Chapter #11: Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic Big Picture Themes IDENTIFICATIONS: Marbury v.

. Madison A landmark courtcase by the Supreme Court that demostrated Judicial Review and its powers over the executive and legislative branch. Henry Clay Henry Clay was a Political Scientist during the 1820's. He was also a Congressman from Kentucky. He developed the American System which US adopted after the War of 1812. The American System created a protective tariff to American Markets. It also used the tariff to build road and canal for better transportation. Essex Junto it consisted of lawyers and merchants from Essex County, Massachussets. These Federalists supported Alexander Hamilton and the Massachusetts radicals. When Hamilton was offered a place in the plot to secede New England from the Union, he denied the offer. Consequently, the Essex Junto tried to vie support from Aaron Burr, who accepted the offer from the Junto. Burr Conspiracy After the duel, Burr fled New York and joined a group of mercenaries in the southern Louisiana territory region. The U.S. arrested them as they moved towards Mexico. Burr claimed that they had intended to attack Mexico, but the U.S. believed that they were actually trying to get Mexican aid to start a secession movement in the territories. Burr was tried for treason, and although Jefferson advocated Burrs punishment, the Supreme Court acquitted Burr. Impressment British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not British. Chesapeake/Leopard Incident The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. Non-intercourse Act In the last four days of President Thomas Jefferson's presidency, the United States Congress replaced the Embargo Act of 1807 with the almost unenforceable Non-Intercourse Act of March 1809. This Act lifted all embargoes on American shipping except for those bound for British or French ports. The intent was to damage the economies of the United Kingdom and France. Like its predecessor, the Embargo Act, it was mostly ineffective, and contributed to the coming of the War of 1812 Macons Bill No. 2 Intended to motivate Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels during the Napoleonic Wars. This bill was a revision of the original bill by Representative Nathaniel Macon, known as Macon's Bill Number 1. The law lifted all embargoes with Britain or France. If either one of the two countries stopped attacks upon American shipping, the United States would cease trade with the other, unless that country agreed to recognize the rights of the neutral American ships as well. William Henry Harrison and the Battle of Tippecanoe The Battle of Tippecanoe was fought on November 7, 1811, between United States forces led by Governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory and forces of Tecumseh's growing American Indian confederation led by his younger brother Tenskwatawa. In response to rising tensions with the tribes and threats of war, a United States force of militia and regulars set out to launch a preemptive strike on the headquarters of the confederacy. War Hawks War Hawks originally used to describe members of the Twelfth Congress of the United States

who advocated waging war against the British in the War of 1812. The term has evolved into an informal Americanism used to describe a political stance of being for aggression, by diplomatic and ultimately military means, against others to improve the standing of their own government, country, or organization. Battle of Horseshoe bend United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the Creek War. Hartford Convention During the War of 1812, New England's opposition to the war reached the point where secession from the United States was discussed. The end of the war with a return to the status quo ante bellum disgraced the Federalist Party, which disbanded in most places. Treaty of Ghent The Treaty of Ghent was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The treaty largely restored relations between the two nations to status quo ante bellum. Because of the era's slow communications, it took weeks for news of the peace treaty to reach the United States, and the Battle of New Orleans was fought after it was signed. Treaty of Greenville 1795 Signed at Fort Greenville (now Greenville, Ohio), between a coalition of Native Americans & Frontiers men, known as the Western Confederacy, and the United States following the Native American loss at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. It put an end to the Northwest Indian War. The United States was represented by General "Mad Anthony" Wayne, who led the victory at Fallen Timbers. Battle of New Orleans The battle took place after the Treaty of Ghent took place because it took weeks for the news to reach the United States. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Federalist and Republican Mudslingers Know: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Whispering Campaign 1. What political liabilities existed for Adams and for Jefferson in 1800? In the 1800s, the war scare had petered out, and the country was left with an all-dressed-up-butno-place-to-go feeling. The military preparations now seemed not only unnecessary but extravagant, as seamen for the new navy were called John Adamss Jackasses. Adams himself was known, somewhat ironically, as the Father of the American Navy. Thrown on the defensive, the Federalists concentrated their fire on Thomas Jefferson himself, who became the victim of one of Americas earlier whispering campaigns. He was accused of having robbed a widow and her children of a trust fund and of having fathered numerous mulatto children by his own slave women. The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800" Know: Aaron Burr 2. Was the 1800 election more or less important than the 1796 election? Explain. The 1800, Thomas Jeffersons, election was more important than the 1796, John Adams, election. In the 1800 election the Empire State fell into the Jeffersonian basket, and with it the election, largely because Aaron Burr, a master wire-puller, turned New York to Jefferson by the narrowest of margins. The Virginian polled the bulk of his strength in the South and West, particularly in those states where universal white manhood suffrage had been adopted. John Adams, as fate would have it, was the last Federalist president of the United Sates. 3. If the Federalists had power for such a short time, were they really that important? Explain. Although the Federalists had power for a short time, they made an impact on the American culture

and government. The first two presidents that established this land were two federalists who made important decisions. The House of Representatives was also controlled for several more months by the Federalists, who preferred burr to the hated Jefferson. The Federalists party slowly sank into the mire of political oblivion and ultimately disappeared completely in the days of Andrew Jackson. Responsibility Breeds Moderation Know: Pell-mell 4. How revolutionary was the "Revolution of 1800?" The Revolution of 1800 is considered to be one of the milestones in United States history. This was the election of Thomas Jefferson wherein he defeated John Adams. This particular election revolutionized the arrival of the Democratic-Republican Party. Extending democratic principles to etiquette, Jefferson established the rule of pell-mell at official dinners that is, seating without regard to rank. The resplendent British minister, who had enjoyed precedence among the pro-British Federalists, was insulted. Jeffersonian Restraint Know: Albert Gallatin 5. "As president, Thomas Jefferson acted more like a Federalist than like a Democratic Republican." Assess. At the outset Jefferson was determined to undo the Federalist abuses begotten by the anti-French hysteria. The hated Alien and Sedition Acts had already expired. The incoming president speedily pardoned the martyrs who were serving sentences under the Sedition Act, and the government remitted many fines.. Albert Gallatin proved just as capable of treasurer as Hamilton was. Gallatin agreed with Jefferson that a national debt was a bane rather than a blessing and by strict economy succeeded in reducing it substantially while balancing the budget. The "Dead Clutch" of the Judiciary Know: Judiciary Act of 1801, Midnight Judges, John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, Samuel Chase 6 What was the main purpose of John Marshall as Chief Justice? How can this be seen in the Marbury v. Madison decision? . The appointment was for a Justice of the Peace position for William Marbury. Marbury sued. Chief Justice John Marshall dismissed Marbury's suit, avoiding a political showdown and magnifying the power of the Court. The deathbed Judiciary Act of 1801 was one of the last important laws passed by the expiring Federalist Congress. It created sixteen new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. President Adams remained at his desk until nine oclock in the evening of his last day in office, supposedly signing the commissions of the Federalist midnight judges. Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior Know: Barbary States, Shores of Tripoli, Gunboats 7. How did Jefferson deal with the extortion of the Barbary States? One of Jeffersons first actions as president was to reduce the military establishment to a mere police force of twenty-five hundred officers and men.Among his fondest hopes for America was that it might transcend the bloody wars and entangling alliances of Europe.. The pasha of Tripoli, dissatisfied with his share of protection money, informally declared war on the United States by cutting down the flagstaff of the American consulate. A gauntlet was thus thrown squarely into the face of Jeffersonthe noninterventionist, the pacifist, the critic of a big-ship navy, and the political foe of Federalist shippers. The Louisiana Godsend Know: New Orleans, Deposit Privileges, James Monroe and Robert Livingston, Napoleon, Toussaint L'Ouverture 8. Explain two ways that history may have been different if the French had not sold Louisiana to the United States.

If France had not sold its territory, the United States may have never achieved the Valley of Democracy, or the ideal agrarian republic. Jefferson was able to prohibit a catastrophe between France and America relation in his clever and cunning dispute with Napoleon. France had no lasting remnants in the US, meaning that the United States could continue to pursue the Isolation principle. James Monroe and Robert Livingston were able to negotiate an agreement in purchasing New Orleans, which doubled the size of the US. Without this important acquirement, America may have never been as strong as it is today. Louisiana in the Long View Know: Lewis and Clark, Sacajawea, Zebulun Pike 9. What positive consequences resulted from the Louisiana Purchase? The Louisiana Purchase really helped strengthen the United States political system. It helped them to achieve the Isolation Principle. As a result, they were finally free from the harmful threats that had kept them from developing into a really prosperous nation. This significant success started the critical expeditions in unveiling the new available land for setters to establish more permanent homes. The Lewis and Clark expedition had produced a fresh harvest of new knowledge and adventurous stories waiting to be told to future generations. With the help of Sacajawea, they were able to venture the western terrains near the Pacific coast. Zebulon M. Pike also discovered the peak that is named for him when he explored the southern parts of the Louisiana Territory. America: A Nutcracked Neutral Know: Orders in Council, Impressment, Chesapeake 10. In what way did the struggle between France and Britain affect the United States? Britains determination was spectacularly highlighted in 1807. A royal frigate overhauled a U.S. frigate, the Chesapeake, about ten miles off the coast of Virginia. The British captain bluntly demanded the surrender of four alleged deserters. London had never claimed the right to seize sailors from a foreign warship, and the American commander, though totally unprepared to fight, refused the request. The British warship thereupon fired three devastating broadsides at close range, killing three Americans and wounding eighteen. Four deserters were dragged away, and the bloody hulk called the Chesapeake limped back to port. Unable to hurt each other directly, the two antagonists were forced to strike indirect blows. Britain ruled the waves and waived the rules. The London government, beginning in 1806, issued a series of Orders in Council. These edicts closed the European ports under French control to foreign shipping, including American, unless the vessels first stopped at a British port known as Impressment. The Hated Embargo Know: Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act 11. Who opposed the embargo and why? The American economy staggered under the effect of the embargo act long before Britain or France began to bend. Forests of dead masts gradually filled New Englands once-bustling harbors; docks that had once rumbled were deserted (except for illegal trade); and soup kitchens cared for some of the hungry unemployed. An alarming amount of produce was unable to be transported, hurting the agrarian society that Jefferson envisioned. Jefferson seemed to be waging war on his fellow citizens rather than on the offending foreign powers. A half-loaf substitute was provided by the NonIntercourse Act. This measure formally reopened trade with all the nations of the world, except the two most important, Britain and France. Madisons Gamble Know: James Madison, Macon's Bill No. 2 12. How did Napoleon take advantage of American policy? To Madisons dismay, Congress dismantled the embargo completely with a bargaining measure known as Macons Bill No. 2. Macons Bill No.2 was intended to motivate Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels during the Napoleonic Wars. This bill was a revision of the original

bill by Representative Nathaniel Macon, known as Macon's Bill Number 1. The law lifted all embargoes with Britain or France. If either one of the two countries stopped attacks upon American shipping, the United States would cease trade with the other, unless that country agreed to recognize the rights of the neutral American ships as well. Tecumseh and the Prophet Know: War Hawks, Henry Clay, Tecumseh, The Prophet, William Henry Harrison 13. What considerations motivated the war hawks to call for war with Great Britain? The war hawks were weary of hearing how their fathers had whipped the British single-handedly, and they detested the manhandling of American sailors and the British Orders in Council that dammed the flow of American trade, especially western farm products headed for Europe.. As this white flood washed through the green forests, more and more Indians were pushed toward the setting sun. Two remarkable Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa, known to non-Indians as the Prophet, concluded that the time had come to stem this onrushing tide. "Mr. Madison's War" Know: War of 1812 14. How and why did New England Federalists oppose the War of 1812? Madison asked Congress to declare war on June 1, 1812. Congress obliged him two weeks later. The vote in the House was 79 to 49 for war, in the Senate 19 to 13. The close tally revealed deep divisions over the wisdom of fighting. The split was both sectional and partisan. S. Federalists in the Northeast sympathized with Britain and resented the Republicans sympathy with Napoleon, whom they regarded as the Corsican butcher and the anti-Christ of the age. Chapter #12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism IDENTIFICATIONS: Rush-Bagot Agreement The Rush Bagot Agreement was a treaty a treaty between the United States and Britain ratified by the United States Senate on April 16, 1818. The treaty provided for a large demilitarization of the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, where many British naval arrangements and forts still remained. The treaty stipulated that the United States and British North America could each maintain one military vessel as well as one cannon (no more than eighteen pounds) on Lake Ontario and Lake Champlain. Second Bank of the United States The Second Bank of the United States was a federal establishment operated by the government as an attempt to save the welfare of the economy after the War of 1812. It was part of Henry Clay's American System and forced state banks to call in their loans which led to foreclosures and the Panic of 1819. Francis Cabot Lowell Francis Cabot Lowell was a businessman for whom the city of Lowell, Massachusetts, United States is named, and who brought the Industrial Revolution to the United States. Era of Good Feelings A time period during President's James Monroe's administration. The United States had emerged from a war with Britain and was flush with nationalism. Prosperity seemed to be on the horizon and the Republicans ruled in a one party system. Adams-Onis Treaty Treaty in which Spain ceded the Florida territory to the U.S. America renounced claims on Texas. The boundary between Spain and the US was finally defined. Panic of 1819

Economic problems such as depression, mass debtors, deflation, unemployment, etc. caused by over speculation of land Tallmadge Amendment It prohibited the income of slaves in Missouri and gradually gave emancipation to children of slaves. Missouri Compromise Compromise that allowed Missouri to become a slave state, but also allowed Maine to become a non-slave state to balance out the slave/non-slave states. Also banned slaves in the north. John Marshall The Chief Justice of the U.S Supreme Court. He highly supported loose construction through a series of trials in the state, and increased the powers of the federal government while weakening the powers of the states Latin American Revolution When the Latin American republics rose from the ruins of monarchy; Americans feared that if the European powers intervened in the New World, the cause of republicanism would suffer irreparable harm Monroe Doctrine Born late in 1823, when the nationalistic Adams won the nationalistic Monroe over to his way of thinking; two basic features were non-colonization and nonintervention

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: On to Canada over Land and Lakes Know: Oliver Hazard Perry, Thomas Macdonough 1. Evaluate the success of the US navy in the fight for Canada. The US navy were very successful against the British compared to their army. Oliver Hazard, an naval officer, was able to capture a British fleet at Lake Erie, which resulted in the British to retreat from Detroit and Fort Maiden, and get defeated by General Harrison in the Battle of Thames. Another naval battle was when the British tried to attack New York through the Lake Champlain. They were halted and defeated by a US fleet led by Thomas Macdonough Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended Know: Francis Scott Key, Andrew Jackson, Battle of New Orleans 2. Did the United States fight the War of 1812 effectively? Explain. The United States did fight the war very effectively. In Baltimore, the Fort McHenry was able to stand and protect against the many British naval attacks. It's determination inspired Francis Scott Key to write the "Star-spangled Banner". The last battle was the Battle of New Orleans in which the British committed a major blunder by issuing frontal attack to invade New Orleans against the entrenched Americans led by Andrew Jackson. The British army faced a disastrous defeat. The Treaty of Ghent Know: Treaty of Ghent, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay 3. Was the Treaty of Ghent advantageous to the United States? Explain. The Treaty of Ghent was not advantageous to the U.S. The treaty was held in Ghent by Tsar Alexander I, and five American peacemakers were present there. John Quincy Adams led the peacemakers that also included Henry Clay. At first the British demanded much from the treaty

but after they heard of New York and Baltimore, the British made a neutral agreement with America. Both sides stated that they would stop the war and restore conquered territory. America actually lost in some sense in that they couldn't get any grievances for the damages that they were inflicted by the British such as the Indian menace, search and seizure, Orders in Council, and impressement. Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention Know: Blue Light Federalists, Hartford Convention 4. What did the Hartford Convention do? The Hartford Convention was led by extreme, treacherous federalist called Blue Light Federalists(they would warn of incoming American ships to the British). At the Convention they wanted to discuss their grievances and discuss their wrongs. They demanded financial assistance, 2/3 vote in congress for an embargo, states, or war to be declared, and wanted to eliminate the 3/5 clause, limit presidents to single term, and prohibit the election of two successive presidents from the same state. When their demands were shown to the capital, it was considered treacherous after the glorious victory of American and it ended the Federalists party. The Second War for American Independence 5. What were the long term effects of the War of 1812? After the war of 1812 America won new respect from other nations, because of their fighting powers. The Federalist party ended after the war because they opposed the war that was beneficial to America. War heroes such as Andrew Jackson and William Harrison would become future presidents. Indians consented to a series of treaties by giving up land that were north of the Ohio River. During the blockade after the war, manufacturing prospered in America. In the RushBagot agreement both Britain and U.S agreed to limit their naval armament on the Great Lakes. Nascent Nationalism Know: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Stephen Decatur 6. What evidence of nationalism surfaced after the War of 1812? Our individual national literature started to appear. Famous writers such as Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper used American themes. A new revived bank was also voted upon by congress that brought in more capital. The army was expanded to 10,000 men and the navy was highly glorified. Stephen Decatur, a naval hero, made a famous toast that caught the nationalist mood. "The American System" Know: Tariff of 1816, Henry Clay, The American System, Erie Canal 7. In what ways could nationalism be seen in the politics and economics of the post-war years? Nationalism could have been seen through manufacturing and factories. However, the British tried to thwart the success of these industries by selling at a cheaper price, so the Tariff of 1816 (20-25% on import) was enacted to protect American industries. Henry Clay created the American System, which contained 3 parts. First it would set a strong banking system for better credit, second it would have a protective tariff to help industries and use the revenues to, third build transportation system such as the Erie Canal (New York). The So-Called Era of Good Feelings Know: James Monroe, Virginia Dynasty, Era of Good Feelings 8. To what extent was James Monroe's presidency an Era of Good Feelings? The Era of Good Feelings started during the presidency of James Monroe, who continued the Virginia Dynasty (Washington, Jefferson, Madison). The Era of Good Feelings was not really all happy and good. Despite some "good feelings" such as Monroe's tour across military bases, many issues started to occur such as issues of the tariff, bank, internal improvements, sale of the public lands, sectionalism, and slavery.

The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times Know: Wildcat Banks, Panic of 1819 9. Explain the causes and effects of the Panic of 1819. The major cause of the Panic of 1819 was the overspeculation in frontier lands. The effects were deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and overcrowded pesthouses (debtors' prisons). The West was the most inflicted by this issue. Growing Pains of the West 10. What factors led to the settlement of the West in the years following the War? Lands in the West were relatively cheap, so many immigrants bought lands there. The lack of nutrients due to tobacco farming also created a more demand for land. The economic distress influenced people to move to the west away from the troubles. The defeat of the Indians by the Generals(Harrison, Jackson) created an open vast space free from danger. Transportation also flourished in the west with new highways, such as the Cumberland Road, and steamboats. Slavery and the Sectional Balance Know: Tallmadge Amendment, Peculiar Institution 11 Why was Missouri's request for statehood so explosive? Missouri requested to become a slave state, which would distort the sectional balance of slave states to non slave states (11/11). As a result the House of Representative passed the Tallmadge Amendment which halted the amount of slaves coming in Missouri and called for a gradual emancipation of slave children. The South feared that if Congress could get rid of the peculiar institution(slavery) in Missouri then it could get rid of it in other Southern states too. Uneasy Missouri Compromise Know: Henry Clay, Missouri Compromise, "Firebell in the Night" 12. "Neither the North nor South was acutely displeased, although neither was completely happy." Explain. During the conflict between north and south on slavery in Missouri, Henry Clay helped establish the Missouri Compromise that allowed Missouri to become a slave state and Maine to become a non-slave state to balance out the slave/non-slave states by 12/12. Slavery was also forbidden in the North, above the line of 36 30'. Thomas Jefferson wrote that the Missouri conflict was a "Firebell in the Night" because the idea that slavery was almost impossible to hold nor get rid of. John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism Know: John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, Loose Construction, Cohens v. Virginia, Gibbons v. Ogden 13. Explain Marshall's statement, "Let the end be legitimate,...are constitutional." This statement is strongly supporting the idea of Loose Construction and how the government should be able to adapt their powers as long as it is appropriate to the Constitution. In the McCulloch v. Maryland case, Maryland tried to destroy a branch of the US bank by imposing taxes on it, but John Marshall, Chief Justice, stated that the bank was constitutional and that states could not impose taxes on the bank. In the Cohens v. Virginia case, Marshall asserted that the Supreme Court has the right to review the decisions of the states supreme courts. In the Gibbons v. Ogden case Marshall denied the monopoly of waterborne commerce between New York and New Jersey, and that congress is the only one that can control interstate commerce. Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses Know: Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward , Daniel Webster 14. "John Marshall was the most important Federalist since George Washington." Assess. John Marshall was able to shape the Constitutions along conservative, centralizing lines. In the case Fletcher v. Peck, a Georgia legislature was persuaded by bribery and they gave 35 million acres of land to some privateers, and later they tried to cancel this transaction, when Marshall stated that states cannot break their contracts. In Dartmouth College v. Woodward case, New Hampshire tried to change the charter that was already established by King George 3, but Daniel and Marshall defended the college by stating that the state could not interfere with a contract.

Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida Know: John Quincy Adams, Treaty of 1818, Andrew Jackson, Adams-Onis Treat of 1819 15. Who was more important to American territorial expansion, Andrew Jackson or John Quincy Adams? Explain. John Quincy Adams was more important to American expansion because he with Monroe negotitated the Treaty of 1818 with Britain, which fixed the limits of the Louisiana territory along the forty-ninth parallel. In Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819, he was able to obtain Florida from Spain when they ceded it to America. The Menace of Monarchy in America Know: George Canning 16 How did Great Britain help support American desires regarding Latin America? George Canning, the British foreign secretary, proposed to the American minister in London, asking if the US would want to join Britain and form a joint declaration to renounce any interest in acquiring Latin American territory. They also warned the European despots to back off from the Latin American republics. Monroe and His Doctrine Know: John Quincy Adams, Monroe Doctrine 17 How could a militarily weak nation like the United States make such a bold statement ordering European nations to stay out of the Americas? Despite the U.S.'s weak military it had to support of Great Britain's powerful navy to withold the Monroe Doctrine. Britain helped America because they were afraid that Europeans could take over the Spanish territory in the Americas such as Cuba. John Adams contributed to the Monroe Doctrine by persuading President Monroe into his perspective. Monroe's Doctrine Appraised 18. Evaluate the importance of the Monroe Doctrine in subsequent American history. Even thought the Monroe Doctrine was not very significant in America it sybolized the extreme nationalism that they had at that time. The Doctrine also expressed their patriotism and individualism across the entire world.