Chapter #11: Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic Big Picture Themes 1.

. Jeffersons election was considered a revolution because he represented the common people for the first time. 2. Troubles in North Africa and between England and France emerged. Jeffersons actions were sluggish. 3. Trying to again avoid war with England or France, Jefferson bumbled around with an embargo. His theory was that the only way to avoid war was to stop interaction between U.S. ships and Europe. The overall effect was to kill U.S. trade and enrage the merchants and businessmen up North. 4. The Louisiana Purchase came as a complete surprise and quickly doubled the size of the U.S. 5. James Madison picked up where Jefferson left off with the embargo in trying to avoid war. But, young western Congressmen wanted war to possibly gain new land, to squelch Indian troubles, and defend the free seas. They declared the War of 1812 with England. IDENTIFICATIONS: Marbury v. Madison William Marbury was the justice of the peace for the District of Columbia. He learned that his commission was being kept by new secretary of state James Madison; he sued. Resulted in the idea of judicial reviewthe idea that the Supreme Court alone had the last word on the question of constitutionality. Henry Clay A war-hawk who wanted the British to stop impressment and acknowledge that they had a right to stay neutral in the war in Europe. Essex Junto A group of federalist lawyers and merchants (extremists) who attempted to secede New England from the Union. They turned to Aaron Burr after he lost his vice-president position and he in turn conspired with them. Burr Conspiracy Plot comprised of Federalist extremists led by former Vice President Aaron Burr. Burr's goal was to create an independent nation in the center of North America and/or the Southwest and parts of Mexico. He allied with General James Wilkinson of the Louisiana Territory, but was later betrayed. Impressment The forcible enlistment of soldiers. Chesapeake/Leopard Incident The British ship Leopard overhauled the American Chesapeake and the captain bluntly demanded the surrender of four alleged deserters. The Chesapeake refused and three Americans were killed, 18 wounded. Non-intercourse Act The measure formally reopened trade with all the nations of the world, except Britain and France. Macons Bill No. 2 Offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its trading restrictions first. France changed its policy towards vessels, so the United States resumed trade with France, but not Britain. The nonrepealing nation would have the embargo restored.

William Henry Harrison and the Battle of Tippecanoe Harrison gathered forces and advanced on Tecumsehs headquarters, but he was not there. However, the Prophet and a group of Shawnees who were there, attacked Harrison. The Shawnees were routed and their settlement was burned. Harrison was made a national hero. War Hawks Young hotheads in the Twelfth Congress who advocated war with Great Britain. Congress soon passed a series of resolutions to strengthen the army and navy and President Madison thereafter asked for a declaration of war against England. Battle of Horseshoe bend Battle between U.S. forces and the people of present-day Alabama. The Alabama region accepted the Treaty of Fort Jackson, which ceded 22 million acres of the land to the U.S. government. Hartford Convention The secret meeting of Federalist Party delegates from New England states who opposed the war. It adopted a strong states'-rights position in opposition to the mercantile policies of Madison. It resulted in the separation of New England from the U.S. as the war was ending, discrediting the Federalist party. Treaty of Ghent Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. Treaty of Greenville 1795 A treaty signed at Fort Greenville between a coalition of Native Americans and the Western Confederacy. It was drawn up following the Native American loss at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. In exchange for goods to the value of $20,000 the Native Americans turned over to the United States large parts of modern-day Ohio. Battle of New Orleans About 2,500 British soldiers were killed or captured, while in the American army only 8 were killed. Neither side knew that the Treaty of Ghent had ended the war two weeks before the battle. This victory inspired American nationalism.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Federalist and Republican Mudslingers Know: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Whispering Campaign 1. What political liabilities existed for Adams and for Jefferson in 1800? Federalists had a host of enemies stemming from the Alien and Sedition Acts. Lashes against Jefferson were made as well; Federalists said that Jefferson had kids with his black slave Sally Hemings. The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800" Know: Aaron Burr 2. Was the 1800 election more or less important than the 1796 election? Explain. It was more important because it was the first time two political parties squared off against each other. It was also the first time the technique of mudslinging was used. Most importantly, the handover of power was peaceful. 3. If the Federalists had power for such a short time, were they really that important? Explain. They were important because Washington who was a Federalist, established the first government and set much precedents that later presidents followed. Also, Jefferson kept almost all of Federalist policies.

Responsibility Breeds Moderation Know: Pell-mell 4. How revolutionary was the "Revolution of 1800?" It was revolutionary. Although mudslinging did occur, it was the first time in history that a handover in power was made peacefully with absolutely no bloodshed. It also showed that a two-party system could work. Jeffersonian Restraint Know: Albert Gallatin 5. "As president, Thomas Jefferson acted more like a Federalist than like a Democratic Republican." Assess. Jefferson realized that communicating his views were much easier than actually carrying them out. Except for the excise tax, which he kicked away, Jefferson kept the Hamiltonian framework basically intact and even rechartered a bigger bank and boosted the protective tariff to higher levels. The "Dead Clutch" of the Judiciary Know: Judiciary Act of 1801, Midnight Judges, John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, Samuel Chase 6. What was the main purpose of John Marshall as Chief Justice? How can this be seen in the Marbury v. Madison decision? John Marshall was the light of the Federalists, handing down Fed decisions even after the party died out. This can be seen in the Marbury case, because Marshall was on the side of Marbury, who was a Fed. Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior Know: Barbary States, Shores of Tripoli, Gunboats 7. How did Jefferson deal with the extortion of the Barbary States? The pasha of Tripoli was dissatisfied with his share of protection money and informally declared war on the U.S. Jefferson dispatched the navy and succeeded in extorting a peace treaty from Tripoli. The sum represented ransom payments for captured Americans. The Louisiana Godsend Know: New Orleans, Deposit Privileges, James Monroe and Robert Livingston, Napoleon, Toussaint L'Ouverture 8. Explain two ways that history may have been different if the French had not sold Louisiana to the United States. If France had not sold Louisiana to the United States, the size of the country would have been much smaller, and the precedents set by the purchase would not exist. Without Louisiana, the United States would have been more susceptible to foreign invasion and war. Louisiana in the Long View Know: Lewis and Clark, Sacajawea, Zebulun Pike 9. What positive consequences resulted from the Louisiana Purchase? It avoided a possible rupture with France and the consequent alliance with England. America secured the western half of the richest river valley in the world and expanded the size of the country in half. The United States was also strongly free from foreign invasion. America: A Nutcracked Neutral Know: Orders in Council, Impressment, Chesapeake 10. In what way did the struggle between France and Britain affect the United States? The Embargo Act plummeted the high numbers in American economy and made merchants suffer. However, because no goods were coming into the country, Americans learned how to make things, which inadvertently led to the Industrial Revolution.

The Hated Embargo Know: Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act 11. Who opposed the embargo and why? Farmers and merchants strongly opposed the Embargo because they could not sell their goods which meant they were not receiving any money. Madisons Gamble Know: James Madison, Macon's Bill No. 2 12. How did Napoleon take advantage of American policy? Napoleon hoped to maneuver the United States into resuming its embargo against the British, thus creating a partial blockade against its enemy that he would not have to enforce himself. Tecumseh and the Prophet Know: War Hawks, Henry Clay, Tecumseh, The Prophet, William Henry Harrison 13. What considerations motivated the war hawks to call for war with Great Britain? The War Hawks were tired of the British challenging the United States with their policies, which purportedly included British aid to American Indians in the Northwest. They also wanted to wipe out Indian threat by ruining their Canadian base. "Mr. Madison's War" Know: War of 1812 14. How and why did New England Federalists oppose the War of 1812? The New England Feds opposed the war because the pro-British Feds in the Northeast sympathized with Britain and resented Napoleon, whom they regarded as the Corsican butcher. The Feds also opposed the acquisition of Canada, which would add more farmer states from the wild Northwest (this would increase the voting strength of Jeffersonian Republicans).

Chapter #12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism 1. The U.S. vs. England fighting had a few themes: (a) U.S. lost in Canada, (b) U.S. surprisingly won at sea, (c) the two split in the Chesapeake, and (d) the U.S. won the big battle at New Orleans. 2. The war was not universally supported. Mostly, the North opposed the war since it was bad for trade. The South and West generally favored the war. 3. After the war, the U.S. could focus on herself, as with the American System to build up the economy. 4. In terms of expansion, a few things happened: (a) the Missouri Compromise drew an East-West line to separate slave and free states, (b) Oregon and Florida became American lands, and (c) the Monroe Doctrine warned Europe to stay away! IDENTIFICATIONS: Rush-Bagot Agreement A treaty between Britain and the United States which stated that the Great Lakes would remain demilitarized from both countries. The agreement was made between U.S. secretary of state Richard Rush and British minister Bagot. Second Bank of the United States Established in 1816 and was given more authority than the First Bank of the U.S. Bank loans were used to finance the American industrial revolution in the period after the War of 1812. Francis Cabot Lowell A former Boston importer who smuggled British textile factory designs back to America and built the world's first factory capable of converting raw cotton into cloth by power machinery. Created a work force almost entirely of unmarried women in a healthy environment. Era of Good Feelings The time period after the War of 1812. As the Federalist Party faded, the country was united by a single political party, the Dem-Reps. Nationalism and patriotism characterizes this Monroe time period. Adams-Onis Treaty Settled a border dispute between the U.S. and Spain. In addition to ceding Florida to the U.S., the treaty settled a boundary dispute along the Sabine River in Texas. The U.S. had to pay and give up part of Texas. Panic of 1819 An economic panic that involved deflation, bankruptcies, depression, and unemployment. A major cause of this had been overspeculation in land prices; the Bank of the United States fell heavily into debt. Debtors were imprisoned. Tallmadge Amendment Provided that no more slaves be brought into Missouri and also provided for the gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already in Missouri (this was shot down by the public). Missouri Compromise Missouri would be admitted as a slave state while Maine would be admitted as a free state, thus maintaining a balance. All new states north of the 3630 line would be free, new states southward would be slave. The compromise worked for about thirty years.

John Marshall Chief Justice John Marshall helped bolster the power of the government at the expense of the states. McCulloch v. Maryland, Cohens v. Virginia, Gibbons v. Ogden. Latin American Revolution Various revolutions that formed an integral part of the Latin American region in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. They posed the question of whether or not the U.S. was to help them achieve their goals. Monroe Doctrine Declared the Western Hemisphere off-limits to European colonization, and that any attempt by a European power to control any nation in the Western Hemisphere would be viewed as a hostile act against the U.S. It began to be customary for presidents to enforce this act and help Latin America remain free from their European oppressors.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: On to Canada over Land and Lakes Know: Oliver Hazard Perry, Thomas Macdonough 1. Evaluate the success of the US navy in the fight for Canada. The American army was weak and their offensive strategy was poorly conceived. The trio of invading forces were all beaten back shortly after they had crossed the Canadian border. They were unsuccessful. Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended Know: Francis Scott Key, Andrew Jackson, Battle of New Orleans 2. Did the United States fight the War of 1812 effectively? Explain. No, because it was not successful. Canada would have been a part of the United States. What we got out of the war is the national anthem of the country. The Treaty of Ghent Know: Treaty of Ghent, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay 3. Was the Treaty of Ghent advantageous to the United States? Explain. The Treaty of Ghent was not advantageous but neutral to the United States because we just agreed to stop fighting and to restore conquered territory. Not One Inch of Territory Ceded or Lost Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention Know: Blue Light Federalists, Hartford Convention 4. What did the Hartford Convention do? The Hartford Convention discussed about secession, financial assistance to compensate for lost trade, and an amendment requiring a 2/3 majority for all declarations of embargos, except during invasion. The convention resulted in the death of the Federalist Party. The Second War for American Independence 5. What were the long term effects of the War of 1812? One of the long- term effect of the War of 1812 was that Canadians became a unified whole as a result of having a unified enemy. In addition, Canadians standing their ground protected their land and as a result, Canada is the second largest country by area. The Native Americans were also severed from significant contact with the outside nations.

Nascent Nationalism Know: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Stephen Decatur 6. What evidence of nationalism surfaced after the War of 1812? American artists and authors were being recognized and books and magazines were being written by American authors for American people. The Bank of the United States also revived. "The American System" Know: Tariff of 1816, Henry Clay, The American System, Erie Canal 7. In what ways could nationalism be seen in the politics and economics of the post-war years? It could be seen through the Federalists and the Democratic Republicans because they always fought, but always came up with solution to solve them (compromises) The So-Called Era of Good Feelings Know: James Monroe, Virginia Dynasty, Era of Good Feelings 8. To what extent was James Monroe's presidency an Era of Good Feelings? It was an Era of Good Feelings only because the country was united under one single political party. I would not label it the Era of Good Feelings because there were many problems with money and land. Later, the Republicans split apart as well. The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times Know: Wildcat Banks, Panic of 1819 9. Explain the causes and effects of the Panic of 1819. The rampant land speculation in western lands drove prices up so high that they soon crashed and investors lost their money. Banks were ousted and went into huge debt. The Panic led to more and more depressions. Growing Pains of the West 10. What factors led to the settlement of the West in the years following the War? Nine frontier states had joined the original thirteen colonies. This free land was very cheap and movement had been going on for a long time. Glib speculators accepted small down payments, making it easier to buy new holdings. Slavery and the Sectional Balance Know: Tallmadge Amendment, Peculiar Institution 11 Why was Missouri's request for statehood so explosive? Missouri had slaves, which would make it a slave state once Missouri was admitted. However, this would give the majority of the votes to the South, which the free North did not want. The Uneasy Missouri Compromise Know: Henry Clay, Missouri Compromise, "Firebell in the Night" 12. "Neither the North nor South was acutely displeased, although neither was completely happy." Explain. Missouri would be admitted as a slave state, and Maine would be admitted as a free state. There was also a line and above it, it would be free, and below it would be slave. Since this compromise was not biased towards neither of the sides, they were not mad but not satisfied. John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism Know: John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, Loose Construction, Cohens v. Virginia, Gibbons v. Ogden 13. Explain Marshall's statement, "Let the end be legitimate,...are constitutional." He is saying that the United States should all adhere to the law of the Constitution and follow it in the best way that our Founding Fathers have intended, but he emphasizes the loose interpretation of it, when certain time periods and certain cases can change it around a bit.

Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses Know: Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Daniel Webster 14. "John Marshall was the most important Federalist since George Washington." Assess. John Marshall was actually the only prominent Federalist advocate after George Washington and Alexander Hamilton. Although the Federalist Party died out, John Marshall plunged on and continued to support the Federalist cause. He made the dead Federalists proud. Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida Know: John Quincy Adams, Treaty of 1818, Andrew Jackson, Adams-Onis Treat of 1819 15. Who was more important to American territorial expansion, Andrew Jackson or John Quincy Adams? Explain. Andrew Jackson was more important because he went above and beyond the call of duty to acquire more land for the United States. Jackson seized the two most important Spanish posts in the area, St. Marks and Pensacola, where he ran away from the Spanish governor. The Menace of Monarchy in America Know: George Canning 16 How did Great Britain help support American desires regarding Latin America? It did not join hands with the continental European powers in crushing the newly won liberties of Spanish America. Monroe and His Doctrine Know: John Quincy Adams, Monroe Doctrine 17 How could a militarily weak nation like the United States make such a bold statement ordering European nations to stay out of the Americas? This was only because the era of colonization in America ended and henceforth the hunting season was permanently closed. The great powers nor any other government could seize more land from them. Monroe's Doctrine Appraised 18. Evaluate the importance of the Monroe Doctrine in subsequent American history. The Monroe Doctrine enabled other countries stronger than the United States to have a sense of respect and fear. The Doctrine affects us now even this day and because of this the United States avoided many wars that could have happened.