi cng dng xung . Hnh 3.23 cho
thy m
x
tng theo khong cch truyn dn trong trng hp tn sc dng hoc m c
340 D
ps/nm ti b thu. C th thy rng tn sc dng lm gim m
x
mt cch hiu
qu. Dng sng d tng ng cho trong hnh 3.24 sau su chng.
Hnh 3.24 Dng sng sau 6 chng
3.3 Kt lun
Chng 3 l phn ni dung chnh ca ti. Trong chng ny gii thiu nhiu
nghin cu v l thuyt cng nh thc nghim c tin hnh trn th gii trnh
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n tt nghip Chng III. nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng WDM
by v nhng nh hng ca XPM n cht lng h thng WDM. Nhng hiu ng
do XPM gy ra nh mo dng xung, bin i PM-IM, nhiu, jitter nh thi hn
ch gii hn truyn dn ca h thng truyn dn WDM v lm gim h s phm cht
Q, gy mo tn hiu. Sau khi tm hiu nhng nh hng ca XPM n cht lng h
thng WDM, chng 3 cn a ra mt s bin php khc phc nhng hn ch trn
bng cch dng b trit XPM hoc s dng cc s tn sc thch hp. Do XPM cng
ph thuc vo nhiu tham s nh cng sut quang tn hiu, tn sc trong si quang, tc
bit, khong cch knh nn chc chn vn cn nhiu bin php ci thin cht
lng h thng ang c nghin cu v s c p dng trong tng lai.
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n tt nghip nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng
WDM
Kt lun
Cc h thng truyn dn WDM v ang c pht trin rng khp, l gii php
ti u cho cc mng truyn ti tc cao v a dng v loi hnh dch v. Nghin cu
tm hiu v nhng hn ch ca cc h thng WDM l mt vn cn thit i vi cc
nh thit k mng vin thng nhm ti u ho cht lng mng truyn dn. n ca
em nghin cu v nh hng ca XPM l hiu ng c nh hng nghim trng nht
n cht lng h thng truyn dn WDM. Chng 1 ca n gii thiu c bn
v h thng truyn dn WDM, v u im v cc thnh phn cng nh cc tham s
ca mt h thng. ng thi, trong chng 2 ca n trnh by v XPM v nhng
hin tng do XPM gy ra i vi sng quang lan truyn trong si. T nhng kin
thc c bn , cng vi vic tham kho nhiu nghin cu trn th gii qua cc bi
bo v Internet, chng 3 ca n trnh by v mt s nh hng quan trng ca
XPM n cht lng h thng truyn dn WDM v mt s bin php khc phc kh
thi.
Vi thi gian nghin cu tm hiu cn hn ch, c rt nhiu vn lin quan m
em cha a c vo n. Trong thi gian sp ti khi c nhiu thi gian em s tip
tc tm hiu su hn v vn ny v tm hiu thm nhng vn thit k mng vin
thng c bit l mng ng trc ca Vit Nam.
Mt ln na em xin cm n c gio hng dn Ths. Nguyn Th Thu Nga cng
cc thy c trong b mn Thng Tin Quang, Khoa vin thng I hng dn, to iu
kin thun li em hon thnh n ny.
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n tt nghip nh hng ca XPM ln cht lng h thng
WDM
Ti liu tham kho
[1]. AGRAWAL, G.P,Nonlinear Fiber Optics, second Edition, chapter 7, page
238-315, Academic Press, New York,1995.
[2]. CISCO SYSTEM, Introduction to DWDM Technology, 06/2004.
[3]. GIOVANNI BELLOTTI, SEBASTIEN BIGO, STEPHANE GAUCHARD,
PIERRE-YVES CORTES, SIOHIE LA ROCHELLE, 10x10 Gb/s cross-phase
modulation suppressor using WDM narrowband fiber Bragg gratings, OFC
post-deadline paper PD32, 2000.
[4]. H.J.THIELE, R.I.KILLEY, P.BAYVEL, Influence of fiber dispersion on XPM
pulse distortion in WDM systems, ECOC98, 09/1998, Madrid, Spain.
[5]. H.J.THIELE, R.I.KILLEY, P.BAYVEL, Transmission Limitations in Optical
WDM Networks due to Cross-Phase Modulation, Optical Networks Group,
Dept. of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Torrington Palace, University
College London, UK.
[6]. H.J.THIELE, R.I.KILLEY, P.BAYVEL, Investigation of XPM Distortion in
Transmission Installed Fiber, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol.12,
No.6, 06/2000
[7]. RAGAVENDA ANANTHA PADMANABHAN, Analytical Modeling to
Evaluate the Effect of Cross-Phase Modulation on WDM Networks, B.E
(Electronics and Communication Engineering), 2004, Madras University, India.
[8]. ROBERT KILLEY, HANS-JORRG THIELE, VITALY MIKHAILOV,
POLINA BAYVEL, Optimization of the Dispersion Map of Compensated
Standard-Fiber WDM Systems to Minimize Distortion due to Fiber
Nonlinearity, Optical Networks Group, Dept. of Electronics and Electrical
Engineering, Torrington Palace, University College London, UK.
[9]. RONGQIG HUI, KENNETH R. DEMAREST, CHRISTOPHER T. ALLEN,
senior Members, IEEE, XPM in Multispan WDM Optical Fiber Systems,
Journal of Lighwave Technology, Vol.17, No.6, 06/1999.
[10]. RUBEN S. LUIS, ADOLFO V.T. CARTAXO, Influence of Dispersion Slope
on XPM-induce Degradation in Dispersion Compensated WDM Systems,
8/7/2004, Banff, Canada
[11]. STEPHAN PACHNICKE and EDGAR VOGES, Analytical assessment of the
Q-factor due to Cross Phase Modulation(XPM), University of Dortmund,
44227 Dortmund, Germany
[12]. V. MIKHAILOV, R.I.KILLEY, J.PRAT, P.BAYVEL, Limitation to WDM
Transmission Distance due to XPM Induced Spectral Broadening in Dispersion
Compensated Standard Fiber System, IEEE photonics technology letters,
vol.11, no.8, 8/1999
[13]. Z.LI and K.QIU, Intensity Filter Caused by Cross Phase Modulation in
Dispersion-Managed WDM System, Proceedings Symposium IEEE/LEOS
Benelux Chapter, 2003, Enschede
[14]. TS. V VN SAN, TS. HONG VN V, K thut thng tin quang, Nh
xut bn khoa hc v k thut, H Ni, 1997.
[15]. http://www.sei.co.jp/news_e/press/02/02_04.html
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