EN GL ISH AT HAND

Past Tense
Where were you born?
I was born in Argentina.

Were you born in Buenos Aires?

Yes, I was.
No, I wasn’t. I was born in Córdova.

When did you move to los Angeles?

I moved here ten years ago. I didn’t speak English.
Past Tense

Did you take English classes in Argentina?

Yes, I did. I took classes for a year.
No, I didn’t. My aunt taught me at home.
Used to

I used to be very messy, but now, I’m very neat.

Did you use to collect things?
Yes, I used to collect comic books.
No, I didn’t use to collect anything, but now I collect art

What sports did you use to play?

I never used to play sports, but now I play tennis.
Adverbs of quantity

 With count nouns  With noncount nouns

 There are too many cars.  There is too much trafic.

 There should be fewer cars.  There should be less pollution.
 We need more subway lines.  We need more public
transportation.
 There aren’t enough buses.  There isn’t enough parking
Indirect questions using Wh-questions

 Wh-questions with be  Indirect questions

 Where is the bank?  Could you tell me where the

bank is?
 Where are the rest rooms?  Do you know where the rest
rooms are?

 Wh-questions with do or did

 Indirect questions

 Can you tell me how often the

 How often do the buses leave?
buses leave?
 Do you know what time the
 What time does the bank open? bank opens?
In dir ect questio ns u sing Wh-
questio ns

 When did Flight 566 arrive?  Do you know when Flight 566
arrived?
Evaluations and comparisons
 Evaluations with adjectives.
 Apartments aren’t big enough
for families.
 Apartments are too small for
pets.
 Comparisons with adjectives.
 Houses aren’t as convenient as
apartments.
 Houses are just as convenient
as apartments.
 Evaluations with nouns.
 Apartments don’t have enough
parking spaces.
 Houses cost too much money.
 Comparisons with nouns
 Apartments have just as many
rooms as houses.
 Apartments don’t have as much
privacy as houses.
 List of Irregular Verbs
Infinitive Simple Past Tense Participle Meaning
be was, were been SER/ESTAR
break broke broken QUEBRAR
bring brought brought TRAER
buy bought bought COMPRAR
do did done HACER
drive drove driven CONDUCIR
drink drank drunk BEBER
eat ate eaten COMER
forget forgot forgotten OLVIDAR
go went gone IR
grow grew grown CRECER
know knew known SABER-CONOCER
speak spoke spoken HABLAR
take took taken TOMAR
teach taught taught ENSEÑAR
Use of: “Was/Were”
- I - You
- He Was - We Were
- She - They
- It

+ -

Yes, I was No, I wasn’t

Yes, You were No, You weren’t
Yes, He was No, He wasn’t
Yes, She was No, She wasn’t
Yes, It was No, It wasn’t
Yes, We were No, We weren’t
Yes, They were No, They weren’t
 List of Irregular Verbs
Infinitive Simple Past Tense Participle Meaning
be was, were been SER/ESTAR
break broke broken QUEBRAR
bring brought brought TRAER
buy bought bought COMPRAR
do did done HACER
drive drove driven CONDUCIR
drink drank drunk BEBER
eat ate eaten COMER
forget forgot forgotten OLVIDAR
go went gone IR
grow grew grown CRECER
know knew know SABER-CONOCER
speak spoke spoken HABLAR
take took taken TOMAR
teach taught taught ENSEÑAR
Use of: “Did”
 I did
 You did
 He did
 She did
 It did
 We did
 They did

Examples:

Did you go to the supermarket? – Yes, I did / No, I didn’t

Did he go to the zoo yesterday? – Yes, he did / No, He didn’t
Did she go shopping last week? – Yes She did / No, She didn’t
Did they go to the cinema? – Yes They did / No, They didn’t
 List of Regular Verbs
Infinitive Simple Past Tense Participle Meaning
Arrive Arrived Arrived Llegar
Believe Believed Believed Creer
Cough Coughed Coughed Toser
Guess Guessed Guessed Adivinar, Suponer
Happen Happened Happened Suceder
Hate Hated Hated Odiar, Cargarle a uno
Learn Learned Learned Aprender
Move Moved Moved Mover, Trasladar, Cambiarse
Play Played Played Jugar, Tocar,
Slow Slowed Slowed Disminuir
Sneeze Sneezed Sneezed Estornudar
Snow Snowed Snowed Nevar
Work Worked Worked Trabajar, funcionar
 List of Irregular Verbs
Infinitive Simple Past Tense Participle Meaning
be was, were been SER/ESTAR
break broke broken QUEBRAR
bring brought brought TRAER
buy bought bought COMPRAR
do did done HACER
drive drove driven CONDUCIR
drink drank drunk BEBER
eat ate eaten COMER
forget forgot forgotten OLVIDAR
go went gone IR
grow grew grown CRECER
know knew know SABER-CONOCER
speak spoke spoken HABLAR
take took taken TOMAR
teach taught taught ENSEÑAR
 List of Irregular Verbs
Infinitive Simple Past Tense Participle Meaning
be was, were been SER/ESTAR
break broke broken QUEBRAR
bring brought brought TRAER
buy bought bought COMPRAR
do did done HACER
drive drove driven CONDUCIR
drink drank drunk BEBER
eat ate eaten COMER
forget forgot forgotten OLVIDAR
go went gone IR
grow grew grown CRECER
know knew know SABER-CONOCER
speak spoke spoken HABLAR
take took taken TOMAR
teach taught taught ENSEÑAR
Used to

Past

 “When I was a Kid, I used to be very messy, but now I’m very neat.
Adverbs of quantity

 Examples
 Too many + count nouns
“There are too many cars”

 Less + noncount nouns

“There should be less pollution”
 Wish
Some Examples of Wish
How to Use it

I live with my Parents.

I Wish I had my own apartment.

We can’t move out.

We Wish We Could move out.

She drank too much at the party.

She Wishes She hadn’t drunk so much at the party.
Simple Past VS Present Perfect

How to Use Simple Past

How to Use Present Perfect

Last Sunday I ate chinese food

Yesterday I went to the cinema with
my friends

I have worked in this bank for ten years

I have missed my Job
Seq uen ce A dverbs
First ,Then ,Next ,After ,Finally

Some examples
Futu re wit h be going to and
wi ll
What are you going to do on the weekend?
I'm going to dance with my girlfriend
I’m going to relax at the beach

What about you, any plans ?

I’m not sure, Maybe I’ll watch a few
DVDs.
Mo dals f or ne ces sity an d
Su gge st ion s
How to Use Modal Verbs

The red light means you must stop

You need to make a reservation
I will have to buy the tickets before.

You'd better avoid being late

you ought to pack a first-aid kit
You should be dancing
Next Carlos
Wish Return
I liv e with my Pa re nts .
Return
Sh e dra nk too mu ch at
the par ty. Return
We Wish We Could move
Return
out
I ‘ve missed my Job Return
I'm goi ng to dance with
my gi rl frie nd Return

subje ct + b e + goin g t o + v erb in i nfi nitive

I’m goin g to rela x a t
Return
the b each
The red light means you
must s top Return
I will h ave to b uy t he
Return
tic ket s b efor e.
You need to make a
Return
reser vati on
You' d bett er avoi d be ing
late Return
you ought to pack a f irst -
ai d kit Return
yo u sh ould b e d ancing
Return
Affirmative: subject + must + verb in infinitive
Negative : subject + must + not + verb in infinitive
Interrogative : must + subject + verb in infinitive
Return

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

Present must mustn't must I?

have to don't have to / do I have to?

haven't got to
needn't have I got to?

Past had to hadn't got to had I got to?

didn't have to did I have to?

Future will have to won't have to will I have to?

Wish
Subj ect + Wi sh + Subj ect + Ve rb in past
tense to refe r to p resent wishe s Return

Subject How to use Present wishes

I Wish I + Verb Past Tense

You Wish You + Verb Past Tense
She / He / IT Wishes She / He / IT
+ Verb Past Tense
We Wish We + Verb Past Tense
They Wish They + Verb Past Tense
Irre gular Ve rb s Return

Infinitive Past Tense Participle Meaning

be was, were been SER/ESTAR

do did done HACER

have /
has had had TENER

take took taken TOMAR

teach taught taught ENSEÑAR

Irre gular Ve rb s Return

Infinitive Simple Past Participle Meaning

Tense

be was, were been SER/ESTAR

do did done HACER

have /
has had had TENER

take took taken TOMAR

teach taught taught ENSEÑAR

Pr ese nt Pe rfect
Return

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I have gone I haven't Have I gone ?
gone
You have gone You haven't Have you gone ?
gone
She / He / IT has gone He hasn't Has She / He / IT gone
gone
We have gone We haven't Have we gone ?
gone
They have gone They haven't Have they gone ?
gone
Simp le Pa st
Return

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I went I didn't go Did I go ?
You went You didn't go Did you go ?
She / He / IT went She / He / IT did She / He / IT go
didn't go
We went We didn't go Did we go ?
They went They didn't Did they go ?
go
Irre gular Ve rb s Return

Infinitive Simple Past Participle Meaning

Tense

be was, were been SER/ESTAR

do did done HACER

eat ate eaten COMER

take took taken TOMAR

teach taught taught ENSEÑAR

Irre gular Ve rb s Return

Infinitive Simple Past Participle Meaning

Tense

be was, were been SER/ESTAR

do did done HACER

go went gone IR

take took taken TOMAR

teach taught taught ENSEÑAR

Irre gular Ve rb s Return

Infinitive Simple Past Participle Meaning

Tense

be was, were been SER/ESTAR

do did done HACER

go went gone IR

take took taken TOMAR

teach taught taught ENSEÑAR

Irre gular Ve rb s Return

Infinitive Simple Past Participle Meaning

Tense

be was, were been SER/ESTAR

buy bought bought COMPRAR

do did done HACER

take took taken TOMAR

teach taught taught ENSEÑAR

Irre gular Ve rb s Return

Infinitive Simple Past Participle Meaning

Tense

be was, were been SER/ESTAR

do did done HACER

go went gone IR

take took taken TOMAR

teach taught taught ENSEÑAR

Re gulars Ve rbs Return

Infinitive Simple Past Participle Meaning

Tense

Call called called LLAMAR

Fix fixed fixed ARREGLAR

Miss missed missed PERDER

Turn turned turned GIRAR

Work worked worked TRABAJAR

Pr ese nt Pe rfect Return
Tw o-part verbs, wi ll for respondi ng to
requests
With nouns With pronouns Requests and responses

Turn down the radio. Turn it down. Please turn down the music.
Turn the radio down. OK. I’ll turn it down.
Pick up those leaves. Pick them up. Pick up your clothes, please.
Pick your tools up. All right. I’ll pick them up.
Please let the dog out. Let the dog out, please.
Please let out the dog OK. I’ll let it out.

Requests with modals and Would you mind…?

Turn Down
Pick up

Let out

Return
Pe rso nal Pr onouns
Personal Pronouns

Singular Subjective Possessive Objective

1st person I my, mine me

2nd person you your, yours you

3rd person he his him

she her, hers her
it its it

Plural

1st person we our, ours us

2nd person you your, yours you

3rd person
they their, theirs them

Two-part verbs, will for responding to requests

 Request s with modals and Woul d you m ind
Modal + simple form of verb Would you mind … + gerund

Can you turn the stereo off? Would you mind turning the stereo down

Could you close the door, please? Would you mind closing the door,please?

Would you please take your garbage out? Would you mind not putting your garbage
here?

Infinitives and gerunds for uses and purposes

Mo dals
Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I can go I can't go Can I go ?

I could go I couldn't go Could I go ?

I may go I may not go May I go ?

I might go I might not go Might I go ?

I must go I mustn't go Must I go ?

I should go I shouldn't go Should I go ?

I would go I wouldn't go Would I go ?

Requests with modals and Would you mind…?

 Inf ini ti ves and gerunds for uses and
purposes
Infinitives Gerunds

I use my computer to send e-mails. I use my computer for sending e-mails.

Computers are often used to pay bills. Computers are often used for paying bills.

I use my car to go to work I use my car for going to work.

Imperatives and infinitives for giving suggestions

Irre gula r Ve rb s
Infinitive Simple Past Tense Participle Gerunds Meaning

Take Took Taken Taking Tomar

Send Sent Sent Sending Enviar
Pay Paid Paid Paying Pagar
Go Went Gone Going Ir
Be Was/Were Been Being Ser/Estar
Forget Forgot Forgotten Forgeting Olvidar
Make Made Made Making Preparar
Give Gave Given Giving Dar
Have/Has Had Had Having Tener
Keep Kept Kept Keeping Mantener
Know Knew Know Knowing Saber/Conocer
Learn Learned/Learnt Learned/Learnt Learning Aprender
Lose Lost Lost Losing Perder
Meet Met Met Meeting Reunir/Encontrarse
Sleep Slept Slept Sleeping Dormir
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking Hablar
Spend Spent Spent Spending Permanecer/Gastar
Swim Swam Swum Swimming Nadar
Infinitives and gerunds for uses and purposes
Re gula r Ve rbs
Infinitive Simple Past Tense Participle Gerunds Meaning

Turn Turned Turned Turning Girar

Close Closed Closed Closing Cerrar
Remember Remembered Remembered Remembering Recordar
Try Tried Tried Trying Tratar
Celebrate Celebrated Celebrated Celebrating Celebrar
Greet Greeted Greeted Greeting Saludar
Guess Guessed Guessed Guessing Adivinar/Suponer
Hail Hailed Hailed Hailing Granizar
Hunt Hunted Hunted Hunting Cazar
Identify Identified Identified Identifiying Identificar
Ignore Ignored Ignored Ignoring Ignorar
Imagine Imagined Imagined Imagining Imaginar
Impress Impressed Impressed Impressing Impresionar
Improve Improved Improved Improving Mejorar
Jump Jumped Jumped Jumping Saltar

Requests with modals and Would you mind…?

 Imper ati ves and inf ini tives for givi ng
suggesti ons
Be sure to turn it on. Remember to pay the bill every month.

Don´t forget to dial the area code. Try not to talk for too long.

Make sure to hit the “end” button. Try to arrive early today.

Relative clauses of time

 Rel at ive cl aus es of ti me
Thanksgiving is a day. When North Americans celebrate the harvest .

February 14 is the day. When people give cards to the ones they love.

New Year´s Eve is a night. When I have fun with my friends.

Next Grammar Focus

 February 14
Thanksgiving

New Year´s eve

Relative clauses of time

 Adver bial cl aus es of ti me
When people get married in Japan, they sometimes have the ceremony at a shrine.

After the food is served, the guests give speeches or sing songs.

Before the guests leave, the bride and groom give them presents.

She began cooking while I was finishing my homework.

Af ter

 Future tense is used in this adverbial

clause.
After she graduates, she will get a job.

I will leave before he comes.

 When
 When I arrived, he was talking on the
phone.

 When I see him tomorrow, I will ask

him.
Whil e/As
During that time.
* Adverb clause is in past progressive.
While I was walking home, it began to
rain.

As I was walking home, it began to rain.

By t he t ime

 By the time he arrived, we had

already left.
 By the time he comes, we will have
already left.
Sin ce

 From that time to the present

 The present perfect is used in the main
clause.
 I haven’t seen him since he left this
morning.

 I’ve known her ever since I was a child.

Un til

 We stayed there until we finished

our lesson.
 We stayed there till we finished our
lesson.
As so on a s
On ce
 As soon as it starts raining, we will
leave.

 Once I have a chance, I will throw

you an ice ball.
As lo ng a s

From the Beginning to the end.

 I will never speak to him as long as I live.
 I will never speak to him so long as I live.
Wheneve r
Eve ry t ime
 Whenever I see her, I say hello.

 Every time I see her, I say hello.

Th e firs t t ime,
the se cond
time…
 The first time that
I went to New
York, I went to an
opera.

 I saw two plays

the last time (that)
I went to New
York.

 The next time

(that) I go to New
York, I’m going to
see a ballet.