---- -

HELLENIC MINISTRY OF CULTURE

1\ ,,;

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HELLENIC

MINISTI,Y OF CULTURE

DIRECTORATE OF CULTUI<AL EVENTS

SECTON OF JO

&

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CURATOR EXHIBITlONS &

EDITOR ( ALOGUE

!\' nIHMATO, ,.

\IIU-RCU, .\1..'\.,

EKOfI

rPAMMATELA

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D OF -!] I3lT!ON SIaIO\i

SECRETARIAT

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SClENTlFlC ADVISORS
J)r, EYANGELIA L. ARCHAEOOGIST,
HONORARY EPHOR QF A,\'TIQUITI[S
DI', OAiNlS TOURATSOGOU, [. ANTIQUIES.
! .\ SC /I.,USI::Ul\,!. ATHENS
l)r, 'YOTOU, RI:: SEARCH \,
CENTRE fOR GREEK ]) R ANTJQUITY,
I HELLFNIC RESEAI<CH I OUND ATION, ATHEI\'S
'

\1

EXTS

I"1i\ll1,

." ' YOTOU

l ,
2.1

G. BABINIOTlS. PROFESSOR lINGUJSTICS,

CU I)HJOSOr!-IY, ATHENS.

R[S11)[\T 0[' PAE])AGOGICAL JNSTITUTE

EYA\'GELIA n..\

;-':1

LEGENDS

rA;-':N

. ",' YOTOU

OA\NIS TOURTSOGLOU

c. . ZERNER

TRANSLATlON OF TEXTS

. 8

C. I'.l.ERNER
,VGi

TO TAi\-'I EJO AXAOAOfKN '

ACKNO\VLEDGEMENTS

J\

C\GC RECEIPTS FUND

KEl\TPO \. I-'
, .

"'HMISMATlC MUSEUI'II, ATHENS

J\EOEAAHNIKQN

[ \'[ , .

JO ( ..1..)

CENTRE I'OR GREK ANTlQUY.

- ]{ES[AR(H OJNOATlON. ATHENS

CENTRE I;OR .'::C RESEARCH,

! :: RESEARCH . ATHENS

GRHK ITERATURE & HISTOR!CAL ARCHIYE (E.L,IA)

88IOIKH

GENi\ADIOUS IBRARY

YICE \-YOR OF ATHENS Ms. . EVAl"GELIDIS

J\IOYEIO , 0!

. . ,
, nl\1l, !

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M.'\CEDONlAN CENTRE 01; i\lODERN , THESSALONIKI

PROF, . S.S. '\RISTOTEIAN UNIYERSY OF SS\"

TlI ..A.

DESIGNER

\-1 , '

KOSAKI, ARCHITEC

lJ:

PHOTOGRAPHER

& :

'" ELIAD'S

COVER: MAR[A ,

V'\SSILlS SKI'\DIOTlS

..\ , I'1

DESIGN AND PRODUCON: .TOURNAIlA

: 11 & .
:

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...

1992, JO ,1

PRINTED : , D J. VESKOUKIS
: EIKASTIKES [F'ARMOGES LTD.
1992 HELLENIC !ISR or CULTURE


HELLENIC MINISTRY OF CULTURE

ALWAYS MODERN LANGUAGE

1 9 92. ATHENS

The basic meaning of Ianguage and communication are synonymolIs.

means IanglIage human beings express ideas and eInotions and create
lterature.

There ' civiIisation and educa{ion without rhe cultivation

and renement 01' language. The universal clIIture huInanity ,

fundamentaIIy the creation language, but the cLIltIal differences
between , are also the dcr of their lal1guages.
Greece, a nation whose language has stood the resr of riIne, the tol1gue
which the universal ideals 01' demoaacy, bealIry and the golden mean have
foul1d expression, vvhoIeheartedIy

supports {his meeting of the world's

languages presel1tly rakil1g place 011 ]' plal1e{'s yolInges{ con{inent, l1 the
vibrant and creative polis Melbourne.
We Hellel1es have beel1

furtheI' il1spired to participate this important

endeavoI' by the il1dissoIlIble Iil1ks \vhich bil1d ou]' Vo nations, and

conmol1 support the deaIs freedom and justice .

T h e Greek community AusrraIia, a dynamic coInponent t h e

Austalian people, and s{eadlas{ supporter 01' nvesal gess and peace,
adds even grearer sigl1ifical1ce to the participa{ion of Greece itseIf this
col1lerence and exhibition.
FoI' when langlIages come together to l11eet, \ve are reaIIy \vitl1essing a
mee{ing the \vorld's people lor {he COI11InOI1 good.

PSAROUDA -
Minis{er ClIIrure

(.
Ancient Geek coins rrorn r!lc Numismnric
Museum, Athens (a seJecrion)

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6.

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Ancienl Greek coins t"r I'lle NLlllliS1l1u.tiC
MuselJrl1, Attlcns ( selectioll)

 HISTORICAL
OVERVIEW

culture of a people , embodied , language, for oral and writen

tadition is the cystaIl iI.ution 0[' n ation's ideas cnd the truest eectn " its
cH]ture va]Lles.
Contempoary perceptions 01' cu]tUe give llence to the \vrittell m,
since , is tl1 e st careiul and contOlled eessn our thoughts and

\
; 1
. J 1700 1600
.. ;oC. 742 (121
+ 1 9 : )
(),
()uu. .;


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aT011HQf; %
v .

kl1owledge.

For rhis reason, rhose civilizations \vhich have beqllearhed

posteriry written \Vks are, as a rule, the ones rhnr hnve played the most
signifi canr ro]e n creating the cultural models of theil" o\vn and often of
subseqllenr hisorical periods.

characterisric eale rhis process is the

culture 01' Geece.

eaI as 2400 B.C., .\ Greek- speaking Indo-European rribes began

moving ro the sourhern pan of rl1e Haemos Penil1sllla.

On this peninsuia

\vhel't rhe Gl'teks fS settled and which eventualIy wollld take irs nae f

them the ne\vcomers folllld, panicularly Cete and rhe Cyclades, aiready
The Pl1aistos Disk. J"ound

.[

Phu.istos,

C rett. tl1/; Illost [UllOLl:; e Xlt mpl e ot"

11ierogl)'phic \vTiillg rol the \ Vest .

1700 - 1600 ]3. C. Cont<lills a toal 01' 242

(123

side

and !) side

il)

symboJs

impn:ssed \virh a stl1mp l1 a ,]

,trritngeInent, forming sepa!"ate panels.
The .rned tectlniql1e used hel'e is (\

unique l)neejg examrle 01' ['he u.e 01'

typogrupllJc ele!l1eIJts.

have

been

numeUS

gadall assilaed.

wollld appea,. l, rhis rime naes and \Vds

\vIlich do aJwa)/s have equi valellces other lld-Uea lallgllages IlOT

a cleal' Ind-EuIpenn deva- only n ames ' people, gods, heroes and
plnces, bLlt also ord i n a ry \vords- wee then introdHced the Greek
language.

Alr110ugh rhee

HtreJll])rs

I1t

decleng the disk, its Il1e,tIJing el1uins

Illlh.llOl\ 11.

exisring developed cIO' of pre-Helienic peoples \vhich they rhemselves

The irsr written I'or 01' Greek rs that kno\vn as L in ear

a scripr which

each sign r e p r e s e n t s a syliable and \vh i c h r h e Mycenaeans (the n ame

conventionllily given rhe Gl'eeks 01' rhe second miennu B.C.) iearned

,
" bo

.
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l. 13

2400 .. ...(-)

11 ,

1375 .. :'

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.

Clay rablet fI'0111 Ille ''])<tl<tce of Minos",

Knossos. ins:ribed r]le linear SCjJ. c.
1375 B.C. COntail1s

Ill.llneS

cataloglIe mHle

the nolniIlarive

case. The

numbeJ" 1 stands next to each llaJne.

; '( ,
, , ,
.
, ,

. \JOO ,
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. ,-,

)"m rhe Minoans and adapred rhe need.\ 01' rheir , language.
\Ve c say ,1 cenainry ,vhen 1, adaprariol1 ook place, bur
must hHve been sometiIne between tIle end 01' tlle seventeenth
c' and a dute Cl1 earlie)" rhan 1375
xb

01'

B.C., rhe dare ,vhich has been

assigl1ed a g)"oup 01' Linear rablers from Knossos, rhe oldesr objects

13 il. ,

inscribed G)"eek.

'% "

ecoIlonic needs of the aus .1cenaean palHces. and fOl' rhis easn

130 . ..

The Linear

sc)"ipr se)"ved che adlninisc'arive and

kno\vledge of \vas c nlle d a small number ' SCibes \vho \vere

ol :

conceI1ed \l adminisrrarive ITlaTters. WitI1 the establshmel1t of Mycenaean

l ":.
; ;

enJfJol'ill oucside Greece, and rhe foundil1g of pernanent colol1ies, che Greek

\'ll <r

language ,vas all'eady being disseminaced rhe second lnillenniuln B,C. ove)" a

' ; \'(l\' t:'

XO\'fat () \' . ''0

g)"eac of rhe edteanean basin,

.6;," (/988),

insc-ibed

Cla}'

itl.'cribed in 1 linenr I:J

able

saipt,

..

Iollnd

Mycenae

culled "I-IOLIse 01' (11C

13th c. B,C.

011

the

iIlventol'ied tI1C u

the ::;0-

This process , ,vell i1lusrrared by an

obe/o.\ (spic) of che eleventh centll'Y B.C, I'ou nd CYjJus, TI1e

obelos , insc-ibed rl1e Cypriote syllaba)"y, pObably adap[Hcion of Linear

rI1e Cypl:iote lal1guage, a Greek dialect relaced A)"CllditlJl.

CC]lanr",
bese

01' \1,1001

j"rom

The dstIbal1ces ,vhich bught about the erc1'V 01' che Mycenaean

\vOI'ksI10IJS to he disrribured

a'sroCaC r,vad r h e end ot the sec ol1d m i l l e n n i llIn B,C, a n d t h e

\\'1, !1is le$Ue cnr$ rhe

ealgnecs tl1e Geek ,vorld ,vhich subsequently ccued, aaentl

rhe

paluce

scribe I'ound time skercll

IIJe j'ever'sc $ide.

mi1le figure

Cllused rl1e Gl'eeks, ecept Cyprus, to I'o'ger syllabic ,; ,vhicl1 with '

1.:: pIrotog.nIfJirs ( lIIe /iiblc[.'i ;.:: dnJ"'11

appOxilnarely

\Vo'/d" (ArI,en. 1988).

learn, The abandonment of che syllabic sCfipc I"d effecr the language

(/ tI,e clHf.lIog.ue " TIIe M)'<:cnaeal1

90 s)'labgams, ,vas any are ineflcienr and difficulc ro

irself and Greek conril1ued be spoken the same places as befol'e,

absence ' insaiprions fO a period ' abour
\' . :

:n[)

l) U , l3

(zoo ; n

130 , :-..

t:

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Rig/Ir /xJge, botOI1J: Ouy rubleI irsaibed

n rlle LineaJ" scr'it. t'OLIIld r rhe "Palace

' $t o

"

Pylos. 131 c, I3,C. ConIuins

a Ii.sl of flock.s und ' rlleiJ' sllepherds,

check-ak
Iasr one,

1'0110\1,15

eacll entry except the

The

250 years is due [ a nuInbel" '

facrors; h\veve, a examinarion of the linguistic sitLIarion pI'eceding and

tl,g rhese years allo,vs us to ace genea! l the development
Geek dUng 1 so- caIIed Dak Ages,
The I'Ci1e,va! elatis with the eastel' edteai1ea broughr the Greeks
ro COi1tact ,l1 Semicic caders and rheil' I'ol'm 01' wl'iting, most likely
Phoeniciall athe than anac.

\Vith one of tt1e Phoeniciall s)'steIns ot"

,; tlS a rnodel, che ,vritten [on the Greek langllage ,vas created lg
beI'ore the middle the eighch century B.C"
inscriprion the Gl'eek aIphabet

rhe period co ,vhich the oldest

, dated. This process of rmatn must

have OCClll'cd simultaneously me 1

tl ot' rhe Greek world,

'-=::'

-1--

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1375 ,
,

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130 . ..

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" KPHlOEI)
.

(=''' ).
Above: Ca rablet, inscribed th e Linear

13 5Cript. (ouod at the "Palace ' Ne.sor", n

IJylos. 13th c. B.C. T!1is tatJIet fonns a pan

. 6 o,

01' an iIlveIHory 01' t"Urre, Lltensils and

; ,

otller objects. Among others. this tablet

, .

degra s, r!ee boiling .s, L\\'O fe

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(\I'e 1isted. somerimes follo\\'ed by their

ongs. t\\'O porable hearths <1Ild [\\'0 ripod
clu1drons 'f Cretan \\'rkmansI1".

wee, t!le signs VO\ve!s (ceated by the Greeks lor the lirst rime) and
; :6
.
110 . . :c

(= ).

6 .

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consonants as weIl as the ordeI" 01' the l etteS and tl1e phonetic values the
symbol.5 \V hi C h \ appeared nore less simultHneoll sly i vai ous places,
exhibit a great deHl ' sinilarit)/ although they ,He Hl\vays i dentical.

The

ne\v a!phabet \VaS economical system of writing, \VhiCIl \virh Fe\veI' than 30
symbols \Vas adeqIate lr tl1e eessin the GI-eek language.

The

invention 01" tIl e Geek alpIlabet \vas a great cu!ua! revolu ron

. .., . :
<r
<'fQ .

3ro; obelos rom Sk,lles. PalaipajJhos,

CUS. EleveIlth c. B.C. Bears rhe
iIlsct"iprioIl (=ot Ophelras).
!.'; .'; !; oldest kno\vn objecr ncised
rhe Cypriote s}'ll<lbary. The SlabaJ ,.';
Llsed C)IjJrus ro rel1del' the C)priOLt
dialect ll ["he end 01" the 3 c. H.C., nl
r h e alphaber and Koine defnLiel
eI(\ced bortl ; s)Illab<H;' and (he
Cypriore dialecr.

1 numerous Greek colonies \Vhich \ l onded ding the list 11a11' 01' the
l i S Inillennium B . C . \vee rhe bases I1 \VhiCII rhe GI-eek language Sead
across the Mediterranean, from Africa the Crinea, frOIll t h e Pillars of
eacles to Phoenicia.

The ducts 01' Greece, agiculUal plduce

handicafts, rilitaia objecrs everyday use luxury aticles and \Vorks

Ht, (aveIled to ll pats 01' the kno\Vn \Vorld, in(oducing the l ocal inhabitants
to Greek cuJture.

the same ti m e the Greeks, ever cllrious HIld receptive,

visited the gIeat ceIlters ' civilisatioll ll tIle East.

acquainted

There the)' becaIne

\Virh rhe intell ectal \vld and i deas 01' otheI" peoples, \VIliCh i n

sti nulated their \ iIlvestigatioIls.

The \ViSe mell ' the age, 50,

Thales and Heldorus, am ong theS, visited Egypr, Babylon and Persia,
counties \vith ditleent p o l i tical and cul Ua taditi ons,

TheIe rhey

bseved, jdged and eceied instucioIl, both positive and n egative, Im

rhese alien cultues,

This "as the ea (seventh and sixth ceUies B.C,)

development the GI-eek phil osophical though t,

InarheInatics, political

philosophy, la", geography and ethIlognphic bse at in .

T he indepeIldent Geek city states ceared rhe alphaber, as srared above, with

miIloI' variations to rendeI" their dialecrical diffeJ'encies,

those

a tphabets , the ElIboean, \vas p erhaps b1 \ved by t h e Etrl scHIlS via ClImae ll
Campania.

This alphabet \v as also i nfluenced by the CoriIlthiaIl and 10l1ic

alphabets because ot theiI eghb(g co t o llies all d th e inrel1sive (rade

"

berween the EtrIscnl1s, these coionies and their foundi Il g cities.

\vas fm

t!l e Etu scans that the R omans l eaned and adapted this \Viting system,
c oInrnoIlJy kllO \vll a s the L a ! p habet, \vh i c h subseqllently c a m e
doIniIlate the geae the modern Wld,
l the l'il'th centuY B.C. Greece, with AtheIls rhe centre, became the
/0

. )

'"",

30

rltav

. -

Masson.

oU
.
. Em.

Dra\ving of rlle scl"n of rhe above

::

merioned obelos. ] hree drawings 01'

"n ,.

lhis pl\ge are due to

r. Eln.

Masson.

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ngotgxovtClL

w,q;\).

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Cypro-Minoon scrip srone (above)

und brOtlZe vase (bel,). 80rll objects

\\'ere disco\'ered at Skales. alaallS.

.
.
,
.

..

Thc C-an scripLs srill cal1

ideciplleIable.

11'

uIlchallenged economIC and cultural leader of !he aIlcieIl! ,vorld.

Here concep!s as democacy, equality, freedom and dialogue 'vere
born and found !heir mos! blar exponen!s. !he age ' I'ericles
especially, aIld aIso a!e, the grea!est 'VeS of comedy and tagedy,
hisoriaIls, philosophers, rl1eoriciaIls, 'clptoI, archi!ecrs aIld pain!er,\
Ilocked ro Athens and

110Uished !I1ere, Even af!er the Inili!ary del'ea! of

A!hens and !11e ciClIInscibed Ole ,vas des!ined to play Geek poliical
affairs al'!er !he foul1h cennII'Y 13.C., culrural preemiIlence coIltinued ro
dazzle rhe ,vorld l !he eaI 13yzantine period.
The poliical and m i l itary Supl'tIl1acy of Atl1ens fol' a grea! parr 01' the fif!h
. 650
.. ; :;)(,

, ;n ()
o (", . ou
!] ) . n

. :

"

Cumu, Caania. Sliglnly later thUl 650

B . C . d isc i l1scribed the Irm of a

1'1"0111 rig!ll LO lerr, the

roSe and subseqleIl! cluaI sue!, bestolved 5ucl1 preslige !he

Attic dialect that even I !he eales! times ! Ivas cosdeed to be !he
Greek dialecr paI' exceJ/e/Jce, !he ve model 01' linguis!iC expl'CssiOIl, rhe Inos!
polished, cleares! and riches! nuance and eessn of ll !he dialects.

As

eaI !he end 01' the fiftl1 centlIry n.c, olTicial insciptions fI'oIn a nuInber

EMANlYEA".

-"nl,

cenUI'Y B,C" rhe glory gained from its s!ruggle agains! Persia, i!S economic

10<:al

Greek speaking [egions begin eXl1ibit clearly Attic elemenrs, panicularly

!erms syntax and mhlg.

DUI'ing rhe l'O!lI'th centuI'Y B,C, a lessening

(Etlhoe<r l) a l p h H b e I J r ll e locaI

' dialecrical dffeece5 afJfJarenr al thollgh 1 aes by locality.

(EHboean. i.e. \Vestem lonic) diatecc. l

!hiTd cenury B.c. a majori!y of Ci!y sta!es, rhe impression ' tha! !ex!s 01' a

cotlraiI1S Ille refIIuI of tlle ontcle ' Hera

to delier a respo nse :
<11 1 0 ,'1

you

propIIecy ".

" H enl Jocs !

keep demHl1 d i ng

(\

13 !he

public natue, though embellished ,vith dialectical relics, usually tems 01'
vocabulary, are nolv subject to the synractical S!IIcture ' the Hellenistic
koi/Jc,

TI1e koine Ivhicl1 ,vas alI'eady common U5e by rhe l'oul1h century

13,C, Ivas basically a developed I'orm rl1e nc dialect, rhough l acking Ihe

mos! ryfJical Attic fms, being al50 some,vhat iIlfuenced by rl1e Ionic and
Macedonian dialecrs,

KoiIle became mOI'e and more prevalent ll regions

' II,e Geek 5fJeHking \vOrld, leas fO!' "riling and educalion. Wl1at rI1en
\vas rl1e fare of rhe orhel' dialecs? Did rhey coIl!inue lO be spoken least
.

rhe hoIne? 1I appear5 rhar was Ihe c"se,

The Greek speaking

,vorld, very

dSesed geogI'apl1 i c a l l y , mainrai Iled " l eas! u n r i l l are a n r i q u i l y some

dialecrical fJeculiaI'itie5, ,vhich we ougl1! sfJeak ' more lenns ' ouches
' local color alld diff'erences pronlIncialion alld vocabulary, [atheI' !han as
acrual SlIla!s 01' the archaic dialects.
12

. J 23 .
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( 725 ..).

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O i llocll0e, 23 CI11 . i1igh. Hle Geonletric

(C. 725 I3.C.). I11 rhe cemetery near rhe

Gate Athens. The Ineical

, . ;

inscriprion, one ' the \\' oldest 11 rhe

..
.

Greek alphuber. is \vrilten ' righr to

left i ll rhe Arric ulphaber. Pl'ObabJy I'efers
Ihe O\\'l1er rhe "essel \vho \>.'011

- 6

Ui\IlCe col1test: " \vho er'Ined

\V !" 11 the geiltesr r<.\CC i.lmollg

cOl1tem j10rae.<;."

11S

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Corinthian olpe. onJy

cm. I1igh. from

from the end

rhe l lth cenrury B.C . dng the ,"eign chelas, rhe

.

Macedonian coun became a Inagn er the fems hlsheS, poers and

anisrs.

des, ZelIxes and Arisorle, rhe UN 01 A l exande I" rhe Gear,

ce"ted Hnd taLIghr Macedonia.

The d on inan ce rhe Macedonians rhe second hall rl1e fourrh cen t

B.C. and Al e x ander s Cs c ampaign agHiJl5r rhe Persians creared rhe

'

polirical frame\Vk \vh ich allo\ved rhe spread 01 rhe Geek language as Iar as
rhe Indus River. Geek ciries \hee fotInded ee\vhee rhe va5r empire of

580

AlexaJlder and 1, successors, resulring rhe sready Hellenizarion, eirher

dancer, Ihe Jo temost of \N h o m i s

slIperficial pI'ofo u n d , perm a n e n r e m a , 01' rhe i n d i g e n o u s

perromiIlg a nimble leap.

poplIlarions.

rlle Temple of l Corinth

c.

B.C. Depicrs a fluIist before a line

The pailHed

expla1aory inscripcion. Ihe Corinrhian

DUI'ing rl1e Hellenislic p eri od rhe term Hellene did 50 much

i11pllabec, I'eads : Polyrerpos (rhe Iutist's

sigJl i ly a s pecil ic narional origin as 1ch as designated an i n d i v i du al \vho

ne), PylFias, tlle foreward dansel. The

had a Geek ed tIc ation

01e belongs 11im!"

and \vay l i fe

and \vh o se langlIage \vas Geek.

this e d at leasr the end of anti q lI ir y , \VitreJl conlnlunication was

g e n e a s Y Il o n y m o u s \v i r h t h e Geek laJlguage a n d W t g .

R o InHn

expaIlsion \.vas -es s b l e to r only m i Ilor cIlaIlges iIl rllis pictre the
eastern part 01 the eInpi te.
FoJ' a pe riod ar least 500 years , l the "ise and dom il1 at i on Rom e the
,

Greeks alone scientifically thottght about, philosophized and Wte rhe hsto
01' the Wld \vhich sUlTounded rhem.

It ' 1 rheir rerae \ve learn the

history, customs and beliefs 01' tlle people they encounteed. The Geeks gave
tIleir o\vn v eI sio n and explanation of hist ol'ical eveI1ts, and cri(isized (he
'

institttions and the ideas o t h e I" peoples.

Fot mal1Y cen U e s Geek

eatte , rhe only lens th Ough \vhch we can vie\v rhe hi s ory and culttt'e of
a age n of plal1et.
D ng the ed

' Roman ntle hee

was Jleve selou"

comiJetition

betweel1 Gt'eek and Latin \vithin the e1e. TI1e conflicr between rl1e
(\ \Vlds \Vl1ich ended the 1tar r u mh 01' Rotne l1 the se,
cond and first cenes B.C. did not adversely affecr rhe Geek

language. Apparently at least l1eirher the Greek cO. Ho\vever

! did take away f m ! the po\ve 01' genuine eatve th o ught.
The Roman ad1nstralOrs, \vith fe\v eceprions, used Greek a.s the
01" communica(ion the eastern part 01" rIle empi I"e and (he

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15

egns south of the Danube. The colollies of veterans of

Italians which Ivere I'ounded Geek speaking pal1s of the
eme gadunll became assimilated and lost the iI" gllal
language aaent \virhin the space ot' fe\v generatiOl1s.
Even n Rome and the age Uban centers ' the \vesr, 1
fm the backlash ceI1ain cces, the cu!tura! aUe " Geek
aIld entai!ed appears to have inIuenced maIlY members of
the astocraC and inteliectals. This phenolllenon was artculaI
strong during the second century A.D., a ed of great intere5t
GTeek lteratue and loca radtns and also of intense nostalgia fO the
"authentic" Attic 01' old, especialiy undeJ" the emeS Hndrian alld aCUS
Aurelius, who \\'ere steeped Geek cu]ture.
During the Hellenistic ed, Hellenism all d JlIdaisIll, collpelied to coexist
', [)

( 497/6 -

454/3 ..).

:: f.
.

cradnch of AlexaIJder of MncedoIlia.

c.

497/6-454/3 B.C.

Alexalldet \vas the

the same geographical space, becallle better acquainted Ivith each otheI',
and e v e n though t h e i r w o r l d vie\vs wee very deent the ] atteJ" \vas
nuenced to a degree b)/ the former. As result, rhe rhd centllry B.C. the
tanslation to GI'Cek 01' rhe Old Testament Ivas accomplished Alexandria,
Egypt, b)! 72 .Je\vish Hellenists.

Fron its ealest eaS Chsran tj! \vas

Irst Macedonian nnh i.sue money

closely allied Ivith Greek Ivhich became, since Ivas the most Ividely knolvn

bearing his naJne.

langlIage n the ROlllan eme, the language of the New Testament. Three of
the four Gospels excepting the Gospel 01' Matthew whicll is thotIght to have
been originaliy Ivritten Arallaic, as ll as rhe emanng 23 books the
Ne\v Testament \vee gna \Vitten n Geek.
From the founh celltu .., the eid the complete trilImph 01' rhe new
elgn, the l ate 01' Chstant alld the Greek langlIage became inextricably
linked, Ivith both abandoning the mem theiI" past: rhe one, , Jewish
origins; rhe other its pagan dlat.

Christianity was transfrmed a

uni versal religion \vithout distinctions of c!ass, ace and sex; the Geek
language \vas seveed tm its g!us c!tua! ts and unconditionally
enteed inro the service of Chstat.
l, that stllg alld 111 ghty branch of the Roman emJJire, Ivas born
lOm and bore the stamJJ 01' the 01' Ch.ltallt with the Greek langlIage.
16

Af!er the rransler the imperial capital to Constantinople, the ancient

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egaan colony Iounded by

I3yzas, rhe el11er Consranrine

ealed rhar the lutlIre of the el11e

no" lay rlle Geek and Ch s a eS .

This ne\\' Home \ ll gadua] ]y

become tlle CeI1ITe of a Geek sIJeaking stare. sillce the eighr!l cenru l'Y ..
Italy, rhe Insr Byzantine IJossession n \vest, \VOLlld be fever losr the
AO,'u xc
<r (n
:n n :;

50 . :. .. Al'.

emiJire.

hus Byzanrium became i denrictII ,vith Orrllodoxy and the Geek

language and steadily Iouglll lr rhe establishI11ent of borll. riI11es had

lO

sruggle aguinsr Csns of rhe \vese papacy, \vIiich \vas irsell' being

; % .

rested by I'cpe;:tcd \vaes ' b<:b::ran invasiollS, alrhough ! nevcJ' ceased to

dea11 01 ancienr gl 01 Rome. ,115 Byzanrium had ro fighr againsr

:; ;
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orher nadeS, ncal l Slavs and lgaas, ,vho gaduall llaed rhe

-'

;. ;; -

te 01 eI11iJil'e and ,vho, even rllough they embaced Onhodoxy al tel'

(!}),

lengrhy stlIggles and rlle spilling of reS blood, rel11ained for cenUes a

)% (!}

seriolls sfce of conCCll and dangcI" to Byzalltine state.

) :;
11 Q jfr QLooMrVG

.: 6,000 \:l, :;
\'qr: %,

Alld evcn

rIlough thCe \ iIlitial victories against another geat enemy, lsl UIn, that is
againsr rhe abs, and rhe" urks, "I 11 rhe I3yzaIllines succeeded i n
Cllecking at fil'st, c govelllnel1f and religious ste cansed tlle loss ot' tIle

Stlt:rds l'roln Atl1t:ns inscribed tl1e Anic

eastern eches and Egy JJr, \vhich becHme Muslim nIld \veI'e 105r [ rhe

cii;.ens

eIllpire.

<fPllaber \\lir!, I1 Ilnes 01" r!ee ln

' !l

tlth c.

B.C.: lides.

l al1d Tl1elnisrocles. 111 ce..<; \\,[11

a deInocnItic I ' gcment. \\'llen a
\\'as cono5idered

c l1

<l

tlneut 10 rIle

state, he c be exiled rhe basis ot- a

vorc.

H i s lel \ctLcns n,Ci"bC! ltIC

rhe lJIldesirable 01l 0)1 !lt:)'d.s

h k e

(o.HnIka.

oStacislll). ;:lIld i1' 11iS l1amc

\VI1CIlCe

\\'1105 c ra[Clled

1110rc I<1 .) sherds he

\\'a.

scnt

Nevenheless rlle seeds 01 Hellenism lad taken and ,vould beaI' Iu i n

\\'hHt \VHS see llliIlgly tlle most i n l'enile soil.

Even rhough these ne\v MtJslim

'Vte Aabic, I' nanslared and reseved fm frge- lness,

and rhe gn'at ,vrarh of medIeval obscuIan tists, rhe Greek texts of stote
and EtJclid. rI,e sanle tiIlle Byzanrillm \VHS selecting \vhateveJ' csdeed

3I and afteI'

t l I' " (lcr ' I ve) es. ]

beneficiaI fm the l ireratrre 01 ancienr Greece.

' tl1C atcln:n ed cirixens .';ecd

rhe sack 01 Cnsatnle Greek intellectlIals ned 1 0 a'o' easns rhe

OstnlCisrn.

\vest and ther'e injected once e tIle vitalit)' al1cient Geek thotIghr l1to
\\'estern Larin Csan.

rhe \Vesr Greek rholIgllt lad eirhe- been long

Iorgoren , in rhe best - c ircumsHlnces, desorred and colTupred.

he

Renaissance signHled a,vakeng I11 tlle long IerhHI'gy of rhe Middle Ages,
t h e e d s c v e ,- 01 r h e a n c i e n r l a n d of Greece, it s c U e n n d an by
inrelIecLlIa]s and anisrs, rhe bern of scenttc thougllt, and reatracllInenr

rhe ancienr roots fOI11 ,vhicll had been severed, rllis rene,val rhe role

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19

of Greek rhinkers, such ""' Bessarion and Georgios Plethon, \vas 01'
paamoLJl1t signiIcance.
Evell dUllg rhe 400, and sonle places 500, yeaI" subjugarioll
Greece undeI" foreigll, especially rule, rhe Geek language
managed ro s uIoyj ve undeJ' tIle [110S( Ilosri l e condirions. Un deJ"
,
Roman occupation, rlle coexisrence beL\veen occlI pier Hnd occupied
\vas q u i t e h a m n u s , w i t h a rem a r k a b l e degree o f m u t u Hl

acceptance and intluence,

For rhis ,"eason the synthesis of Gec

ROIllan c u l t e remained S g , pro v i di n g t!le fabc the

foundation den Westel11 civilizarion,

DUng the Oroman

occupalioll, rhe orheI" 11and, rl1e cltUal dleences bel\veen

ruleJ" and uled \vee 50 enIS, rheir res JJecrive rraditions 50
complerely differenr, tl1at mutral ignorance and m i s r rast \vee
f o s t e re d , l ea d i n g ( C O Il S t Hl1t c o n t'ro n t a t i o n b e t \v e e n t h e
"unbe l eveS" and their TUI'kish uleS,

Religious dffeences

course el1fced this laatl1.

DUng rhe ed ' Uksh I1Ile rhe grear amoullt of publishing ,'
: )

Greek, especially the lage Uban centers ' \VesteIll and cenrral Europe,

:,

bears \vitness 10 the illrense interest of Greek and I'oreign schlaS rhe

printed \vord whetl1eI" ,"eligious seculaI" co, and education, \vhich

. ,'.
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One

of the

SCUIUe,

masteJ"\vks

01

Aric

the l\l:) grave stele of

Hegeso, daughteJ' 01 I}roxenos. lt \\' as

fOUl1d Aihens, tt,e ccete near rhe

l Gare. IIld 5 c. B.C. Hegeso

seaed a char, gazes \\'ith ineffable

so no\\' , aIhougtl stle stll manIges to
ssess a someIl0\\' cO\lJ"ageuus (lnd n oble

Hir, one her j e \\' e ls ,

.5

if

collsdering \vh. s)'1l1bolizes a youllg

\\'0111311 \vho is acl,illg death.

\Vas ' t h e G r e e k s , Hccording c c s t a n c e s , e it h e I" the n e cessary

precondition synonymolls with natnal 1ibeut.

\Vl1ile populaI" Geek l iteraure of rhe era bears rhe stamp ' numel"OlIs foreign
occuparions and inluences, religious l teatrre \vas alInosr rInaffected by
Westem culural tends, remaining fiml attached to Byzantine tadi tions,
the l illguistic hiSIOI"y of this ed is o\ved 50111 rhe misforunes the
Geek language, botl1 r o l b e'atoll and afteI',

TI,e al aIld

basically stele \VSI1 ' classical models by the l eat led rhe blind
,"ejection of any natrII'aI development the Greek l angrIage drIring t h e
Inodern period, and the creatioIl 01' a l i llgrIistic model based entel rhe
Hellenistic koine,

The lal.atn bet\veell adherellts of kataevu.5a and

din10Uki and U,e idelltification of each of these lngstic models Ivith different

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ArchirecIunt! el1hel' \l dedcar

inscription 01 Alexalder 111

(rhe Grea)

10 Arhena Polias frOln Priene

(Asi.t

). 1I must have been dedicaIed

rnLlch I i.L ter thaIl 1lis c t Q UI rIle

Granikos River (334 I3.C.).

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social strafn and polirica] movemenrs led to I exu-emes.

rIle consetlueIlCes 01" \V11 iC11 coIltinue adesel) alTect

Greek

culrlle to rhis day,

The decades I'ollo\villg Gl'eece's libenltioll 1'1111 (I11 nlle and
rhe creHrioIl illdependenr sfute \vCI"e n,ked by eveIHS \vhich
inlluenced rI1e develoiJmenr ' rI1e Gl'eek lallguage both posirive
alld Ilegat ive \vays,

TI, e I l'eedom ( teacl1 G l'eek rhe schools

\virhill rl1e bol'del's 01' rhe Gl'eek s(arc, and rl1e cearion ' a lal'ge
1111mbcI" lle\V .schools 1'01" Greeks oLnside i t s bol"deI's \vas a
iJostive developmellt,

011 rhe other halld, rhere was 11101,e and

11101'e illtellse pressul'e jJlaced ll rhe Gl'eek lallguage by other

languages, ll alld ourside rl1e Gl'eek state, esjJeciaIIy ll rhe 50,

called inrernaional languages, FI'encI1 and Englisl1, rl1e lallguages

\vhich Olll' rime have come monopo1ize Tade, nrenatna] l"elHtions and
sci ell tilc co lllmull icatioll,
'"r Lq: j

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; \)))

(\n

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TI,e cOlllllem ellt of 1-l e I Iellism aI,110St to rhe

jJeninsula 01' Greece, rhe adjacellt islands alld, "la5, to sorl1el'Il CypI'US, afrel'
i t s tI'ced e x p u l s i o n I-0111 s foIneI" cenruI"iesold hoInes Roumanin,
Bu lgal-ia, rhe I'ol'mel' Sovier , , Il', Egypr alld theIl CYPl'U5
had a negatve impact,

Balallcing rhis, h\eve, \va5 the fmall 01' Ile\v

poles ' HeIlenism at"tcI" eInignltion 10 America, AHsnalin, and Ue i[sell',

especially Germany alld Englalld, although al\vays \virh allspicious
plgnosis for rhe Geek IHllguage among rhe secolld and tl1ird gelleratiolls "

......
; oJ" rhe

i nnign.nts t'oced t o seach fOJ" c u a idell t i t y bet\veell t\VO \Vds.

Hippocnric \\'()I'k " >)" (''On

Allorhel- posirive sign l,a, beell rhe cleHllsillg the Gl'eek langlIHge wds

PlIrt '

(\11

i l l u .'rrlHcd

JoinIs"), \\'IliCIr

\\'as

conlPiled by rhe

emrca! IJIlysician IIll!> of KirioIl

(C)'proHs) ( f i rsr c. H . C . ) . The nole
describes !l: r e a l m e I lI

fol' a bad

dislocarioJl (il l llslrUled): "Resetling 01' a

rhigh bone by reas of it lHddel' and a VH.'iC
of \Vaer

..

fol-eigll o-igin,

besel, ,ee l,a, al50 beeIl I'ejecrioll ' lIl neo

Hellenic expl-es5ioll5 and linguisric elelllents demotic g, rl1e ('esulr

t h e ll atul'aI developmellt ot" rhe l i ving o rgall i s ll \Vl1 i c h i s rl1e lallguage,
Because ( Geece's blant cnburllS t o scieIlce alld cute gellen
,
many Greek tems Ilave been applied to mdeIl dscvees ' l1e\v curu
I'ms.

"TelepIlone" ald "telegam " , for exnmpIe ae nodeIl iIlventiollS

\vhose l1ames Hre trmed I'm Geek \Vds. Unftul1atel, thee I1HS 1so
beell nassive alld uncitical imponaion of feg \Vds nnd eessins
llto Geek, evell rhollgh thel-e exist eecl acceprable Greek counterpans,

20

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AncierH Greek coins t'rom Ille NumismHIic

Mu.seLrm, er.s (a seIecr ion)

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[ all that we , earn estl y desire to speak and ,v ire Geek, and
most would agree that rhe language is well ,Vh rhe elTot. Greek
has exhibired excep t i onal endurance and longevity.

lInique

examIJle of l i ngui stic resilience, ! has eserved its lexcal core

intact th ugh ut 11istoT)/, its basic rneanings and tenns surYiving

bas ically nalteed. The path de v elopm ent the " dialec,
the basis 01 the Hellenistic koil1e, resulted the cearioIl 01 a
IJhonologiatl s)lsteIll \vhicl1 had reIll.illed I u n dnm en tall y unchanged
"

Irorn the end 01 the Hellenistic age ro rl1e present day

The system

01'" inIection and cons e qu en tl y the syntHx of the Innguage, least

l1 colloquial speech, ,vee loIned the ed I'1 rhe end the

Roman l the close the B y zant in e , ,vh i l e a n umbeI" 01

develop Jn e nta l tendencies ( b e distinguished
classical peri od .

! e v e n the

The Geek langullge vvith many

dinlecrs

and

peI:iods koine, "' the present one, has been conrin ua lly spoken
le ast

4.000 eaS, e aI 3.500 ,vh icll can b e t ace d by

means of a ri ch Wtte nadition \vhich is ull q ue stio n abJy a unique

phen om ell on

The ideas 01 Greek thinkers, eessed Greek, eInbody the orgtns

;. .
: '
:ru . .. ' t'v
.

Jt.X.

,
"f)L :, 11 ,
) :, :
(), (\),
: ;..:.

\Y esterIl culut-e, aIld con se qLIent l y have a co nt i nlI i ng el'tect only rhe
\Vest, but ll those ,vho lollow the ,veste rIl cLIltral tnodel. e fields

study SLICh as matllematics, g e om e t ry , ast r on o m y

phy si cs , economics,

biology, "to1, h st philology, phi l osoph y , and a host tems LIsed b y

,

rhese scieIlces, ! mention the termino[ogy of medicine, bear ampIe

,viness to the contribution 01 Greek cultre and language the modern
\vorld. The basic conceJJrs ot" "denl ocrucy ", "Chris t i anity " "erhics", "CS10S",
,

" dea", "p s yche , "Iogos", n! especiH]]y' "liulogue" ! respecr , at leas t

"

fncised black mHrhle gl.e ."tele of rhc

\\' 1I.';J, j'Om T!Jebes. 01'
irth (: , H.C. Hel'ore l 4 c. R.C. rhe llse
01' ]1arronYInic n Goeoriit, esjJecially
nlOIllJInents, \vas exr relne ly
nI'c, After rl1is eid aarent'I Llnder
A t t i c n u e n c e , begins to ,,
esecal !'tcal monlHnenrs.
,

tolerance 01, dilTereIlt views, sho,v ho" lndl the Greek the
,vorld, the "Id aud llS and tl1e ,v orld ,vi th i Il llS, l, as aneced the oLItlook
dC .
Dr. n Pcnyoto
Research Fellow, Cente 10 Geek and Ronan Antiquiry,
al Hellenic Resellrch Fo undari on , ArI,ens
(tunslared by C.

ee-)

", " ", " "

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,

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JT ,IC,
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EgypliHll pHpyrous.

Fir1 c .

B.C.

1I

letcl' a \\' ol'krn,lIl,

Hilariol1, 111$ Si.sICl H n d \v He . !;
\n l1 n Greek, and ha-s rnany
contains tl\e

elemerHS

eve}ldn spcech.

" ll no\\'

1 AlexandliH. ( ... ) you snid ro lrdas

rhat sllould or forgeI you. Ho\v coLrld

I"orgct )'ou?

" " ((l ,

(. orxo)

::
.
.
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27


,.

'

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.

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-,

"

-,

[11 times, aIni d the wde-Sead c011 l usion a11d quesLioning of basic noions
and values, ! is Impe-ative some 11otions and valLIes the classic Geek
tradition. self-evident tIle time. be brougIlt h the conteInporary scene
once lQe and vie\ved under the current perspective of the w i der- social and
political ccmstaces. The latest social develoiJInents and the unecedented
polticaI tansl'mat llS under \vay 1l0 only ll Eul-ope bHt internationally as
\ve l l , \.\' , more thaIl eve. cll 1'01" the recovery of" cenain COnSr8n[ poincs {
I)

\) 150 200 .. 1
: 1]; o; ; . 11

r. ] U\lqiQn V1cl. \

(=oOOC. ; c

), : ('
({JOo

' -2730) Q ;

\' l)ll

:-- ( '!1 ), 0ljlu

"-, ; <r, L
[k1OIJ. . \'\! u; \
[ - uto\zrio ( ).
lJedicaorJ' ,tclc. 150-200 A.D . . I'rom tlle Tem!Jle

(efeTence dachncal accepted. that lll see as the basis 10 essential

nliJPlcheInent depth 01' all the ElIopean countes and cspecially those
the EUlpean Community.
Language i s not mee a l, as cenain techncars 1 sLIch sciences as
linguistlcs, cotntnun icatioll and i matqes wouJd have ; accoJ'diIlg ro a
\videly shaed consen slls. ! constirures, Insread, celltntl consrituel1t of
i n di v i dual's esnalt and a peoplc's i e, elemental, coInponeIH.
BI, the Fenchman, , an early and egammatc definirion, identified
Inan Ivith h i s paticular lngstc eessn: , 11e said. his style 01'

The metrical ioscri!Jrion

langLIage. "Le style c'est l'hoInme Illeme". late tiInes, a phil osoplleJ' of

stares that eteus. victor Ihe (Laconic for

language, tlle Imus \Vittgenstein. even more explicitly stated n "TI'actatus

Aremis Onhia

Sparta.

mousa. a musical contesl) has dcdicuIed Ilis pri7_e

(Ihere follo\\' the leIIers ' ( the

nulnber 2.730).

The inscri!Jrion l'urtler SIUICS tha his faItler t10110reu

!Jim lh a metricul dcdication consisIirlg 01' the

logicophilosophicus". the oft quoted nC le connecrion lVith rhe texUre

Hnd rhe m al1ce " langLIage: "The lmts my lal1gLIage mean the lmts

(rdther than ver.'ies). l\'ole the

my lI d". the language a people, l1 every single ld and hase.

mixed language of the inscripIion. b::sical1y .

thee aC I'ellected instances of its hisory, its thought, its mentality and its

same number of \ols

but co!llaining uni\J IeMs. as \\'ell a.s an ionic

poeIic el emen t (I).

clte and c i v i l ization. This ' ,vhy the teaching a native (national)

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500 - 550 . Er.o t ;\,,

.''f.; ;(( : O<iJ

\l :11-

\!) JJAPOi\TTA
. Ut) ;
. .

: ("Le style, c'est ['hon1ine [nme").

, , Wittgenstein,

"acratus 10gicophilosophiCIS",
01r,:
: ("The liIllitS of lal1guage l11ean

the limits 01'

my \vorld"). ,

, , \',

\' ii)Io yIoJ :; f;{

Hzonn xaHi'\'() ou bl:nirjO\'.

of

}'ch I'rom ConsranIinople. c.

500-550 A_D. DepicIs

archangel (probabl'

\'Iichael). Thc half-preseryed inscripIion (conIinued

l 0111er mi.sil1g leaf of l diplych): "!\cceIJI

Ihese (Ind h:ng le:red thc cause.. :- probabl'
indic::tes l [ the Emperor Il'ho most likely
\\a.'I reesel1ed 011 Ihe missing leaf.

l a I1 gu age, \V ll e n a JJJJ l i e d c oI T e c t l y d e p t Il , c o n s t i l u t e s a
s i mlI l raIl e o lIs reacl1iIlg of the l and I p l1 ysi on o my ' a
people, a hSc and didactc acti o n The Ide ' rl1e so-calle d
,

"mden" l i nguistics, a l i IlglIi st tl1at hnd studied the hSl

co In p al"at iv e InetIlod l1 l l IliS l i f'e \v irh JJ,Ht iculaI' l1reest ll
classical langlIHges - mean fe l" di nand de SaussureIV l10 defined lag age ns

\vas rlle one

raxon ony ' rlle VId, Thi s IneaIls

[( it i s rl ugh lal1gUHge ( ml;ll1 c l a s s es r h e \v o l" l d l1

acc ordance the l 11e has tJerceived and pOcessed ! his
intellecr. I r is rhugh IHnguage rIlat mcn can eate de l' ot '

[Ile chaot i c ealt that slIlTounds h i m . ve people eceves,

ganes anc.l eesses, g11 l anguage a dit'fel"ent jJ.jecrn
01 rIle \Vld, a l \vays l1 Hcc o l d ance \ the menrali r y tlleiI"
,

CivliZHtiOI1, theiI' hst, rhe i I' values and rll e i I" be1iels. dfteenr
tnl1guage, we lingui sts SHY, is meel the snme th i ng orheI"
\v ords.

l T 113! \v el"e tue, ta n s l at i o l1 I'1 o n e l al1 g uage

anothc J" Ivould be a Cl1ild's play, \Vl1ich is t he case, couI'se,

c o m e back t o S a u sslIre, eacIl

classft 01

lhe \Vld.

l a nguage i s d iI te I e n t

T11iS is \vhy each lnnguage is, above

evethl1g else, a l1 1l1atte; is (\le eessl1

01' <: p eopl e s e istel1ce

'

the esent as well as , 11sOrcal ,"ealiry, that , r> IlatioIlal ideIltity, For
this J'easoll, )' aach to a cetHin civiliZ<lIiOll, a cenain iJeople '
:'
)

[')I,

!.

L. ..

: l1J

cerain sociery rnllsr ll ecessari l y be elTected rhrollgh lallglIage, ] , rhe symbols

of IanglHlge rhat eve<:l a Ill0St e]oqlleIlt

lalle,

rIle hsto and 11lenrality.

alld attude 01" a people (lads r l1 e Vld

60
. (m. : n:

tl1e rh o ught

b <'1. l,, .

IOIOSYNCRATIC GREEK LANGUAGE

' ,. (r

JT<J

l'c .:r(;.

') ,.
TapeslY

n,:: presentiIlg

the

V i rgin

enrhrollcd. se<lled bel\veen l Archangels

MichaeJ ,nd Gubriel. 6 c. .). Egyprian .

\Voven in \\'001. the lpper' zOIle, ChrisI

)

a l so

e n I e d \V i111iIl a rllHndorl,l

caed by l\ Angel s

[Ile [JHnel s ,tre

re[1eseed Ihe (\vel"e A[1o::;tlc::; \viltr rI1C

rlanle of encl1.

\Vl1nr \ve 11ave said abo ve abour

I1 nt l

languages geneaI ae l1 a ]110st

,

S kg al1d selr-evideIH \vay, tlIe rlle Geek langLIHge. Tl1is InnglIage,

pariclIlal', , endolved Ivirh a p anicll aJ" pl1ysionorn)' by a nllmbel' 0l' I1isorical

alld polirical feaUes, l,ese mailll)' tl1C foll olviIlg:

+ The eilI use [ the Geek langlIage [' rl1e expl'ession ' advaIlced fonns
lhougIlt by geat al1d endo\ved illtel1ecrs il1vesred wirh eaI cul ri va[ ion
de pth ,

- --_
.

. G

- - ,-.-

. _._.

. '

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,
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; "", , ,

,'

'

Bl1tElJOEL '{

...

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L (,

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"""";"
,, < .
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,'., ..

Fedid de Sussure,

.
,

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,

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(: . (l

; 6.
. .. 6

. 6q-;

\!

. ;."

Circus MaxiInus. (

V(1(ri \! ()\}ll .

. .

;. .;

'z ;. ;

'( ;. tXF\ ohIj

, :-6 ";.". \' \:. hIj

;.v, "
6r().

. . , . .

M,H ble lune<. inscjption I' (he

AverHine l I i l l . I o m e , near Ihe CiCts

Saussure, .

M,ximtls.

' :

Honoring Ille 110se Ellthydikos \\'110 \va..

Elld o f

second

c. ..

n l) m tirnes viclOI'ious l1 the

'

; (), . . '
, , c,
; . o ':

garnes btr <Llso hHd the honor 10 be lJl1der

tlle

cornmHnd

the

" $ U IJrenle

CoInIllander". IJI"obably I'eI'erriIlg r11e

EmIJeroI COIl)I110dus.

, , ;
.

60 '
, '.,

(') <..'

:; ongC( "
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;

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, . 6; , (lO

:; 1

 As a sequence rhis quality, rhe GI-eek language became rhe basis rhe
expression of rhe l expression of the western civil izntion.

i S present oday the vocabulary ' r h e EUIpean languages

especially ll complex alld sophisticated ["onns 01' cOIn1llll icatioll, SUC!l sciellce
' rhe idiom ot polirics.

Its o)"al aIl d \vritteIl tadtll has been uniIltenupted abollt 4.000 and
:rt; (829 - 842)
()
. l ()r.' \,(i)v ;:%

,;, L()
he(hius (829 - 842)
SOIiJlIS

Ob\'.

jJut [

me. '<:ing, holding pillriarcIt,II

3.000 eaS eSecve.

C temra Geek i s closel)' conllected \vith i t s ea- e- phases, i . e .
allciellt and byzalltille Greek, dlle to pecllliaJ" cHlt-a1 alld historical coIlditioIls .

had active ll the Rellnissallce as we!! as the !ater and even cuent
de v e ! o jJll1 e n r s n c ! t e a n d e d H c a r i o n Ell ro p e a n d r h e w e s t e
ci zati OIlS.

cross.

GEOfIt OS bASILE(US)

do at claim that Greek the "choseIl language rl1e \Vd" \vhich

should eIljoy a special aIld privileged stHtus rhe expeIlse of orhe cIltlIres
and l languages ... Ho\vever, may rightfu l l y claiIn that rhe Greek
lnngllnge- especia!I/ because 01' the l"eatJes pecIlial" to its hi5tory-constitutes
i diosYIlChratic case 01" a EllrojJenn !nnguage that i s e v e r present and

l; ' l\'; ( l l l-1 143)

;
. ; ( I)I'

. C() (OP)pOEH()

John ComncnlIs ( 1 1,s-1 143)

ctall ro dare. Jt is 50 5 rhe laIlguage ' the classic texts, rhar of rhe
Gospel, rhe Farhers of the Church and the Byz.an tine hymn og-ahy, as the
!ngllistic eessn of the hllIllan intellect .) grearest Il10ments and the
etellal i5slles \vhich penail1 to and rhe human vnlues.

}'
Re'i. Virgin hIessing tlle EmI)l"()r

, ) ()()

wish ro add here fe\v mOIe COIllments to the idiosyncntt ic ['eatures 01' the

Greek language thar r have 111entioned. first a fe\y \\'ds the isslle ot' the
ea culrivation of rhe Greek language by great intellects. tes of the
wl"ittel1 aadition a g-eat ath, a geat illtel1ecua1, a phi! osojJher, a hstoan,
a geat aeator geneal, Illeans a gTeat, a .gnfcar text.

g-ect text,

h\veve, .) Ilot ! excejJtionallyr tn tenlls ot' the message bllt a150

te-ms of its ganatll of Janguage clld expression.
Dialectics, instance ; not mere!)' supelior and SOpl1isticated technic n
rhe quesr ot philosophicnl trllth: it is a Se Hnd soph isticared organization
, ..: '..',.
..
,
_. .- '

of langllage, of lingllistic eessn. Let .) [ forget that ratio and 01"800 l1

Greek had aead beeIl exI'Cssed by Plato thIlIgh the same language symbol
/ogo.l. l orher Wds, tne rogre5s and cLIltivation ' thought, science, dran1a,

- '

.- ,

i 4.000 3.000

- - -

, .
, , ,
.

, : "

O.Lo.
.

"

.. \'
.

" ,
...

. l3. 1 70

. \' . .

, ,

f"ragrn el1ts

,i, - -

nlol1k Kallilliko.

'

,
,
,
,

'

. , ; , ,
, , C!.
, . , ,
, ,
,

1i

,,

V l-):
, . Rario ,
, ' ,

the

liturgiC!\

C!lssrn llnd l3asil. 17th c .

-
, , ,

of

by

J.

CopiSt:

of ll luBI and intellecual issues, lvere considered by rhe ancient Greeks as

inseparably connected Iv irh the cultivation deprh of logos, rhe GI'eek
language. It , this <' rhat Ive can appI'eciate Heisenberg's, the greatest
physicist's \vords when he admits thHt " st potB spiriual exercise
lvas studying the ancienr Greek language. this language thel'e exists a
complete COeSndence between the Ivord and seantc conrent, "The
lvord, then, "- a language Sbl, , Greek, absollIte ham \vith the
"seantc conrent", Heisen bel'g tells us. is exactly Ivhar < olten has been
' (886, 9 2 )

rermed the erymological anSareC 01' the words of Greek.

O".t L () /
AASJ!LIVS RQ/MA
QN

OUR STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS

Leon the \Vise (886 912)

this sense we can easily interpret rhe second we have nlade above

ov

Miliaresion

Re. t L () /

abour the Greek language constiuring the basis 01' the conceptual expression

BASl/LEVS RIMAIQN

of the Ivestern European civilization, was rl1e Greek language rhat

basic , 01' human tl10Ught, especially a leel of exchange of essential
inl"onnation- what was renlled "cultivared code"- that wee first expl"essed to
b e lateI' s u p p l e m e n r ed a n d rranslated and conseq LI e n t l y
combined with elements of more recent national languages. \Vords-concepts
such as logic al1d sysrem, anBlysis and 8yn rl1esjs, caregolY, nJethod, 7,
hyporhesis, he8ch, blen and critique, tl,eI11 e , pog-Bl1ll" a n d
organjzarion, rheory and eeece, actce, djaloglIe, djalectics, idea,
ideology, polirics, den1 0cacy but also [, 87, djagno" is and
rI1e8, eiJoCl1, period, , drama, Il-agedy, Icsm and heae, IneIer

and symmetly as "ell as 11YiJe,-bole, Jysrely, magic, liUlgy, eS, hYiJoc-isy,

Chrjst, orrhodoxy, evangelic texts, hYJns, maS and ecclesia al1d so many

other words-keys ' cii lization perceived, denored and expel'ienced

throlIgh Ivo,-ds of the Geek langlIage. Even the contea iJepsi (,cola),
the italian myrhos (of OTa LlS, the erl'ue, efer the Greek
lallguage, those early concept- Ivo,-ds and thei,- commLInicatie prestige.
FO the relarionship 01' rhe contempo,-ary, ancient and byzantine G,-eek and
the long un illteITupted tnld ition the Geek language [ about 4.000 yea,-s
noly, let us rather lsren Gege 5eferis: "The Geek lal1guage, man, rhe
sea... What a IvollderflIl thillg realize that since Homel' spoke til nolv \ve

34

 , . ,
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"

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\- ' "
.'" '. .-\ - '. .

\;. ..
"

, <

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;1', !-!esenbeg:

" YA,i,ooa

. .

".

, , . ,

, " ",

Heisenberg. , . ,

l:: ;<

'(

29 1763

: "( ..)

HTOl

-\

.. ' ,

nscrin

0 . 0

"

containing tIle regLJlnrions

r11e UbnLIOY ' the llU5e e,ss.n

j'rom Dous ko Trikkala, Geece . Bears t!lC

..,

dare 29 May, 1763 arld rlle sigrlature

; , , "

"\Ve order one to dare to remove a

" , , ,/

11

the Metropoliran Larisa,

Meleti05.

book Llle libnIry 01' Ille m,se"

() -
, , , , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, , ,
, l. , , , ,
. ,

10

..

, , , ,
, , , , ,
,
iJ .
Pepsi (-co!a), mytho, ( Ferrari)

, <).), -

35

have beathed, spoken and sung, he very S3me language, And this
has al\vays been s o \vhether \vas Clyremnestra s p e a k i n g t o
Agamemnol1, ' the , the esael1 t , the Hymns by

... - .
,.

Ral10S, the sOl1gs about Digenis ktas, Cretan Dra[a, the

' h.
''"

E,t "l'ti.S - . ,' l';:' $ ,

v c 6'1;; 4,;; _E \-: Q,V811'>.. "

Ballad of Erotokritos ' the Greek Folk songs. "This is the Greek

'

language: and l111" the sense that has neveI" stopped being
spoken and Wttell; one and \vhole as ane may attempt acquire

'

r 'I:l c 4 i &; , ,-;:,

T" ' t:u e,d'o l ' l C1 S

hugh , complex mu\tiplicity and its ,"ichness of expI-ession,

This continuity 01' the Geek language through the cenuries has at

'

the same time been its stength and , weakness. !t is stength

because we can, every moment, immerse oLJselves the magic of

..

irs \v ords, rhe l' ll chiselling of mealling th ugh time alld its
polyvalent funcion ll living speech. the othel' hand- contrast,
perhaps, \vith \vhat happens with otheI" languages- a deee, dynamic

a n d creat i v e kll o w l e dge a n d u s e of den Greek more

dealldng types of cOl[un can, especially \vhee vcabua[ is
co[1Cerned, the Snchnc aach has as a I"'erequisite a parallel
diachJnic and Ilistorical one, This erequste , [amilia['ity \Yith
rhe lexical roots and the sIuctllaI/ matnal elenlents 01' Modern
Greek (reeba COl1stiuents, al'fi xes of all k i n ds, e,t,c,), that ellables rhe
young GI-eek sudent of oday to compl'ehend a n d exploit creatively the
6 .1j
,- 1
(
; .

,
., ,

polyvalent constiuents 01' his native onglle, ratheI" rhall ['eson mecllanical
mematll. This constittes the dflclt, the weakl1ess, el'e,
of the Greek language.

L.JX.

(, .

The United Ue where w e ae expected t o live nlust necessarily be

800 :: Inltk 01' rlle privne l i h l"ury 01"

Anastasios
Macedonia.

I'm

l, [utll1gual and mulricultllral. is imperarive that \ve ind the

Serres,

l n k l" ll effecrively and essentially ul1ite the vaus cl1es 01' the

Anusa.';ios \vas one ' the

Communiry. This lnk l1 be 110 other bllt rhe vIJJues 011 which rhe \veSlern

,,';

sons LIIe "'eaIthy merchant, Emm.

p,pas, tlle Phliki Herel"eia, \vho Ileaded

civiI izarion \, Inded, These values are, to a gea exrend, eessed " che

he illsul"ection against the Turks

Greek IIJnguage jn Geek [ex[s. These a['e the classic texts whch are now

Cha!cidike, Macedonia.

above space and time, the Greek

texIs

\VI,iCl, disclss and al1alyse [an aJ1d

humal1 values, social al1d political insrittions, rhe meal1ing of existence and
tansrmatl1 of beings, hybis al1d catharsis, demos and the city, democracy

36

"

'

,..

l1.
,
4.000 ,
: ' ,
;, ...

. ,

, ,
, ,

, ".

. ,

: ,

.
, ,
.

..

'E

I3 l

'' ;. Yj S

'' 1I 11' O i' f :J. <j t' d ';

" ..

C C I'X 7J '

,
. -

- , ,

..

-,
, . n
/ (, ,

Title puge ' a chilJren'.s aJ]Jhaber I)OOk,

published i n Vienna,

just befol'e rI,e

Greek Ievo]ution.

. ..), (

. ,
, , .
,
, (mu!rinarional), (Inu!rilingua!)
(mu!riculuIal). '

.
. , ,

. ,

37

. ;\ l) () \
u. u.<Jt"u.,
-

1'8 -

"

.,

: ) IIQYO\) q: (I}. o ':r 1963)

!( ": ''
:\'". ]l ("fk).) 14/4/1942,

HQIIQm: Manuscript of G. Seferis (bc Price for Uteratllre, 1963) from his
correspondence wiIh Timo5 r-,'I<I1anos: " \';
:"t1o;", I)retoria (Tnlnsva\I ), 14/4/1942,

and tann, IVal' and peace, justice and Ireedom,

dignity and respecr, love 1'01' olle's country, lfe alld
-!!;

J (/ ! J,

death. ! these expressed Geek, a language that

Ilas been spoken and \vritten, \vith major or minoI"
changes, GI'eece to daY5. The Divine \Vd
Ivas al s o epressed n Greek alld s o Ivere the
teachings ' the Fathers 01' rhe Cl1Urch, 50 vital for

the Chri5tian Id: Greek were a]50 the hymlls 01' the thde

Church and the Hol!y Mass.

Amid the inevi!able lingLIistic Babel 01' the United ELIrope, contact Ivi!h the
.

.. ,,/,,, ...

. .

'

"' ';'J(W

-;;...

..

.,.,,ot ..... ,'"',, ... """"<!"_"

.6/.'t/J( p."'"/I'H ;,.._

. .: fu\'/'''''''
o.'.",
; '..:, ...,.
.
,,.

.,/

..

""o!;

{";',.;..

.;;

Ifrtnl'!wlJYL.

at least anilcial, not to say detimelltal), established !ugh !he EdLIca!ion

;,h,

Sste5 of the mebeS of the C muni!, l! col1stittte a dec! contact

J',

.. 1' >, ..

Geek ]anguage (!he distinc!ion into ancient, byzantine alld modern Greek 5

Iv i t h the p r i m aI')' cOl1 c e p t s and foundamental 50urces 01' !he Ives!ern

c i v i l i z a t i o n , . a n o t i o n a l b o n d a m o n g t h e c i t i z e n s ' EUOpe a n d a
archeent to basic structues of thought that Ivill serve as a collstant
poillt ' ret"e I'ellce the coIlf'usion that is epected ro ensue. Fanilaatn
,vith the cla.%ical lallguages, the n5 and values Ivhich they first eessed
may become tl1e comn feature of the tl1inking poptllarion of the Ullited

Europe, a cmll denominator that w i l l bind Stuall, morally and

educationally ci!izellS thewse dffeent in many re5pects: their mother

tongue, their nationa] iden!ity, their pOlitical and economic be]iefs, tl1eir
mentali!y, theiI" history, e.!.c.
The imponal1ce of the Geek tradi!ioll does IlOt solely lie l1 classic alltiquity.
[ ! is e v e l'eSUg e n t l1 a v ar i e t y of Ir al1d i n t e n s i t y t h r ough t h e
consciousness ' the peoples Europe, constantly imbuing t h e Ivesterll
civilizarion. This is an experience rhar \ve are a position to project I'urther
ll the Ullited Europe and the vehicle to do so is the GI'eek language. [ Ivould
n o t go s o aJ" as t o c l a i m t h a t t h i s is the o n l y ' t h e s h o r t e s t way t o
LInification. [ is hwee, sllfficiently 5afe.

Geol'ghios Babiniotis
]'Ofessor 01' Lillguistics, Faculty ' Philosophy, University of Athens.
.

-'

Pre5ident of the Paedagogical [n5titute

' ( -' '1-

,f, J-'; - -- - ""

.

(., ,
, ,

r:

,
,
, .
1
) ( , , ,{
) ,

<&._-

..

.,

"

'- '"

"

, .

,-

' 1".- .

,.

:"

. .,

/
.

f '-< .

. .

.y -,<-

...

,.

. y-

, ,
, , ; ,
, , ,
. , -
- .

c,

"

,'

,-,_..... .

,"

"

1_

-'"-'

'.'

. '/-'
.

.. ...

'"
.. .'

"

{ ,

>-"

.
-.

"

'
.

.'

, " , "

'"

... -

)"

.,."

-""
-

,.

- -

/ ./

:t

,
.- ,

. ,

Literature,

1 979)
28/8/[ 946.

,
, .

Leter of . E1 Yl iS (Nobel Price ror

AIhens

[979)
28/8/1946.

. PllOtiadis,

, ,
:
, , , ,
. ..
.
,

.
,
.
. .
.
,
, "

39

F ro m " T H E N E \V \V E B 5 T E R
LANGUAGE", eaal

D I CT l O NA R Y

E N G L I 5 H

Edi r i on GrolieJ" IIlcoPorared, New k.

The cla.s sic ongue of Greece - rhe language ' Honer and Plao aIld
Arisot!e - is oIle of rhe mos importanr sollrces ' everyday speach.

have

already

leaed

somerhimg

l1e

Geek

laIlguage.

srarted ,vheIl learned your BC's; \vhen you referred the alphabet,

were juS{ sayiIlg rhe

Ilames

of

the

two Greek

letters

alpha aIld

bea, that is and . Iinle later, when talked about aithmec,

,

you weI'e very eaI saying ahns, rhe Greek ,vord ' "nun1be-s".

can'r

go

tl1e

k i rcl,en

and

,va51,

dishes

,vihour

handling

somehing with a Greek name. The ve word dis/J is GIeek. t

w a.s discos, Ineaning "qlloit". Later rhe Ineaning 'va.s extended include
dishes.
" ,vord from the ancie n r Greek shows ho,v meaning5 change. The rich
men Greece had easy lil'e

riresome

,vork do - plenry

01'

lesre ime. rhis spare rime rhey gave rhe name of scho-Ie. [ their scho
le

they ,vere devored diSCI5S iOIl, sudy

srutUed their 5c/lo-le

and

insUllction. Because they

tl1ey 'vee called scholars; and the place ,vhere rhey

stdied came be called school. 50 schoolrime , spare t i m e , and the

pleasure Iud l1 Sae time was the leaSUe

01' sUdy.

Among familiar personal names ae that come I'm the Greek, as

George, Philip, and Eugene. The name George means ''Iandman'' "Iarmer".
The

geo n the naIne George is simply the Greek ,vord fOJ" "eanh". l is

geograplly and geology and geomety; rhey all have something do ,virh the
40

eaJ1h .

;
: "

NE\V

\V EBSTER

DICTIONAR

OF

ENGlISH

LANGUAGE", lllterllational Edilion Grolier Incorporated Ne" York.

- ,
- (

. .

ABC.

(alphabet)

1J ,

(arithmelic)
,

"nuber",

(dishes)
. ,

(dish).

"quoir", f)o. ()
.
.
- -
.

, ,
.

(school).

(schlaS)

""

' .

,

George, Philip, Eugene.

George

) "" "". geo- (-)

41

, ;

The name P h ilp means one \vho loves hses; philos, loving; hippos, hse.
hippodrOIlle , a racecse

whee horses .

hippopotHmuS

> a iver

horse; poamos is Geek 101' rhe river.

The name Eugelle rneans '\vell born": -, "good, weli"; genesis, '1:>irh". Mosr

words StHrting \vith

_

elI

have a ,ense rhar , "good, pleasanr" ' "beaurifl".

Euphony has to do \virh pleasant sounds; elI/ogy, pleasallt sayillgs words.

speach praising soneolle > eu/ogy.

No\v I'or some gir'l's names: Margaret, she's a pear'l; Dora, she's a gift; 1rene,

she's peacel'ul - rhar is, if go by the Greek names. And rhe Greeks

did

have a naIne fO alInost eethg. \Vhen say that rhis great nation of
, , a democ-acy. you're

talking

Greek : demos - kacen, "people -

governing". Democracy > govemmenr by the people. The saIne Greek who
gave > the Ilame of killd geme gave , the \v ord po/irics. It

cornes I'Om the Geek po/is. "ciry". The Greeks

gave us also rhe precious

word economy. They called ! knms. I-m oikos

"house", alld nOlIJOS,

"manageen" .
That's rhe ,! 01' economy - the mallageInellt 01' a house. And because
economy has so much t o do \vith the home, some

of the

\vorld's

best

economisrs are \vomen .

Speaking 01'
Greece

\yomen

emphasized

and

housekeeping, aage

business rather

than

cusroms

ancient

Omance. Sometimes rhe

man

neveJ' ,\ his \yife l the \vedding day. wee, even if 11e didn't see
her

I'ace, he al\vays

\\'anted ro

be

sure

abou

her

do\vry, that is,

the

money and othe things of value that she would bring ro him, as a sort
premium. Almost eethg she o\vned became his. Br under the old
Greek la\v ee bride \vas allo\ved ro keep certttill a[[icles as he .
such "" esal belongings and articles adet. These things "ould
be carel'ully lisred. and ! was undersrood that the 11usband would have
control oveJ' tl1em. What he got lvas the pheme, dolv ry. TI1e th illgs the
bride kept

weJ'e

the

panpherna: para. "indipendent of" . hee, "do\ry".

tl1e da)' 01' ancient Greek wedding the bride came hone, aking great
care (Q

42

keep

her o\vn

special

treasures

sepaI'ate

I"rom

rhe

ones

that

 . (gegaI'),
(ge ol ogy ) (geometry).
. Philip () " "
.
".'", ,
"", "1'J" . Eugene ()
" , ".
elJ-

(-) "", "" "".

/, () , eu/ogy ()

810PUR

. fJ-
. . Margctrer ( )
, Dora () , Agnes ()
lrene () ,

!!

t" ) P O A
\ 0\ '

.
. ,
.. - " ".

(polirics).
6 (city).
(economy).
(lanagement).

(house) \'

.
,

MVOS P H E R E
( M l l ') i t.
\ >; lI P O S C

,

.
. ,
.
.

, .

oo
.
.
'

43

Ivo u l d

belong

to

heJ' husband. It

might

be

strange

coll ection

unIelated things, bt \Vas heI very o\\ln - her arahea. And that's ho\v
\ve ctlme by \\'ord parapheTna/ia, meaning "a miscellaneous collection
01' accessories equiplnent",
People

Ivho

guess

at

the

deivation

words

and then

rel'e]'

to

tll e

dictionary ofren lid thar their guess was IvOng. Guessing is ! sHfe.

comet Hnd a cmma look somelvhat alike (each has a round n and a

tail) ; 50 s!ene says, "They musr be related". they're . COInet is

Greek komeres, ' ' l ong-haired'', because the tail light the comet
behind. Comlna, Greek

Jeaves

kma, means

"a

section

segment,

slething ct ; a comma slightly cLIts n 01' a sentence. NOlI

someone

may

say, '']s

comic 10Ilg-haired?" . He gets his ",tme

Greek komos, "a revel". Today

entirely

new

children

meaning; they use ! ! lean

give

the

word

any picrured

I'rom

comic

s!Ory in '

lorm. They

even

talk

about

"Bible

comics",

example

how

the

meaning a word gets "pll5hed around".

PharmaciS't ls Jm Greek pfarmakon, "poison". Man)r ancient medicina!

drugs \Vefe more less poisonolIs; hence the name ' theiI' dispenser.
G/amoLlT is mee anotheI form

time

meant "magic"

of' g T8fnmar. Because gTammar at one

"f'ascination",

g/amouT

took

the

meaning

'\vitchery, allurement". This word al50 is Greek.

dilemIna is not an animal, spite its t\VO hS. The word cones
from

Greek

di, "double", and /emma, "proposition

assumption". \Vhen

\ve have to chaose between t\vo stns, each uarable to US, \ve
are said to be ' the horns a dema" .

44

. . .
6. (paraJJherna): = ,
.

) '

. ,
(parapherna).
'Qc\no

aahernalia .

,
. ; (comer) (comma),

(long-haired), l
,
.

" (comic)

" ; ,

.
comic.

. "

",

Pl1al1nacist, ,

, .

", .
. Glaur,

"

gI'amInar

011

'

g!anoul"

".

. dlema () , .

()

"" "" (assumpton).

(''on rl1e 1101'0.\

dilenlla")>>.

4S

 OF S CIENTIFIC ONOMATOLOGY

.ANA(re)+TOM (v.TEMNQ=cut)-IA

ANTHROPO OG

(=man )+ ( =sa}

ATOM(=par!Icle )+ IA(activity)

ic ENERG

ARCHAEO OG

APXAIOI(=very ld)t(see above)IA

ARCHI TECT URE

APXI(llrsl}+TEKTN(mason)

ARITHMET IC

I{=nm ber)I ,,

ASTRO OG V

,{=slar)+{see above}IA

ASTRO V

METR V

V(=dee} +METPO{=melre}IA

IL GRAPH V

10{=book)+ {=le}

ASTRO NAUT ICS

(=IIfe )+ (=star)+NA (=maritime)IKH

CHEMISTR V

"

ECO OG

"

OG V

"

"

,{=law}I

+XHMEIA(=chemistry)
tI(=huse)t(=sa,SeekjI
"

"

H{=planl,herb) t

'

CHRONO OG V

XPONOI(=time,age)

"

GIN EMATO GRAF V

GRVSTALO GRAF V

CRVPTO GRAF V

(=cystal)+rPA (VIrite)
'"
{=hldden}
+
'

I LECT ICS

,I t {=in!eec!}I

(= the lolded official paper)IA

ECO I C S

I{I=hs{v.I =eploll)

EGVPTIO OG V

{ =Irom Egypl} +{see above }

ELECTRO YS IS

ELECTRO MAGNET IGS

(=electric) +(v.YQ=solve)II
,
"
+ {=magnet}I

OG

EMBPYON(=foetus)

OG V

OG

.I + (=ublc community)IA

STEMO OG V

(=science) t {see above)

OG

(=natn)

GEO GRAPH V

GEO OG V

"

GEO MORFO V

"

METR V

HERPETO OG V

EpnETO(=reptile)

HISTOR V

A(=narratlve) from v.I{=knw }

HVORO ICS

(='ater) +I( =power)IKH

HVDRO OG V

HVORO LVS IS

IGS

adj. (=mathemat ician)

MECHAN ICS

, ( H=mashine)

! LL URG V

ON{=metal)+ EPrON (=work)

PHVS ICS

META(=a1ter,next,behInd) + (=nature)IKH

METEORO OG

ON(=suspended in the air) + (s.a,)I

MUS IC

MOY IA(=Mus e ,one Muses)

OG V

MyeO(=myth,legent) t (see above)

lIT IG

{=") + (=slone)

METR V

{=cld) tMETPO{=metre}IA

NUMISMAT IGS

gen.NOMIIMAT OI(=coin,money)

ORNITHO OG V

gen.OPNle OI{=bird) t (see above)IA

PALAEO V

(=old}tBOTAN H(=plant,herb)IKH

L CLlMATO OG V

L L1T IC

L OG V

OG V

PHARMAC V

"

-_

"

"

I MAC V

-" . --"-'

+MAZA{mass)

IC MASS

"

+ "

I (=muvmen!)t(=Wte)I

(see above )
,

ENTOMON{=lnsecl) t '

"

"

"

"

t (=)

"
.
+ (see above)
" H(=shape)+

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

, METPO{=metre} IA
t (see above)

t (see above)IA

(=Iiquid) t (v.=slve) I

tI,gen {=cllmat}t(s.a.}I

{=old} tI {=stne)I
"

tONT A(=beings)t (see above)IA

"
"
nAeOI(=disease,passIon) + "

(=remedy,poison)


(:remedy,poison)

( see above)IA

PHARMACO OG

OG

SOPH

ICS

GPAPH

GRAF

GRAF

,gen.(=lghi)+

+ AIeO(:sIone)+

PHRENO OG

(=mnd)(see above)IA

PHYS ICAL ANTHROPOOG

I(=nalural)+(=man)+ (s.a)IA

PHYSIO OG

PHYSIO

"

GENET IC

GRAPH

ARIUM

(=plan el )

PLASMO

(=lasm )+ ( 0=10 cul) IA

PLAST IC

from O {:::knead)

POLARO GRAPH

Irom (=pol)

ICS

IKE (rEXN E)

ICAL ECO

(=iriend) +(.O=say,speek)

t { \visdom)

(=ce)adj. ,.
+

(=l)I

+ ( see mentioned previously)

+ 0(=10 cure)IA

(=anl)(lrm =brrth)IKH

(see above)

{="ar)ad,.

I ( ll ical) OIKO(=house)NOM (=eplorl)

=

OI(=cly)OI ( l Ihe cly)

ICS

OG

PSYCHO OG

PSYCH LYS IS

PSYCHO

IC

OP(=speeker oralor) PHTOP IKH(=of the oraIor)

ICS

(=rlh m) I KH(=of Ihe rylhm)

SINO OG

I ( I =Chna) = (. O speek)

SOTERIO OG

(=Savr}

STAT ICS

I,.IA MAI (=slay)

STATlST ICS

STENO GRAPHY

(=narrw) + 0(:::10 \vrlte)IA

STRATEG ICS

(=arm) + (. 0=10 lead)IA

TACHY GRAPH

{=fasl) + (=10 IVlle)IA

TACT ICS

(=regular)

TAPESTR

(=carpel)

GRAPH

"

(=firs!)+l(=animal)tAor(see above)

H(=soul,mlnd)+AOr(see above)IA

+ (=)(=lse)I

+ IA(=c ure )
. (=llow)

+ 0(=10 congeal)IA
,

"

"

"

(=Irom a long disIance)+ O(see above)IA

+ 0(=10 measure)

+ OI(=emotion)

(=voice)

OG

eEATPO(=theaIre)+ (see above)IA

GON

OG

SOPH

(=Gd)+ , l=generalron)IA

+ (s.a.)

+ IA(=wisdom)

ICS

0(=10 cure)eEPAnEYT (=curalive)

ICS

O ( h ol) + I( )

IC

"

(=10 emboss)

OXICO OG

'

TRIGONO

TPI(=lhree)rO N IA(=angle)METP ON(melre)IA

GRAPH

V (=s!am,nnt) + 0("'10 I/Irite)IA

ZOO GRAPH

ON ( animal)

OG

ZYMOOGY

. Evangelia l)eHaki,
Achneologisl, HonOI1lry Ephor ot" Anti(Juilies

+ O(-Iyp,prl)

"

I (= ic) + AOr(see above)

"

+
+

(s a )I
.

+ (. =l cul)IA

ZYMO(ZYMH=dough) +(see above)IA

',
, "EpoQo;

"

\.. ,) "

--.

' ' s !< ") ,,f{

.
.

'1] rIJ, .
.

'' [ (' r."

o
V\ . ;,
,j
. )

11

'

.2 E / 5. !

\.,
,

. .;