Bai Giang Truy End An Vts

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LI NI U
S pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh thng tin v tuyn trong nhng nm qua v d
bo s bng pht ca cng ngh ny trong nhng nm ti s dn ti s thiu ht ngun nhn lc
c trnh v kinh nghim cao trong lnh vc ny. Cc trng i hc trn th gii v ang
nghin cu nhiu chng trnh v bin php c th o to cc chuyn gia v cc k s v
tuyn c trnh cao. Mn hc "Truyn dn v tuyn s" l mt trong s cc mn hc lin quan
n lnh vc cng ngh v tuyn c ging dy ti Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng.
Mc ch cu mn hc ny l cung cp cc kin thc c s v truyn dn v tuyn s sinh vin
c th hc c cc mn tip theo ca cng ngh v tuyn nh: L thuyt tri ph v a truy
nhp, Thng tin v tinh, Thng tin di ng, v cc chuyn t chn.
Cun sch ny bao gm cc bi ging v mn hc "Truyn dn v tuyn s" c bin son
theo chng trnh i hc cng ngh vin thng ca Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng
cho i tng sinh vin c o to t xa.
Cun sch ny chia l by chng c b cc hp l cng vi nhiu bi tp v p n c
th cho tng bi tp sinh vin c th t hc. Mi chng u c phn gii thiu chung, ni
dung, tng kt, cu hi v bi tp. Cui cun sch l hng dn tr li v p n cho cc bi tp.
Cun sch ny c bin son trn c s sinh vin hc cc mn nh: Anten v truyn
sng, v cc mn c s lin quan.
Do hn ch ca thi lng nn cun sch ny ch bao gm cc phn cn bn lin quan n
cc kin thc cn bn v truyn dn v tuyn s. nng cao kin thc v lnh vc ny sinh vin
c th tm hiu thm cc ti liu tham kho cui sch.

Tc gi
TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng
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Chng 1 . Gii thiu chung

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CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUNG
1.1. GII THIU CHUNG
1.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng
Vai tr ca truyn dn v tuyn s trong mng vin thng
c im ca truyn dn v tuyn s
Cc bin php khc phc nng cao cht lng truyn dn v tuyn s
S khi chung ca mt knh truyn dn v tuyn s
B cc gio trnh
1.1.2. Hng dn
Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng
Tham kho thm [7]
1.1.3. Mc ch chng
Hiu vai tr ca truyn dn v tuyn s trong vin thng
Bit u nhc v cc bin phap ci tin truyn dn v tuyn s
Hiu c tng quan nhng vn s nghin cu cc chng sau trong ti liu
1.2. VAI TR CA TRUYN DN V TUYN S TRONG MNG
VIN THNG
Cc h thng v tuyn s l cc h thng thng tin v tuyn s c s dng trong cc
ng truyn dn s gia cc phn t khc nhau ca mng vin thng. Cc h thng v tuyn s
c th c s dng nh l:
Cc ng trung k s ni gia cc tng i s.
Cc ng truyn dn ni tng i chnh vi cc tng i v tinh (cc tng tp trung
thu bao t xa)
Cc ng truyn dn ni cc thu bao vi tng i chnh hoc tng i v tinh.
Cc b tp trung thu bao v tuyn.
Trong cc h thng thng tin di ng kt ni cc my di ng vi mng vin
thng.
Trong cc h thng in thoi khng dy s kt my cm tay v tuyn vi tng i
ni ht.
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Cc h thng truyn dn v tuyn s l cc phn t quan trng cu mng vin thng. Tm
quan trng ny cng c khng nh khi cc cng ngh thng tin v tuyn mi nh thng tin di
ng c a vo s dng rng ri trong mng vin thng.
S tng qut ca mng vin thng s cng cng hnh 1.1 cho thy vai tr ni trn ca
cc h thng truyn dn v tuyn s.
T hnh 1.1 ta thy cc tng i ni ht (LS: Local Switching Center) c ni vi nhau
trong mng lin tng i qua tng i qu giang (TS: Transit Switching Center) nh mng truyn
dn s. Mi trng truyn dn c th l: quang, vi ba mt t hoc v tinh. Trc ht cc lung s
ra t tng i c ghp chung thnh mt lung tng tc cao tit kim knh truyn dn, sau
c a ln cc thit b u cui quang, v tuyn s mt t hoc v tinh ri pht vo mi
trng truyn dn tng ng.
Mng ni ht l mng cho php kt ni cc my u cui (TE: Terminal Equipment) vi
tng i ni ht. Vic kt ni ny c th thng qua mt trm tp trung thu bao t xa (RSC
Remote Subscriber Concentrator) hay tng i v tinh. Trc ht lu lng ti t cc thu bao
c tp trung vo cc lung s, sau cc lung s ny c truyn n cc tng i ni ht LS
qua cc ng truyn dn: quang, vi ba mt t hoc v tinh. Cc b tp trung c th l hu tuyn
hoc v tuyn. Cc b tp trung v tuyn (Radio Concentrator) s dng cc nguyn tc a truy
nhp: FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access: a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s), TDMA
(Time Division Multiple Access: a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian) v CDMA (Code
Division Multiple Access): a truy nhp phn chia theo m) tp trung lu lng s t cc thu
bao vo tng i.
Mt dng thit b u cui rt tin li v ngy cng ph bin trong tng lai l cc my
v tuyn cm tay. Cc my cm tay ny c th l cc thit b cm tay ca h thng di ng hoc
cc my thoi khng dy s ca mng ni ht. Cc thit b ny c kt ni vi tng i LS qua
ng truyn dn v tuyn s mt t hoc v tinh nh trm thu pht gc v tuyn (BS: Base
Station). Cng ngh c s dng kt ni cc my v tuyn cm tay vi tng i c th l
FDMA, TDMA hoc CDMA. Trong tng lai cc my cm tay v tuyn c th chim 50% cc
my u cui TE.

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RSC
Mng ni
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TS
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Mng lin tng i
K hiu:
LS: Tng i ni ht,TS: Tng i qu giang
BS: Trm v tuyn gc, H: My cm tay
RSC: B tp trung thu bao xa, TE: Thit b u cui
RSC

Hnh 1.1. S tng qut m t ng dng truyn dn v tuyn s trong mng vin thng

S d truyn dn v tuyn s ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong mng vin thng hin
nay cng nh trong tng lai v hai li th sau y:
* Linh hot v di ng.
Tuy nhin truyn dn v tuyn cng c rt nhiu nhc im m cc nh thit k cc h
thng cn khc phc c th s dng hiu qu phng thc truyn dn ny.
1.3. C IM TRUYN DN V TUYN S
So vi cc h thng truyn dn khc h thng truyn dn v tuyn s c rt nhiu hn ch
do mi trng truyn dn l mi trung h v bng tn hn ch.
Mi trng truyn dn h dn n nh hng sau y khi s dng cc thit b v tuyn s:
Chu nh hng rt ln vo mi trng truyn dn : kh hu thi tit.
Chu nh hng rt ln vo a hnh: mt t, i ni, nh ca cy ci...
Suy hao trong mi trng ln
Chu nh hng ca cc ngun nhiu trong thin nhin: phng in trong kh quyn,
pht x ca cc hnh tinh khc (khi thng tin v tinh)...
Chu nh hng nhiu cng nghip t cc ng c nh la bng tia la in
Chu nh hng nhiu t cc thit b v tuyn khc.
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D b nghe trm v s dng tri php ng truyn thng tin
Mt nh hng rt nguy him cc ng truyn dn v tuyn s l pha inh. T gio
trnh truyn sng ta bit phainh l hin tng thng ging tht thng cu cng in
trng im thu. Nguyn nhn pha inh c th do thi tit v a hnh thay i lm thay i
iu kin truyn sng. Pha inh nguy him nht l pha inh nhiu tia xy ra do my thu nhn
c tn hiu khng phi ch t tia i thng m cn t nhiu tia khc phn x t cc im khc
nhau trn ng truyn dn. Cc h thng truyn dn v tuyn s phi c trang b cc h thng
v thit b chng pha inh hu hiu.
Truyn dn v tuyn s c thc hin di tn t 1 GHz n vi chc GHz, trong khi
truyn dn quang c thc hin tn s vo khong 2.10
6
GHz (nu coi =1500 nm) v th bng
tn truyn dn v tuyn s rt hp so vi quang. minh ho iu ny ta c th xt th d sau.
Nu coi rng bng tn truyn dn chim 5% tn s mang trung tm th:
i vi truyn dn v tuyn tn s 10GHz , bng tn cho php vo khong:
10 GHz0,05=0,1GHz
i vi truyn quang bc sng =1500 nm hay tn s f=C/= 3.10
8
/1500.10
-9
=
2.10
14
Hz=2.10
5
GHz, bng tn truyn dn cho php vo khong 2.10
5
0,05=0,1.10
5
GHz
T th d trn ta thy rng bng tn cho php truyn dn quang gp 10
5
ln rng
bng tn truyn dn v tuyn.
Ngoi ra di tn s thp (t 1 n 6 GHz) c a s dng hn v suy hao vng tn s
ny thp hn. iu ny dn n dung lng truyn dn ca cc ng truyn dn v tuyn s rt
b hn ch.
Tuy nhin truyn dn v tuyn s c hai u im tuyt vi m khng h thng truyn dn
no c th snh c:
Linh hot: c th trin khai h thng truyn dn s rt nhanh v khi khng cn thit c
th tho g v nhanh chng chuyn sang lp t v tr khc ca mng vin thng. u
im ny cho php cc nh khai thc pht trin mng vin thng nhanh chng cc
vng c s h tng vin thng cha pht trin vi vn u t thp nht.
Di ng: ch c truyn dn v tuyn mi p ng c thng tin mi ni mi thi im
ca cc khch hng vin thng. Nhu cu ny khng ngng tng th k 21 khi nhu cu
i li ca con ngi ngy cng tng.
Ngoi cc u im trn thng tin v tuyn l phng tin thng tin duy nht cho cc chuyn
bay vo cc hnh tinh khc, thng tin o hng, nh v ....
pht huy c cc u im v khc phc cc nhc im ca truyn dn v tuyn s
cc nh thit k cc thit b v h thng truyn dn v tuyn s phi s dng cc bin php cng
ngh x l s v cc cng ngh v tuyn hin i. Di y ta s xt tng quan cc cng ngh
ny.
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1.4. CC BIN PHP KHC PHC CC NHC IM NNG
CAO CHT LNG TRUYN DN V TUYN S
khc phc cc nh hng khc nhau ln truyn dn v tuyn s do mi trng truyn
dn h, cc bin php k thut sau y c s dng:
T chc quy hoch s dng ti nguyn v tuyn hp l
T chc cu hnh h thng hp l
S dng cc cng ngh x l s phc tp
Hon thin cc mch in v tuyn
1.4.1. T chc quy hoch s dng ti nguyn v tuyn
cc thit b v tuyn s khng gy nhiu cho nhau cc thit b ny khng c s dng
ng thi cc ti nguyn v tuyn m phi s dng chng mt cch lun phin. Ba ti nguyn v
tuyn sau y cn c chia s dng chung cho cc thit v tuyn s chng khng gy nhiu
cho nhau: tn s, thi gian v nng lng. Cc h thng v tuyn s s dng lun phin ti
nguyn tn s c gi l phn chia theo tn s (FD: Frequency Division). Cc h thng v tuyn
s s dng lun phin ti nguyn thi gian c gi l phn chia theo thi gian (TD: Time
division). Cui cng cc h thng v tuyn s s dng vi phn chia nng lng c gi l thit
b phn chia theo m (CD: Code Division).
thc hin phn chia theo tn s ITU-R v cc t chc v tuyn ln khc ca quc t
nh: FCC ca M (Federal Communication Commission: U ban thng tin lin bang), ARIB cu
Nht (Association of Radio Industry and Bussiness: Lin hip kinh doanh v cng nghip v
tuyn) a ra cc khuyn ngh quy hoch tn s. Cc khuyn ngh ny quy nh cc knh tn s
c s dng, khong cch gia cc knh ny, phn cc gia cc knh ... Da trn cc khuyn
ngh ny cc quc gia s quy hoch tn s cho mnh.
Cc h thng FD, TD v CD thng c s dng trong cc h thng a truy nhp cho cc
mng thng tin v tuyn s ni ht v di ng. Vic t chc hp l TD v CD s cho php tng
ng k dung lng ca cc h thng v tuyn s s dng cc phng thc a truy nhp ny.
Do ti nguyn v tuyn b hn ch (bng tn truyn dn hp) tit kim ti nguyn ny
cc phng php quy hoch ti nguyn v tuyn phi cho php ti s dng tt nht cc ti nguyn
v tuyn. Vn ny s c trnh by c th trong gio trnh "a truy nhp v tuyn" v cc
phn thit k mng thng tin v tuyn cc gio trnh chuyn mn nh: "H thng truyn dn v
tuyn s", "Thng tin di ng" v "Thng tin v tinh".
1.4.2. T chc cu hnh hp l
T chc cu hnh cho cc h thng thng tin v tuyn s m bo hot ng ca cc h
thng ny trong trng hp xy ra s c. Thng thng c th xy ra hai loi s c sau:
S c thit b
S c ng truyn (gy ra do phainh)
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m bo truyn dn tin cy thng tin h thng v tuyn s, cc h thng ny c
trang b thm cc thit b hay h thng bo v.
i vi trng hp s c th nht bn cnh thit b cng tc truyn thng tin cn c thit
b d phng tip nhn truyn tin t thit b cng tc khi thit b ny b s c.
i vi s c th hai mt hay nhiu ng truyn dn truyn dn d phng c lp cu
hnh bn cnh cc h thng thng cng tc. Khi ng truyn dn h thng cng tc b s c,
thng tin cc h thng ny s c chuyn sang truyn cc ng truyn d phng. Cc
ng truyn d phng cc h thng ny c gi l cc ng phn tp. Tn ti cc phng
php phn tp sau y cc h thng truyn dn v tuyn s:
Phn tp khng gian
Phn tp tn s
Phn tp phn cc
Phn tp gc
Phn tp thi gian
dng phn tp th nht ngi ta coi rng xc sut xy ra ng thi phainh hai im
khng tng quan trong khng gian l rt nh. V th nu pha thu ta t hai anten thu hai
im khng tng quan trong khng gian th ta c th lun lun thu c tn hiu tt v bng cc
kt hp (hoc chn) tn hiu gia hai ng truyn ny ta s c mt tn hiu tt.
dng phn tp th hai ngi ta coi rng xc sut xy ra ng thi phainh hai tn s
khng tng quan vi nhau l rt nh. V th nu s dng hai h thng truyn dn s hai tn
s khc th ta c th lun lun thu c tn hiu tt v bng cc kt hp (hoc chn) tn hiu gia
hai ng truyn ny ta s c mt tn hiu tt.
Cc dng phn tp th ba v bn cng s dng thm mt h thng d phng phn cc v
gc khc vi h thng chnh kt hp (hoc chn) tn hiu gia hai ng truyn to nn mt tn
hiu tt.
i vi dng phn tp cui cng, lung s cn truyn c chia thnh cc khi bn tin khc
nhau, cc khi bn tin ny c truyn lp mt s thi im khc nhau pha thu c th chn
ra cc khi bn tin tt nht.
1.4.3. S dng cc cng ngh x l tn hiu s phc tp
chng nh hng ca mi trng h cc h thng truyn dn s s dng cc cng ngh
x l tn hiu s phc tp hn cc h thng truyn dn hu tuyn khc. Cc cng ngh x l tn
hiu s sau y thng c s dng cc h thng truyn dn s:
M ho knh chng li
an xen
Ngu nhin ho
Cn bng thch ng
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Mt m ho tn hiu bo mt thng tin v chng li cc k truy nhp tri php ng
truyn.
Cc cng ngh x l s ny c a vo phn x l bng tn gc ca cc thit b v tuyn
s tng thm tnh chng phainh v nhiu ca cc thit b ny.
tit kim rng bng tn truyn dn ngoi cc bin php quy hoch ti nguyn v
tuyn hp l nh ni trn, cn la chn k thut iu ch thch hp. K thut iu ch kt
hp m ho l k thut c quan tm nhiu nht cho mc ch ny.
1.4.4. Hon thin cc mch in v tuyn
Cc mch in v tuyn ngy cng hon thin hot ng c hiu qu hn v tiu tn t
nng lng hn. Cc cng ngh bn dn mi c a vo s dng trong cc mch in siu cao
tn cho php gim kch c thit b, tiu thu t nng lng, tng cng nhy v lc nhiu.
1.5. S KHI CHUNG CA KNH TRUYN DN V TUYN S
S khi chung ca mt knh truyn dn v tuyn s c cho hnh 1.2. Vai tr ca
cc khi chc nng trong s hnh 1.2 nh sau:
1.5.1. Pha pht
Khi K v giao din ng s c cc chc nng sau:
Phi khng vi ng s
Khuych i v cn bng cp ng truyn s
Bin i m ng vo m my
Ti sinh tn hiu s
Khi phc xung ng h
Khi x l s bng gc pht:
Ghp thm cc thng tin iu khin v qun l ng truyn
Mt m ho cc thng tin quan trng
M ho knh chng li
Ngu nhin ho tn hiu s trc khi a ln iu ch
Khi iu ch v bin i nng tn:
iu ch sng mang bng tn hiu s chuyn i tn hiu s ny vo vng tn s
cao thun tin cho vic truyn dn
i vi cc my pht i tn vi iu ch thc hin trung tn khi bin i nng tn
cho php chuyn tn hiu trung tn pht vo tn s v tuyn trc khi pht.
Khi khuych i cng sut:
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Khuych i cng sut pht n mc cn thit trc khi a pht vo khng trung.
1.5.2. Pha thu:
Khuych i tp m nh:
Khuych i tn hiu thu yu trong khi khuych i rt t tp m
Bin i h tn, khuych i trung tn v gii iu ch :
i vi my thu i tn trc khi gii iu ch tn hiu thu c bin i vo trung tn
thu nh khi bin i h tn. Trong qu trnh bin i h tn do sut hin tn s nh
gng nn khi bin i h tn thng lm thm nhim v trit tn s nh gng.
i vi cc my thu i tn sau bin i h tn l khuych i trung tn. Nhim v ca
khi chc nng ny l khuych i, lc nhiu knh ln cn v cn bng thch ng vng
tn s cng nh cn bng tr nhm cc phn t ca knh truyn dn .
Gii iu ch tn hiu thu phc hi tn hiu s
X l s bng tn gc thu: Thc hin cc chc nng ngc vi khi x l s bng gc
pht nh:
Gii ghp xen
Gii m knh
Gii ngu nhin
Phn lung cho lung s chnh v lung s iu khin qun l ng truyn
Cn bng thch ng vng thi gian gim thiu nh hng ca phainh
Khuych i v giao in ng s:
Khuych tn hiu s n mc cn thit trc khi a ra ngai my
Bin i m my vo m ng
Phi khng vi ng s

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1.5.3. Giao din mi trng truyn dn.
H thng anten-phi v cc thit b siu cao tn cho php cc my thu v my pht giao
tip vi mi trng truyn dn v tuyn. Giao din mi trng truyn dn v mt s mch siu
cao tn c kho st cc gio trnh Anten-truyn sng v k thut siu cao tn.
1.6. B CC CUN SCH
Cun sch bao gm 7 chng vi kt thc l phn ph lc. Chng th hai xt dng tn
hiu trong truyn dn v tuyn s. Chng 3 xt cc k thut iu ch s. Trong chng ny cc
s v cc tnh nng hiu sut s dng bng tn, xc sut li c xt v so snh cho cc
phng php iu ch khc nhau. Chng bn xt cc phng php m ho knh s dng rng ri
trn cc ng truyn v tuyn s: m ho khi tuyn tnh v m ho xon c xt chng
ny, ngoi ra phng php m ha turbo mi cng c xt trong chng ny. Chng nm c
dnh cho thit b v tuyn s, chng ny xt s tng qut ca thit b v tuyn s, cc phn t
ca thit b v tuyn s. Chng 6 xt phn b tn s v cu hnh ca h thng truyn dn v
tuyn s. Chng 7 phn tch ng truyn v tuyn s v xt cc phng php tnh ton ng
truyn v tuyn s, y l c s thit k cc ng truyn dn v tuyn s.
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Chng 2. Dng tn hiu trong vi ba s

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CHNG 2: DNG TN HIU TRONG TRUYN DN V
TUYN S
2.1. GII THIU CHUNG
Cc dng hm tn hiu
Hm tng quan v mt ph cng sut
Cc kiu tn hiu ngu nhin
Cc tn hiu nh phn bng gc v bng thng
nh hng ca hn ch bng thng v nh l Nyquist
nh hng ca c tnh ng truyn
2.1.2. Hng dn
Tham kho thm [1],[2], [7]
2.1.3. Mc ch chng
Hiu c cch s dng cc hm biu din tn hiu trong truyn dn v tuyn s
Hiu c nh hng ca knh truyn ln cht lng truyn dn v tuyn s
2.2. CC DNG HM TN HIU
Cc hm tn hiu c th chia thnh cc lai hm trn c s sau:
1) thay i cc gi tr theo thi gian
2) mc c th m t hoc d on tnh cch ca hm
3) thi gian tn ti hm
4) cc hm c kiu nng lng hay kiu cng sut
Loi mt c chia thnh cc hm sau:
Tng t: l mt hm lin tc nhn cc gi tr dng, khng hoc m. Thay i xy ra
t t v tc thay i hu hn.
S: l mt hm nhn mt tp hu hn cc gi tr dng, khng hay m. Thay i gi tr
tc th v tc thay i v hn thi im thay i, cn cc thi im khc bng
khng. Hm s thng c s dng trong vin thng l hm nh phn: ch c hai trng
thi: 1 v 0.
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13

Loi hai c chia theo mc r rng th hin tnh cch ca hm:
Tt nh: mi thi im hm xc nh th hin gi tr (gm c khng) lin quan n
cc thi im ln cn mc r rng c th biu din gi tr ny mt cch chnh
xc.
Xc sut: hm c gi tr tng lai c m t cc thut ng thng k. i vi hm
ny, khi ta bit trc mt tp ga tr ca n trong qu kh, ta vn khng th bit chc
chn gi tr ca n mt thi im nht nh trong tng lai cng nh cho trc mt
gi tr no ta khng th ni chc chn thi im tng lai s xy ra gi tr ny. Cc
gi tr tng lai ch c c tnh bng thng k lin quan n cc gi tr qu kh v
vi gi thit rng tnh cch tng lai ca n c lin h vi qu kh. Mt nhm quan
trng ca cc hm xc sut l cc hm ngu nhin.
Ngu nhin: l hm xc sut c cc gi tr gii hn mt gii cho trc. Trong mt
khong thi gian di mi gi tr trong gii ny s xy ra nhiu hn cc gi tr khc.
Loi ba c phn chia theo thi gian tn ti ca hm:
Qu : hm ch tn ti trong mt khong thi gian hu hn
V tn: hm tn ti mi thi im. m t hot ng ca mt h thng thng tin
trong trng thi n nh. Mt nhm ca hm ny l hm tun hon.
Tun hon: hm v tn c cc gi tr c lp cc khong quy nh.
Loi bn c phn chia thnh hm kiu nng lng v kiu cng sut:
tin xt cc hm ny ta s coi rng hm s(t) c o bng cc n v tn hiu (dng in
hoc in p) in tr 1 , cng sut c o bng Watt cn nng lng bng Joule.
Hm kiu nng lng: Hm tn hiu xc nh s(t) c coi l mt hm tn hiu kiu
nng lng nu nng lng ca n hu hn, ngha l:
< =

dt t s E ) ( ] [
2
(2.1)
Hm kiu cng sut: hm tn hiu s(t) c gi l hm tn hiu cng sut nu nng
lng ca n v hn nhng cng sut trung bnh hu hn, ngha l:

0
0
0
/ 2
2
0 / 2
1
( )
lim
t
tb
t
t
P x t dt
t

= <
(2.2)
Nh vy hm tn hiu kiu nng lng s c cng sut ] [ P bng khng.
i vi tn hiu tun hon s
p
(t), vic ly trung bnh trn mt chu k (T
1
) cng ging nh ly
trung bnh trn ton b thi gian nn:

0
0
0
/ 2
2
/ 2 0
1
( )
lim
t
tb
t
t
P x t dt
t

= <
(2.3)
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14
Lu rng mi tn hiu tun hon u l tn hiu cng sut. Chng hn tn hiu U(t)-U(t-
10) trong U(t)=0 khi t<0 v U(t)=1 khi t0 v e
-2t
U(t) l tn hiu nng lng. Cc sng hm
sin, ch nht v cc tn hiu khng i l cc tn hiu cng sut. Mt s tn hiu nh e
t
U(t) v
tU(t) khng phi l tn hiu nng lng cng nh tn hiu cng sut.
2.3. HM T TNG QUAN V MT PH CNG SUT
i vi mt tn hiu tt nh kiu cng sut s(t), hm t tng quan (ACF: Autocorrelation
Function) chun ha c xc nh nh sau:

1
( ) lim ( ) *( )
+
= +
T
T
s t s t dt
T
(2.4)
trong s*(t) k hiu cho phin bn phc lin hp ca s(t)
V ngha hm t tng quan nh gi mc ging nhau gia tn hiu v phin bn dch
thi gian ca chnh n: t+. Nu s(t) l mt hm phc th biu thc di tch phn trong phng
trnh (2.4) c thay bng s(t)s
*
(t+), trong s(t) biu th phc lin hp ca s(t). Mc ch ca ta
l xt tn hiu thc t v th tn hiu gi tr thc c s dng. Nu s(t) l mt hm tun hon c
chu k l T th ta c th thc hin ly trung bnh phng trnh (2.4) trn mt chu k, ta c:

1
( ) ( ) *( )
+
= +
T
s t s t dt
T
(2.5)
trong l mt hng s bt k. Lu rng hm (t) trong phng trnh trn cng l mt hm
tun hon.
Mt ph cng sut (PSD:Power spectral Density) ca s(t) c nh ngha nh bin i
Fourier ca hm t tng quan nh sau:

-j2 f
-
( ) [ ( )]= ( )e f F d

=

(2.6)
V th hm t tng quan ca bin i Fourier ngc ca PSD s l:

1 j2 f
-
( ) [ ( )]= ( )e F f f df

(2.7)
Cp phng trnh (2.6) v (2.7) c gi l tng quan Wiener-Khichine.
PSD cho ta bit cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu vng tn s. Cng sut ca mt bng tn
c xc nh bi din tch ca PSD bng tn ny. Chng hn cng sut trung bnh trong bng
tn t f
1
n f
2
l:

2 1
1 2
( ) ( )
f f
f f
f df f df
+

(trong vng tn s c trnh by cho c gi tr dng ln m).
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Nu s(t) l mt hm tun hon c chu k T, th (f) ch cha cc hm xung kim (Dirac)
cc tn s 0,
1
T
,
2
T
, , ngha l cng sut trung bnh ch xut hin ti cc thnh phn mt
chiu v cc thnh phn hi.
Cng sut trung bnh ca mt tn hiu bng gi tr trung bnh hm t tng quan ca tn
hiu ny ti =0. Cng c th nhn c cng sut ny bng cch ly tch phn PSD:
i vi cc tn hiu nng lng tt nh ta c th nh ngha hm t tng quan nh sau:
( ) ( ) ( ) s t s t dt
= +
(2.9)
Bnh phng bin i Fourier ca tn hiu s(t) c gi l mt ph nng lng (ESD:
Energy spectral density) v c k hiu l |S(f)|
2
, trong S(f) l bin i Fourier ca s(t). Bin
i Fourier ca hm t tng quan ( ) ( ) f cng l mt ph nng lng ca tn hiu
s(t). Mt ph nng lng cho ta bit nng lng ca mt tn hiu c phn b vng tn s
nh th no. Nng lng ca mt tn hiu bng tch phn ca mt ph nng lng:

2
- -
0
E[ ]= (0)= |S(f)| ( ) df f df

=

=

(2.10)
2.4. CC TN HIU NGU NHIN
Mt tn hiu ngu nhin (qu trnh ngu nhin) X(t) l tp hp cc bin ngu nhin c
nh ch s theo t. Nu ta c nh t, chng hn t=t
1
, th X(t
1
) chnh l mt bin ngu nhin. S th
hin thng k ca cc bin ngu nhin c th c trnh by bng hm mt xc sut (pdf:
Probability density function) lin hp ca chng v s th hin ca mt qu trnh ngu nhin c
th c trnh by bng cc hm mt xc sut (pdf) lin hp ti cc thi im khc nhau. Tuy
nhin trong thc t ta khng cn bit pdf lin hp m ch cn bit thng k bc 1 (trung bnh) v
thng k bc 2 (hm t tng quan l .
Trung bnh ca mt qu trnh ngu nhin X(t) l k vng (trung bnh tp hp) ca X(t):
[ ]
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
X X t
t E X t p x dx

= =

(2.11)
trong p
X(t)
(x) l pdf ca X(t) ti thi im t.
C th nh ngha hm t tng quan ca mt tn hiu ngu nhin ging nh trng hp
ca mt tn hiu c xc nh phn trc nu thay th ly trung bnh bng k vng. Khi ny
hm t tng quan cu mt qu trnh ngu nhin s l:

X
(t,t+)=E[X(t)X(t+)]

( ) ( ) 1 2 1 2
( , )
X t X t
p x x dx dx

+

=

(2.12)
trong E[.] biu th k vng v p
X(t)X(t+)
(x
1
,x
2
) l pdf lin hp ca X(t) v X(t+).
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Nu trung bnh
X
(t) v hm t tng quan
X
(t,t+) khng ph thuc thi gian th ta ni
rng X(t) l mt qu trnh dng nghi rng (WSS: Wide sense stationary). Trong trng hp ny
ta c th b qua bin ngu nhin t v s dng
X
() cho hm ngu nhin.
i vi qu trnh WSS, PSD (k hiu l
X
(f)) c xc nh nh l bin i Fourier cu
X
() theo Winner-Khichine, ngha l:

-j2 f
-
( ) [ ( )]= ( )e
X X X
f F d

=

(2.13)

1 j2 f
-
( ) [ ( )]= ( )e
X X X
F f f df

(2.14)
v cng sut trung bnh l:

2 j2 f
- -
0
P[ ]=E[X ( )]= (0)= ( )e ( )
X X
t f df f df

=

=

(2.15)
i vi mt tn hiu c thnh phn mt chiu v cc thnh phn tun hon th PSD c hm
Dirac ti tn s khng (mt chiu) v cc tn s tng ng vi cc thnh phn tun hon. Hm
Dirac hay hm xung kim n v ti thi im t
0
c th c xc nh theo hai iu kin sau:
(t-t
0
)=0, nu tt
0
v
0
( ) 1
b
a
t t dt =
nu a<t
0
<b (2.16)
Lu rng bin i Fourier A(t-t
0
) l Ae
-2fto
v bin i Fourier A l A(t). lm th d
ta xt PSD cha cc hm Dirac sau y:

X
(f)=e
-|f|
+0,2. (f)+0,3(f-f
c
)+0,3(f+f
c
), W/Hz
Gi tr trung bnh thnh phn mt chiu ca X(t) l din tch ca hm Dirac ti tn s f=0 l
0,2W. Cng sut trung bnh cu cc thnh phn f
c
l 20,3=0,6W. Thnh phn e
-|f|
tng ng vi
thnh phn khng tun hon ca X(t). Cng sut tng trung bnh l:
0,2+0,6+
| | f
e df
=2,8W
2.5. CC TN HIU NH PHN BNG GC
Lung s cn truyn trong cc ng truyn dn cu mng vin thng thng c trnh
by dng nh phn bng chui nh phn nhn hai gi tr A v -A. y l chui bit ngu nhin vi
xc sut xut hin bit A v -A l bng nhau v bng 1/2. Chui bit ny c gi l chui nh phn
ngu nhin bng gc. truyn c vo khng gian chui nh phn bng gc phi c iu
ch. Tn hiu nh phn sau iu ch c gi l tn hiu nh phn bng thng. Ta c th biu din
tn hiu nh phn ngu nhin bng gc dng sau:
( ) ( )
K T
k
X t A p t kT
=
=
(2.17)
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trong T l rng mt bit, A
k
l cc bin c c lp c phn b ng dng (i.i.d:
indipendent identically distributed) nhn cc gi tr A v c xc sut nh nhau (bng 1/2), l
mt bin ngu nhin c phn b u t 0 n T. Bin ngu nhin ny lm cho tn hiu ngu
nhin X(t) tr thnh WSS.
p
T
(t) l hm xung ch nht n v c xc nh nh sau:

1 0
( )
0
T
t T
p t

=
nu
nu khc
(2.18)
Bin i Fourier ca p
T
(t) l TSinc(fT).e
-jfT
trong Sinc(x)= sin(x)/(x).
Lu rng din tch di hm Sinc(x) cng nh din tch di hm Sinc
2
(x) u bng mt,
ngha l:

2
( ) ( ) 1 Sinc x dx Sinc x dx

= =

(2.19)
Mt thc hin hay ng mu ca tn hiu X(t) c cho trn hnh 2.1.
0
A
1
A
2
A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
A
5
A
6
A
7
A

Hnh 2.1. Mt thc hin ca tn hiu nh phn ngu nhin bng gc X(t)
C th xc nh hm tng quan ca X(t) nh sau:

[ ]
2
2
( ) ( ) ( )
1 ,
0 ,
( )
x
T
E X t X t
A T
T
A

= +

=

=
nu khc
(2.20)
trong
T
() c bin i Fourier l TSinc
2
(fT). Lu rng X(t) l mt tn hiu ngu nhin c
gi tr thc nn
X
() i xng so vi .
Phng trnh (2.19) cho thy rng X(t) v X(t+) c mc ging nhau nht khi =0;
chng c mc ging nhau nht nh khi 0<<T do mt phn ca bit X(t) ging X(t+). Chng
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hn khi =0 v 0<<T th X(t)=X(t+)=A
0
khi 0<t<T-, v X(t), X(t+) hon ton khc nhau khi
>T, v ti mi thi im gi tr ca X(t) c lp vi X(t+) do chng cc on bit khc nhau.
Thc hin bin i Fourier phng trnh (2.20) ta c PSD:

2 2
( ) ( )
X
f A TSinc fT = (2.21)
Hm t tng quan v PSD ca X(t) c cho trn hnh 2.2.

0
-T -T
( )
X

2
A
( )
X
f
fT
2
A T
a) Hm tng quan
b) Mt ph cng sut
0 1 2 3 -1
-2 -3

Hnh 2.2. Hm t tng quan v PSD ca tn hiu ngu nhin nh phn X(t)

Lu rng cc gi tr bng khng u tin xy ra ti f=1/T v cc i l A
2
T ti f=0.
Khng ph thuc vo T,
2
(0) ( )
X X
f df A

= =
l cng sut trung bnh ca X(t). PSD nhn

c cho thy rng cng sut trung bnh tri rng trn bng tn nu T nh (tng ng vi tc
bit cao ca tn hiu X(t)); n tp trung trn mt bng tn hp nu T ln (tng ng vi tc bit
thp ca tn hiu X(t)).
2.6. TN HIU BNG THNG
By gi ta i xt phin bn iu ch ca tn hiu ngu nhin nh phn X(t) ni trn, vy
ta nhn X(t) vi mt hm sin nh sau:
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19
Y(t)=X(t)cos(2f
c
t+) (2.22)
trong f
c
c gi l tn s sng mang v l gc pha ngu nhin c phn b u trong di
[0,2] v khng ph thuc vo X(t). Pha ngu nhin cn thit bin Y(t) thnh WSS. Ta c th
biu din hm t tng quan v PSD ca Y(t) nh sau:

c
1
( ) ( ) os(2 f )
2
Y X
c = (2.23)
{ }
1
( ) ( ) ( )
4
Y X c X c
f f f f f = + + (2.24)
Khi X(t) l bin nh phn ngu nhin c cho bi phng trnh (2.18), ta c:

c
( ) ( ) os(2 f )
2
Y T
A
c = (2.25)
{ }
2
2 2
( ) [( ) ] [( ) ]
4
Y c c
A T
f Sinc f f T Sinc f f T = + + (2.26)
Dng ca cc hm trn c v trn hnh 2.3.

( )
Y

-T
T
2
/ A T
2
/ A T
4/
c
f T =
( )
Y
f
2
/ 4 A T
c
f
c
f
1
c
f
T
+
2
c
f
T
+
3
c
f
T
+
1
c
f
T
2
c
f
T
3
c
f
T
1
c
f
T
+
2
c
f
T
+
3
c
f
T
+
1
c
f
T

2
c
f
T

3
c
f
T

f

Hnh 2.3. Hm t tng quan v PSD ca tn hiu nhi phn X(t) c iu ch
Nh thy trn hnh v, Ph c tp trung ti cc tn s
c
f . Nu s dng rng bng tn
l rng gii hn ti hai gi tr khng u tin ca PSD th rng ph ca Y(t) bng 2/T (lu
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20
rng bng tn trong vi ba s thng c s dng l rng bng Nyquist, trong trng hp
ny rng bng Nyquist bng 1/T). Cng sut trung bnh ca Y(t) l
2
(0) / 2
Y
A = v bng mt
na cng sut trung bnh ca X(T). Trn hnh 2.3 ta s dng f
c
=4/T.

2.7. NH HNG CA HN CH BNG THNG V NH L
NYQUIST
Nh ta xt 2.4, Cc dy xung nh phn ngu nhin vi rng T v bin A (lng
cc) c v hn cc thnh phn tn s. Tuy nhin trong cc ng truyn dn thc t bng tn b
hn ch, v th xung thu c c dng m rng y. Phn m rng ny chng ln ln cc xung
pha trc v pha sau gy nh hng cho vic phn bit cc xung. nh hng ny c gi l
nhiu gia cc k hiu (ISI: Intersymbol Interference).
C th trnh by s hn ch bng tn bng hm truyn t ca b lc thng thp l tng
nh hnh 2.4. Nu ta a mt xung kim (t) vo b lc ny th ph ca tn hiu nhn c u
ra s c dng hm ch nht sau:
H(f) =
0
2
f
f

(2.27)
trong f
0
l tn s ct.
Bin i Fourier ngc cho biu thc trn ta c p ng u ra:
h(t) = 2f
0
Sinc(2f
0
t) (2.28)
Hnh 2.4 b cho ta thy dng ca p ng ny. Ngai tr gi tr nh ti trung tm, cc im
khng xut hin mi thi im kT
0
=k
0
1
2 f
, trong k l s nguyn dng khc khng.
Khong cch T
0
c gi l khong Nyquist.
Nu ta pht i mt dy xung kim cch nhau
T
(t) cch nhau mt khong Nyquist, th c th
trnh c nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu (nu tin hnh phn bit cc xung ny ti cc thi
im kT
0
ca cc xung thu) (hnh 2.4c).
Nu khong cch gia cc xung kim T nh hn khong cch Nyquist T
0
, th s chng ln
ca cc xung ny lm ta khng th phn bit c chng. Ni mt cch khc rng bng tn cn
thit phn bit cc xung (cc k hiu) c tc k hiu R
s
bng 1/T phi bng 2f
0
=
0
1
T
, ngha
l:
f
0
= 1/2T=R
s
/2

(gii hn rng bng tn Nyquist) (2.29)
nh l Nyquist th nht
Trong thc t rt kh thc hin c b lc thng thp l tng nh ni trn. V vy
t c iu kin cn thit ca b lc trong ng truyn dn thc t, ta p dng nh l Nyquist
th nht sau y:
o
p
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21
Ngay c khi xp chng c tnh i xng kiu hm l ng vi tn s ct f
0
vi c tnh ca
b lc thng thp l tng th im ct (im 0) vi trc ca p ng xung kim vn khng thay
i.
Cc c tnh ca b lc tho mn nh l th nht ca Nyquist thng c s dng c
dng nh hnh 2.5 c gi l hm ph dc (Roll off) v c th c biu th bng hm truyn
t Roll(f) sau y:
Roll(f)=
0
0 0
0
0
1, | | (1 )
1
1 sin (| | ) , (1 ) | | (1 )
2 2
0, | | (1 )
co
khi f f
f f khi f f f
f
khi f f

+
+
(2.30)
trong c gi l h s dc (Roll-off factor).
a) Hm truyn t ca b lc thng thp l tng
0
( )
2
f
H f
f

=

f0: tn s ct
f
f0
-f0
1
b) Xung kim (t) u vo
v p ng u ra
b) Dy xung kim (t) u
vo v p ng u ra
T
0
0
1
2
T T
f
= =
T0 2T0 3T0 -T0 -2T0 -3T0 0
h(t)
2f0
2f0
h(t) h(t-T)
t
0
0 T
t
T 2T 3T -T -2T -3T 0
t

Hnh 2.4. Hm truyn t ca b lc thng thp l tng v cc p ng u ra ca n khi
u vo l mt xung kim n hay mt dy xung kim chu k T
Phn nghing ca Roll(f) c th chuyn thnh cc c tnh Cosin bnh phng nh sau:
Roll (f) =
2
0
0
cos (| | )
4 4
f f
f

+

(2.31)
Do vy Roll(f) cng c gi l c tnh dc cosin.
Ngoi ra ta cng c th trnh by phn nghing ni trn dng hm cosin tng sau y:
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22
Roll(f) =
0
0 0 0
0
0
1, | | (1 )
1
1 cos (| | (1 ) , (1 ) | | (1 )
2 2
0, | | (1 )
khi f f
f f khi f f f
f
khi f f

+ +
+
(2.32)
V th Roll (f) cng cn c gi l c tnh dc cosin tng.
p ng xung kim h(t) ca b lc c c tnh dc cosin c th c biu din bng bin i
Fourier ngc sau y:
h(t) =
( )
( )
0
0 0 2
0
cos 2
2 (2 )
1 4
f t
f Sinc f t
f t

(2.34)
C th biu din Roll(f) v h(t) nh hnh 2.5. Trong c s dng nh l mt thng
s v c gi l tha s dc. .
t
h(t)
1
Roll(f)
(1 )
0
f + (1 )
0
f
0
f
T0 2T0 3T0 -T0 -2T0 -3T0 0
0
2f
f

Hnh 2.5. Cc dc tnh ca b lc dc cosin. a) c tnh dc cosin, b) p ng xung kim
Khi ny bng thng ti thiu cn hit phn bit cc xung hay bng thng Nyquist trong
ng truyn dn bng gc c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
B
N
= f
0
(1+) = R
s
(1+)/2 (2.35)
i vi ng truyn dn bng thng ( v tuyn chng hn), bng thng Nyquist c xc
nh theo cng thc sau:
B
N
= f
0
(1+) = R
s
(1+) (2.36)
trong R
s
l tc truyn dn hay tc k hiu c nh ngha l s trng thi hay s k hiu
c truyn trn ng truyn dn trong thi gian mt giy. Ty thuc vo h thng truyn dn,
mi trng thi hay k hiu ny c th truyn ng thi nhiu bit. Quan h gia tc k hiu v
tc bit c xc nh nh sau:
R
s
=R
b
/k
trong k l s bit trn mt k hiu.
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2.8. NH HNG CA CC C TNH NG TRUYN
2.8. 1. Nhiu, tp m, t s tn hiu trn tp m v t s bit li
cc ng truyn dn thc t, cc bn tin thng b nhiu v tp m i km v th u
ra ca my thu tn hiu b mo so vi tn hiu u vo my pht.
1. Cc ngun nhiu v tp m
Cc ngun nhiu bao gm:
* Cc tn hiu thu c my thu nh:
- Sng iu ch khc gy nhiu vi tn hiu hu ch
- Cc tn hiu do cc hin tng thin nhin hoc xung to ra nh: tia chp, hay cc
ngun xung nhn to nh cc h thng nh tia la in ca t
- Truyn sng nhiu tia vi ba s
* Cc tn hiu th hin x l b li hay xp x ho nh:
- Cc tn hiu sinh ra khi x l tn hiu truyn dn dn n pht i mt tn hiu khc
vi tn hiu m ngi pht nh pht
- Cc tn hiu sinh ra khi tch sng v kt cu li tn hiu pha thu.
Cc ngun tp m bao gm
- Chuyn ng ngu nhin ca cc in t, ion, hay cc l trong cc vt liu cu
thnh thit b thu
- Pht x ngn h
2. T s tn hiu trn tp m
T s tn hiu trn tp m (SNR: Signal to noise ratio) l t s gia cng sut ca tn hiu
bn tin vi cng sut ca tn hiu tp m, ngha l:
SNR = Cng sut tn hiu(S)
Cng sut tp m (N)
Do di gi tr ca SNR rt rng, nn thng log
10
ca t s ny c s dng. n v c
s dng khi ny c gi l Bel (B). Thng thng tin li ngi ta s dng deciBel hay
Bel10
-1
, nn:
(SNR)
dB
= 10log
10
(S/N) dB (deciBel) (2.37)
C th m rng khi nim t s tn hiu trn tp m cho cc t s c biu th n v tn
hiu.
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24
3. Tp m trng
Khi khng th xt ring cc ngun tp m, ta c th coi rng chng to ra mt tn hiu ngu
nhin duy nht vi phn b u cng sut mi tn s. Tng t nh nh sng trng (cha tt c
cc tn s nhn thy c), tn hiu ny c gi l tp m trng.
Tp m trng l mt hm mu n(t) ca mt qu trnh ngu nhin dng ngha rng N(t) vi
mt ph cng sut [
N
((f)] bng N
0
/2 W/Hz, ngha l:

N
((f) = N
0
/2 (2.38)
v hm t tng quan [
X
()] l:

N
() =
0
1
( )
2
N (2.39)
th biu din cc i lng trn c cho na trn ca hnh 2.6.
Tp m trng c thuc tnh l cc mu khc nhau khng tng quan vi nhau v nu hm
mt xc sut ca ph bin l Gauss (chun) th chng c lp thng k vi nhau.
Do mt ph khng i tt c cc tn s, tn hiu ny c cng sut v hn, ngha l:

N
P =
0
1
2
N fdf
= (2.40)
Vy tp m trng l mt tn hiu khng th thc hin c. Tuy nhin tt c cc h thng
thc t u l thng thp hay bng thng v ta ch cn xt tp m trong di tn hot ng ca cc
tn hiu ny. V th tp m bng hn ch l khi nim hu dng hn.
Tp m bng hn ch:l tp m c mt cng sut khng i di tn hn ch, ngha l:

0
/ 2,
( )
0,
N
N khi W f W
f
< <
=

nu khc
(2.41)
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25
0
2
N
0
2
N
0
w N

Hnh 2.6. Cc hm t tng quan v mt ph cng sut ca tp m trng v tp m
bng thng hn ch
Khi ny:

N
() = N
0
WSinc(2W) (2.42)
ngha l, hm t tng quan l mt hm Sincx= [sin(x)]/(x). th biu din cc i lng trn
c cho na di ca hnh 2.6.
4. Tp m trng Gauss cng (AWGN)
Ta c th trnh by tp m nhit nh l mt qu trnh ngu nhin Gauss trung bnh khng.
Mt qu trnh ngu nhin Gauss X(t) l hm thng k ph thuc vo thi gian c gi tr x ti mi
thi im t c c trng thng k bi hm mt xc sut (PDF: Probability Density Function)
sau:

2
1 1
( ) exp
2 2
X
x
f x

=

(2.43)
trong X l bin ngu nhin c gi tr trung bnh
X
=0, x l gi tr mu ca bin ngu
nhin v l lch chun ca bin ngu nhin X bng
0
2
N
.
Tp m xy ra nhiu h thng thng tin c th m hnh nh l tp m trng c phn b
Gauss. V mu ca cc tp m ny khng tng quan v hon ton c lp vi nhau, nn chng
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26
thng c gi l tp m Gauss trng cng (AWGN: Additive Gaussian Noise). T "cng" c
nghi l tp m nh hng c lp ln tng k hiu c truyn hay n gin tp m c xp
chng hay cng vi tn hiu bn tin.
Hm phn b xc sut F
X
(x) cho ta xc sut in p tp m thp hn mc x:

2
1 1
( ) ( ) exp
2 2
x
X
u
F x P X x du

= =

1
1
2 2
x
erf
= +

(2.44)
trong erf l hm li c xc nh nh sau:

2
0
2
( ) exp{ }
z
Erf z u du
; z =
2
x
(2.45)
Cc hm mt v phn b xc sut ca tp m Gauss c v hnh 2.7.

0
1
2
f

=
x

Hnh 2.7. Hm phn b xc sut v mt xc sut ca tp m Gauss

Hnh 2.8 cho thy quan h gia in p tp m v hm mt xc sut ca n
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27
t
X(t)
( )
X
f x
( )
X
f x dx
dx

Hnh 2.8. in p tp m Gauss v hm mt xc sut
T hnh cc hnh 2.7 v 2.8 ta thy mt xc sut ln nht khi in p tp m bng 0 v
gim dn khi in p ny c gi tr m v dng cng ln, tin ti khng khi in p tp m tin
ti - v +. Tch ca mt xc sut vi dx: f
X
(x)dx cho ta xc sut xut hin in p tp m ti
di gi tr x v x+dx. Hm phn b xc sut cho ta xc sut xut hin in p nh hn mt gi tr x
cho trc: F
X
(x) = P(Xx).
2.8.2. Tp m v cc quyt nh nh phn
Tp m lm hng tn hiu hu ch v c th to ra sai li khi thc hin quyt nh trn c s
bin ca tn hiu thu. Gi s rng ta c mt chui cc xung s lng cc [c k hiu l s
p
(t)]
c cc mc l 0 tng ng vi +A v 1 tng ng vi -A. Sau khi iu iu ch v pht trn
ng truyn dn b tc ng bi tp m trng Gauss cng nh xt trn, dng sng y(t) quan
st c pha thu sau gii iu ch s l mt bin ngu nhin mi gm s
p
(t) v tn hiu tp m
x(t), nghi l:
y(t) = s
p
(t) +x(t) (2.46)
hay

( ), 0
( )
1
A x t
y t
+
=
+
khi pht tn hiu

-A x(t), khi pht tn hiu
(2.47)
Do x(t) l hm mu ca qu trnh tp m ngu nhin, n c th cng vo hay tr i tn hiu
hu ch gy ra s khng chc chn v quyt nh mc no ang c mt. xc nh xc sut li,
ta nh ngha ngng quyt nh, u, nh sau:
khi y(t) l
, 0
1
u thu
u thu
u
>
<
=
,
, khng bit

Xc sut y(t) = u rt nh v ta s b qua n. Nu x(t
1
) c phn b Gauss vi trung bnh
khng v gi tr trung bnh bnh phng l:

2 2
1
( ) x t =
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28
th bin Y(t
1
) cng s l mt bin ngu nhin c phn b Gauss vi trung bnh bng khng v
phng sai l
2
=N
0
/2 v ta c th vit hm PDF ca y(t) khi pht 1 trong trng hp ny nh
sau:
f
Y
(y|1) =
{ }
2 2
1
exp ( ) / 2
2
y A
+ (2.48)
v hm PDF ca y(t) khi pht 0 l:
f
y
(y|0) =
{ }
2 2
1
exp ( ) / 2
2
y A
(2.49)
Hnh 2.9 cho thy v tr trng i ca cc hm trn.
Cc vng t m di ng cong th hin cc trng hp nhn dng sai. Xc sut pht 1
quyt nh nhm 0 (xc sut li bit 1):

2 2
1
(1) exp{ ( ) / 2 }
2
e
u
P y A dy
= +
(2.50)
2 2
( ) /(2 )
1
( |1)
2
y A
Y
f y e

+
=
2 2
( ) /(2 )
1
( | 0)
2
y A
Y
f y e

=
2 2
( ) /(2 )
1
(1)
2
y A
e
u
P e dy
+
=
2 2
( ) /(2 )
1
(0)
2
u
y A
e
P e dy

Hnh 2.9. Cc hm mt xc sut tn hiu thu c iu kin khi pht bit 0 (A) v bit 1
(-A) vi quyt nh ti u
Vng t m di ng cong biu th cc trng hp thu sai
v xc sut pht 0, nhng quyt nh nhm 1 (xc sut li bit 0):

2 2
1
(0) exp{ ( ) / 2 }
2
u
e
P y A dy
(2.51)
Kho st cho thy cc bit 1 v 0 c cng xc sut, nn ngng quyt nh tt nht v tr u
= 0 hai ch th sai ng xc sut.
Nu P
0
v P
1
l xc sut pht i cc bit khng v 1, th:
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29
P
0
= P
1
= 1/2
v tng xc sut sai l:
P
e
= P
0
P
e
(0) + P
1
P
e
(1)= (1/2)[ P
e
(0) + P
e
(1)] (2.52)
trong P
0
= P
1
= 1/2, P
e
(0) = P
e
(1). V th ta c th vit

2 2
0
1
exp{ ( ) / 2 }
2
e
P y A dy
= +
(2.53)
Nu t z =
y A
+
, ta c phng trnh (2.52) dng sau:

2
1
exp( / 2)
2
e
A
P z dz

hay
P
e
=
A
Q

(2.54)
trong hm Q(.) l hm c dng tch phn ch c th xc nh c bng phng php s.
Gi tr hm ny c cho trong ph lc.
2.8.3. Mo dng sng do c tuyn tn s ca ng truyn
1. Cc c tnh pha tn
Ta hy xt nh hng ca cc c tuyn pha - tn s trong ng truyn dn ln dng sng
xung. Gi s tn hiu S(t) l dy xung ch nht n cc RZ (t l chim = 50%) nhn hai gi tr
bin 2A chu k T v t
W
=1/2T, S(t) trin khai theo chui Fourier nh sau:

= +
sin n/2
S(t) A 4A cosn t
n

4 4 4
1 cos cos3 cos5 ...
3 5
A t t t

= + +

(2.55)
Trong
2
T
= , n l s nguyn ln hn hoc bng khng

Nh ta thy t phng trnh (2.54), S(t) c th c trnh by bng thnh phn mt chiu,
thnh phn sng c bn ph thuc vo tn s lp xung v thnh phn hi cao bc n. Trong ng
truyn dn thc t, cc thnh phn hi bc cao khng c pht do gii hn bng tn. V nu thi
gian tr tng i gia mi thnh phn tn s l khc nhau, dng sng xung thu c b mo
thnh dng sng khc so vi tn hiu gc.
Ni chung, mi quan h di y tn ti gia cc c tnh tn s ca thi gian tr T() v
cc c tnh pha tn :
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( ) ( )
d
T
d

= (2.56)
Do , nu () c cc thnh phn bc 2 hoc ln hn i vi tn s gc , T() s khng
l hng s vi . Nu cho rng dng sng xung c trnh by bng tng ca thnh phn sng c
bn v thnh phn hi bc ba, thnh phn hi bc ba s c thi gian tr ln hn so vi sng c bn
nu tn ti c tnh pha nh trong hnh 2.10 (a). Kt qu l dng sng d b mo nh ng nt
t trong hnh 2.10(b).

0
2A
A
( )
Dng sng
khng mo
Dng sng mo
Thi gian t
b) Bin i dng sng
a) c tnh pha tn
Tn s gc
Hnh 2.10. Mo dng sng xung do c tnh pha
2. Cc c tnh bin tn
Khi cc c tnh bin tn khng l hng s so vi tn s, mi quan h mc tng ng gia
mi ph b ph v v dng sng s b ph hu. Ni chung, khi tn s tng, suy hao do ng
truyn dn c khuynh hng tng. Xung c th c trnh by bi sng c bn v sng hi bc
hai, khi i qua ng truyn dn c c tnh nh hnh 2.11a cc thnh phn hi bc cao b suy
hao, mo dng sng c th hin hnh 2.11b.

0
2A
A
Tn s gc
a) c tnh bin tn
A(
p

x
u
n
g
Dng sng
khng mo
Dng sng mo
b) Bin i dng sng Thi gian t

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31
Hnh 2.11. Mo dng sng xung do cc k hiu nh hng trc tip n t s bit li BER
3. Mu hnh mt (Biu hnh mt)
Biu mt cho php ta nh gi c mo dng xung. Xung thu c pht hin v phn
bit ti im phn bit ti sinh thnh xung mi. Ti thi im ny, cc tp m v mo dng
sng nh hng n s phn bit xung. hiu c biu mt ta xt cc tn hiu xung l
tng v cc tn hiu bin dng sau khi qua b lc nh hnh 2.12.
C th quan st trc tip mc nh hng ny t mu hnh mt c cho hnh 2.13.
Trong mu hnh mt ny, cc dng sng xung ngay trc b phn bit hin trn my hin sng
mt cch ng b vi tn s lp xung bng cch xp chng tt c cc dng sng c th c.
Cc in p khc nhau gia phn trn v phn di (iu kin m theo chiu ng ti lc
m) c gi l m hnh mt. m hnh mt ny cng rng th tp m cho php cng ln i
vi tn hiu xung. Nu xy ra s thng ging cc c tnh ng truyn dn, mu hnh mt
khng l hng s, gy ra mc tn hiu gim, cc c tnh tn s ca ng truyn dn bin i, v
nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu tng, dn n mu hnh mt c dng nh hnh 2.14. Mt khc,
mu hnh mt m theo chiu ngang cho thy s cho php i vi gim cp nh thi.
Mo dng sng nh vy s tr thnh nguyn nhn ca nhiu gia cc k hiu v cn trc
tip nh hng n t s bit li BER.
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32
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
Biu
mt
Mu bit
M nh phn
NRZ trc lc
M nh phn
sau lc
Thi im ly
mu l tng
Xp chng
Thi im ly
mu l tng
(v tr mt m cc i)

Hnh 2.12. Biu mt cho tn hiu trc v sau b lc

Hnh 2.13. Biu mt thc t

Hnh 2.13. Mu hnh mt b gim cht lng
2.9. TNG KT
Chng ny xt cc dng hm khc nhau biu din cc tn hiu truyn trn cc ng
truyn dn v tuyn s. Sau cc hm tng quan v mt ph cng sut c trnh by. Khi
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nim hm tng quan khng ch c s dng trong cc cng thc bin i Fourier tm mt
ph cng sut m cn c s dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau cu truyn dn v
tuyn nh: tch sng, tri ph... Cc phng php tm mt ph cng sut xt trong chng ny
cho php ta biu din tn hiu trong min thi tn s v rng bng tn ca tn hiu. Cc tn
hiu ngu nhin c trnh by trong chng ny l cc tn hiu c s dng trong truyn dn v
tuyn s. Trong s cc tn hiu ngu nhin, cc tn hiu nh phn bng gc v bng thng c s
dng nhiu nht. Biu din tn hiu nhi phn ngu nhin trong min thi gian v min tn s
c nghin cu c th. Tip theo cc nh hng ca ng truyn v tuyn ln tn hiu nh tp
m v bng thng c xt. Cc nh hng ny dn n gim t s tn hiu trn tp m v mo
dang sng. Sau nh hng ca hn ch bng thng v nh l Nyquist, tp m v cc quyt
nh nh phn c nghin cu. Cui chng mo dng sng do c tuyn tn s ca ng
truyn c kho st. Chng ny cung cp cc khi nim c s nht sinh vin c th hiu
c cc chng sau.
2.10. CU HI V BI TP
1. Cho mt dy xung ch nht bin A, chu k T v thi gian xung t (t<T).
a) Tm nng lng xung
b) Tm cng sut trung bnh ca xung
2. Hm bc thang

{
0, t 0
s(t)
1, t 0
<
=

l hm kiu g?
3. Hm m

{
0, t 0
s(t)
exp(-t), t 0
<
=

l hm kiu g
4. Hm
1/ 1 t + l hm kiu g?
5. Tm ACF v PSD ca hm cosin di y
s(t)=Acos(2ft+ ) tm ACF v PSD.
6. Cho dy xung ch nht bin A , chu k T nh hnh v di y
+A
-A
T/2
T
t
0

Tm:
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34
a) Bin i Fourier
b) PSD
c) ACF
d) Cng sut trung bnh
7. Cho dy xung trong l qu trnh ngu nhin c biu din theo cng thc sau:
( ) ( )
2
=
= +
K T
k
T
X t A p t kT
trong A
k
={+A,-A} vi xc xut xut hin +A v -A bng nhau v bng 1/2. Tm:
a) ACF
b) PSD
c) Cng sut trung bnh
8. Mt ng truyn dn bng gc trong mi k hiu truyn c 2 bit c tha s dc =1.
Nu tc s liu cn truyn l 9600 bps , tm:
a) Tc truyn dn
b) Bng thng Nyquist .
9. Mt ng truyn dn bng thng c d liu nh bi 10. Tm:
a) Tc truyn dn
b) Bng thng Nyquist
10.Mt tn hiu c o ti u ra ca b lc bng thng l lng vi bng thng l B Hz. Khi
khng c tn hiu ti u vo b lc, cng sut o c l 1x10
-6
W. Khi c tn hiu NRZ n cc
cng sut o c l 1,1x10
-5
W. Tp m c dng tp m trng.
a) Hy biu din t s tn hiu trn tp m theo dB
b) Tm xc sut my thu nhn bit sai xung NRZ.
11.Nu bng thng b lc trong bi 10 tng gp i v mc cng sut tn hiu o ti u ra b lc.
Hi:
a) Khi khng c tn hiu th cng sut o c ti u ra cu b lc bng bao nhiu
b) T s tn hiu trn tp m bng bao nhiu
c) Xc sut li xung NRZ bng bao nhiu.
12.Cho mt chui nh phn di v tn c phn b 1 v 0 ngu nhin i qua knh AWGN. Tm xc
sut li xung khi:
a) Cc xung l NRZ n cc vi SNR=10dB
b) Cc xung l NRZ lng cc vi SNR=5dB

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Chng 3. Khng gian tn hiu v iu ch

35

CHNG 3: KHNG GIAN TN HIU V IU CH
3.1. GII THIU CHUNG
Cc phng php iu ch s
Cc khun dng iu ch s
Khng gian tn hiu
p ng ca cc b tng quan ln tp m
B tch sng kh ging nht
Tnh ton xc sut li trong knh AWGN
Cc k thut iu ch nht qun: BPSK, QPSK, M-PSK, MSK, M-ASK v 16-QAM
Mt ph cng sut u cc k thut iu ch khc nhau
So snh cc k thut iu ch
3.1.2. Hng dn
Tham kho thm [1],[2], [7],[8]
3.1.3. Mc ch chng
Hiu c cc k thut iu ch s c s dng ph bin nht trong thng tin v
tuyn s
Hiu c phng php nh gi cht lng ng truyn v bng thng cn thit cho
tng k thut iu ch
So snh cc k thut iu ch.
3.2. IU CH S
Khi pht mt lung s trn knh v tuyn, cn phi iu ch lung s ny cho mt sng
mang (thng l hm sin). Lung s c th l tn hiu u ra ca my tnh hay ting ni hoc hnh
nh c s ha. Trong mi trng hp qu trnh iu ch bao gm kha chuyn bin , tn
s hay pha cho sng mang theo lung s vo. V vy tn ti ba phng php iu ch trong truyn
dn s: iu ch kha chuyn bin (ASK: amplitude shift keying), iu ch kha chuyn tn s
(FSK: frequency shift keying) v iu ch kha chuyn pha (PSK: phase shift keying). C th coi
cc phng php iu ch ny nh trng hp c bit cu cc phng php iu ch bin , tn
s v pha.
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36
Trong chng ny ta s xt cc tnh nng ca cc k thut iu ch s ni trn: kh nng
chng tp m, cc tnh cht ph v cc hn ch ca chng cng nh cc ng dng ca chng v
cc vn khc. Ta bt u phn ny bng trnh by tng quan cc khun dng iu ch khc
nhau i vi cc nh thit k h thng s khc nhau.
3.3. CC KHUN DNG IU CH S
iu ch c xem nh l qu trnh m trong mt c tnh no ca sng mang c
thay i theo mt sng iu ch. Chng hn mt sng mang hm sin biu th theo cng thc (3.1)
c ba thng s sau y c th thay i: bin , tn s v pha:
S(t) = A cos(
c
t + ) (3.1)
trong
c
= 2f
c
l tn s gc ca sng mang, f
c
l tn s sng mang cn (t) l pha.
Nu s dng tn hiu thng tin thay i bin A, tn s sng mang f
c
v pha (t) ta
c iu bin, iu tn v iu pha tng ng.
Nu tn hiu a ln iu ch cc thng s ni trn l tn hiu lin tc th ta c trng
hp iu ch tng t. Nu tn hiu iu ch cc thng s ni trn l s th iu ch c gi l
iu ch s.
Trong thng tin s tn hiu a ln iu ch l mt lung nh phn hay dng c m ha
vo M-mc ca ca lung nh phn ny. Trong trng hp iu ch s tn hiu iu ch cng lm
thay i bin , tn s, hay pha ca sng mang vi cc tn gi tng ng l: iu ch kha
chuyn bin (ASK), iu ch kha chuyn tn (FSK), iu ch kha chuyn pha (PSK) (xem th
d hnh 3.1).

Deleted: Ch-ng 3. Khng gian tn hiu
v iu ch
3.1. iu ch s
Khi pht mt lung s trn knh v tuyn,

cn phi iu ch lung s ny mt sng
mang (th-ng l hm sin) c rng bng tn
hu hn dnh cho knh. Lung s ny c th
l tn hiu u ra ca my tnh hay lung
s PCM -c to ra t ting ni hay hnh nh
s ha. Trong mi tr-ng hp qu trnh
iu ch s bao gm vic kha chuyn bin
, tn s hay pha ca sng mang theo lung
s vo. V vy tn ti ba ph-ng php iu
ch truyn dn s: iu ch kha
chuyn bin (ASK: Amplitude Shift Keying),
iu ch kha chuyn tn (FSK: Frequency
Shift Keying) v iu ch kha chuyn pha
(PSK: Phase Shift Keying); cc ph-ng php
iu ch ny c th coi nh- tr-ng hp c
bit ca iu ch bin , iu ch tn s
v iu ch pha.
Trong ch-ng ny ta x xt cc k thut
iu ch s: kh nng chng tp m ca
chng, cc tnh cht ph, cc -u im v cc
hn ch ca chng, cc ng dng v cc vn
khc.Ta bt u phn ny bng trnh
by tng quan cc khun dng iu ch khc
nhau dnh cho cc nh thit k cc h thng
s khc nhau.
Cc khun dng iu ch s.
iu ch s -c xem nh- l qu trnh m

trong mt c tnh no ca sng
mang -c thay i theo mt sng iu ch.
Chng hn mt sng mang hm sin biu th
theo cng thc 4.1, c ba thng s sau y c
th thay i: bin , tn s v pha:
S(t) = A cos(ct + )

trong :
c = 2 fc l tn s gc ca sng mang, fc
l tn s sng mang cn (t) l pha.
Nu s dng tn hiu thng tin thay
i bin A, tn s sng mang fc v pha
(t) ta -c iu bin, iu tn v iu pha
t-ng ng.
Nu tn hiu -a n iu ch cc
thng s ni trn l tn hiu lin tc th ta
-c tr-ng hp iu ch t-ng t. Nu tn
hiu iu ch cc thng s ni trn l s th
iu ch -c gi l iu ch s.
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37
Hnh 3.1. Cc dng sng iu ch: a) Kha chuyn bin (ASK); b) Kha chuyn
pha (PSK); c) Kha chuyn tn s (FSK).
Nh ta thy hnh 3.1, l tng PSK v FSK c hnh bao khng i. c im ny cho
php chng khng b nh hng ca tnh phi tuyn thng gp thng tin vi mt t s v v
tinh.s. V vy thng FSK v PSK hay c s dng hn ASK. Tuy nhin c th tng dung
lng ng truyn dn s khi bng tn ca knh v tuyn c hn ngi ta s dng iu ch kha
chuyn pha v kho chuyn bin kt hp, phng php iu ch ny c gi l iu ch cu
phng hay bin vung gc (QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation).
Trong trng hp iu ch M trng thi tng qut, b iu ch to ra mt tp hp M=2
m
k
hiu tu theo t hp m bit ca lung s liu ngun. iu ch nh phn l trng hp c bit ca
iu ch M-trng thi trong M=2.
Trong dng sng c v hnh 3.1, mt trong cc c tnh ca ca sng mang (bin ,
tn s hoc pha) b iu bin. Nh trn ni i khi c hai c tnh ca sng mang u thay i
to ra iu ch cu phng QAM.
Trong thng tin s thut ng tch sng v gii iu ch thng c s dng hon i cho
nhau, mc d thut ng gii iu ch nhn mnh vic tch tn hiu iu ch ra khi sng mang
cn tch sng bao hm c qu trnh quyt nh chn k hiu thu.
Gii iu ch my thu c th thc hin theo hai dng: gii iu ch nht qun hoc khng
nht qun. dng gii iu ch nht qun l tng, bn sao chnh xc tn hiu pht phi c my
thu. Ngha l my thu phi bit chnh xc pha chun ca sng mang, trong trng hp ny ta ni
my thu c kha pha n my pht. Tch sng tng quan c thc hin bng cch thc hin
tng quan cho tn hiu thu c v mt trong cc mu ni trn, sau thc hin quyt nh
bng cch so snh vi mt mu cho trc. Mt khc gii iu ch khng nht qun khng cn
thit phi hiu bit pha ca sng mang. V vy phc tp ca my thu c gim bt nhng b
li l kh nng chng li thp hn so vi gii iu ch nht qun.
Ta thy rng tn ti rt nhiu s iu ch/tch sng dnh cho ngi thit k h thng
thng tin s truyn dn lung s trn knh bng thng. Mi s c cc u nhc im ring
ca mnh. Vic la chn cui cng ca ngi thit k ph thuc vo: ti nguyn thng tin, cng
sut pht v rng knh. Chng hn vic la chn c th thin v s phi m bo nhiu mc
ch thit k di y:
1. Tc s liu cc i.
2. Xc sut li k hiu cc tiu.
3. Cng sut pht cc tiu.
4. rng knh cc tiu.
5. Kh nng chng nhiu cc i.
6. Mc phc tp ca mch cc tiu.
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38
Mt s cc mc tiu ni trn i lp vi nhau: chng hn mc tiu (1), (2) i lp vi mc
tiu (3) v (4). V vy phi la chn mt gii php dung ha tha mn cng nhiu cc mc tiu
ni trn cng tt.
cc phn di y ta s xt cc phng php iu ch khc nhau s dng th tc trc
giao Gram-Schimidt biu din cc tn hiu ny vo khng gian tn hiu
3.4. KHNG GIAN TN HIU
thng tin s lung s iu ch c chia thnh cc k hiu m
i
, i = 1, 2, . . ., M trc khi
iu ch cho sng mang c cc tn hiu s
i
(t). Tp cc sng mang c iu ch s
i
(t) c th
c trnh by dng cc vect trong khng gian tn hiu theo cc quy tc c trnh by di
y.
Mt tp hu hn M tn hiu nng lng gi tr thc s
1
(t), s
2
(t), ....., s
M
(t) vi mi tn hiu c
di T, c th c trnh by bng t hp tuyn tnh ca N M hm trc giao chun c s
1
(t),

2
(t), ....... ,
N
(t) gi tr thc trong tp tn hiu nh sau:

11 1j 1N
1
i1 ij iN j
MN Mj MN N
s s s
(t)
s s s (t)
s s s (t)

f

= f

f

K K
MO MO M M
K K
MO MO M M
K L
S (3.2a)
= [ ]
1 i M
s (t) s (t) s (t) K K (3.2b)
trong ma trn th nht trong (3.2a) l ma trn h s ca cc tn hiu trong tp tn hiu (y
cng l ma trn ta ca cc vect im tn hiu trong khng gian tn hiu), ma trn th hai
trong (3.2a) l ma trn cc vect n v xc nh chiu ca khng gian tn hiu, ma trn trong
(3.2b) l ma trn cc tn hiu trong tp tn hiu, trong mi tn hiu s c mt im tn hiu
trong khng gian tn hiu.
Mi tn hiu s
i
(t) trong tp tn hiu c xc nh nh sau:

N
i ij j
j 1
0 t T
s (t) s (t)
i 1, 2,.... , M
=

= f
(3.3)
trong h s khai trin c xc nh nh sau:

=
=
=
T
j i ij
N , . . . . , , j
M , . . . . , , i
dt ) t ( ) t ( s s
0
2 1
2 1
(3.4)
trong
j
(t) l hm trc giao chun xc nh vect n v ca khng gian tn hiu.
Cc hm trc giao chun c s xc nh vect chun trong khng gian tn hiu tho mn
iu kin sau:
Deleted: thng tin s tn hiu -a ln
iu ch l mt lung nh phn hay dng
-c m ha vo M-mc ca ca lung nh
phn ny. Trong tr-ng hp iu ch s tn
hiu iu ch cng lm thay i bin ,
tn s, hay pha ca sng mang vi cc tn gi
t-ng ng l: iu ch kha chuyn bin
(ASK), iu ch kha chuyn tn (FSK),
iu ch kha chuyn pha (PSK) (xem th
d hnh 3.1).
0 1 1 0
a)
b)
c)
Hnh 3.1. Cc dng sng iu ch: a) Kha

chuyn bin (ASK); b) Kha chuyn
pha (PSK); c) Kha chuyn tn s (FSK).
Nh- ta thy hnh 3.1, l t-ng PSK v

FSK c hnh bao khng i. c im ny
cho php chng khng b nh h-ng ca tnh
phi tuyn th-ng gp thng tin vi ba s v
v tinh. V vy th-ng FSK v PSK hay -c
s dng hn ASK. Tuy nhin c th tng
dung l-ng -ng truyn dn s khi bng tn
ca knh v tuyn c hn ng-i ta s dng
iu ch kha chuyn pha v kho chuyn
bin kt hp, ph-ng php iu ch ny -c
gi l iu ch cu ph-ng hay bin
vung gc (QAM: Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation).
Trong tr-ng hp iu ch M trng thi tng
qut, b iu ch to ra mt tp hp M=2
m
k
hiu tu theo t hp m bit ca lung s liu
ngun. iu ch c s hai l tr-ng hp c
bit ca iu ch M-trng thi trong
M=2.
Trong dng sng -c v hnh 3.1, mt
trong cc c tnh ca ca sng mang (bin
... [37]
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39

ij
0
( ) ( )
T
i j
t t dt =
(3.5)
trong

ij
1
j
=
=

nu i j
0 nu i
(3.6)
c gi l hm delta Kronecker.
Tng ng mi tn hiu trong tp {s
i
(t)} c th c xc nh bng mt vect theo cc h
s ca n nh sau:
s
i
= [ ]
i1 i 2 iN
s s s K i= 1, 2, . . . , M (3.7)
Vect s
i
c gi l vect tn hiu. Khng gian cha vect ny c gi l khng gian
clit N chiu. Ta c th biu th tp cc vect {s
i
} ny bng tp M im trong khng gian clit
N chiu c cc trc l
1
,
2
, . . . ,
N.
. Khng gian clit N chiu ny c gi l khng gian tn
hiu.
Th d v khng gian tn hiu vi N=3 c cho trn hnh 3.2.
i
s
1
( ) t
2
( ) t
3
( ) t
i1
s
i2
s
i3
s

Hnh 3.2. Khng gian vect tn hiu ba chiu
S to ra tn hiu s
i
(t) c cho hnh 3.3.
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,1 i
s
,2 i
s
, i N
s
( )
i
s t
1
( ) t
2
( ) t
( )
N
t

Hnh 3.3. To tn hiu truyn dn s
i
(t)
Trong khng gian tn hiu ta c th xc nh di vect v gc gia cc vect. di ca
vect xc nh nh sau:
||s
i
|| = (s
i
.s
i
)
1/2
=
=
N
j
ij
s
1
2
(3.8)
Cosin ca gc gia hai vect c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
(s
i
.s
j
) /||s
i
||.||s
j
|| (3.9)
C th chng minh rng nng lng ca mi tn hiu s
i
(t) trong khong T bng bnh
phng di vect ca n:
E
i
=
=
N
j
ij
s
1
2
(3.10)
Khong cch clit gia hai vect tn hiu s
i
v s
k
c xc nh nh sau:
||s
i
-s
k
|| = [ ] dt t s t s s s
T
k i kj
N
j
ij
2
0
2
1
) ( ) ( ) (

=
=
(3.11)
Nu hai tn hiu s
i
(t) v s
k
(t) trc giao th:
||s
i
-s
k
|| = (E
i
+E
k
)
1/2
(3.12)
3.5. P NG CA CC B TNG QUAN LN TP M
Tn hiu thu c u vo ca cc b tng quan (xem hnh 3.4) s l tng ca tn hiu
pht s
i
(t) vi tp m trng Gauss trng cng x(t):
y
i
(t) = s
i
(t) + x (t) , 0tT , i = 1, 2, . . . , M (3.13)
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41
1
( ) t
2
( ) t
( )
N
t
(.)
T
dt
(.)
T
dt
(.)
T
dt
( ) ( ) ( )
i i i
y t s t x t = +
,1 1 i
s x +
,2 2 i
s x +
, i N N
s x +

Hnh 3.4. Tn hiu u ra ca b tng quan
Ta c th biu din tn hiu v tp m trong khng gian tn hiu nh trn hnh 3.5.
i
s
1
( ) t
2
( ) t
3
( ) t
i1
s
i2
s
i3
s
y

Hnh 3.5. Biu din tn hiu v tp m trong khng gian tn hiu
Tn hiu u ra ca cc b tng quan s l mt bin ngu nhin c xc nh nh sau:
y
J
=
0
( ) ( ) )
T
j
y t t dt
= s
j
+ x
J
, j = 1, 2, . . ., N (3.14)
trong thnh phn th nht nhn c t tn hiu pht:
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42
s
ij
=
0
( ) ( )
T
i j
s t t dt
(3.15)
Cn thnh phn th hai l mt bin ngu nhin gy ra do tp m:
x
j
=
0
( ) ( ) )
T
j
x t t dt
(3.16)
Do gi tr trung bnh ca bin ngu nhin x(t) bng khng, nn gi tr trung bnh ca y
j

c

xc nh nh sau:
m
yj
= E[y
j
] = E[s
ij
+ x
j
] = s
ij
(3.17)
v phng sai ca y
j
bng:

2
yj
= E[(y
j
-s
ij
)
2
] = E[x
j
2
] (3.18)
T phng trnh (3.16) ta c:

2
0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
j
T T
y j j
E x t t dt x u u du

=

0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
T T
j j
E t u x t x u dtdu

=

= [ ]
0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
T T
j j
t u E x t x u dtdu

=
0 0
( ) ( ) ( , )
T T
j j x
t u t u dtdu

=
0
0 0
( ) ( ) ( )
2
T T
j j
N
t u t u dtdu

=
2 0
0
( )
2
T
j
N
t dt

Vy:
2
0 2
N
yj
= i vi mi j (3.19)
Lu rng cc bin i trn ta s dung cng thc sau y cho hm tng quan ca tp
m trng:
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x
(t,u) =
) u t (
N

2
0

Nu ta nh ngha vect ca N u ra b tng quan:
[ ]
1 2 N
y y y = y K (3.20)
th ta c th vit mt xc sut c iu kin khi pht i k hiu m
i
v thu c vect y
nh l tch ca N hm mt xc sut thnh phn :
f
Y
(y|m
i
) =
=
N
j
i j Y
) m | y ( f
j
1
(3.21)
V Y
j
l mt bin ngu nhin Gaus c trung bnh s
nn:
f
j
(y
j
|m
i
) =
2
0 0
1 1
) s y (
N
exp
N
ij j
, j=1, 2, . . . , N
i=1, 2, . . . , M (3.22)
v:
f
Y
(y|m
i
) = [ ]
N
J
ij j
N
s y
N
N
2
0
2 /
0
) (
1
exp ) ( , i = 1, 2, . . . , M (3.23)
3.6. B TCH SNG KH GING NHT
Nhim v ca b tch sng kh ging nht l phi c tnh c k hiu thu m' vi xc sut
li nh nht so vi k hiu c pht m
i
. Xc sut li k hiu trung bnh khi a ra quyt nh
ny c th c biu din n gin nh sau:
P
e
(m
i
,y) = P(m
i
khng pht | y) =1- P(m
i
c pht | y) (3.24)
trong y l tng vect ca tn hiu c pht v tp m.
gim ti a li, quy tc quyt nh chn m
i
nh sau:
Quyt m'=m
i
, nu
P(m
i
pht | y) P(m
k
pht | y), cho tt c ki
k=1,2...,M. (3.25)
Quy tc quyt nh ny c gi l cc i xc sut hu nh (MAP: Maximum a Posteriori
Probability).
Theo quy tc Bayes ta c th vit:
Quyt m'=m
i
nu

) y ( P
) m | y ( P p
k k
hay
) y ( f
) m | y ( f p
Y
k Y k
cc i khi k=i (3.26)
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trong p
k
l xc sut tin nh ca vic xut hin k hiu m
k
(xc sut pht k hiu m
k
) cn f
Y
(y)
v f
Y
(y | m
k
) l hm mt xc sut ca pht k hiu m
k
v thu y khi pht m
k
.
V P(y) v f
Y
(y) khng ph thuc vo tn hiu pht nn ta c:
Quyt m'=m
i
nu
P(y| m
k
) hay f
Y
(y|m
k
) cc i khi k=i (3.27)
y l quy tc quyt nh theo kh nng ging nht v P(y|m
i
) hay f
Y
(y|m
i
) c gi l hm
kh nng ging. Ni dung ca quy tc ny l b tch sng s quyt nh chn m
i
nu hm kh nng
ging l cc i. tin li hm kh nng ging thng c s dng dng logrit t nhin:
Quyt m'=m
i
nu
lnP(y|m
k
) hay lnf
Y
(y|m
k
) cc i khi k=i (3.28)
Cc hm lnP(y|m
k
) v lnf
Y
(y|m
k
) c gi l cc hm log kh nng ging
3.7. TNH TON XC SUT LI TRUYN DN TRONG KNH TP
M GAUSS TRNG CNG, AWGN
tnh ton xc sut li ta chia khng gian tn hiu thu thnh M vng {Z
i
, i=1,2,....,M},
trong Z
i
l vng m xc sut thu c tn hiu y khi pht k hiu m
i
ln nht :
P(m
k
c pht | y) = max, khi k = i
Nu p
k
l xc sut pht m
k
th theo quy tc Bayes ta c:

) y ( f
) m | y ( f p
Y
k Y k
= max khi k = i (3.29)
khi coi rng xc sut pht cc k hiu m
k
p
k
u nh nhau:
f
Y
(x|m
k
) = max, khi k = i (3.30)
Li tn hiu xy ra khi pht i m
i
nhng im vect ca tn hiu thu y khng ri vo vng
Z
i
. Xc sut li k hiu trung bnh P
e
, khi coi rng xc sut pht cc k hiu nh nhau, bng:

=
=
M
i
i e
( P ) m ( P P
1
y
khng nm trong vng Z
i
| m
i
c pht)
=
=
M
i
( P
M 1
1
y
khng nm trong vng Z
i
| m
i
c pht)
= 1-

=
M
i
Z
Y
i
y ( f
M 1
1
nm trong Z
i
| m
i
c pht)
= 1 -
=
M
i
Z
i Y
i
dy ) m | y ( f
M 1
1
(3.31)
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Trong cc phn di y ta s xt mt s s iu ch thng c s dng trong thng
tin vi ba s. Cc s ny c th chia thnh cc s iu ch nht qun v khng nht qun.
i vi cc s iu ch nht qun, sng mang ti phi thu c khi phc bi b khi phc
sng mang, cn i vi cc s khng nht qun khng cn thit khi phc sng mang pha
thu. B li s khng nht qun thng mc li bit nhiu hn s nht qun.
3.8. IU CH V GII IU CH PSK NH PHN HAY HAI TRNG
THI (BPSK) NHT QUN
Trong mt h thng iu ch BPSK (Binary phase shift keying) nht qun cp cc tn hiu
s
1
(t), s
2
(t) c s dng trnh by cc k hiu nh phn 0 v 1 c nh ngha nh sau:
s
i
(t) =
b
b
T
E 2
cos[2f
c
t+(t)+], (t)= (i-1), 0tT
b
, i=1,2 (3.32)
hay:
s
1
(t)=
b
b
T
E 2
cos(2f
c
t+) (3.33a)
s
2
(t)=
b
b
T
E 2
cos(2f
c
t++)=-
b
b
T
E 2
cos(2f
c
t+). (3.33b)
trong :
T
b
l rng ca mt bit , E
b
l nng lng ca mt bit, (t) l gc pha thay i theo tn
hiu iu ch, l gc pha ban u c gi tr khng i t 0 n 2 v khng nh hng ln qu
trnh phn tch nn ta t bng khng, i=1 tng ng vi pht i k hiu 0 v i=2 tng ng vi
pht i k hiu 1.
Mt cp sng mang hm sin i pha 180
0
nh trnh by trn c gi l cc tn hiu i
cc.
T cc phng trnh (3.32) v (3.33) ta thy rng ch c mt hm n v nng lng c s
l:

1
(t) =
2
T
b
cos(2f
c
t) 0t<T
b
(3.34)
Khi ny ta c th khai trin cc tn hiu s
1
(t), s
2
(t) theo
1
(t) nh sau:
s
1
(t) = E
b

1
(t) 0t<T
b
(3.35)
s
2
(t) = - E
b

1
(t) 0t<T
b
(3.36)
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Vy h thng PSK nh phn c c trng bi mt khng gian tn hiu mt chiu (N=1)
vi hai im bn tin (M=2) nh c v hnh 3.6. Ta ca cc im bn tin bng:
s
11
=
1 1
0
( ) ( )
b
T
s t t dt
=
b
E (3.37)
v:
s
21
=
2 1
0
( ) ( )
b
T
s t t dt
= -
b
E (3.38)
im bn tin "0" tng ng s
1
(t) c t s
11
=+ E
b
v im bn tin "1" tng ng vi
s
2
(t) c t s
21
=- E
b
.
b
E b
E
2
Z Vng
1
Z Vng
1

Hnh 3.6. Biu khng gian tn hiu cho h thng iu ch PSK c s hai
quyt nh tn hiu thu c l 0 hay 1 ta chia khng gian tn hiu thnh hai vng:
1. Tp hp cc im gn im bn tin + E
b
nht (tng ng vi "0"): Z
1
.
2. Tp cc im gn im bn tin - E
b
nht (tng ng vi "1" :Z
2
.
Ta thc hin iu ni trn bng cch dng mt im nm gia ng ni hai im bn tin
ni trn, sau nh du vng quyt nh. Trn hnh 4.2 cc vng quyt nh c nh du bng
Z
1
v Z
2
.
By gi quy tc quyt nh l d on tn hiu l s
1
(t) hay "0" c pht nu tn hiu thu ri
vo vng Z
1
v l s
2
(t) hay "1" nu tn hiu thu ri vo vng Z
2
. Tuy nhin c th xy ra hai quyt
nh sai. Tn hiu s
2
(t) c pht, tuy nhin do tc dng ca tp m tn hiu thu ri vo vng Z
1
v
v th my thu quyt nh thin v s
1
(t). Ngc li tn hiu s
1
(t) c pht, nhng do tc dng ca
tp m tn hiu thu ri vo vng Z
2
v v th my thu quyt nh thin v s
2
(t).
tnh ton xc sut gy ra mt li ca loi 1 ta nhn thy rng hnh 1.4 vng quyt nh
lin quan ti s
1
(t) hay "0" c trnh by nh sau:
Z
1
: 0<y
1
<
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trong y
1
l i lng v hng quan trc nh sau:
y
1
= 1
0
( ) ( )
b
T
y t t dt
(3.39)
trong y(t) l tn hiu thu. Ta c th rt ra hm xc sut phn b xc sut khi k hiu 1 hay tn
hiu s
2
(t) c truyn nh sau:
f
Y1
(y
1
|1) =
( )
2
1 21
0 0
y s
1
exp
N N

-

-

p

( )

=
2
1
0 0
1 1
b
E y
N
exp
N
(3.40)
trong : f
Y1
(y
1
|1) l hm mt xc sut c iu kin khi pht 1 qua mt knh tp m trng cng
Gauss l tng (AWGN) thu c x
1
, s
21
tng ng vi tn hiu pht (iu ch) ca bit 1.
Xc sut c iu kin m my thu quyt nh thin v k hiu 0 khi k hiu 1 c pht s
l:
P
e
(0|1) =
0
1 1
) 1 | (
1
dy y f
Y

=
1
0
N

0
exp [-
0
1
N
(y
1
+ E
b
)
2
] dy
1
(3.41)
t :
z=
1
0
2
( )
b
y E
N
+ (3.42)
v thay i bin tch phn x
1
thnh z ta c th vit li phng trnh (3.41) dng sau:

P
e
(0|1) =
2 / 2
0
2
1
2
b
z
E
N
e dz

= Q

0
2
N
E
b
(3.43)
trong : Q(.) l hm Q thng c cho dng bng.
Tng t ta c th ch ra rng P
e
(1|0), xc sut c iu kin m my thu quyt nh thin v
1 khi k hiu 0 c pht cng s c cng gi tr nh ptr (3.43) . Vy sau khi ly trung bnh
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48
cng cc xc sut P
e
(0|1) v P
e
(1|0) ta c xc sut li k hiu trung bnh i vi iu ch nh
phn l :
P
e
=Q

0
2
N
E
b
(3.44)
Cn lu rng cc trng hp m khng gian tn hiu c phn chia i xng nh
hnh 3.6 th cc xc sut li k hiu c iu kin v xc sut li k hiu trung bnh s c cng gi
tr.
to ra sng iu ch BPSK chui bit b(t) u vo n cc c chuyn i vo dng
lng cc vi 1 tng ng -E v 0 tng ng +E bng cch a chui ny qua b bin i mc
(hnh 3.7 a). Dng tn hiu nh phn ny cng vi sng mang hm sin a n t b dao ng ni
pht (TLO: Transmitter local oscillator) (
1
(t) tn s f
c
) c a n b iu ch nhn . u ra
ca b iu ch ta nhn c sng BPSK mong mun.
ly ra chui bit ban u bao gm cc s '1' v '0' (chui ny c gi l chui c tnh
v c k hiu l
( ) b t ), ta a sng BPSK b tp m y(t) ( u ra ca knh) n mt b tng

quan, ng thi n b ny cng c a tn hiu nht qun
1
(t) (hnh 3.7b) c to ra t b
dao ng ni thu (RTO: Receiver local oscillator) da trn song mang nhn c t b khi phc
sng mang. Thi im khi u tch phn cho mt bit c ng b bi mch khi phc xung
nh thi. Tn hiu y
1
u ra ca b tng quan c ly mu theo chu k bit (thi im ly
mu t
2
cc ng b bi b nh thi) v so snh vi mt ngng in p 0 Vn. Nu y
1
>0 th
my thu quyt nh thin v 0 cn ngc li n quyt nh thin v 1.
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49
0
b
E
1
b
E
c
2
os(2 f )
b
c t
T

c
2
os(2 f )
b
c t
T

1
1
(.)
b
t T
t
dt
+
( ) b t
1
y

Hnh 3.7. S khi my pht BPSK (a) v my thu BPSK (b)
3.9. IU CH V GII IU CH PSK BN TRNG THI HAY
VUNG GC (QPSK) NHT QUN
Cng nh BPSK iu ch QPSK (Quadrature phase shift keying) c c trng bi vic
thng tin ca lung s c truyn i bng pha ca sng mang. Ta c th vit cng thc cho sng
mang c iu ch QPSK nh sau:
s
i
(t) =
[ ]
4
) 1 2 ( ) (
; 0 , 0
0 , ) ( 2 cos
2
< <
+ +
i t
T t t
T t t t f
T
E
c
(3.45)
trong : i = 1,2,3,4 tng ng vi pht i cc k hiu hai bit: "00", "01", "11" v "10"; E l nng
lng tn hiu pht trn mt k hiu; T=2T
b
l thi gian ca mt k hiu, f
c
l tn s sng mang,
(t) l gc pha c iu ch, l gc pha ban u.
Mi gi tr ca pha tng ng vi hai bit duy nht ca c gi l cp bit. Chng hn ta c
th tp cc gi tr pha biu din tp cc cp bit c m ho Grey nh sau: 10, 00, 01 v 11.
Gc pha ban u c l mt hng s nhn gi tr bt k trong khong 0 n 2, v gc pha ny
khng nh hng n qu trnh phn tch nn ta s t bng khng
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S dng bin i lng gic, ta c th vit li phng trnh (3.45) vo dng tng ng
nh sau:

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
> <

=
T t , t ,
T t , t f cos i cos
T
E
t f sin i sin
T
E
) t ( s
c
c
i
0 0
0 2
4
1 2
2
2
4
1 2
2
(3.46)
trong :
i = 1,2,3,4.
Da trn cng thc trn ta c th a ra cc nhn xt sau:
* Ch c hai hm c s trc giao chun ,
1
(t) v
2
(t) trong biu thc s
i
(t). Dng tng ng
ca cc
1
(t) v
2
(t) c nh ngha nh sau:

1
2
( ) sin(2 ), 0
c
t f t t T
T
= (3.47)
v :

2
2
( ) cos(2 ) , 0
c
t f t t T
T
= (3.48)
* Tn ti bn im bn tin vi cc vect tng ng c xc nh nh sau:

[ ]
( ) ( )
i i1 i 2
s s s
E sin 2i 1 E cos 2i 1 , i 1, 2, 3, 4
4 4
=
p p

= - - =

(3.49)
Cc phn t ca cc vect tn hiu: s
i1
v s
i2
c cc gi tr c tng kt bng 3.1. Hai ct
u ca bng cho ta cc cp bit v pha tng ng ca tn hiu QPSK, trong bit "0" tng ng
vi in p + 2 / E , cn bit "1" tng ng vi in p - 2 / E .
Bng 3.1. Cc vect khng gian tn hiu ca QPSK
Cp bit vo
0 t T
Pha ca tn hiu QPSK
(Radian)
To ca cc im bn tin

s
i1
s
i2

00 /4
+ 2 / E + 2 / E
01 3/4
+ 2 / E - 2 / E
11 5/4
- 2 / E - 2 / E
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10 7/4
- 2 / E + 2 / E

T kho st trn ta thy mt tn hiu QPSK c c trng bi mt trm tn hiu hai
chiu (N=2) v bn im bn tin (M=4) nh hnh 3.8.
E/2
E/2
E/2
E/2
1

Hnh 3.8. Biu khng gian tn hiu cho h thng QPSK nht qun
hiu r hot ng ca QPSK ta xt th d 3.1 di y.
Th d 3.1
Hnh 3.9 cho thy mt lung s a ln iu ch QPSK. Chui nh phn u vo 11000001
c cho hnh 3.9a. Chui ny li c chia thnh hai chui bao gm cc bit l v cc bit chn.
Hai chui ny c biu th cc dng trn cng ca cc hnh 3.9b v 3.9c. Cc dng sng th
hin cc thnh phn ng pha v lch pha vung gc ca QPSK cng c cho cc hnh 3.9b v
3.9c. C th xt ring hai dng sng ny nh cc th d ca mt tn hiu BPSK. Cng chng ta
c dng sng QPSK hnh 3.9d.
Lu rng hnh v 3.9 lgic "1" c bin i vo mc in p - E cn lgic "0" c
bin i vo mc in p + E nh thng gp s thc t.
hiu c nguyn tc quyt nh khi tch sng chui s liu pht, ta phn chia khng
gian nh thnh bn phn nh sau:
* Tp hp ca cc im gn nht im bn tin lin quan vi vect tn hiu s
1
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
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thc hin vic phn chia ni trn ta k hai ng vung gc chia u hnh vung ni cc
im bn tin sau nh du cc vng tng ng (hnh 1.6). Ta c vng quyt nh l cc gc
phn t c nh trng vi gc to . hnh 1.6 cc vng ny c nh s l Z
1
, Z
2
, Z
3
v Z
4
.
Ta c th biu din tn hiu thu c nh sau:

y(t) = s
i
(t) + x(t) , 0 t T , i = 1, 2, 3, 4 (3.50)
trong :
x(t) l hm mu ca mt qu trnh tp m trng c gi tr trung bnh khng v mt
ph cng sut N
0
/2.
Vect quan trc y ca mt my thu QPSK nht qun c hai thnh phn y
1
v y
2
c xc
nh nh sau:

( )
T
1 1
0
1
y y(t) (t)dt
E sin 2i 1 x
4
= f
p
= - +

(3.51)
v:

( )
2
0
2 2
4
1 2 x i cos E
dt ) t ( ) t ( y y
T
+

=
=
(3.52)
trong :
i = 1, 2, 3, 4.
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1 1 i
s
1 i
s
2 i
s
2 2 i
s

Hnh 3.9. Qu trnh hnh thnh sng QPSK. a) Chui nh phn u vo; b) Cc bit l
ca chui nh phn u vo v dng sng BPSK tng ng; c) Cc bit c nh s chn
ca chui nh phn u vo v dng sng BPSK tng ng; d) Dng sng QPSK

Vy y
1
v y
2
l cc gi tr mu ca cc bin ngu nhin Gauss c lp c cc gi tr trung
bnh bng E cos[(2i - 1)/4] v E sin[(2i -1)/4] vi phng sai chung bng N
0
/2.
By gi quy tc quyt nh chung ch n gin l on s
1
(t) c pht nu im tn hiu thu
lin quan n vect y quan trc ri vo vng Z
1
, on s
2
(t) c pht nu im tn hiu thu lin
quan n vect y quan trc ri vo vng Z
2
v.v... S xy ra mt quyt nh sai, khi chng hn tn
hiu s
1
(t) c pht nhng tp m x(t) ln n mc m im tn hiu thu ri ra ngoi vng Z
1
.
Ta nhn thy rng nh tnh i xng ca cc vng quyt nh, xc sut din gii im tn
hiu thu ng khng ph thuc v tn hiu no c pht. Gi s ta bit rng tn hiu s
1
(t) c
pht. My thu s a ra mt quyt nh ng nu im tn hiu thu c trnh by bi vect quan
trc y nm trong vng Z
1
ca biu khng gian tn hiu hnh 3.10. Vy i vi mt quyt
nh ng khi tn hiu s
1
(t) c pht, cc thnh phn ca vect quan trc y : y
1
v y
2
phi cng
dng (hnh 3.10).
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54

Hnh 3.10. Minh ha vng quyt nh ng v quyt nh sai khi tn hiu s
1
(t) c pht

iu ny c ngha rng xc sut ca mt quyt nh ng bng xc sut c iu kin ca s
kin lin hp y
1
>0 v y
2
>0, khi s
1
(t) c pht. V cc bin ngu nhin Y
1
v Y
2
(c cc gi tr
mu tng ng l y
1
v y
2
) c lp vi nhau, nn xc sut quyt nh ng P
c
cng bng tch cc
xc sut c iu kin ca cc s kin y
1
>0 v y
2
>0, khi s
1
(t) c pht. Ngai ra c hai Y
1
v Y
2

u l cc bin ngu nhin c gi tr trung bnh bng 2 / E v phng sai bng N
0
/2. Vy ta c
th vit nh sau:

( )
( )
2
0 0
2
2
0
1
0 0
2
1
0
2 1
2 1
dy
N
/ E y
exp
N
.
dy
N
/ E y
exp
N
P
c
=
(3.53)
trong tch phn th nht v phi l xc sut c iu kin ca s kin y
1
>0 v tch phn th hai
l xc sut c iu kin ca y
2
>0, khi s
1
(t) c pht. t:

0
2
0
1
N
2 / E y
z
N
2 / E y
z
=
(3.54)
Khi ny sau khi thay cc bin y
1
v y
2
bng z ta c th vit li phng trnh 3.50 nh sau:
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55

2
N 2
E
2
c
0
dz ) z exp(
1
P
(3.55)

T nh ngha ca hm li b ta c:

0 2
2
2 2
1
1
1
0
N
E
erfc dz ) z exp(
N / E
(3.56)

Vy ta c:

=
0
2
0
2
0
2 4
1
2
1
2 2
1
1
N
E
erfc
N
E
erfc
N
E
erfc P
c
(3.57)
Vy xc sut trung bnh i vi li k hiu cho trng hp QPSK nht qun c xc nh
nh sau:
P
e
= 1 - P
c

=
0
2
0
2 4
1
2 N
E
erfc
N
E
erfc (3.58)
vng (E/2N
0
) >> 1, ta c th b qua hnh phn th hai v phi ca phng trnh 3.53 v
nhn c cng thc gn ng cho xc sut trung bnh ca li k hiu i vi QPSK nht qun
nh sau:

=
0
2N
E
erfc P
e

=
0
2
N
E
Q (3.59)
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56
h thng QPSK ta thy rng c hai bit trn mt k hiu. iu ny c ngha rng nng
lng c pht trn mt k hiu gp hai ln nng lng trn mt bit, ngha l:
E = 2E
b
(3.60)
Vy khi biu din xc sut trung bnh ca li k hiu theo t s E
b
/N
0
, ta c:

=
0
N
E
erfc P
b
c

=
0
2
2
N
E
Q
b
(3.61)
Lu rng do mi k hiu bao gm hai bit c truyn c lp vi nhau nn xc sut li
bit trong h thng QPSK s ch bng 1/2 xc sut li k hiu trong trng trnh (3.61).
By gi ta i xt qu trnh iu ch v gii iu ch QPSK. Hnh 3.11a cho thy s khi
ca mt b iu ch QPSK in hnh.
Lung s nh phn vo b(t) c trnh by c b phn lung chia thnh hai lung c lp
cha cc bit chn v l. Hai lung s ny c k hiu l b
1
(t) v b
2
(t). B chuyn i mc
chuyn i cc k hiu 0 v 1 vo lng cc tng ng vi + / 2 E v - / 2 E V. Ta thy rng
mi khong thi gian ca tn hiu iu ch, a ln b nhn l s
i1
v s
i2
. Hai lung ny c s
dng iu ch cp sng mang vung gc hay cc hm c s trc giao:
2
(t) bng T / 2 cos
(2f
c
t) c a n t b dao ng ni pht (TLO) v
1
(t) bng - T / 2 sin(2f
c
t) nhn c
b TLO sau khi quay pha /2. Kt qu nhn c cp sng BPSK, c th tch sng c lp cho
hai sng ny v tnh trc giao ca
1
(t) v
2
(t). Sau o hai sng BPSK c cng vi nhau to
ra sng QPSK. Lu rng di k hiu T ca sng QPSK gp hai ln di ca mt bit. Vy
khi cho trc tc bit 1/T
b
, mt sng QPSK i hi rng bng tn truyn dn bng mt na
rng bng tn ca mt sng BPSK.
B gii iu ch QPSK bao gm mt cp cc b tng quan c chung mt u vo v c
cp ti ch mt cp tn hiu chun
1
(t) v
2
(t) (xem hnh 3.11b). Cc sng chun ny c to
ra t b dao ng ni thu (RLO) hot ng di s iu khin ca b khi phc sng mang. Lu
rng
1
(t) nhn c t u ra ca b quay pha /2 c th trc giao vi
1
(t). Thi im bt
u ly tch phn cho mt k hiu, v thi im ly mu cho k hiu c ng b bng mch
khi phc nh thi. Cc u ra ca b tng quan (y
1
v y
2
) c so snh vi mt ngng 0 V.
Nu y
1
>0 th quyt nh c thc hin thin v k hiu 0 i vi u ra ca knh ng pha pha
trn, nhng nu y
1
< 0 th quyt nh thin v k hiu 1. Tng t nu y
2
> 0 th quyt nh thin
v k hiu 0 i vi u ra ca knh vung gc pha di, nhng nu x
2
< 0 th quyt inh thin
v 1. Cui cng hai chui nh phn ni trn cc u ra ca cc knh ng pha (I: Inphase) v
vung gc (Q: Quadrature) c kt hp b ghp lung to li chui nh phn u vo b
iu ch vi xc sut li k hiu cc tiu.
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57
Lung nh
phn n cc
c
2
os(2 f ) c t
T

TLO
Tn hiu iu
ch QPSK
RLO
c
2
os(2 f ) c t
T

Timing
recovery
t1
b(t)
2
( ) b t
a)
b)
t2
Demux
0 / 2 E
1 / 2 E
Mapping
0 / 2 E
1 / 2 E
Mapping
/ 2
c
2
sin(2 f ) t
T

b1(t)
b2(t)
Mapping: chuyn i mc
TLO: Transmitter local oscillator :b dao ng ni pht
RLO: Receiver local oscillator: b dao ng ni thu
Carrier recovery: khi phc sng mang
Timing recovery: khi phc nh thi
MUX: Ghp lung
DEMUX: Phn lung
K hiu
1
1
(.)
t T
t
dt
+
>
<
0
1
0
Mch quyt
nh
Ly mu
1
1
(.)
t T
t
dt
+
1
y >
<
0
1
0
Mch quyt
nh
Ly mu
/ 2
c
2
sin(2 f ) t
T

y1
y2
y2
1
( ) b t
Carrier
recovery
MUX
y(t)
( ) b t
Lung
bit ra

Hnh 3.11. S khi h thng QPSK. a) iu ch QPSK; b) Gii iu ch QPSK nht qun.
3.10. IU CH OQPSK
Mt trong cc u im ca QPSK l sng mang sau iu ch ch thay i pha ch khng
thay i bin. Tuy nhin iu ch QPSK lm thay i pha sng mang gia hai k hiu. S thay
i ny c th ln v bng nh trn hnh 3.12. Qu trnh qu ca cc mch in do s thay
i ny c th dn n iu bin k sinh a b khuych i vo vng bo ha dn n mo phi
tuyn. C th khc phc nhc im ny c th s dng b i vng tuyn tnh tuy nhin iu
ny dn n tiu tn nhiu cng sut.

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b0=1 b2=-1 b4=-1 b6=1
b1=1 b3=-1 b5=1 b7=1
Thay i pha
2Tb 4Tb
6Tb 8Tb
Tb 3Tb 5Tb
7Tb
Hnh 3.12. Thay i pha ca sng QPSK
khc phc nhc im ny ngi ta c th s dng gii php a thm phn t tr T
b
vo mt trong hai nhnh iu ch BPSK ca s iu ch 3.11. S iu ch ny c gi
l OQPSK (Offset QPSK: QPSK dch thi) c cho trn hnh 3.13.
c
2
os(2 f ) c t
T

0 / 2 E
1 / 2 E
0 / 2 E
1 / 2 E
/ 2
c
2
sin(2 f ) t
T

Hnh 3.13. S iu ch OQPSK.
Dng sng u vo dch thi v u ra b iu ch OQPSK c cho trn hnh 3.14 vi gi
thit rng cc bit l c a ln nhnh trn (nhnh Q) cn cc bit chn c a xung nhnh
di (nhnh I).

Formatted: Font: Bold, Vietnamese
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Hnh 3.14. Dng sng dch thi u vo (a) v dng sng u ra ca OQPSK
T hnh 3.14, ta thy nh dch thi, thay i pha ch c th t c bng hai ln thay
i /2, v th lai b c thay i pha ln.
3.11. GMSK
Trong phn trc ta ch ra rng OQPSK nhn c t tr lung s liu Q (d
1
(t)) mt bit
hay T
b
giy so vi lung I (d
2
(t)). Tr ny khng nh hng ln li bit v bng thng.
Ta c th nhn c MSK (Minimum Shift Keying: kha chuyn pha cc tiu) t OQPSK
bng cch thay th xung ch nht trong bin xung trn hnh 3.14a bng hm sin hoc cos nh
hnh 3.15.
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60
2
( ) cos
2
t
d t
t
1
( ) sin
2
t
d t
t

Hnh 3.15. Chuyn i xung vung thnh cc hm sin v cos trong MSK
Tnh hiu MSK c nh nghi nh sau:

1
2
( ) ( ) sin sin(2 )
2
i c
b b
s t d t t f t
T T

=

2
2
( ) cos cos(2 )
2
c
b b
d t t f t
T T

+

0tT
b
(3.62)
trong cc d
1
(t) v d
2
(t) xc nh trong cc khong thi gian nh sau:

1
1
1
, ( ) 0
( ) , 0 2
, ( ) 1
b
b
b
E b t
d t t T
E b t
nu
nu

2
2
2
, ( ) 0
( ) ,
, ( ) 1
b
b
b
E b t
d t T t T
E b t
nu
nu

Khng gian tn hiu tn hiu MSK l khng gian hai chiu vi cc hm trc giao c s
c nh ngha nh sau:
( )
1
2
( ) sin .sin 2 , 0 2
2
c b
b b
t t f t t T
T T

=

(3.63)
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Deleted: Th d
Hnh 3.9 cho thy mt lung s -a ln iu

ch QPSK. Chui nh phn u vo
11000001 -c cho hnh 3.9a. Chui ny li
-c chia thnh hai chui bao gm cc bit l
v cc bit chn. Hai chui ny -c biu th
cc dng trn cng ca cc hnh 3.9b v 3.9c.
Cc dng sng th hin cc thnh phn ng
pha v lch pha vung gc ca QPSK cng
-c cho cc hnh 3.9b v 3.9c. C th xt
ring hai dang sng ny nh- cc th d ca mt
tn hiu BPSK. Cng chng ta -c dng sng
QPSK hnh 3.9d.
L-u rng hnh v 3.9 lgic "1" -c bin
... [85]
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61
v:
( )
2
2
( ) cos .cos 2 ,
2
c b b
b b
t t f t T t T
T T

=

(3.64)
Lu rng c hai
1
(t) v
2
(t) u c nh nghi cho khong thi gian gp hai ln
rng ca mt bit. iu ny cn thit m bo cho chng tho mn iu kin trc giao.
Chm tn hiu MSK c th hin trong khng gian hai chiu v cc im tn hiu c
xc nh bi cc ta nh sau:

2
1 1
0
1
( ) ( )
( ), 0 2
b
T
i
b
s s t t dt
d t t T
=
=
(3.65)

2 2
2
( ) ( )
( ),
b
b
T
i
T
b b
s s t t dt
d t T t T
=
=
(3.66)
Bng 3.2 cho thy cc gi tr (0), (T
b
) v s
1
, s
2
tng ng c tnh ton trong cc
khong thi gian 0 t 2 T
b
v -T
b
t T
b
.
Bng 3.2. c tnh khng gian tn hiu cu MSK.
To ca cc im bn tin Cp bit vo
0 t T
b

Pha ca tn hiu QPSK
(Radian)
s
i1
s
i2

00 /4
+ E + E
01 3/4
+ E - E
11 5/4
- E - E
10 7/4
- E + E
Hnh 3.16. cho thy biu khng gian ca MSK.
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b
E
b
E
b
E
b
E

Hnh 3.16. Biu khng gian tn hiu MSK
Ta c th vit li phng trnh (3.62) gn hn nh sau:
[ ]
0
2
( ) cos 2 ( )
b
i c
b
E
s t f t t
T
= + + (3.67)
trong (t) c xc nh nh sau:
(t) = k t iT
i i
i
( )
(3.68)
trong : chui bit a ln iu ch l {.... b
i-1
, b
i
, b
i+1
}
k
i
= 1 nu b
i
= b
i-1
k
i
= -1 nu b
i
b
i-1
i
(t) =
2
b
t
T
, T
b
l khong thi gian ca bit, cn
0
l gc pha ban u
MSK thng c s dng dng iu ch vi sai trong cc bit u vo {X
i
} c m
ha vi sai nh sau: b
i
b
i-1
=X
i
(3.69)
S thay i gc pha iu ch MSK cng dn n thay i tn s theo quan h sau:
2f = d(t)/dt (3.70)
trong : (t) = 2f
c
t

+(t)+
0
.
Nu chui bit a ln iu ch khng i (ton s 1 hoc ton s 0 ) ta c tn s sau:
2f
1
= 2f
c
+
2
b
T
hay f
1
= f
c
+
1
4
b
T
(3.71)
Nu chui bit a ln iu ch thay i lun phin (1,0,1,0..) th ta c tn s:
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2f
2
= 2f
c
-
2
b
T
hay f
2
=f
c
+
1
4
b
T
(3.72)
thu hp ph tn ca tn hiu iu ch lung bit a ln iu ch c a qua b lc Gauss.
S khi ca b iu ch GMSK c cho hnh 3.17.
Quan h gia cc bit s liu vo b
i
, b
i-1
vi cc bit X u ra b XOR v cc bit d
i
u ra
b chuyn i mc c cho bng 3.3.
Bng 3.3. Quan h gia cc bit b
i
v X, d(t)
b
i
b
i-1
X
i
d
i
(t)
0 0 0
+
b
E
0 1 1
-
b
E
1 0 1
-
b
E
1 1 0
+
b
E

S liu vo
bi
Tr Tb
bi-1
XOR
Xi
GF DEMUX
TLO
0
1
b
b
E
E
d1(t)
d2(t)
D SIN
COS
GF: B lc Gauss thng thp
TLO: B dao ng ni pht
COS: B to dng hm COS
SIN: B to dng hm SIN
D: Tr Tb
di(t) /2

b
c
b
2E
sin 2 f t
T

b
c
b
2E
2 f t
T
cos
Si(t)
Hnh 3.17. S khi b iu ch GMSK
3.12. IU CH ASK NHIU TRNG THI, M-ASK
Trong M-ASK sng mang nhn bin vi M trng thi khc nhau. V vy trong khong
thi gian iu ch T, c th c mt trong s M cc tn hiu sau:
s
i
(t) =
T
E 2
a
i
cos(2f
c
t+) (3.73)
vi:
E l nng lng trn mt k hiu = nE
b
, E
b
l nng lng trn mt bit.
T l thi gian ca mt k hiu bng nT
b
, T
b
l thi gian ca mt bit,
n=log
2
M, i = 1, 2, . . . , M; f
c
tn s sng mang, l mt gc pha ban u bt
k khng nh hng ln qu trnh phn tch nn ta s b qua.
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Hm trc giao c s cho s
i
(t) trong trng hp ny s l:

1
(t) =
T
2
cos(2f
c
t) (3.74)
To ca cc im tn hiu c dng:
s
i1
= E a
i
Nu M=2, a
1
=0, a
2
bng 1 ta c s iu ch ASK nh phn hay kho tt bt (OOK: on-
off keying).
Nu a
i
c dng ma trn:
a
i
= [-M+1, -M+3, .... ,-M+2i-1, . . . ., M-1]
ta c iu bin xung (PAM: Pulse Amplitude Modulation). Cc im tn hiu ca PAM trong
khng gian tn hiu vi E =1 c cho hnh 3.18.
1

Hnh 3.18. Cc im tn hiu PAM
Nu M=2,PAM s tr thnh BPSK.
i vi ASK nh phn ta c xc sut li bit nh sau:
P
e
= Q

0
2N
E
b

tnh xc sut li k hiu ca PAM, trc ht ta tm xc sut li k hiu cho trng hp
M=4.
Chm tn hiu thu y gm cc im bn tin sau:
{y
11
, y
21
, y
31
, y
41
} = {-3 E +x
1
, - E +x
1
), E +x
1
), 3 E +x
1
)},trong y
i1
l hnh
chiu ca vect quan trc thu ln trc
1
khi tn hiu s
i
(t) c pht v x
1
l hnh chiu hm mu
ca tp m Gaus trng cng ln trc ny.
Nu xt theo trc
1
th bin gii quyt nh bao gm cc im sau: -2 E , 0, 2 E .
Gi s mc a
1
c pht, lc ta c xc sut c iu kin thu y
1
nh sau:
f
Y1
(y
1
|a
1
) =

2
2
1
2
) 3 (
exp
2
1 E y
(3.75)
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trong :
2
0 2
N
= .
Vy xc sut c iu kin chn nhm mc a
2
nh sau:
P(a
2
|a
1
) =

0
2
1
2
2
1
0
2
) 3 (
exp
2
1
E
dy
E y

=
2
3
2 2
1 E
erfc
E
erfc (3.76)
Tng t ta c th tnh xc sut c iu kin chn nhm a
3
khi pht a
1
:
P(a
3
|a
1
) =
2
5
2
3
2
1
E
erfc
E
erfc (3.77)
v xc sut pht a
1
, chn nhm a
4
:
P(a
4
|a
1
) =
2
5
2
1 E
erfc (3.78)
Vy xc sut li k hiu c iu kin khi pht mc a
1
c xc nh nh sau:
P
e
(a
1
) = P(a
2
|a
1
) + P(a
3
|a
1
) + P(a
4
|a
1
)=
2 2
1 E
erfc (3.79)
Tng t ta c th tm cc xc sut li c iu kin khc, cc xc sut ny c cho bng
3.4.
Bng 3.4. Cc xc sut c iu kin cho bn mc pht khc nhau

Mc chn a
1
a
2
a
3
a
4

M

a
1

2
3
2
1
2
2
1
E
erfc
E
erfc

2
5
2
1
2
3
2
1
E
erfc
E
erfc

2
5
2
1 E
erfc

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a
2
2
2
1 E
erfc

2
3
2
1
2
2
1
E
erfc
E
erfc

2
3
2
1 E
erfc

a
3

2
3
2
1 E
erfc

2
3
2
1
2
2
1
E
erfc
E
erfc

2
2
1 E
erfc

a
4

2
5
2
1 E
erfc

2
5
2
1
2
3
2
1
E
erfc
E
erfc

2
3
2
1
2
2
1
E
erfc
E
erfc

Nu ta coi rng xc sut pht cc mc a
i
nh nhau (trong trng hp ny bng 1/4) th xc
sut li iu ch 4 mc P
e
trc
1
s bng tng ca 12 xc sut c iu kin bng trn chia
cho 4:

=
0
4
3
2 4
3
N
E
erfc
E
erfc P
e

=
0
2
2
3
N
E
Q
(3.80)
Tng qut cho trng hp iu ch M mc ta c:

=
0
1
1
N
E
erfc
M
P
e

=
0
2 1
1 2
N
E
Q
M
(3.81)
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3.13. M-PSK
Trong M-PSK pha ca sng mang nhn mt trong s cc gi tr c th c: (t) = 2i/M,
trong i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , M-1. Vy trong khong thi gian iu ch T, c th c mt trong s M
tn hiu sau y c pht:
[ ] + + = ) ( 2 cos
2
) ( t t f
T
E
t s
c i
(3.82)
trong : E=nE
b
; T=nT
b
; n=log
2
M;
(t) = 2i/M, i=0,1, 2, . . . , M-1 (3.83)
C th khai trin mi sng mang dng hai hm c s
1
(t) v
2
(t) nh sau:
( )
1
2
( ) sin 2 , 0
c
t f t t T
T
= (3.84)
( )
2
2
( ) cos 2 0
c
t f t t T
T
= (3.85)
C hai
1
(t) v
2
(t) u c nng lng n v. V th chm tn hiu ca M-PSK l hai
chiu. M im bn tin nm cch u nhau trn mt ng trn tm l gc to v bn knh bng
E nh hnh 3.16 cho trng hp kho chuyn pha 8 trng thi vi M =8 (8-PSK).
T cc phng trnh (3.2), (3.80) ta c th trnh by vect cho tn hiu s
i
(t) nh sau:

=
M
i
cos E
M
i
sin E ) t ( s
i
2 2
(3.86)
Cc ng khng lin nt hnh 3.19 biu th ranh gii quyt nh cho M=8.

1

Hnh 3.19. Chm tn hiu ca kha chuyn pha tm trng thi 8-PSK
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S khi ca mt b gii iu ch M-PSK nht qun ti u (gi s rng ng b hon
ho sng mang vi pha pht) c cho hnh 3.20. N bao gm mt cp b tng quan (b
nhn v tch phn) vi cc tn hiu tham kho c pha vung gc. Hai u ra ca cc b tng
quan c k hiu l y
I
v y
Q
ng vi hnh chiu ca vect quan trc thu ln trc
2
v
1
c
a n mch phn bit pha, mch ny trc ht thc hin c tnh pha:

( ) tan
Q
I
y
t ar g
y

=

(3.87)
c
2
os(2 f ) c t
T

1
1
(.)
t T
t
dt
+
1
1
(.)
t T
t
dt
+
/2
c
2
sin(2 f ) t
T

( )
i
s t
( ) t
| ( ) ( )| t t
Tnh Q 1
I
y
tan
Y

Hnh 3.20. B gii iu ch M-PSK nht qun
B phn bit pha sau chn t tp {s
i
(t), i= 0, 1, 2, . . . . , M-1} mt tn hiu c pha gn
nht vi pha c c tnh
( ) t .
Khi c tp m, qu trnh quyt nh b phn bit pha da trn u vo b tp m:
1 1 0
2
= +

= M , . . . , , i , x
M
i
sin E y
Q Q
(3.88)
v:
1 1 0
2
= +

= M , . . . , , i , x
M
i
cos E y
I I
(3.89)
trong x
I
v x
Q
l cc bin ngu nhin Gaus X
I
v X
Q
c trung bnh bng 0 v phng sai
chung bng:

2
0 2
N
= (3.90)
i vi trng hp M4 ln, gi tr =E/N
0
ln v
( ) t </2 ta c th s dng biu thc

gn ng cho xc sut li k hiu nh sau:
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Deleted:
Nu ta coi rng xc sut pht cc mc ai nh-
nhau (trong tr-ng hp ny bng 1/4) th xc
sut li iu ch 4 mc Pe trc 1 s bng
tng ca 12 xc sut c iu kin bng trn
chia cho 4:

=
0
4
3
2 4
3
N
E
erfc
E
erfc P
e
0
2
2
3
N
E
Q
(3.78)
... [91]
... [92]
... [89]
... [90]
... [87]
... [86]
... [88]
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69

0
2
2 sin
e
E
P Q
N M

=2

M
sin
N
E
n Q
b
0
2 (3.91)
trong : n=log
2
M v E
b
l nng lng mt bit.
3.14. IU CH QAM NHIU TRNG (M-QAM) NHT QUN
Trong h thng iu ch M-PSK cc thnh phn ng pha v pha vung gc c kt hp vi
nhau sao cho c mt tn hiu tng hp c ng bao khng i. Tuy nhin nu loi b iu ny
v cho cc thnh phn ng pha v pha vung gc c th c lp vi nhau th ta c mt s
iu ch mi c gi l iu ch bin vung gc (hay cu phng) M trng thi (QAM:
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation). s iu ch ny sng mang b iu ch c bin ln pha.
Dng tng qut ca M-QAM c xc nh bng tn hiu pht:

( )
( )
0
i i c
0
i c
E
s (t) b sin 2 f t
T
E
a cos 2 f t
T
= p
+ p
(3.92)
trong E
0
l nng lng ca tn hiu c bin thp nht; a
i
v b
i
l cp s nguyn c lp c
chn tu theo v tr ca im bn tin c xc nh nh sau: a
i
={a
1
,a
2
,...,
L
a }= {-L+1, -L+2,....,-1,
+1,...., L-2, L-1} v b
i
={b
1
,b
2
,...,
L
b }= {-L+1, -L+2,....,-1, +1,...., L-2, L-1} trong L M = .
Tn hiu s
i
(t) gm hai thnh phn sng mang c pha vung gc c iu ch bi mt tp hp tn
hiu ri rc v th c tn l " iu ch bin vung gc".
C th phn tch s
i
(t) theo cp hai hm c s:
( )
1
2
( ) sin 2 , 0
c
t f t t T
T
= (3.93)
v:
( )
2
2
( ) cos 2 , 0
c
t f t t T
T
= (3.94)
Ta ca vect S
i
trong khng gian tn hiu c xc nh nh sau:
S
i
=[s
i1
s
i2
] (3.95)

T
0
i1 i 1 i
0
E
s s (t) (t) b
2
= f =
(3.96)
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T
0
i1 i 1 i
0
E
s s (t) (t) a
2
= f =
(3.97)
Chm tn hiu ca M-QAM bao gm mt mng cc im bn tin hnh ch nht, nh hnh
3.21 cho trng hp M=16 (16-QAM). Cc chm tn hiu tng ng cho cc thnh phn ng
pha v pha vung gc c cho cc hnh 3.22a v 3.22b. Dng c s ca chm tn hiu hnh
3.16 l dng ca mt tn hiu ASK c L trng thi vi L = 4. Vy tng qut mt tn hiu iu ch
16-QAM cho php truyn M = L
2
k hiu c lp nhau trn cng mt rng bng tn ca knh
cn thit cho s iu ch M-ASK.
1
( ) t
2
( ) t

Hnh 3.21. Chm tn hiu ca 16-QAM (M=16)
2
( ) t
1
( ) t
0
E
3
2
0
E
2
0
E
2
0
E
3
2
0
E
3
2
0
E
2
0
E
2
0
E
3
2

Hnh 3.22. Cc thnh phn ng pha (a) v pha vung gc (b) ca tn hiu 16-QAM

To cu cc im bn tin l
i 0
a E / 2 v
i 0
b E / 2 trong (a
i
, b
i
) l phn t ca mt
ma trn L L :
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71
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
+ + + +
+ +
+ +
=
1 1 3 3 1 1
3 1 3 3 3 1
1 1 1 3 1 1
L , L . . . L , L L , L
. .
. .
L , L . . . L , L L , L
L , L . . . L , L L , L
b , a
i i
(3.98)
trong
M L= (3.99)
Th d, i vi 16-QAM c L=4, ta c ma trn:
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

=
3 3 3 1 3 1 3 3
1 3 1 1 1 1 1 3
1 3 1 1 1 1 1 3
3 3 3 1 3 1 3 3
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
b , a
i i
(3.100)
Cng thc xc sut li k hiu cho 16-QAM c xc nh nh sau:

( )

0
1 2
3 1
1 2
N M
E
erfc
M
P
av
e

=
( )

0
1
3 1
1 4
N M
nE
Q
M
bav
(3.101)
trong E
av
, E
bav
l nng lng k hiu v nng lng bit trung bnh c xc nh nh sau:

2
0
av
0
(L 1)E
E
3
(M 1)E
3
-
=
-
=
(3.102)
N
0
l mt ph cng sut tp m.
Hnh 3.23a cho thy s khi ca b iu ch M-QAM. B bin phn lung chuyn i
lung nh phn b(t) tc bit R
b
=1/T
b
u vo thnh bn lung c lp, trong hai bit l c a
n b chuyn i mc nhnh trn cn hai bit chn c a n b chuyn i mc. Tc k
hiu trong trng hp ny s bng R
s
=R
b
/4. Cc b bin i mc chuyn i 2 mc vo 4 mc
( 16 4 L M = = = ) to ra cc tn hiu 4 mc tng ng vi cc u vo ng pha v pha
vung gc. Sau khi nhn hai tn hiu 4 mc vi hai sng mang c pha vung gc ri cng vi
nhau ta c tn hiu 15-QAM. S khi ca b gii iu ch 16-QAM c cho hnh 3.23b.
Vic gii m cc knh c s c thc hin u ra ca mch quyt nh, mch ny c thit k
so snh tn hiu L mc vi L-1 ngng quyt nh
i
. Sau hai chui s nh phn c tch
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72
ra ni trn s kt hp vi nhau b bin i song song vo n tip khi phc li chui nh
phn pha pht (c tnh chui pht
( ) b t ).
0
0
0
0
00 3 / 2
10 1 / 2
11 1 / 2
01 3 / 2
E
E
E
E

c
2
os(2 f ) c t
T

TLO
Tn hiu iu
ch 16-QAM
b(t)
a)
Demux
Mapping
Mapping
/ 2
c
2
sin(2 f ) t
T

b1(t)
b2(t)
b3(t)
b4(t)
RLO
c
2
os(2 f ) c t
T

Timing
recovery
t1
2
( ) b t
b)
t2
1
1
(.)
t T
t
dt
+
>
<
Mch quyt
nh
Ly mu
1
1
(.)
t T
t
dt
+
1
y >
<
Mch quyt
nh
Ly mu
/ 2
c
2
sin(2 f ) t
T

y1
y2
y2
1
( ) b t
Carrier
recovery
MUX
y(t)
( ) b t
3
( ) b t
4
( ) b t
i
0
0
0
0
00 3 / 2
10 1 / 2
11 1 / 2
01 3 / 2
E
E
E
E

Hnh 3.23. S khi ca h thng 16-QAM, a) B iu ch; b) B gii iu ch.
3.15. BIU DIN TN HIU IU CH DNG PHC
Vic m t qu trnh iu ch v gii iu ch trong min gi tr thc c th n gin hn
khi s dng k hiu phc. Mi tn hiu bng thng gi tr thc c th c trnh by khi s dng
k hiu phc sau y:

{ }
( ) Re ( )
c
j t
s t g t e

= (3.103)
trong g(t) c gi l ng bao phc v c biu din nh sau
g(t)=x(t)+jy(t)=
( ) ( )
| ( ) | ( )
j t j t
g t e A t e

= (3.104)
trong bin ng bao phc l
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73
A(t)=|g(t)|=
2 2
( ) ( ) x t y t + (3.105)

v pha ca n l

1
( )
( ) tan
( )
y t
t
x t

= (3.106)
g(t)cn c gi l bn tin bng gc hay s liu dng phc, cn
c
i t
e
l sng mang dng phc.

S dng cc phng trnh (3.103) v (3.104) ta c th biu din tn hiu iu ch dng thc
nh sau:
s(t)= { } Re [ ( ) ( )][cos sin
c c
x t jy t t j t + +
( ) cos ( ) sin
c c
x t t y t t = (3.107)
i vi tn hiu QPSK, s dng phng trnh (3.103) v (3.104) ta c th vit li phng
trnh (3.45) s dng k hiu phc vi:

2
( ) cos(2 1)
4
E
x t i
T

=

2
( ) s (2 1)
4
E
y t in i
T

= , i=1,2,3,4 (3.108)
Ta cng c th s dng k hiu phc cho phng trnh (3.104) biu din tn hiu M-
QAM vi

0
2
( )
i
E
x t a
T
=

0
2
( )
i
E
y t b
T
= , i=1,2,.,M (3.109)
3.16. MT PH CNG SUT CA CC TN HIU C IU
CH
Ta k hiu
g
(f) l mt ph ca hnh bao phc g(t). Ta gi
g
(f) l mt ph cng sut
bng gc. Mt ph cng sut,
S
(f) ca tn hiu bng thng s(t) l dng dch tn ca
B
(f)
c xc nh theo phng trnh (2.24) nh sau::

S g c g c
1
(f) (f f ) (f f )
4

F = F - + F +

(3.110)
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74
Lu rng trong thc t khng c tn s m. Nn PSD trong thc t ch c xt
min tn s dng (c gi l PSD mt bin). Trong trng hp ny phng trnh (3.110) c
vit li nh sau:

S g c
1
(f) (f f )
2
F = F - (3.111)
3.16.1. Mt ph cng sut ca cc tn hiu BPSK

i vi BPSK ta c th biu din ng bao phc (tn hiu bng gc) dng chui xung
lng cc ngu nhin sau:

2
( ) ( );
b
b
K T b k
k b
E
g t A p t kT A
T
=
= =
(3.112)
S dng (cng thc 2.21) ta c mt ph cng sut bng gc ca sng BPSK bng:

2 2
g b b b
b
P
(f) 2E Sinc (fT ) 2 Sinc (f / R )
R
F = = (3.113)
trong : E
b
l nng lng bit, P l cng sut trung bnh sng mang, R
b
l tc bit
S dng phng trnh (3.108) ta c mt ph cng sut ca tn hiu BPSK nh sau:
[ ] [ ] { }
[ ] [ ] { }
2 2
2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
2
( ) ( )
2
b
S c b c b
c b c b
b
E
f Sinc f f T Sinc f f T
P
Sinc f f T Sinc f f T
R
= + +
= + +
(3.114)
3.16.2. Ph cng sut cu cc tn hiu QPSK
Ta c th coi rng tn hiu QPSK nhn c t hai tn hiu BPSK (ng pha v pha vung
gc) c iu ch bng lung s lng cc ngu nhin c chu k k hiu T
b
nh sau:
( ) ( );
K T k
k
E
g t A p t kT A
T
=
= =
(3.115)
trong E=2E
b
l nng lng k hiu, T=2T
b
l di k hiu.
Vy cc thnh phn ng pha v pha vung gc c cng mt ph cng sut l:

2 2
g
P
(f) ESinc (fT) Sinc (f / R)
R
F = =
trong E=2E
b
; R=R
b
/2 l tc k hiu,
Cc thnh phn ng pha v pha vung gc c lp thng k vi nhau, v th mt ph
cng sut ca tn hiu QPSK bng tng mt ph cng sut ca cc thnh phn ng pha v pha
vung gc. S dng phng trnh (3.107) ta c th biu din PSD cho tn hiu QPSK nh sau:
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[ ] [ ] { }
[ ] [ ] { }
2 2
2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
2
( ) ( )
2
S c c
c c
E
f Sinc f f T Sinc f f T
P
Sinc f f T Sinc f f T
R
= + +
= + +
(3.116)
3.16.3. Mt ph cng sut MSK
Ph ca tin hiu MSK c th coi bng tng ph tn hiu ca thnh phn ng pha v pha
vung gc c cc tn hiu bng gc sau y:
b
k
b
1 k T b k
k b b
2E t
g (t) A p (t kT ); A sin
T 2T
=
= -

p

= - g- =
(3.117)
2
2
( ) ( ); cos
2
b
b
K T b k
k b b
E t
g t A p t kT A
T T
=

= =

(3.118)
Mt ph nng lng ca tn hiu bng gc cho hai thnh phn ny nh nhau v bng:

2
b b
g 2 2 2
b
16E cos(2 fT )
(f)
16T f 1

p

F =

p -

(3.119)
Cng nh tn hiu QPSK, cc thnh phn ng pha v pha vung gc ca tn hiu MSK
c lp thng k vi nhau. Vy mt ph cng sut cu tn hiu MSK c xc nh bi:

( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
cos 2 ( ) cos 2 ( ) 16
( )
16 ( ) 1 16 ( ) 1
c b c b b
S
b c b c
f f T f f T E
f
T f f T f f

+

= +

+

(3.120)
PSD mt bin ca cc ptr (3.116) v 3.120) cho cc tn hiu QPSK v MSK c cho
hnh 3.24. Mt ph cng sut ny c chun ho so vi 2E
b
v tn s c chun ho so vi
tc bit 1/T
b
. Lu rng i vi f>>1/T
b
mt ph cng sut bng gc ca tn hiu MSK
gim t l nghch vi m bn ca tn s cn i v tn hiu QPSK gim t l nghch vi bnh
phng tn s. V th MSK khng gy nhiu nhiu bn ngoi di tn cho tn hiu nh QPSK. y
l c tnh mong mun ca MSK, c bit khi n lm vic knh c bng tn hn ch.
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( )
c b
f f T

Hnh 3.24. Mt ph cng sut mt bin cho tn hiu QPSK v MSK
3.16.4. Mt ph ca cc tn hiu iu ch M- trng thi (M>2).
PSK hai trng thi v QPSK l trng hp c bit ca M-PSK. rng k hiu ca M-
PSK c xc nh nh sau:
T = T
b
log
2
M (3.121)
trong T
b
l rng ca mt bit. Tin hnh ging nh trng hp xt cho QPSK ta c th
chng minh rng mt ph cng sut bng gc ca tn hiu M-PSK c xc nh nh sau:

g
(f) = ESinc
2
(Tf)
= E
b
.log
2
M.Sinc
2
(f.T
b
.log
2
M) (3.122)
S dng phng trnh (3.110) vi lu rng mt ph cng sut gm hai thnh phn I v
Q, ph ta c th vit mt ph cng sut ca tn hiu M-PSK nh sau:
[ ] [ ] { }
[ ] [ ] { }
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
log
( ) ( ) log ( ) log
2
log
( ) log ( ) .log
2
b
S c b c b
c b c b
b
E M
f Sinc f f T M Sinc f f T M
P M
Sinc f f T M Sinc f f T M
R
= + +
= + +
(3.123)
Hnh 3.25 cho thy s ph thuc ca mt ph cng sut mt bin chun ho
S
(f)/E
b
vo
tn s chun ho (f-f
c
)T
b
cho cc gi tr M khc nhau nh: M=2, 4, 8.
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77
( )
c b
f f T
Hnh 3.25. Mt ph cng sut M-PSK mt bin cho M=2,4,8
3.17. SO SNH TNH NNG CA CC K THUT IU CH
Hai tnh nng quan trng nht ca cc h thng truyn dn s l dung lng v tin cy
ca ng truyn tin. Dung lng ca ng truyn dn s thng c nh gi bng hiu sut
s dng bng tn, cn tin cy truyn tin thng c nh gi bng xc sut li k hiu. Trong
phn ny ta s so snh cc tnh nng trn cho cc h thng truyn dn s dng cc phng thc
iu ch khc nhau.
3.17.1. Tng kt xc sut li k hiu
Bng 3.5 tng kt cc biu thc cho xc sut li k hiu trung bnh P
e
i vi: BPSK nht
qun, QPSK, MSK v M-QAM knh AWGN.
Bng 3.5. Tng kt cc cng thc cho xc sut li k hiu i vi cc h thng
truyn dn s s dng phng thc iu ch khc nhau.

Xc sut li, P
e

a) BPSK ( )
0
2 N / E Q
b

/
/
b QPSK
c MSK

( ) ( )
0
2
0
2 2 2 N / E Q N / E Q
b b

d) M-PSK (M4):
e) M-PSK [ ] ) M / sin( N / nE Q
b

0
2 2
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d) M-QAM:

0
) 1 (
3 1
1 4
N M
nE
Q
M
bav

trong : n=log
2
M
Hnh 3.26 cc ng cong xc sut li k hiu ph thuc vo E
b
/N
0
cho cc phng thc
iu ch M-PSK v M-FSK.
T cc hnh v ta thy xc sut li ca tt c cc h thng gim n iu khi gi tr E
b
/N
0

tng.
X
c

s
u
t

l
i

k

h
i
u
G
i
i

h
n

S
h
a
n
n
o
n
G
i
i

h
n

S
h
a
n
n
o
n

Hnh 3.26. Cc ng cong xc sut li k hiu. a) cho iu ch M-PSK; b) cho iu
ch M-FSK
3.17.2. Hiu sut s dng bng thng
Cng sut pht (ph thuc vo xc sut li k hiu yu cu) v rng bng tn to nn hai
ngun ti nguyn thng tin s cp, vic s dng hiu qu cc ngun ti nguyn ny l ng c cho
vic nghin cu cc s s dng hiu qu ph tn. Mc ch u tin ca vic iu ch s dng
hiu qu ph tn l t c hiu sut s dng ph tn cc i. Hiu sut s dng ph tn c
nh ngha l t s gia tc s liu vi rng bng tn v c o bng bit trn giy trn
Herz. Mc tiu th hai l t c hiu sut s dng ph tn khi phi chi ph t nht cho cng
sut trung bnh ca tn hiu. Ni mt cch khc i hi t s tn hiu trn tp m nh nht knh
b nhiu bi tp m trng cng Gaus. Hiu sut s dng bng tn cng c gi l hiu sut s
dng ph tn.
Nu k hiu tc bit l R
b
v rng knh l B, ta c th biu din hiu sut s dng
bng thng nh sau:
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79
Herz / s / bits
B
R
b
= (3.124)
Ta c th xc nh d rng tc bit, tuy nhin vn cha c nh ngha chung tho mn v
rng bng tn B. iu ny c ngha rng hiu sut s dng rng bng tn ca mt s
iu ch ph thuc vo nh ngha ring c tip nhn cho rng bng tn ca tn hiu c
iu ch. Di y ta s xt vic nh gi hiu sut s dng bng tn cho cc tn hiu M-PSK, sau
l cho cc tn hiu M-FSK.
Hiu sut s dng rng bng thng ca cc tn hiu M-PSK.
Ph cng sut cu cc tn hiu M-PSK c mt bp chnh gii hn bi hai gi tr 0 (hai tn s
m mt ph cng sut bng 0). V th rng bp chnh cung cp mt cch o ph bin
v n gin i vi rng ph ca cc tn hiu M-PSK. nh ngha ny c gi l rng
bng tn t khng n khng. Ta cng thy rng ch yu cng sut ca mt tn hiu M-PSK cha
ph cng sut trong rng bng tn ny (xem hnh 3.25).
rng bngthng knh cn thit cho cc tn hiu M-PSK song bin i qua c o
bng 2 ln rng Nyquist ptr.(2.35) :
B = R
s
(1+) (3.125)
trong R
s
=1/T l tc k hiu; T l rng ca k hiu = T
b
log
2
M.
Cho =0, ta c

M log
R
B
b
2
=
(3.126)
Tng ng ta c th biu din hiu sut s dng bng thng ca cc tn hiu M-PSK nh
sau:

M log
B
R
b
2
= =
(3.127)
Hiu sut s dng rng bng thng ca cc tn hiu M-QAM
Tn hiu M-QAM l tn hiu song bin bao gm hai tn hiu PAM nn hiu sut s dng
bng thng ca n bng:

M log
B
R
b
2
= =
(3.128)
ging nh M-PSK.

Hiu sut s dng bng thng ca cc tn hiu M-FSK
By gi ta i xt mt tn hiu M-FSK bao gm mt tp M tn hiu dch tn trc giao. Khi
cc tn hiu trc giao ny c tch sng nht qun, cc tn hiu ln cn ch cn cch nhau mt
Formatted
Formatted
Formatted
Roman
Deleted: S khi ca mt b gii
iu ch M-PSK nht qun ti -u (gi
s rng ng b hon ho sng mang
vi pha pht) -c cho hnh 3.20. N
bao gm mt cp b t-ng quan (b
nhn v tch phn) vi cc tn hiu
tham kho c pha vung gc. Hai u
ra ca cc b t-ng quan -c k hiu
l yI v yQ ng vi hnh chiu ca
vect quan trc thu ln trc 2 v 1
-c -a n mch phn bit pha,
mch ny tr-c ht thc hin -c tnh
pha:
( ) tan
Q
I
y
t ar g
y

=

(3.65)
RLO
2
c
T
Timing
recovery
/2
2
sin(2
T
Carrier
recovery
y(t)
RLO:Recei
Carrierreco
Timingreco
Hnh 3.20. B gii iu ch M nht

qun
B phn bit pha sau chn t tp

{si(t), i= 0, 1, 2, . . . . , M-1} mt tn
hiu c pha gn nht vi pha -c -c
tnh
( ) t .
Khi c tp m, qu trnh quyt nh
b phn bit pha da trn u vo b
tp m:

2
+

= , x
M
i
sin E y
Q Q
(3.86)
v:

... [93]
... [95]
... [94]
... [96]
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80
khong tn s bng 1/2T vn m bo c tnh trc giao. V th ta c th nh ngha rng
bng thng knh cn thit truyn cc tn hiu M-FSK nh sau:

T
M
B
2
=
(3.129)
Thay th T theo cng thc sau:

M log
R
M log T T
b
b 2 2
1
= =
(3.130)
vo ptr.(3.126) ta c:

M log
M R
B
b
2
2
=
(3.131)
Vy hiu sut s dng bng thng ca cc tn hiu M-FSK c xc nh nh sau:

M
M log .
B
R
b
2
2
=
=
(3.132)
3.17.3. So snh cc phng thc iu ch di nh sng ca l thuyt dung lng knh.
Vic so snh kh nng trao i rng bng tn -cng sut ca cc tn hiu M-PSK v M-
FSK di nh sng nh l dung lng knh ca Shannon s cung cp cho ta rt nhiu thng tin.
nim v vic so snh ny xut pht t mt h thng l tng truyn dn khng li. H thng
ny c hiu l h thng tun theo l thuyt dung lng knh ca Shannon. nh l ny c
pht biu nh sau. Dung lng ca mt knh c rng bng thng B Hz b nhiu bi tp m
trng cng Gauss vi mt ph cng sut N
0
/2 v gii hn trong rng bng thng B, c
xc nh nh sau:

s / bits
B N
P
log B C

+ =
0
2
1
(3.133)
trong P l cng sut pht trung bnh.
H thng l tng l h thng c tc bit R
b
t n dung lng C ca knh xc nh theo
phng trnh (3.133). Nu thay P=E
b
.R
b
=P.C vo ptr.(3.133) cho h thng l tng, ta c:

+ =
B
C
N
E
log
B
C
b
0
2
1
(3.134)
Sau khi bin i phng trnh (3.134) ta c s ph thuc ca t s nng lng mt bit
vi mt ph cng sut nh sau:

B / C N
E
B / C
b
1 2
0
=
(3.135)
Field Code Changed
Field Code Changed
Field Code Changed
Field Code Changed
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81
trong C=R
b
.
ng cong biu th s ph thuc ca C/B vo E
b
/N
0
c gi bin dung lng. Mt phng
biu th s ph thuc R
b
/B vo E
b
/N
0
v ng bin dung lng c gi l mt phng hiu sut
bng tn. Mt phng ny c cho hnh 3.27.

1
2
4
8
1/2
6
12
18
-6
24 30 36
16
Eb/N0 ,dB -1,6
M=4
M=8
M=16
M=64
0
1/4
M = 256
M=2
M=8
M=16
K hiu:
M=32
Vng bng
tn hn ch
Gii hn dung
lng Rb=c
Vng cng
sut hn ch
Hiu sut s
dng bng tn
Rb/B, bit/s/Hz
Gii han
Shannon
M-PSK nht qun vi
M-FSK nht qun vi
M-QAM nht qun vi
BPSK v 4-FSK nht qun vi
Vng Rb < c
-5
e
P =10
-5
e
P =10
-5
e
P =10
-5
e
P =10

Hnh 3.27. Mt phng hiu sut s dng bng tn
T hnh 3.27 ta thy, i vi M-PSK v M-QAM E
b
/N
0
1 v khi M tng R
b
/ B tng tuy
nhin i hi t s E
b
/N
0
tng. C th gii thch iu ny nh sau. Khi M tng, tc k hiu R
s

gim nn hiu sut s dng bng thng tng, nhng ng thi khong cch clit gia cc vect
tn hiu gim khin xc sut li k hiu tng. V th khi ny t c t s E
b
/N
0
ta phi tng
cng sut.
Tri li i vi M-FSK E
b
/N
0
1 v khi M tng R
b
/B gim nhng b li t s E
b
/N
o
cn thit
gim. Gii thch iu ny nh sau. Khi M tng s tn s tng nn hiu sut s dng bng thng
gim. Khi M tng khong cch gia cc vect tn hiu gi nguyn khng i nhng kh nng
chng tp m tng nn c th m bo c t s tn hiu trn tp m cng sut thp hn. M-
FSK thng c s dng khi cn cng sut pht thp v khng quan trng rng bng thng.
3.18. TNG KT
Trong chng ny ta xt cc k thut iu ch khc nhau v cc vn lin quan n
truyn dn tn hiu s trn cc knh bng thng. Cc tn hiu iu ch c trnh by trong khng
gian tn hiu. Do hn ch ca gio trnh ta ch xt cc k thut iu ch nht qun i hi ng b
tn s gia my pht v my thu. y cng l cc k thut c s dng trong cc h thng
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82
thng tin di ng v truy nhp bng rng th h mi. Cc cng thc nh g hiu nng cu cc
k thut iu ch ny nh: tnh ton xc sut li bit ca tn hiu s truyn trong knh tp m
Gauss trng cng c xt trong chng ny. thc hin phn tch hiu nng ny ta s dng
tch sng kh ging cc i vi cc gi thit sau::
1. Cc tn hiu th hin cc k hiu c pht vi xc sut nh nhau
2. My pht c cng sut trung bnh hu hn
3. Tn hiu thu l xp trong ca tn hiu c pht v tp m Gauss trng cng c trung bnh
khng v phng sai
2
=N
0
/2
4. i vi tch sng nht qun my thu c ng b v mt thi gian v mt tn s.
Da trn phng php phn tch v ga nh ni trn ta nghin cu cc phng php iu
ch c s dng ph bin nht trong truyn dn v tuyn s (c bit trong thng tin di ng v
cc h thng truy nhp bng rng) nh: BPSK, QAM, GMSK v 16 QAM.
Trong cc phn cui cng ca chng ny ta tng kt v so snh cc c tnh ca cc
phng php iu ch khc nhau da trn vic s dng hai ti nguyn ca mi trng v tuyn:
cng sut v bng thng.
3.19. CU HI V BI TP
1. Cho mt tn hiu bn mc s
i
={-3a/2,-a/2,a/2,3a/2}, i=1,2,3,4 vi thi gian truyn mi mc l T
. Hy biu din tn hiu ny trong khng gian tn hiu.
a) Tm vect n v
b) Biu din tn hiu trong khng gian tn hiu
2. Gi s mi mc ca tn hiu trong bi 1 truyn hai bit tng ng nh sau {00,01,11,10}. Tm
xc sut c iu kin thu sai cp bit 00.
3. (Tip) Tm xc sut c iu kin thu sai cp bit 01.
6. Gi s xc sut truyn cc mc a
i
trong bi 2 nh nhau v bng 1/4. Tm xc sut li k hiu
trung bnh.
7. Cho mt tn hiu iu ch 4-ASK c xc nh nh sau:
s
i
(t) =
T
E 2
a
i
cos(2f
c
t+)
vi:
E l nng lng trn mt k hiu = 2E
b
, E
b
T l thi gian ca mt k hiu bng 2T
b
, T
b
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83
i = 1, 2, 3,4; f
c
tn s sng mang, l mt gc pha ban u bt k khng nh
hng ln qu trnh phn tch nn ta s b qua; a
i
={-3,-1,1,3}.
a) Tim vect n v
8. (Tip) Gi s mi mc ca tn hiu trong bi 1 truyn hai bit tng ng nh sau
{00,01,11,10}. Tm xc sut c iu kin thu sai cp bit 00.
9. (Tip). Tm xc sut c iu kin thu sai cp bit 01.
10.(Tip) Tm xc sut li bit trung bnh.
11.Tm s bt li xy ra trong mt ngy i vi my thu iu ch BPSK nht qun hot ng lin
tc. R
b
=10.000bps, P=0,510
-6
June. Gi thit rng cng sut v nng lng bit c chun ha ti
tr ti bng 1 m.
12.Mt h thng BPSK hat ng lin tc mc li trung bnh 100 li bit trn mt ngy.
R
b
=1000bps, N
0
=10
-10
WHz
-1
.
a) Tm xc sut li bit
b) Tm cng sut thu tng ng c xc sut li bit nh a)
13.Tn hiu thu ca h thng BPSK nht qun c nh ngha nh sau:
r(t) = k
b
b
T
E 2
sin (2f
c
t)
2
1 k
b
b
T
E 2
cos(2f
c
t) +x(t), 0tT
b

trong du cng tng ng vi k hiu '0' v du tr tng ng vi '1', thnh phn th
nht th hin sng mang ng b my thu vi my pht, T
b
l rng bit v E
b
l nng
lng bit, x(t) l tp m Gauss trng cng.
a) Vit cng thc lin h xc sut li bit trung bnh P
b
vi xc sut pht k hiu 1: P(1), xc
sut pht k hiu 0: P(0), xc sut c iu kin P
e
(0|1): xc sut pht k hiu mt nhng
quyt nh thu k hiu 0 v xc sut c iu kin P
e
(1|0): xc sut pht k hiu 0 nhng
quyt nh thu k hiu 1
b) Tm cc biu thc xc nh P
e
(0|1) v P
e
(1|0)
14.(Tip) i vi h thng BPSK nh cho trong bi 13.
a) Chng minh rng xc sut li trung bnh bng:
) k (
N
E
P
b
e
2
0
1
2

trong : N
0
l mt ph cng sut tp m Gauss trng.
b) Gi thit 10% cng sut tn hiu pht c phn b cho thnh phn sng mang chun
ng b tm E
b
/N
0
m bo xc sut li bit trung bnh bng 3.10
-4
.
c) So snh gi tr SNR h thng ny i vi h thng BPSK thng thng.
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84
15.Mt h thng BPSK c xc sut truyn bit "0" bng xc sut truyn bit "1". Gi thit rng khi
h thng ng b tt, E
b
/N
0
=9,6 dB dn n xc sut li bit bng 10
-5
. Trong trng hp vng
kha pha PLL b mc li pha .
a) Xc sut li bit s gim cp nh th vo nu =250
b) Sai pha ln no s dn n xc sut li bit bng 10-3
16.Cho hai my thu h thng truyn dn nht qun 16-QAM vi cc thng s sau: cng sut thu
trung bnh P
avr
=10
-5
W, R
b
=5000bps, N
0
=10
-10
WHz
-1
.
a) Tm xc sut li bit trong hai h thng
b) Tm v bng thng Nyquist ca hai h thng khi cho h s dc =0,2.
17. h thng 16QAM t c xc sut li bit ging nh h thng QPSK ta cn tng cng sut
cho h thng 16QAM ln bao nhiu ln.

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85
CHNG 4 : M HA KNH KIM SOT LI TRONG
TRUYN DN V TUYN S
4.1. GII THIU CHUNG
Cc phng php m ha knh kim sot li
Cc m khi tuyn tnh
Cc m xon
Cc m turbo v gii m MAP
4.1.2. Hng dn
Tham kho thm [1],[2], [7],[8].
4.1.3. Mc ch chng
Hiu nguyn tc m ha knh kim sot li
Hiu c hot ng ca cc b m ha knh kim sot li in hnh nht trong cc h
thng thng tin v tuyn hin i
Thit k c cc b m ha knh kim sot li n gin
4.2. M U
Thng thng m ho knh l qu trnh x l tn hiu s c thc hin sau ngun tin s v
trc iu ch. Mt trong cc nhim v ca m ho knh l kim sot li. M ho knh kim
sot li l qu trnh x l tn hiu s m bo truyn dn thng tin s tin cy knh thc t.
Trong phn ny chng ta s xem xt cc k thut m ho kim sot li bng cch b sung cho
h thng cc k hiu d n thng tin pht c th thc hin c hai nhim v pha thu: pht
hin li v sa li.
Nhim v ca nh thit k h thng truyn dn s l cung cp mt h thng kinh t
truyn thng tin t ni pht n ni nhn tc v mc tin cy m ngi s dng chp
thun. Hai thng s quan trng m nh thit k c trong tay khi ny l: thng s tn hiu c pht
v rng bng tn ca knh truyn dn. Hai thng s ny cng vi mt ph cng sut ca tp
m thu xc nh t s gia nng lng mt bit tn hiu v mt cng sut tp m, E
b
/N
0
. T s
ny xc nh n tr t s bit li BER (Bit Error Rate) i vi mt s iu ch cho trc. Cc
thit k thc t thng t ra mt gii hn gi tr m ta c th phn b cho E
b
/N
0
. Trong thc t
tu theo hon cnh ta thng phi s dng mt s iu ch m vi s ny khng th m
bo cht lng s liu. i vi t s E
b
/N
0
c nh cch duy nht t c cht lng s liu
quy nh l s dng m ho knh.
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86
Mt ng c thc tin khc dn n vic s dng m ho knh l gim t s E
b
/N
0
yu
cu i vi t s bit li (BER) c nh. Nh vic gim ny ta c th gim cng sut pht hay gim
gi thnh phn cng chng hn s dng anten kch c nh hn.
Kim sot li m bo s ton vn ca s liu c th c thc hin bng hiu chnh li
trc FEC (Forward Error Correction). Hnh 4.1a cho thy m hnh ca mt h thng thng tin s
s dng phng php ny. B m ho knh nhn cc bit ca bn tin v b sung thm cc bit d
theo mt quy tc c quy nh trc, v th to ra lung bit c m ho c tc cao hn. B
gii m s dng cc bit d quyt nh bit no ca bn tin l bit thc t c pht. Mc ch ca
vic kt hp gia m ho v iu ch (hnh 4.1.b) l gim thiu nh hng ca tp m. Ngha
l gim thiu s li gia u vo ca b m ho (ly t ngun tin) v u ra ca b gii m knh
(cung cp cho ngi s dng).
Ngoi FEC cn c mt phng php khc c gi l yu cu pht li t ng (ARQ:
Automatic Retransmission Request) cng c s dng gii quyt vn kim sot li. ARQ
s dng cc bit k hiu d pht hin li. Da trn kt qu pht hin li my thu yu cu pht
li bn tin b mc li, v th cn phi c mt knh hi tip.
Hnh 4.1. M hnh n gin ca h thng truyn dn s. a) M ha v iu ch knh ring
bit; b) M ha knh v iu ch kt hp.

Vic b sung cc bit d vo bn tin dc m ho cn dn n vic cn thit tng rng
bng thng.
Ngai ra vic s dng m ho cn lm tng tnh phc tp ca h thng, nht l vic thc
hin gii m knh my thu. Nh vy cc suy xt khi la chn vic s dng m ho knh cn bao
hm c cc cn nhc v rng bng tn v tnh phc tp.
T cc vn nu ra trn ta c th pht biu mc tiu ca m ho knh kim sot li
nh sau:
1. Pht hin li:
Xc inh on no ca lung s thu cha li. Thng bo cho ni gi hay ni nhn v
li.
Gim thiu xc sut khng pht hin li.
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2. Sa li:
t c s gim xc sut li (hay t s bit li, BER) cho t s Eb/N0 nh trc.
i vi xc sut li cho trc gim gi tr Eb/N0. Lng gim c gi li ca m
ho i vi xc sut li .
Cc yu cu pht hin v sa li c xc nh trc ht bi kiu thng tin c pht. S
khi chc nng ca mt my pht s dng m ho knh c cho hnh 4.2.
T hnh ny ta thy:
Tc bit u ra ca b m ho R lun lun ln hn tc bit,Rb..
T l m c th c nh ngha nh sau:
T l m = R
b
/R

.

Hnh 4.2. S khi ca my pht s dng m ha knh
4.3. CC NGUYN TC M HA KNH KIM SOT LI
Ta xt mt s nguyn tc c s thc hin m ho knh kim sot li. C th pht biu
vn c bn khi thc hin m ho knh ny nh sau: ta mun chuyn i m bn tin c th c
vo m t m . Cc t m ny phi tha mn cc mc tiu v pht hin v sa li. Chng hn ta xt
mt bn tin bao gm 3 bit. Vi 3 bit ny c th c: 2
3
= 8 bn tin c th c. Ta mun thay th tng
bn tin ni trn bng mt t m. Nh ni trn t c iu ny ta s dng cc bit d. Khi
ny cc t m s di hn bn tin tng ng m t n c to ra.
Ta c th phn tch cc kh nng pht hin li v sa li cu cc m d khc nhau bng
cch trc ht nh ngha khong cch Hamming gia hai t m. Khong cch Hamming gia hai
t m bt k c cng di c nh ngha l s v tr m chng khc nhau. Ta c th m t
khong cch Hamming ny bng mt khng gian nhiu chiu (hnh 4.3).
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Hnh 4.3. Trnh by t m ba bit khng gian ba chiu
Gi s ta c mt bn tin nguyn t bao gm mt s "0" hay mt s "1". Khi bn tin l 0 ta
pht i "000", cn khi n l "1" ta pht i "111". T hnh lp th hnh 4.3 ta thy khong cch
gia hai t m ng ni trn l bng 3 v chuyn t mt t m ny sang t m khc phi
chuyn dch theo ba cnh.
By gi ta li gi thit rng bn tin bao gm ba bit v s dng tt c cc t hp bit cu ba bit
ny truyn bn tin. T hnh v 4.3 ta thy tt cc cc nh ca hnh lp th u c s dng
biu th cc bn tin. Mi li xy ra mt trong ba bit u dn n chuyn vo mt nh bn cnh
v s dn n li. Trong trng hp ny nu khong cch ca t pht v thu l mt th chc chn
s mc mt li v t thu c l mt trong s cc bn tin c th c. Ta ci thin tnh trng trn
bng cch tng khong cch. Chng hn cc t m :
0000, 0011, 0101, 1001, 1010, 1100, 1111
u c khong cch ti thiu l 2. i vi bn t m ny ta cn mt hnh khng gian c 16 nh
biu din. Hay tng qut ta cn mt khng gian n chiu.
Gi s xy ra mt li mt v tr ca t m bn bit ni trn: ta thu c 1000 chng hn.
My thu c th nhn nh rng t m ny c th l mt trong hai t m gn t thu nht : 0000 hay
1010.
Trng hp ny ch c th pht hin c li ch khng sa c li. By gi ta xt cc t
m gm: 01111, 01000 v 10011. Khong cch cc tiu gia chng by gi l 3. Nu thu c
mt t m 01001 th mt my thu thng minh c th nhn nh t m c pht phi l 01000 v
y l t m gn vi t thu c nht (c khong cch nh nht =1). By g gi thit t thu c
l 01011, my thu ch c th nhn nh rng t pht c th l mt trong hai t: 01000 v 10011, v
khong cch cu t thu vi hai t ny u bng 2. Vy trong trng hp ny my thu ch c th
pht hin c li ch khng sa c li. Khi ny ta ni rng m trn cho php pht hin li
kp v sa li n.
T cc th d trn ta c th nu ra cng thc chung lin quan n khong cch Hamming ti
thiu gia cc t m v s bit li m m cho php pht hin v sa nh sau:
* Kh nng pht hin li:
d
m
= t+1 (4.1)

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* Kh nng sa li:
d
m
2t +1 (4.2)
trong d
m
l khong cch Hamming cc tiu gia cc t m c th c trong tp m cn t l s
li m cho php pht hin (trng hp th nht) v sa (trng hp hai).
Cc m knh thng c phn thnh hai loi : m khi tuyn tnh v m xon, di y ta
s xt c th hai loi m ny.
4.4. CC M KHI TUYN TNH
Trong loi m ny lung thng tin c chia thnh cc khi c di bng nhau c gi
l cc khi bn tin. Cc bit nhn c u ra ca b m ho c gi l t m. Cc bit d c
b sung vo cc khi theo mt thut ton nht nh ph thuc vo loi m c s dng, cc bit
ny thng c gi l cc bit kim tra. Cc m khi c xc nh bng ba thng s: di khi
bn tin k, di t m n v khong cch Hamming cc tiu d
m
. T s r = k/n c gi l t l m.
Cc bit kim tra c di n-k. B m ho c k hiu (n,k).
S khi tng qut ca mt b m ho khi tuyn tnh c cho hnh 4.4.

.
Hnh 4.4 S tng qut ca b m ha khi
Hot ng ca b m ho c th c biu din ton hc dng ma trn hay a thc. Cc
ma trn hay cc a thc ny c gi l cc ma trn to m hay cc a thc to m.
4.4.1. Ma trn to m
Trong phn ny ta s nh ngha hai ma trn quan trng cho b m ha khi tuyn tnh: ma
trn to m cho php xc nh t m u ra v ma trn kim tra chn l cho php kim tra t m
nhn c ti pha thu.
Ta xt cch biu din ma trn to m cho b m ho khi tuyn tnh. Ga s mt khi bn
tin k bit : m
0
, m
1
, ........, m
k-1
c a vo b m ho, u ra ca b m ho cho ta t m dng
chui bit sau:
b
0
,b
1
,....., b
n-k-1
,

m
0
,m
1
, ......,m
k-1
trong m
j
l cc bit ca khi bn tin, cn b
i
l cc bit kim tra, cc bit ny c gi l cc bit
chn l, cc bit c ch s cao l cc bit c ngha ln hn v c truyn trc. Nh vy u vo
b m ho c th c 2
k
khi bn tin v tng ng u ra c 2
k
t m c s dng trong s 2
n

t m c th c.
Ta c th biu din k bit bn tin vo dng vect v 1 k sau y:
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m = [m
0
, m
1
, ..........,m
k-1
] (4.3)
Tng t c th biu din n-k bit chn l vo dng vect 1(n- k) sau:

b = [b
0
, b
1
, ........., b
n-k-1
] (4.4)
Ta k hiu c l vet u ra ca b m ho nh sau:
c = [c
0
, c
1
, ..........., c
n-1
] (4.5)
trong

+ =
=
=
+
1 ...., , 1 , ,
1 .., , 1 , 0 ,
n k n k n i m
k n i b
c
n k i
i
i
(4.6)
n-k bit chn l u ra ca b to m c xc nh nh sau:
b = mP (4.7)
trong P l ma trn k(n-k) xc nh theo cng thc sau:

=

1 , 1 1 , 1 1 , 0
1 , 1 1 , 1 1 , 0
0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 0
..... ..........
. . .
. . .
. . .
..... ..........
..... ..........
k k n k k
k n
k n
p p p
p p p
p p p
P (4.8)
vi i = 0,1,...,n-k-1 l ch s ca ct v j = 0,1, ..., k-1 l ch s ca hng, p
ij
=0 hoc 1 ty thuc
vo vic b
i
c

ph thuc vo bit bn tin m
i
hay khng.
Ma trn to m c xc nh nh sau:
G = [ ]
k
I P (4.9)
trong I
k
l ma trn n v kk:

1 0 .......... 0
0 1 .......... 0
. . .
. . .
. . .
0 0 .......... 1

=

k
I (4.10)
Khi ny ma trn t m c xc nh nh sau:
c = mG (4.11)
Ma trn kim tra chn l H l ma trn (n-k)n c xc nh nh sau:

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[ ]
T
k n
P I H
= (4.12)
Syndrome
Syndrom cho php xc nh t m nhn c c b mc li hay khng v thm ch c mu
li khi tha mn iu kin trong phng trnh (4.2)
Ta xt qu trnh gii m. Ta k hiu y l mt vect thu c c kch thc l 1 n nhn
c t vic pht i vect x trn mt knh c tp m. Ta biu din vect y l tng ca vect thu x
v vect li e gy ra do tp m:
y = c + e (4.13)
Vect e c gi l vect li hay mu li. Phn t e
i
ca vect ny bng khng nu phn t
tng ng ca y bng phn t tng ng ca c. Ngc li phn t e
i
bng 1 nu phn t tng
ng ca y khc vi phn t tng ng ca c, khi ny xy ra mt li v tr i. Nh vy vi i = 1, 2,
...... , n ta c:
e
i
= 1 khi mt li xy ra v tr i
e
i
= 0 khi khng c li (4.14)
My thu c nhim v gii m vect c t vect y thu c. gii m ngi ta thng
tnh ton mt vect 1 (n-k) c gi l Syndrome. c im ca Syndrome l n ch ph thuc
vo mu li.
Syndrome c xc nh nh sau:
s = y H
T
(4.15)
Syndrome c cc thuc tnh quan trng sau y.
Thuc tnh 1: Syndrome ch ph thuc vo mu li ch khng ph thuc vo t m c
pht.
Thuc tnh 2: Tt c cc mu li khc nhau nhiu nht mt t m u c cng Syndrome.
i vi k bit bn tin ta c 2
k
vect t m khc nhau c biu th bng : c
i
, i= 0,1, 2, 3,
.... , 2
k
-1. Tng ng i vi mt mu li e bt k ta c th nh nghi 2
k
vect e
i
khc nhau nh
sau:
e
i
= e + c
i
i=0,1, 2, . . ., 2
k
-1 (4.16)
ch khc nhau nhiu nht mt t m.
Tp cc vect {e
i
, i = 0,1,2,3, ... , 2
k
-1} theo nh ngha trn c gi l Coset ca m.
Ni mt cch khc mt Coset c ng 2
k
phn t khc nhau nhiu nht mt t m. S cc t hp
t m c th c ca mt m khi tuyn tnh (n,k) l 2
n
trong ch c mt b 2
k
t m l c
s dng, vy tng s b 2
k

t m c th c l 2
n-k
v tng ng s c 2
n-k
Coset c th c (trong
ch c mt Coset l tng ng vi b t m c s dng).
* i vi vect y thu c, tnh Syndrome s = yH
T

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* Trong tp Coset c c trng bi Syndrome trn chn ta mu li c xc sut ln nht.
Gi n v e
0
.
* Tnh vect m cho u ra:

0
e y+ = ' c
Lu rng s hc mun 2 th tr cng ging nh cng.
Trng lng Hamming cc tiu
Theo nh ngha th trng lng Hamming ca mt t m l tng s cc v tr bit khc
khng trong t m ny. Ta cng c th coi trng lng ny l khong cch Hamming gia mt t
m khc khng vi t m ton khng. Do thuc tnh ca m khi tuyn tnh l tng (hoc hiu)
hai t m bt k lun lun bng mt t m th ba cu m, nn c th ni rng trng lng
Hamming cc tiu ca cc t m khc khng ca m khi tuyn tnh chnh bng khong cch
Hamming cc tiu.
kt thc phn ny ta xt th d v m Hamming.
Th d 4.1

Ta xt mt h m c gi l m Hamming c cc thng s sau y:
di t m n= 2
m
-1
S cc bit bn tin k = 2
m
- m -1
S cc bit chn l n - k = m
trong m3
lm th d ta xt m Hamming (7,4) c n=7 v k=4 tng ng vi m=3. Ma trn to m
ca m ny phi c cu trc ph hp vi phng trnh (3.13) v c dng nh sau:

43 4 2 1 3 2 1

k
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
1 1 0
0 1 1
I P
G
= (4.17)
Ma trn kim tra chn l tng ng c dng sau:

3 2 1 3 2 1
T
k n
0111
1110
1011
001
010
100
P I
H
(4.18)
Cc t m c tnh theo phng trnh (4.14) v c cho bng 4.1.

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Bng 4.1 Cc t ca m Hamming (7,4)

Bn tin T m Trng
lng
Bn tin T m Trng
lng
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
0000000
1010001
1110010
0100011
0110100
1100101
1000110
0010111
0
3
4
3
3
4
3
4
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111
1101000
0111001
0011010
1001011
1011100
0001101
0101110
1111111
3
4
3
4
4
3
4
7

T bng 4.1 ta thy trng lng nh nht ca cc t m khc khng l 3, vy khong
cch Hamming cc tiu d
min
= 3. Tt nhin cc m Hamming c thuc tnh l khong cch
Hamming cc tiu lun lun bng 3 khng ph thuc vo m. Do d
min
= 3 nn t cc phng trnh
(4.1) v (4.2) ta thy cc m ny ch c th sa c mt li v pht hin c hai li.
Quan h ny cho m Hamming (7,4) c cho bng 4.2.
Bng 4.2. Bng gii m cho m Hamming (7,4)

Syndrome Mu li
000
100
010
001
110
011
111
101
0000000
1000000
0100000
0010000
0001000
0000100
0000010
0000001
4.4.2. a thc to m
Trong phn ny ta xt vic s dng a thc to m xy dng cc b to m vng. M
vng l mt tp con ca m tuyn tnh. Cc m ny c xy dng trn c s cc thanh ghi dch
c hi tip. Mt m c gi l m vng khi n th hin hai thuc tnh c bn sau:
1. Thuc tnh tuyn tnh: tng ca hai t m cng l mt t m.
2. Thuc tnh vng: Mi s dch vng mt t m s cng l mt t m.
Ta c th biu din t m l mt vect n-1 thnh phn nh sau:
c = (c
0
, c
1
, . . . . , c
n-1
) (4.19)
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Hay dng a thc bc (n-1) sau y:
c = c
0
+ c
1
x+ c
2
x
2
+ . . . . + c
n-1
x
n-1
( 4.20)
trong cc h s c
i
= 0/1, v mi lu tha ca x tng ng vi dch vng mt bit theo thi
gian. V th khi ta nhn a thc (4.20) vi x c ngha l dch vng mt bit sang phi, v vy x
n

phi bng 1 v bit ngoi cng bn phi chuyn thnh bit ngoi cng bn tri. Qu trnh nhn v
dch vng nh vy thng c biu din nh sau:
xc(x) mod (x
n
- 1) = c
n-1
+ c
0
x + . . . . + c
n-2
x
n-1
(4.21)
trong mod c ngha l chia ch ly phn d.
Tng t nu nhn biu thc (4.21) vi x
2
, ta cdch vng hai bit sang ph nh sau:
x
2
c(x) mod (x
n
- 1) = c
n-2
+ c
n-1
x + . . . . . + c
n-3
x
n-1
(4.22)
Mt m vng (n,k) c c t bi tp y cc a thc bc (n-1) hay thp hn v nhn
mt a thc bc thp nht (n-k) lm tha s. Tha s c bit ny c k hiu l g(x) v c
gi l a thc to m ca m ny. a thc to m g(x) tng ng vi ma trn to m G m ta
xt phn trc.
a thc to m ca m vng c cc thuc tnh sau.
Thuc tnh 1: a thc to m ca mt m vng (n,k) l n nht ngha rng n l a
thc t m bc (n-k) cc tiu duy nht.
Thuc tnh 2: Mi bi s ca a thc to m g(x) l mt a thc t m mi, xc nh nh
sau:
c(x) = a(x)g(x)mod(x
n
-1)
trong a(x) l mt a thc ca x.
Hay: Mt a thc bc n-1 hay thp hn l mt a thc t m ch v ch khi n l bi s
ca g(x).
g(x) l a thc to m c biu din nh sau:
g(x) = g
0
+ g
1
x + g
2
x
2
+ . . . . . + g
n-k
x
n-k
(4.23)
trong g
i
={0,1}
Cn m(x) l a thc ca khi bn tin k bit c biu din nh sau:
m(x) = m
0
+ m
1
x + m
2
x
2
+ . . . . . . . + m
k-1
x
k-1
(4.24)
Gi s ta c cho mt a thc to m g(x) v phi m ho mt khi bn tin (m
0
, m
1
, . . . .
,m
k-1
) vo mt m vng h thng vo dng sau:

4 4 3 4 4 2 1 4 4 3 4 4 2 1
1 k 1 0 1 k n 1 0
m , . . . . . , m , m , b ., . . . . , b , b (4.25)
n-k bit chn l k bit bn tin
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95
Ta c th vit a thc t m nh sau:
c= b
0
+b
1
x++b
n-k-1
x
n-k-1
+ m
0
x
n-k
++ m
n-1
x
n-1

= b(x)+ x
n-k
m(x) (4.26)
trong :
b(x)= b
0
+b
1
x++b
n-k-1
x
n-k-1

x
n-k
m(x)= m
0
x
n-k
++ m
n-1
x
n-1
l a thc t m c dch vng n-k
Ta chia a thc x
n-k
m(x) cho a thc to m g(x) v nhn c thng a(x) v phn d
b(x) nh sau:

x
n k
( x)
( x)
( x)
( x)
( x)
= +
m
g
a
b
g
(4.27)
hay :
x
n-k
m(x) = a(x)g(x) + b(x) (4.28)
trong :
a(x) = a
0
+ a
1
x + . . . . . + a
k-1
x
k-1
(4.29)
v:
b(x) = b
0
+ b
1
x + . . . . . + b
n-k-1
x
n-k-1
(4.30)
Trong s hc mun 2 b(x) = - b(x), nn ta c th vit li phng trnh (4.26) nh sau:
c(x)= b(x) + x
n-k
m(x) = a(x)g(x) (4.31)
Bc ca phn d b(x) lun lun nh hn bc ca s chia: n-k. Cc h s ca phn d b(x)
chnh l cc bit chn l.
T phn tch trn ta c th tng kt cc bc trong qu trnh thc hin m ho cho mt m
vng (n,k) nh sau:
1. Nhn a thc bn tin m(x) vi x
n-k
.
2. Chia x
n-k
m(x) cho g(x) c phn d b(x).
3. Cng b(x) vi x
n-k
m(x) nhn c a thc t m c(x).
a thc to m g(x) v a thc kim tra chn l h(x) l cc tha s ca a thc 1 + x
n
nh
sau:
h(x) g(x) = 1 + x
n
(4.32)
trong h(x) l mt a thc chn l dnh ngha nh sau:
h(x)g(x)mod(x
n
-1) = 0 (4.33)
hay t phng trnh (4.31), ta c:
h(x)c(x)mod(x
n
-1) = 0 (4.34)
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Thuc tnh ny cung cp cho ta c s chn a thc to m hay a thc kim tra chn l.
Chng hn ta c th pht biu rng nu a thc g(x) l mt a thc bc n-k v ng thi l mt
tha s ca 1 + x
n
th n l mt a thc to m ca mt m vng (n,k). Tng t ta c th pht
biu rng nu h(x) l mt a thc bc k v ng thi l tha s ca 1 + x
n
th n l mt a thc
kim tra chn l ca m vng (tun hon) (n,k).
Mi tha s ca 1 + x
n
c bc (n-k) (s cc bit chn l) u c th c s dng nh mt a
thc to m. Khi gi tr n ln, a thc 1 + x
n
c th c nhiu tha s bc n-k. Mt s trong s ny
to ra cc m vng tt cn mt s khc li to ra cc m vng ti hn. Vn tm ra cch chn
m vng tt l mt vn rt kh m cc nh bc hc mt nhiu cng nghin cu.
Th d 4.2 Cc m Hamming
minh ho cc vn lin quan n vic trnh by a thc cho cc m vng ta kho st
qu trnh to ra mt m vng (7,4) cho m Hamming. Vi di t m n = 7, ta thc hin khai
trin a thc 1 + x
7
vo ba a thc tha s ti gin nh sau:
x
7
+ 1 = (1 + x)(1 + x
2
+ x
3
) (1 + x + x
3
)
a thc ti gin l a thc khng th phn chia thnh tha s bng cch s dng cc a
thc c cc h s l m c s hai. Mt a thc ti gin bc m c gi l a thc nguyn thu nu
tn ti quan h n = 2
m
- 1, trong n l bc ca a thc 1+x
n
chia ht cho a thc nguyn thu.
Vy th d ang xt ta ch c hai a thc nguyn thuy l (1 + x
2
+ x
3
) v (1 + x + x
3
). Gi s ta
chn:
g(x) = 1 + x + x
3
lm a thc to m vi bc bng s cc bit chn l, th a thc kim tra chn l s l a
thc sau:
h(x) = (1 + x) (1 + x
2
+ x
3
)
= 1 + x + x
2
+ x
4
c bc bng s cc bit ca khi bn tin.
By gi ta s xt cc th tc to m cho mt khi bn tin 1001 bng cch s dng a thc
to m ni trn. Trc ht ta vit a thc khi bn tin nh sau:
m(x) = 1 + x
3
Nhn a thc bn tin vi x
n-k
= x
3
, ta c:
x
3
(1 + x
3
) = x
3
+ x
6
Sau ta chia tch trn cho a thc to m nhn c phn d b(x).
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+ +
+
+
+ +
+ +
+
3
6 3
3
6 4 3
4
4 2
2
x x 1
x x
x x
x x x
x
x x x
x x

Ta c th vit li kt qu chia trn nh sau:

x x
1 x x
x x
x x
1 x x
3 6
3
3
2
3
+
+ +
= + +
+
+ +

Vy ta c a thc ca thng v phn d l:
a(x) = x + x
3

b(x) = x + x
2
Nh vy theo cng thc (4.31) ta c a thc t m cn tm :
c(x) = b(x) + x
n-k
m(x)
= x + x
2
+ x
3
+ x
6
Kt qu ta c t m l: 0111001. Bn bit bn phi 1001 l cc bit ca khi bn tin. Ba bit
bn tri l cc bit kim tra chn l. Ta thy t m ny ging nh mt t m c trong bng 3.1 cho
m Hamming (7,4).
Ta c th tng qut ho kt qu ni trn bng cch pht biu rng mi m vng c to ra
bi mt a thc nguyn thu l mt m Hamming c khong cch cc tiu bng 3.
S b m ho vng
Trong phn trc chng ta thy rng th tc m ho vng (n,k) bao gm ba bc sau:
1. Nhn x
n-k
vi a thc bn tin m(x)
2. Chia tch trn cho a thc to m g(x).
3, Cng phn d b(x) vi tch x
n-k
m(x) c a thc t m cn tm.
Ba bc ni trn c thc hin b lp m c cho hnh 4.5 bao gm mt thanh
ghi dch (n-k) tng c mch hi tip tuyn tnh.
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98
1
g
2
g
1 n k
g

Hnh 4.5. B to m vng
Thanh ghi ny bao gm cc Flip-Flop hay cc phn t tr. Cc Flip-Flop ny c th nhn
mt trong hai trng thi: 0 hay 1. Mt ng h ngoi (khng c hnh v) thc hin iu khin tt
c cc Flip-Flop. Ngoi cc Flip-Flop, b lp m li c mt tp hp cc mch cng mun-2
thc hin cng mun-2 gia u ra ca Flip-Flop vi mch hi tip. Cui cng l cc b nhn
nhn chng vi nhau. Chng hn nu g
i
= 1 th b nhn c ngha l "ni trc tip", cn nu g
i
= 0
th b nhn c ngha l "khng ni". Mi ln c sn tng ca xung ng h, ni dung ca thanh
ghi dch li dch i mt v tr theo chiu mi tn.
Hot ng ca s hnh 4.5 nh sau:
1.u tin cc flip-flop c t vo khng v kho chuyn mch CM1 pha trn ca s
v tr ng mch, v kho chuyn mch pha di v tr di. k bit bn tin dch vo knh
v b to m to ra (n-k) bit chn l trong thanh ghi dch (nhc la rng cc bit chn l ny c
cng gi tr nh cc h s ca phn d b(x) ).
2. Sau kho chuyn mch trn ngt v kho chuyn mch di chuyn vo v tr trn.
Ni dung ca thanh ghi dch c dch vo knh.
Th d 4.3. B lp m vng Hamming (7.4)
Hnh 4.6 cho ta s ca b lp m to ra m vng Hamming (7,4) t b to m sau:
g(x) = 1 + x + x
3
.

Hnh 4.6. B to m vng (7,4) vi g(t) = 1+x+x
2

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99
m t hot ng ca b lp m ny ta xt chui bn tin u vo l (1001). Thay
i ni dung ca thanh ghi dch sau mi ln dch vo mt bit thng tin c cho bng 4.3.
Sau bn ln dch ni dung ca thanh ghi dch v cc bit chn l tng ng l (011). Vy nu
gn cc bit ny vo cc bit bn tin ta c t m (0111001). Kt qu ny ging ht th d
4.1.
Bng 4.3. Ni dung thanh ghi dch th d 4.3 khi bn tin vo (1001)

Dch Bit vo Ni dung thanh ghi

1
2
3
4

1
0
0
1
000 (trng thi u)
110
011
111
011

Syndrome
Gi thit t m c = (c
0
, c
1
, . . . . , c
n-1
) c truyn trn mt knh c tp m. dn n thu
c t m y = (y
0
, y
1
, . . . . ., y
n-1
). Bc u tin gii m cho mt m khi tuyn tnh l phi
tnh Syndrome cho t m thu. Nu Syndrome bng khng th t thu khng b li, ngc li nu
Syndrome khc khng th t ny b mc li v cn sa n.
i vi m vng dng h thng th c th tnh ton Syndrome d dng. Gi thit t thu
c trnh by dng a thc sau y:
y = y
0
+ y
1
x + . . . . . + y
n-1
x
n-1
(4.35)
tnh Syndrome ta chia a thc y(x) cho a thc to m g(x). Gi s a(x) l thng cn
s(x) l phn d ca kt qu chia, ta c th biu din y(x) nh sau:
y(x) = a(x) g(x) + s(x) (4.36)
Phn d s(x) l mt a thc bc n-k-1 hay thp hn. a thc ny c gi l a thc
Syndrome. Nu a thc Syndrome s(x) khc khng, th c nghi l pht hin thy s c mt ca
li truyn dn t m thu c.
B tnh ton Syndrome c s ging nh b to m ch khc ch cc bit ca t m thu
c c a vo (n-k) tng ca thanh ghi dch c hi tip t pha bn tri (xem hnh 4.7). Sau
khi cc bit cu t m thu dch ht vo thanh ghi dch, ni dung ca thanh ghi ny s xc nh
syndrome s. Bit c s ta c th xc nh c mu li v a ra c quyt nh sa nh xt
phn trc.
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100
F-F F-F F-F F-F F-F
CM1
1
g
2
g
1 n k
g

Cc bit thu
y(t)

Hnh 4.7. B tnh syndrrome

Th d 4.4 B tnh syndrome cho m Hamming vng (7,4)
i vi m Hamming vng c to bi b to m g(x) = 1+x+x
3
, s tnh syndrome
c cho hnh 4.8.
F-F F-F
CM
Ccbitthu
F-F

Hnh 4.8. B etnh syndrom cho m vng (7.4) vi a thc g(x)=1+x+x
2
Ga s t m pht l (0111001) v t m thu l (0110001); ngha l bit gia b sai. Ni dung
thanh ghi dch ca b tnh syndrome trong trng hp ny c cho bng 4.4.
Bng 4.4. Ni dung b tnh syndrome hnh 4.8 khi t m thu (0110001)

Dch Bit vo Ni dung thanh ghi

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1
0
0
0
1
1
0
000 (trng thi u)
100
010
001
110
111
001
110
Sau by ln dch syndrome c xc nh bng 110. V syndrome khc khng t m nhn
c b mc li. T bng 4.4 ta c mu li tng ng l 0001000, ngha l bit gia ca t m
b li.
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101
4.4.3. li m ha
li m ha c nh ngha l vic s dng m ha knh sa li cho php gim t s
E
b
/N
0
i bao nhiu ln m vn gi nguyn xc sut li bit. li m ha G c biu din dB
nh sau:
G(dB)=
b b
0 0
u c
E E
[dB] - [dB]
N N

trong ch s "u" v "c" k hiu cho khng m ha v m ha tng ng.
4.5. M XON
4.5.1 M u
Mt m khi tuyn tnh c xt cc phn trc c c trng bi hai s nguyn, n v k,
v mt ma trn hay a thc to m. S nguyn k l s bit hay k hiu ca khi bn tin du vo
ca b lp m, cn s nguyn n l tng s bit hay k hiu cu t m u ra ca b lp m. r =
k/n c gi l t l m, l s o nh gi lng d c b sung. M xon c trnh by bi
ba s nguyn: n, k v K, trong r = k/n cng c gi l t l m nh trng hp hp m khi.
S nguyn K c gi l di hn ch ; n th hin s ln dch cc i ca mt nhm k bit bn
tin m trong nhm k bit ny vn cn gy nh hng u ra b to m. Mt c tnh quan trng
ca cc m xon khc bit so vi cc m khi l b to m ca chng c b nh, nn qu trnh
to ra n phn t u ra ca cc b lp m ny khng ch ph thuc vo k bit u vo m cn
ph thuc v (K-1) tp hp k bit u vo trc .
4.5.2. To m xon
S tng qut ca mt b lp m xon c cho hnh 4.9.

Hnh 4.9. S tng qut ca b to m xon t l m k/n

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102
M xon c to ra bng cch cho mt chui bit thng tin i qua cc tng nh (thng l
cc thanh ghi dch tuyn tnh tuyn tnh trng thi hn ch). Tng qut cc b nh trong b m
ho xon bao gm M tng (k bit mi tng) v n b to hm i s tuyn tnh dng cng
modul-2 nh hnh 4.9. Cc bit s liu u vo ca b m ho c dch vo b nh mi ln k
bit. S cc bit u ra ca b lp m cho mi ln dch k bit u vo l n bit, trong k<n. Tng t
nh i vi m khi tuyn tnh, t s r = k/n c gi l t l m. Theo nh ngha v di hn
ch th K=M+1 nu u vo ca b nh th nht c ni n cc b cng mdul2, tri li nu
u vo ny khng c ni n cc b cng modul 2 th di hn ch K=M.
Trong ti liu ny ta ch xt cc b lp m xon hay c s dng vi k = 1. Trong trng
hp ny M b nh s ch c mt phn t nh v tr thnh thanh ghi dch M tng. i vi cc b
lp m ny mi ln c mt bit m

dch vo thanh ghi th tt c cc bit trc dch mt tng sang
bn phi, v trong trng hp tng qut n u ra ca cc b cng c ly mu ln lt v c
pht i. V c n bit u ra i vi mt bit u vo nn t l m l: r = 1/n. Ngoi ra ta ch xt
trng hp K=M (u vo b nh th nht c ni n cc b cng modul2). S tng qut
ca b m ha xon ny c cho hnh 4.10.
1
g
2
g
n
g
j
g
,1 ,2 ,j ,n
c =c ,c ,..,c ,...,c
,1
c
,2
c
, j
c
,n
c
m
Hnh 4.10. S tng qut b m ha xon vi k=1, u vo ni vi b cng (K=M)

Hot ng ca b to m xon c th c phn tch da trn cc cng c nh:
1. Chui to m
2. a thc to m
3. Biu cy
4. Biu trang thi
5. Biu li

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103
Do khun kh hn ch, ta s ch xt: 1) a thc to m, 2) biu trng thi v 3) biu
li.
4.5.3. Chui to m v a thc to m
4.5.3.1. Chui to m
Trc ht ta s xt hot ng ca b to m xon vi k=1, r=1/n . Gi s chui bit thng tin
u vo c chia thnh cc an c di L, ta c th biu din khi bit ny dng sau:

0 2 1
( , ,....., ,...., )
L
m m m m

= m'
l
(4.37)
trong bit m
0
l bit vo u tin.
Ta s s dng cc k hiu sau:
= 0,1,....,L-1 l s th t ca chui bit vo
j= 1,2,..., n l s th t ca nhnh cng
p=0,1,2,..., M l s th t ca phn t nh (p=0 tng ng vi u vo ca phn t nh
th nht)
Cc khi ny c phn cch vi nhau bng cc on ui K-1 cc s 0 cc on ny
khng nh hng ln nhau (trong trng ny ta c K-1=M), khi ny chui vo b lp m c dng
sau:
0 2 1 1 1
( , ,....., ,...., , , ,....., )
L L L M L
m m m m m m m
+ +
= m
l
(4.38)
trong cc bit M bit t m
L+1

n m
M+L-1

l cc bit ui v u bng khng.
tnh ton p ng u ra ca b cng modul-2 th j ln u vo ta c th s dung
chui to m sau:
g
j
=(g
0,j
, g
1,j
, ..... , g
p,j
, ....., g
M,j
) (4.39)
trong g
p,i
=0 hay 1 ty thuc vo u ra ca phn t nh p c ni n b cng j hay khng,
g
0,i
= 1 v u vo ca phn t nh th nht lun c ni n cc b cng.

Ta k hiu chui bit ra ca cc nhnh cng mun-2 th j khi bit vo l m
l
nh sau:

, ,0 ,2 1,
( , ,..., )
j L M j
c c c
+
= c
l l l
(4.40)
trong j=1, 2, . . , n,
, j
c
l
l bit ra l ca nhnh j, l = 0,1, ....., L+M-1 v M l s phn t nh
ca b to m .Vy trong mi trng hp ta c s bit u ra nhnh cng bng: L+K-1 bit.

Cc phn t ca chui ny c xc inh theo cng thc tch chp sau:

, 1
p p
p
M
p
=
= = +
=
l l
l
l
M
, j , j
0
c g m 0,1, 2, .., L
j 1, 2, ...., n
(4.41)
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4.5.3.2. a thc to m
Ta xt b to m k=1v chui bit thng tin u vo c chia thnh cc on di L vi ui
l K-1 s 0. Ta c th vit chui ny vo dng a thc bn tin nh sau:
m(x) = m
0
+m
1
x+ . + m
l
x
l
+ . . + m
L-1
x
L-1
(4.42)
p ng ca nhnh cng j ln chui bit vo trong trng hp ny c th biu din dng
a thc to m nh sau:
g
j
(x) = g
0,j
+ g
1,j
x + g
2,j
x
2
+ . . . + g
p,j
x
p
+ . . . + g
M,j
x
M
(4.43)
trong g
p,i
=0/1 tng ng vi phn t nh p khng ni hoc c ni vo b cng.
Khi ny c th xc nh a thc ca chui bit ra nhnh j nh sau:
c
j
(x) = m(x)g
j
(x)
= c
0,j
+ c
1,j
x+ c
2,j
x
2
+ . . +
, j
c x
l
l
+ . . . +c
L+M-1,j
x
L+M-1
(4.44)
trong h s c
i,j
=0/1 tng ng vi bit i u ra j.
minh ha cch s dng chui to m v a thc to m ta xt th d di y.
Th d 4.6.
Gi s b to m c cho trn hnh 4.11.
D D
m
1
c
2
c

Hnh 4.11. S b to m cho th d 4.6.
Tm chui bit u ra ca b to m khi chui bit bn tin c dng:
m' = (m
0
, m
1
, m
2
, m
3
, m
4
) = (10011)

trong m
0
l bit u tin vo b to m.
th d ny ta c L = 5, M=2, K=M+1=3, s bit ui bng K-1=2 v s bit vo b to m
L+M = 7, t l m r = 1/2, s bit u ra bng 2x7=14.
Trong trng hp ny chui bit vo b to m c dng sau:
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105
m = (m
0
, m
1
, m
2
, m
3
, m
4
,m
5
,m
6
) = (1001100)
Trc ht ta s dng chui m. T phng trnh (4.38) ta c th vit:
g
1
= ( g
0,1
, g
1,1
, g
2,1
) = (1,0,1)
g
2
= ( g
0,2
, g
1,2
, g
2,2
) = (1,1,1)
Trin khai phng trnh (4.40) cho ta chui bit u ra.
c
=
= =
M
, j p, j -p
0
g m j 1, 2; p = 0, 1, 2; = 0,1, .., 6
l l
l
l
i vi nhnh trn j=1 ta c:
c
0,1
= g
0,1
m
0
= 1 1 = 1
c
1,1
= g
0,1
m
1
+ g
1,1
m
0
= 10 + 0 1 = 0
c
2,1
= g
0,1
m
2
+ g
1,1
m
1
+ g
2,1
m
0
= 10 + 00 + 11= 1
c
3,1
= g
0,1
m
3
+ g
1,1
m
2
+ g
2,1
m
1
= 11 + 00 + 10 = 1
c
4,1
= g
0,1
m
4
+ g
1,1
m
3
+ g
2,1
m
2
= 11 + 01 + 10 = 1
c
5,1
= g
0,1
m
5
+ g
1,1
m
4
+g
2,1
m
3
= 10 + 01 +11 = 1
c
6,1
= g
0,1
m
6
+ g
1,1
m
5
+ g
2,1
m
4
= 10 +00+11 = 1
Vy chui bit u ra ca nhnh trn l :
c
1
= (1011111)
Tng t i vi nhnh di j=2 ta c:
c
0,2
= g
0,2
m
0
= 1 1 = 1
c
1,2
= g
0,2
m
1
+ g
1,2
m
0
= 10 + 1 1 = 1
c
2,2
= g
0,2
m
2
+ g
1,2
m
1
+ g
2,2
m
0
= 10 + 10 + 11= 1
c
3,2
= g
0,2
m
3
+ g
1,2
m
2
+ g
2,2
m
1
= 11 + 10 + 10 = 1
c
4,2
= g
0,2
m
4
+ g
0,2
m
3
+ g
2,2
m
2
= 11 + 11 + 10 = 0
c
5,2
= g
0,2
m
5
+ g
1,2
m
4
+g
2,2
m
3
= 10 + 11+ 11 = 0
c
6,2
= g
0,2
m
6
+ g
1,2
m
5
+ g
2,3
m
4
= 10 +10+11 = 1
Vy chui bit u ra ca nhnh di s l:

c
2
= (1111001)
Chui bit u ra ca b lp m l ghp chung ca hai chui c
1
, c
2
nh sau:
c = (11 01 11 11 10 10 11)
c 14 bit.
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Bng cch s dng a thc to m cc phng trnh (4.42), (4.43) v (4.44), ta c th vit:
m(x) = 1 + x
3
+ x
4

g
1
(x) = 1 + x
2

g
2
(x) = 1+x + x
2

c
1
(x) = (1 + x
3
+ x
4
) ( 1 + x
2
) = 1+ x
2
+ x
3
+ x
5
+x
4
+ x
6

=1+ x
2
+ x
3
+ x
4
+

x
5
+ x
6

hay: c
1
= (c
0,1
, c
1,1
, c
2,1
, c
3,1
, c
4,1
, c
5,1
, c
6,1
) = ( 1 0 1 1 1 1 1)
c
2
(x) = ( 1 + x
3
+ x
4
)( 1 + x + x
2
) = 1 + x
3
+ x
4
+ x + x
4
+x
5
+x
2
+x
5
+x
6

=1+x+x
2
+x
3
+x
5

hay: c
2
= (c
0,2
, c
1,2
, c
2,2
, c
3,2
, c
4,2
, c
5,2
, c
6,2
) = ( 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 )
Cui cng ta c chui u ra l ghp xen ca hai chui trn nh sau:
c = ( 11 01 11 11 1010 11 )
Nh vy chui bn tin vo 5 bit cng thm hai bit dui bng "0" khi u hai tng sau
ca thanh ghi dch vo trng thi "0" chng khng nh hng ln chui bit tip theo ta s c
7 bit. Do vy t l m trong trng hp ny l r= 1/2 .
Trong thc t chui hay a thc to m g
j
xc nh tr ca bit vo i khi a ln nhnh
cng j, nn ta c th d dng xc inh chui u ra ca b to m bng cch lp bng nh sau
(bng 4.9).
Bng 4.9. Th d v tnh ton m xon cho b lp m 4.11.

Chui bn tin m 1 0 0 1 1
1/ B sung hai bit ui: m' 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
2/ tr mt bit: m'.x 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
3/ tr hai bit: m'.x
2
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
c
1
= m'+m'x
2
1 0 1 1 1 1 1
c
2
= m'+m'x+m'x
2
1 1 1 1 0 0 1
c 11 01 11 11 10 10 11

bng 4.9 sau khi thc hin b sung hai bit ui vo chui bit u vo ca b lp
m, ta thc hin tr mt bit (dch ton b chui sang phi mt bit), tr hai bit (dch chui sang
phi hai bit). Sau thc hin cng 1/ vi 3/ (tng ng vi g
1,1
=1, g
2,1
= 0 v g
3,1
= 1) c
c
1
v 1/ vi 2/ v vi 3/ (tng ng vi g
1,2
= 1, g
2,2
= 1, g
3,2
=1) c c
2
. Cui cng kha
chuyn mch ln lt an xen hai chui bit ny c chui ra c.
Cc chui to m hay a thc to m thng c m t dng c s tm (octal). Th
d b lp m c chui to m hay a thc to m vi cc h s dng nh phn sau y:
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107
g
1
= ( g
1,1
, g
2,1
, g
3,1
, g
4,1
, g
5,1
, g
6,1
, g
7,1
, g
8,1
, g
9,1
)
= (1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,1)
g
2
= ( g
1,2
, g
2,2
, g
3,2
, g
4,2
, g
5,2
, g
6,2
, g
7,2
, g
8,2
, g
9,2
)
= (1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1)
c th c m t dng c s tm nh sau:
g
1
= (561)
8

g
2
=(753)
8

S ca b to m ni trn c cho hnh 4.12.

Hnh 4.12. B to m xon r=1/2, M=3, K=M+1=9
4.5.4. Biu trng thi
Biu trng thi bao gm cc nt trng thi c ni vi nhau bng cc nhnh th hin s
chuyn i trng thi khi bit vo bng khng hoc 1. Cc nhnh trng thi c nh nhn bng
cc bit u ra cu b to m. Trng thi ca mt b to m xon c nh ngha l t hp M bit
c lu trong cc phn t nh cu m lp m. Bit c trng thi cng vi bit u vo tip theo
ta c th d dng xc nh c cc bit u ra tip theo ca b lp m. Biu trng thi cho s
b to m trn hnh 4.11 c cho trn hnh 4.13. Hai phn t nh trong b to m ny cho ta
bn trng thi sau: S
0
= (00), S
1
= (10), S
2
=(01) v S
3
=(11). Khi cc bit mi c a vo, hai bit
ni trn s kt hp vi cc bit vo to ra hai bit ra v trng thi c chuyn i. Chuyn i
trng thi dc th hin bng mt nhnh ni gia trng thi c v mi. Nhnh t nt trn hnh v
biu th bit vo bng 1 cn nhnh lin nt biu th bit vo bng khng.
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108
S0=00
S1=10 S2=01
S3=11
00
11
11
00
01
10
10
01

Hnh 4.13. Biu trng thi ca b to m trn hnh 4.11
4.5.5. Biu li
Cng nh biu trng thi, biu li bao gm cc nt trng thi c ni vi nhau
bng cc nhnh th hin s chuyn i trng thi khi bit vo bng khng hoc 1. Cc nhnh trng
thi cng c nh nhn bng cc bit u ra cu b to m. Tuy nhin biu li cho php ta
theo di c qu trnh hot ng ca b to m theo thi gian. Biu li cho b to m trn
hnh 4.11 c v trn hnh 4.14.

S0=00
00
11
11
00
01
10
10
01
00
11
11
00
01
10
10
01
00
11
11
00
01
10
10
01
00
11
11
00
01
10
10
01
00
11
11
00
01
10
10
01
00
11
11
00
01
10
10
01
00
11
11
00
01
10
10
01
S1=10
S2=01
S3=11
m
1
0
0
1 1
0
0
c 11
01 11 11
10 10 11
Ccbitvo
Cckhiura

Hnh 4.14. Biu li cho b to m trn hnh 4.11.
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109
Biu li trn hnh 4.14 cho thy t mt nt mng bao gi cng c hai nhnh ra v n
mt nt mng bao gi cng c hai nhnh hi t vo.
Hnh 4.14 cng cho thy ng dn qua li (ng m nt) khi cho cc bit u vo cng
vi hai bit ui nh th d 4.6 l: m=(1001100). ng dn bt u t trng thi S
0
=00 (y l
trng thi tng ng vi hai bit ui ca chui bit trc chui ang xt) v cng kt thc ti trng
thi S
0
=00 (tng ng vi hai bit ui ca chui ang xt). Da trn hai bit u ra ca mi nhnh
trn ng dn ny ta c th tm c cc k hiu m u ra: c=(11 01 11 11 10 10 11).
4.5.6. Gii m theo kh nng ging nht
Gi s m l vector th hin chui bn tin, c

l vector th hin chui t m u ra b m
ho a vo knh AWGN v v

l vector th hin chui t m ra ca knh ny, do tc ng cu tp
m v c th khc vi c. B gii m c nhim v a ra c tnh vector bn tin thu m sao cho n
gn ging chui bn tin m c pht nht. Nu tt c cc chui vo u c xc sut nh nhau th
b gii m t c xc sut li thp nht s l b gii m thc hin so snh cc xc sut c iu
kin c gi l cc hm kh ging (Likelihood Function), P(v/
(m)
c
%
), trong v l vect thu cn
(m)
c
%
l mt trong s cc vect c th c pht (mt trong s cc ng dn c th xy ra trn
biu li). Nhim v ca b gii m l phi chn ra trong s cc vect
(m)
c
%
c th c (hay s
ng dn trn li tng ng vi chng) mt vect (hay ng dn) gn nht vi vect v.
lm iu ny ngi ta s dng quy tc quyt nh theo kh nng ging nht t phng trnh
(3.26). Trong trng hp ny ta c th biu din quy tc ny nh sau:
Quyt m nu

ln ( | ) P
m
v c = max lnP(v|
(m)
c
%
) i vi mi
(m)
c
%
(4.45)
V knh khng nh nn hm kh nng ging P(v|
(m)
c
%
) c xc nh nh sau
ln P(v|
(m)
c
%
) =
( )
ln ( | )
m
i i
P v c

%
I
i=1

=
( )
1 1
ln ( | )
n
m
ji ji
i j
P v c
= =

I
%
(4.46)
trong : v
i
l nhnh i ca chui thu v,
(m)
i
c
%
l nhnh i ca mt chui t m
(m)
c
%
c xt (i l s
th t ca nhnh trong ng dn ca chui biu li), v
ji
l k hiu t m th j ca nhnh i
ca chui thu,
(m)
ji
c
%
l k hiu m th j ca nhnh i ca t m
(m)
c
%
c xt, n l s k hiu m trn
mi nhnh, I l di ca chui. minh ha cho cc k hiu trong phng trnh (4.45) ta xt
hnh 4.15.

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110
11 21
v v
12 22
v v
13 23
v v
14 24
v v
15 25
v v

Hnh 4.15. Th d gii thch cc k hiu trong phng trnh (4.45)

Hnh 4.15 cho thy li vi nm nhnh i=1,2,3,4,5. Mi nhnh c hai k hiu m (n=2)
v j=1,2. Chng hn i vi nhnh i=2, j=1 ta c k hiu c
1,2
= 0 ,j=2 ta c c
2,2
=1, ngoi ra hai k
hiu thu trn nhnh ny s l
12 22
v v .
Ta gi xc sut v phi ca phng trnh (4.45) l s o kh ging ca ng dn v k
hiu n l PM(v,c) (PM: Path metric). C th chng minh rng trong knh AWGN iu ch
BPSK nht qun s o ny c xc nh theo phng trnh sau:
PM(v,c) = (1 2 )
ji
i
c
=

I n
j i
j 1
v (4.47)
trong v
ji
= (1 2 )
ji b ji ji
v E c n = + , E
b
l nng lng bit, n
ji
l tp m AWGN c trung bnh
khng v phng sai
2
=N
0
/2.
Nhim v ca b gii m trong trng hp ny l phi tm ra trn li mt ng dn c s
o theo cng thc (4.47) ln nht. B gii m kiu ny c gi l b gii m quyt nh mm
(Soft decision).
Gii m theo (4.46) i hi khi lng tnh ton ln v v th b nh ln. Viterbi a ra
mt gii thut cho php gim ng k khi lng tnh ton. Nghin cu biu li (xem hnh
4.15) ng thy rng cc ng dn xut pht t trng thi S
0
i qua li s hi nhp ti mt nt
mng. V th nu so snh s o ca hai ng ny theo (4.46) ta c th loi mt ng c s o
nh hn v duy tr xt tip ng dn c s o ln hn. Chng hn nu P(v,c)1>P(v,c)2, th trn
hnh 4.16 ta loi b ng dn lin tc v ch xt tip ng dn t nt. ng dn c duy tr
c gi l ng dn sng st.
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111
i vi quyt nh cng, s o ng dn c th tnh theo cng thc sau:
PM(v,c) =
I
i
i=1
d (4.48)
trong d
i
l khong cch Hamming gia cc k hiu thu v cc k hiu ca t m c
(m)
c xt
ti nhnh i hay cn c gi l s o nhnh..
Thay v chn PM(v,c) ln nht theo phng trnh (4.48) ta c th chn PM(v,c) nh nht
khi thay du "-" trong phng trnh ny thnh du "+" nh sau:
PM(v,c) =
min

I
i
i=1
d (4.49)
Phng trnh (4.48) ch ra rng ta phi chn ng dn c tng khong cch Hamming ca
cc nhnh so vi chui thu l nh nht.
Di y ta s trnh by gii m quyt nh cng theo Viterbi cho s m ha c xt
trong trn hnh 4.11 v th d hnh 4.15, trong chui k hiu thu c chuyn thnh 0 v 1
nh trn hnh 4.16. Lu rng trn hnh ny cc nhnh c nh nhn bng khong cch
Hamming gia cc k hiu thu v cc k hiu m c xt.

Hnh 4.16. Biu li ca b gi m cho th d trn hnh 4.15.
Hnh 4.17 m t chn ng dn sng st ti thi im t4 cho cho li trn hnh 4.16 khi
gii m xon. Trn hnh 4.17, trong hai ng dn hi nhp vo cng mt trng thi ti thi im
t4, b gii m chn ng sng st cho ng c s o tch ly theo khongcch Hamming nh
hn v lu kt qu ny vo b nh s dng cho vic chn ng dn sng st ti thi im t5
tip theo.

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112
S0=00
S1=10
S2=01
S3=11
t1 t2 t3 t4
0
0
2
1
1
0
0
S0=00
2
S1=10
S2=01
S3=11
t1 t2 t3 t4
0
1
1
0
2
1
1
1
1
0
2
2
0
Sotrngthi
(songdntchly
nthiimt4)
PMS0=1
PMS1=1
PMS2=3
PMS3=2
a)Linthiimt4trckhichnngsngst
b)Linthiimt4khichnngsngst
2
1

Hnh 4.17. Chn ng dn sng st ti thi im t4 cho gii m Viterbi
4.6. M TURBO
4.6.1. M u
Cc m turbo ln u tin c trnh by ti hi ngh thng tin quc t vo nm 1993.
Trc mi ngi u tin tng rng t c hiu nng gn vi gii hn Shannon, cn thc
hin b gii m c phc tp v tn hoc gn nh v tn.
M turbo c xy dng trn c s m PCCC (Parallel Concatened Convolutional Code:
m xon mc ni song song). M ny bao gm nhiu b m ho thnh phn. t c hiu
nng tt, cc m thnh phn phi l cc m hi quy nhng khng nht thit phi l cc m h
thng. Tuy nhin n gin cc m thnh phn thng c s dng l cc m h thng v v
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113
th cc m RSC (Recursive Systematic Convolutional: M xon hi quy h thng) thng c
s dng.
i vi b m ha RSC t l m 1/n vi b nh M, khong cch t do hiu dng gii hn
trn c xc nh nh sau:

( )
1
ee
2 ( 1) 2 2
M
fr
d n

+ + (4.50)
Ngoi ra du bng trong cng thc trn t c khi m trn to m c dng sau:

1 1
( ) ( )
( ) 1, ,....,
( ) ( )
n
g x g x
g x
Q x Q x

=

(4.51)
Trong Q(x) l mt a thc nguyn thy trn GF(2) bc M, g
1
(x), g
n-1
(x) l cc a thc
khc Q(x) c dng (1+.+g
i
x
p
++x
M
), p=1,,M; g
i
(0,1); x l ton t tr v thng k hiu D
c s dng thay cho n.
PCCC c xy dng trn c s ba tng sau:
Chuyn i cc m xon khng h thng vo cc m xon h thng
S dng gii m vo mm ra mm. Thay v s dng cc quyt nh cng, b gii m
s s dng cc xc sut v s liu thu to ra u ra mm. u ra ny cng cha
thng tin v mc chc chn ca cc bit u ra
Cc b m ha v gii m hot ng hot ng trn cc phin bn c hon v ca
cng mt thng tin. iu ny t c bng cch s dng b an xen.
Gii thut gii m lp da trn hai khi nim sau cng ni trn s tinh lc u ra sau mi
bc lp ging nh u my turbo trong my bay. Chnh v th m ny c gi l m turbo.
Di y ta s xt nguyn l xy dng PCCC cho m turbo
4.6.2. Cc m xon h thng
M xon c coi l m xon h thng (SC: Systematic Convolutional) khi cc bit thng tin
c a trc tip ra u ra. Trng hp ngc li m xon c coi l phi h thng. Trong h
cc m SC, cc m hi quy c c bit quan tm v chng c hiu nng tt hn cc m phi h
thng khi t s tn hiu trn tp m thp.
Li l c tm quan trng trong vic th hin gii thut MAP. Li m t hai tnh cht ca
mt b m ha khi chuyn t mt trng thi ny sang trng thi khc. Ta xt mt m xon hi quy
h thng (RSC) c bn trng thi trn hnh 4.18.
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114
d
k
c
k
0
k
S
1
k
S

Hnh 4.18. M xon hi quy h thng t l

y l mt m xon c t l m do c mt u v v hai u ra. di b nh ca n
bng 2 (c hai phn t nh) v di hn ch l 3. Ta thy rng Q=111
2
=7
8
v g
1
=101
2
=5
8
. Vy
y l b m ha c nh ngha bi a thc 5/7.
Ma trn to m trong trng hp ny c xc nh theo phng trnh sau:

=

1
( )
( ) 1,
( )
g x
g x
Q x

+
=

+ +

2
2
1
1,
1
x
x x
(4.52)
Ti u ra ca b m ha ta nhn c chui m:
C
1,N
=(c
1
, c
2
,c
k
.., c
N
) (4.53)
Trong C
k
= (d
k
, c
k
), d
k
l bit u vo b m ha ti thi im k v c
k
l bit c m ha
ti thi im k, k=1,2,..,N.
Ta s m t cu trc li cu b m ha ny trn hnh 4.19. Trn hnh ny, ta c tt c cc
chuyn i trng thi c th c ca b m ha. Mi nhnh ca li cung cp cho ta ba thng tin.
l: cc trng thi cu nhnh (trng thi hin ti v trng thi tip theo), u ra c m ha ca
b m ha (c
k
) v bit s liu khng m ha ca chuyn i (d
k
).
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115
k k
(d c )
a=00
00
11
11
00
10
01
01
10
00
11
11
00
10
01
01
10
00
11
11
00
10
01
01
10
00
11
11
00
10
01
01
10
b=10
c=01
d=11
k
d 0 =
k
d 1 =
0 1
k k
s s

Hnh 4.19. Li ca RSC

Nu ta chn ng t nt m ca li trn hnh v, ta c th thy rng b m ha i t
trng thi 00 n 10 khi bit ti u vo b m ha l 1. Ngoi ra s liu c m ha ti u ra
ca b m ha s l 1 (c
k
=1) v cp bit u ra ca b m ha s l 11 (d
k
=1, c
k
=1).
Khi bit c chui bit thu c t knh tp m, mt cch gii m chui pht l tm mt
ng dn c xc sut ln nht trong s tt c cc ng dn c th c ca li. iu ny c th
thc hin c bng gii thut Viterbi. Ta s khng s dng gii thut Viterbi v cc u ra ca n
ch c cc quyt nh cng. Thay vo ta s dng gii thut MAP cho php cc u ra mm.
Gii thut ny da trn vic tm kim bit c xc sut ln nht, khi bit chui bit b tp m.
4.6.3. S b to m turbo
Hnh 4.20 cho thy s b to m turbo dc xy dnng trn hai b to m RSC trn hnh
4.18.

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116
D D
D D
B an
xen
dk
(1)
k
c
(2)
k
c
A
B
B
A
Ck

Hnh 4.20. B to m turbo da trn b to m RSC hnh 4.18.
Nguyn l hot ng ca b to m turbo nh sau. Khi u cc trng thi thanh ghi dch
trong cc m m ha RSC thnh phn c t vo 0. Sau N bit ca chui s liu mt mt
c a ra trc tip, mt khc c dch vo cc b m ha thnh phn theo v tr trn ca
chuyn mch trn hnh v. u ra ca b to m ta c N t hp hai bit hoc ba bit ty thuc
vo s bit c m ha c gi i cng vi mi bit khng m ha, nh vy t l m c th l r=1/2
hoc 1/3 (xem hnh 4.21).

1
(1)
1
d
c

2
(2)
2
d
c

3
(1)
3
d
c

4
(2)
4
d
c

(2)
1 2 1
(1) (2) (1)
2 2 1
c d d
c c c

(2)
3 4 3
(1) (2) (1)
4 4 3
c d d
c c c

Hnh 4.21. u ra b to m cho cc t l m khc nhau

Sau khi a ra N bit thng tin cng vi cc bit c m ha tng ng. Kha chuyn
mch c chuyn xung v tr di a cc b m ha vo trng thi "0" v to ra cc k hiu
ui kt cui chui k hiu m u ra cho N bit s liu u vo.
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117
Hiu nng ca cc m turbo s dng b an xen ph thuc vo kiu v su ca b an
xen c s dng. L do v cu trc b an xen nh hng ln tnh cht khong cch ca m
turbo. Qua trnh an xen c thc hin bng cch ta vit chui s liu u vo theo th t thng
thng v c s liu ra theo mt quy tc no c khong cc ln nht gia cc k hiu
cnh nhau u vo. Di y ta xt gii thut an xen tng qut.
Gi s d
k
, k{1,2,.,N} l ton b s liu m ta cn an xen. Khi vit s liu ny vo b
nh theo trnh t thng thng (lgn lt theo tng dng chng hn) c th coi y l mt mng
gm hai bin s. Tt c s liu c lu, v th nu ta an xen N s liu, ta s c N s liu trong
mng c an xen.
an xen ta cn xy dng mt mng khc, ta gi l mng ch s. Trong mi ca mng
ny s c mt trong s cc s t 1 n N. Cc s ny tng ng vi cc a ch c ngu nhin
ha.
Gi s int[] l mng ch s, data[] l mng s liu v intdata[] l mng s liu sau an xen.
S dng chng trnh kiu Pascal ta c:
For I:=1toN
Indata[int[I]:=dat[I]
Hnh 4.22 cho thy th d vi N=10.
M
i

s

l
i
u

t
n
g

n
g

m
a

c
h
i

m
i

n
g
u

n
h
i
n

Hnh 4.22. Gii thut an xen

4.6.4. Gii thut gii m MAP
o
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118
Khi s dng cc m turbo, qu trnh gii m l qu trnh lp. Cc gii thut ny c hai khi
gii m vo mm ra mm (SISO) hot ng gn b vi nhau. C hai loi gii thut gii m turbo
chnh hin ang c s dng cho cc b gii m turbo SISO: gii thut Viterby ra mm
(VA/SOVA) v gii thut cc i hu nh (MAP), gii thut ny cng c bit n nh l gii
thut BCJT theo tn ca cc tc gi Bahl, Cocke, Jelinek v Ravive. C hai gii thut u da trn
li. Gii thut MAP l gii thut tt nht trong s hai gii thut ni trn, v th trong ti liu ny
ta ch xt MAP.
4.6.4. 1. Nguyn l MAP
Ti u vo ca b gii m ta nhn c chui N bit m ha, iu ch BPSK b tp m nh
sau:
R
1,N
= (R
1
, R
2
,.., R
N
)
trong R
k
=(x
k
, y
k
), k=1,2,...,N
Gi s n
k
v m
k
l hai bin ngu nhin Gauss trung bnh khng c phng sai
2
v d
k
l
bit u vo b m ha v c
k
bit c m ha m ha ti thi im k. Ta c:
x
k
= a
k
+n
k
(4.54)
y
k
=b
k
+m
k
(4.55)
trong :
a
k
= (1-2d
k
) l k hiu ca bit khng m ha (thng tin h thng)
b
k
= (1-2c
k
) l k hiu ca bit c m ha (s liu kim tra chn l)
k=1,2,..., N
Mc ch cu gii m MAP l tm ra d
k
c xc sut cao nht khi cho trc R
1,N
. iu ny
t c bng cch tnh log hm kh nng ging (LLR: Log likelihood ratio)
k
cho tng d
k
, hm
ny c nh ngha nh sau:

=
=

=

1,
1.
( 1
( ) ln
( 0
k N
k
k N
P d
L d
P d
R
R
(4.56)
Gi tr ny c gi l u ra mm. Thc hin quyt nh cng cho u ra ny, ta c th xc
nh bit thng tin c kh nng ging bit pht nht:
.
=
< =
u ( ) 0 0
u ( ) 0 1
k k
k k
N L d d
N L d d
(4.57)
Nu S
k
l trng thi ca b gii m ti thi im k, ta c:

( ) ( )
= = = =
1, 1,
0 0,
k N k k N
m
P d P d S m R R (4.58)
Tng t
o
p
e
n
.
p
t
i
t
.
e
d
u
.
v
n

119

( ) ( )
= = = =
1, 1,
1 1,
k N k k N
m
P d P d S m R R (4.59)
Ta t
( )
= = =
, 1,
( ) ,
k i k k N
m P d i S m R vi i=0 hoc 1 v cng tt c cc trng thi c th
c ca b gii m, ta c:

=

,0
,1
( )
( ) ln
( )
k
m
k
k
m
m
L d
m
(4.60)
trong
( )
= = =
, 1,
( ) ,
k i k k N
m P d i S m R l xc sut m ti thi im k, trng thi cu b gii
m l S
k
, bit pht bng i khi cho trc chui k hiu thu R
1,N
. Gi s:
R
1,N
=[R
k-1
,R
k
,R
k+1
], ta c th vit li
,
( )
k i
m vo dng sau:

{{ {

= = =

, k-1 k k+1
B C D
( ) , R R R
1 44 2 4 43
k i k k
A
m P d i S m (4.61)
S dng quy tc Bayes sau y:

P(A, B, C, D) P(B| A, C, D)P(A, C, D)
P(A| B, C, D)
P(B, C, D) P(B, C, D)
= =
=
P(B| A, C, D)P(D| A, C)P(A, C)
P(B, C, D)

ta c th vit li (4.61) nh sau:
( ) ( ) + +
= = = = =
, 1 k 1 1
( ) d , , , , ,
N N
k i k k k k k k k k
m P R i S m R R P R d i S m R
( ) = =
k 1,
d , , / ( )
k k N
P i S m R P R (4.62)
trong
+1
N
k
R k hiu cho chui k hiu t k n N.
Do R
k-1
ch lin quan n trng thi m m n gy ra v khng th thuc vo ph thuc vo
d
k
cng nh R
k+1
(l cc s kin xy ra sau ), nn ta c th vit li thnh phn th nht trong t
s ca phng trnh (4.61) v k hiu n nh sau:

( ) ( )
+
= = = = =
1 k 1 1
d , , , ( )
k k k k k k k
P R i S m R R P R S m m (4.63)
( )
k
m c gi l s o trng thi thun (Forward State Metric). N biu din xc sut
chui k hiu thu trc thi im k v ch ph thuc vo trng thi m hin thi ti thi im k.
S dng cc phng trnh
o
p
e
n
.
p
t
i
t
.
e
d
u
.
v
n

120
Ta c th biu din thnh phn th hai t s ca ca phng trnh (4.61) v k hiu nh
sau:
( ) ( ) + + + +
= = = = =
1 1 1 1
, , ( , ) ( ( , ))
N N
k k k k k k k
P R d i S m R P R S f i m f i m (4.64)
+1
( ( , ))
k
f i m c gi l s o trng thi ngc (Backward State Metric), trong biu th
y l s o cho trng thi sau m nhn c khi u vo l "i" cn ( )
k
m l s o trng thi ngc
ti thi im k, cng thc cho s o ny s c xt di y. N biu din xc sut chui k hiu
sau thi im k v ch ph thuc vo trng thi m cng nh bit trc (ti thi im k).
Ta c th biu din thnh phn th ba trong t s ca phng trnh (4.61) nh sau:
( ) = = =
k ,
d , , ( )
k k k i
P i S m R m (4.65)

,
( )
k i
m c gi l s o nhnh (Branch Metric). N biu din xc sut pht lin hip d
k
,
thu k hiu R
k
ti trng thi m.
S dng cc phng trnh (4.62)-(4.65) ta c cc phng trnh sau.

+
=
, 1,
,
1,
( ) ( ) ( ( , ))
( )
( )
k k i k i
k i
N
m m f i m
m
P

R
(4.66)

+
+

=

,0 1,0
,1 1,1
( ) ( ) ( (0, ))
( ) ln
( ) ( ) ( (1, ))
k k k
m
k
k k k
m
m m f m
L d
m m f m

(4.67)
4.6.4.2. Tnh ton s o nhnh
,
( )
k i
m
Ta c th vit li phng trnh (4.65) nh sau:
( ) ( ) ( ) = = = = = = = =
, k k k
( ) d , , d , d ,
k i k k k k k
m P i S m R P R i S m P i S m

( ) ( ) ( ) = = = = = =
k k k
d , d d
k k k
P R i S m P S m i P i (4.68)
Do nh hng ca tp m ln s liu v bit chn l c vp vi nhau, nn trng thi ti thi
im k khng ph thuc vo s liu u vo. V vy:

( )
= = =
k
1
d
2
k
M
P S m i (4.69)
K hiu P(d
k
=i)=
k,i
. Ta c th vit li phng trnh (4.68) nh sau:

=

2
, ,
,
1
( ) exp -
2
2 2
k i k k i
k i k
M
x a
m dx

o
p
e
n
.
p
t
i
t
.
e
d
u
.
v
n

121

2
,
( ) 1 1
exp -
2 2
k k i
k
y b m
dy

(4.70)
Lu ch b
k,i
l ph thuc vo trng thi m. n gin ha phng trnh (4.70) bng cch
loi b cc tha s chung cho mu v t trong phng trnh (4.70), ta c:

( )

= +

, , , ,
2
1
( ) exp ( )
k i k i k k i k k i
m x a y b m
(4.71)
Hnh 4.23 th hin
,
( )
k i
m trn biu li.
2,0
(00)
3,1
(10)
2,1
(01)
3,1
(01)
2,0
(01)
2,0
(10)
3,1
(11)
( )
2 2
x y ( )
3 3
x y

Hnh 4.23. Th hin
,
( )
k i
m trn li
Nu ta xt th d cho hai nhnh trn hnh 4.23, s dng phng trnh (4.71) vi coi rng
k,i
=1/2 ta c:

= +

2,0 2 2
2
1 1
(01) exp ( 1 1)
2
x y

= +

3,1 3 3
2
1 1
(01) exp ( 1 1)
2
x y

4.6.4. 3.Tnh ton s o trng thi thun ( )
k
m
Biu thc ( )
k
m c gi l s o trng thi thun v n biu din s o trng thi cho
chuyn i t trng thi m sang trng thi tip theo, ti thi im k. T phng trnh (4.63) ta c
th biu din ( )
k
m l tng tt c xc sut chuyn i trng thi c th xy ra nh sau:

( )

=
= = = =
1
1 1 1
' 0
( ) , ',
k k k k k
m j
m P d j S m R S m (4.72)
Biu din R
k-1
thng qua [ R
k-2
, R
k-1
]
v
s dng quy tc Bayes ta c th vit li phng trnh
(4.72) nh sau:
o
p
e
n
.
p
t
i
t
.
e
d
u
.
v
n

122
( )

=
= = = =
1
2 1 1 1
' 0
( ) , , ',
k k k k k k
m j
m P R S m d j S m R

( )

= = =
1 1 1
, ',
k k k k
P d j S m R S m
( ) ( )

=
= = = =
1
2 1 1 1 1
0
( ) ( ) , ( ),
k k k j k k j k
j
m P R S b m P d j S b m R (4.73)
trong b
j
(m) biu th cho trng thi trc k chuyn n trng thi m khi bit u vo l j.
S dng cc phng trnh (4.63) v (4.64) ta c th vit li phng trnh (4.73) nh sau:

=
=
1
1 j , j
0
( ) (b ( )) (b ( ))
k k k j
j
m m m (4.74)
Ta s s dng li trn hnh 4.24 gii thch cng thc (4.74).

= +
1 1,0 1 1,0
(00) (00) (00) (10) (10)
k k k k k

+
= +
1 ,1 ,1
(10) (00) (00) (01) (01)
k k k k k

Hnh 4.24. Trnh by ( )
k
m trn li
Tt c cc ( )
k
m c th c tnh theo (4.72) trong iu kin chng c khi u ng,
Ta khi u chng nh sau:
= =
1 1
(00) 1 ( 0) 0 v m (4.75)
lm th du ta xt iu kin khi u (4.64) cho cc th d trn hnh 4.24 khi k=2:

2 2 2,0 2 2,0 2,0
(00) (00) (00) (01) (01) (00) = + =

4.6.4. 4. Tnh ton s o trng thi ngc
k
(m)
Biu thc
k
(m) rt ging vi biu thc
k
(m). Thay v tnh tt c thun theo thi gian, ta
tnh ton chng ngc theo thi gian. Chnh v th chng c gi l cc s o trng thi ngc.
( )
+ + +
= =
1 1 1
( ( , )) ( , )
k k k
f i m P R S f i m , vy:
o
p
e
n
.
p
t
i
t
.
e
d
u
.
v
n

123

( )
= = ( )
k k k
m P R S m =
( ) +
=
1
,
N
k k k
P R R S m (4.76)
Ta c th biu din
k
(m) nh l tng tt c cc xc sut chuyn i trng thi c th c n
thi im k+1 nh sau:

( ) + +
=
= = = =
1
1 1
' 0
( ) , ', ,
N
k k k k k k
m j
m P d j S m R R S m (4.77)
p dng quy tc Bayes, ta c:

( ) + +
=
= = = =
1
1 1
' 0
( ) , , '
N
k k k k k
m j
m P R S m d j S m

( )
+
= = =
1
, ',
k k k k
P d j S m R S m (4.78)
S
k
=m, d
k
=j hon ton xc nh trng thi dn n S
k+1
=m'=f(j,m),(trng thi tip m) khi cho
trc u vo j v m nn trong thnh phn th hai ca phng trnh (4.77) ta c th thay S
k+1
=m'
bng S
k
=m v vit li phng trnh (4.77) nh sau:

( )
( )
+ +
=
= = = =
1
1 1
0
( ) ( , ) , ,
N
k k k k k k
j
m P R S f i m P d j S m R

+
=
=
1
, 1
0
( ) ( ( , ))
k j k
j
m f j m (4.79)
Ta s s dng li trn hnh 4.25 gii thch
k,i
(m)
00
10
01
11
t=k t=k+1
t=k+2
(xk, yk) (xk+1, yk+1)
+ +
= +
1,0 ,0 1,1 ,1
(01) (00) (01) (10) (01)
k k k k k

Cc s o trng thi ngc cho cc
ng t m trn hnh v nh sau:

Hnh 4.25. Trnh by
k,i
(m) trn li
Tt c cc gi tr c tnh theo (4.78) trong iu kin l chng c khi u ngc
ng. Hi quy ngc c khi u bng cch buc trng thi cui cng tr v 0 v t:

+
= =
, N+M,i
(00) 1 ( 0) 0
N M i
v m (4.80)
trong N l s bit vo b m ha, M l s b nh ca b m ha.
o
p
e
n
.
p
t
i
t
.
e
d
u
.
v
n

124
Di y ta xt th d tnh ton
k,i
(01) ti k=N+M-1 vi s dng iu kin khi u
ngc theo (4.79):
j=1

1,1 ,1 1,0 1,0
(01) (00) (01) (01)
+ +
= =
N M N M N M N M

j=0

1,0 ,0 ,0
(01) (10) (01) 0
+ + +
= =
N M N M N M

Sau tt c cc nh ngha trn ta c th i n xt gii thut c th.
4.6.5. Gii m turbo
B gii m turbo trn c s b gii m SISO (Soft in soft out) c cho trn hnh 4.26.
k
x
k
y
( )
k
d
( )
a k
d

Hnh 4.26. B gii m SISO

Cc b gii m SISO tnh ton u ra mm (Soft Output) LLR ( )
k
L d ba thng tin u vo:
Thng tin tin nh ( )
a k
L d l xc sut tin nh bit d
k

K hiu thu khng m ha
k
x
v k hiu thu c m ha)
k
y
tnh ton thng tin mm u ra b gii m SISO s dng gii thut MAP
Ta c th tnh LLR ti u ra ca SISO cho bit thng tin d
k
trong iu kin cho trc ton
b chui k hiu thu theo phng trnh (4.56) nh sau:

=
=

=

1,
1,
( 1
( ) ln
( 0
k N
k
k N
P d
L d
P d
R
R

= + +

( ) ( )
c k a k e k
L x L d L d (4.81)
o
p
e
n
.
p
t
i
t
.
e
d
u
.
v
n

125
( )
e j
L d l thng tin ngoi lai c rt ra t tt c
' k
y ,
' k
x ,
'
( )
a k
L d ; k' khc k v
L
c
=4E
s
/N
0
, thng tin ny khng ph thuc vo cc u vo hin thi cu b gii m. Ta c th coi
( )
e j
L d l thnh phn hiu chnh do b gii m to ra hiu chnh mi sai li trong knh.
tng cng hiu qu gii m, ngi ta s dng hai b gii m SISO ni trn mc ni tip
nhau, trong hiu s gia thng tin mm u ra (
( )
k
L d ) vi thng tin mm u vo ca b gii
m th nht (

( )
a k
L d )s c s dng lm u vo cho b gii m tip theo. Theo phng trnh
(4.81) ta c u vo cu b gii m th hai nh sau:
= +

( ) ( ) ( )
k a k c k e k
L d L d L x L d ` (4.82)
4.6.6. Gii m Turbo lp
tng hiu sut gii m, qu trnh gii m turbo c thc hin theo mt qu trnh lp
nh trn hnh 4.27. Trong qu trnh ny nhiu b gii m MAP theo nguyn l SISO ni trn c
s dng.
B gii m turbo lp trn hnh 4.27 c xy dng trn c s cc cp b gi m thnh
phn mc ni tip nhau. Ti thi im k, c ba kiu u vo: thng tin h thng
1 2
( , ,....., ,..., )
N N M
x x x x x
+
= , thng tin d
1 2
( , ,....., ,..., )
N N M
y y y y y
+
= v thng tin tin nh
(thng tin ngoi lai) v bit thng tin
{ } 1 1 2 2

( ), ( ),....., ( ),..., ( )
+ +
=
e N N N M N M
L L d L d L d L d .
i vi b gii m MAP1 na u ca lp khng c thng tin tin nh nn: L
a
(
j
d )=0 (v
th n khng gy nh hng g ln cc ln gii m tip theo), v th ta c:
= +
(1)
1

( ) ( )
j c j e j
L d L x L d (4.83)
Trong j=k-D, D l tr ca b gii m
Trn hnh 4.27 ta thy rng
(1)
( )
a j
L d b loi tr khi
1
( )
j
L d c , +
(1)

( )
c j e j
L x L d .
Sau b gii m MAP1 l b an xen. B ny c nhim v phn tn li cm bng cch dn
cch cc k hiu lin k trong chui pht. Sau an xen, s liu +
(1)

( )
c i e j
L x L d c a vo b
gii m MAP2.
i vi b gii m MAP2 ,thng tin tin nh ca n l thng tin ngoi lai nhn c t
b gii m MAP1, nn nu t: =
(1) (2)

( ) ( )
e i a i
L d L d , ta c:
= + +
(2) (2)
2

( ) ( ) ( )
h c h a h e h
L d L x L d L d (4.84)
Trong h=i-D, D l tr gii m v
(2)
( )
e h
L d l thng tin ngoi lai do b gii m MAP2
cung cp. V d
h
c an xen, n phi c gii an xen c kt qu ng. V
o
p
e
n
.
p
t
i
t
.
e
d
u
.
v
n

126
+
(1)

( )
c i e i
L x L d mc t li hn x
i
, nn b m ha th hai s hiu chnh li tt hn khi s dng
(2)
k
y .
By gi ta c th s dng thng tin mi nhn c t b gii m MAP2 v cp n cho u
vo ca b gii m MAP1. vy ta s dng thng tin tin nh t
2 2
( ) L d . Trn hnh 4.27 ta tr

n vi +
(2)

( )
c h a h
L x L d c
(2)
( )
e h
L d . Sau ta gii an xen n c
(2) (1)

( ) ( )

=
e k a k
L d L d , trong l tng tr ca b gii m MAP1, b an xen, b gii m
MAP2 v b gii an xen. Khi ny
(1)
( )
a k
L d s tr thnh thng tin tin nh cho b gii m 1 v
qu trnh gii m li bt u. By gi
(2)

( )
e k
L d tr thnh gi tr tin nh L
a
(
k
d ) cho ln lp tip
theo v v.v...
D
MAP1
Decoder
MAP2
Decoder
INT
Deint
D
(1)

( )
a k
L d

+
(1)

( )
c k a k
L x L d
(1)

( )
a j
L d
1
( )
j
d

+
(1)

( )
c j e j
L x L d

+
(2)

( )
c h a i
L x L d
2

( )
h
L d
( )
e k
d
( )
e h
L d
c k
L x
(1)
c k
L y
(2)
c k
L y
MAP1
Decoder
MAP2
Decoder
Int
Deint
Deint
D
1

( )
j
d
2

( )
h
L d
h
d
( )
e h
L d
c k
Lx
(1)
c k
L y
(2)
c k
L y
Channel
Channel
RSC1
RSC2
Int
Channel
D
1

( )
i
L d
1

( )
h
L d
k
d
dk

+
(1)

( )
c i e i
L x d
2
( )
e h
L d
Deint
h
d
k
d
Interation1
Interation2
0
+
(1)

( )
c j e j
L x L d

D l tr ca qu trnh gi m 1 v gii m 2
Tr l tr ca mt ln lp ca qu trnh gii m
(1/ 2)
/
( )
a k i
L d l thng tin tin nh ti u vo b gii m th nht (hoc th 2) ca mt ln
lp
o
p
e
n
.
p
t
i
t
.
e
d
u
.
v
n

127
=
(1) (2)

( ) ( )
e j a j
L d L d u ra thng tin ngoi lai do Gii m 1 to ra v bng u vo thng
tin tin nh cho Gii m 2
x
k
l mu thng tin khng m ha thu c
y
k
l mu thng tin m ha thu c
1/ 2 /
( )
j h
L d l LLR ti u ra ca Gii m 1 v 2
(2)

( )
e k
L d thng tin ngoi lai ti u ra ca gii m 2 ca mt ln lp tr
Hnh 4.27. B gii m turbo lp

Ti thi im ban u, cc gi tr ngoi lai c lp thng k v li nhn c t mi ln
lp l cao. Tuy nhin do cng mt thng tin c s dng, ci thin nhn c sau mt s ln lp
tr nn rt nh. Sau ln lp cui cng, quyt nh mm u ra s l tng ca hai gi tr ngoi lai
cui cng cng vi L
c
x
k
. B gii m s thc hin quyt nh cng bng cch so snh u ra vi
ngng bng khng:
L(
k
d ) 0, th bit c gii m bng 0

L(
k
d ) <0, th bit c gii m bng 1

Lu rng ta khng a
=
(2) (1)

( ) ( )
a h e i D
L d L d vo
(1)
( )
a k
L d , v sau khi gii an xen,
(1)
( )
e i D
L d tr thnh
(1)
( )
e k
L d . V sau gii an xen li cm trong
(1)
( )
e k
L d li xut hin. nn ta
phi trnh cp ngc n cho b gii m 1. y cng l l do m ta phi loi tr
(1)
( )
a j
L d ra khi
1
( )
j
L d .
4.6.7. Hiu nng ca m turbo
Hiu nng cu m turbo ph thuc vo kch thc b an xen, thit k b an xen, cc b
m ha thnh phn v s ln lp. Kch thc b an xen cng ln th BER cng nh. Nhng tng
kch thc b an xen dn n tng tr m ha v gii m, nn t c cht lng tt t m
turbo i hi tr ln. Tuy nhin ngay c khi s dng b an xen kch thc nh ta vn t c
cht lng m turbo tt hn m xon c cng phc tp.
Hnh 4.28 cho thy hiu nng ca m turbo 16 trng thi, t l 1/2, K=5 vi g
1
=[11111],
g
2
=[10001] v b an xen c kch thc 256x256. T hnh 4.28 ta thy sau 18 ln lp, xc sut li
bit thp hn 10
-5
ti E
b
/N
0
= 0,7dB. T hnh 4.28 ta cng thy rmg khi s ln lp ln, ci thin
cht lng t c nh m ha gim.
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128
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
0 1 2 3
4 5 6
b
P
b 0
E / N [dB]
iteration 1 2 3 5
18
Khng m ha

Hnh 4.28. Cc sut li bit ph thuc vo s ln lp v E
b
/N
0

4.7. TNG KT
Chng ny xt cc phng php m ha c s dng ph bin trong thng tin v
tuyn. Cc m c chia lm hai loi m pht hin li v sa li. C hai m ny u c s dng
trong cc h thng thng tin i hi tin cy truyn dn cao, chng hn h thng thng tin di
ng. Trong chng ny trc ht tng quan v m ha kim sot li c trnh by. Mt s
thng s quan trong ca b m ha nh: khong cch Hammimg cc tiu, kh nng sa li v
pht hin li v t l m c xt trong phn tng quan ny.
Sau m ha khi tuyn tnh c kho st. Cc phng php m t hot ng ca m
ha khi tuyn tnh nh: ma trn to m v a thc to m c kho st k cho loi m ny.
Da trn cc phng php ny ta c th thit k b m ha khi tuyn tnh cho cc h thng v
tuyn c th. .
Tip theo m xon l m c s dng trong hu ht cc h thng thng tin di ng c
trnh by. cc phng php m t v phn tch hot ng cu b to m xon nh: chui to m,
a thc to m, biu trng thi, biu li c kho st k trong chng ny. Cc thng
s ca b m ha xon nh di hn ch, t l m cng c trnh by trong cc phn lin quan
n m xon. Cui cng gii m xon theo kh nng ging nht da trn gii thut Viterby c
trnh by.
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129
Trong cc phn cui cng ca chng ny m turbo c nghin cu. M turbo l mt m
rt mnh, v th n c s dng trong tt c cc h thng thng tin di ng th h mi. Trong cc
phn lin quan n m turbo cc s m xon h thng hi quy (RSC), b an xen c xt.
y l cc phn t c bn b to m turbo. Phng php gii m MAP c nghin cu cho cc
b gii m turbo. y l phng php gii m cho hiu sut cao. Cui chng s knh thng
tin v tuyn s dng m turbo v hiu nng ca m ny c trnh by.
4.8. CU HI V BI TP
1. Mt bn tin 3 bit c truyn trn h thng BPSK v t s tn hiu trn tp m thu c bng
7 dB.
a) Tnh xc sut 2 bit mc li
b) Bn tin c m ha sao cho t m tng ln 5 bit. Xc sut 2 bit mc li bng bao nhiu.
Gi thit rng cng sut pht trong hai trng hp a) v b) l nh nhau.
2. Tm xc sut li ban tin cho h thng truyn dn trong bi 1 cho:
a) Trng hp khng m ha (P
M
)
b) Trng hp m ha (P
Mc
)
3. Bng thng cho h thng c m ha trong bi 1 tng ln bao nhiu ln so vi h thng
khng m ha.
4. Mt h thng iu ch BPSK c tc bit R
b
=4800bps. T s tn hiu trn tp m thu:
E
b
/N
0
=6dB.
a) Tm xc sut li bit (P
b
) v li bn tin (P
M
) cho h thng khng m ha, trong bn tin
di 11 bit
b) Tm xc sut li bit (P
bc
) v li bn tin (P
Mc
) cho h thng m ha, cho m khi (15,11)
sa li n
5. Cho mt b to m khi tuyn tnh c ma trn to m sau:

0 1 1 1 0 0
G 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1

=

a) Tm cc t m
b) Tm Syndrome trong trng hp t m pht l "111" cn t m thu l "110".
6. Mt b to m vng (7,4) c a thc to m g(x)= 1+x+x
3
v bn tin u vo 101. Tm t m
u ra.
o Mt b to m vng c a thc to m g(x)=1+x
2
+x
3
.
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130
a) Thit k s b to m
b)Kim tra hot ng cu n vi bn tin m=[1010].
7. Mt b to m xon vi chui to m sau:
g
1
= ( g
1,1
, g
2,1
, g
3,1
) = (1,0,1)
g
2
= ( g
1,2
, g
2,2
, g
3,2
) = (1,1,1)
a) Thit k s
b) Tnh ton chui u ra theo bng khi cho chui u vo m=[101011], trong bit ngoi
cng bn tri l bit vo b to m u tin.
8. (Tip). Tm chui m u ra theo phng php chui to m.
9. (Tip). Tm chui m u ra theo phng php a thc to m.
10.(Tip). Tm chui m u ra theo biu li.
11.(Tip). Khi chui k hiu thu c bng : v=[11 01 00 01 00 10 11 11]. Tm khong cch
Hamming gia k hiu thu v k hiu pht.
12.(Tip). Biu th ng dn sng st sau ln th nht hi nhp cc cp ng dn.
13.(Tip). Biu th ng dn sng st sau ln th hai hi nhp cc cp ng dn.
14.Mt b to m xon vi cc a thc to m sau:
g
1
(x) = 1+x+x
2

g
2
(x)= 1+x
2

a) Thit k s
b) V biu trng thi
c) V biu li
15. (Tip).
a) V biu li
b) Tm chui k hiu ra theo biu li khi chui bit vo l: m=[101011].
16.Cho a thc to m sau:
g(x)=1+x
2

a) Thit k b m ha xon h thng SC
b) V biu li.
17.Cho a thc to m sau:
g(x)

+
=

+ +

2
2
1
1,
1
x
x x

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131
a) Thit k b to m xon hi quy RSC
b) V biu li.
18. (Tip). Chui bit s liu vo b m ha RSC l d=[100]
a) Tm chui k hiu u ra ca b m ha da trn biu li.
b) Tm chui k hiu lng cc a ln iu ch.
19. (Tip). Vi gi thit
2
1 = v chui k hiu thu c ti u vo b gii m MAP ti cc thi
im k=[0,1,2] nh sau: R=[(-0,5;-0,2), (1,5;1,2),(0,8;-0,4)]. Gi thit xc sut pht d
k
=0 v d
k
=1
l nh nhau. Tnh s o nhnh cho
a) k=0
b) k=1
c) k=2
20. (Tip). Tinh s o trng thi thun (Forward State Metric).
21. (Tip). Tnh s o trng thi ngc (Backward State Metric).
22. (Tip).
a) in cc s o tm c trong cc bi trc ln biu li
b) Tinh L(
k
d ) v tm c tnh nhn c sau gii m..

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Chng 5. Thit b v tuyn s

132
CHNG 5: THIT B VI BA S
5.1. GII THIU CHUNG
S khi chung ca mt h thng thu pht s
Ngu nhin ha
Khi phc sng mang
Khi phc nh thi k hiu
Cn bng min thi gian v min tn s
B trn
Cc kin trc v tuyn
5.1.2. Hng dn
Tham kho thm [1],[2], [7],[8].
5.1.3. Mc ch chng
Hiu s khi chung ca mt thit b truyn dn v tuyn s
Hiu c hot ng ca cc phn t c bn trong thit b truyn dn s
Thit k n gin cc phn t ca thit b v tuyn s
Trong chng ny ta s xt cc phn t c bn ca thit b v tuyn s. Nguyn l ca mt
s phn t ny c xt c th trong cc gio trnh cu kin in t, siu cao tn v anten v
cc chng trc cu gio trnh ny. Trong phn ny ta ch xt cc phn t cha c cp
cc gio trnh ni trn v cc chng trc.
5.2. S KHI CA MT H THNG THU PHT V TUYN S
S khi tng qut ca mt h thng thu pht v tuyn s c cho trn hnh 5.1.
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133
G
h
p

l
u
n
g
S
1
S
2
S
n
M
ha
knh
Scram-
bler
Radio
mux
RFP
A
B lc
SCT
pht
P
h
n

l
u
n
g
D
1
D
2
D
n
Gii
m
knh
Descra
m-bler
Radio
demux
LNA
B lc
SCT
thu
Khai
thc
K hiu
Si: Source: Ngun s pht i
Di: Destination: Ni nhn lung s i
Scrambler: B ngu nhin ha
Descrambler: B gii ngu nhin ha
IF: Intermediate Frequency: trung tn
TLO: Transmitter Local oscillator: b giao ng ni pht
RLO: Receiver local oscillator: b dao ng ni thu
RFPA: Radio frequency power amplifier: b khuych i cng
sut v tuyn
LNA: Low noise amplifier: b khuych i tp m thp
SCT: Siu cao tn
Isolator: b cch ly SCT
50
Circulator
Anten
Khi bng tn gc
Khi
khuych
i RF
Duplexer
(B ghp
song cng)
ng b
Isolator
Ghp lung
Up
Conv
-erter
Down
Conv-
erter
iu
ch
TLO1
GiI
iu
ch
RLO1
MODEM
Khuych
i IF
Khuych
i IF
Khi khuych
i IF
TLO2
RLO2

Hnh 5.1. S khi tng qut ca mt h thng thu pht v tuyn s
T hnh 5.1 ta thy mt h thng v tuyn s bao gm cc khi chnh sau y:
1. Ghp knh
2. Khi bng tn gc
3. Khi MODEM (iu ch v gii iu ch)
4. Khi khuych i IF (trung tn)
5. Khi khuych i RF (v tuyn)
6. Khi ghp song cng Duplexer
Ti pha pht cc ngun s pht S
i
c ghp chung b ghp lung. Lung ghp c
ghp chung vi lung iu khin t khi khai thc ti b Radio mux (ghp lung v tuyn) sau
lung ghp chung c a ln b m ha knh. Lung s u ra b m ha knh c ngu
nhin ha ti b ngu nhin ha (Scrambler). Sau ngu nhin ha lung s s iu ch sng mang
trung tn pht (IF: intermediate frequency). Dao ng sng mang c to ra bi b dao ng
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134
ni pht th nht (TLO1). Tn hiu iu ch trung tn c khuych i bi b khuych i trung
tn pht, sau c chuyn i vo tn hiu tn s v tuyn (RF: radio frequency) bi b bin
i nng tn (Up converter). Ti y tn hiu trung tn c trn vi tn hiu n t b dao ng
ni pht TLO2 c tn hiu tn s v tuyn (gi tt l tn hiu v tuyn). Tip theo tn hiu
v tuyn c a ln b khuych i v tuyn. Sau tn hiu v tuyn c a qua b cch ly
siu cao tn, nhim v ca b cch ly ny l chng tn hiu phn x ngc (tn hiu phn x
ngc c th rt ln nu u ra ca b khuych i b h mch v n c th lm hng b khuych
i RF). Sau b cch ly tn hiu v tuyn c a qua b lc pht siu cao tn t ph ca tn
hiu v tuyn vo bng thng quy nh trnh gy nhiu cho cc thit b thu pht khc. ghp
chung vo mt anten vi tn hiu thu, circulator c s dng. Circulator l mt van ferrit siu
cao tn, n ch c sng siu cao truyn theo mt chiu (chiu ch ca mi tn trn hnh v). Tn
hiu u ra ca b lc pht siu cao tn s i theo chiu mi tn vo anten v pht x ra ngoi.
Mt phn tn hiu c th i tip vo b lc SCT thu, ti y n b phn x ngc tr li vo i tip
theo chiu mi tn n in tr 50 v b hp th ti in tr ny (in tr 50 c gi tr bng tr
khng sng ca cp ni tn s v tuyn t c phi hp tr khng).
Ti pha thu, sng v tuyn c thu t anten v c circulator theo chiu mi tn a
n b lc thu SCT. Sau b lc thu SCT tn hiu v tuyn c a n b khuych ai tp m
thp (LNA: Low noise amplifier). Nhim v ca LNA l khuych i tn hiu thu nhng lm gim
t s tn hiu trn tp m (SNR: signal to noise ratio) t nht. Sau LNA, tn hiu thu c a
n b bin i h tn (Down converter) chuyn tn s tn hiu thu t tn s v tuyn (RF) vo
tn s trung tn thu IF. Ti b bin i h tn tn hiu thu RF c trn vi tn hiu n t b
dao ng ni thu RLO2 cho u ra tn hiu thu IF. Tip theo tn hiu thu IF c a ln b
khuych i trung tn thu c khuych i n mc cn thit cho cc tng sau. gim nh
hng do phainh gy ra ti u vo my thu, b khuych i IF thu c th t ng iu chnh h
s khuych i ty theo mc tn hiu u vo (di iu chnh c th ln n 80 dB). Qu trnh t
ng iu chnh khuych i ny c gi l t iu khuych (AGC: Automatic Gain Control).
Ngoi ra b khuych i IF thu cng c cc mch iu chnh mo pha v bin ca tn hiu thu do
mo c tnh pha tn v bin tn ca ng truyn dn gy ra. Sau b khuych i trung tn thu,
tn hiu thu c a ln b gii iu ch. u ra b gii iu ch c a ln b gii ngu
nhin (Descrambler). Sau lung s thu c a ln b gii m knh, b phn knh v tuyn
(Radio Demux). Ti b phn knh v tuyn lung lu lng v lung iu khin c tch ring.
Lung iu khin c a ln khi khai thc iu hnh h thng cn lung lu lng c
a n b phn lung. B phn lung s phn chia lung tng n cc ni nhn (Di).
5.3. NGU NHIN HA
v tuyn s lung s trc khi a ln iu ch sng v tuyn c ngu nhin ho v cc l do sau:
- Tng thm cc chuyn i mc lung s d dng khi phc li ng h t tn hiu
thu. iu ny ht sc cn thit ti sinh li lung s thu.
- Lm cho ph ca tn hiu v tuyn sau iu ch tp trung ng u mt vng, trnh tnh
trng ph vch dn n kho pha nhm u thu.
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135
- Trong mt s trng hp ngu nhin ho cc knh v tuyn khc nhau s gim nhiu gia
cc knh ny khi chng lm vic tn s gn nhau.
Ngu nhin ho c thc hin theo hai phng php:
- Ngu nhin ho ng b (hay ngu nhin ho khi ng li).
- Ngu nhin ho d b (hay cn gi l ngu nhin ho t ng b).
Nguyn tc chung ca c hai phng php ngu nhin ho ni trn l lung s cn pht
c cng modul-2 vi lung s c s hai gi ngu nhin (PRBS: Pseudo Random Binary
Sequence) c to ra t mt b to m gi ngu nhin. Cc b to m gi ngu nhin c xy
dng trn c s cc a thc to m c cu trc l mt chui cc flip-flop mc ni tip vi nhau
hay cc thanh ghi dch c dng tng qut c cho hnh 5.2.
1
g
2
g
1 m
g

0
i
g =
1
i
g =

Hnh 5.2. S b to chui gi ngu nhin
B to chui gi ngu nhin trn hnh 5.2 c xc nh bi a thc thc to m sau y:

1
1 1
( ) ... 1
m m
m
g x x g x g x
= + + + + (5.1)
trong g
i
=0 hoc 1 ty thuc vo v tr kha trn hnh 5.2 m hay ng.
S cc phn t nh trong thanh ghi dch xc nh di ca chui PRBS. Nu a thc to
m c chn hp l (a thc nguyn thu) th di ca chui PRBS t gi tr cc i v bng:
N = 2
m
-1
C hai s d ngu nhin ha: 1) t ng b v ng b
Nguyn l hot ng ca ngu nhin ho t ng b c cho hnh 5.3.
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136
( ) 1
m m
g x x x = + +

Hnh 5.3: Ngu nhin ha t ng b
Trong ngu nhin ho t ng b c lung s pht v thu u tham gia vo qu trnh to
chui gi ngu nhin. Trn hnh 5.4 A l lung s cn pht, C l tn hiu iu khin c to ra t
b to PRBS, S l lung s sau ngu nhin ho v a thc to m c dng:
g(x)=1+x
m-1
+x
m
, (lu + theo mod-2)
nn : C = S( x
m-1
+x
m
) v tn hiu sau ngu nhin ho c dng:
S=A+C= A+S(x
m-1
+x
m
)
Nu s liu n nh th sau khi qua b cng modul-2 n s tr thnh gi ngu nhin. Tuy
nhin c mt ngai l: nu s liu ging chui gi ngu nhin th kt qu cng modul-2 s cho
chui ra ton 0. Tt nhin xc sut xy ra trng hp ny khng ln. Chng hn nu m=7 th
N=2
m
-1= 127, xy ra trng hp ny mu tn hiu phi cha 127 bit ging chui gi ngu
nhin. Xc sut xy ra trng hp ny l 1 trong s 2
127
l rt nh. Trong mt s trng hp
trnh trng hp ny th b ngu nhin ho phi nhy n mt t hp khc ca thanh ghi.
pha thu ta nhn c lung s sau gii ngu nhin nh sau:
A=S+C= S(1+x
m-1
+x
m
)
Vy nu mt bit ca lung thu S b mc li th li ny xy ra ba ln lung s sau gii ngu
nhin. Hin tng nhn li ny l nhc im ca s ngu nhin ho t ng b. u im ca
loi s ny l n n gin hn s ng b .
S ngu nhin ho ng b c cho trn hnh 5.5. Trong s ny ny c b to PRBS
pha pht ln pha thu u c khi ng li inh k.
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137
S
Dm
Dm-1
D2
D1
Dm-2
Descrambler
A
Scrambler
Dm
Dm-1
D21
D1
Dm-2
A
S
C
C
1
( ) 1
m m
g x x x

= + +
S liu
My pht
S liu
My thu
THB
Mi trng
truyn dn
THB
THB: tn hiu
ng b khung
X
u
n
g

k
h
n
g

l
i
X
u
n
g

k
h
n
g

l
i

Hnh 5.5. Ngu nhin ha ng b
Nu lung s pht cha mt k hiu ng b nh k chng hn tn hiu ng b khung ca
lung s, th tn hiu ny c th c s dng lm tn hiu khi ng li cho b to PRBS c
phi pht ln pha thu.
Khc vi ngu nhin ho t ng b, b ngu nhin ho ng b tn hiu PBRS c
to ra mt cch c lp khng c s tham gia ca lung s c pht v th khng xy ra nhn li.
Nhc im ca b ngu nhin ho ny l s liu c truyn khng trong sut v phi
c mc ng b. u im ca n l trnh s suy thoi ca chui nh phn gi nhu nhin vo
chui ton khng v khng xy ra nhn li.
5.4. KHI PHC SNG MANG
Trong phn ny ta s xt mt s phng php khI phc sng mang giI iu ch snht
qun cho iu ch PSK.
Tn ti hai phng php khi phc sng mang:
Kho pha vng nhn pha
Kho pha vng Costas.
Nguyn tc chung ca cc mch khi phc sng mang l trc ht loi tr s ph thuc pha
ca tn hiu thu vo tn hiu iu ch sau a n ln kho pha cho b dao ng ni.
5.4.1. Kho pha vng nhn pha.
S khi ca b khi phc sng mang kho pha vng nhn pha cho BPSK c cho
hnh 5.6.
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138
( ) cos 2 2 '
c
f t +

( ) cos 2 '
c
f t +

Hnh 5.6. S khi phc sng mang cho iu ch BPSK bng vng kha pha nhn 2.

Tn hiu BPSK thu Acos(2f
c
t+(i-1) +) c a qua b lc bng thng BPF c nhn
pha hai ln:
y'(t) = Acos(4f
c
t+2(i-1) +2) = Acos(4f
c
t+2) (5.2)
trong : i=1,2 v l gc pha ban u ca tn hiu thu v tn hiu a n t b VCO.
T phng trnh (5.2) ta thy thnh phn iu ch pha c loi b. Sau b lc bng
thng th hai n c nhn vi tn hiu cng c nhn pha hai ln t b dao ng iu khin
bng in p (VCO: voltage controlled oscillator):

y"(t) = A cos(4f
c
t + 2) . cos(4f
c
t + 2')
= A/2 . cos(8f
c
t + 2 + 2') + A/2 . cos 2(

- ') (5.3)
trong ' l gc pha ban u ca tn hiu VCO
Sau b lc thng thp ta c in p sai pha a ln hiu chnh cho tn s ca b dao
ng ni VCO nh sau:
V
e
(t) = A/2 . cos2(

- ') (5.4)
Qu trnh iu chnh pha dn n sai pha 2(-') trn tin ti khng v kt qu cui cng c
sng mang c khi phc c pha bng vi pha pha pht.
C th p dng s trn cho M-PSK vi vng kho pha nhn pha M ln.
5.4.2. Khi phc sng mang kho pha vng Costas.
S khi ca vng kho pha Costas c cho hnh 5.7.
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139
( ) cos 2 '
c
f t +
( ) sin 2 '
c
f t +

Hnh 5.7. S khi phc sng mang cho M-PSK bng vng kha pha Costas
Khc vi s vng nhn pha, s ny in p sai pha c tch ra x l bng gc
sau khi thc hin tch sng. Tn hiu sau cc b lc thng thp LPF trong cho BPSK (hnh 5.7a)
xc nh nh sau:
u
1
(t) = A/2. cos[(i-1)+ - '] (5.5)
u
2
(t) = A/2. sin [(i-1)+ - '] (5.6)
trong i=1,2 v , ' l gc pha ban u ca tn hiu thu v VCO.
Sau b nhn v b lc vng thng thp in p sai pha c xc nh nh sau:
V
e
(t) = A
2
/8. sin[2(i-1)+2( - ')]
= A
2
/8. sin[2(-')] (5.7)
Tn hiu sai pha s c a ln ng chnh li b dao ng VCO sai pha tr nn nh
nht.
T phng trnh (5.7) ta li thy rng trong qu trnh x l pha, thnh phn pha iu ch
c loi b nh nhn pha hai ln. Trong s M-PSK v M-QAM (5.7b) thnh phn ny c
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140
loi b nh nhn pha bn ln. So vi s nhn pha M ln, kho pha vng Costas c thc hin
vng tn s thp nn c mch n n gin hn, nht l khi M tng.
5.4.3. M ho vi sai
m bo nh gi chnh xc pha cao l vn rt kh cc hai s trn. Mt phng
php gii quyt vn ny l m ho vi sai cho lung s trc khi a ln iu ch. trong
phng php ny thng tin ca lung s c truyn i khng phi gi trng thi pha tuyt i
ca song mang m dng "bc nhy pha". vy pha sng mang M-PSK v M-QAM c
iu ch nh sau:
(t) = (t-T) + , = (t) - (t-T) (5.8)
trong : (t-T) l trng thi pha ca tn hiu c iu ch k hiu trc, (t) l trng thi pha
ca tn hiu c iu ch hin thi, T l rng ca k hiu, l hiu s pha mang thng tin
ca lung s c iu ch.
Ti pha thu bng cch s dng b gii m vi sai ta c th ly ra c hiu s pha chnh
xc:
= '(t)-'(t-T) (5.9)
trong '(t) v '(t-T) l c tnh pha thi im xt v thi im trc ti my thu.
Nh vy ta c th khi phc li chnh xc lung s m khng cn chnh xc c tnh pha
cao.
S khi cho b m ho v gii m vi sai cho QPSK c cho hnh 5.8.

Hnh 5.8. S b m ha v gi m vi sai cho QPSK

Nguyn l hot ng ca cc s hnh 5.8 da trn cc 5.1 v 5.2 sau.
Bng 4.8 Bng 4.9
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141
A B (t) u
1
(t
)
u
2
(t
)

0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 /2 0 1 /2
1 1 1 1
1 0 3/
2
1 0 3/
2

Cc s s dng cc b m ho vi sai pha pht v gii m vi sai pha thu cng vi
khi phc sng mang c gi l iu ch vi sai nht qun. M ho vi sai lm tng thm xc sut
li k hiu, v vic xut hin li k hiu thi im xt s ko theo li k hiu thi im sau.
5.5. KHI PHC NH THI K HIU
Vic ng b k hiu gia pht v thu c th thc hin theo ba cch:
1. Pht ring ng h, tuy nhin cch ny tn cng sut v chim ph.
2. Dng mch tch sng khng nht qun ly ra ng h, v ng h thng n nh
hn sng mang. Cch ny phc tp.
3. Khi phc ng h sau gii iu ch, cch ny trnh c nhc im ca cc cch
trn.
Di y ta xt s ng b m cng sm-mun hnh 5.9 lm th d. Hnh 5.9a cho
thy s ng b gm hai nhnh tnh tng quan: nhnh trn c m cng sm bng xung
nh thi s(t+) v nhnh di c m cng mun bng xung nh thi s(t-). Cc nhnh c
ly mu ti thi im T. Sau b ly gi tr tuyt i ta c u ra cu hai nhnh tnh tng quan
nh sau:

1
0
( ) ( )
T
y s t d t dt = +
(5.10)

2
0
( ) ( )
T
y s t d t dt =
(5.11)
trong s(t) l xung nh thi, dch thi cho xung nh thi m cng sm hay mun cc
nhnh tnh tng quan, d(t) s d liu nhn c t khi x l bng tn gc, dch thi s liu so
vi nh thi (+ l nh thi mun, - l nh thi nhanh).
Khi nh thi ng =0 (xem hnh 5.9b), trong trng hp ny ta c:

1
0
( ) ( )
T
y s t d t dt = +
=
0
( ) ( )
T
s t d t dt
=(T-)
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142

2
0
( ) ( )
T
y s t d t dt =
= ( ) ( )
T
s t d t dt
=( T-)
Nh vy in p sai li V
e
=
1 2
y y =0 (cc hnh gch cho trn hnh 5.9b).
Nu nh thi sm -0 (xem hnh 5.c), ta c:

1
0
( ) ( )
T
y s t d t dt = +
= ( ) ( )
T
s t d t dt
=(T--)

2
0
( ) ( )
T
y s t d t dt =
= ( ) ( )
T
s t d t dt

=( T-+)
Nh vy in p sai li V
e
=
1 2
y y =-2 (cc hnh gch cho trn hnh 5.9c). Sau b lc
vng in p sai li ny s iu chnh nh thi mun hn cho b dao ng iu chnh bng in
p (VCO).

Ly mu
Ly mu
Ly tr
tuyt i
Ly tr
tuyt i
Lc vng VCO
To sng
k hiu
Sm
Mun
T/H bng gc
nh thi k hiu
a) S ng b nh thi m cng sm mun
+
-
Ve
T
0
( . ) d t
T
0
( . ) d t
T
T
y1
|y1|
y2
|y2|
d(t)
s(t)
d(t- )
s(t)
T
T
T-
1
| | y
2
| | y
1
| | y
2
| | y
s(t+ )
s(t- )
s(t+ )
s(t- )
T+
t
0
0 T- T+
t
b) nh thi ng c) nh thi sm
+1
-1
+1
-1

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143
Hnh 5.9. S b khi phc ng h bng b m cng sm-mun (a); xung vo b
lc phi hp (b), xung ra b lc phi hp (c).
5.6. B CN BNG MIN THI GIAN
S gim cp ca cc c tnh tn s do pha inh chn lc tn s dn n mo dng sng
sau iu ch bng tn gc gy ra nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu. Cc cn bng min thi gian
c thit k loi b nhiu giao thoa gia cc k t gy ra do mo dng sng.
Cc b cn bng ngang thng c s dng cho cc b cn bng vng thi gian. Ta xt
b cn bng ngang ba nhnh min thi gian trn hnh 5.10 lm th d.
1
S
0
S
1
S
1
C
0
C
1
C

Hnh 5.10. B cn bng ngang ba nhnh.
Gi s pha pht pht i ba xung lin tip vi bin d
-1
=1, d
0
=1/3 v d
1
=1. Pha thu ta
thu c ba xung tng ng S
-1
, S
0
, S
1
nh trn hnh 5.11.

Hnh 5.11. Nhiu gia cc k hiu
Ta thy nu ly mu xung S
0
ti t=0 th gi tr ca n s b nhiu k hiu ISI (Intersymbol
Interference) A t xung S
-1
trc n v B t xung S
1
sau n. loi b ISI ca cc xung trc
v sau cho xung S
0
, xung sau ta phi iu khin trng s C
1
=S
1
/A v C
-1
=S
-1
/B, C
0
=1 v tn hiu
ly mu tai t=0 trong trng hp ny s l S
eq
=S
0
+A+B v nh vy ta s loi b c nhiu giao
gia cc k hiu. Gi tr A v B v du ca chng ph thuc vo vo gi tr v du ca k hiu
pht.
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144
B cn bng cng c th da trn nguyn l cng bc v khng. Chng hn ti thi
im t=0 trn hnh 5.11 ta phi cng bc A, B v khng. Nu ta xt chui xung vo {x
x
}, trong
k=0,1,,2M, th chui xung {z
k
} ra (xem hnh 5.13) s xc nh theo cng thc sau:

2
0
( ); 0,1,..., 2
M
k
m
z x k m k M
==
= =
(5.12)
Khi ny tng qut cho b cn bng vi 2M+1 nhnh tr ta c th vit phng trnh p
ng u ra ca b cn bng nh sau:
Z=xC (5.13)
trong

Z=
( )
.
.
.
(0)
.
.
.
( )
z M
Z
Z M

, x=
(0) ( 1) ... ( 2 )
(1) (0) ... ( 2 1)
...
...
(2 ) ... (0)
x x x M
x x x M
x M x

+

,C=
1
1
.
.
.
M
M
M
M
C
C
C
C

Cc trng s C
i
c th tm c bng cch gii phng trnh (5.12):
C=x
-1
z (5.14)

Chui xung vo
Tr T Tr T Tr T Tr T
Tng tr = 2MT
Chui ra
Thut ton iu khin
khuych i nhnh
C-M C-M+1
C0 CM-1 CM
k
x
1 k
x

2 k
x

k m
x
2 k M
x

k
z
Hnh 5.12. B cn bng ngang vi 2M+1 nhnh
Th d 5.1.
Ta xt mt b cn bng ngang ba nhnh gim giao thoa gia cc k hiu vi quan h
gia sng vo v sng ra c cho hnh 5.13. Hy xc nh h s khuych i ca cc nhnh
v gi tr c cn bng ti cc thi im ly mu.
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145
Trong trng hp ny ta c M=1 v k=0,1,2. T phng trnh (5.13) ta c:

1
0
1
(0) (0) ( 1) ( 2)
(1) (1) (0) ( 1) .
(2) (2) (1) (0)
C z x x x
z x x x C
z x x x C

=

cng bc khng ta cn t z(0)=0, z(1)=1) v z(2)=0 v xt hnh 5.13 ta c:

1
0
1
.
0 . 1 1 , 0 0 , 0
2 , 0 0 , 1 1 , 0
1 , 0 2 , 0 0 , 1
0
1
0
C
C
C

Hnh 5.13. Cc dng sng vo v ra b cn bng
Gii
Sau gii phng trnh ta c:

10 , 0
1
20 , 0
1
0
1
C
C
C

Vy cc gi tr xung c cn bng theo phng trnh (5.12) nh sau:
k -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
z(k) 0,030 0,0587 0 1 0 0,009 -0,006
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146
Xung sau cn bng c cho hnh 5.13. Ta thy rng c hai pha ca t=0 (ti t=T),
xung ra i qua gi tr khng.
5.7. B CN BNG MIN TN S
Cc b cn bng min tn s c thit k cn bng trc tip s phn tn ph bng
cch to ra c tnh ph b tr ngc vi phn tn trong bng do pha inh nhiu tia. Cc b cn
bng ny thng c s dng trc khi gii iu ch v th chng c gi l cc b cn bng
vng tn s. Mch b l mt khi c kh nng to ra cc dng mo khc nhau ca c tnh
bin tn v thc hin lnh ca mt s tn hiu bn ngoi. S ca b cn bng ny c cho
hnh 5.14.

Hnh 5.14. B cn bng min tn s
Mo do mch b gy ra phi ngc vi mo dng ph tn hiu vo. Sau khi b thng l
mt b khuych i c tuyn phng c h s khuych i thay i c gi cho mc ra
khng i. Mch t iu khuych AGC b tr tn hao do mch b gy ra. Cc tn hiu a
ln h thng iu khin c ly mu t mt s tn s c trng (chng hn f
1
, f
c
, f
2
hnh v;
trong f
c
l tn s trung tm).
5.8. CC B TRN
Cc b trn l cc phn t chnh trong cc s iu ch, gii iu ch v chuyn i tn
s. Tn ti mt s cu hnh b trn, mi cu hnh c u im ring v thch hp cho cc ng dng
khc nhau. Trong phn ny ta s xt nguyn l cc b trn v p dng b trn cho b bin i h
tn c loi tr tn s nh.
5.8.1. Nguyn l chung
Cc b trn hot ng da trn tnh phi tuyn ca c tnh Vn-Ampe (hnh 5.15a).
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147
vRF=VRF cos t vLO=VLOcos t
V
V
i
i
a)
b)
i
in p thun
in p ngc

Hnh 5.15. Nguyn l hot ng ca b trn diod

Quan h gia dng in diod vi in p trn n xc nh theo cng thc sau:

i=
1
v+
2
v
2
+
3
v
3
+..... (5.15)
khi in p thun (hnh 5.15b), v
i=
1
v-
2
v
2
+
3
v
3
-...... (5.16)
khi in p ngc (hnh 5.15b),
trong :
v=v
RF
costV
LO
cost (5.17)
vi du + hoc du - ph thuc vo cc ca cc n p v tuyn v
RF
v dao ng ni v
LO
t vo
diod.
Cc b trn n ch s dng mt diod c s n gin nht (hnh 5.18)
Ghp nh
hng
RF
f
LO
f
Mng
phi khng
Lc IF

Hnh 5.18. Mch trn n
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148
S dng cng thc (5.15) vi v=V
RF
cost+V
LO
cost) v gi s tn s dao ng ni
LO

cao hn tn s v tuyn thu
RF
:
LO
=
RF
+
IF
, ta c dng in chy qua diod vi cc thnh
phn sau:
i= ( ) + +
2 2 2
2
LO RF
V V ..... thnh phn mt chiu
+
1
V
RF
cost+....... thnh phn tn hiu v tuyn
+
1
V
LO
cost+....... thnh phn dao ng ni
+
2
V
LO
V
RF
cos(
LO
+
RF
)+...... thnh phn bin tn cao
+
2
V
LO
V
RF
cos(
LO
-
RF
)+...... thnh phn trung tn
+ t V
LO LO

2 cos
2
2 2
+ ....... hi LO bc 2
+ t V
RF RF

2 cos
2
2 2
+ ....... hi RF bc 2
+ t
A A
RF LO
) 2 cos(
4
3
2
2
1 3

thnh phn tn s nh
Thnh phn tn s nh (thng dc k hiu l
I
) l thnh phn c tn s i xng vi
thnh phn c ttn s
RF
theo kiu nh gng (xem hnh 5.19a). Tn s b lc trung tn ti u
ra cu b trn c nhim v lc ra thnh phn trung tn ca tn hiu hu ch a n b khych
i trung tn. Trong trng hp mt tn hiu nhiu c tn s bng tn s nh th hiu s ca n
vi tn hiu dao ng ni c th dn n tn hiu nhiu trung tn (xem hnh 5.19a,b).
RF
LO
LO
RF
0 IF L RF
= +
RF
2
I LO
=
IF
IF
0 IF L RF
= +
IF
IF
RF
2
I LO
=

Hnh 5.19. Tn s nh
Tn hiu ny c th qua b lc trung tn v ta khng th loi b n. V th tn hiu nhiu
nh gng ny phi c loi b hoc mch vo my thu hoc trong qu trnh bin i t RF v
IF. Di y ta xt bin trn cho php loi tr tn s nh thng c s dng trong cc b bin
i h tn.
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149
5.8.2. B trn loi tr tn s nh
Theo nh ngha tn s nh l tn s i xng vi tn s v tuyn f
RF
thu qua tn s dao
ng ni thu f
LO
v cch tn s f
LO
mt khong bng tn s trung tn f
IF
. Nu tn s ny lt vo
b khuych i trung tn n s tr thnh tn hiu nhiu v cc b lc trung tn khng th loi c
n. cc my thu v tuyn s tn s nh thng c loi b trn h tn khi bin i tn s f
RF

vo f
IF
. Mch trn loi tr tn s nh c xy dng trn c s cc mch trn cn bng nh
hnh 5.19.

Hnh 5.19. Mch trn loi tn s nh
C th gii thch hot ng ca b trn loi tn s nh nh sau. Gi s tn hiu RF gm bin
tn cao (USB: Upper Side Band) v bin tn thp (LSB: Lower Side Band):

v
RF
= v
U
cos(
LO
+
IF
)t+v
L
cos(
LO
-
IF
)t (5.18)

trong V
RF
l tn hiu v tuyn, V
U
v V
L
l thnh phn bin tn cao v thp tng ng,
LO
l
tn s dao ng ni,
IF
l tn s trung tn.
Khi ny u vo ca hai b trn s l:
t ) cos(
2
V
t ) cos(
2
V
V
IF LO
L
IF LO
U A
RF
+ + = (5.19)
] 90 t ) cos[(
2
V
] 90 t ) cos[(
2
V
V
0
IF LO
L 0
IF LO
U B
RF
+ + + + = (5.20)
Sau khi trn vi tn hiu LO sin(
LO
t), u ra IF bng:
t sin kV t sin kV V
IF L IF U
A
IF
= (5.21)
) 90 sin( ) 90 sin(
0 0
+ = t kV t kV V
IF L IF U
B
IF
(5.22)
Kt hp hai tn hiu ny cu sai ng 90
0
u ra ca nhnh IF trn c tn hiu:
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150
[ ] t V t V t V t V
k
V
IF L IF U IF L IF U
+ + = sin ) 180 sin( sin sin
2
0
1
t kV
IF L
= sin 2 (5.23)
l thnh phn bin tn thp LSB.
u ra nhnh IF di c:
[ ]
0 0 0 0
2
90 sin( ) 90 sin( ) 90 (sin ) 90 sin(
2
+ + = t V t V t V t V
k
V
IF L IF U IF L IF U
(5.24)
l thnh phn bin tn cao. Thng thng t c s loi b tn s nh 30 dB
5.9. CC KIN TRC V TUYN VI GHP SNG CNG
Trong phn ny ta s xt cc kin trc v tuyn khc nhau c s dng trong cc thit bi
v tuyn.
Phn v tuyn ca mt thit b v tuyn s c th s dng cc cc kin trc sau: ghp song
cng phn chia theo tn s (FDD: Frequency Division Duplex), bn ghp song cng phn chia
theo tn s (HFDD: Halff Frequency Division Duplex) v ghp song cng phn chia theo thi
gian (TDD: Time Division Duplex).
Kin trc FDD
Hnh 5.20 cho thy kin trc FDD. Cc phn t m l cc phn t nht trong thit b v
tuyn.
Synth: Tng hp tn s
BB: Bng gc

Hnh 5.20. Kin trc v tuyn FDD.
Kin trc ny cho php loi b trit hn nhiu gi tuyn pht v tuyn thu bng cch s
dng b lc song cng. Vic phi s dng c b lc ti tuyn thu lm cho gi thnh ca kin trc
ny cao hn. Tuy nhin vic khng phi s dng chuyn mch siu cao tn nh kin trc TDD
dn n cn phi gii quyt vn ng b thi gian v th thit k cu trc ny s n gin hn
hn. Phn mm lp MAC s n gin hn v khng phi x l vn ng b thi gian.
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Kin trc TDD
Kin trc TDD c cho trn hnh 5.21. Cc phn t m l cc phn t nht trong thit
b v tuyn. Cc h thng TDD s dng cng mt bng tn cho c pht v thu. V th ch cn mt
b dao ng ni v mt b lc siu cao tn cho c pht thu. B tng hp tn s v b lc siu cao
tn l cc phn chnh dn n gi thnh thit b v tuyn b t. Ngoi ra nh vic gim s lng
can phn t ny ch cn mt na so vi h thng FDD nn kch thc ca thit b cng gim ang
k (lu rng b giao dng ni c kch thc kh ln do phi s dng khung cng hng). Do
khi thu ng pht b ngt nn nn TDD loi b trit nhiu lt t pht vo thu. Nhc im
ca ca TDD l gim thng lng s liu v khi thu phi dng pht. Phn mm ca lp MAC
cng phc tp hn v phi gii quyt ng b nhiu cc khe thi gian ca nhiu ngi s dng (a
truy nhp) trong c ch pht v thu.
Kin trc TDD

Hnh 5.21. Kin trc TDD

Kin trc HFDD
Kin trc HFDD c cho trn hnh 2.22.

Pdet: Mc cng sut
Temp: ng b thi gian
TxAGC: T ng iu chnh khuych i pht
SPI: Hin th cng sut pht

Hnh 5.23. Kin trc HFDD
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Kin trc HFDD vn cho php t c ch li ca h thng TDD nh vn cho php s
dng c ch FDD. Trong kin trc ny phn cch tn s pht thu c thc hin trong khi v
tuyn u vo ca thit b. Tuy nhin b lc trung tn c dng chung cho pht v thu. Hai b
giao ng ni (tng hp tn s) c s dng. Tuy nhin b tng hp tn s trung tn khng cn
thay i tn s cho tuyn thu v pht.
5.10. TNG KT
Chng ny xt s khi tng qut ca thit b truyn dn v tuyn s. Chng ny
m t chc nng cc phn t chnh ca thit b v tuyn s nh:
1. Ghp knh
2. Khi bng tn gc
3. Khi MODEM (iu ch v gii iu ch)
4. Khi khuych i IF (trung tn)
5. Khi khuych i RF (v tuyn)
6. Khi ghp song cng Duplexer
Chng ny cng phn tch chi tit hot ng ca mt s khi x l tn hiu s trong thit
b v tuyn s nh: b ngu nhin ha, m ha vi sai, khi phc nh thi k hiu, cn bng trong
min thi gian. Cc khi x l tn hiu tng t ti trung tn v tn s v tuyn nh: cn bng
min tn s, b trn, b trn loi tr tn s nh cng c phn tch trong chng. Cui chng
cc cu hnh v tuyn s FDD, TDD v HFDD c trnh by.
5.11. CU HI V BI TP
1. Cho s b ngu nhin ha t ng b c a thc to m g(x)=1+x
4
+x
4
vi iu kin ban
u thanh ghi dch l 10101.
a) V s b ngu nhin ha
b) Chng minh rng lung s ton khng sau ngu nhin ha s c bin i thnh lung
s c s s "1" v s s "0" gn bng nhau.
2. Cho s b gii ngu nhin t ng b c a thc to m g(x)=1+x
4
+x
5
vi iu kin ban
a) V s b gii ngu nhin
b) Chng minh rng lung s ton khng c ngu nhin ha sau khi c gii ngu nhin
s tr li lung s ton khng.
3. Thit k mch logic cho b m ha vi sai QPSK trn hnh 5.8.
4. Thit k mch logic cho b gii m vi sai QPSK trn hnh 5.8
5. Tm sai pha u ra b dao ng ni trong s kha pha vng Costas trn hnh 5.7.
6. (Tip) Thit k mch logic cho vng kha pha.
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7. Thit k b iu ch BPSK s dng xuyn Diod.
8. Thit k b iu ch QPSK s dng xuyn Diod.
9. Cho mt h thng truyn dn iu ch BPSK.
a) Thit k b gii iu ch BPSK s dng xuyn Diod
b) Phn tch dng sng trong qu trnh gii iu ch.
10. Cho mt h thng truyn dn iu ch QPSK.
11. Cho my thu i tn:
a) Thit k b bin i h tn c loi tr tn s nh gng vi gi thit tn s dao ng ni
f
RLO2
nh hn tn s sng mang f
c

b) Gii thch hot ng b bin i h tn loi tr tn s nh.
12. Cho mt h thng truyn dn 34,368 Mbps. Cc bit khai thc c ghp ti b ghp lung v
tuyn, trong c mi khung c 35 bit s liu v mt bit khai thc.
a) Tm tc u ra b ghp lung v tuyn v tc lung khai thc
b) Thit k b ghp lung v tuyn.
13. (Tip). Thit k b to xung c c c l.
14. a) Thit k b phn knh v tuyn cho lung s trong bi 12.
b) Thit k mch to ng h u 34,368 MHz.
15. Thit k b phn nhnh siu cao tn cho mt h thng pht thu v tuyn s gm ba my pht
v ba my thu s dng ba cp tn s thu pht :
. . . .
i i 1 1 3 2 3 3
(f f ) (f f ), (f f ), (f f ) = , trong
.
i
f l tn
s pht cn
i
f l tn s thu.

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154
CHNG 6: QUY HOCH TN S V CU HNH H
THNG TRUYN DN V TUYN S
6.1. GII THIU CHUNG
Cc vn chung v quy hach tn s trong truyn dn v tuyn s
Cc cu hnh h thng truyn dn s
6.1.2. Hng dn
Tham kho thm [1],[2], [7],[8].
6.1.3. Mc ch chng
Nm c cc vn chung khi quy hoach tn s cho mt h thng truyn dn s
Hiu c hot ng ca cc cu hnh v tuyn s
Thit k cu hnh v tuyn cho hot ng c th ca mt h thng v tuyn s
6.2. QUY HOCH TN S
6.2.1 Cc t chc lin quan n vic hoch nh tn s
m bo hot ng c t chc cho cc h thng v tuyn khc nhau, cc t chc quc t
nghin cu cc quy nh v lut l s dng cc phng tin v tuyn c thnh lp. Ba t
chc quc t ln nht nghin cu v cc vn lin quan n v tuyn l: Lin minh vin thng
quc t v v tuyn (ITU-R: International Telecommunications Union- Radio Sector) thuc Lin
Hp quc, U ban thng tin lin bang cu M (FCC: Federal Communications Commision) v
Lin on kinh doanh v cng nghip v tuyn ca Nht (ARIB: Association of Radio Industry
and Busines). Cc khuyn ngh v lut l do cc t chc ny quy nh c p dng chung cho
cc thit b v tuyn ca chu u, Bc M v Nht. Phn ln cc thit b v tuyn s dng nc
ta da trn cc khuyn ngh ca ITU-R. Nhim v ca t chc ny l nghin cu cc vn khai
thc v k thut c bit lin quan n thng tin v tuyn v pht hnh cc khuyn ngh v cc
vn ny trn quan im tiu chun ho vin thng ton cu. ITU-R chia thnh 11 nhm nghin
cu. Cc nhm ny thng tin hnh cc nghin cu vn mi trong nhiu nm. Bn nm ITU-
R triu tp hi ngh ton th mt ln thng qua cc cng trnh nghin cu v a ra cc khuyn
ngh mi. ITU-R a ra cc vn bn th hin mc tiu v kt qu ca cc cng trnh nghin cu
dng cc dng sau:
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Ngh nh: vn bn a ra cc hng dn v t chc, v cc phng php hay cc chng
trnh nghin cu ca ITU-R; hu ht cc ngh nh c chun b v thng qua cc hi
ngh ton th.
Quyt nh: vn bn a ra cc hng dn v t chc cng tc ca cc nhm nghin cu;
hu ht cc vn bn quyt nh nh ngha cc iu khon tham kho ca nhm cng tc.
t vn : vn bn pht biu mt vn khai thc hay k thut nhn c gii p.
Chng trnh nghin cu: c s dng nu cn nh ngha chnh xc hn mt b
phn nht nh ca cng tc cn thit gii p vn .
Bo co: c th l mt pht biu thng bo v cc nghin cu do mt nhm nghin cu
v mt vn no thc hin.
Khuyn ngh: gii p mt vn hay mt chng trnh nghin cu, c ITU-R coi l
hon thin lm c s cho cng tc quc t.
Thng thng cc nc a ra hoch nh tn s nc mnh trn c s cc khuyn ngh
ca cc t chc quc t ni trn. Nc ta s dung cc thit b v tuyn ca cc nc c cc t
chc ni trn nn cc thit b v tuyn s s dng cc tn s theo khuyn ngh ca cc t chc
ny. c th nhp mt thit b v tuyn s dng trong nc, trc ht c quan s dng thit b
v tuyn phi nghin cu la chn tn s theo khuyn ngh quc t, sau phi xin ng kim
tn s Cc qun l tn s thuc B Bu chnh Vin thng. trnh gy nhiu i vi cc nc
lng ring tn s ca thit b v tuyn c s dng cng cn phi thng bo vi ITU-R. Trong
cc phn di y ta s nghin cu cc hoch nh tn s khc nhau da trn cc khuyn ngh cu
cc t chc ni trn.
6.2.2. S phn b tn s
s dng hiu qu nht di tn v tuyn v cc knh v tuyn ca cc trm v tuyn
khng gy nhiu cho nhau U ban t vn v quc t v v tuyn (ITU-R) nghin cu xut
cc khuyn ngh v phn b tn s cho cc h thng v thit b v tuyn. U ban qun l tn s
ca tng nc da trn cc khuyn ngh ny a ra cc quy nh v s dng tn s mi nc.
Thng tin v tuyn s thng s dng cc bng tn t 800 MHz tr ln. ITU-R quy nh
vic s dng tn s cho cc mc ch khc nhau: thng tin, o hng ... Cc bng tn chnh c
n nh cho thng tin mt t v v tinh vng tn s t 1 GHz n 13 GHz c cho bng 6.1.
Bng 6.1. n nh tn s chnh cho thng tin mt t v v tinh tn s t 1 GHz
n 13 GHz
Mt t, f [GHz] V tinh , f[GHz]
1,427 1,535
1,7 2,7
3,3 3,5
3,3 4,2
4,4 5,0
2,5 2,535
2,655 2,690
3,4 3,7
3,7 4,2
4,4 4,7
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156
5,85 5,925
5,925 6,245
6,245 7,110
7,110 7,250
7,300 7,975
8,025 8,5
10,7 11,7
11,7 13,25
5,85 5,925
5,925 6,245
7,25 7,30
7,975 8,025
8,025 3,4
10,95 11,2
11,45 11,7
12,5 12,75

Mt s bng tn c nhiu h thng v thit b s dng, trong khi mt s bng tn khc
c s dng t hn. Vic la chn tn s ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: tn hao, h s khuych
i anten, s s dng trc y, kh nng b nhiu, s c sn thit b v.v...
Cc thng s chnh la chn tn s cho cc ng thng tin tm nhn thng (LOS: Line
of Sight) l su phainh v cc c tnh ca phainh, suy hao ma, tn hao phi, h s
khuych i anten v.v.... Tn hao i vi cc ng truyn dn im n im t l vi bnh
phng khong cch do anten t cch xa mt t, cn tn hao ca cc ng truyn dn di ng
do anten khng cch xa mt t nn t l vi khong cch m n>2. H s khuych i anten
cng t l vi bnh phng tn s. Tn s cng cao th nh hng ca phainh ln ng truyn
dn cng ln.
Cc thit b v tuyn thng s dng chung anten cho thu v pht. t chc mt knh v
tuyn song cng (hai chiu) c hai cch. Cch th nht ch cn mt tn s cho c thu ln pht, tuy
nhin pht thu pht khng gy nhiu cho nhau pht v thu phi lun phin theo thi gian. Phng
php ny c gi l ghp song cng phn chia theo thi gian (TDD: Time Division Duplexing).
y l phng php thng c s dng h thng thng tin di ng hay a truy nhp nhp v
tuyn vi phn b knh ng.
Cch th hai i hi phi s dng hai tn s: mt cho pht v mt cho thu, phng php
ny c gi l ghp song cng phn chia theo tn s (FDD: Frequency Division Duplexing). i
vi cch th hai bng tn khuyn ngh s dng cho mt h thng thng tin v tuyn s thng
c chia thnh hai na bng tn: na bng tn thp v na bng tn cao. Tn s na bng cao
c k hiu l f
n
, cn tn s na bng thp c k hiu l f
n
. Tn s pht c chn mt
na bng, cn tn s thu c chn mt na bng kia. Khong cch gia hai tn tn s pht v
thu ca mt knh v tuyn song cng c gi l khong cch pht thu hay song cng v c k
hiu l y. Khong cch gia hai tn s cnh nhau trong cng mt na bng c gi l khong
cch gia hai knh ln cn v c k hiu l x. tng s phn cch gia hai knh ln cn hai
tn s cnh nhau c th s dng cc phn cc khc nhau: phn cc ngang (H) hoc ng (V).
Trng hp ny c gi l phn b an xen cc (hnh 6.1. b). tit kim bng tn cc knh v
tuyn c th s dng cng tn s. Nhng m bo phn cch gia hai thit b v tuyn s dng
cng tn s cc thit b ny phi s dng cc phn cc khc nhau: mt s dng phn cc ngang H
cn thit b kia s dng phn cc ng V chng hn. Trng hp ny c gi l phn b ng
knh (hnh 4.2.c).
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Hnh 6.1. S t chc tn s cho cc knh song cng pht thu FDD
a) n cc, b)xen cc, c) ng knh
Tng qut ta c th biu din phn b tn s theo hai na bng tn nh sau:
f
n
= f
0
- A + x.n
f
n
= f
n
+ y (4.12)
trong : f
n
, f
n
l tn s pht hoc thu na bng tn thp v cao, x l phn cch knh
ln cn, y l phn cch song cng, A l hng s ph thuc vo phn b c th cn n l s th t
knh, f
0
l tn s trung tm.
mi thit b thu pht ca mt trm pht tn hiu c thc hin mt tn s (nm trong
mt na bng tn) cn thu tn hiu c thc hin tn s khc (nm trong na bng tn khc)
(hnh 4.4).
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'
1
'
2
'
3
f
f
f
'
1
'
2
'
3
f
f
f
1
2
3
f
f
f
1
2
3
f
f
f

Hnh 6.2. Th d v phn b tn s ba trm vi ba ABC trong B l trm trung gian
Nu cc tn hiu tn s f
n
c cng phn cc th pht v thu mt knh v tuyn c thc
hin bng anten phn cc n. Tuy nhin bng mt anten c th pht thu cc tn hiu ny mt
phn cc (cc tn s ca cc knh chn chng hn) v cc tn hiu khc phn cc khc (knh l
chng hn) (hnh 6.3).

Hnh 6.3. An ten hai phn cc: V-phn cc ng, H-phn cc ngang
6.3. CU HNH H THNG TRUYN DN V TUYN S
Cu hnh h thng v tuyn s phi m bo cc iu kin khai thc tin cy h thng.
C th lit k cc nhn t chnh gy s c knh truyn dn nh sau:
1. Cc nhn t gy ra do phainh c th iu chnh c bi thit b v thit k tuyn
2. Cc nhn t gy ra do cc hot ng khai thc (bo dng, m rng h thng ...)
3. Cc thm ho (chy, s c h thng fi ...).
Cc s bo v v cc t chc phn tp cho php gim thiu cc s c ni trn.
6.3.1. Cc dng phn tp
Phainh nhiu tia gy nh hng chnh ln cht lng truyn dn v tuyn s. Cc s
phn tp cho php gim thiu nh hng ny. Phn tp c nh ngha l truyn dn thng tin
trn nhiu knh c tng quan pha inh so vi nhau nh nht hay ni c lp vi nhau. Nhiu
bin php phn tp khc nhau c s dng v tuyn s chng pha inh nh:
Phn tp tn s
Phn tp khng gian
Phn tp phn cc
Phn tp gc
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159
Phn tp thi gian
Mc c lp ca cc knh phn tp c trnh by bng tng quan cho gia cc
ng bao ca pha inh. Thut ng h s tng quan cho ng bao,
c
, thng c s dng
trnh by tnh c lp tng i gi hai tn hiu pha inh.
Truyn dn phn tp nh hng rt ln ln xc sut gim vt ngng, ngha l xc sut m
tn hiu tng hp (c kt hp t cc knh phn tp) s gim xung thp hn mt ngng
quy nh:
P
D
(y<y
th
) = f(P(y<y
th
, C), (6.13)
trong : C l kiu kt hp.
S m t nguyn l phn tp khng gian, phn tp tn s v phn tp gc c cho
hnh 6.4. Phn tp khng gian (hnh 6.4a) i hi hai anten cho hai knh truyn dn: knh chnh
v knh phn tp. Tn hiu u ra ca my thu chnh (RX1) v my thu phn tp (RX2) c
kt hp ng pha to ra mt tn hiu thu tt nht. mt s s thay cho b kt hp ngi ta
s dng chuyn mch chn tn hiu tt. Phn tp tn s (hnh 6.4b) cn hai b thu pht lm
vic hai tn s khc nhau to ra hai knh truyn dn khc nhau. Thng tin c pht i ng
thi c hai knh truyn dn ( c hai TX1 v TX2). Pha thu thc hin chuyn mch chn ra
knh c cht lng truyn tt hn (t RX1 hoc RX2). Phn cc gc (hnh 6.4c) s dng hai bp
hng anten thu tn hiu v chn ra bp hng cho tn hiu tt hn.

Hnh 6.4. Cu hnh phn tp; a) phn tp khng gian, b) phn tp tn s, c) phn tp gc

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160
6.3.2. Cu hnh n+1 vi chuyn mch bo v

Chuyn mch bo v cc h thng truyn dn thc hin hai nhim v:
1. Chuyn mch bo v thit b chuyn thng tin truyn t knh truyn dn c thit b
b s c sang knh truyn dn d phng hot ng bnh thng.
2. Chuyn mch bo v ng truyn chuyn thng tin truyn t knh truyn dn c
ng truyn sng b s c sang knh truyn dn c ng truyn sng bnh thng.
h thng chuyn mch th nht hot ng h thng truyn dn phi c hai thit b ging
nhau trong mt thit b bnh thng truyn thng tin c gi l thit b cng tc v mt
thit b d phng. Khi thit b th nht b s c chuyn mch s chuyn thng tin sang thit b th
hai. Tu thuc vo tnh trng bt ngun ca thit b d phng ngi ta chia thnh:
D phng ngui nu thit b d phng khng c bt ngun tit kim ngun.
D phng m khi ch c cc b phn quan trng ca thit b d phng c cp ngun
tit kim nng lng
D phng nng khi ton b thit b d phng c cp ngun. Vic s dng loi d
phng no trong s cc d phng ni trn ph thuc vo iu kn cp in ngun v
tm quan trng ca ng truyn dn.
cc ng truyn dn quan trng ngi ta thng s dng d phng nng.
H thng chuyn mch th hai s dng cc phng php phn tp c t nht hai ng
truyn dn: mt ng cng tc (knh cng tc) v mt ng d phng (knh d phng).
H thng d phng vi n knh cng tc chung nhau mt knh d phng c gi l h
thng chuyn mch bo v n+1.
Thng thng thut ng "bo v" v "phn tp" c th dng ln cho nhau. Tuy nhin bo v
thng ng mc an ton thng tin di hn (nhiu hn 10 giy SES/s kin) cn phn tp thng
ng mc an ton thng tin ngn hn (t hn 10 giy mc li nghim trng/s kin).
Xc sut s c knh truyn dn di han (c gin on lu lng) gy ra do cc s kin c
gim ng k khi s dng cc s bo v c cho di y:
Gim cp, s c thit b:
1+1, ton b module c d phng (d phng nng)
n+1, mt module d tr cho hai hay nhiu module
Mt ng chnh hoc s c h thng anten
Chuyn mch cc my phn chia+knh v
Phn tp tn s hai anten (nu c php)
Cu hnh xuyn t sa
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161
Suy gim cng sut (ma, mt ni ghp,...)
Xuyn t sa
Ngoi ra s c do khai thc v bo dng thit b sai c th dn mt thng tin lu.
T chc phn tp ti u cho php gim ng k cc s c mt thng tin do pha inh ngn
hn cc ng truyn v tuyn s. Cc cu hnh phn tp cng c th gim bt s gim d tr
pha inh do nhiu.
Hiu qu hot ng ca cc s bo v c phn chia theo mc sau:
Mc 1 (tt nht). Chuyn mch s liu khng b li khi phainh hay s c thit b,
ngoi ra cng th hin tnh phn tp cao nht.
Mc 2. Thng thng chuyn mch s liu ng b (Hitless) (c th i khi mt ng
b) v km hn nhng vn cn l chuyn mch phn tp thu khng li.
Mc 3. Chuyn mch xuyn trc khng ng b (non-hitless) vi thi gian gin on
thp nht (khong 30-60 ms)
Mc 4. Chuyn mch xuyn trc khng ng b vi thi gian gin on di hn.
P. Chuyn mch mt phn (mt chiu hay mt anten)
Khng. Khng bo v hay phn tp.
Di y ta xt cc s bo v sau:
D phng nng (HS)
Phn tp khng gian (SD)
Phn tp khng gian kt hp vi cc my pht chia cng sut (SD+ST)
Phn tp khng gian vi kt hp trung tn cc h thng bo v xuyn v phn tp
khng gian vi kt hp trung tn h thng n+1
Phn tp gc (AD)
Phn tp tn s (FD)
Phn tp lai ghp (HD)
1. D phng nng, HS
S d phng nng c cho hnh 4.9.
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RxA
RxB
CM
S liu vo
S liu ra
B chia
cng
sut
- 1dB
-7dB
CM
TxA
TxB
TxA

Hnh 6.5. Cu hnh d phng nng

s ny cc thit bi thu pht A v B u c cp ngun. Cc b cm ng nh gi
cng sut u ra ca cc my pht TxA v TxB quyt nh chuyn mch. B chia cng sut s
cho phn ln cng sut vo my thu RxA v mt phn cng sut thp hn vo my thu RxB (vo
vi t l chia 1/7 dB) ch khng s dng t l chia thng thng l 3/3 dB. L do s dng b chia
khng i xng nh sau. Nu s dng chia 3/3 dB th tn hao trn 2 dB lm gim t s tn hiu
trn tp m CNR qu ln. Chuyn mach thu s chn thng tin ra t my thu cho cht lng tt
hn.
2. Phn tp khng gian kt hp d phng nng, SD+HS
S t chc phn tp khng gian kt hp d phng nng c cho hnh 6.6.

Hnh 6.6. Cu hnh phn tp khng gian kt hp d phng nng
S s dng hai anten t cch nhau theo chiu cao t 3-30 m t c s khng
tng quan gia hai tn hiu thu (khong cch ny vo khong 150 , l bc sng cng tc).
3. Phn tp khng gian vi cc my pht chia cng sut, SD+ST
S ca t chc phn tp khng gian kt hp vi cc my pht chia cng sut c cho
hnh 6.7.
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Anten
phn tp
RxA
RxB
CM
S liu vo
S liu ra
CM
TxA
TxB
Anten
chnh
Khong cch
chiu cao 3-30m
Lnh RCS

Hnh 6.7. Cu hnh phn tp khng gian kt hp cc my pht chia cng sut (SD+ST)
Trong s ny mi my pht cng vi my thu ca mnh c ni n mt trong hai
anten t cch nhau theo chiu cao. Trong hai anten th mt anten chnh v mt l anten phn tp.
Cc my thu c chuyn mch hoc khng li hoc ng b khi xy ra pha inh ngn hn hoc
my thu b s c. Nhng cc my pht khng ch chuyn mch theo s c hoc gim cp ca n
nh s d phng nng thng thng m cn chuyn mch theo s gim cp ca mc thu tn
hiu hoc BER c hai my thu hai u ng truyn. Khi xy ra cc s c nh: mt ng
chnh anten chnh, truyn sng kiu ng dn, s c ng dn sng (lt nc..) lnh chuyn mch
knh v (RCS) c my thu u kia gi tr li chuyn mch t ng my pht u ny sang
anten tt. Cn lu rng nhiu nghin cu cho thy phn tp khng gian t c cht lng cao
hn khi hai anten c t cch nhau khng phi theo chiu cao m theo phng ngang. Do c
im cc thp anten ng nn hai anten thng c t cch nhau theo chiu cao.
4. Phn tp khng gian bng cch kt hp trung tn
S t chc phn tp khng gian bng cch kt hp trung tn c cho hnh 6.8. B kt
hp trung tn thng c s dng thay cho chuyn mch khng li hoc ng b u ra ca
cc my thu chnh v phn tp. Kt hp trung tn m bo ci thin ngng 3 dB so vi chuyn
mch s liu nu thit k ph hp vi cc c tnh pha inh phn tn ca ng truyn.

Hnh 6.8. Cu hnh phn tp khng gian vi kt hp trung tn
5. Phn tp khng gian dng phn tn trong bng cc tiu

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Phng php thng c s dng nht phn tp khng gian l kt hp hai tn hiu thu
hai anten nhn c tn hiu thu cc i hay kt hp ng pha hai tn hiu ny. Tuy nhin
phng php ny khng trit b hon ton c s phn tn trong bng. l do tn hiu thu
ngoi sng trc tip cn cha cc sng giao thoa v cc tn hiu giao thoa ny c mt thi gian tr
nht nh so vi sng trc tip. V th gim thiu phn tn tn hiu trong bng phn tp
khng gian c thit sao cho cc sng giao thoa c pha ngc nhau. Phng php ny c
gi l phn tp khng gian dng phn tn trong bng cc tiu (MID-SD: Minimum in Band
Dispersion type Space Diversity). Nguyn l v s ca MID-SPD c cho hnh 6.9.
S2
S1
SR1
S1
S2
SR2
S1
S2
SR
Tn hiu thu 1
Tn hiu thu 2
Tn hiu kt hp
B kt hp
Mng phn nhnh
RLO
Ti h thng tip theo
B iu khin
RLO: B dao ng ni thu
a)
B dch pha
v tn
b)
Kt hp tn hiu ra
K hiu:
S1: Sng trc tip
S2: Sng giao thoa
SR1: Sng thu 1
SR2: Sng thu 2
SR: Sng kt hp

Hnh 6.9. Nguyn l v s khi b MID-SD

MID-SD hnh 6.9 gm b tch sng phn tn bin , b iu khin, b dch pha v tn
v b kt hp. Khi iu khin quyt nh hng dch pha ca b dich pha v tn (EPS: Endless
Phase Shift) lm cho b ny quay i mt gc pha c nh. trng thi ny cc sng giao thoa gn
nh lch pha hon ton. Tuy nhin khi cng sut thu gim t ngt, thng tin b mt do tp m
nhit v nhiu giao thoa tng. V th khi cng sut thu gim n mt ngng no cn iu
chnh tng cng sut. Phng php ny cho php gim phn tn trong bng m vn m bo hiu
qu nh phn tp khng gian kt hp ng pha thng thng.

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6. Phn tp tn s vi chuyn mch 1+1
T chc phn tp tn s (FD) vi chuyn mch 1+1 c cho hnh 6.10. cu hnh ny
knh cng tc v knh bo v s dng hai cp tn s khc nhau mt khong cch ln trnh
pha inh xy ra ng thi hai knh ny. Lung s cn pht c truyn c hai knh, pha thu
thc hin nh gi cht lng truyn dn. Nu cht lng truyn dn thp hn cho php th
chuyn mach s thc hin chuyn lu lng t knh cng tc sang knh d phng. Chuyn mch
c thc hin hai mc: mc vi mch ( b gii iu ch DEMOD) v mc Rle. B phn phi
lung s thc hin phn phi cc lung s u ra ca cc knh cng tc v bo v n cc
chuyn mach vi mch DEMOD v Rle.

Hnh 6.10. Cu hnh phn tp tn s chuyn mch bo v 1+1
7. H thng chuyn mch n+1 vi phn tp tn s
S h thng chuyn mch n+1 phn tp tn s vi hai u pht thu c cho hnh 6.11.
h thng ny n knh cng tc hot ng n cp tn s phn cch nhau chia s chung mt knh
phn tp c gi l knh bo v. V n knh cng tc cng c chung mt knh bo v nn phi c
quy nh u tin trnh xung t gia cc knh ny khi xy ra nhu cu chuyn mch ng thi
t nhiu knh cng tc. Hot ng chuyn mch xy ra nh sau. Chuyn mach khng mc li
(Erorrless) v chuyn mch ng b (Hitless) bao gi cng c khi xng t pha thu. Pha thu
nh gi cht lng truyn dn theo ch tiu t trc (BER chng hn). Nu gim cp vt qu
ngng th pha thu gi theo ng nghip v n pha pht yu cu chuyn mch. Pha pht
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kim tra knh bo v xem c ri v m bo cht lng hay khng. ng thi n xem xt mc
u tin ca knh yu cu, nu m bo cc yu cu chuyn mch th phi pht s thc hin
chuyn mch bng cch chia cng sut gia knh cng tc v knh bo v (cn c gi l u
cu). Lu lng s c pht ng thi c hai knh ny n pha thu. My thu thc hin ng
b hai lung s thu c t hai knh sau thc hin chuyn mch.
Chia
R le
MOD
MOD
Tx
Tx P
DEMOD
DEMOD
CM Tx
Phn phi
lung s
Mng
phn
nhnh
Rx
CH1
CH n
CH 1
CH n
Lung s vo
CH 1
CH P
Lung s ra
CH 1
CH n
K hiu:
CH n: Knh cng tc; CH P: Knh bo v
Tx: My pht; Rx: My thu; CM: Chuyn mch
Chia
Rx 1
Rx 2
R le
CH n
Chia
MOD Tx P
CH P
Mng
Phn
nhnh
Tx
R le
Rx P
DEMOD
CH P
CH P

Hnh 6.11. H thng chuyn mch n+1 vi phn tp tn s

8. H thng chuyn mch n+1 vi phn tp khng gian
S ca h thng chuyn mch n+1 s dng phn tp khng gian c cho hnh 6.12.

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Hnh 6.12. H thng chuyn mch bo v n+1 vi phn tp khng gian
h thng ny n knh cng tc lm vic n cp tn s phn cch nhau chia s chung mt
knh phn tp khng gian c gi l knh bo v. V n knh cng tc cng c chung mt knh
bo v nn phi c quy nh u tin trnh xung t gia cc knh ny khi xy ra nhu cu
chuyn mch ng thi t nhiu knh cng tc. Phn cp u tin ph thuc vo: tm quan trng
ca knh cng tc, tnh trng gim cp ca knh cng tc v thi im yu cu chuyn mch ca
knh cng tc.
9. Phn tp lai ghp, HD (SD+FD)
Phn tp lai ghp gi phn tp khng gian v phn tp tn s c cho hnh 6.13. s
phn tp lai ghp ny hai b pht thu A v B lm vic hai cp tn s khc nhau. Pha thu s
chn lung s ra c cht lng tt nht t hai knh c tn s khc nhau hoc hai knh n t hai
anten phn tp khng gian.
Hnh 6.13. Cu hnh phn tp lai ghp SD+FD
10. Phn tp lai ghp kt hp phn tp khng gian v phn tp phn cc, SD+PD
S t chc phn tp lai ghp phn tp khng gian vi phn tp phn cc c cho hnh
6.14.
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Hnh 6.14. Cu hnh phn tp lai ghp SD+PD
t chc phn tp lai ghp ny mt u ngi ta s dung mt anten phn cc kp: phn
cc ng v phn cc ngang, u kia ngi ta s dng hai anten phn cc n cho nhau: mt
phn cc ng v mt phn cc ngang t cch nhau theo chiu cao. Pha anten phn cc kp
pht i lung s hai phn cc, pha kia thu hai phn cc cho hai anten khc nhau v thc hin
chn knh cho cht lng tt hn.
11. Phn tp khng gian pht
Trong cc phn trc ta ch xt phn tp khng gian thu trn c s s dng hai my thu tn
hiu t hai im khc nhau trong khng gian. Cc cng ngh thng tin di ng mi hin nay cn
s dng phn tp khng gian pht cho cc phng thc ghp song cng theo thi gian TDD v
CDMA. phng thc phn tp ny pha pht pht i lu lng hai anten khc nhau. Pha thu
chn lu lng t anten c cht lng tt hn hoc kt hp cc tn hiu nhn c t hai anten
pht t c mt tn hiu tt nht.
12. Truyn dn a sng mang
Trong cc h thng truyn dn v tuyn s bng rng, do phainh nhiu ng gy ra nhiu
gia cc k hiu (ISI: Inter Symbol Interference) dn n mo tuyn tnh c tuyn bin tn ca
knh truyn dn (xem hnh 6.15).

Tn s fc
fc-1/T
fc+1/T
T: rng k hiu
Hnh 8.17. Phn tn bin trong bng
Chu k bnh thng
1/T

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169
chng pha inh nhiu ng ngi ta c th s dng k thut pht a sng mang
(Multicarier). Truyn dn nhiu sng mang c thit k trn c s bin i lung s thnh
nhiu lung tc thp iu ch nhiu sng mang c cc tn s khc nhau v cng cc tn
hiu ny vng tn s. Phng php truyn dn ny cho php gim nh hng gim cp ca c
tuyn tn s bng cch phn chia ph v s dng nhiu b iu ch v gii iu ch. i vi 16-
QAM nu cho php phn tn tuyn tnh l 5 dB tng ng vi tc iu ch, chng hn
h thng truyn dn 200 Mbit/s tc iu ch l 50 Mbit/s, th phn tn tuyn tnh cho php
trong bng tn 50 MHz l 5 dB. i vi h thng truyn dn bn sng mang tc iu ch
gim xung bn ln cn 12,5Mbit/s tng ng vi bng tn 12,5 MHz, nn phn tn tyn tnh
cho php i vi c bn tn s s l 45dB=20 dB bn ln ln hn trng hp n sng mang
(xem hnh 6.16). truyn dn cng mt dung lng bng nhiu sng mang ta cn nhiu b iu
ch v gii iu ch, nhng kh nng chng li mo dng sng do pha inh gy ra s c ci
thin ng k.
c tnh bin
pha inh
Phn tn
cho php (5dB)
Phn tn
cho php (5dB)
50 MHz 12 MHz
Bn sng mang
Hnh 8.22. Tc dng ca truyn dn a sng mang Hnh 6.16. Tc dng ca truyn dn a sng mang

6.4. TNG KT
Chng ny xt hai vn quan trong ca mt h thng truyn dn v tuyn s: quy
hoch tn s v cc cu hnh h thng truyn dn v tuyn s.
Mi t chc mun ng ra khai thc h thng truyn dn s u phi c cp php s
dng bng thng tn s m h thng v tuyn s ny s hot ng. V mt quc t c ba t chc
ln trn th gii a ra cc quy nh v s dng tn s l: ITU-R, FCC v ARIB. Cc thit b v
tuyn s trn th gii thng s dng cc tn s theo quy nh cu cc t chc ny. Ti Vit Nam
t chc ng kim tn s l Cc qun l tn s ca b Bu chnh Vin thng. Cn lu rng c
mt s di tn min php nh ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical band). Ngi khai thc thit
b v tuyn trong di tn min php khng cn xin php s dng
m bo hot n nh cho mt h thng truyn dn s cn lp cu hnh hp l cho h
thng ny. Cc cu hnh ny cho php gim thiu cc s c knh truyn dn gy ra do cc nhn
t sau:
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1. Cc nhn t gy ra do phainh c th iu chnh c bi thit b v thit k tuyn
2. Cc nhn t gy ra do cc hot ng khai thc (bo dng, m rng h thng ...)
3. Cc thm ho (chy, s c h thng fi ...).
S c ng truyn dn v tuyn s c th chia ra lm hai loi chnh: (1) s c do hng
thit b, (2) s c do ng truyn sng. i vi s c th nht cn lp cu hnh d phng cn i
vi s c th hai cn s dng cc cu hnh phn tp khc nhau. Chuyn mch t h thng b s c
sang h thng hot ng bnh thng c gi l chuyn mch bo v.
Chng ny xt cc kiu d phng thit b khc nhau nh: d phng ngui, d phng
m v d phng nng.
Chng ny trnh by cc cu hnh phn tp khc nhau nh: phn tp tn s, phn tp
khng gian, phn tp phn cc, phn tp gc v phn tp thi gian. Cu hinh chuyn mch bo v
n+1 cng c xt trong chng.
Cui chng mt bin php chng pha inh a ng hu hiu c trnh by: truyn dn
a sng mang (Multicarier). u im ca bin php ny l gim thiu nhiu gia cc k hiu
(ISI). Tuy nhin bin php ny i hi bng thng rng hn v cn khang bo v gia bng thng
ca cc sng mang con. khc phc nhc im ny ngi ta s dng phng php iu ch
phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex) s c trnh
by trong gio trnh L thuyt tri ph v a truy nhp v tuyn.
6.5. CU HI
1. Trnh by cc t chc lin quan n quy hoch tn s.
2. Trnh by s phn b tn s.
3. Trnh by cc dng phn tp.
4. Trnh by cu hnh chuyn mch bo v n+1.
5. Trnh by cu hnh d phng nng.
6. Trnh by cu hnh d phng nng kt hp phn tp khng gian.
7. Trnh by cu hnh phn tp khng gian vi my pht chia cng sut.
8. Trnh by cu hnh phn tp khng gian bng cch kt hp trung tn.
9. Trnh by cu hnh phn tp khng gian dng phn tn trong bng cc tiu.
10. Trnh by cu hnh phn tp tn s vi chuyn mch 1+1.
11. Trnh by cu hnh Phn tp tn s vi chuyn mch 1+1.
12. Trnh by h thng chuyn mch n+1 vi phn tp tn s.
13. Trnh by h thng chuyn mch n+1 vi phn tp khng gian.
14. Trnh by cu hnh phn tp lai ghp, HD (SD+FD).
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15. Trnh by cu hnh phn tp lai ghp kt hp phn tp khng gian vi phn tp phn cc,
SD+PD.
16. Trnh by cu hnh phn tp lai ghp kt hp phn tp khng gian v phn tp phn cc,
SD+PD.
17. Trnh by phn tp khng gian pht.
18. Trnh by truyn dn a sng mang.

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172
CHNG 7: PHN TCH NG TRUYN V TUYN S
7.1. GII THIU CHUNG
Phn tch ng truyn dn v tuyn s
Cc cu hnh h thng truyn dn s
7.1.2. Hng dn
Tham kho thm [1],[2], [7],[8].
7.1.3. Mc ch chng
Nm c cc vn chung khi quy hoach tn s cho mt h thng truyn dn s
Hiu c hot ng ca cc cu hnh v tuyn s
Thit k cu hnh v tuyn cho hot ng c th ca mt h thng v tuyn s
7.2 M U
Vic phn tch ng truyn v tuyn s cho php ta thit k cc ng truyn dn v
tuyn s m bo cht lng truyn dn quy nh. Mt trong s cc i lng c quan tm nht
trong qu trnh phn tch ny l suy hao ng truyn. Suy hao ng truyn lm gim t s tn
hiu trn tp m, v th gim cht lng ng truyn. Trong phn ny trc ht ta xt phn tch
ng truyn vo tuyn s v nh hng ca tp m ln cht lng ng truyn, sau ta xt
mt s vn lin quan n thit k ng truyn v tuyn s mt t.
7.3. PHN TCH NG TRUYN V TUYN S
7.3.1. Tnh cng sut thu
Ta xt mt h thng truyn dn v tuyn s n gin gm my pht v my thu nh cho
trn hnh 7.1.

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Hnh 7.1. M hnh h thng v tuyn s n gin phn tch ng truyn

T hnh 7.1 Ta c th biu din cng sut thu nh sau:

1 2
1 1 2 2
Tx
Rx
rf ph P ph rf
P GG
P
L L L L L
= (7.1)
trong P
tz
, P
rx
l cng sut pht v thu tng ng; G
1
, G
2
l h s khuych i anten pht
v antenthu tng ng; L
rf1
v L
rf2
l tn hao do cc phn t v tuyn ca thit b pht thu gy ra
nh: tn hao ca cc conect, tn hao ca cc b lc siu cao tn ti u pht v u thu tng
ng; L
ph1
, L
ph2
l tn hao ca phi pht v thu tng ng; L
p
l suy hao truyn sng.
khng phi xt c tn hao ca cc phn t v tuyn, phi pht v h s khuych i
anten pht ngi ta s dng khi nim EIRP (Equivalent isotropic radiated power: cng sut pht
x ng hng tng ng) c xc nh nh sau:

1
1 1
Tx
rf ph
P G
EIRP
L L
= (7.2)
Phng trnh (7.2) cho thy EIRP l cng sut my pht cn thit mt my pht to ra ti
pha thu cng sut ging nh h thng pht thc t khi anten gi nh pht x ng hng
(G
1
=1). Lu rng trong trng hp ngi ta nh ngha EIRP khi khng c tn hao phi cng
nh cc phn t v tuyn (L
rf1
=L
f1
=1): EIRP=P
Tx
G
1
.
Thay phng trnh (7.2) vo phng trnh (7.1) ta c:

2
2 2
Rx
P ph rf
EIRPG
P
L L L
= (7.3a)
Lu nu xt cng sut thu l cng sut ti anten th phng trnh (7.3a) c biu din
nh sau:

2
Rx
P
EIRPG
P
L
= (7.3b)
Phng trnh (7.3) thng c tnh theo dBm nh sau:

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[ ] 10lg
1
Rx
RX
P
P dBm
mW
=
= EIRP[dBm]+G2[dBi]-L
p
[dB]-l
ph2
[dB]-L
rf2
[dB] (7.4)
trong dBi l n v so snh h s khuych i cu anten thc t vi anten ng hng
(Isotropic anten) c h s khuych i bng 0 dBi.
Tng t ta cng c th biu din phng trnh (7.3) theo dBW nu thay tt c cc k hiu
dBm trong phng trnh (7.4) bng dBW.
Trong mi trng truyn sng ng nht khng c vt chn hay cn gi l khng gian t do
ta c th tnh tn hao truyn sng L
p
nh sau:

( )
2
2
4
=
d
L
s
(7.5)
trong : L
s
l tn hao trong khng gian t do, d l khong cch gia an ten pht v anten thu, l
bc sng.
Phng trnh (7.5) c tnh theo dB nh sau:
[ ] 10lg
s s
L dB L =
= 92,5+20lgf[GHz] +20lgd[km]
= 32,5+20lgf[MHz]+20lgd[km] (7.6)
Cht lng ng truyn dn v tuyn s ph thuc vo t s ca tn hiu thu trn tp m,
v th di y ta s xt cch tnh tp m cho my thu.
7.3.2. Tnh cng sut tp m nhit
Nh ta xt cc chng trc tp m nhit thng c coi l AWGN vi mt ph
cng sut tp m mt bin bng N
0
. Trong phn ny ta s xt cch tnh cng sut v mt ph
cng sut tp m nhit.
Tp m nhit sinh ra do s chuyn ng hn lon ca cc in t trong cc phn t ca my
thu. Cng sut tp m nhit c xc nh nh sau:
N=kTf, W (7.7)
trong k=1,38.10
-23
June.K
-1
=1,38.10
-23
WK
-1
Hz
-1
, T nhit tp m o bng Kevin (K), f bng
thng o bng Hz.
Mt ph cng sut tp m c tnh nh sau:
N
0
=N/f=kT, WHz
-1
(7.8)
nh hng gim cp ca tp m do phn t thu gy ra c nh gi bng h s tp m
(Noise figure) c nh ngha l t s tn hiu trn tp m ti u vo cu phn t thu chia cho t
s tn hiu trn tp m ti u ra ca phn t thu. H s tp m c xc nh nh sau:
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in
out
SNR
NF
SNR
= (7.9)
NF cho thy t s tn hiu trn tp m s b gim i bao nhiu ln sau khi tn hiu thu i qua
phn t thu.
Cc chng minh cho thy h s tp m ca mt phn t th ng (cp ni chng hn) c
suy hao bng L chnh bng L:
NF=L (7.10)
Khi tnh ton tp m, cng sut tp m gy ra do phn t thu trng c quy i vo u
vo ca phn t ny (xem hnh 7.2).

Hnh 7.2. Cng sut tp m quy i u vo
Hnh 7.2 xt tp m cho mt b khuych i thu c h s khuych i A, gy ra cng sut
tp m N
a
, tp m u vo N
i
. Nu k hiu N
ai
l tp m ca b khuych i quy i u vo:
N
ai
=N
a
/A, th tng tp m quy i u vo l N
i
+N
ai
v tng tp m u ra b khuych i bng
N
out
=A(N
i
+N
ai
).
t SNR
in
=P
r
/N
i
v SNR
out
=P
r
/(N
ai
+N
i
) trong P
r
l cng sut thu vo phng trnh (7.9),,
ta c th tnh cng sut tp m phn t thu quy i u vo nh sau:
N
ai
=(NF-1)N
i
(7.11)
Chn nhit tp m u vo my thu T
i
=290K lm nhit tham chun, t N
i
=k.290K
v N
ai
=kT vi T l nhit tp m ca phn t thu vo phng trnh (7.10), ta c:
T=(NF-1)290K (7.12)
i vi mt thit b thu bao gm M phn t khuych i mc ni tng, trong mi phn
t khuych i c h s khuych i A
m
(m=1,2,,M) ta c th tnh tng h s tp m v nhit
tp m quy i u vo nh sau:

3 2
1
1 1 2 1 2 1
1 1 1
....
....
M
tol
M
NF NF NF
NF NF
A A A A A A

= + + + + (7.13)

3 2
1
1 1 2 1 2 1
....
....
M
tol
M
T T T
T T
A A A A A A

= + + + + (7.14)
Lu nu phn t thu l phn t th ng c tn hao L th ta thay A=1/L vo cc phng
trnh (7.13) v (7.14).
T cc cng thc (7.13) v (7.14) ta thy tp m my thu ch yu gy ra do cc phn t u
vo my thu. nh hng tp m ca cc phn t sau b gim ng k do phi chia cho tch cc h
s khuych i ca cc phn t trc.
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7.3.3. T s tn hiu trn tp m
Ba thng s thng c s dng nh gi t s tn hiu trn tp m l: sng mang trn
tp m (C/N hay P
Rx
/N), sng mang trn mt tp m (C/N
0
hay P
Rx
/N
0
) v nng lng bit trn
mt ph tp m. Quan h gia cc thng s ny nh sau:
P
Rx
/N
0
= (P
Rx
/N) dB+10lg(f), dB (7.15)
E
b
/N
0
= (P
Rx
/N) dB-10lg(R
b
/f), dB (7.16)
trong : P
r
l cng sut thu sng mang (C), R
b
l tc bit,
E
b
l nng lng bit = P
Rx
T
b
C/N
0
v E
b
/N
0
khng ph thuc vo tn s thng c s dng so snh hiu sut ca
cc h thng khc nhau. C/N ph thuc vo rng bng tn ca mt h thng cho trc (chng
hn b lc my thu).
S dng phng trnh (7.3) ta c th vit:

2
2 2
Rx
P ph rf
P EIRPG
N NL L L
= (7.17)

2
0 0 2 2
Rx
P ph rf
P EIRPG
N N L L L
= (7.18)
i vi cc my thu tng t rng bng tp m (xt t pha b gii iu ch) thng ln
hn rng bng tn hiu v P
Rx
/N l thng s chnh nh gi kh nng pht hin tn hiu v
cht lng hot ng. Nhng i vi cc my thu s cc b tng quan hay cc b lc thch ng
thng c s dng v rng bng tp m c coi bng rng bng tn hiu. V th thay
cho cng sut tp m (N) mt ph cng sut tp m (N
0
) thng c s dng.
Thay N
0
=kT vo phng trnh (7.18) ta c:

2
0 2 2
/
Rx s
P ph rf
P EIRPG T
N kL L L
= (7.19)
trong : T
s
l nhit tp m h thng ph thuc vo tp m pht x vo anten v tp m tng
u my thu. Lu rng h s khuych i anten v nhit tp m h thng c kt hp chung
thnh mt thng s v i khi t s ny c gi l nhy my thu.
Di y ta s xt mt s th d tnh ton tp m v t s tn hiu trn tp m.
Th d 7.1. Tnh ton tp m v t s tn hiu trn tp m cho trng hp tng u my
thu l b khuych i thng thng v LNA

Cc s cho th d ny c v trn hnh 7.3, trong s hnh 7.3a s dng tn u
my thu l b khuych i thng thng, cn s hnh 7.3b s dng LNA cho tng u.
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Hnh 7.3. Ci thin my thu bng s dng LNA cho tng u
a) Tnh ton cho s 7.3a.
Trong s ny tng u c c h s tp m 10 dB, h s khuych i 80 dB v rng
bng tn f=6MHz. Cng sut thu P
r
= 10
-11
W. Coi rng tn hao phi bng khng v nhit
tp m anten l 150K.
Trc ht chuyn i cc gi tr dB vo t s:
NF=10
10/10
=10
A=10
80/10
=10
8

Theo phng trnh (7.12) ta tnh nhit tp m b khuych i (T
R
), nhit tp m h
thng (T
S
) nh sau:
T
R
= (NF-1)290K = 2610 K
T
S
= T
A
+ T
R
= 150K+2610K = 2760K
S dng phng trnh (7.7) ta tnh cng sut tp m u ra nh sau:
N
out
= AkT
A
f +AkT
R
f = AkT
z
f
= 10
8
1,3810
-23
610
6
(150K+2610K)

W
W
u tng ca gp ng
W
ngun ca gp ng

=
= 8 , 22
6 , 21 2 , 1
4 4 4 4 8 4 4 4 4 7 6 4 4 4 8 4 4 4 7 6

T s tn hiu trn tp m u vo v u ra tng u my thu tnh c nh sau:

11
14
10
( ) 806, 5 (29,1 )
1, 24 10
Rx
in
A
P
SNR dB
kT f
= = =

) 4 , 16 ( 9 , 43
10 8 , 22
10 10
) (
6
11 8
dB
N
P
SNR
out
out
out
=
= =

th d ny ta thy tp m ca b khuych i ln hn nhiu so vi tp m ca ngun. y
l nguyn nhn chnh gy n gim t s SNR.
b) tnh ton cho s 7.3b.
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178
S 7.3b s dng LNA cho tng u c h s khuych i 13dB, h s tp m 3dB kt
hp vi mt b khuych i thng thng nh xt trong s 7.3a. rng bng tn f =
6MHz nh trng hp 7.3a.
Trc ht ta chuyn i tt c cc thng s t dB vo s ln:
NF
1
=10
3/10
=2
NF
2
=10
80/10
=10
8

A
1
=10
13/10
=20
A
2
=10
80/10
=10
8

Theo phng trnh (7.12), (7.13), (7.14) ta tnh nhit tp m LNA (T
R1
), nhit tp m
b khuych i th hai (T
R2
), nhit tp m tng (T
tol
) v h s tp m tng nh sau:
T
R1
= (NF
1
-1)290 K = 290K
T
R2
= (NF
2
-1)290K = 2610K
K
K
K
A
T
T T
R
R tol
5 , 420
20
2610
290
1
2
1
= + = + =
T
s
= T
A
+T
tol
= 150K +420,5K = 570,5K
NF
tol
= NF
1
+
1
2
1
A
NF
= 2+
20
9
= 2,5 (4dB)
S dng phng trnh (7.7) ta tnh cng sut tp m u ra nh sau
N
out
= AkT
A
f + AkT
tol
f = AkT
s
f
= 2010
8
1,3810
-23
610
6
(150K+420,5K)

W
W
u tng ca gp ng
W
ngun ca gp ng
=
=
4 , 94
6 , 69 8 , 24
4 4 4 4 8 4 4 4 4 7 6 4 4 4 8 4 4 4 7 6

T s tn hiu trn tp m u ra my thu trong trng hp ny c tnh nh sau:
) 3 , 23 ( 0 , 212
10 4 , 94
10 20 10
) (
6
8 11
dB
N
P
SNR
out
out
out
=

= =

Kt qu nhn c cho thy khi b sung thm LNA lm b tin khuych i, tp m u ra
tng (t 22,8 W s 7.3a) n 99,4 W. Mc d cng sut tp m tng, nhit tp m h
thng gim dn n SNR c ci thin 6,9 dB (t 16,4 s 7.3a tr thnh 23,3 dB).

Th d 7.2 Tnh T
tol
v SNR
out

Xt s hnh 7.4. Tm cng thc tng qut tnh T
tol
v SNR
out
cho s ny
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Hnh 7.14. S cho th d 7.2
S dng cc phng trnh (7.12) ta tnh T cho tng phn t nh sau:
T
a1
=(NF
1
-1)290K
T
a1
=(NF
2
-1)290K
T
a3
=NF
3
-1)290K
T
Lpd
=(L
ph
-1)290K
T
L1
=(L
1
-1)290K
T
L2
=(L
2
-1)290K
S dng phng trnh (7.14) ta tm c T
tot
:
T
tol
=T
A
+T
Lpd
+L
pd
T
a1
+
1 2
1
pd a
L LT
A
+
1 2 3
1 2
pd a
L L L T
A A

S dng phng trnh (7.7) ta tnh cng sut tp m quy i u vo nh sau:
N=kT
tol
f
T s tn hiu trn tp m u ra c xc nh nh l t s tn hiu u vo vi tp m u
ra quy i u vo nh sau:
SNR
out
=P
Rx
/N
7.3.4. D tr ng truyn
Vic phn tch qu ng truyn cho php cn i cc tn hao v li cng sut trong
qu trnh truyn dn c th a ra mt lng d tr cng sut cn thit m bo truyn dn
trong iu kin khng thun li (pha inh) m vn m bo cht lng truyn dn yu cu. Lng
cng sut d tr ny c gi l d tr ng truyn hay d tr phaing (trong trng hp khng
xt nhiu) v c xc nh nh sau:

0 0
b b
Rx req
E E
M
N N

=

, dB (7.20)
trong : M l d tr ng truyn hay phainh, (E
b
/N
0
)
Rx
, (E
b
/N
0
)
req
l t s nng lng bit
trn mt ph cng sut tp m thu v yu cu.
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180
S dng phng trnh (7.19) ta c th vit:
M(dB) = EIRP [dBW] +
2
[ / ]
G
dB K
T
-
req
b
N
E
0
[dB] - R
b
[dB-bit/s]
- k[dBW/K-Hz] - L
p
[dB] -L
2
[dB] (7.21)
trong : EIRP=P
Tx
[dBW]+G
1
[dBi]-L
ph1
[dB]-L
rf
[dB], (7.22)
L
2
= L
ph2
[dB] -L
rf2
[dB]
Thay k = -228,6 dBW/K-Hz vo phng trnh (7.21) ta c:
M(dB) = EIRP [dBW] +
2
[ / ]
s
G
dB K
T
-
req
b
N
E
0
[dB] - R
b
[dB-bit/s]
- 228,6 dBW/K-Hz - L
p
[dB] - L
2
[dB] (7.23)
Phng trnh (7.22) thng c s dng tnh ton cc ng v tinh. c phng
trnh s dng cho v tuyn s mt t ta b qua nhit tp m anten T
A
v tnh mt ph cng
sut tp m quy i u vo h thng nh sau:
kT
s
= k[ (L
2
-1)290K + L
2
(NF-1)]290K
= k(L
2
NF-1)290K kL
2
NF290K (7.24)
trong : L
2
=L
ph2
L
rf2
l tn hao cc phn ni gia my thu vi anten bao gm: tn hao phi, b
lc phn nhnh v cc conect; NF l h s tp m my thu.
S dng cc phng trnh (7.19), (7.20) v (7.24) ta c:
M(dB) = EIRP(dBW) + G
2
(dB) - L
P
[dB] - L
2
[dB]
+ 204 (dBW/Hz) - NF(dB) - R
b
(dB-bit/s) -
req
b
N
E
0
(dB) (7.25)
trong : EIRP tnh theo phng trnh (7.23). G
2
, L
2
l h s khuych i v tn hao phi , b
lc phn nhnh SCT v cc conect pha thu. -kT
R
= 204(dBW/Hz).
Ta cng c th biu din phng trnh (7.25) dBm nh sau:
M(dB) =EIRP[dBm]+ G
2
[dB] - L
2
(dB) -
req
b
N
E
0
[dB]
+ 174 [dBm/Hz] - NF[dB] - R
b
[dB-bit/s] - L
s
[dB] (7.26)
trong EIRP[dBm]= P
1
[dBm] + G
1
[dB] - L
1
[dB],
L
1
[dB]=L
pd1
[dB]+L
rf1
[db]
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7.4. TH D V TNH TON NG TRUYN
7.4.1. Th d v tnh ton qu ng truyn thng tin v tinh
Trc ht ta xt th d tnh ton qu cng sut ng truyn cho ng truyn t trm u
cui n v tinh tn s 8 GHz v khong cch 40.543 km. Cc thng s ca pha pht, pha thu
v ca ng truyn c ny c cho bng 7.1.
(E
b
/N
0
)
req
mc 20 trong bng 7.1 c xc nh theo phng thc iu ch, m ho knh
v xc sut li quy nh.
Bng 7.1. Th d v qu ng truyn t u cui n v tinh tn s 8 GHz v c ly
40.543 km
1. Cng sut pht (dBW)
2. Tn hao phi pht (dB)
3. Khuych i aten pht (dBi)
4. EIRP u cui (dBW)
5. Tn hao ng truyn (dB)
6. Cho php phainh (dB)
7. Cc tn hao khc (dB)
8. Cng sut thu ng hng (dBW)
9. Khuych i anten thu (dBi)
10. Tn hao bin anten (dB)
11. Cng sut thu (dBW)
H s tp m my thu cng
vo anten (dB), NF
Nhit my thu (dB-K), T
R
Nhit anten thu (dB-K), T
A
12. Nhit h thng (dB-K), T
s
13. nhy G
2
/T
s
(dB-K)
14. Hng s Boltzman (dBW/K-Hz),
k
15. Mt ph tp m
16. P
Rx
/N
0
thu (dB-Hz)
17. Tc s liu (dB-bit/s)
18. E
b
/N
0
thu (dB)
19. Tn hao lp t (dB)
20. E
b
/N
0
yu cu (dB)
21. D tr ng truyn
20,0
2,0
51,6
69,6
202,7
4,0
6,0
-143,1

35,1
2,0
-110,0

-1,0
-228,60

-192,5
82,5
63,0 (2 Mbit/s)
19,5
1,5
10,0
8
P
Tx

L
pd1

G
1

EIRP
L
s

L
0

L
1

P
Rx

G
2

L
0

P
Rx

11,5

35,8 (3806 K)
24,8 (300 K)
36,1 (4106 K)
G
2
/T
s

N
0
= kT
s
(P
Rx
/N
0
)
R
b

(E
b
/N
0
)
Rx
L
0

(E
b
/N
0
)
req

M

7.4.2. Th d tnh ton qu ng truyn cho v tuyn s mt t

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182
Ta xt mt h thng v tuyn s truyn dn 140 Mbit/s hot ng ti tn s 6 GHz on
64 km s dng cc anten pht thu c h s khuych i 44dBi v t trn thp cao 30m (nn ta s
coi mi trng l khng gian t do).
V y s dng phng thc iu ch 16-QAM nn khi quy nh BER10
-3
v d tr
thm 5 dB ta c: (E
b
/N
0
)
req
=26 dB. Cc thng s tnh ton c cho bng 7.2.
Bng 7.2. Th d v tnh ton qu ng truyn v tuyn s mt t 140 Mbit/s
iu ch 16-QAM tn s cng tc 6 GHz.

1. Cng sut pht (dBW)
2. Tn hao phi pht (dB)
Tn hao phn nhnh (dB)
Tn hao gia my pht v aten (dB)
3. Khuych i aten pht (dBi)
4. EIRP pht (dBW)
5. Tn hao ng truyn (dB)
6. Cng sut thu ng hng (dBW)
7. Khuych i anten thu (dBi)
8. Cng sut thu (dBW)

9. Tn hao phi thu (dB)
Tn hao phn nhnh (dB)
Tn hao gia anten v my thu (dB)
H s tp m my thu (dB)
10. Hng s Boltzman (dBW/K-Hz)
11. Nhit tham chun (dB-K)
12. Mt ph cng sut tp m
13. P
Rx
/N
0
thu (dB-Hz)
14. Tc s liu (dB-bit/s)
15. E
b
/N
0
thu (dB)
16. Tn hao lp t (dB)
17. E
b
/N
0
yu cu (dB)
18. D tr ng truyn
0
1,5
1,4
2,9
44
41,1
144,1
-103
44
-59
1,5
1,4
2,9

5
-228,60
24,6
-196,1
137,1
81,5
55,6
5
26
24,6
P
Tx

L
pd1

L
b
L
1
G
1

EIRP
L
p

P
r
G
2

P
Rx
(ti anten)
L
pd2
L
b
L
2

NF
k
T
R
= 290 K
N
0
= kL
2
NFT
R
(P
Rx
/N
0
)
r

R
b
= 140 Mbit/s
(E
b
/N
0
)
Rx

L
0

(E
b
/N
0
)
req

M
F

7.5. TNH TON NG TRUYN V TUYN S MT T
7.5.1. D tr phainh v nhiu
Suy hao tn hiu trn ng truyn dn v tuyn s mt t chu nh hng ca pha inh
nhiu tia gy ra do s thay i chit sut hay phn x t mt t hoc mt bin. Cc tn hiu phn
x hoc khc x khc nhau vi mt thi gian tr nht nh s cng hoc tr tn hiu i thng. V
th tn hiu tng s b thay i v thi gian tr, ph thuc vo c vo thi gian ln tn s (Phainh
o
p
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.
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183
ch lc). S thay i ng k thi gian tr nhm cng nh bin rng bng tn tng ng
ca h thng s xy ra v thay i theo thi gian. tuyn v tuyn tng t iu tn s mo dng
mt phn ph ca ng truyn v tuyn ch lm hng mt s knh thoi, cn h thng v
tuyn s cng mo dng nh vy dn n tng t s bit li. Nu t s bit li ny gn ngng, ton
b tn hiu c th b mt. Ngoi ra do mi trng truyn dn h nn tn hiu truyn dn cn b
nhiu t cc i pht khc. C th chia cc li bit gy ra do truyn sng thnh cc nhm ring
bit:
Cc li bit gy ra do tp m nhit khi tn hiu suy gim (phainh phng: Flat Fade).
Cc li bit gy ra do mo dng thi gian tr nhm bin ph thuc vo tn s
(phainh chn lc: Selective Fade)
Cc li bit gy ra do nhiu
Theo tiu chun ITU-R th khong thi gian m su phainh vt qu gi tr d tr
ng truyn ch c l phn trm rt nh ca thi gian c xt. Vic thit k ng truyn
dn v tuyn s ta phi a ra cc d tr ng truyn trnh t s li bit gy ra do cc nguyn
nhn ni trn b khng vt qu khong thi gian do ITU quy nh.
Hnh 7.15 cho thy cc mc nhiu, tp m v d tr phainh, nhiu cho mt h thng v
tuyn s in hnh c tc bit 34 hoc 45 kbps, iu ch 64QAM khng m ha knh.
+30
+20
+10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
-110
N
I
Cng sut pht (+30dBm)
li h thng
(105 dB)
Ngng thu
=-75dBm
(BER=10 )
-3
Tn hao ng truyn
cn thit k (65dB)
Mc tn hiu thu khng b phainh (-35dBm)
40
F
m dB =
D tr
phainh phng
39
FI
m dB =
D tr phainh
phng +nhiu
61
s
m dB =
D tr phainh
chn lc
D tr phainh
tng hp
38, 9
tol
m dB =
Tp m nhit=-100dBm
Nhiu ng knh=-106dBm
T s (C/N)req=25dB
Cht lng ng
truyn c phainh
BER=10
-3

Hnh 7.15. Th d cc mc nhiu, tp m v d tr phainh in hnh (thit b v tuyn s
34Mbps, 64QAM )

Ta c th gii thch cc s liu trn hnh 7.15 nh sau. i vi h thng 64QAM ta c th
xc nh c hm xc sut li k hiu P
s
(E
s
/N
0
). Do mi k hiu cha 6 bit nn xc sut li bit
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184
s bng P
b
=1/6P
s
(E
s
/N
0
). Nu cho trc P
b
=10
-3
ta c th xc nh c (E
s
/N
0
)
req
, tuy nhin ta
cn b sung thm mt lng d phng c (E
s
/N
0
)
req
thc t. S dng rng bng thng
Niquist ra c f=Rs (Rs l tc k hiu), E
s
=P
Rx
/Rs=P
Rx
/f v v th (E
s
/N
0
)
rep
=(C/N)
req
=25dB.
li h thng l hiu s gia cng sut pht v cng sut thu m ti m bo (C/N)
req
. D tr
phainh tng hp c xc nh theo cng thc sau :

1 1 1 1
tol F I S
m m m m
= + + (7.27)
trong M
F
l d tr phainh phng, M
I
l d tr nhiu v M
s
l d tr phainh chn lc.
Mi d tr ni trn c o khi loi b nh hng ca hai thnh phn cn li.
7.5.2. Tnh ton d tr ng truyn v tuyn s
Vic tnh ton d tr phanh ca mt on v tuyn s da trn kt qu thc nghim.
Khong thi gian T m t s bit li BER yu cu b vt qu s tng ng vi khong
thi gian m d tr phainh m b vt qu. Khong phn trm thi gian ny c xc nh theo
cng thc thc nghim sau y:
T = KQ . f
B
. d
C
. 100
1
m
(7.28)
trong :
KQ, B, C: cc thng s ph thuc vo kh hu v a hnh,
f : tn s (MHz), m =
/10
10
M
: d tr phainh, M l d tr phainh o bng dB.
KQ = 710
-7
c, (c bng 4 i vi vng bin hoc b bin, bng 1 i vi vng kh hu trung
bnh xa bin v bng 1/4 i vi vng ni v cc vng kh hu kh)
0,85B1,5 (thng khong bng 1)
d(km) khong cch hai trm
2,0C3,5 (thng vo khong 3)
Nu ta tch ring thi gian gim qu ngng (Outage Time) T
s
do phainh chn lc gy ra
(s mo dng tn hiu, tng ng vi d tr phainh chn lc) v thi gian gim cp do phainh
phng (phainh trung bnh trn rng bng tn tng ng ca h thng, lin quan n d tr
phainh phng m
F
), th ton b thi gian gim qu ngng gy ra do phainh (T
e
: thi gian hiu
dng) s c tnh nh sau:
T
e
= T
s
+ T
F
(7.29)
Khi ny phainh hiu dng c xc nh nh sau:

s F e
m
1
m
1
m
1
+ = (7.30)
Nu xt c nh hng gim cp cho nhiu ta c:
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185
T
tol
=T
e
+T
I
=T
f
+T
s
+T
I
(7.31)
trong T
i
l khong thi gian gim qu ngng do nhiu gy ra. d tr ng truyn tng
hp s l

1 1 1 1
tol F s I
m m m m
= + + (7.32)
hay theo dB :

( )
/10 /10 /10
10 10 10
s F I
M M M
tol
m M

= + + (7.33)
Di y ta s xt tnh ton ng truyn v tuyn s khng b cho trng hp phainh
phng kim tra xem lng d tr c tnh bng 7.2 c m bo cht lng ng
truyn khng. Ta s dng phng trnh (7.28) vi thay m bng m
F
v sau khi bin i ta c:
10lg
100
F
F B c
T
M
KQf d

=

trong M
F
l d tr phainh phng cn thit t c s phn trm thi gian vt ngng
BER gy ra do phainh phng : T
F
yu cu.
Gi s f=6GHz, KQ=7.10
-7
, c=1, B=1, C=3, d=64 km, thi gian vt ngng T
F
cho thng
thp nht trong nm bng 0,01 phn trm (BER ca ng truyn ti hn 10
-3
trong khong thi
gian 0,01% ca thng ny). V phn trm vt ngng phi chia u cho c hai hng truyn dn
nn T
F
=0,005 v ta c:

=
3 5
64 6 10 7
005 , 0
lg 10
F
M = -10lg(0,0000454) = 43,4 dB
Vy d tr ng truyn cho phainh 24,6 dB trong trng hp ny khng . tng
thm d tr phainh ta phi s dng cc bin php chng pha inh. Chng hn nu s dng phn
tp khng gian th h s ci thin d tr phainh c tnh theo cng thc Vigant nh sau:

=

d
m f
V S dB I
F
M
.
10 . 2 , 1 lg 10 ) (
2 2 3
(7.34)
trong : S(m) l khong cch gia hai anten (5S15),
V
2
=
10 / ) (
2
10
m d
G G
l t s cng sut thu c t hai anten,
G
d
v G
m
l h s khuych i anten phn tp v anten chnh,
f(GHz) l tn s,
d(km) l khong cch hai trm,
m=
10 /
10
F
M
l su phainh phng hay d tr ng truyn cn thit m
bo thi gian vt ngng BER.
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186
Nu S=10 m, f=6GHz, G
d
=G
m
v M
F
= 43,4 dB th t phng trnh (7.8) ta c:

=

64
10 . 6
10 . 10 . 2 , 1 lg 10
10 / 4 , 43
2 3
F
M
I = 23,91 dB
Vy d tr pha inh phng mi nh c phn tp khng gian l:
M'
F
= M
F
+I = 24,6 dB + 23,91dB = 48,51 dB
trong M
F
l tr ng truyn khi khng c phn tp khng gian. So vi d tr phainh cn
thit m bo cht lng l 43,4 dB th cn d l 5,11 dB.
7.6. TNG KT
Chng ny phn tch ng truyn v tuyn s tnh ton t s tn hiu trn tp m.
Trc ht qu ng truyn c xt. Da trn qu ng truyn ta c th tnh cc cng sut
thu. Sau tp m c xt. Trong chng ny cc khi nim thng s v tp m nh: cng sut
v mt ph cng sut tp m, h s tp m v nhit tp m c trnh by. Tip theo
chng ny trnh by nh ngha v t s tn hiu trn tp m v cc cng thc tnh ton t s
tn hiu trn tp m. Sau nh ngha v cng thc tnh ton d tr ng truyn c a
ra. Cui cng vn thit k ng truyn v tuyn s c kho st.
7.7. CU HI V BI TP
1. Mt h thng truyn dn v tuyn s lm vic ti tn s 1000MHz v khong cch thng
tin l 5 km.
a) Tnh suy hao trong khng gian t do
b) Tnh cng sut thu theo dBW. Gi thit rng cng sut pht l 10W, anten pht v
anten thu ng hng v khng c tn hao
c) Nu phn b) cng sut pht l 20 dBW, tnh cng sut thu theo dBW
d) Nu ng knh cho anten tng gp i, tnh s tng ca h s khuych i anten
theo dB
e) i vi h thng phn a), cho anten cn c ng knh l bao nhiu h s
khuych i anten l 10dBi, gi thit hiu sut anten l 0,55.
2. Mt h thng v tuyn s c cng sut pht 3 W, tn s pht 2 GHz, anten pht v anten
thu c ng knh 1 m v hiu sut anten 0,55.
a) Tnh h s khuych i anten
b) Tnh EIRP theo dBm
c) Tnh cng sut thu theo dBm nu c ly thng tin 10 km v ch c suy hao
khng gian t do.
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187
3. Mt h thng v tinh qung b c EIRP=57dBW, tn s 12,5GHz, ch c tn hao khng
gian t do, tc tn hiu s bng 5.10
7
bps. My thu nc nh c nhit tp m T=600K
v i hi t s tn hiu trn tp m E
b
/N
0
=10 dB. Tm bn knh cho anten thu ti thiu
p ng yu cu trn.
4. Mt b khuych i c tr khng vo v ra l 50 m, h s khuych i l 60 dB, bng
thng l 10kHz. Khi mt in tr 50 m u vo u vo, tp m trung bnh qun phng
ti u ra l 100v, tm nhit tp m hiu dng cu b khuych i.
5. Mt b khuych i c h s tp m 4dB, bng thng 500 KHz v tr khng vo 50 m.
Tnh in p tn hiu u vo cn thit c SNR
out
u ra bng 1, khi u vo b
khuych i c ni n in tr 50 m ti nhit 290K.
6. Mt h thng thng tin v tinh c cc thng s sau: tn s truyn dn 3GHz, iu ch
BPSK, xc sut bit li 10
-3
, tc bit 100bps, d tr ng truyn 3dB, EIRP=100W,
khuych i anten thu 10dB, khong cch pht thu 40.000km.
a) Tnh mt ph cng sut tp m cho php cc i quy i vo u vo my thu
theo W/Hz
b) Tnh nhit tp m cho php cc i ca my thu, nu nhit tp m anten l
290 K
c) Tnh h s tp m cho php cc i ca my thu theo dB.
7. B tin khuych i my thu c h s tp m 13 dB, khuych i 60 dB v bng thng
2MHz. Nhit tp m anten 490K v cng sut u vo l 10
-12
W.
a) Tm nhit tp m b tin khuych i theo Kelvin
b) Tm nhit h thng theo Kelvin
c) Tm SNR
out
theo dB.
8. Gi thit my thu c cc thng s sau: khuych i=50dB, h s tp m=10dB, bng
thng=500MHz, cng sut vo = 50.10
-12
W, nhit tp m ngun T
A
=10K, tn hao
phi=0dB. Bn c yu cu mc thm mt b tin khuych i vi khuych i 20 dB
v bng thng 500MHz. Tm h s tp m cn thit t c ci thin t s tn hiu
trn tp m ton h thng l 10dB.
9. Mt my thu gm ba tng: tng vo l b tin khuych i c h s khuych i 20 dB v
h s tp m 6dB. Tng th hai l cp ni vi tn hao 3 dB. Tng ngoi cng l b
khuych i c h s khuych i 60 dB v h s tp m 16 dB.
a) Tm h s tp m tng ca my thu
b) Lp li a) khi loi b b tin khuych i.
10. Tm nhit tp m h thng T
S
cho php cc i m bo xc sut li bit 2.10
-4
i
vi s liu R
b
=10kbps. Cc thng s ng truyn nh sau: tn s pht 12GHz,
EIRP=10dBW, khuych i anten thu 0 dB, kiu iu ch BPSK nht qun, cc tn hao
khc bng khng, khong cch pht thu l 100km.
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188
11. Cn thit k mt my thu nhiu tng c T
tol
=300K. Gi thit nhit tp m v khuych
i cu cc tng 2,3,4 l: T
2
=600K, T
3
=T
4
=2000K, A
2
=13 dB v A
3
=A
4
=20dB.
Tm khuych i A
1
ca tng u trong iu kin:
a) T
1
=200K, 230K, 265K, 290K, 300K .
b) Dng th ph thuc A
1
vo T
1

12. Mt my thu c khuych i 80dB, nhit tp m 3000k c ni n anten c nhit
tp m 600K.
a) Tm cng sut tp m ngun trong bng 40MHz
b) Tm Tm cng sut tp m my thu quy i vo u vo my thu
c) Tm cng sut tp m u ra my thu trong bng 40MHz.
13. Mt b khuych i 10 dB, h s tp m 3dB c ni trc tip n anten thu (khng c
tn hao cp ni gia chng). Sau khuych i ny l mt cp ni c tn hao 10 dB. Gi
s cng sut u vo l 10pW, nhit anten l 290K, bng thng l 0,25GHz. Tm:
a) SNR u vo, u ra b khuych i
b) u ra cp c tn hao.
14. Mt my thu c h s tp m 13 dB c ni n anten qua cp 300 m di 25m c tn
hao 10dB trn 100m..
a) Tm h s tp m tng ca cp ni v my thu
b) Gi s mt b tin khuych i 20 dB vi h s tp m 3dB c ni gia cp v
my thu, tm h s tp m tng ca cp, b tin khuch i v my thu
c) Tn h s tp m tng nu b tin khuych i c u vo gia anten v cp ni.
15. Mt h thng thng tin v tinh s dng my pht cng sut 20W, tn s 8 GHZ, anten
parabol ng knh 1m. Khang cch n trm mt t l 10.000 km. H thng thu mt
t s dng anten ng knh 2,5m v c nhit tp m h thng 100K. Gi thit rng
cc anten c hiu sut =0,55. Coi rng cc tn hao khc L
o
bng 2dB.
a) Tnh tc s liu cho php cc i nu iu ch BPSK c s dng v xc sut li
bit bng 2.10
-4

b) Lp li a) vi gi thit tn s pht xung t v tinh l 2GHz

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189
HNG DN GII BI TP

CHNG 2
Bi 1
Cho mt dy xung ch nht bin A, chu k T v thi gian xung t (t<T).
a) Tm nng lng xung
b) Tm cng sut trung bnh ca xung
Gii
a) V y l hm tun hon nn

1
T
2
2 2
1
-
E[ ]= s(t) dt A dt A T June
= =

b)
1
T
2
2 2
1
T
- 0
A T 1 1
P[ ]= lim s(t) dt s(t) dt
T T T
= =

w
Bi 2.
Cho hm bc thang

{
0, t 0
s(t)
1, t 0
<
=

a) Tm tng nng lng
b) Tm cng sut trung bnh
a) L hm kiu g?
Gii
a)
2
-
E[ ]= s(t) dt

b)
2
T
-
1
P[ ]= lim s(t) dt 1
T
w
c) L hm kiu cng sut
Bi 3
Cho hm m

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190

{
0, t 0
s(t)
exp(-t), t 0
<
=

a) Tm tng nng lng
a) L hm kiu g?
Gii
a)
2
- -
E[ ]= s(t) dt exp(-2t)dt 1/ 2Joule

= =

b)
2
T T
- -
1 1
P[ ]= lim s(t) dt lim exp(-2t)dt
T T

=

[ ]
T
1
lim exp(-2T)-1 0
2T
= =
w
c) L hm kiu nng lng
Bi 4
Cho hm
1/ 1 t +
a) Tm tng nng lng
a) L hm kiu g?
Gii
a)
2
e
0
- -
1
E[ ]= s(t) dt dt log (1 t) Joule
1 t

= = + =
+

b)
2
T T
- -
1 1 1
P[ ]= lim s(t) dt lim dt
T T 1 t

=
+

e
T
1
lim log (1 T) 0
T
w
= + =
c) L hm kiu nng lng
Bi 5
Tm ACF v PSD ca hm cosin di y
s(t)=Acos(2f
1
t+ )
tm
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191
a) ACF
b) PSD
Gii
a) V y l hm tun hon c gi tr thc nn

0
1 1
( ) lim ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+
= + = +

T T
T
s t s t dt s t s t dt
T T

{ }
2 2
1 1 1
0
os(2 f t+ ) os[2 f (t+ )+ ] os(2 f )
2
= =
T
A A
c c dt c
T

b) Ta c th biu din

1 1
2 f 2 f
1
1
os(2 f )
2

= +
j j
c e e

V th
[ ]
2 2
1 1
A A
(f ) F cos(2 f ) (f f ) (f f )
2 4

= = + +

c) Cng sut trung bnh tnh nh sau:

2
A
P( ) ( 0) (f )df
2
w
= = = =

Bi 6
Cho dy xung ch nht bin A , chu k T nh hnh v di y

+A
-A
T/2
T
t
0

a)Tm bin i Fourier
b) Tm PSD
c) Tm ACF
d) Tm cng sut trung bnh

Field Code Changed
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192
Gii
a) Bin i Fourier c dng sau:

S(f)=ASinc(Tf/2)
f1
(f)-A(f)
trong f
1
=1/T

f 1 1
k
(f ) (f kf ) =

b) (f)=A
2
Sinc
2
(Tf/2)
f1
(f)- A
2
(f)

c) T quan h bin i Fourier:
1 2 1 2 1 2
s (z)s (z )dz s ( ) s ( ) S (f ).S (f )

Ta c
2
T
( ) 2A (2 / T) ( ) = =
2
2A (2 / T) p
I
(-kT)-A
2

d) P=(0)=A
2
Bi 7
Cho dy xung trong l qu trnh ngu nhin c biu din theo cng thc sau:
( ) ( )
2
=
= +
K T
k
T
X t A p t kT
trong A
k
={+A,-A} vi xc xut xut hin +A v -A bng nhau v bng 1/2. Tm:
a) ACF
b) PSD
Gii
a)

[ ]
2
2
( ) ( ) ( )
1 ,
0 ,
( )
x
T
E X t X t
A T
T
A

= +

=

=
nu khc

Field Code Changed
Field Code Changed
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193
b)
2 2
( ) ( )
X
f A TSinc fT =
c) P=(0)=A
2
Bi 8
Mt ng truyn dn bng gc trong mi k hiu truyn c 2 bit c tha s dc
=1. Nu tc s liu cn truyn l 9600 bps , tm:
a) Tc truyn dn
b) Bng thng Nyquist
Gii
a) R
s
=2R
b
=2x9600 kps= 19200 sps
b) Bng thng Nyquist
B
N
=(1+)R
s
/2=19200 Hz
Bi 9
Mt ng truyn dn bng thng c d liu nh bi 10. Tm:
a) Tc truyn dn
b) Bng thng Nyquist
Gii
a) R
s
=2R
b
=2x9600 kps= 19200 sps
b) Bng thng Nyquist
B
N
=(1+)R
s
=2x19200=38400 Hz
Bi 10
Mt tn hiu c o ti u ra ca b lc bng thng l lng vi bng thng l B Hz. Khi
khng c tn hiu ti u vo b lc, cng sut o c l 1x10
-6
W. Khi c tn hiu NRZ lng
cc cng sut o c l 1,1x10
-5
W. Tp m c dng tp m trng. Tnh:
a) T s tn hiu trn tp m theo dB
b) Xc sut my thu nhn bit sai xung NRZ
Gii
a) SNR= (11-1)/1=10 SNRdB]= 10lg10= 10dB
b) p dng cng thc (2.54) vi: A
2
/

2
=SNR =10 v tra bng trong ph lc
ta c P
e
=Q( 10 )=Q(3,16)= 8x10
-4

Bi 11.
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194
Nu bng thng b lc trong bi 10 tng gp i v mc cng sut tn hiu o ti u ra b
lc . Hi:
a) Khi khng c tn hiu th cng sut o c ti u ra cu b lc bng bao nhiu
b) T s tn hiu trn tp m bng bao nhiu
c) Xc sut li xung NRZ bng bao nhiu
Gii
a) Trong trng hp ny cng sut tp m tng gp i v bng 2x10
-6
cn cng sut tn
hiu khng i v cng sut o ti u ra cu b lc s bng 1,2x10
-6
, V th t s tn hiu trn tp
m nh sau:
SNR= (12-2)/2=5 SNR[dB]= 10lg5= 6,98970 dB
b) Xc sut li xung nh sau:
P
e
=Q( 5 )=Q(2,24)=0,0125
Bi 11
Gi s cc mc cng sut tn hiu v tp m ging nh trong bi11 v tn hiu l mt tn
s duy nht ti tm ca b lc bng thng. Tm bng thng b lc khi t s tn hiu trn tp m
o c l SNR=30dB.
Gii
Chuyn SNR vo s ln: SNR=10
30/10
=1000
T cng thc SNR ta c th vit: SNR=1000=
5
6
1x10 2B
10
B'
B'
10
2B
=
Vy bng thng ca b lc l: B'=2Bx10
-2
Bi 12.
Cho mt chui nh phn di v tn c phn b 1 v 0 ngu nhin i qua knh AWGN. Tm
xc sut li xung khi:
Cc xung l NRZ n cc {0,A} vi SNR=10dB.
Gii
a) Do NRZ n chc nhn hai mc tn hiu {0,A}. Nn cc hm mt xc sut trong
trng hp ny c dng sau:

o
p
e
n
.
p
t
i
t
.
e
d
u
.
v
n
Hng dn gii bi tp

195

y
2 2
( ) /(2 )
1
( | 1)
2

=
y
Y
f y e

2 2
( ) /(2 )
1
( | 0)
2
y A
Y
f y e

=
2 2
( ) /(2 )
1
(1)
2
y
e
u
P e dy
2 2
( ) /(2 )
1
(0)
2
u
y A
e
P e dy
U=A/2
A(bit0) 0(bit1)

P
e
= P
0
P
e
(0) + P
1
P
e
(1)= (1/2)[ P
e
(0) + P
e
(1)]
trong P
0
= P
1
= 1/2, P
e
(0) = P
e
(1). V th ta c th vit

2 2
e
U
1
P exp( y / 2 )dy
2

t y/=z ta c

2
e
A/ 2
1
P exp( z / 2)dz
2
=Q(A/2)
Do A
2
/
2
=SNR=10, nn xc sut li xung bng: P
e
=Q( 10 /2)=Q(1,58)=0,0571
CHNG 3
Bi 1
Cho mt tn hiu bn mc a
i
={-3a/2,-a/2,a/2,3a/2}, i=1,2,3,4 vi thi gian truyn mi mc
l T . Hy biu din tn hiu ny trong khng gian tn hiu.
a) Tm vect n v
Gii
a) Vect n v c xc nh nh sau:

o
p
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.
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t
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t
.
e
d
u
.
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n
Hng dn gii bi tp

196

3
1
T
2
3
0
a a / 2 1
(t)
E T
(a / 2) dt
= = =


T
i1 i i
0
1
s s (t) dt a T
T
= =

b)

3
a T
2
1
a T
2
1
a T
2
3
a T
2

Bi 2
Gi s mi mc ca tn hiu trong bi 1 truyn hai bit tng ng nh sau {00,01,11,10}.
Tm xc sut c iu kin thu sai cp bit 00.
Gii
Xc sut c iu kin thu sai cp bit 00 nh sau:.
P
e
(00)= P(01|00)+ P(10|00)+ P(11|00)
T phng trnh (3.32) ta c th biu din cc hm xc sut c iu kin nh trn hnh v
sau.

1
Y 1
f (y |00) 1
Y 1
f (y |01)
1
Y 1
f (y |11)
1
Y 1
f (y |10)
3
a T
2
1
y
P(11|00)
e
P (10|00)
1
a T
2
1
a T
2
3
a T
2
e
P (01|00)
a T a T
:
Phn din tch t cho trn hnh v ta xc sut sai c iu kin nh sau.
P
e
(00)=
2
1 1
0 0 a T
1 1 3
exp - (y a T) dy
N 2 N

o
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t
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.
e
d
u
.
v
n
Hng dn gii bi tp

197
t z=
1 0
3
y a T / N
2

+

, sau khi bin i ta c:
P
e
(00)=
0
2
a T
2 N
1 2
exp -z dz
2

=
0
1 a T
erfc
2 2 N

t z=
1 0
3
2 y a T / N
2

+

, ta c
P
e
(00)=
0
T
2N
2
a
1
exp -z / 2 dz
2

=
0
T
2N
Q a

Bi3
(Tip) Tm xc sut c iu kin thu sai cp bit 01.
Gii
P
e
(01)= P(00|01)+P(11|01)+ P(10|01)
sau.
1
Y 1
f (y |00) 1
Y 1
f (y |01)
1
Y 1
f (y |11)
1
Y 1
f (y |10)
3
a T
2
1
y
P(11|01)
e
P (10|01)
1
a T
2
1
a T
2
3
a T
2
e
P (00|01)
a T a T

P
e
(01)=
a T
2
1 1
0 0
1 1 1
exp - (y a T) dy
N 2 N
+
2
1 1
0 0 0
1 1 1
exp - (y a T) dy
N 2 N

=2
2
1 1
0 0 0
1 1 1
exp - (y a T) dy
N 2 N

t z=
1 0
1
y a T / N
2

+

o
p
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.
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t
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.
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.
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n
Hng dn gii bi tp

198
P
e
(01)=
0
2
a T
2 N
2
exp -z dz

=
0
a T
erfc
2 N

z=
1 0
1
2 y a T / N
2

+

P
e
(01)=
0
2
T
a
2N
2
exp -z / 2 dz
2

=2
0
T
Q a
2N

Bi 4
Tim xc sut c iu kin thu sai cp bit 11
Gii
Phn tch nh bi 3 ta c:
P
e
(10)=
0
2
1 1
0 0
1 1 1
exp - (y a T) dy
N 2 N
+
2
1 1
0 0 a T
1 1 1
exp - (y a T) dy
N 2 N

=2
2
1 1
0 0 a T
1 1 1
exp - (y a T) dy
N 2 N

t z=
1 0
1
y a T / N
2

P
e
(01)=
0
2
a T
2 N
2
exp -z dz

=
0
a T
erfc
2 N

z=
1 0
1
2 y a T / N
2

P
e
(01)=
0
2
T
a
2N
2
exp -z / 2 dz
2

=2
0
T
Q a
2N

Bi 5
Tm xc sut c iu kin thu sai cp bit 10.
Gii
Phn tch nh bi 3 ta c:

o
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u
.
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n
Hng dn gii bi tp

199
P
e
(11)=
a T
2
1 1
0 0
1 1 3
exp - (y a T) dy
N 2 N

=
2
1 1
0 0 2a T
1 1 3
exp - (y a T) dy
N 2 N

t z=
1 0
3
y a T / N
2

P
e
(11)=
0
2
a T
2 N
1 2
exp -z dz
2

=
0
1 a T
erfc
2 2 N

z=
1 0
3
2 y a T / N
2

P
e
(11)=
0
2
T
a
2N
1
exp -z / 2 dz
2

=
0
T
Q a
2N

Bi 6
Tm xc sut thu sai k hiu trung bnh vi gi thit xc sut pht cc mc a
i
bng

nhau v
bng 1/4.
Gii
P
e
= P(00)P
e
(00) + P(01)P
e
(01)+ P(11)P
e
(11)+ P(10)P
e
(10)
trong P(xx) v P
e
(xx) l xc sut pht k hiu xx v xc sut c iu kin thu sai k hiu xx
tng ng.
T cc kt qu bi 2,3,4,5 v P(xx)=1/4 ta c:
P
e
= [P
e
(00)+P
e
(01)+P
e
(11)+P
e
10)]/4
=
0
3 a T
erfc
4 2 N

=
0
6 T
Q a
4 2N

Bi 7
Cho mt tn hiu iu ch 4-ASK c xc nh nh sau:
s
i
(t) =
T
E 2
a
i
cos(2f
c
t+)
o
p
e
n
.
p
t
i
t
.
e
d
u
.
v
n
Hng dn gii bi tp

200
vi:
E l nng lng trn mt k hiu = 2E
b
, E
b
T l thi gian ca mt k hiu bng 2T
b
, T
b
i = 1, 2, 3,4; f
c
tn s sng mang, l mt gc pha ban u bt k khng nh
hng ln qu trnh phn tch nn ta s b qua; a
i
={-3,-1,1,3}.
a) Tim vect n v
Gii
a)
3 c 3 c
1 c
2
T
3
3 c
0
2E 2E
a cos(2 f t) a cos(2 f t)
2
T T
(t) cos(2 f t)
T E
2E
a cos(2 f t) dt
T

= = =

b) T phng trnh (3.4) ta c:

T T
i1 i c i c c
0 0
2 2E 2
s s (t) cos(2 f t)dt a cos(2 f t) cos(2 f t)dt
T T T
= =

S dng bin i lng gic:

i c c
2E 2
a cos(2 f t) cos(2 f t)
T T
= [ ]
i c
E
a 1 cos(4 f t)
T
+

ta c

s
i1
=
i
Ea vi biu th trn hnh v nh sau:

E
E E E

Bi 8
(Tip) Gi s mi mc ca tn hiu trong bi 1 truyn hai bit tng ng nh sau
{00,01,11,10}. Tm xc sut c iu kin thu sai cp bit 00.
o
p
e
n
.
p
t
i
t
.
e
d
u
.
v
n
Hng dn gii bi tp

201
Gii
Xc sut c iu kin thu sai cp bit 00 nh sau:.
P
e
(00)= P(01|00)+ P(10|00)+ P(11|00)
sau.
1
Y 1
f (y |00) 1
Y 1
f (y |01)
1
Y 1
f (y |11)
1
Y 1
f (y |10)
1
y
P(11|00)
e
P (10|00)
e
P (01|00)
3 E 2 E E E 2 E 3 E
:
P
e
(00)=
2
1 1
0 0 2 E
1 1
exp - (y 3 E) dy
N N

t z=
( ) 1 0
y 3 E / N + , sau khi bin i ta c:
P
e
(00)=
0
2
E
N
1 2
exp -z dz
2

=
0
1 E
erfc
2 N

t z=
( ) 1 0
2 y 3 E / N + , ta c
P
e
(00)=
0
2E
N
2 1
exp -z / 2 dz
2

=
0
2E
N
Q

Bi 9
(Tip) Tm xc sut c iu kin thu sai cp bit 01.
Gii
P
e
(01)= P(00|01)+P(11|01)+ P(10|01)
sau.

o
p
e
n
.
p
t
i
t
.
e
d
u
.
v
n
Hng dn gii bi tp

202
1
Y 1
f (y |00) 1
Y 1
f (y |01)
1
Y 1
f (y |11)
1
Y 1
f (y |10)
1
y
P(11|01)
e
P (10|01)
e
P (00|01)
3 E 2 E E E
2 E
3 E

Ta xc sut sai c iu kin nh sau.
P
e
(01)=
2 E
2
1 1
0 0
1 1
exp - (y E) dy
N N
+
2
1 1
0 0 0
1 1
exp - (y E) dy
N N

=2
2
1 1
0 0 0
1 1
exp - (y E) dy
N N

t z=
( ) 1 0
y E / N + , sau khi bin i ta c:
P
e
(01)=
0
2
E
N
2
exp -z dz

=
0
E
erfc
N

z=
( ) 1 0
2 y E / N +
P
e
(01)=
0
2
2E
N
2
exp -z / 2 dz
2

=2
0
2E
Q
N

Bi 10
(tip) Tm xc sut li bit trung bnh.
Gii
V mi k hiu pht ng thi hai bit nn xc sut li bit trung bnh s bng 1/2 xc sut li
k hiu v c tnh nh sau:
P
b
=1/2[P(00)P
e
(00)+ P(01)P
e
(01)+P(11)P
e
(11)+P(10)P
e
(10)]/4
Da trn cc bi 8, 9 ta c th vit:

o
p
e
n
.
p
t
i
t
.
e
d
u
.
v
n
Hng dn gii bi tp

203
P
e
(00)=
0
1 E
erfc
2 N

=
0
2E
N
Q

P
e
(01)=
0
E
erfc
N

=2
0
2E
N
Q

P
e
(11)=
0
E
erfc
N

=2
0
2E
N
Q

P
e
(10)=
0
1 E
erfc
2 N

=
0
2E
N
Q

V th xc sut li bit tringbinhg nh sau:
P
e
=
0
3 E
erfc
8 N

=
0
2E
N
3
Q
4

Bi 11
Tm s bt li xy ra trong mt ngy i vi my thu iu ch BPSK nht qun hot ng
lin tc. R
b
=10.000bps, P=0,1.10
-6
W v N
0
= 10
-11
W.Hz
-1
. Gi thit rng cng sut v nng lng
bit c chun ha ti tr ti bng 1 m.
Gii
E
b
=P/R
b
= 0,1.10
-10
; 2E
b
/N
0
= 2; tra bng ta c P
b
=0,0228
Vy s bt li xy ra trong mt ngy bng:
N
b
= R
b
.(3600. 24).0,0228= 10.000(3600.24).0,0228 1970 bit
Bi 12
Mt h thng BPSK hat ng lin tc mc li trung bnh 5000 bit li trn mt ngy.
R
b
=10000bps, N
0
=10
-10
WHz
-1
.
a) Tm xc sut li bit
b) Tm cng sut thu tng ng c xc sut li bit nh a)
Gii
a) P
b
=
50000
10000(3600x24)
=5,79.10
-5
b) Tra bng trong ph lc ta c:
2E
b
/N
0
=2P/(R
b
N
0
)= 3,2. Vy cng sut thu tng ng s l: P=3,2xR
b
N
0
/2= 3,2.10000.10
-
10
/2=1,6.10
-4
W
Bi 13
o
p
e
n
.
p
t
i
t
.
e
d
u
.
v
n
Hng dn gii bi tp

204
Tn hiu thu ca h thng BPSK nht qun c nh ngha nh sau:
r(t) = k
b
b
T
E 2
sin (2f
c
t)
2
1 k
b
b
T
E 2
cos(2f
c
t) +x(t), 0tT
b

trong du cng tng ng vi k hiu '0' v du tr tng ng vi '1', thnh phn th nht th
hin sng mang ng b my thu vi my pht, T
b
l rng bit v E
b
l nng lng bit, x(t) l
tp m Gauss trng cng.
a) Vit cng thc lin h xc sut li bit trung bnh P
b
vi xc sut pht k hiu 1: P(1),
xc sut pht k hiu 0: P(0), xc sut c iu kin P
e
(0|1): xc sut pht k hiu mt nhng quyt
nh thu k hiu 0 v xc sut c iu kin P
e
(1|0): xc sut pht k hiu 0 nhng quyt nh thu
k hiu 1
b) Tm cc biu thc xc nh P
e
(0|1) v P
e
(1|0)
Gii
a) Cng thc lin h xut li P
e
:
P
b
= P(1).P(0|1)+ P(0).P(1|0)= 1/2[P(0|1)+P(1|0)
b) Sau tch phn gii iu ch BPSK ta c:
Y
1
=
T
c
0
2
s(t) cos(2 f t)dt
T

=
b
E ) k (
2
1 + X
1

trong Y
1
l tn hiu sau mch tch phn, '+" tng ng k hiu '0' c pht, '-' tng ng k
hiu '1' c pht, W
1
l tp m Gauss trng cng trung bnh khng.
V Y
1
l bin ngu nhin Gauss c gi tr trung bnh
b
E ) k (
2
1 nn:
f
Y1
(y
1
|0)= ( )
2
2
1
0 0
1
1 1
b
E ) k ( y
N
exp
N
v
f
Y1
(y
1
|1)= ( )
2
2
1
0 0
1
1 1
b
E ) k ( y
N
exp
N

Vy xc sut c iu kin m my thu quyt nh 1 khi k hiu 0 c pht:

0
Y1 1 1
P(1| 0) f (y | 0)dy
=

=
2 0
2
1 b
0 0
1 1
exp y (1 k )E dt
N N

=
2
2
1 b
0 0 0
1 1
exp y (1 k )E dt
N N

v xc sut c iu kin m my thu quyt nh thu 0 khi k hiu 1 c pht:

o
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Hng dn gii bi tp

205

Y1 1 1
0
P(0 | 1) f (y | 1)dy
=
2
2
1 b
0 0 0
1 1
exp y (1 k )E dt
N N

Do tnh i xng nn: P(1|0)=P(0|1)
v v th: P(1|0)=P(0|1)=
2
2
1 b
0 0 0
1 1
exp y (1 k )E dt
N N

t
z=
2
1 b 0
2 y (1 k )E / N

+

ta c
P(1|0)=P(0|1)=
( )
2
b
0
2
2(1 k )E
N
1
exp z / 2 dt
2

=
2
b
0
2(1 k )E
Q
N

Bi 14
(Tip) i vi h thng BPSK nh cho trong bi 13.
a) Chng minh rng xc sut li trung bnh bng:
) k (
N
E
P
b
e
2
0
1
2

trong : N
0
l mt ph cng sut tp m Gauss trng.
b) Gi thit 10% cng sut tn hiu pht c phn b cho thnh phn sng mang chun
ng b tm E
b
/N
0
m bo xc sut li bit trung bnh bng 3.10
-4
.
c) So snh gi tr SNR h thng ny i vi h thng BPSK thng thng
Gii
a) Xc sut li bit trung bnh c xc nh nh sau:
P
b
= P(1).P(0|1)+ P(0).P(1|0)= 1/2[P(0|1)+P(1|0)
=P(0|1)=P(1|0)=
2
b
0
2(1 k )E
Q
N

b) Cng sut trung bnh chun ha cho in tr 1m ca hnh phn sng mang ng b
c xc nh nh sau;

b
2
T
b
c c
b b 0
2E 1
P k sin(2 f t) dt
T T

=

=k
2
P=0,1P k
2
=0,1, nn cng sut cho tn hiu bn tin
s chim 1-k
2
=0,9 tng cng sut . Rt ra:
o
p
e
n
.
p
t
i
t
.
e
d
u
.
v
n
Hng dn gii bi tp

206

u=
2
b b
0 0
2E 1, 8E
(1 k )
N N
=
2
b
0
E u
N 1, 8
=
Tra bng trong ph lc cho P
b
=3.10
-4
ta c u=3,4, V th:

2
b
0
E 3, 4
6, 42
N 1, 8
= =
c) i vi h thng BPSK thng thng m bo xc sut li bit 3.10
-4
, ta cn t s
E
b
/N
0
nh sau:

b
0
2E
3, 4
N
=
2
b
0
E 3, 4
5, 78
N 2
= =
Nh vy h thng BPSK s dng thnh phn ng b sng mang cn c t s SNR ln hn
h thng thng thng l:
6,42:5,78=1,1 ln
Bi 15
Mt h thng BPSK c xc sut truyn bit "0" bng xc sut truyn bit "1". Gi thit rng
khi h thng ng b tt, E
b
/N
0
=9,6 dB dn n xc sut li bit bng 10
-5
. Trong trng hp vng
kha pha PLL b mc li pha .
a) Xc sut li bit s gim cp nh th vo nu =25
0

b) Sai pha ln no s dn n xc sut li bit bng 10
-3

Gii
a) Sau tch phn gii iu ch BPSK ta c:
Y
1
=
T
c
0
2
s(t) cos(2 f t)dt
T

=
T
b
c c
b b 0
2E 2
cos(2 f t) cos(2 f t )dt
T T
+
+ X
1

=
b
E cos +X
1

V Y
1
l bin ngu nhin Gauss c gi tr trung bnh
b
E cos nn:
f
Y1
(y
1
|0)=
( )
2
1 b
0 0
1 1
exp y E cos
N N

f
Y1
(y
1
|1)=
( )
2
1 b
0 0
1 1
exp y E cos
N N

+

o
p
e
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207
Ta c th biu din cc hm mt xc sut ni trn theo gi tri y
1
nh sau.
2
1 0
1
( os ) /
1
0
1
( | 1)
2
+
=
b
y E c N
Y
f y e
N

2
1 0
1
( os ) /
1
0
1
( | 0)
2

=
b
y E c N
Y
f y e
N

2
1 0
( os ) /
1
0 0
1
(1)
2
+
=
b
y E c N
e
P e dy
N

2
1 0
0
( os ) /
1
0
1
(0)
2

=

b
y E c N
e
P e dy
N

os
b
E c
os
b
E c

Do xc sut truyn bit "1" bng xc sut truyn bit "0" nn: P(0) =P(1)=1/2 v tnh i xng
ca cc hm mt xc sut c iu kin, nn cc sut li bit trong trng hp ny c tnh nh
sau:
P
b
=P(0)P
e
(0)+P(1)P
e
(1)= 1/2[P
e
(0)+P
e
(1)]=P
e
(0)=P
e
(1)
=
( )
2
1 b 1
0 0 0
1 1
exp y E cos dy
N N

t
z=
1 b
0
y E cos
2
N
+

ta c:
P
b
=
( )
b
0
2
1
2E
cos
N
1
exp z / 2 dy
2

=
b
0
2E
Q cos
N

Thay E
b
/N
0
= 10
9,6/10
=9,12; =25
0
cos25
0
=0,8;
b
0
2E
cos 2x9,12x0, 8 3, 417
N
= = .
Tra bng trong ph lc ta c: P
b
=3.10
-4
b) Tra bng trong ph lc cho xc sut li bit 10
-3
ta c:

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208

b
0
2E
2x9,12xcos 3,1
N
= = cos=0,726=43,46
0

Bi 16
Cho hai my thu h thng truyn dn nht qun 16-QAM vi cc thng s sau: cng sut
thu trung bnh P
avr
=10
-5
W, R
b
=5000bps, N
0
=10
-10
WHz
-1
.
a) Tm xc sut li bit trong hai h thng
b) Tm v bng thng Nyquist ca hai h thng khi cho h s dc =0,2
Gii
a) Tc k hiu cho 16-QAM v QPSK c xc nh nh sau:
R
s-16QAM
= R
b
log(16)=20000 bps
R
s-QPSK
= R
b
/log(4)=10000 bps
Nng lng bit trung bnh cho 16-QAM v QPSK c xc nh nh sau:
E
avr-16QAM
= P/R
s
= 1,6.10
-6
/20000=0,8.10
-10

E
avr-QPSK
= P/R
s
= 1,6.10
-6
/10000=1,6.10
-10

T s tn hiu trn tp m cho hai h thng nh sau:
2 E
avr-16QAM
/N
0
=2x0,8.10
-10
/10
-10
= 1,6
2 E
avr-QPSK
/N
0
=2x1,6,10
-10
/10
-10
= 3,2
Tra bng trong ph lc ta c:
P
b-16QAM
=5,48.10
-2

P
b
-
QPSK
= 7.10
-4

b) Bng thng Nyquist ca hai h thng c xc nh nh sau:
B
N-16QAM
=(1+)R
s-16QAM
=1,2x20000bps=24000bps
B
N-QPSK
=(1+)R
s-QPSK
=1,2x10000bps=12000bps
Bi 17
h thng 16QAM t c xc sut li bit ging nh h thng QPSK ta cn tng cng
sut cho h thng 16QAM ln bao nhiu ln.
Gii
t c xc sut li bit ging nh QPSK ta cn t c t s tn hiu trn tp m nh
sau:
2 E
avr-16QAM
/N
0
= 2P/(R
s-16QAM
N
0
)= 3,2P=1,6xR
s-16QAM
N
0
=1,6x20000x10
-10
= 3,2x10
-6

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209
Nh vy ta cn pht cng sut cho 16QAM gp hai ln cng sut cho QPSK hai h thng
c cng xc sut li bit.
CHNG 4
Bi 1
Mt bn tin 3 bit c truyn trn h thng BPSK v t s tn hiu trn tp m thu c
bng 7 dB.
a) Tnh xc sut 2 bit mc li
b) Bn tin c m ha sao cho t m tng ln 5 bit. Xc sut 2 bit mc li bng bao nhiu.
Gi thit rng cng sut pht trong hai trng hp a) v b) l nh nhau.
Gii
E
b
/N
o
=10
7/10
=5
b
0
2E
2x5 3,16
N
= = . Tra bng trong ph lc ta c P
b
=7,9.10
-4
. i
vi ba bit mc li 2 ta c s t hp li hai bit trong 3 bit nh sau:

3
3!
3
2 2!(3 2)!

= =

.
Xc sut li 2 bit nh sau:
( ) ( )
2 3 2
e b b
3
p P 1 P
2

=

( ) ( )
2
4 4
3 7, 9x10 1 7, 9x10

=
7
6, 4.10

trong P
b
, P
b
2
v (1-P
b
)
3-2
l xc sut li mt bit, xc sut li 2 bit v xc sut mt bit
khng mc li.
b) Tc bit sau m ha tng v bng: R
bc
=R
b
/r, trong R
b
l tc bit khng m ha v
r=3/5 l t l m. Nng lng bit cho trng hp m ho bng:
E
bc
=P/R
bc
=rP/R
b
=rE
b
. V th
bc b
0 0
2E 2rE
10x3/ 5 2, 45
N N
= = =
Tra bng trong ph lc ta c xc sut li bit khi m ha bng:
P
bc
=7,14.10
-3
Bi 2
Tm xc sut li ban tin cho h thng truyn dn trong bi 1 cho:
a) Trng hp khng m ha (P
M
)
b) Trng hp m ha (P
Mc
)

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210
Gii
a) P
M
=1-(1-P
b
)
3
=1-(1-7,9.10
-4
)
3
=2,37.10
-3

b) V khong cch Hamming cc tiu d
min
=3, nn m c th sa c mt bit. Bn tin s ch
b li khi khi mc li 2,3,4,5 bit, v th:
( ) ( )
5
k 5 k
Mc bc bc
k 2
5
P P 1 P
k

=

=

Hay mt cch gn ng nu ta ch xt thnh phn th nht:
P
Mc ( ) ( )
2 3
bc bc
5
P 1 P
2

( ) ( )
2 3
3 3 5
7,14.10 1 7,14.10
2

=

=4,99.10
-4

Ta nhn thy rng nh m ha xc sut li bn tin c ci thin
( 2,37.10
-3
) (4,99.10
-4
)=4,75 ln
Bi 3
Bng thng cho h thng c m ha trong bi 1 tng ln bao nhiu ln so vi h thng
khng m ha.
Gii
Bng thng Nyquist cho h thng khng m ha nh sau: B
N
=(1+)R
b
, trong l h s
dc b lc. Bng thng Nyquist cho h thng m ha nh sau: B
N
=(1+)R
bc
x(1/r), trong r l t
l m. Vy s ln bng thng h thng m ha tng so vi h thng khng m ha nh sau:
R
bc
/(R
b
xr)=5/3 ln
Bi 4
Mt h thng iu ch BPSK c tc bit R
b
=4800bps. T s tn hiu trn tp m thu:
E
b
/N
0
=6dB.
a) Tm xc sut li bit (P
b
) v li bn tin (P
M
) cho h thng khng m ha, trong bn tin
di 11 bit
b) Tm xc sut li bit (P
bc
) v li bn tin (P
Mc
) cho h thng m ha, cho m khi (15,11)
sa li n
Gii
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211
a)
0,8
b
0
2E
2x10 3, 55
N
= = P
b
=1,9.10
-4

P
M
=1-(1-P
b
)
11
=1-(1-1,9,10
-4
)
11
=2,1.10
-3

b)
0,8
b
0
2E 11
r 2x10 x 3, 04
N 15
= = P
bc
=1,18.10
-3

( )
15
15 k k
MC bc bc
k 2
15
P P (1 P )
2

=

=

( )
2
3 3 15 2 15
1,18.10 (1 1,18.10 )
2

=1,44.10
-4

Tha s ci thin bng: (2,1.10
-3
)/(1,44.10
-4
)=14,58
Bi 5
Cho mt b to m khi tuyn tnh c ma trn to m sau:

0 1 1 1 0 0
G 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1

=

a) Tm cc t m
b) Tm Syndrome trong trng hp t m pht l "111" cn t m thu l "110"
Gii
c=mG=
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1

=

b) [ ]
T
k n
P I H
= =

M
T
3
I P ;
3
1 0 0
I 0 1 0
0 0 1

=

;P
T
=
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

H=
1 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 1 0

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212
H
T
=
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

s=yH
T
=[0 0 0 1 1 0]
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

=[ ] 1 1 0
Bi 6
Mt b to m vng (7,4) c a thc to m g(x)= 1+x+x
3
v bn tin u vo 101. Tm t
m u ra.
Gii
a thc bn tin c dng sau: m(x)=1+x
2
. Nhn a thc bn tin vi x
7-4
=x
3
ta c: x
3
+x
5
.
Chia tch trn cho a thc to m nhn c phn d b(x):

3
5 3
2
5 3 2
2
x x 1
x x
x
x x x
x
+ +
+
+ +

Vy b(x)=x
2
; c(x) = b(x) + x
n-k
m(x)= x
2
+x
3
+x
5
c=[001101
Bi 7
Mt b to m vng c a thc to m g(x)=1+x
2
+x
3
.
a) Thit k s b to m
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213
b)Kim tra hot ng cu n vi bn tin m=[1010].
Gii

a) S b m ha nh sau

b) Ni dung thanh ghi dch khi bn tin vo (10110)

D
ch
Bit
vo
Ni dung thanh ghi
(D
1
D
2
D
3
)

1
2
3
4

1
0
1
1
000 (trng thi u)
101
111
011
010

Bi 8
Mt b to m xon vi chui to m sau:
g
1
= ( g
0,1
, g
1,1
, g
2,1
) = (1,0,1)
g
2
= ( g
0,2
, g
1,2
, g
2,2
) = (1,1,1)
a) Thit k s
b) Tnh ton chui u ra theo bng khi cho chui u vo m=[101011], trong bit ngoi
cng bn tri l bit vo b to m u tin

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214
Gii
a) S b to m nh sau:

b) Tnh ton chui m u ra theo bng
Chui bn tin m
1/ B sung hai bit ui: m'
2/ tr mt bit: m'.x
3/ tr hai bit: m'.x
2
c
1
= m'+m'x
2
c
2
= m'+m'x+m'x
2
c 11 01 00 01 00 10 1011

Bi 9
(Tip) Tm chui m u ra theo phng php chui to m.
Gii
Trin khai phng trnh (4.40) cho ta chui bit u ra.
c
=
= =
M
, j p, j -p
0
g m j 1, 2; p = 0, 1, 2; = 0, 1, .., 7; p
l l
l
l l
g
1
= ( g
0,1
, g
1,1
, g
2,1
) = (1,0,1)
g
2
= ( g
0,2
, g
1,2
, g
2,2
) = (1,1,1)
m=[m
0
, m
1
, m
2
, m
3
,m
4
, m
5
]= [101011],

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215
i vi nhnh trn j=1 ta c:
c
0,1
= g
0,1
m
0
= 1 1 = 1
c
1,1
= g
0,1
m
1
+ g
1,1
m
0
= 10 + 0 1 = 0
c
2,1
= g
0,1
m
2
+ g
1,1
m
1
+ g
2,1
m
0
= 11 + 00 + 11= 0
c
3,1
= g
0,1
m
3
+ g
1,1
m
2
+ g
2,1
m
1
= 10 + 01 + 10 = 0
c
4,1
= g
0,1
m
4
+ g
1,1
m
3
+ g
2,1
m
2
= 11 + 00 + 11 = 0
c
5,1
= g
0,1
m
5
+ g
1,1
m
4
+g
2,1
m
3
= 11 + 01 +10 = 1
c
6,1
= g
0,1
m
6
+ g
1,1
m
5
+ g
2,1
m
4
= 10 +01+11 = 1
c
7,1
= g
0,1
m
7
+ g
1,1
m
6
+ g
2,1
m
5
= 10 +00+11 = 1
Vy chui bit u ra ca nhnh trn l :
c
1
= (10000111)
Tng t i vi nhnh di j=2 ta c:,
c
0,2
= g
0,2
m
0
= 1 1 = 1
c
1,2
= g
0,2
m
1
+ g
1,2
m
0
= 10 + 1 1 = 1
c
2,2
= g
0,2
m
2
+ g
1,2
m
1
+ g
2,2
m
0
= 11 + 10 + 11= 0
c
3,2
= g
0,2
m
3
+ g
1,2
m
2
+ g
2,2
m
1
= 10 + 11 + 10 = 1
c
4,2
= g
0,2
m
4
+ g
0,2
m
3
+ g
2,2
m
2
= 11 + 10 + 11 = 0
c
5,2
= g
0,2
m
5
+ g
1,2
m
4
+g
2,2
m
3
= 11 + 11+ 10 = 0
c
6,2
= g
0,2
m
6
+ g
1,2
m
5
+ g
2,3
m
4
= 10 +11+11 = 0
c
7,2
= g
0,2
m
7
+ g
1,2
m
6
+ g
2,3
m
5
= 10 +10+11 = 1
Vy chui bit u ra ca nhnh di s l:
c
2
= (11010001)
Chui bit u ra ca b lp m l ghp chung ca hai chui c
1
, c
2
nh sau:
c = (11 01 00 01 00 10 1011 )
c 16 bit.
Bi 10
(Tip) Tm chui m u ra theo phng php a thc to m.
Bng cch s dng a thc to m cc phng trnh (4.42), (4.43) v (4.44), ta c th
vit: [101011],
m(x) = 1 + x
2
+ x
4
+x
5

g
1
(x) = 1 + x
2
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216

g
2
(x) = 1+x + x
2

c
1
(x) = (1 + x
2
+ x
4
+x
5
) ( 1 + x
2
) = 1+ x
2
+ x
2
+x
4
+x
4
+x
6
+ x
5
+x
7

=1+ x
5
+ x
6
+ x
7

hay: c
1
= (c
0,1
, c
1,1
, c
2,1
, c
3,1
, c
4,1
, c
5,1
, c
6,1
, c
7,1
) = ( 1 0 0 0 01 1 1)
c
2
(x) = (1 + x
2
+ x
4
+x
5
)( 1 + x + x
2
) = 1 + x + x
2
+ x
2
+x
3
+ x
4
+ x
4
+x
5
+ x
6
+x
5
+x
6
+

x
7
=1+x+x
3
+x
7

hay: c
2
= (c
0,2
, c
1,2
, c
2,2
, c
3,2
, c
4,2
, c
5,2
, c
7,2
) = ( 1 1 0 1 0 0 01 )
Cui cng ta c chui u ra l ghp xen ca hai chui trn nh sau:
c = ( 11 01 00 01 0010 1011 )
Bi 11
(Tip) Tm chui m u ra theo biu li
S0=00
00
11
11
00
01
10
10
01
00
11
11
00
01
10
10
01
00
11
11
00
01
10
10
01
00
11
11
00
01
10
10
01
00
11
11
00
01
10
10
01
00
11
11
00
01
10
10
01
00
11
11
00
01
10
10
01
S1=10
S2=01
S3=11
m
1
0 1 0 1 1
0
c 11 01 00 01 00 10 10
Cc bit vo
Cc k hiu ra
00
11
11
00
01
10
10
01
0
11

T biu li ta thy ng dn chui k hiu ra bt u t trng thi s=(00) v kt thc
trng thi ny. S d nh vy v hai bit ui bng "00".
Bi 12
(Tip). Khi chui k hiu thu c bng:v=[11 01 00 01 00 10 11 11]. Tm khong cch
Hamming gia chui k hiu thu v k hiu pht.
Gii
Ta biu din khong cch Hamming ca chui k hiu thu cho tng nhnh trn biu li
trn hnh sau.
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217

T hnh trn ta thy khong cch Hamming bng 1.
Bi 13
(Tip). Biu th cc ng dn sng st sau ln th nht hi nhp cc cp ng dn.
Gii

S0=00
0
0
2
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
S1=10
S2=01
S3=11

Bi 14
(Tip). Biu th cc ng dn sng sau ln th hai hi nhp cc cp ng dn.
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218
S0=00
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
S1=10
S2=01
S3=11
1
1
1
0
0

Bi 15
Mt b to m xon vi cc a thc to m sau:
g
1
(x) = 1+x+x
2

g
2
(x)= 1+x
2

a) Thit k s
b) V biu trng thi
c) V biu li
Gii
a)
D1 D2
Vo
Ra

b)
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S0=00
S1=10 S2=01
S3=11
00
11
11
00
10
01
01
10

Bi 16
(Tip)
a) V biu li
b) Tm chui k hiu ra theo biu li khi chui bit vo l: m=[101011].
Gii
a)
S0=00
00
11
11
00
10
01
01
10
00
11
11
00
10
01
01
10
00
11
11
00
10
01
01
10
S1=10
S2=01
S3=11

b)
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220
Bi 17
Cho a thc ta m sau:
g(x)=1+x
2

a) Thit k b m ha xon h thng SC
b) V biu li
c) Tm chui k hiu ra khi chui bit vo l m=[100].
Gii
a)
D1 D1
dk
ck
Vo
ra
b)

o
p
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p
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.
e
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u
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Hng dn gii bi tp

221
a=0 0
00
11
01
10
00
11
01
10
00
11
01
10
00
11
01
10
00
11
01
10
00
11
01
10
b=1 0
c=0 1
d=1 1

c)
a=0 0
00
11
01
10
00
11
01
10
00
11
01
10
00
11
01
10
00
11
01
10
00
11
01
10
b=1 0
c=0 1
d=1 1
11 00
01
d 1 0 0
C

Chui k hiu ra l: C=[110001]
Bi 18
Cho a thc to m sau:
g(x)

+
=

+ +

2
2
1
1,
1
x
x x

a) Thit k b to m xon hi quy RSC
b) V biu li

o
p
e
n
.
p
t
i
t
.
e
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u
.
v
n
Hng dn gii bi tp

222
Gii
a)
d
k
c
k
0
k
S
1
k
S
b)
S0=00
00
11
11
00
10
01
01
10
00
11
11
00
10
01
01
10
00
11
11
00
10
01
01
10
S1=10
S2=01
S3=11

Bi 19
(Tip). Chui bit s liu vo b m ha RSC l d=[100]
a) Tm chui k hiu u ra ca b m ha da trn biu li.
b) Chui k hiu lng cc a ln iu ch.
Gii
a)
o
p
e
n
.
p
t
i
t
.
e
d
u
.
v
n
Hng dn gii bi tp

223
a=0 0
00
11
01
10
00
11
01
10
00
11
01
10
00
11
01
10
00
11
01
10
00
11
01
10
b=1 0
c=0 1
d=1 1
11 00
01
d 1 0 0
C

C={1,1,0,0,0,1}
b) Chui lng cc c xc nh theo cng thc:
a
k
=1-2d
k

b
k
=1-2c
k

C={-1,-1,+1,+1,+1,-1}
Bi 20
(Tip) Vi gi thit
2
1 = v chui k hiu thu c ti u vo b gii m MAP ti cc
thi im k=[0,1,2] nh sau: R=[(-0,5;-0,2), (1,5;1,2),(0,8;-0,4)]. Gi thit xc sut pht d
k
=0 v
d
k
=1 l nh nhau. Tnh ton s o nhnh cho
a) k=0
b) k=1
c) k=2
Gii
a) T phng trnh (4.71) ,ta c:
( )

= +

, , , ,
2
1
( ) exp ( )
k i k i k k i k k i
m x a y b m
. V xc sut pht d
k
=0 v d
k
=1 bng nhau, nn
=
,
1/ 2
k i
. Gi thit
2
=1.
R
1
=(-0,5;-0,2)
( ) = = +
1,0 1,0
1
(00) (10) exp ( 0, 5 1) ( 0, 2 1)
2
=0,25
o
p
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Hng dn gii bi tp

224
( ) = = +
1,1 1,1
1
(00) (10) exp ( 0, 5 1) ( 0, 2 1)
2
= 1
( ) = = +
1,0 1,0
1
(01) (11) exp ( 0, 5 1) ( 0, 2 1)
2
=0,37
( ) = = +
1,1 1,1
1
(01) (11) exp ( 0, 5 1) ( 0, 2 1)
2
=0,67
R
2
=(1,5;1,2)
( ) = = +
2,0 2,0
1
(00) (10) exp (1, 5 1) (1, 2 1)
2
=7,4
( ) = = +
2,1 2,1
1
(00) (10) exp (1, 5 1) (1, 2 1)
2
=0,03
( ) = = +
2,0 2,0
1
(01) (11) exp (1, 5 1) (1, 2 1)
2
= 0,67
( ) = = +
2,1 2,1
1
(01) (11) exp (1, 5 1) (1, 2 1)
2
= 0.37
R
3
=(0,8;-0,4)
( ) = = +
3,0 3,0
1
(00) (10) exp (0, 8 1) ( 0, 4 1)
2
=0,75
( ) = = +
3,1 3,1
1
(00) (10) exp (0, 8 1) ( 0, 4 1)
2
=0,34
( ) = = +
3,0 3,0
1
(01) (11) exp (0, 8 1) ( 0, 4 1)
2
= 1,66
( ) = = +
3,1 3,1
1
(01) (11) exp (0, 8 1) ( 0, 4 1)
2
= 0,15
Bi 21
(Tip). Tnh ton s o trng thi thun (Forward State Metric).
Gii

=
=
1
1 j , j
0
( ) (b ( )) (b ( ))
k k k j
j
m m m
Gi thit b gii m bt u t m=00,
k=1
= =
1 1
(00) 1 ( ) 0 00 v m khi m
o
p
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p
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u
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Hng dn gii bi tp

225
k=2
m=00: = + =
2 1 1,0 1 1,0 1,0
(00) (00) (00) (01) (01) (00) =0,25
m=10: = + =
2 1 1,1 1 1,1 1,1
(10) (00) (00) (01) (01) (00) =1
m=01: = + =
2 1 1,0 1 1,0
(01) (10) (10) (11) (11) 0
m=11: = + =
2 1 1,1 1 1,1
(11) (10) (10) (11) (11) 0
k=3
m=00: = + =
3 2 2,0 2 2,0
(00) (00) (00) (01) (01) 1,85
m=10: = +
3 2 2,1 2 2,1
(10) (00) (00) (01) (01) =0,07
m=01: = +
3 2 2,0 2 2,0
(01) (10) (10) (11) (11) =7,4
m=11: = +
3 2 2,1 2 2,1
(11) (10) (10) (11) (11) =0,3
k=4
m=00: = + =
4 3 3,0 3 3,0
(00) (00) (00) (01) (01) 13,67
m=10: = +
4 3 3,1 3 3,1
(10) (00) (00) (01) (01) =1,74
m=01: = +
4 3 3,0 3 3,0
(01) (10) (10) (11) (11) =0,55
m=11: = +
4 3 3,1 3 3,1
(11) (10) (10) (11) (11) =0,07
Bi 22
(Tip). Tnh ton s o trng thi ngc (Backward State Metric).
Gii
k
(m)
+
=
=
1
, 1
0
( ) ( ( , ))
k j k
j
m f j m
k=4
m=00
4
(00)=1
m=10
4
(10)=0
m=01
4
(01)= 0
m=11
4
(11)= 0
k=3
m=00 = +
3 3,0 4 3,1 4
(00) (00) (00) (10) (10)
o
p
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p
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e
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u
.
v
n
Hng dn gii bi tp

226
= 0,75x1+0,34x0=0,75
m=10 = +
3 3,0 4 3,1 4
(10) (01) (01) (10) (11)
= 0,75x0+0,34x0=0
m=01 = +
3 3,0 4 3,1 4
(01) (00) (00) (10) (10)
= 1,66x1+0,15x0=1,66
m=11 = +
3 3,0 4 3,1 4
(11) (01) (01) (11) (11)
= 1,66x0+0,15x0=0
k=2
m=00 = +
2 2,0 3 2,1 3
(00) (00) (00) (10) (10)
= 7,4x0,75+0,3x0=5,55
m=10 = +
2 2,0 3 2,1 3
(10) (01) (01) (10) (11)
= 7,4x1,66+0,67x0=12,5
m=01 = +
2 2,0 3 2,1 3
(01) (00) (00) (10) (10)
= 0,67x0,75+0,37x0=0,5
m=11 = +
2 2,0 3 2,1 3
(11) (01) (01) (11) (11)
= 0,67x1,66+0,37x0=1,11
k=1
m=00 = +
1 1,0 2 1,1 2
(00) (00) (00) (10) (10)
= 0,25x5,55+12,28x1=13,67
m=10 = +
1 1,0 2 1,1 2
(10) (01) (01) (10) (11)
= 0,25x0,5+1x1,11=1,24
m=01 = +
1 1,0 2 1,1 2
(01) (00) (00) (10) (10)
= 0,37x5,55+0,67x12,28=10,28
m=11 = +
1 1,0 2 1,1 2
(11) (01) (01) (11) (11)
= 0,5x0,37+0,67x1,11=0,93
Bi 23
(Tip).
a) in cc s o tm c trong cc bi trc ln biu li
o
p
e
n
.
p
t
i
t
.
e
d
u
.
v
n
Hng dn gii bi tp

227
b) Tnh L(
k
d ) v tm c tnh nhn c sau gii m.

Gii
a)
1 =
0 =
0 =
0 =
0, 25 =
1 =
0 =
0 =
1, 85 =
0, 07 =
7, 4 =
0, 3 =
13, 67 =
1, 74 =
0, 55 =
0, 07 =
1 =
0 =
0 =
0 =
0, 75 =
0 =
0 =
1, 66 =
5, 55 =
12, 28 =
0, 5 =
1,11 =
13, 67 =
1, 24 =
10, 28 =
0, 93 =
b) T phng trnh (4.67) ta c:

+
+

=

,0 1,0
,1 1,1
( ) ( ) ( (0, ))
( ) ln
( ) ( ) ( (1, ))
k k k
m
k
k k k
m
m m f m
L d
m m f m

k=1

= = =

1 1
1 0, 25 5, 55

( ) ln 2, 18 1
1 1 12, 28
x x
L d d
x x

k=2
+
= = =

2 2
0, 25 7, 2 0, 75 1 7, 4 1, 66

( ) ln 0
0
x x x x
L d d
k=3

+
= = =

2 3
1, 85 0, 75 1 7, 4 1, 66 1

( ) ln 0
0
x x x x
L d d
CHNG 5
Bi 1

o
p
e
n
.
p
t
i
t
.
e
d
u
.
v
n
Hng dn gii bi tp

228
Cho s b ngu nhin ha t ng b c a thc to m g(x)=1+x
4
+x
5
vi iu kin ban
a) V s b ngu nhin ha
b) Chng minh rng lung s ton khng sau ngu nhin ha s c bin i thnh lung
s c s s "1" v s s "0" gn bng nhau.
Gii
a) S b ngu nhin ho t ng b

b) Lung bit u ra b ngu nhin ha cho 24 bit lung s ton khng u vo c xc
nh theo bng i y.
Vo Ra Thanh ghi dch Th t
dch bit A B C D E F G H
/K ban
u
- 1 - 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
2 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
3 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
4 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
6 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
9 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
11 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
12 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
13 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
14 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
15 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
16 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
17 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
18 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
19 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
o
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Hng dn gii bi tp

229
20 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
21 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
22 0 I I I I 0 1 0
23 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
24 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

Chui u ra C=[111100001000110010101111] c 13 con s 1 v 11 con s khng.
Bi 2
2. Cho s b gii ngu nhin t ng b c a thc to m g(x)=1+x
4
+x
5
vi iu kin
ban u thanh ghi dch l 10101.
a) V s b gii ngu nhin
b) Chng minh rng lung s ton khng c ngu nhin ha sau khi c gii ngu nhin
s tr li lung s ton khng.
Gii
a) S b gii ngu nhin t ng b
b) 24 bit trong lung s u ra b gii ngu nhin c xc inhj theo bng di y. khng.
Vo Ra Thanh ghi dch Th t
dch bit C B A D E F G H
/K ban
u
- 1 - 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
2 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
3 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
4 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
5 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
6 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
9 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
o
p
e
n
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p
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e
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v
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Hng dn gii bi tp

230
11 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
12 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
13 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
14 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
15 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
16 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
17 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
18 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
19 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
20 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
21 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
22 I I 0 I I 0 1 0
23 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
24 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0

Lung bit u ra b gii ngu nhin: A=[000000000000000000000000]

Bi 3
Thit k mch logic cho b m ha vi sai trn hnh 5.8.
Gii
Ta lp bng logic sau.
0
0
0
90
0
180
0
270
0
0
0
0
0
90
0
180
0
270
0
90
0
180
0
270
0
90
0
180
0
270
0
0
0
180
0
270
0
90
0
0
0
270
0
0
0
90
0
180
1 2
u (t T)u (t T)
1 2
u(t)u (t)

Ct u ca bng logic trn th hin quan h gia cp bit u vo b m ha vi sai v pha
ca tn hiu c iu ch
Dng u ca bng th hin quan h ca cp bit thng tin (AB) cn m ha vi sai pha
(t) (t) (t T) =
o
p
e
n
.
p
t
i
t
.
e
d
u
.
v
n
Hng dn gii bi tp

231
Bng phi di 4x4 th hin quan h gia cp bit u ra b m ha vi sai v pha ca tn hiu
c iu ch.
Nhn xt cc ct ca bng th hin quan h gia cp bit u ra ca b m ha vi pha ca
tn hiu iu ch ta thy:
Ct th nht:
1 1 2 2
u (t) ABu (t T); u (t) ABu (t T) = =
Ct th hai:
1 2 2 1
u (t) ABu (t T); u (t) ABu (t T) = =
Ct th ba:
1 1 2 2
u (t) ABu (t T); u (t) ABu (t T) = =
Ct th t:
1 2 2 1
u (t) ABu (t T); u (t) ABu (t T) = =
Vy mch logic ca b m ha vi sai nh sau:
1 1 2 1 2
u (t) ABu (t T) ABu (t T) ABu (t T) ABu (t T) = + + +
2 2 1 2 1
u (t) ABu (t T) ABu (t T) ABu (t T) ABu (t T) = + + +
Bi 4
Thit k mch logic cho b gii m vi sai QPSK trn hnh 5.8.
Gii
Ta lp bng logic sau.
t-T
00
0
0
01
0
90
11
0
180
10
0
270
00
0
0
0
0
00
01
11
10
0
90
0
180
0
270
01 11 10
0
90
0
180
0
270
10 00 01 11
0
270
0
0
0
90
0
180
11 10
00
01
0
180
0
270
0
90
0
0
01 11 10
00
0
90
0
180
0
270
0
0
1 2
u (t T)u (t T)
t
1 2
u(t)u (t)
AB

Ct u ca bng logic trn th hin quan h gia cp bit u vo b gii vi sai v pha ca
tn hiu c iu ch
Dng u ca bng th hin quan h ca cp bit u ra ca b m ha vi sai v pha ca tn
hiu iu ch
Bng phi di 4x4 th hin quan h gia cp bit u ra b gii m vi sai v sai pha
(t) (t) (t T) = .
o
p
e
n
.
p
t
i
t
.
e
d
u
.
v
n
Hng dn gii bi tp

232
Nhn xt cc ct ca bng th hin quan h gia cp bit u ra ca b gii m vi sai vi sai
pha (t) (t) (t T) = ta thy:
Ct th nht:
2 1 2 1 1 2
A u (t T)u (t)u (t); B u (t T)u (t)u (t) = =
Ct th hai:
1 1 2 1 1 2
Ct th ba:
2 1 2 1 1 2
Ct th t:
1 1 2 1 1 2
Vy mch logic ca b m ha vi sai nh sau:
2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2
A u (t T)u (t)u (t) u (t T)u (t)u (t) u (t T)u (t)u (t) = + +

1 1 2
u (t T)u (t)u (t) +
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2
B u (t T)u (t)u (t) u (t T)u (t)u (t) u (t T)u (t)u (t) = + +

1 1 2
u (t T)u (t)u (t) +
Bi 5
Tm sai pha u ra b dao ng ni trong s kha pha vng Costas trn hnh 5.7.
Gii
Bn cht ca kha pha vng costas trn s 5.7 l tm cch nhn pha bn ln tn hiu sau
iu ch loi b c thnh phn iu ch:
sin 4 +4 (2i-1) sin(4 )
4

=

Sau xt du ca
1 1
sin(4 ) sin(2 )cos(2 ) sin cos sin( / 4)cos( / 4)
4 4
= = + +
tm v tr sai pha s kha.
Ta c : signsin(4 ) signsin si gncos signsin( / 4)signcos( / 4) = + +
S l thuc signsin(4) vo c th hin trn h ta c cc di y:

o
p
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n
.
p
t
i
t
.
e
d
u
.
v
n
Hng dn gii bi tp

233

Nu ta chuyn du vo mc logic nh sau : "+""0", "-""1", ta c th biu din quan h
du vi sai pha dng xung nh phn nh trn hnh v dc y.

Nu chn cc thi im i du t dng sang m chnh pha ta c sai pha nh sau:
k
4 4

= + .
Bi 6
(Tip) Thit k mch logic cho vng kha pha.
Gii
Ta s dng cc bin i sau y:
( )
2
signsin ' sign sin ' cos '
4 2

+ = +

( )
2
signcos ' sign sin ' cos '
4 2

+ =

trong ' (t); = (t) l gc pha iu ch.
T phn tch trn ta c th thit k mch logic nh hnh di y.
o
p
e
n
.
p
t
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.
e
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u
.
v
n
Hng dn gii bi tp

234
sin '
cos '
signsin '
signcos '
signcos '
4

+

si gnsin '
4

+

si gnsin 4 '

Bi 7
Thit k b iu ch BPSK s dng xuyn diod.
Gii

0
(t) 0 =
0
(t) 180 =
0
"1"
180
0
"0"
0

Bi 8
Thit k b iu ch QPSK s dng xuyn diod.
Gii
Ta phn tch iu ch QPSK thnh hai mch iu ch BPSK: mch iu ch BPSK 1 (nhnh
I) v mch iu ch BPSK 2 (nhnh Q). Mch iu ch th nht c tham kho pha ti
0
0 cn
mch th hai c thao kho pha ti
0
90
o
p
e
n
.
p
t
i
t
.
e
d
u
.
v
n
Hng dn gii bi tp

235

Lung nh phn nhnh I
0
1
Lung nh phn nhnh Q
0
1
/ 2
TLO1
B iu ch BPSK 1
B iu ch BPSK 1
(nhnh I)
Tham kho 1
B iu ch BPSK 2
(nhnh Q)
Tham kho 2
00 01
11
10

Bi 9
Cho mt h thng truyn dn iu ch BPSK.
Gii
a)
o
p
e
n
.
p
t
i
t
.
e
d
u
.
v
n
Hng dn gii bi tp

236
Tn hiu thu trung
tn iu ch BPSK
Lung nh phn
0
1
0
(t) 0 =
0
(t) 180 =
RLO1
Tn hiu dao ng
ni thu trung tn
0
"1"
180
0
"0"
0
Tham
kho
b)
Dng sng khi bit '"0" tng ng vi goc pha iu ch
0
(t) 0 = c truyn
0
(t) 0 =

Dng sng khi bit '"1" tng ng vi goc pha iu ch
0
(t) 180 = c truyn
0
(t) 180 =
Bi 10
Cho mt h thng truyn dn iu ch QPSK.
Gii
o
p
e
n
.
p
t
i
t
.
e
d
u
.
v
n
Hng dn gii bi tp

237
a)
/2

b) Ta xt cho trng hp gc pha tham kho =0 (knh I)

Tn hiu thu
vi (t)=
Tn hiu thu
vi (t)=5
Tham kho
u ra nh phn sau b lc m 1

Bi 11

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Hng dn gii bi tp

238
Cho my thu i tn:
a) Thit k b bin i h tn c loi tr tn s nh gng vi gi thit tn s dao ng ni
f
RLO2
nh hn tn s sng mang f
c
.
b) Gii thch hot ng b bin i h tn loi tr tn s nh.
Gii
a)

image
f
c
f
RLO2
f
IF
f
IF
f
0
9 0
0
9 0
RLO2
cos( t)
RLO2
cos( t)
c
cos( t (t)) +
image
cos( t)
0
c
cos( t (t) 90 ) + +
0
image
cos( t 90 ) +
c
cos( t (t)) +
image
cos( t)

b)
Thnh phn tn hiu Thnh phn nh gng
u ra b trn th nht
c RLO2
cos(( )t (t)) + RLO image
cos(( )t)
0
c RLO2
A cos(( )t (t) 90 ) = + +
0
RLO image
A' cos(( )t 90 ) = +
0
90
u ra b trn th hai
0
c RLO2
B cos(( )t (t) 90 ) = + +
RLO image
cos(( )t)
0
RLO image
B' cos(( )t 90 ) =
Cng
0
c RLO2
C A B 2cos(( )t (t) 90 ) = + = + +
C=A+B=0

Bi 12
o
p
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p
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Hng dn gii bi tp

239
Cho mt h thng truyn dn 34,368 Mbps. Cc bit khai thc c ghp ti b ghp lung
v tuyn, trong c mi khung c 35 bit s liu v mt bit khai thc.
a) Tm tc u ra b ghp lung v tuyn v tc lung khai thc
b) Thit k b ghp lung v tuyn.
Gii
a) Tc u ra b ghp khung: R=34,368 Mbps x 36/35 35,35Mbps; Tc lung khai
thc bng: R
kt
=R-R
b
=35,35 -34369 0,982Mbps
b)

Bai 13
(Tip). Thit k b to xung c c c l.

Bi 14
a) Thit k b phn knh v tuyn cho lung s trong bi 12.
b) Thit k mch to ng h u 34,368 MHz
Gii
a)

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Hng dn gii bi tp

240

b)
B so
pha
VCXO
B lc
thp tn
34,368 MHz
c lm u
34,348 MHz u
ng h 35,35
MHz c l

Bi 15.
Thit k b phn nhnh siu cao tn cho mt h thng pht thu vi ba s gm ba my pht v
ba my thu s dng ba cp tn s thu pht :
. . . .
i i 1 1 3 2 3 3
(f f ) (f f ), (f f ), (f f ) = , trong
.
i
f l tn s pht
cn
i
f l tn s thu.
Gii
R
x
1
R
x
2
R
x
3
T
x
1
T
x
2
T
x
3
1
f
2
f
3
f
,
1
f
,
2
f
,
3
f
50
Anten

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Hng dn gii bi tp

241
CHNG 7
Bi 1
Mt h thng truyn dn v tuyn s lm vic ti tn s 1000MHz v khong cch thng tin
l 5 km.
a) Tnh suy hao trong khng gian t do
b) Tnh cng sut thu theo dBW. Gi thit rng cng sut pht l 10W, anten pht v anten
thu ng hng v khng c tn hao
c) Nu phn b) cng sut pht l 20 dBW, tnh cng sut thu theo dBW
d) Nu ng knh cho anten tng gp i, tnh s tng ca h s khuych i anten theo
dB
e) i vi h thng phn a), cho anten cn c ng knh l bao nhiu h s khuych
i anten l 10dBi, gi thit hiu sut anten l 0,55.
Gii
a) T phng trnh (7.6), ta c:
[ ] 10lg
s s
L dB L = = 32,5+20lgf[MHz]+20lgd[km]
= 32,5+20lg1 000+20lg5= 106,6 dB
b) S dng phng trnh (7.4), t EIRP[dBW] = 10lg10W=10dBW, G2[db]=1 v
L
p
[dB]=106,6dB cc tn hao khc bng khng ta c
[ ] w
RX
P dB = EIRP[dBW]+G2[dBi]-L
p
[dB]-l
ph2
[dB]-L
rf2
[dB]
=10dBW-106,6dB= -96,6dBW
c) EIRP=10lg20=13dBW, v th: [ ] w
RX
P dB =-93dBW
d) K hiu I l tng h s khuych i anten theo dB, ta c: I=10lg2=3dB
e) S dng cng thc tnh h s khuych i cho anten cho:

2
Df
G
c

=

, trong l hiu sut ante, c=3.10
8
m/s l tc nh sng;
ta c:
101
0/10
=10=0,55
2
Df
c

D=
8
6
c 3.10
10/ 0, 55 4, 26
f
.1000.10
=

=0,4 m
Bi 2
Mt h thng v tuyn s c cng sut pht 3 W, tn s pht 2 GHz, anten pht v anten thu
c ng knh 1 m v hiu sut anten 0,55.
a)Tnh h s khuych i anten
o
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Hng dn gii bi tp

242
b) Tnh EIRP theo dBm
c) Tnh cng sut thu theo dBm nu c ly thng tin 10 km v ch c suy hao khng gian t
do.
Gii
a)
2
9 2
8
Df x1x2.10
10lgG 10lg 10lg 0, 55
c
3.10

= =

=23,82dBi
b) EIRP= 10lg3000 [dBm]+ 23,82dBi=34,8dBm+23,82=56,62dBm
c) Suy hao khng gian t do:
[ ] 10lg
s s
L dB L = = 92,5+20lgf[GHz]+20lgd[km]=92,5+10lg2+10lg10=105,5dB
P
RX
=EIRP-L
s
=56,62dBm-105,5dB-48,88dBm
Bi 3
Mt h thng v tinh qung b c EIRP=57dBW, tn s 12,5GHz, ch c tn hao khng
gian t do, tc tn hiu s bng 5.10
7
bps. My thu nc nh c nhit tp m T=600K v i
hi t s tn hiu trn tp m E
b
/N
0
=10 dB. Tm bn knh cho anten thu ti thiu p ng yu
cu trn.
Gii
Cng sut thu ti thiu c tnh nh sau:

10/10
b RX
0 b
E P
10 10
N kTR
= = = P
RX
=10kTR
b
=10x1,38.10
-23
x600x5.10
7

=4,14.10
-12
W-114dBW

Do khong cch t qu o a tnh n mt t l 36.000km nn suy hao khng gian t do:
[ ] 10lg
s s
L dB L = = 92,5+20lgf[GHz]+20lgd[km]=92,5+20lg12,5+20lg36.000
=200dB
H s khuych i anten thu ti thiu c tnh nh sau:
G
2
=P
RX
-EIRP+L
s
=-114-57+200=29dBi
D=
8
2,9
9
c 3.10
10 / 0, 55 38.
f
.15, 5.10
=

=0,23m
Bi 4
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Hng dn gii bi tp

243
Mt b khuych i c tr khng vo v ra l 50 m, h s khuych i l 60 dB, bng
thng l 10kHz. Khi mt in tr 50 m u vo u vo, tp m trung bnh qun phng ti u
ra l 100v, tm nhit tp m hiu dng cu b khuych i.
Gii
Cng sut tp m u ra b khuych i:
N
out
= AN
i
+N
a

Do u vo phi khng nn:
N
i
=kT
i
f= 1,38.10
-23
x290x10.10
3
=4.10
-17
W
N
out
=(100.10
-6
)
2
/50=2.10
-10
WN
a
=2.10
-10
-4.10
-17
x10
6
=1,6.10
-10
W
Tp m b khuych i quy i vo u vo:
N
ai
=1,6.10
-10
/10
6
=1,6.10
-16
=kT
a
fT
a
=1,6.10
-16
/(1,38.10
-23
x10.10
3
)
=1,16.10
3
K=1160K
Bi 5
Mt b khuych i c h s tp m 4dB, bng thng 500 KHz v tr khng vo 50 m.
Tnh in p tn hiu u vo cn thit c SNR
out
u ra bng 1, khi u vo b khuych i
c ni n in tr 50 m ti nhit 290K.
Gii
Cng sut tp m u vo: N
i
=kT
i
f=1,38.10
-23
x290x500.10
3
=2.10
-15
W.
T s tn hiu trn tp m u vo: SNR
in
=NFxSNR
out
=10
0,4
x1= 2,5.
Cng sut tn hiu u vo tnh nh sau: P
i
/N
i
=2,5Pi=2,5x2.10
-15
=5.10
-15
W
Ta c: P
i
=(U
i
)
2
/RU=
15
i
PR 5.10 x50
= =5.10
-7
V=0,5V
Bi 6
Mt h thng thng tin v tinh c cc thng s sau: tn s truyn dn 3GHz, iu ch
BPSK, xc sut bit li 10
-3
, tc bit 100bps, d tr ng truyn 3dB, EIRP=100W, khuych
i anten thu 10dB, khong cch pht thu 40.000km.
a) Tnh mt ph cng sut tp m cho php cc i quy i vo u vo my thu theo
W/Hz
b) Tnh nhit tp m cho php cc i ca my thu, nu nhit tp m anten l 290 K
c) Tnh h s tp m cho php cc i ca my thu theo dB.
Gii
a)
o
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Hng dn gii bi tp

244
Tra bng trong ph lc 1 ta c u=
b
0
req
E
2
N

=3,1(E
b
/N
0
)
req
=0,5x3,1
2
=4,8
(E
b
/N
0
)
Rx
=Mx(E
b
/N
0
)
req
= 10
0,3
x4,8=9,6.
Suy hao khng gian t do:
[ ] 10lg
s s
L dB L = = 92,5+20lgf[GHz]+20lgd[km]=92,5+20lg3+20lg40.000=194dB
P
RX
=EIRP-L
s
+G
2
=10lg100-194+10=-164dBW
(E
b
/N
0
)
Rx
=
RX
b 0
P
R N
=9,6N
0
=P
RX
/(9,6xR
b
)= 10
-16,4
/(9,6x100)
= 10
-18
/(9,6.10
0,4
)=4.10
-20
W/Hz
b) N
0
=kT
s
T
s
=N
0
/k= 4.10
-20
/1,38.10
-23
= 2,9.10
3
=2900K
T
RX
=T
s
-290=2900-290=2610K
c) T
RX
=(NF-1)290NF=T
RX
/290 +1=99,5dB
Bi 7
B tin khuych i my thu c h s tp m 13 dB, khuych i 60 dB v bng thng
2MHz. Nhit tp m anten 490K v cng sut u vo l 10
-12
W.
a) Tm nhit tp m b tin khuych i theo Kelvin
b) Tm nhit h thng theo Kelvin
c) Tm SNR
out
theo dB.
Gii
a) T
RX
=(NF-1)290=(10
1,3
-1)290=5496K
b) T
s
=490+5496=5886 K
c) SNR
in
= P/N
i
=P
i
/(kT
i
f)=10
-12
/(1,38.10
-23
x490x2.10
6
)=0,74.10
2
=7416,7dB
NF[dB]=SNR
in
[dB]-SNR
out
[dB] SNR
out
=16,7dB-13dB=3,7dB
Bi 8
Gi thit my thu c cc thng s sau: khuych i=50dB, h s tp m=10dB, bng
thng=500MHz, cng sut vo = 50.10
-12
W, nhit tp m ngun T
A
=10K, tn hao phi=0dB.
Bn c yu cu mc thm mt b tin khuych i vi khuych i 20 dB v bng thng
500MHz. Tm h s tp m cn thit t c ci thin t s tn hiu trn tp m ton h thng
l 10dB.
Gii
K hiu N
i
, N
a
l cng sut tp m ngun v cng sut tp m my thu, ta c cng sut
tp m h thng thu cha mc thm b tin khuych i quy i u vo my thu :
o
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Hng dn gii bi tp

245
N
1
=N
i
+N
a
= k.T
A
.f+ k.(NF
1
-1). 290.f
= k.f.(T
A
+(NF
1
-1).290)=1,38.10
-23
x500.10
6
(10+(10
1
-1).290)=1,8.10
-11
W

T s tn hiu trn tp m ban u l: SNR
1
=50.10
-12
/1,8.10
-11
=2,84,47dB
T s tn hiu trn tp m yu cu sau khi mc thm b tin khuych i:
SNR
2
=10+4,47=14,47dB28
K hiu Np l cng sut tp m ca b tin khuych i, ta c cng sut tp m h thng
thu sau khi mc thm b tin khuych i quy i vo u vo my thu:
N
2
=N
i
+N
p
+10
-2
N
a
= k.f.(T
A
+10
-2
(NF
1
-1).290)+ N
p

=1,38.10
-23
x500.10
6
(10+10
-2
(10-1).290)+N
p
=25.10
-14
W+N
p

SNR
2
=28=P
i
/N
2
=50.10
-12
/(25.10
-14
+N
p
) N
p
=50.10
-12
/28 -25.10
-14
=1,54.10
-12

K hiu h s tp m ca b tin khuych i l NF
p
, ta c:
N
p
=k(NF
p
-1).290.f=1,38.10
-23
(NF
p
-1)x290x500.10
6
=1,54.10
-12

NF
p
=1,54/(1,38x2,9x0,5)+1=1,772,5dB
Bi 9
Mt my thu gm ba tng: tng vo l b tin khuych i c h s khuych i 20 dB v
h s tp m 6dB. Tng th hai l cp ni vi tn hao 3 dB. Tng ngoi cng l b khuych i c
h s khuych i 60 dB v h s tp m 16 dB.
a) Tm h s tp m tng ca my thu
b) Lp li a) khi loi b b tin khuych i.
Gii
a) K hiu NF
1
, NF
2
, NF
2
l h s tp m ca tng th nht, th hai v th ba tng ng, k
hiu A
1
, A
2
l h s khuych i cu tng vo v tng ra, k hiu L l suy hao ca cp ni, t
phng trnh (7.13) v (7.10) ta c:
3 2
tol 1
1 1
L(NF 1) NF 1
NF NF
A A

= + + =
3
1
1 1
L(NF 1) L 1
NF
A A

+ +
=
0,3 0,3 1.6
0,3
2 2
10 1 10 (10 1)
10
10 10

+ + =
2 2
2 1 2(40 1)
2
10 10

+ + =2,794,46dB
b)
tol 2 3
NF NF L(NF 1) = + =10
0,3
+10
0,3
(10
1,6
-1)=2+2(40-1)=8019dB
Bi 10
o
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Hng dn gii bi tp

246
Tm nhit tp m h thng T
S
cho php cc i m bo xc sut li bit 2.10
-4
i vi
s liu R
b
=10kbps. Cc thng s ng truyn nh sau: tn s pht 12GHz, EIRP=10dBW,
khuych i anten thu 0 dB, kiu iu ch BPSK nht qun, cc tn hao khc bng khng, khong
cch pht thu l 100km.
Gii
Tra cu bng trong ph lc 1, ta c:
b
0
2E
u
N
= =3,4 E
b
/N
0
=5,78
Tn hao trong khng gian t do:
L
s
=92,5+20lgf[GHz]+20lgd[km]=92,5+20lg12+20lg100=143dB
Cng sut thu: P
RX
=EIRP-L
s
+G
2
=10-143=-133dBW
E
b
/N
0
=P
RX
/(R
b
N
0
)=5,78N
0
=P
RX
/(5,78R
b
)=10
-13,3
/(5,78x10.10
3
)
=10
-17
/(5,75x2)=8,6.10
-19
W/Hz
N
0
=k.T
s
T
s
=N
0
/k=8,6.10
-19
/1,38.10
-23
=6,232.10
4
K
Bi 11
Cn thit k mt my thu nhiu tng c T
tol
=300K. Gi thit nhit tp m v khuych
i cu cc tng 2,3,4 l: T
2
=600K, T
3
=T
4
=2000K, A
2
=13 dB v A
3
=A
4
=20dB.
Tm khuych i A
1
ca tng u trong iu kin:
a) T
1
=200K, 230K, 265K, 290K, 300K .
b) Dng th ph thuc A
1
vo T
1

Gii
a)
T
tol
=T
1
+T
2
/A
1
+T
3
/(A
1
.A
2
)+T
4
/(A
1
A
2
A
3
) T
tol
-T
1
= (1/A
1
)[T
2
+T
3
/A
2
+T
4
/

(A
2
A
3
)]
A
1
=[T
2
+T
3
/A
2
+T
4
/

(A
2
A
3
)]/(T
tol
-T
1
)= [600+2000/10
1,3
+2000/

(10
1,3
x10
2
)]/(300-T
1
)
= 701/(300-T
1
)
T
1
,K 200 230 265 290 300
A
1
7 10 20 70
A
1
[dB] 8,5dB 10dB 13dB 18,5dB

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Hng dn gii bi tp

247
b)
1
A , dB
1
T , K

Bi 12
Mt my thu c khuych i 80dB, nhit tp m 3000k c ni n anten c nhit
tp m 600K.
a) Tm cng sut tp m ngun trong bng 40MHz
b) Tm Tm cng sut tp m my thu quy i vo u vo my thu
c) Tm cng sut tp m u ra my thu trong bng 40MHz.
Gii
a) Cng sut tp m ngun: N
i
=kT
A
f=1,38.10
-23
x 500x40.10
6
= 2,79.10
-13
W
b) Cng sut tp m my thu quy i vo u vo:
N
ri
=kT
r
f=1,38.10
-23
x3000x40.10
6
=1,66.10
-12
W
c) Cng sut tp m u ra my thu:
N
out
= A(N
i
+ N
ri
)= 10
8
(2,79.10
-13
+1,66.10
-12
)=19,39.10
-5
W

Bi 13
Mt b khuych i 10 dB, h s tp m 3dB c ni trc tip n anten thu (khng c
tn hao cp ni gia chng). Sau khuych i ny l mt cp ni c tn hao 10 dB. Gi s
cng sut u vo l 10pW, nhit anten l 290K, bng thng l 0,25GHz. Tm:
a) SNR u vo, u ra b khuych i
o
p
e
n
.
p
t
i
t
.
e
d
u
.
v
n
Hng dn gii bi tp

248
b) u ra cp c tn hao.
Gii
a) K hiu t s tn hiu trn tp m u vo v u ra b khuych i l SNR
i
v SNR
out
,
ta c:
SNR
i
=P
i
/(kT
A
f)= 10
-9
/(1,38.10
-23
x290x0,25.10
9
)=100030dB
SNR
out
=SNR
i
-NF=30-3=27dB
b) K hiu SNR
L
,
HFL l
t s tn hiu trn tp m u ra cp tn hao v h s tp m cp tn
hao, ta c:
SNR
L
=SNR
out
-NF
L
=SNR
out
-L=27-10dB=17dB
Bi 14
Mt my thu c h s tp m 13 dB c ni n anten qua cp 300 m di 25m c tn
hao 10dB trn 100m..
a) Tm h s tp m tng ca cp ni v my thu
b) Gi s mt b tin khuych i 20 dB vi h s tp m 3dB c ni gia cp v my
thu, tm h s tp m tng ca cp, b tin khuch i v my thu
c) Tn h s tp m tng nu b tin khuych i c u vo gia anten v cp ni.
Gii
a) K hiu NF
1
=L, NF
2
l h s tp m ca cp ni v my thu, ta c:
N
tol
=L+L(NF
2
-1)=LNF
2
N
tol
[dB]= L+NF
2
-1=25x10/100+ 13-1=14,5dB
b) K hiu NF
r
v A l h s tp m b tin khuych i v khuych i ca my thu, ta c:
N
tol
= L+L(NF
r
-1)+L(NF
2
-1)/A=10
0,25
+10
0,25
(10
0,3
-1)+10
0,25
(10
1,3
-1)/10
2

=3,95,9dB
c)
N
tol
= NF
r
+ (L-1)/A+ L(NF
2
-1)/A=10
0,3
+ (10
2,5
-1)/10
2
+10
0,25
(10
1,3
-1)/10
2
=2,343,7dB
Bi 15
Mt h thng thng tin v tinh s dng my pht cng sut 20W, tn s 8 GHZ, anten
parabol ng knh 1m. Khang cch n trm mt t l 10.000 km. H thng thu mt t s
dng anten ng knh 2,5m v c nhit tp m h thng 100K. Gi thit rng cc anten c
hiu sut =0,55. Coi rng cc tn hao khc L
o
bng 2dB.
a) Tnh tc s liu cho php cc i nu iu ch BPSK c s dng v xc sut li bit
bng 2.10
-4
b) Lp li a) vi gi thit tn s pht xung t v tinh l 2GHz.
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249
Gii
a) G
1
=
2
9 2
1
1 8
D f x1x8.10
10lgG 10lg 10lg 0, 55
c
3.10

= =

=35,86dBi
G
2
=
2
9 2
2
2 8
D f x2, 5x8.10
10lgG 10lg 10lg 0, 55
c
3.10

= =

=46,42dBi
Tn hao khng gian t do:
L
s
=92,5+20lgf[GHz]+20lgd[km]=92,5+20lg8+20lg10.000=190,56dB
Cng sut thu ti trm mt t bng:
P
RX
=P
Tx
+G
1
+G
2
-L
s
-L
o
=10lg20+35,86+46,42-190,56-2=-97,28dBW
N
0
=kT
s
=1,38.10
-23
x100=1,38.10
-21
W
Tra bng trong ph lc 1 ta c:
b
0
2E
N
=3,4 E
b
/N
0
=5,78
P
RX
/(R
b
N
0
)=5,78R
b
=P
RX
/(5,78N
0
)=10
-9,7
/(5,78x1,38.10
-21
)=0,025.10
12
bps
= 25 Gbps
b)
G
1
=
2
9 2
1
1 8
D f x1x2.10
10lgG 10lg 10lg 0, 55
c
3.10

= =

=23,82dBi
2
9 2
2
2 8
D f x2, 5x2.10
10lgG 10lg 10lg 0, 55
c
3.10

= =

=31,78dBi
L
s
=92,5+20lg2+20lg10.000=175,5
P
RX
=P
Tx
+G
1
+G
2
-L
s
-L
o
=10lg20+23,82+31,78-175,5-2=-109dBW
R
b
=P
RX
/(5,78N
0
)= 10
-10,09
/(5,78x1,38.10
-21
)=0,1. 10
11
=10Gbps.
Lu : Cc tc bit ni trn ch tha mn iu kin nng lng ch khng tha mn iu
kin bng thng v bng tn Nyquist B
N
=10GHz trong khi tn s mang l 2GHz .
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PH LC 1: HM Q V ERFC
Cng thc hm li b v hm Q(u):
dz z u erfc
u
= ) exp(
2
) (
2
, dz z u Q
u
= ) 2 / exp( ) 2 / 1 ( ) (
2

quan h gia hm li b v hm Q(u) c cho nh sau:
erfc(u) = 2Q(u 2 )
Q(u) = )
2
(
2
1 u
erfc
Bng PL 13.1 . Bng Q(u)
Q(u)
u 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.50000 0.49601 0.49202 0.48803 0.48405 0.48006 0.47608 0.47210 0.46812 0.46414
0.1 0.46017 0.45620 0.45224 0.44828 0.44433 0.44038 0.43644 0.43251 0.42858 0.42465
0.2 0.42074 0.41683 0.41294 0.40905 0.40517 0.40129 0.39743 0.39358 0.38974 0.38591
0.3 0.38209 0.37828 0.37448 0.37070 0.36693 0.36317 0.35942 0.35569 0.35197 0.34827
0.4 0.34458 0.34090 0.33724 0.33360 0.32997 0.32636 0.32276 0.31918 0.31561 0.31207
0.5 0.30854 0.30503 0.30153 0.29806 0.29460 0.29116 0.28774 0.28434 0.28096 0.27760
0.6 0.27425 0.27093 0.26763 0.26435 0.26109 0.25785 0.25463 0.25143 0.24825 0.24510
0.7 0.24196 0.23885 0.23576 0.23270 0.22965 0.22663 0.22363 0.22065 0.21770 0.21476
0.8 0.21186 0.20897 0.20611 0.20327 0.20045 0.19766 0.19489 0.19215 0.18943 0.18673
0.9 0.18406 0.18141 0.17879 0.17619 0.17361 0.17106 0.16853 0.16602 0.16354 0.16109
1.0 0.15866 0.15625 0.15386 0.15151 0.14917 0.14686 0.14457 0.14231 0.14007 0.13786
1.1 0.13567 0.13350 0.13136 0.12924 0.12714 0.12507 0.12302 0.12100 0.11900 0.11702
1.2 0.11507 0.11314 0.11123 0.10935 0.10749 0.10565 0.10383 0.10204 0.10027 0.09853
1.3 0.09680 0.09510 0.09342 0.09176 0.09012 0.08851 0.08692 0.08534 0.08379 0.08226
1.4 0.08076 0.07927 0.07780 0.07636 0.07493 0.07353 0.07215 0.07078 0.06944 0.06811
1.5 0.06681 0.06552 0.06426 0.06301 0.06178 0.06057 0.05938 0.05821 0.05705 0.05592
1.6 0.05480 0.05370 0.05262 0.05155 0.05050 0.04947 0.04846 0.04746 0.04648 0.04551
1.7 0.04457 0.04363 0.04272 0.04182 0.04093 0.04006 0.03920 0.03836 0.03754 0.03673
1.8 0.03593 0.03515 0.03438 0.03363 0.03288 0.03216 0.03144 0.03074 0.03005 0.02938
1.9 0.02872 0.02807 0.02743 0.02680 0.02619 0.02559 0.02500 0.02442 0.02385 0.02330
2.0 0.02275 0.02222 0.02169 0.02118 0.02068 0.02018 0.01970 0.01923 0.01876 0.01831
2.1 0.01786 0.01743 0.01700 0.01659 0.01618 0.01578 0.01539 0.01500 0.01463 0.01426
2.2 0.01390 0.01355 0.01321 0.01287 0.01255 0.01222 0.01191 0.01160 0.01130 0.01101
2.3 0.01072 0.01044 0.01017 0.00990 0.00964 0.00939 0.00914 0.00889 0.00866 0.00842
2.4 0.00820 0.00798 0.00776 0.00755 0.00734 0.00714 0.00695 0.00676 0.00657 0.00639
2.5 0.00621 0.00604 0.00587 0.00570 0.00554 0.00539 0.00523 0.00508 0.00494 0.00480
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2.6 0.00466 0.00453 0.00440 0.00427 0.00415 0.00402 0.00391 0.00379 0.00368 0.00357
2.7 0.00347 0.00336 0.00326 0.00317 0.00307 0.00298 0.00289 0.00280 0.00272 0.00264
2.8 0.00256 0.00248 0.00240 0.00233 0.00226 0.00219 0.00212 0.00205 0.00199 0.00193
2.9 0.00187 0.00181 0.00175 0.00169 0.00164 0.00159 0.00154 0.00149 0.00144 0.00139
3.0 0.00135 0.00131 0.00126 0.00122 0.00118 0.00114 0.00111 0.00107 0.00104 0.00100
3.1 0.00097 0.00094 0.00090 0.00087 0.00084 0.00082 0.00079 0.00076 0.00074 0.00071
3.2 0.00069 0.00066 0.00064 0.00062 0.00060 0.00058 0.00056 0.00054 0.00052 0.00050
3.3 0.00048 0.00047 0.00045 0.00043 0.00042 0.00040 0.00039 0.00038 0.00036 0.00035
3.4 0.00034 0.00032 0.00031 0.00030 0.00029 0.00028 0.00027 0.00026 0.00025 0.00024
3.5 0.00023 0.00022 0.00022 0.00021 0.00020 0.00019 0.00019 0.00018 0.00017 0.00017
3.6 1.59E-04 1.53E-04 1.47E-04 1.42E-04 1.36E-04 1.31E-04 1.26E-04 1.21E-04 1.17E-04 1.12E-04
3.7 1.08E-04 1.04E-04 9.96E-05 9.57E-05 9.20E-05 8.84E-05 8.50E-05 8.16E-05 7.84E-05 7.53E-05
3.8 7.23E-05 6.95E-05 6.67E-05 6.41E-05 6.15E-05 5.91E-05 5.67E-05 5.44E-05 5.22E-05 5.01E-05
3.9 4.81E-05 4.61E-05 4.43E-05 4.25E-05 4.07E-05 3.91E-05 3.75E-05 3.59E-05 3.45E-05 3.30E-05
4.0 3.17E-05 3.04E-05 2.91E-05 2.79E-05 2.67E-05 2.56E-05 2.45E-05 2.35E-05 2.25E-05 2.16E-05
4.1 2.07E-05 1.98E-05 1.89E-05 1.81E-05 1.74E-05 1.66E-05 1.59E-05 1.52E-05 1.46E-05 1.39E-05
4.2 1.33E-05 1.28E-05 1.22E-05 1.17E-05 1.12E-05 1.07E-05 1.02E-05 9.77E-06 9.34E-06 8.93E-06
4.3 8.54E-06 8.16E-06 7.80E-06 7.46E-06 7.12E-06 6.81E-06 6.50E-06 6.21E-06 5.93E-06 5.67E-06
4.4 5.41E-06 5.17E-06 4.94E-06 4.71E-06 4.50E-06 4.29E-06 4.10E-06 3.91E-06 3.73E-06 3.56E-06
4.5 3.40E-06 3.24E-06 3.09E-06 2.95E-06 2.81E-06 2.68E-06 2.56E-06 2.44E-06 2.32E-06 2.22E-06
4.6 2.11E-06 2.01E-06 1.92E-06 1.83E-06 1.74E-06 1.66E-06 1.58E-06 1.51E-06 1.43E-06 1.37E-06
4.7 1.30E-06 1.24E-06 1.18E-06 1.12E-06 1.07E-06 1.02E-06 9.68E-07 9.21E-07 8.76E-07 8.34E-07
4.8 7.93E-07 7.55E-07 7.18E-07 6.83E-07 6.49E-07 6.17E-07 5.87E-07 5.58E-07 5.30E-07 5.04E-07

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PH LC 2: CC HM TN HIU V BIN I FOURIER
2.1. MT S K HIU HM THNG C S DNG
Hm ch nht n v
{
1, t 1
p(t)
0,
<
=
nu khc

Hm xung ch nht n v rng T

{ T
1, t T
p (t)
0,
<
=
nu khc

Dy xung ch nht n v chu k T

n
t
s(t) p nT
T

= -
= ( )
T
n
p t nT = -

Sng vung i xng chu k T bin A

n
s(t) 2A p(t / T nT) = -
-A
T
n
2A p (t nT) A = - -

Hm tam gic n v

{
1 |t |, khi|t | 1
(t)
0,
- <
L =
nu khc

Hm tam gic n v y 2T

T
1 , khi| t | T
(t)
0,
|t |
T
- <
L =
nu khc

Hm Dirac hay xung kim n v
(t) = 0, khi t0; (t)dt 1
-
d =

Hm ly mu l tng chu k T

T
(t)=
k
(t kT) d -

tng t hm
f
(f)

f
(f)=
k
(f kf) d -

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Hm bc thang n v
U(t) =
{
0, t 0
1, t 1
<
>

Xung hm m tt dn
s(t)= exp(-t)U(t)=
exp( t), khi t 0
1/ 2, khi t 0
0, khi t 0
- >
=
<

Xung hm m tng dn
s(t) = exp(t)U(t) =
0, khi t 0
1/ 2, khi t 0
exp(t), khi t 0
>
=
<

Hm du
sgn(t) =
{
1, t 0
1, t 0
>
- <

Hm Sinc n v
Sinc(x) =
sin( x)
x
p
p

Hm sinh s
g
(t), biu din mt chu k T

ca hm tun hon s
p
(t)

s
g
(t) =
{
p
s (t), T / 2 t T / 2
0,
-
nu khc

c th biu din hm tun hon theo hm sinh nh sau:
s
p
(t) =
g g T
n
s (t nT) s (t) (t) - = d

Hm tun hon ct ngn: l tch ca hm sin chu k T vi hm ch nht n v c
rng mT:
s
1
(t)=p(t/(mT))cos(2ft)
Hm cosin tng: l tch ca hm cosin n v chu k 1 n v thi gian cng 1 vi hm
ch nht n v:
s
1
(t) = (t){1+cos(2t)}
2.2. BIN I FOURIER
2.2.1. i vi cc hm tun hon chu k T

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1. Chui Fourier lng gic
s(t)=A
0
+
=1 n
n
A cos(2nt/T) +
=1 n
n
B sin(2nt/T)
trong :
n l s nguyn dng (1n<)
A
0
= s(t)
A
n
= 2s(t)cos(2nt/T
B
n
= 2s(t)sin(2nt/T
f(t) =
T
T
1
f(t)dt
T
a +

2. Chui Fourier cosin
s(t) = C
0
+
( ) n n
n 1
2 nt
C cos
T
=
p
- f

trong
n l s nguyn dng
C
0
=A
0
C
n
=
2 2
n n
A B +
n
= tan
-1
[B
n
/A
n
]

3. Chui Fourier hm m
s(t) =
n
n
S exp( j2 ft) p
(phng trnh tng hp)

trong
n l s nguyn bt k (-<n<)
f l tn s c bn = 1/T
S
n
l h s Fourier phc = s
p
(t)exp(-jn2f
1
t) (phng trnh phn tch)
2.2.2. i vi cc hm qu
s(t) = F
-1
[s
t
(f)] = S(f) exp(j2 ft)df
-
p
(Bin i Fourier ngc)

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255
S(f) = F[S(t)] =
S(t) exp( j2 ft)dt
-
- p
(Bin i Fourier)
s(t) v S(f) to nn cp bin i Fourier
s(t) S(f)
2.3. CC THUC TNH CA BIN I FOURIER
1. Tuyn tnh
Nu s
1
(t) S
1
(f) v s
2
(t) S
2
(f), th i vi tt c cc gi tr ca A v B:
As
1
(t)+Bs
2
(t) AS
1
(t) + BS
2
(t)
2. i ngu
Nu s(t)S(f), th S(t)s(-f)
3. Hm phc lin hp
nu s(t)S(f) th s*(t)S*(-f)
4. i thang thi gian
Nu s(t)S(f) th s(at)

a
f
S
| a |
1

3.5. i thang thi gian
nu s(t)S(f) th s(t-t
0
), th s(t-t
0
)s(f)exp(-j2ft
0
)
6. Dch tn
nu s(t)S(f), th s(t)exp(j2f
0
t)S(f-f
0
)
7. Din tch di s(t)
nu s(t)S(f), th

s(t)dtS(0)
8. Din tch di S(f)
nu s(t)S(f), th s(0)

S(f)df
9. o hm vng thi gian
nu s(t)S(f), th ds(t)/dtj2fS(f)
10. Tch phn vng thi gian
nu s(t)S(f), th

t
s()d
) f (
) ( S
) f ( S
f j
+
2
0
2
1

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11. Nhn vng thi gian
nu s
1
(t)S
1
(f) v s
2
(t)S
2
(f) th
s
1
(t)s
2
(t)
) f ( S ) f ( S d ) f ( S ) ( S
2 1 2 1
=

12. Tch chp vng thi gian
nu s
1
(t) S
1
(f) , s
2
(t) S
2
(f), th

) f ( S ) f ( S ) t ( s ) t ( s d ) t ( s ) ( s
2 1 2 1 2 1
=

13. Mt s lu v tch chp
Tch chp h(x)ca hai hm f(x) v g(x) c nh nghi nh sau:
h(x) =

= du ) x ( g ) u x ( f du ) u x ( g ) u ( f

hay vit tt l: h(x) = f(x)g(x)
Cc thuc tnh ca tch chp:
* hon v: fg=gh
* lin ht: f(gh)=(fg) h
* phn phi: f(g+h)=(fg)+(fh)
3.4. MT S CP BIN I FOURIER THNG GP
Hm thi gian Bin i Fourier
Ch nht
P
( )
t T / 2
T
+
hay
T
p (t T / 2) + TSinc(fT)
Tam gic

T
t
hay
T
(t) L TSinc
2
(fT)
Sinc
Sinc(2Wt)
1 f
P
2 2
w
w w
+

Sinc
2
(2Wt)
W
f
W 2 2
1

Hm m
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exp(-a t)U(t), a >0
f j + 2
1

exp(-s |t|), a >0
2 2
2
1
) f ( +

exp(- t
2
) exp(- f
2
)
exp(-j2 f
0
t) (f-f
0
)
Xung kim
(t) 1
1 (f)
(t-t
0
) exp(-j2 ft
0
)

T0
(t) f
o
f0
(f)
Sin
cos(2 f
0
t)
2
1
[ (f+f
0
)+ (f-f
0
)]
sin(2f
0
t)
j 2
1
[ (f-f
0
)- (f+f
0
)] hay

2
j
[ (f+f
0
)- (f-f
0
)]
Sign (du)
sgn(t) 1/(j f)
1/( t) -jsgn(f)
Bc thang
U(t)
2
1
(f)+
f j 2
1

Ly mu

=
=

k
k
) kT t (
0

0
k
0
1
(f kf )
T
= -
d -

2.5. MT S TCH PHN THNG C S DNG
2.5.1. Cc tch phn khng xc nh

= dx x
n
x
n+1
/(n+1)
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258

x
1
dx = log
e
|x|

= ) ax exp(
a
dx ) ax exp(
1

= ) ax sin(
a
dx ) ax cos(
1

= ) ax cos(
a
) ax sin(
1

= ) ax exp( ) ax (
a
dx ) ax exp( x 1
1
2

= ) ax exp(
a
dx ) ax exp( x
2 2
2
1

2.5.2. Cc tch phn xc nh

=
0
2
1
dx ) x ( Sinc

=
0
2
2
1
dx ) x ( Sinc

=
0
1
a
dx ) ax exp(

=
0
2
2
1
dx ) x exp( x

> =
0
2
0
2
1
a , a / dx ) ax exp(
0
4
1
0
2 2
>
a ,
a a
dx ) ax exp( x
\
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259
THUT NG VIT TT

AD Angle Diversity
Phn tp gc
AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise
Tp m Gauss trng cng
BEP Bit Errored Probability Xc xut li bit
BER Bit Errored Rate T ls li bit
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying iu ch kha chuyn pha hai trng thi
CD Code Division Phn chia theo m
FD Frequency Division Phn cha theo tn s
FD Frequency Diversity Phn tp tn s
FDD Frequency Division Duplex Ghp song cng phn chia theo tn s
GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Kyeing Kha chuyn pha cc tiu Gauss
HD Hybride Diversity Phn tp lai ghp
HFDD Half Frequency Division Duplex
Ghp bn song cng phn chia theo tn
s
HS Hot Stanby D phng nng
IF Intermediate Frequency Trung tn
ISI Inter Symbol Interferrence Nhiu gia cc k hiu
LNA Low Noise Amplifier B khuych i tp m nh
MAP Maximum A Posteriori Cc i hu nh
MODEM Modulator and Demodulator B iu ch v gii iu ch
MSK Minimum Shift Kyeing Kha chuyn pha cc tiu
M-FSK M State-Frequency Shift Keyng Kha chuyn tn M trng thi
M-PSK M State-Phase Shift Keyng Kha chuyn pha M trng thi
RF Radio Frequency Tn s v tuyn
RFPA Radio Frequency Power Amplifier B khuyc i cng sut v tuyn
RLO Recieve Local Oscillator B dao ng ni thu
SD Space Diversity Phn tp khng gian
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260
ST Splitting Power Transmitter My pht chia cng sut
PD Polarization Diversity Phn tp phn cc
pdf power density function Hm mt xc sut
PSD Power Spectrum Density Mt ph cng sut
TLO Transmit Local Oscillator B dao ng ni pht
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation iu ch bin vung gc
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying iu ch kha chuyn pha vng gc
Rx Receiver My thu
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio T s tn hiu trn tp m
TD Time Division Phn chia theo m
TDD Time Division Duplex
Ghp song cng phn chia theo thi gian
gian
Tx Transmitter My pht

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Dr. Proakis, John G. 2000. Digital Comunications, McGraw-Hill.
2. Dr. Bernard Scalar. 2003. Digital Communications, Prentice-Hall.
3. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, 1997. M ha knh v iu ch s, HVCNBCVT.
4. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng dch, 1997. Digital Radio Relay Techlonogy, Tng cc Bu
in
5. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, 1997. Quy hoch tn s v thit k tuyn vi ba s,
HVCNBCVT.
6. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, 1993. Vi ba s 34 Mbit/s 3 tp, HVCNBCVT
7. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, 2001. C s truyn dn vi ba s
8. Dr. Simon Haykin, 1988. Digital Communications, John Winley & Sons.
9. Dr. Behzad Razavi, 1998. RF Microelectronics, Prentice Hall.

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MC LC
LI NI U..................................................................................................................... 1
CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUNG................................................................................ 3
1.1. GII THIU CHUNG............................................................................................... 3
1.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng .................................................................................... 3
1.1.2. Hng dn.................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1.3. Mc ch chng ......................................................................................................................... 3
1.2. VAI TR CA TRUYN DN V TUYN S TRONG MNG VIN THNG 3
1.3. C IM TRUYN DN V TUYN S........................................................... 5
1.4. CC BIN PHP KHC PHC CC NHC IM NNG CAO CHT
LNG TRUYN DN V TUYN S ................................................................................ 7
1.4.1. T chc quy hoch s dng ti nguyn v tuyn........................................................................ 7
1.4.2. T chc cu hnh hp l .............................................................................................................. 7
1.4.3. S dng cc cng ngh x l tn hiu s phc tp...................................................................... 8
1.4.4. Hon thin cc mch in v tuyn............................................................................................. 9
1.5. S KHI CHUNG CA KNH TRUYN DN V TUYN S ................... 9
1.5.1. Pha pht ....................................................................................................................................... 9
1.5.2. Pha thu:...................................................................................................................................... 10
1.5.3. Giao din mi trng truyn dn.............................................................................................. 11
1.6. B CC CUN SCH........................................................................................... 11
CHNG 2: DNG TN HIU TRONG TRUYN DN V TUYN S................ 12
2.1. GII THIU CHUNG............................................................................................. 12
2.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng .................................................................................. 12
2.1.2. Hng dn.................................................................................................................................. 12
2.1.3. Mc ch chng ....................................................................................................................... 12
2.2. CC DNG HM TN HIU................................................................................. 12
2.3. HM T TNG QUAN V MT PH CNG SUT ............................... 14
2.4. CC TN HIU NGU NHIN.............................................................................. 15
2.5. CC TN HIU NH PHN BNG GC.............................................................. 16
2.6. TN HIU BNG THNG ..................................................................................... 18
2.7. NH HNG CA HN CH BNG THNG V NH L NYQUIST......... 20
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2.8. NH HNG CA CC C TNH NG TRUYN ...................................23
2.8. 1. Nhiu, tp m, t s tn hiu trn tp m v t s bit li.......................................................... 23
2.8.2. Tp m v cc quyt nh nh phn ........................................................................................... 27
2.8.3. Mo dng sng do c tuyn tn s ca ng truyn ............................................................ 29
2.9. TNG KT..............................................................................................................32
2.10. CU HI V BI TP ........................................................................................33
CHNG 3: KHNG GIAN TN HIU V IU CH.............................................35
3.1. GII THIU CHUNG.............................................................................................35
3.1.2. Hng dn.................................................................................................................................. 35
3.1.3. Mc ch chng ....................................................................................................................... 35
3.2. IU CH S.........................................................................................................35
3.3. CC KHUN DNG IU CH S.....................................................................36
3.4. KHNG GIAN TN HIU ......................................................................................38
3.5. P NG CA CC B TNG QUAN LN TP M....................................40
3.6. B TCH SNG KH GING NHT..................................................................43
3.7. TNH TON XC SUT LI TRUYN DN TRONG KNH TP M GAUSS
TRNG CNG, AWGN..........................................................................................................44
3.8. IU CH V GII IU CH PSK NH PHN HAY HAI TRNG THI
(BPSK) NHT QUN............................................................................................................. 45
3.9. IU CH V GII IU CH PSK BN TRNG THI HAY VUNG GC
(QPSK) NHT QUN.............................................................................................................49
3.10. IU CH OQPSK...............................................................................................57
3.11. GMSK....................................................................................................................59
3.12. IU CH ASK NHIU TRNG THI, M-ASK................................................63
3.13. M-PSK...................................................................................................................67
3.14. IU CH QAM NHIU TRNG (M-QAM) NHT QUN............................69
3.15. BIU DIN TN HIU IU CH DNG PHC...............................................72
3.16. MT PH CNG SUT CA CC TN HIU C IU CH ...........73
3.16.1. Mt ph cng sut ca cc tn hiu BPSK......................................................................... 74
3.16.2. Ph cng sut cu cc tn hiu QPSK...................................................................................... 74
3.16.3. Mt ph cng sut MSK..................................................................................................... 75
3.16.4. Mt ph ca cc tn hiu iu ch M- trng thi (M>2). ................................................... 76
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3.17. SO SNH TNH NNG CA CC K THUT IU CH.............................. 77
3.17.1. Tng kt xc sut li k hiu................................................................................................... 77
3.17.2. Hiu sut s dng bng thng ................................................................................................. 78
3.17.3. So snh cc phng thc iu ch di nh sng ca l thuyt dung lng knh. ............... 80
3.18. TNG KT............................................................................................................ 81
3.19. CU HI V BI TP........................................................................................ 82
CHNG 4 : M HA KNH KIM SOT LI TRONG TRUYN DN V
TUYN S................................................................................................................................. 85
4.1. GII THIU CHUNG............................................................................................. 85
4.1.2. Hng dn.................................................................................................................................. 85
4.1.3. Mc ch chng ....................................................................................................................... 85
4.2. M U................................................................................................................. 85
4.3. CC NGUYN TC M HA KNH KIM SOT LI .................................... 87
4.4. CC M KHI TUYN TNH.............................................................................. 89
4.4.1. Ma trn to m ........................................................................................................................... 89
4.4.2. a thc to m ........................................................................................................................... 93
4.4.3. li m ha.......................................................................................................................... 101
4.5. M XON............................................................................................................ 101
4.5.1 M u ...................................................................................................................................... 101
4.5.2. To m xon............................................................................................................................. 101
4.5.3. Chui to m v a thc to m .............................................................................................. 103
4.5.4. Biu trng thi ..................................................................................................................... 107
4.5.5. Biu li.............................................................................................................................. 108
4.5.6. Gii m theo kh nng ging nht ......................................................................................... 109
4.6. M TURBO .......................................................................................................... 112
4.6.1. M u ..................................................................................................................................... 112
4.6.2. Cc m xon h thng.............................................................................................................. 113
4.6.3. S b to m turbo.............................................................................................................. 115
4.6.5. Gii m turbo............................................................................................................................ 124
4.6.6. Gii m Turbo lp .................................................................................................................... 125
4.6.7. Hiu nng ca m turbo........................................................................................................... 127
4.7. TNG KT ........................................................................................................... 128
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4.8. CU HI V BI TP ........................................................................................ 129
CHNG 5: THIT B VI BA S............................................................................... 132
5.1. GII THIU CHUNG........................................................................................... 132
5.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng ................................................................................ 132
5.1.2. Hng dn................................................................................................................................ 132
5.1.3. Mc ch chng ..................................................................................................................... 132
5.2. S KHI CA MT H THNG THU PHT V TUYN S.................. 132
5.3. NGU NHIN HA............................................................................................. 134
5.4. KHI PHC SNG MANG ................................................................................ 137
5.4.1. Kho pha vng nhn pha.......................................................................................................... 137
5.4.2. Khi phc sng mang kho pha vng Costas.......................................................................... 138
5.4.3. M ho vi sai ............................................................................................................................ 140
5.5. KHI PHC NH THI K HIU.................................................................... 141
5.6. B CN BNG MIN THI GIAN.................................................................... 143
5.7. B CN BNG MIN TN S .......................................................................... 146
5.8. CC B TRN.................................................................................................... 146
5.8.1. Nguyn l chung ...................................................................................................................... 146
5.8.2. B trn loi tr tn s nh.......................................................................................................149
5.9. CC KIN TRC V TUYN VI GHP SNG CNG.................................. 150
5.10. TNG KT.......................................................................................................... 152
5.11. CU HI V BI TP ...................................................................................... 152
CHNG 6: QUY HOCH TN S V CU HNH H THNG TRUYN DN
V TUYN S......................................................................................................................... 154
6.1. GII THIU CHUNG........................................................................................... 154
6.1.2. Hng dn................................................................................................................................ 154
6.1.3. Mc ch chng ..................................................................................................................... 154
6.2. QUY HOCH TN S......................................................................................... 154
6.2.1 Cc t chc lin quan n vic hoch nh tn s................................................................... 154
6.2.2. S phn b tn s............................................................................................................... 155
6.3. CU HNH H THNG TRUYN DN V TUYN S................................ 158
6.3.1. Cc dng phn tp................................................................................................................... 158
6.4. TNG KT............................................................................................................ 169
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6.5. CU HI............................................................................................................... 170
CHNG 7: PHN TCH NG TRUYN V TUYN S ............................... 172
7.1. GII THIU CHUNG........................................................................................... 172
7.1.2. Hng dn................................................................................................................................ 172
7.1.3. Mc ch chng ..................................................................................................................... 172
7.2 M U............................................................................................................... 172
7.3. PHN TCH NG TRUYN V TUYN S.............................................. 172
7.3.1. Tnh cng sut thu.................................................................................................................... 172
7.3.2. Tnh cng sut tp m nhit..................................................................................................... 174
7.3.3. T s tn hiu trn tp m........................................................................................................ 176
7.3.4. D tr ng truyn ................................................................................................................ 179
7.4. TH D V TNH TON NG TRUYN.................................................... 181
7.4.1. Th d v tnh ton qu ng truyn thng tin v tinh ...................................................... 181
7.4.2. Th d tnh ton qu ng truyn cho v tuyn s mt t .................................................. 181
7.5. TNH TON NG TRUYN V TUYN S MT T............................ 182
7.5.1. D tr phainh v nhiu .......................................................................................................... 182
7.5.2. Tnh ton d tr ng truyn v tuyn s............................................................................. 184
7.6. TNG KT ........................................................................................................... 186
7.7. CU HI V BI TP........................................................................................ 186
HNG DN GII BI TP...................................................................................... 189
CHNG 2.................................................................................................................. 189
CHNG 3.................................................................................................................. 195
CHNG 4.................................................................................................................. 209
CHNG 5.................................................................................................................. 227
CHNG 7.................................................................................................................. 241
PH LC 1: HM Q V ERFC................................................................................... 250
PH LC 2: CC HM TN HIU V BIN I FOURIER ................................ 252
2.1. MT S K HIU HM THNG C S DNG.................................... 252
2.2. BIN I FOURIER........................................................................................... 253
2.2.1. i vi cc hm tun hon chu k T...................................................................................... 253
2.2.2. i vi cc hm qu .......................................................................................................... 254

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l cng sut trung bnh ca X(t). PSD nhn

khi pht tn hiu

= , n l s nguyn ln hn hoc bng khng

Khi pht mt lung s trn knh v tuyn,

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