Transformer and Induction Machines Lab

EXPERIMENT NO.1 OC AND SC TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

Aim: (a) To conduct open circuit and short circuit tests on single phase transformer. (b) Predetermine efficiency, regulation for different loads and power factor. (c) To draw the equivalent circuit and represent all the parameter. Apparatus: Sl. No. 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 Apparatus 1- Transformer 1- Autotransformer Ammeter Ammeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Wattmeter Wattmeter Connecting wires Range 2 KVA, 230/230V 0-270V,15A 0-1/2 A (MI) 0-10/20 A (MI) 0-150 V (MI) 0-300 V (MI) 1/2A,300V,LPF(0.2) 10A, 75V,UPF(1) ---Quantity 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 15-20

Procedure (a) Open Circuit Test: 1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram by keeping HV side open. 2. With the autotransformer at zero position, the supply switch is closed. 3. The position of autotransformer adjusted such that voltmeter reads the rated voltage of the HV winding of the transformer. 4. Note down the corresponding all meter readings in tabular column. 5. The autotransformer is brought back to zero position and the supply switch is opened. (b) Short Circuit Test: 1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram by keeping the LV side short circuit. 2. With the autotransformer at zero position, the supply switch is closed. 3. The position of autotransformer adjusted such that ammeter reads the rated current of the LV winding of the transformer. 4. Note down the corresponding all meter readings in tabular column. Dept. of E & E JCE Belgaum Page 1

Transformer and Induction Machines Lab 5. The autotransformer is brought back to zero position and the supply switch is opened. Circuit Diagram (1) Open Circuit Test

Fig. 1 Circuit diagram of Open Circuit Test

Specification

(2) Short Circuit Test

Fig. 2 Circuit diagram of Short Circuit Test

Specification

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Transformer and Induction Machines Lab Tabular column For OC Test Sl. No. 01 Vo (volts) Io (Amps) Wo (Watts)

Specimen Calculation

Total Iron Loss =

watts

Amps Amps

For S.C.Test Sl. No. 01 Total full load copper loss = watts. Vs (volts) Is (Amps) Ws (Watts)

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Transformer and Induction Machines Lab

Equivalent Circuit

Fig. 3: Equivalent circuit of transformer referred to primary side

Tabular column Sl. No. 01 02 03 04 05 01 02 03 04 05 Specimen calculation X= Fraction of Full load Current Power Factor Load Factor X 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 O/p power (Watts) %

UPF

0.6 PF

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Transformer and Induction Machines Lab Tabular Column Sl. No. 01 02 03 04 05 01 02 03 04 05

leading/lagging

Power Factor 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

% Regulation

Leading

Lagging

Specimen calculation Total Voltage drop as referred to secondary: For lagging pf = - = Is R01 cos + Is X01 sin For leading pf = - = Is R01 cos - Is X01 sin

Nature of Graph

Fig. 4: Efficiency V/S Output power

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Transformer and Induction Machines Lab

Fig. 5: Power factor V/S Regulation

Viva Questions 1. How are the meter ratings selected for O.C and S.C tests? 2. Why is the O.C. test conducted on the L.V. side of the transformer and S.C test on H.V. side? 3. What are the losses measured in an O.C. test? 4. What are the losses measured in an S.C. test? 5. What is the condition for maximum efficiency in a transformer? 6. What is meant by regulation of a transformer? 7. Is a high or low value of regulation preferred? Why? 8. How can the parameters on one side of the transformer be transferred to the other side? 9. Why efficiency of transformer is high as compare to other electrical machines?

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Transformer and Induction Machines Lab

EXPERIMENT NO.2 DETERMINATION OF EFFICIENCY BY SUMPNERS TEST

Aim: (a) To conduct Sumpners test or back to back test on two identical single phase transformers. (b) To determine efficiency for different loads & power factor.

Apparatus Sl. No. 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 Apparatus 1- Transformer 1- Autotransformer Voltmeter (MI) Voltmeter (MI) Voltmeter (MI) Ammeter (MI) Ammeter (MI) Wattmeter Wattmeter SPST Switch Connecting wires Range 2 KVA 0-270V,15A 0-600 V (MI) 0-300 V (MI) 0-150 V (MI) 2 A (MI) 0-10 A (MI) 2A,300V,LPF 10A,75V,UPF ------Quantity 02 01 01 01 01 01 02 01 01 01 15-20

Procedure 1. The connections are made as shown in circuit. 2. With autotransformer at zero position and switch 2 as well as SPST switch at open supply switch 1 is closed. 3. The autotransformer 1 in the primary circuit is adjusted such that voltmeter V1 reads the rated voltage of transformer. 4. The voltmeter Vref is referred for zero readings. If the voltmeter shows zero the SPST switch is closed. 5. If Vref results the double the voltage appears, interchange primary connection of any one transformer. 6. The supply switch 2 is closed ensuring that the autotransformer 2 in the secondary circuit is at zero position. 7. The output of autotransformer 2 in the secondary circuit is adjusted such that the ammeter connected in the circuit reads the rated current of the transformer and all the meter readings are noted in to the tabular column. 8. The autotransformer 1 and 2 is brought back to zero position and open the both the supply switches. Dept. of E & E JCE Belgaum Page 7

Transformer and Induction Machines Lab Circuit diagram

Specification

Fig. 1: Circuit diagram

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Transformer and Induction Machines Lab Tabular column Sl. No. 1 Voltmeter (V1) Volts Ammeter (A1) Amps Wattmeter (W1) Watts Voltmeter (V2) Volts Ammeter (A2) Amp Wattmeter (W2) Watts

Specimen calculation

W1 = Core or constant loss W2 = Copper loss of the transformer

Watts Watts

( Tabular column

S. No. Load (X) 01 0.25 Full load 02 0.50 Full load 03 0.75 Full load 04 Full load X= load factor S. No. Load (X) 01 0.25 Full load 02 0.50 Full load 03 0.75 Full load 04 Full load X= load factor

pf (UPF)

Efficiency

pf (0.6)

Efficiency

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Transformer and Induction Machines Lab Nature of graph

Fig. 2: Efficiency V/S Output power

Viva questions

1. Which parameters are determined from this test 2. Why transformer rating in kVA 3. Why similar transformers are used in this experiment
4. What is the advantages of back to back test. 5. Weather O. C. and S. C. test on transformer yields better figure of merit or Sumpners test? Why?

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Transformer and Induction Machines Lab

EXPERIMENT NO.3 PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS

Aim a) To operate two dissimilar single phase transformer in parallel. b) To observe the load sharing by each transformer. Apparatus Sl. No. 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 Procedure 1. The connections are made as shown in circuit diagram. 2. With the autotransformer at zero position and the load switch as well as SPST switch at open position, the supply switch is closed. 3. The autotransformer position is adjusted such that voltmeter V1 reads the rated voltage of the transformer. 4. The voltmeter V2 is verified for zero reading if the voltmeter shows zero then SPST switch is closed. 5. If V2 results the double the voltage appears, interchange primary connection of any one transformer. Apparatus 1- Transformer 1- Autotransformer Voltmeter Voltmeter Ammeter Ammeter Wattmeter Wattmeter Lamp load[ Single Pole Single through Switch (SPST) Single Pole double through Switch (SPDT) Connecting wires Range 1 KVA, 2KVA 0-270V,15 A 0-300 V (MI) 0-600 V (MI) 0-10A (MI) 0-20A (MI) 300V,10A,UPF 300V,20A,UPF ----Quantity 01 01 02 01 02 01 02 01 01 01 01 15-20

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Transformer and Induction Machines Lab 6. The load switch is closed the load is applied in step by step and at each step all the corresponding meter readings are noted in to the tabular column. 7. The load is applied in steps until the rated current of the transformer are reached 8. The load is removed in steps, the load switch is opened and the autotransformer is brought back to zero position and supply switch is opened. Procedure for Short Circuit Test 1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram by keeping the LV side short circuit. 2. With the autotransformer at zero position, the supply switch is closed. 3. The position of autotransformer adjusted such that ammeter reads the rated current of the LV winding of the transformer. 4. Note down the corresponding all meter readings in tabular column. 5. The autotransformer is brought back to zero position and the supply switch is opened.

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Transformer and Induction Machines Lab Circuit Diagram

Specification

Fig. 1: Circuit diagram

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Transformer and Induction Machines Lab Tabular Column

Transformer A Supply Voltage Vs (volts) Actual I1 (amps) Theoretical (1) W1 (watts) Actual Actual Transformer B I2 (amps) Theoretical (2) W2 (watts) Actual VL (volts) Actual IL (amps) Theoretical ( L=1+ 2) Actual Load WL (watts) Theoretical (WL= W1+ W2)

S.NO

1 2 3 4 5 6

Short Circuit test Circuit Diagram

Fig. 2: Circuit diagram for short circuit test

Specification

Tabular Column
SNO 1 2 Transformer A B KVA of Transformer Vs (volts) Is (Amps) Ws (Watts)

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Transformer and Induction Machines Lab Sample calculation From short circuit test Transformer A

Transformer B

For parallel operation

Viva question

1. Conditions for parallel operation 2. It is possible to operate transformers of different KVA rating in parallel
3. What happen when transformer secondary terminals are connected with wrong polarity 4. What is meant by circulating current in parallel operation of two transformers 5. Why all transformers cannot operate in parallel Dept. of E & E JCE Belgaum Page 15

Transformer and Induction Machines Lab

EXPERIMENT NO. 4 LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Aim: To obtain performance curve of three phase induction motor (mechanical load) BHP vs Efficiency, BHP vs Slip, BHP vs Power factor and Torque vs Speed Apparatus Required Sl. No. 01 02 03 04 05 Procedure 1. Make the connection as shown in circuit diagram. 2. Keeping break drum free, the supply is closed (Pour water in the break drum before closing the switch). 3. The DOL starter button is pressed to run the induction motor and no load reading is noted down. 4. The induction motor current is increased by tightening the brake drum till the rated current, At each step all the meter reading are noted including the speed the motor. 5. The brake drum is made free and then the starter STOP button is pressed. The supply switch is opened. Circuit diagram Equipment Ammeter Voltmeter Wattmeter Autotransformer Connecting wires Range 0-10 A (MI) 0-600V (MI) 600V, 10A, UPF 0-440V ---Quantity 02 01 01 01 15-20

Specification

Fig. 1 Circuit diagram

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Transformer and Induction Machines Lab Tabular column

S. No. Ammeter (I) (Amps) Voltmeter (V) (Volts) Wattmeter (Watts) W1 01 02 03 04 W2 W Watts W=W1 +W2 Speed (RPM) Spring Load (kg) S1 S2 S1 ~ S2 Torque (N-M) % Sli p pf

Sample calculation

Torque = (S1 S2)*r Diameter of drum (d) =0.22 m Radius of drum (r) = 0.11 m

Output = BHP x 735.6

kW

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Transformer and Induction Machines Lab

Nature of graph

Viva Questions 1. How are the meter ratings selected for this experiment? 2. Why does one of the watt meters read -ve at starting? 3. What is slip in an induction motor? 4. What are the two types of 3 phase induction motors and what is the difference between the two? 5. What is the value of slip at starting? 6. What are the advantages of induction motor? 7. What is the condition for maximum torque in an induction motor? 8. What are the different losses in an induction motor? 9. Give some applications induction motor? 10. Explain a typical Torque-slip characteristic. 11. What is the effect of increased rotor resistance on the performance of an induction machine?

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Transformer and Induction Machines Lab

EXPERIMENT NO. 5 LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Aim: To obtain performance curve of single phase induction motor (mechanical load) BHP vs Efficiency, BHP vs Slip, BHP vs Power factor and Torque vs Speed Apparatus Required Sl. No. 01 02 03 04 05 Procedure 1. Make the connection as shown in circuit diagram 2. Keeping the autotransformer in minimum position and break drum free, the supply is closed (Pour water in the break drum before closing the switch) 3. Apply the rated voltage by gradually varying the single phase autotransformer 4. No load current, voltage and wattmeter reading are noted, including the speed the motor 5. Current the induction motor current is increased by tightening the break drum till the rated current is attained. At each step all the meter reading are noted down including the speed the motor 6. The brake drum is made free and then the starter STOP button is pressed. The supply switch is Equipment Ammeter Voltmeter Wattmeter Autotransformer Lug wires Range 0-20 A (MI) 0-250V (MI) 250V, 10A, UPF 0-300V Quantity 01 01 01 01 15-20

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Transformer and Induction Machines Lab Circuit Diagram

Specification
Fig. 1 Circuit diagram

Tabular column
S. No. 01 02 03 04 Ammeter (I) (Amps) Voltmeter (V) (Volts) Wattmeter (Watts) Speed (RPM) Spring Load (kg) S1 S2 S1 ~ S2 Torque (N-M) % Slip pf

Sample calculation

Torque = (S1-S2)*r Diameter of drum (d) =0.22 m Radius of drum (r) = 0.11 m

Output = BHP x 735.6

kW

Pf =

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Transformer and Induction Machines Lab Nature of graph

Viva Questions
1. Why single phase motors most commonly used 2. Why single phase induction motor are not self starting 3. How all you resolve a single phase pulsating field 4. Is the starting torque developed by the single phase motor is zero. 5. Explain a typical Torque-slip characteristic.

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Transformer and Induction Machines Lab

EXPERIMENT NO.6 SPEED CONTROL OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR BY VARYING ROTOR RESISTANCE
Aim: Controlling the speed of three phase induction motor by varying the rotor

resistance
Apparatus required Sl. No. 01 02 03 04 05 Equipment Ammeter Voltmeter Rotor resistance Multimeter Connecting wires Range 0-10 A (MI) 0-600V (MI) ---------Quantity 01 01 01 01 15-20

Procedure 1. Make the connection as shown in circuit diagram 2. Supply switch is closed and motor is started with the help of DOL starter 3. Without adding any load insert the resistance to each three phase winding, note down the corresponding current, speed and voltmeter after adding resistance 4. Repeat the above procedure by adding different resistance 5. Starter STOP button is pressed. The supply switch is opened.

Circuit diagram

Specification
Fig. 1 Circuit diagram

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Transformer and Induction Machines Lab Tabular column

S. No. 1 2 3 4

Resistance in steps

Speed (RPM)

Current (Amps)

Resistance (Ohm)

Voltage (Volts)

Nature of graph

Viva questions 1. What is the effect of increased rotor resistance on the performance of an induction machine? 2. How the squirrel cage induction motor is different from a wound rotor motor in performance? 3. Rotor resistance starting is preferred to reduce voltage starting for wound rotor induction motor why? 4. On what factors does the speed of induction motor defers?

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Transformer and Induction Machines Lab

EXPERIMENT NO.7 LOAD TEST ON THREE, SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS CONNECTED IN STAR DELTA FORMAT
Aim: To determine the efficiency of a three, single phase transformers connected

in star-delta by direct loading.

Apparatus required Sl. No. 01 02 03 04 05 Equipment Ammeter Ammeter Voltmeter Wattmeter Connecting wires Range 0-10 A (MI) 0-5 A (MI) 0-600V (MI) 600V, 10A, UPF ---Quantity 02 02 01 04 15-20

Procedure 1. Make the connection as shown in circuit diagram 2. Care should be taken to see that the star point on the primary side are obtained by connecting all similar terminals. 3. With the three phase auto transformers set at minimum position, the supply switch is closed 4. Apply the rated voltage with the help of auto transformer. 5. Now the transformer is loaded using a three phase resistive load. The load is increased in steps. At each step note down the all meter reading. 6. The load on transformer is increased till the full load current. 7. The load is removed step by step, the load switch is opened, the three phase autotransformer is bring to minimum position and supply switch is opened.

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Transformer and Induction Machines Lab Circuit diagram

Specification

Fig. 1 Circuit diagram

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Transformer and Induction Machines Lab Tabular column S. No. 1 2 3 4 Star connection Vph Vline Iph Iline Vph Delta Vline Iph Iline W1
(watts)

W2
(Watts)

Efficiency

% Reg.

Specimen Calculation

Nature of graph

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Transformer and Induction Machines Lab

EXPERIMENT NO.7 POLARITY TEST

Aim a) To conduct polarity test on transformer. Apparatus Sl. No. 01 02 03 Apparatus 3 Dimmer state Voltmeter 1 Transformer Range 0-415 V 10 A 0-300 V 1 KVA Quantity 01 03 01

Procedure: (1) Make the connection as per the circuit diagram (a) and (b) (2) With autotransformer in minimum position switch is closed (3) Apply the rated supply by varying autotransformer (4) Noted down the volt meter reading. If the polarities of transformer is same then resultant voltage should be difference of the two transformer i.e. V= V1 - V2 (5) If the polarities of transformer are different then resultant voltage should be sum of the two transformer i.e. V= V1 + V2

Circuit Diagram: Correct Polarity

Reverse Polarity

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Transformer and Induction Machines Lab

Tabular column Correct Polarity Sl. No 1 2 3 4 Reverse Polarity Sl. No 1 2 3 4 V1 (Volts) V2 (Volts) V (Volts) Polarity V1 (Volts) V2 (Volts) V (Volts) Polarity

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Transformer and Induction Machines Lab TITLE: STAR DELTA CONNECTION OF TRANSFORMER Aim: - (a) To find two polarities of primary and secondary windings of given three single phase Transformer. (a) To verity the voltage & current relations in star delta connection. (b) To determine the efficiency & regulation for balanced load at UPF. Apparatus: Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Theory: Procedure: 1. The connections are made as shown in circuit diagram. 2. With the autotransformerat zero output and load switch open supply switch is closed. 3. The output of autotransformeris adjusted such that voltmeter connected in the primary circuit reads rated voltage of transformer & all the voltmeter readings on no load are noted in to the tabular column. 4. The load switch is closed, the load is applied in step & all the meter readings are noted in to the tabular column for each steps. 5. The load is applied in steps until the rated current of transformer is reached & all the meter readings are noted in to the tabular column for each step. 6. The load is removed in steps, the load switch is opened, the autotransformeris brought back to zero output & supply switch is opened. Tabular Column: Sl. No. 01 02 03 04 Star Connection Vph Vph IL in in cal Amp Meas cul Delta Connection Iph in Amp VL in Volts Vph in IL in Volts Amp Iph in Iph in Meas Calc Equipment 1- transformer 3- dimmer stat Voltmeter(MI) Voltmeter(MI) Ammeter Ammeter Multimeter 3- resistive load Patch chords Range 2KVA, 400 / 220 V 0-415 V, 10 Amps 0-600V 0-300V 0-25A 0-5A 0-750 V Quantity 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 -

VL in Volts

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Transformer and Induction Machines Lab = W1=3 VL IL cos = W2=3 VL IL cos Sl. No. Star Connection Vph in V Iph in A Delta Connection Iph in A W2 in W Efficiency % % Regulation %R

W1 in Vph in W V

01 02 03 04 Specimen Calculation of Reading No-2:

Circuit Diagram:

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Transformer and Induction Machines Lab

TRANSFORMERS AND INDUCTION MACHINES LABORATORY Subject Code: 10EEL58 No. of Practical Hrs./ Week : 03 Total No. of Practical Hrs. : 42 IA Marks: 25 Exam Hours : 03 Exam Marks : 50

1. (a) Predetermination of efficiency and regulation by Open Circuit and Short circuit tests on single - phase transformer. (b) Calculation of parameters of equivalent circuit from the readings of the tests and determination of efficiency and regulation from the equivalent circuit to co-relate results obtained earlier. 2. Sumpners test on similar transformers and determination of combined and individual transformer efficiency. 3. Parallel operation of two dissimilar (different kVA) single-phase transformers and determination of load sharing and analytical verification given the Open Circuit and Short circuit tests details. 4. Polarity test and connection of 3 single-phase transformers in star delta and determination of efficiency and regulation under balanced resistive load. 5. Scott connection with balanced and unbalanced resistive loads. 6. Load test on 3-phase induction motor- and plot of Torque versus speed, output hp versus efficiency, power factor and slip. 7. Predetermination of performance of 3-phase induction Motor from the Circle diagram. 8. (a)Determination of parameters of the equivalent circuit of a 3-phase Induction Motor by conducting NO load and Blocked rotor tests. (b)Determination of performance quantities of the induction motor from the equivalent circuit to correlate the results obtained from the load test or circle diagram. 9. Speed control of 3-phase induction motor by varying rotor resistance. 10. Load test on- induction generator. 11. Load test on single- phase induction motor. Dept. of E & E JCE Belgaum Page 31

Transformer and Induction Machines Lab

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