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  • Stationery Flight

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    Stationery Flight

    Cargado por

    RetroKrat

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    | of ” Ves lead) uot tasty a Cl Introduction Prepare to immerse yourself in the workd of thght and origami with Stationery Fligibt. Thés book contains directions for constructing usual paper airplanes, using a wide wariety af folding techniques. ‘Michael Weinstein combines his extersive knowledge of origarrs with bis interest in acrodyraimics (he thes his own aieplane to create @ ‘collection of paper models that includes gles. fighter jets, bombers. Aan antique biplane, and other craft. Some exhibit little resernblance to conventional airplanes, yet allare capable of fight, Along the Why Paper Airplanes Fly: Because we throw them. ‘This is partly correct. Any object will fly if given sufficient thrust. Rockers are sienply engines with fins, and even your grandfather's Buick wl fy if you attach 4 large enough engine Geedeed its ight characteristics mary even surpass ts road handing). Paper airplanes are neo different. Rocks fy ust fine, as da dishes, crystal and various other common household items. Gn the ather hand, fying rocks and other items are not a very efficient ane of energy. Huled vith ‘the same force, a veel-made paper airplane sulted to high-speed launch wl fy ‘much farther than a rock. And i tales more fuel for a missile fo boiverse the ‘same distance as an avplane. The reason 6 that axplanes, both paper and real, _Renerate their own upward force, called lft: All obyects in flight harve a number ‘of forces acting an them. including thrust, drag. weight, and IF: t Drag: The triction of the abject with air, The smootiver the we cbject, the tess fiction and the Theust: The force that moves the fess drag. That's one reason base- object forward. In the case of ‘balls fly farther tear: rocks, Tocks and paper akplanes, Is the: arceleration of throwing them. Weight: The Earth's gravity autls ary object toveard the ground. wae We 9 Ny Rocks generate it too, but very, very litle Baseballs actually generate 4 © 59, @ J litinthe direction of their spin, which is why a good pitcher can throw a Mie ‘curve bulls and tinker, we So where does this ft stutf conse From? is existence comes from the act that kids (and gases, He ai) exert less pressure when their velocity Increases. as fit described by an allan named Bernoull over two hundred years ago. Ta see how this alfects aieplanes, we need to examine an airplane's ‘wing. The shape of a typical wing shows its cunrature, oF camber. The curve ‘on the top of the wing, ar airfes, what causes it to have Bt. To see why, let's examine the travel of air across the wing. SP Notice that the airon the upper sartace of the wing has to {travel farther than the air on the battom. Since it has to travel ieee ae farthes, the air on top speeds up. But remember Bernoull?: He discovered that when air speeds up, itenerts less pressure. Since the air on top exerts ess pressure Ban tbe air on the bottam, there isa net upward force, oF lft. Al airplane wings exert lt, ret upward even paper ones, The little curlicues shown at the back of the (eee ‘wing represent burtadlence, which is produced when air moves fram regions of Bagh to kw velocity, Mhis produces drag. ‘The more bit the moce drag. Alpplanes have devices called flaps, eee Sor which incense Eft and drag. so that they can By at lower speed for nding. Eut nour we fun into a problems. Paper apne wings are nk curved, bu ave relatively fat. What gwves? ‘To understand this, we have to talk about a foryg-deceased engineer named Osbourne Reynolds, who figured out how viscosity affects the Lchavioc of Bquids. Viscosity isan indication of the stickiness of a quid or ‘gas. Reynolds developed a farmula to determine the effect of ait om an object: thus every object has its own iteymolds number. For a paper air plane the nurnber is in the tens of thourands, while i's in the milions for ‘real airplane. This means that from a paper airplane's perspective, ar is very sti. Mis therefore hard for sometheng tiny to produce lots of ift, but easy to rake plenty of drag, ‘So paper alrplunes have very thir wings. whch produce less ft and fess drag. Fortunately, paper is beh and litte lit is needed ta keep an aver- ‘age paper airplane aloft for the time it takes to traverse the ling race, The effect of the Reynolds number can be seen in the shape of animal wings: bird wings are thick and shaped lke an airfoil; bees have wery flat wings, as they have lower Reynolds numbers and are governed by the \ecosity of alr. Real alsplires are £0 lage that the camber of their wings 6 easily visible. The length of the wing is referred to.as is chord, whee the distance across is its span. Wingspan divided by wing chord ‘equal the aspect ratio, an important measure of how much drag a wing will produce. Swept-back wens hawe a kre aspect ratio, and produce Btle drag. Rectangular, thick wings: produce more. We can see how the shape of the wing affects the Right of a paper airphane with a couple of Example 1; ‘Mountain fold. ‘This is probably one of the oldest ard best paper airplanes. ‘Try throwing it with moderate farce. Youll ely pet a course: ‘somewhat Ice: this: Example 2: Saree Fold the edge over to the crease you just made. Fold the edge over souphly halfway. inl “This s another wenerabie favorite that Pus withstood the ‘Lest of time. AS you'll see, flight is as different from the first airplane as ts looks. Try theowing this airplane as you did the first. See the difference? This airplane shoots up instead of flying straight and level Since lift depends ‘on thrust, you can try giving it a Aghter throw im get lexs of an upward ‘course. Youll notice that the airplane files more slowly than the first. § ‘Why? Thore are some obvious differences between these two-alr- ‘ q planes, For instance, ane has swept-back wings, while the other has Straight wings. How doss that affect thee aspect ratio?’ span In the frst damnple. the wing chord is short chard, Form span= ‘variable. But we can define an average small aspect ratio. swing chord by drawing one roughly through the ride oF the wing (Notice that the faster airplane hus a loryger chord and senator spar, ‘which makes its aspect ratio much higher, and reduces drag, That's one reascn why Example 2 fies 50 much more slowly. But Example 2 sce showes much more lft than Example 1. Why? To. answer that question ‘we should look at a cross-section of the two wings: —————-— o~— Example 1 Example 2 The wing in Example 2 resembles an airfoll much more closely than Example (it therefore produces more ft and tends ta nove up. I also peoduces more drag, soit shows down. This combination of facx tors affects many of the paper sitplanes you will be folding, and can be ined to get better, of more customized fight from an alrplane: But there are other good ways to make the same airplane fly very differ. ent fight pattr:.A normal airplane has ta ascend, descend, turn, and 0 many other things. Bath paper and real airplanes ute trim to fly the wey ther gadots want Trim ‘You can further control the fight of ym aixplane by using control sur- faces and tren, Real alsplanses have a niamiber of these control surfaces, leduding elevators, allerons. and rudder. The elevators control the pithy ‘or whether the airplane points up or denn. That can be hand if tea ‘want to take off or land. The rudder turns the aircraft left or right, and is said Gn pilot tno) to control the yar, The alerons control whether the wings ane level, or are canted at an angle, This ts called roll, and the angie between the wings and the ground is called the angle of bank Paper airplanes also have control surtaces. This can be demonstrated by giving Example Awplane 1 elevators. Fold Example Airplane 1 and throw it. Notice how it files. Now, fold small flaps up in the rear of the ‘wings, These wil act le the elevators in a real aeptane, Matice Paw affects the plane's per a a “The elevator tends to force the tail era of the aircraft down ard the nose up, caaning, it to fly 2 higher course Of course, the clewators also increase drag, causing the plane to thy more showiy. ‘Ona real airplane, the elevator can alto be used to point the nose down for descent. You canido the same thing with a paper plane, Example Asplane 1is not in ced of any down elevator, but Example ‘Auplane 2 could use some to straighten out &s course. Fold Example ‘Airplane 2, and give & some down elevator by making small flaps in the Dick are ending ther save, This should bring the rear of the airplane ‘up and the nave down, leveling off an otherwise unstable fight. Eleva tor can be used to give an airplane a smoother course, of to give Its: fight an upward or downevand path, depending on what you like. The important thing is that it gives you a chance to decide have your a= plane wl fly. ‘You ean de mare with tren than just keel out an airplane's ight. Using: herizontal and vertical control surfaces, you can make your aipplane almost anything you wart. Extraordinary a Paper Airplanes Introduction by i 5 Florence Temko Michael Weinstein Ee Contents Introduction ‘Why Paper Airplanes Fy ‘Symbol: Paper Airplane Bases Alplane base Canard base Getting Started Thirdsies Bottlenase Raptor ‘Starliner Predator Ramjet ‘Owl Eyes Loopstar Thunder Jet Thin Layer Aerodynamics Loopmaker dtach ee pautt-Stage Craft one oa Jet Fighter Wings. Coriolis Max Prane Pocket Aerobat Pipe Sioa Bibliography Two-Piece Models. 63 4 oF 0 n 76 80 a7 ae 90 98 96 101 wa 108 The flaps on paper airplanes can also be used as ailerons. which bank ‘real airplanes in-ocdes to turn them Bicycles, motoreytles, and speed: bboats abio bani in tures. To give your aicplane aberons, bend one flap up and the other down. Try giving this airplane a realy gentle throw, and watch carefully. YYouTl see the wings start going at an angle, and the eemine plane should turn to one sie, ‘Real airplanes combine changes in rol, zach as the bank you just made ‘with the ailerons, with changes in yaw using the naddes. Although your paper airplanes do nat have an empennaage (the talland cear wings. derived froma French word meaning “that thingie on the back of the seplanc”) they do have vertical stabilizers, You can use the wertical stabilzners of your ccxample aipplanes for rudders to make them: tum in fight. Try bending the vertical stablkzers, ‘of Example Airplane 2..e's a bit tricky. as the vestical ‘stabilizers are attached to the wing. but it can be done. Mow give the plane an casy tors. Notice how lt adopts a race ee Now “for the cat’: meow”, combine the ailerons with the ruxider, You Meee eee out of the same airplane! Example Airplane 2 6 not the best aipplane on which to use trim, as the vertical control surfaces are seal, and the aspect ratio b ‘extreme. Example Alrplane 1 suffers similarly. But, there are ots of planes in Stationery Flight that have nice big coctrol surfaces and intermediate aspect ratios, you can try all different kinds of trim! Dihedral ‘The mext tiene you're at your local airport, hawe a look at the aipplanes, ard look closely at the wings. You'l find that they/te slightly upewept, Mke the Piper Cherokee shown. This wing angle. called dihedral, can stablixe an aircraft along, its longitudinal axis, from froot to back. Normal airplanes have a bit to the amount of dihedral they can use, because if they have tac much they a inta what's known as a Dutch Roll, which Involves really scary back-and-forth movements of the plane. The good thing: (5 that paper aigpanes.diee’t Dutch Bad (ar # they do it isn't seary, Since youre on the proand), $0 you can use just as much dihedral as you like to stable an airplane in fight. Notice that dihedral ts an upward angle. Dowmeasd angle, or anhedtai, i used in some neally swoopy fighter jets, but it usually doesn't work very well in pager airplanes, although it works ie a few cf the hight uncxasal designs of Stationery Fight, Each airplane has a front View where the recommended dhedral and angies for vertical stablizers are shown, However, every airplane is a bit different, 90 feel ree to play with the trim and ied to erake the parse dha what you want. fold so the crease potsts away from you lard the flap tovrard you), “fl Mountain fold FFold so that the crease points toward you {and the flap away trom you). Inside Reverse fold Fold so that a point falls between layers. here Outside Reverse fold ld \ |-ul | id i-4)° Rabbit Ear Pull out a hidden layer and fodd It flak, By PY 4 Z| - Squash fold ‘Separate two adjacent layers and flatten the pocket that formes between them. Petal fold Separate two layers while fattening the pockets that form an either side, d |\-4 |74 | 4-4) Sink fold A multi-layered point gets pushed to the inside, The point is partially unfolded and mountain folded at the desired position. Paper Airplane Bases Origami models often involve the same steps at the beginning, For example. if you wanted to fold a bid, you would need ahead, neck, tll and wings. In fact, one of the classic origare’ bates ls the bind base. from which these structures are easly derived. The origami genius Jahn Miantrot has developed a dog base, from which one can readily fold the parts needed for 2 fourfootrd animal, Many of the airplanes in Stationery Flight are desived trom a set af common precursors, instructions for which fallow on the rext page, The Airplane Bate & short, and generates two eventy sized sets of wings, The Canard Base ls the basis tor mast of the canand, or Forwaed-wing aircraft. Airplane Base This welll make two sets of wings, of one set of wings and one set of... Valley fel Im ha with-wise. Canard Base This base makes it easy to design canard, or forward+-wring. aircraft because it generates tio flaps in the front that can easily be reanipy- lated to make many shapes and doa number of interesting: things. 23. Fold the white points to tthe black one. The folds made lin the previows steps should almost cause the paper to de Ais by itself. 4. The completed paper airplane base. This isin actuality a ‘watebomb base grafted an top ‘ef a pectangie, The flaps are to make forward wings. Making: and flying paper airplanes i educational, recreational, environmental fal that recyching of paper) and just plaia toa. There _are, of course, a few things Ghat aid in the pursuit of the pesfect plane Paper Many kinds of paper are good for the aspiring parchment pilot. All of them re reasonably thick and strong: newspaper makes lousy fighter bombers, for instance. Cn the other hind. too much thickness spo Hct Foes toa dws fa oh taal pvigein Fca ae ‘sonably cool paper airplanes wouldn't dream of being made from ‘construction paper. The paper must ako hold a crease fairly well so ‘most softer papers are wiry aut of it Copier paper is one of my favor: es, as M combines strength, ight weight and dueabay. |All but one of the Stationery Flight alrplanes are made from paper that i BY4 = 514 inches. This is not sone mysterious paper ony availible in ‘the finer bookstores of Tibet but isa half sheet of ordinary @¥: x Tt inch paper, availatsie everywhere. V/hen creating my coltulose squadron | noticed that a nonmal-sized piece of paper was sort of short and didn't leave me much room to plry around and do tunand (like wie a Pagoda to create Canard wings). I found that a halt-theet ‘was lomiger, aed enone fun to create wall ‘The craft contained within are allindoor flyers (growing up in northern: ‘Ohio, we had to- appreciate mood-weather days, al two af them), Being: ‘manulactured from smaller paper makes theen lighter and mace rérnbie ‘than their larger brethren. Making the requiend sire of paper is very simple; fold an ¥4 x tt prece of paper in half and cut along the crease. ‘A paperculter makes it even easier if youte locked in a cooen with pone of these things, you can simply tear a piece of paper in hall. ® How to Make an 814% 5% Inch Sheet of Paper Fold an BY x 14 inch sheet of paper In half, and crease really well. Unfold. Hold the paper so the crease faces up {ou Ni Socal arsed a acca tis pat. ineanest to you ———__ — ‘The paper should start to tear where the midline crease mects the forward edge. Continue to apaly peessure evenly, and the paper will tear wery meaty in half, With a bit of practice, this becomes really easy. and faster than scissors! 4 Getting Started Stationery Fight Depins with a series of relatively easy sauiplanes, before building to the niind-twisting stutl Good luck, and happy landings? n Thirdsies ‘5. Fold se that the top comer Hes along, the crease made in ‘ep 2. 8, Valley fold the top down so that the top edge Mes on the comers. 10. Valley fold the top down along the crease made in step 2. 11. Mountain fold the top all the ‘way underneath. = Hold Thindsies in the back, and bet go for a nice, steady glide. Bottlenose Start with an 814 » 5th Inch sheet of paper creased In bull lengthwise. Valley fold se the top ediges meet the center line. 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 ae ee 8, Mountain fold one side over. but heawe the short trlanigle at the top where i Is. aa 10, Fold the stabilizers wp ablway down the wings. = e a Skeeter Thrown hard or soft, Skeeter will give a (p00d flight every time, The folding gets a litte bit more complicated, though, 2. Like £0. Repeat on the other side, Valley Fold so that the top comer lies on the center ling. The fold should pass sight ‘thraaigh the battam comer, This gets a bit tricky. Valley fold so that the top left comer les on the center live. Make ‘Untold and repeat on the ether side, ‘sure thal the fold runs through the intersection af the two flaps you Just folded in, ‘Rabbit ear the top down and to the side using the creases made In the last two steps, Fold the top flap across and crease well. ‘squash fold the flap to the other side, ‘alley fold the bottom point af the top layer i consists of paired white flaps} ta the topmost paint, Carefully fold theough all the layers. ‘Mountain fold the bottom point up lato the Interior of the Skeeter using the fold made in hep #. Fold the wings down following a line by the top layer in the front, Glider Supreme ‘Start with an 814 « 516 inch sheet of paper creased in half lengthwise. The paper should always be creased im the middle: to preserve symmetry Valley fold the comers so the top edge lies an the center line. ——g Se Front View Ly W you give this airplane an seasy toss, it will give you an thegant, gentle ghide, Elapse lapse presents large contre surfaces, and can be immed to do a great mary things. Start with a sheet of paper creased in half lengtivnise. F-l4 ‘This sleek design reminds me ofan FA Tomcat In ‘supersonic fight. Start with a sheet of paper folded is half and creased down the middle. 1 2 ‘Valley fold from top center to Squash fold the resulting flap. atom enenes, Omega Flyer “Another good stunt airplane: begin with the Airplane Base. ‘Mauntain fold the top so the point touches the base of the upper triangular area. 4a Thin-layer Aerodynamics ‘A collection of excellent paper aipplines. Be warned that the folding gets even more difficult trom heret 45 Loopmaker An excellent plane that can be adjusted to do alll ‘manner of stunts, including loops. Begin with the Canard Base, 46 Mach II This ts ome of my best flyers. Start with the Aleplane Base. ‘Valley fold in Balt, Fold wings ard stabilizers as shown, = Side View Multi-Stage Craft Start with an 8¥ix 5% Inch sheet of Valley fold the rectangular flap up as faras Ht will go, Mountain fold in halt. ‘valley fold the eectangle in hal. Thunderbird ‘The idea here is the same as the previous but the effect is quite different. Start ‘with an 85 534 inch sheet of paper from which you will male a trapezoid. 1. Make valley folds from the batlom comer to the tnp edge such that the top comer es on the center. ‘This is cimilar to step 3.04 the ‘MultiStage Craft. Hold the bottom: layer down while valley folding the top luyer so the raw edge lies flush Walkey fold the top part in hall. oF Coriolis Max ‘This elegant glider sone of my favorites, A rmedium-hard or hard throw will give you a great flight. Begin with a sheet of paper creased down the middle, Fold the top layers underneath a3 in step 4 of the Multi Stage Craft. Pocket Aerobat ike any good stut place, this will fly as “Valley fold the top layer dawn along ‘the 2/3 crease while holding the ‘bottom layer still. Two flaps on the inside will oper: up and farm a square, a BGR PX ‘Walley told the top layer so the Valley fold in halt. iolded edge on top thes flush with the center line. Valley fold the wings down Fold up the stabilizers, one layer only. AT Canards Real canards tabe advantage of a forward wing con ipuration, which assists in manewvering and can help “avoid stalls —situations when the airplane fs pointed too high fa high “anple of attack") and the air flow decreases over the wing. Stalls are most common during takeoffs and Jandings, when the airplane és mowing at slow speed and maneuvering constantly. Ih eanards, the front wing will usually stail ood before ihe main wings. automatically decreaning the angie of attack and preventing this very dangeraus condition. This section contains matny of the airplanes made from the canued base and a few that aren't Aerobotch ‘This ungainly little plane makes a superb dart. Its large comtral sur: aces can ako be used to-create many maneuvers and stunts. Start ‘with the Alpplane Base. Valley fold in half once again. “Tuck the two corners underneath ‘the side flaps and sink the top, ‘Valley told and open out as fa Step. ‘Sof the Pocket Aerobat. a Reverse fold so that the folded edge on top les on the centes. Valley fold wings ard rear stabilizers. Pleator Volant The folding method here is simiar to the Pocket Acrobat. Begin with the Canard Base, % 4 } | ‘Tum the model over. Valley fold and open cut as ia Step 5 of the Pocket Acrobat, 5 % Turn the model ever, ‘Valley fold so that the top edige lies on the center line, Hammerhead ‘For this canard begin with Step 2 of the Loopmaker Bisecting the angles at tho top, Squash fold the upper flaps. to the outside. down as Far as It wll go. alley fold to form the ferward edges of the wings s0 that the top ‘edge of the wing section (which lies between two larors and is not wisibbe in the diagram} touches the center line. n Pagodor Volant ‘Along tinte ago | tried mounting a traditional ‘hanese pagoda on the end of a rectangle to make an airplane, What I got was this interesting deltas winged canard with a trick front end. Ragin tance again) with Loopmakes, Step 2. as Squash fold the uppermost flaps. Spread the flaps on top apart. This ‘will create & pocket that can be ‘easly flattened. os | = Flip s0 that the point at the top ‘Turn the model over. goes behind and the two small triangles ip epward. ‘ 2 ‘Valley fold 0 the folded edge Mowntain fold the trailing edges of ‘on top: lies on the center (this the wing undersides behind. fold is similar to Step 5 of the Hammerhead). aA bh ‘Mountain fotd in half, Valley fold the wrings. ‘Valley fald the stabilizers, ~ Jolly Roger This amlate bitte airplane begins with the Canard Base. tt also uses one of the nastiest sink: folds in origami Good hack. & & ‘Valley fold the top half of the ‘Valley fold the top comer to the _spread-out region back down. front of the lorward wings. Crease well, and unfold, ' ‘Valley fold so that the top edges line upp with the center. Be careful Using mountain folds frors hase te Up, narow the leading edges of ‘the wings. _ +. ‘Valley fold so that the slanted ‘Valley fold the nove and ievert it ‘edges in front lie along the center. Into the packets betew, ‘Two narrow flaps will have to be ‘Valley feild the wings trem the Bombwielder Ok, 50 it's not a canard, but it boobs staff. Capable of delivering a payload of serni-guided missiles or bombs, this design contains some ‘of the toughest origami around, Start with the Canard Base, aS & Squash fold the left flap to the right. Pll the lower flap down while ‘opening and flattening the sink. Repeat steps 15-19 on the other sides. Be sure to keep the two sides ‘even; its easy to lose symmetry at this point. Valley fold ene layer af the war pod te Valley fold the rear of the war pod the right, and mountaia fold one wing ‘ver as far as it will go. Sink the front to the belt. sf the wa pod from commer to corner on one side only. fold the lower front of the war valley: pod and tuck lt Into the pocket formed in the previous step. Valley fold the lower rear flap so that it stands straight up (perpensdicular to the rest).

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