CHNG 5:

M Ha & iu Ch

. 5.1 CHUYN I S S (M HO S S)

+Khi nim: L phng php biu din d liu s bng tn hiu s. V d: khi truyn d liu t my tnh sang my in, d liu gc v d liu truyn u dng s. + c im: cc bit 1 v 0 c chuyn i thnh chui xung in p c th truyn qua ng dy. + S khi:

+ Phn loi: unipolar (M n cc), polar (M c cc), bipolar (M lng cc).

5.1.1 Unipolar- M n cc: + c im L dng m ha n gin nht (nguyn thy-ra i u tin). Mt mc in p biu din cho bit 0 v mt mc in p khc biu din cho bit 1. 0 0 volt ; Tn ti trong mt chu k bit 1+V volt (+5V, +9V).; Tn ti trong mt chu k bit V d: Cho chui bit: 01001110, hy biu din chui bit ny di dng m n cc.

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+ u im : n gin v chi ph thp. + Khuyt im: Tn ti in p mt chiu (DC) v bi ton ng b. -Thnh phn DC: Tr trung bnh ca m n cc khc khng , to ra thnh phn in p DC trn ng truyn. Khi tn hiu tn ti thnh phn DC, khng th i xuyn qua mi trng truyn. -Kh nng ng b: Khi tn hiu truyn c gi tr khng thay i, my thu khng th xc nh c thi gian tn ti ca mt bit (Chu k bit) . Hng gii quyt c th dng thm mt dy dn truyn tn hiu ng b gip my thu bit v chu k bit. 5.1.2 Polar: + Khi nim: m ha polar dng hai mc in p: mt mc c gi tr dng v mt mc c gi tr m, nhm gim thnh phn DC. + Phn loi: NRZ, RZ v Biphase. NRZ: NRZ-L (nonreturn to zerolevel: Cng COM RS232) v NRZI (nonreturn to zero invert) RZ (return to zero). Biphase: Manchester (dng trong mng ethernet LAN), Manchester vi sai ( thng c dng trong Token Ring LAN) + c im: Tn hiu c gi tr l dng (+V) hoc m (-V). + Phn loi: NRZ L (Cng COM RS232) v NRZ I a. NRZ L: + c im: Bit 0+V (+3V, +5V, +15V..); Bit 1 -V (-3V, -5V,- 15V) Tn ti sut 1 chu k bit V d: Cho chui 01001110, hy biu din chui bit ny di dng m NRZ L.

5.1.2.1 NRZ (NONRETURN TO ZERO)

u im: Thnh phn DC gim hn so vi m n cc. 44

Khuyt im: Bi ton ng b: Khi tn hiu truyn c gi tr khng thay i, my thu khng th xc nh c thi gian tn ti ca mt bit (Chu k bit) . Hng gii quyt c th lm dng thm mt dy dn truyn tn hiu ng b gip my thu bit v chu k bit b. NRZ I: + c im: Gp bit 1 s o cc in p trc . Gp bit 0 s khng o cc in p trc . (Bit u tin c th gi s dng hoc m) V d: Cho chui 01001110, hy biu din chui bit ny di dng m NRZ I. Gi s ban u in p dng.

5.1.2.2 RZ : + c im:

u im hn NRZ L vn ng b c gii quyt khi gp chui bit 1 lin tip.

Bit 0 Na chu k u ca bit l in p -V v na chu k sau ca bit l in p 0V. Bit 1 Na chu k u ca bit l in p +V v na chu k sau ca bit l in p 0V.

+ V d: Cho chui 01001110, hy biu din chui bit ny di dng m RZ.

+ u im: Gii quyt vn ng b cho chui bit 1 hoc chui bit 0 lin tip. 45

+ Khuyt im: c bng thng rng hn (di tn s ln). C 3 mc in p. Tuy nhin, ta s thy y l phng php hiu qu nht. ( Mt phng php m ha tn hiu s tt phi c d phng cho ch ng b) 5.1.2.3 BIPHASE: + c im: Tn ti in p +V v -V trong 1 bit. Thnh phn DC bng zr. Phng php ng b ha tt. *Manchester: Bit 0 Na chu k u ca bit l in p +V v na chu k cn li l in p -V Bit 1 Na chu k u ca bit l in p -V v na chu k cn li l in p + V * Manchester vi sai: Gp bit 0 s o cc in p trc . Gp bit 1 s gi nguyn cc in p trc . Lun lun c s thay i in p ti gia chu k bit. + V d: Cho chui 01001110, hy biu din chui bit ny di dng m Manchester v Manchester vi sai. Gi s ban u in p dng.

+ Phn loi: Manchester v Manchester vi sai.

+ u im: Cc v tr gia chu k bit cho php to ng b. Thnh phn DC trit tiu. 5.1.3 BIPOLAR (Lng cc) + c im: Dng ba mc in p: dng, m, v zr (0 volt). + Phn loi: AMI, B8ZS, v HDB3

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5.1.3.1 AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion) + c im: Bit 0 0 Volt. Tn ti 1 chu k bit Bit 1 in p -V hoc + V lun phin (Tn ti 1 chu k bit).

+ V d: Cho chui d liu 01001110, hy biu din chui bit ny di dng m AMI. Gi s ban u in p m. (gi s bit 1 u tin c in p dng).

Bin th ca phng php ny c gi l gi tam nguyn (pseudo-ternary) theo cc bit 0 ln lt nhn cc gi tr in p dng v m. + u im : AMI lm trit tiu thnh phn DC ca tn hiu ng b i vi chui cc gi tr bit 1 lin tip. D mt ng b i vi chui cc gi tr bit 0 lin tip.

+Khuyt im : 5.1.3.2 B8ZS (Bipolar 8- Zero Substitution): + c im: Bit 1 in p -V hoc + V lun phin (Tn ti 1 chu k bit), o cc in p trc . Bit 0 m s bit 0 lin tip: Nu nh hn 8 th m ho l 0 Volt. Nu l 8 th m ho nh sau: + 00000000 + 000 + - 0 - + (+ +V; - -V) - 00000000 - 000 - + 0 +- (+ +V; - -V)

+ V d: Cho chui 10000000000100, hy biu din chui bit ny di dng m B8ZS. Gi s bit 1 u tin c in p dng.

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5.1.3.3 HDB3 (High-Density Bipolar) + c im: Bit 1 in p -V hoc + V lun phin (Tn ti 1 chu k bit), o cc in p trc . Bit 0 m s bit 0

Nu nh hn 4 th m ho l 0 Volt. Nu l 4 th tnh tng s xung (xung m hoc xung dng) trc 4 bit 0 : L s l: L s chn: +0000 +000+ +0000 +-00-0000 -+00+

+ V d: Dng m HDB3, m ha lung bit 10000000000100, bit bit 1 u tin l in p dng v tng s xung ban u l s chn.

V d: Cho 1 chui nh phn 10 bit 0 lin tip, hy biu din chui bit ny di dng cc m Unipolar, NRZ- L, NRZ -I, RZ, Manchester, Manchester vi sai, AMI, B8ZS, HDB3. Gi s in p trc 10 bit ny l dng v s bit 1 l s chn.

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V d: Cho 1 chui nh phn 10 bit 1 lin tip, hy biu din chui bit ny di dng cc m Unipolar, NRZ-I, NRZ-L, RZ, Manchester, Manchester vi sai, AMI, B8ZS, HDB3. Gi s in p trc 10 bit ny l dng v s bit 1 l s chn. V d: Cho 1 chui nh phn 111110000, hy biu din chui bit ny di dng cc m Unipolar, NRZ-I, NRZ-L, RZ, Manchester, Manchester vi sai, AMI, B8ZS, HDB3. Gi s in p trc 10 bit ny l dng v s bit 1 l s chn. 5.2 CHUYN I TNG T - S (ANALOG DIGITAL) (s ha tn hiu tng t) Khi cn ri rc ha tn hiu tng t. khi gi tn hiu thoi qua ng dy di, do tn hiu s c tnh chng nhiu tt hn so vi tn hiu tng t (analog). 49

+Khi nim: Chuyn i tng t-s l qu trnh chuyn tn hiu tng t thnh lung tn hiu s. Hoc biu din cc thng tin c trong tn hiu lin tc thnh chui cc tn hiu s 1, 0. +Mc ch: Gim thiu khi lng ln cc gi tr trong thng tin ca tn hiu tng t c th c biu din thnh lung tn hiu s m khng b tht thot thng tin. codec (coder decoder) m ho v gii m. Chng nhiu. D x l.

+S khi:

Ch : C th s dng bt k dng tn hiu s no trong mc 5.1, Khng lm tht thot hay lm gim cht lng tin.

5.2.1 PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation iu ch bin xung): + PAM : Ly mu v to ra chui xung. y l bc u tin cho vic chuyn i tng t - s

+ iu kin ly mu (sampling rate) Theo nh l Nyquist, tc ly mu phi ln hn hoc bng hai ln tn s cao nht ca tn hiu.

fs 2.fimax fs: Tn s ly mu; fimax : Tn s ln nht ca tn hiu ng vo.

Chu k ly mu

Ts: Ts = 1/fs- khong cch gia 2 mu k tip

Tn hiu PAM khng c dng trong thng tin s vi l do cha qu nhiu thnh phn bin vi cc gi tr khc nhau (vn cn l dng tng t). Cu hi: Tn hiu PAM l g? Nu iu kin ly mu. 50

5.2.2

PCM (Pulse Coded Modulation - iu ch xung m):

+ Khi nim: PCM l qu trnh chuyn tn hiu PAM sang tn hiu s. + Cc bc thc hin PCM: 4 bc: Ly mu v gi (PAM). Lng t ha. M ha nh phn. M ha s - s.

PAM: ly mu v gi (theo nh l Nyquist)

Lng t ha (quantilization): l phng thc gn gi tr bt k ca tn hiu PAM (sau khi ly mu) v mt mc c nh sn.

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M ho nh phn: Chuyn mi mu lng t thnh 1 t hp nh phn. S bit cho 1 mc = log2[tng s mc lng t] V d: C 256 mc lng t, suy ra S bit cho 1 mc: log2[256]=8 bit. V d: Mi gi tr c chuyn sang gi tr by bit nh phn tng ng, bit th tm nhm biu th du.

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M ho s- s: Chuyn cc bit nh phn thnh tn hiu s (m n cc, lng cc.)

V d : phng php iu ch xung m PCM ca mt tn hiu s c chuyn theo m unipolar, trong hnh ch v gi tr 3 mu u.

+ PCM l phng php ly mu tn hiu c dng trong s ha tn hiu thoi trong truyn dn T-line trong h thng vin thng Bc M, E -line trong h thng vin thng Chu u.

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V d 3: Tnh tc ly mu (tn s ly mu) ca tn hiu c bng thng 10kHz (t 1kHz n 11kHz)? Gii: fs 2 fimax fimax= 11kHz=11.000Hz; Tc ly mu phi l hai ln tn s cao nht ca tn hiu: fs = 2 fimax Tc ly mu = 2 . (11.000) = 22.000 mu/ giy. + S bit trong mi mu l Log2(Tng s mc)

n = Log2(M);
n: l s bit trong mi mu. (nguyn) M: l tng s mc V d 4: Ly mu tn hiu, c 12 mc. Hi cn bao nhiu bit trong mi mu? Gii: S bit cn trong mi mu l:

n = Log2(M)= Log2(12)= 3,17 lm trn 4

Mi mu c 4 bit + Tc bit (bit rate): Tc bit ca lung PCM Tc bit = tc ly mu . s bit trong mi mu. Rbit = fs . n (bps; kbps) fs : Tn s ly mu (tc ly mu) n: s bit trong mi mu. 54

V d 5: Cn s ha tn hiu thoi, hy tnh tc bit ca lung PCM. Gi s c 8 bit trong mi mu v tn hiu thoi c tn s cc i l 4 KHz. Gii: Tc ly mu = fimax x 2= 4000 x 2 = 8000 mu/giy. Tc bit c tnh theo: Tc bit = Tc ly mu . s bit trong mi mu = 8000 x 8 = 64.000 bps = 64Kbps

Cu Hi:
1. V s khi ca k thut PCM, gii thch chc nng tng khi, nu iu kin ly mu. 2. Tnh tc ly mu, chu k ly mu, tc bit ca lung PCM.

5.3 CHUYN I S-TNG T (iu ch s)

+Khi nim: iu ch s l qu trnh thay i mt trong cc c tnh (Bin , Tn s, Pha) ca tn hiu sng mang (iu ho, sin) da trn thng tin ca tn hiu s (1 v 0). ( l qu trnh dng tn hiu s thay i mt trong cc c tnh ca tn hiu sng mang )

+L do iu ch s: Khi truyn d liu t mt thit b s A sang mt thit b s B dng ng dy in thoi, v tuyn (anten). Hoc khong cch truyn xa. Dy in thoi li mang tn hiu tng t, nn phi chuyn i tn hiu s sang tn hiu tng t. Ghp knh. + S khi

+ Phn loi: Tn hiu sin c nh ngha t ba c tnh: bin , tn s v gc pha. 55

Trong truyn s liu, ta quan tm n cc phng php sau: ASK (amplitude shift keying) ; iu ch s bin ; kho dch bin FSK (frequency shift keying) ; iu ch s tn s; kho dch tn s PSK (phase shift keying) ; iu ch s pha; kho dch pha

Ngoi ra cn c phng thc th t l QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation: iu ch bin cu phng) thng dng trong cc modem.

+ Cc yu t ca iu ch s C 2 yu t quan trng iu ch s: Tc bit/baud v Tn hiu sng mang (Sin). Tc bit (Rbit): l s bit c truyn trong mt giy. (bps: bit per second) Tc baud (Rbaud=Nbaud): l s n v tn hiu truyn trong mt giy. (baud/s) n v tn hiu l mt tn hiu sng mang cha tn hiu s Mt n v tn hiu (c th mang 1bit, 2bit, 3 bit) S bit trong n v tn hiu= log2[s loi n v tn hiu]

ngha tc baud nhm xc nh bng thng cn thit truyn tn hiu. Tc bit = tc baud . s bit trong mt n v tn hiu Rbit= Rbaud.n + V d: 56

Baud tng t nh xe, cn bit tng t nh ngi trong xe. Mt chuyn xe ch mt hoc nhiu ngi. Nu 1000 xe di chuyn t im ny sang im khc ch ch mt ngi (V d li xe) th mang c 1000 ngi. Vi s xe trn, mi xe ch 4 ngi, ta vn chuyn c 4000 ngi. S xe l n v lu thng trn ng, tc l to nhu cu v rng ca con ng.

Ni cch khc, tc baud xc nh bng thng cn thit, ch khng phi tc bit. V d 6: Mt tn hiu tng t (sng mang) mang 4 bit trong n v tn hiu. Gi s c 1000 n v tn hiu c truyn trong mt giy, hy xc nh tc baud v tc bit. Gii: Tc baud = s n v tn hiu = 1000 baud/giy Tc bit = tc baud x s bit trong mt n v tn hiu =1000 x 4 = 4000 bps. V d 7: Cho tc bit ca tn hiu l 3000 bps. Gi s mi phn t tn hiu mang 6 bit, hy tnh tc baud. Gii: Tc baud = tc bit/ s bit trong mi phn t tn hiu = 3000/6 =500 baud/giy + Tn hiu sng mang (carrier signal): Trong truyn dn analog, thit b pht to ra tn s sng cao tn lm nn cho tn hiu thng tin. Tn hiu nn ny c gi l sng mang hay tn s sng mang (dng iu ho, sin). Thit b thu c chnh thu tn s sng mang, trong c tn hiu s c iu ch. Tn hiu mang thng tin c gi l tn hiu iu ch.

5.3.1 ASK (amplitude shift keying; iu ch s bin ): + Khi nim: L qa trnh ly cc bit 1 v 0 lm thay i bin ca tn hiu sng mang (tn s v pha khng thay i).

V d: Gi s c sng mang vc(t)=Vcmsin(2fct + 0); 0 vc1(t)=Vcm1 sin(2fct + 1800)Tn ti trong 1 chu k bit; mt loi n v tn hiu 1 vc2(t)=Vcm2 sin(2fct + 1800)Tn ti trong 1 chu k bit; mt loi n v tn hiu Gi s Vcm2 > Vcm1;

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V d: Cho mt tn hiu s c dng nh phn nh sau: 01010, bit tc bit l 5 bps. Tn hiu s c iu ch bng phng php ASK. Vi tn s sng mang l fc bng 20Hz, bin i vi bit 1 l 5V, bin i vi bit 0 l 2V v pha ban u ca sng mang l 1800. a. Hy v tn tn hiu ASK. b. Tn hiu ASK c phi l tn hiu iu ho hay khng? Gii thch. c. Tnh tc Baud. Gii: Cho: d liu, Rb, ASK, fc, bin , pha ban u. a. V tn tn hiu ASK. 0 vc1(t)=2sin(2.20t+1800) V; Tn ti trong 1 chu k bit 1 vc2(t)=5sin(2.20t+1800) V; Tn ti trong 1 chu k bit Chu k bit Tb=1/ Rb=1/5 = 200ms Chu k sng mang Tc=1/ fc =1/20 = 50ms Vy Tb= 4 Tc 1 chu k bit cha 4 chu k sng mang

b. Tn hiu ASK khng phi l tn hiu iu ho.V c 2 bin . c. Tc Baud: Nbaud = Rbaud= 5 baud/s (ASK Rbit = Rbaud) V d: (Sinh vin t lm) Cho mt tn hiu s c dng nh phn nh sau: 110100000000, bit tc bit l 5 kbps. Tn hiu s c iu ch bng phng php ASK. Vi tn s sng mang l fc bng 10 kHz, bin i vi bit 1 l 5V, bin i vi bit 0 l 0V v pha ban u ca sng mang l 00. a. b. c. d. V tn hiu s trn theo cc dng m: NRZ-L, Manchester v B8ZS. (5.1) Hy v tn hiu ASK trong 5 bit u tin. (Tb= 2.Tc) Tnh tc Baud. (ASK Rbaud= Rbit =5.000 baud/s) Tn hiu ASK c phi l tn hiu tun hon hay khng? Gii thch. (D liu s ngu nhin)

+ Khuyt im: ASK thng rt nhy cm vi nhiu bin .

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Nhiu ny thng l cc tn hiu in p xut hin trn ng dy t cc ngun tn hiu khc nh hng c ln bin ca tn hiu ASK. Phng php ASK thng dng v c gi l OOK (on-off keying). Trong OOK, c mt gi tr bit tng ng vi khng c in p. iu ny cho php tit kim ng k nng lng truyn tin.

+ Bng thng ASK: C v s tn s (khng tun hon). Sng mang fc gia, cc gi tr fc Nbaud/2 v fc + Nbaud/2 hai bin.

Bng thng cn thit truyn tn hiu ASK c tnh theo cng thc sau:: BW = fmax fmin = (fc + Nbaud/2) (fc Nbaud/2) = Nbaud= Rbaud BWASK = Rbaud Trong : BW: Bng thng [Hz] Rbaud, Nbaud: tc baud [baud/s] Vy bng thng ti thiu cn cho qu trnh truyn tn hiu ASK bng tc baud (1 hng-trn ng dy). Thc t BW =(1+d)Nbaud; d: l tha s lin quan n iu kin ng dy (c gi tr b nht l 0) V d: Cho mt tn hiu s 01010, tc bit l 5 bps, c iu ch bng phng php ASK. Tn s sng mang fc= 20Hz. Bin i vi bit 1 l 5V, bin i vi bit 0 l 2V. Pha ban u ca sng mang l 1800. a. Tnh tc Baud. b. Tnh bng thng ca tn hiu ASK trn. c. V ph ca tn hiu ASK trn. Gii: a. Tnh tc Baud.

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Tn hiu ASK, Rbaud= Rbit=5 baud/s b. Tnh bng thng ca tn hiu ASK trn. ASK, BW = Rbaud=5 (Hz); c. V ph ca tn hiu ASK trn.

V d: (Sinh vin t lm) Cho mt tn hiu s c dng nh phn nh sau: 1101000011110, bit tc bit l 5 kbps. Tn hiu s c iu ch bng phng php ASK. Vi tn s sng mang l fc bng 10 kHz, bin i vi bit 1 l 5V, bin i vi bit 0 l 0V v pha ban u ca sng mang l 900. a. b. c. d. e. V tn hiu s trn theo cc dng m: NRZ-I, Manchester vi sai v HDB3. Hy v tn tn hiu ASK trong 5 bit cui. Tnh tc Baud. (5000 Baud/s) Tnh bng thng ca tn hiu ASK trn. (5 kHz) V ph ca tn hiu ASK trn.

+ Bng thng ca h thng truyn tn hiu thay i theo ch truyn: ng dy c 1 hng truyn (ch n cng): bng thng ca ng dy ti thiu bng bng thng ca tn hiu: BWh thng min = BWng dy min = BWtn hiu. ng dy c 2 hng truyn nhng khng ng thi (ch bn song cng): bng thng ca ng dy ti thiu bng bng thng ca tn hiu: BWh thng = BWng dy = BWtn hiu= BWmi hng . ng dy c 2 hng truyn ng thi (ch song cng): bng thng ca ng dy ti thiu: BWh thng =BWng dy min =BWhng1 +BWhng2+BWbo v=2.BWtn hiu+BWbo v. BWbo v: di tn s bo v 2 hng.(l tng bng 0) V d: Tnh bng thng h thng truyn tn hiu ASK vi tc bit l 2 kbps. Ch truyn dn bn song cng.

Gii: 60

V h thng bn song cng nn: BWh thng = BWmi hng V iu ch ASK nn Rbit = Rbaud x 1= Rbaud Suy ra BWmi hng = BWASK = Rbaud = Rbit = 2000Hz Bng thng ti thiu ca h thng l BWh thng =2kHz. V d (Sinh vin t lm): Tnh bng thng h thng truyn tn hiu ASK vi tc bit l 2 kbps. Ch truyn dn song cng. V d : Cho tn hiu ASK c bng thng 5kHz, tnh tc bit v tc baud. Gii: 5kHz=5000Hz; V iu ch ASK nn Rbit = Rbaud x n = Rbaud x 1= Rbaud. M BWASK = Rbaud ; Suy ra tc baud Rbaud = BWASK =5000 baud/s; Suy ra tc bit Rbit = Rbaud =5000 bps; (C BWASK tnh c Rbit , Rbaud ) V d: Cho bng thng ca h thng truyn d liu ASK l 10 kHz (fmin=1 kHz n fmax=11 kHz), ch truyn song cng. Gi s khng c khong trng tn s gia hai hng (BWbo v=0). a. V ph ca h thng ASK trn. b. Tnh bng thng ca mi hng. c. Tnh tn s sng mang mi hng (Hng thun v hng nghch). Gii: Cho BWh thng = 10kHz; fmax = 11kHz =11.000 Hz; fmin = 1kHz = 1000Hz ; song cng; BWbo v = 0 a. V ph ASK ca h thng song cng

b. Tnh bng thng ca mi hng. Do h thng ASK song cng nn BWh thng = 2. BWmi hng + BWbo v Suy ra BWmi hng = BWtn hiu ASK = (1/2). BWh thng = 10kHz / 2 = 5kHz = 5.000 Hz c. Tnh tn s sng mang mi hng (fc2= Hng thun v fc1= hng nghch). Tn s sng mang l tn s gia: + fc1 Hng nghch (tn s thp):

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fmin = fc1 Rbaud /2 = fc1 BWASK/2 = fc1 BWmi hng /2 Suy ra fchng nghch = fc1 = fmin+ (1/2). BWmi hng = 1.000 + 5.000/2 = 3500 Hz + fc2 Hng thun (tn s cao):

fmax = fc2 + Rbaud /2 = fc2 + BWASK/2 = fc2 + BWmi hng /2 Suy ra fchng thun = fc2 = fmax - (1/2). BWmi hng = 11.000 - 5.000/2 = 8500 Hz

V d: (Sinh vin t lm) Cho mt tn hiu s c dng nh phn nh sau: 1101000011110. Tn hiu s c iu ch bng phng php ASK. H thng truyn song cng vi bng thng l 10 kHz (fmin=2,5 kHz n fmax=12,5 kHz). Gi s khng c khong trng tn s gia hai hng (BWbo v=0). Bit bin i vi bit 1 l 5V, bin i vi bit 0 l 0V v pha ban u ca sng mang l 900. a. V tn hiu s trn theo cc dng m: RZ, Manchester vi sai v AMI. Cc dng m ho trn dng tn hiu no c kh nng ng b v thnh phn DC bng zr. b. V ph ca h thng ASK trn. c. Tnh bng thng ca mi hng. (5000Hz) d. Tnh tn s sng mang mi hng (Hng thun v hng nghch). e. Hy v tn tn hiu ASK trong 5 bit cui cho hng thun.( fc2=10kHz) f. V ph y h thng ASK trn. 5.3.2 FSK (frequency shift keying): +Khi nim: L phng php m tn s ca tn hiu sng mang thay i biu din cc bit 1 v 0 (bin v gc pha khng thay i).

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V d: gi s c sng mang vc(t)=Vcmsin(2fct + 0); Bit 0 ng vi sng mang vc1(t) = Vcm sin(2fc1t+1800); Tn ti trong 1 chu k bit Bit 1 ng vi sng mang vc2(t) = Vcm sin(2fc2t+1800): Tn ti trong 1 chu k bit Gi s fc2 > fc1; V d: Cho mt tn hiu s 01101, tc bit l 5 bps, c iu ch bng phng php FSK. Bin sng mang l 5V, tn s i vi bit 1 l 20Hz, tn s i vi bit 0 l 10Hz v pha ban u ca sng mang l 1800. a. V tn tn hiu FSK. b. Tn hiu FSK c phi l tn hiu iu ho hay khng? Gii thch. c. Tnh tc Baud. Gii: a. V tn tn hiu FSK 0 vc1(t) = Vcm sin(2fc1t+1800)=5sin(2.10t+1800) V; Tn ti trong 1 chu k bit 1 vc2(t) = Vcm sin(2fc2t+1800)=5sin(2.20t+1800) V; Tn ti trong 1 chu k bit Chu k bit Tb=1/ Rb=1/5 = 200ms Chu k sng mang bit 0; Tc1=1/ fc1=1/10 =0,1s= 100ms Chu k sng mang bit 1; Tc2=1/ fc2=1/20 = =0,05s= 50ms Vy Tb= 2Tc1 =4Tc2 1 chu k bit cha 2 chu k sng mang f c1 v cha 4 chu k sng mang fc2.

b. Tn hiu FSK khng phi l tn hiu iu ho.V tn s thay i. Tng qut: FSK l tn hiu tng t khng tun hon c. Tc Baud: 63

Mt n v tn hiu mang 1 bit nn Rbit = Rbaud Suy ra Rbaud= 5 baud/s Tn hiu FSK : Rbit = Rbaud V d: (Sinh vin t lm) Cho mt tn hiu s c dng nh phn nh sau: 110100000000, bit tc bit l 5 kbps. Tn hiu s c iu ch bng phng php FSK. Bin sng mang l 5V, tn s i vi bit 1 l 20kHz, tn s i vi bit 0 l 10kHz v pha ban u ca sng mang l 00. a. b. c. d. V tn hiu s trn theo cc dng m: NRZ-L, Manchester v B8ZS. (5.1) Hy v tn tn hiu FSK trong 5 bit u tin. Tnh tc Baud.( Rbit = Rbaud) Tn hiu FSK c phi l tn hiu tun hon hay khng? Gii thch.

+ Bng thng ca tn hiu FSK: Ph FSK l t hp ca hai ph ASK tp trung quanh 2 tn s: fC1 (bit 0) v fC2 (bit 1).

Bng thng ca tn hiu FSK: BWFSK = fmax fmin BWFSK = fmax fmin = fC2 + (1/2)Rbaud -[ fC1- (1/2)Rbaud ] BWFSK = /fC2 - fC1/+ Rbaud = f + Nbaud = f + Rbaud BWFSK = f + Rbaud ; ( so snh Bng thng ca tn hiu ASK BWASK =Rbaud ); f =/fC2 - fC1/ : lch tn s ca 2 sng mang Nbaud = Rbaud: Tc baud Rbit = Rbaud Vy nu bit lch tn s ca 2 sng mang v tc baud th ta c th xc nh bng thng ca tn hiu FSK. V d: Cho mt tn hiu s 01101, tc bit l 5 bps, c iu ch bng phng php FSK. Bin sng mang l 5V, tn s i vi bit 1 l 20Hz, tn s i vi bit 0 l 10Hz v pha ban u ca sng mang l 1800. a. Tnh tc Baud. b. Tnh bng thng ca tn hiu FSK trn. c. V ph ca tn hiu FSK trn. 64

Gii: a. Tnh tc Baud. FSK, Rbaud = Rbit = 5baud/s b. Tnh bng thng ca tn hiu FSK trn. BWFSK = f + Rbaud = /20 10/ + 5 = 15Hz c. V ph ca tn hiu FSK trn.

So snh dng ph ca ASK v FSK:

+ u im FSK so vi ASK : FSK trnh c hu ht cc dng nhiu bin . + Khuyt im FSK so vi ASK: Nu cng mt tc bit th Bng thng FSK ln hn Bng thng ASK. V d 11: Tnh bng thng nh nht ca h thng FSK, bit tc bit 2kbps, ch truyn dn bn song cng v cc sng mang cch nhau 3kHz ( lch tn s). Gii: Tm tt: Rbit = 2kbps= 2000bps ; f = 3kHz = 3000Hz; Ch truyn bn song cng; Tnh BWh thng min= ? V h thng truyn bn song cng nn: BWh thng min= BWmi hng= BWFSK = f + Rbaud Trong FSK, Rbit =Rbaud ; suy ra Rbaud = 2000 baud/s Suy ra BWh thng min = f + Rbaud = 3.000 + 2.000 = 5.000 Hz = 5 kHz; Vy bng thng nh nht ca h thng FSK trn l 5 kHz. V d (SV t lm): Tnh bng thng nh nht ca h thng FSK, bit tc bit 2kbps, ch truyn dn song cng v cc sng mang cch nhau 3kHz ( lch tn s). 65

V d (SV t lm): Tnh bng thng ln nht ca h thng FSK, bit tc bit 2kbps, ch truyn dn song cng v cc sng mang cch nhau 3kHz ( lch tn s). V d (SV t lm): Tnh bng thng nh nht ca h thng FSK, bit tc bit 2kbps, ch truyn dn song cng v cc sng mang cch nhau 3kHz ( lch tn s), bng thng bo v l 1kHz. V d 12: Tnh tc bit cc i ca tn hiu FSK nu bng thng ca h thng l 12kHz v lch tn s ca gia hai sng mang t nht l 2kHz, ch truyn song cng. + Tm tt: + Gii: Xc nh BWFSK= BWmi hng V h thng truyn song cng nn BWh thng= 2.BWmi hng + BWbo v (BWbo v=0) Suy ra: BWmi hng= BWFSK =(1/2)BWh thng = 12kHz/2 = 6kHz= 6.000Hz Xc nh Rbit Trong FSK: BWFSK = BWmi hng = f + Rbaud ; Rbit = Rbaud. Suy ra Rbit= BWmi hng - f (1) Theo (1) Khi fmin Rbit Max Suy ra Rbit Max = BWmi hng - fmin= 6.000 2.000 = 4.000 bps = 4 kbps Vy tc bit cc i ca tn hiu FSK l 4 kbps. V d (Sinh vin t lm): Tnh tc bit nh nht ca tn hiu FSK nu bng thng ca h thng l 12kHz v lch tn s ca gia hai sng mang ln nht l 2kHz, ch truyn song cng. V d (Sinh vin t lm): Tnh tc bit nh nht ca tn hiu FSK nu bng thng ca h thng l 12kHz v lch tn s ca gia hai sng mang ln nht l 2kHz, ch truyn bn song cng. V d: (Sinh vin t lm) Cho mt tn hiu s c dng nh phn nh sau: 1101000011110. Tn hiu s c iu ch bng phng php FSK, lch tn s l 5kHz. H thng truyn song cng vi bng thng l 22,5 kHz (fmin=2,5 kHz n fmax=25 kHz). Gi s khong trng tn s gia hai hng l 2,5 kHz (BWbo v=2,5 kHz). Bin sng mang l 5V, pha ban u ca sng mang l 900. a. V tn hiu s trn theo cc dng m: RZ, Manchester vi sai v AMI. Cc dng m ho trn dng tn hiu no c kh nng ng b v thnh phn DC bng zr. b. V ph ca h thng FSK trn. c. Tnh bng thng ca mi hng. (10kHz) d. Tnh tn s sng mang mi hng (Hng thun v hng nghch). e. Hy v tn tn hiu FSK trong 5 bit cui cho hng tn s thp, tn s i vi bit 1 l 10kHz, tn s i vi bit 0 l 5kHz. f. V ph y h thng FSK trn. 5.3.3 PSK (phase shift keying): 66 H thng FSK; Ch truyn song cng;

fmin = 2kHz= 2000Hz;

BWh thng = 12khz=12.000Hz; Tnh Rbit max ?

+Khi nim: Pha ca sng mang thay i biu din cc bit 1 v 0 (bin v tn s khng i).

V d: gi s c sng mang vc(t)=Vcmsin(2fct + 0); 0 vc1(t)=Vcm sin(2fct+ 01) ; Tn ti trong 1 chu k bit 1 vc2(t)=Vcm sin(2fct+ 02) ; Tn ti trong 1 chu k bit Thng thng ta chn 02 , 01 sao cho lch pha ca 2 tn hiu l ln nht max = /02 - 01/= 1800 V d: Cho mt tn hiu s 01101, tc bit l 5 bps, c iu ch bng phng php PSK. Bin 5V. Tn s sng mang 20Hz. Pha i vi bit 1 l 1800, pha i vi bit 0 l 00. a. V tn tn hiu PSK. b. Tn hiu PSK c phi l tn hiu iu ho hay khng? Gii thch. c. Tnh tc Baud. Gii: a. V tn tn hiu PSK 0 vc1(t) = Vcm sin(2fct + 01) =5 sin(2.20t + 00) V ; Tn ti trong 1 chu k bit 1 vc2(t) = Vcm sin(2fct + 02) = 5 sin(2.20t + 1800) V; Tn ti trong 1 chu k bit Chu k bit Tb=1/ Rb=1/5 = 200ms Chu k sng mang Tc=1/ fc=1/20 = 50ms Vy Tb= 4Tc 1 chu k bit cha 4 chu k sng mang fc.

b. Tn hiu PSK khng phi l tn hiu iu ha.V c 2 pha. c. Tc Baud: Nbaud = Rbaud= Rbit =5 baud/s Vy trong PSK hoc 2-PSK tc bit bng tc baud; Rbaud= Rbit 2-PSK (BPSK; Binary): Tn hiu PSK c 2 pha. ( c 2 loi tn hiu, mi loi cha 1 bit) 2n-PSK : Tn hiu PSK c 2n pha. ( c 2n loi tn hiu, mi loi cha n bit) V d:
Tn hiu 4 PSK (22 PSK) : Tn hiu PSK c 22 =4 pha. ( c 4 loi tn hiu, mi loi cha 2 bit)

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Tn hiu 8 PSK (23 PSK) : Tn hiu PSK c 23 =8 pha. ( c 8 loi tn hiu, mi loi cha 3 bit)

+ Bng thng ca PSK: Dng ph ca PSK ging ASK nn Bng thng ca PSK ging bng thng ASK

BW2-PSK = Rbaud ;Nbaud=Rbaud: Tc baud Tng qut: BW2n -PSK = Rbaud + u im BPSK): Khng b nh hng nhiu bin Bng thng hp (nh hn bng thng ca FSK) + So snh bng thng v nh hng ca nhiu bin ln cc tn hiu PSK, ASK, FSK: BWASK = Rbaud ; nhiu bin ; BWFSK = f + Rbaud ; khng b nh hng nhiu bin ; BWPSK = Rbaud ; khng b nh hng nhiu bin Vy tn hiu PSK khng b nh hng ca nhiu bin v c bng thng nh nht Tn hiu PSK kh iu ch hn ASK v FSK + Gin trng thi pha: 0 vc1(t)= 5 sin(2.20t+00) V ; 1 vc2(t)= 5 sin(2.20t+1800) PSK (2-PSK,

Vy tn hiu PSK khng b nh hng ca cc dng nhiu tc ng nh ASK, ng thi cng khng b nh hng ca yu t bng thng rng nh FSK. iu ny c ngha l mt thay i nh ca tn hiu cng c th c my thu pht hin, nh th thay v ch dng hai thay i ca tn hiu t mt bit, ta c th dng vi bn s thay i thng qua dch pha ca hai bit. + 4-PSK (QPSK- Quadrature- cu phng):
Tn hiu 4 PSK (22 PSK) : Tn hiu 4-PSK c 22 =4 pha. ( c 4 loi tn hiu, mi loi cha 2 bit)

V d: Cho mt tn hiu s 0110101100, tc bit l 10 bps, c iu ch bng phng php 4PSK(QPSK). Bit sng mang c bin 5V, tn s 20Hz v pha c biu din nh sau: 00 pha 00 ; 01 pha 900 ; 10 pha 1800 ; 11 pha 2700 (-900). a. V tn tn hiu QPSK. 68

b. Tn hiu QPSK c phi l tn hiu iu ho hay khng? Gii thch. c. Tnh tc Baud. d. V gin trng thi pha ca tn hiu QPSK. Gii: a. V tn tn hiu QPSK
Tn hiu QPSK ( 4-PSK) c 4 pha. ( c 4 loi tn hiu), mi pha mang thng tin 2 bit.

Theo bi ta c cc loi tn hiu trong QPSK nh sau: 00 vc1(t)= Vcm sin(2fct + 01) = 5 sin(2.20t+00) V ; Tn ti trong 2 chu k bit 01 vc2(t)= Vcm sin(2fct + 02) = 5 sin(2.20t+900)V; Tn ti trong 2 chu k bit 10 vc3(t)= Vcm sin(2fct + 03) = 5 sin(2.20t+1800)V ; Tn ti trong 2 chu k bit 11 vc4(t)= Vcm sin(2fct + 04) = 5 sin(2.20t -900); V Tn ti trong 2 chu k bit Chu k bit Tb=1/Rb=1/10 =0,1s=100ms Chu k sng mang Tc=1/ fc=1/20 =0,05s= 50ms Vy Tb= 2Tc 1 chu bit cha 2 chu k sng mang fc. Vy 2Tb= 4Tc 2 chu bit cha 4 chu k sng mang fc. Vy tn hiu QPSK ca tn hiu s 0110101100 nh sau:

b. Tn hiu QPSK khng phi l tn hiu iu ha. V c pha thay i. c. Tc Baud: Nbaud = Rbaud= (1/2)Rbit =5 baud/s Vy trong 4-PSK (QPSK) Rbit= 2.Rbaud Tng qut h thng 2n-PSK, Rbit= n.Rbaud d. Gin trng thi pha QPSK:

Tng qut h thng 2n-PSK, cc pha cch nhau 3600/2n 69

+ Bng thng ca QPSK: Ging bng thng ASK

BW = Rbaud Nbaud=Rbaud: Tc baud + u im QPSK: khng b nh hng nhiu bin , nu cng 1 bng thng cho trc th tc ca d liu ln hn tc ca cc phng php iu ch khc (2PSK, ASK, FSK). + Tng t, ta cng c cc phng php iu ch pha khc 2n - PSK, c n bit biu din 1 pha, khong cch gia cc pha l 3600/2n. T , c th pht trin ln 8PSK. Thay v dng gc 90 0, ta thay i tn hiu t cc gc pha 45 0. Vi 8 gc pha khc nhau, dng ba bit (mt tribit), theo quan h gia s bit to thay i vi gc pha l ly tha ca hai. ng thi 8PSK cng cho php truyn nhanh gp 3 ln so vi 2 PSK, nh minh ha hnh 33.

+ Bng thng dng cho 2n -PSK: Bng thng ti thiu dng cho truyn dn 2 n -PSK th tng t nh ca ASK (Bng tc Baud). Bng thng ti thiu dng cho truyn dn 2n -PSK th tng t nh ca ASK, tuy nhin tc bit ti a th ln hn nhiu ln. Tc l tuy c cng tc baud ti a gia ASK v PSK, nhung tc bit ca PSK dng cng bng thng ny c th ln hn hai hay nhiu ln nh minh ha hnh 5.34.

Hnh 5.1 V d 13: Tm bng thng ca h thng QPSK(4 PSK), vi tc 2kbps theo ch bn song cng. Gii: 70

V h thng bn song cng nn BWh thng= BWmi hng= BWQPSK Phng php iu ch 4 PSK, 1 pha (n v tn hiu) cha 2 bit, Rbit = 2x Rbaud ; Suy ra Rbaud = (1/2). Rbit=1000 baud/s; M BWPSK = Rbaud ; Suy ra BWQPSK = 1000Hz. BWh thng= BWmi hng= BWQPSK = 1000Hz. V d 14: Cho tn hiu 8PSK c bng thng 5.000 Hz, tm tc bit v tc baud? Gii: Phng php iu ch 8 PSK, 1 pha (n v tn hiu) cha 3 bit, Rbit = 3x Rbaud ; M BW8-PSK = Rbaud ; Suy ra Rbaud =5000 baud/s ; Suy ra Rbit = 3x Rbaud =15.0000 bps=15kbps ; 5.3.4 QAM (quadrature Amplitude Modulation - iu ch bin cu phng) PSK b gii hn t kh nng phn bit cc thay i gc pha nh ca thit b, iu ny lm gim tc bit. + Khi nim: QAM l phng thc kt hp gia ASK v PSK sao cho ta khai thc c ti a s khc bit gia cc n v tn hiu. (QAM l qu trnh ly d liu s lm thay i bin v pha ca sng mang, tn s khng thay i) V d: Cho mt tn hiu s 101100001000010011110111, tc bit l 24 bps, c iu ch bng phng php 8-QAM (8 loi n v tn hiu), tn s sng mang 16Hz, gin pha nh hnh v. a. V tn tn hiu 8-QAM. b. Tn hiu 8-QAM c phi l tn hiu iu ho hay khng? Gii thch. c. Tnh tc Baud. d. Tnh bng thng 8-QAM.

Gii: a.V tn tn hiu 8-QAM. 000 vc1(t)= Vcm1 sin(2fct + 01) = 2 sin(2.16t+00) V ; Tn ti trong 3 chu k bit 001 vc2(t)= Vcm2 sin(2fct + 01) = 5 sin(2.16t+00)V; Tn ti trong 3 chu k bit 71

010 vc3(t)= Vcm1 sin(2fct + 02) = 2 sin(2.16t +900)V ; Tn ti trong 3 chu k bit 011 vc4(t)= Vcm2 sin(2fct + 02) = 5 sin(2.16t +900); V Tn ti trong 3 chu k bit 100vc5(t)= Vcm1 sin(2fct + 03) = 2sin(2.16t+1800) V ; Tn ti trong 3 chu k bit 101 vc6(t)= Vcm2 sin(2fct + 03) = 5 sin(2.16t+1800)V; Tn ti trong 3 chu k bit 110 vc7(t)= Vcm1 sin(2fct + 04) = 2 sin(2.16t-900)V ; Tn ti trong 3 chu k bit 111 vc8(t)= Vcm2 sin(2fct + 04) = 5 sin(2.16t -900); V Tn ti trong 3 chu k bit Chu k bit Tb=1/ Rb=1/24 (s); Chu k sng mang Tc=1/ fc=1/16 (s); Ta c 3Tb = 2Tc, suy ra 3 chu bit s tn ti 2 chu k sng mang Tn hiu s 101100001000010011110111
Amplitude Bit rate : 24 Baud rate : 8 3 bits 3 bits 110 111
011 010

3 bits 3 bits 3 bits 100 001 101

3 bits 3 bits 3 bits 000 010 011

b.
000 001

Time
101 100
1 baud 1 baud 1 baud 1 baud 1 baud 1 baud 1 baud 1 baud

110 111

3Tb=2Tc

1 second
8-QAM 2 amplitude, 4 phases

ho, v nhiu bin v nhiu pha. c. Tnh tc Baud. Rbaud = (1/3)Rbit = 8 baud/s d. Tnh bng thng 8-QAM. Bng thng ca tn hiu QAM bng bng thng ASK v bng tc baud BWQAM = BWASK = Rbaud; Suy ra BWQAM = 8Hz.

Tn hiu 8QAM khng phi l tn hiu iu c

+ Tng t ta cng c cc dng iu ch 2n-QAM. Vi n l s bit cha trong mt n v tn hiu, 2n : l s loi n v tn hiu. Quan h hnh hc ca QAM c th th hin di nhiu dng khc nhau nh trong hnh sau, trong minh ha 3 cu hnh thng gp ca 16-QAM.

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Trng hp u dng 3 bin v 12 pha, gim thiu tt nhiu do c t s gia gc pha v bin ln nh ITU - ngh. Trng hp th hai, 4bin v 8 pha, theo yu cu ca m hnh OSI, khi quan st k, ta s thy l cu hnh theo dng ng trc, khng xut hin yu t giao nhau gia cc bin v pha. Thc ra, vi 3 x 8 ta c n 32 kh nng. Tuy nhin khi mi s dng phn na kh nng ny, th sai bit gc pha o lng c gia tng cho php c tn hiu tt hn ri. Thng thng th QAM cho thy t b nh hng ca nhiu hn so vi ASK (do c yu t pha) + Bng thng ca QAM: Bng thng ti thiu cn cho truyn dn QAM th ging nh ca ASK v PSK, ng thi QAM cng tha hng u im ca PSK so vi ASK. + So snh tc bit/tc baud: Gi s tn hiu FSK c dng truyn tn hiu qua ng thoi c th gi 1200 bit trong mt giy (1200 bps). Mi tn s thay i biu din mt bit; nh th th cn c 1200 phn t tn hiu truyn trong 1s. Trong tc baud, cng l 1200 bps. Mi thay i ca tn hiu trong h thng 8QAM, c biu din dng ba bit, nh th vi tc bit l 1200 bps, th tc baud ch l 400. Trong hnh 38, cho thy h thng dibit c tc baud ch bng phn na tc bit, v trong h tribit th tc baud ch cn mt phn ba tc bit, v trng hp quabit th tc baud ch cn mt phn t tc bit. Bng B.1 nhm so snh tc bit v tc baud trong nhiu phng php iu ch s - tng t. Dng iu ch
S bit trong mt n v tn hiu

Bits/Baud

Tc Baud N N N N N N N N

Tc Bit N 2N 3N 4N 5N 6N 7N 8N

ASK, FSK, 2-PSK 4-PSK, 4-QAM 8-PSK, 8-QAM 16-QAM 32-QAM 64-QAM 128-QAM 256-QAM

1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 Bit 5 Bit 6 Bit 7 Bit 8 Bit

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

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V d 15: Gin trng thi pha gm 8 im cch u nhau trn mt vng trn. Bit tc bit l 4800 bps, hy tnh tc baud . Gii: Gii: Gii: y l dng 64 QAM (26 =64) Mt n v tn hiu cha 6 bit. Nh th tc baud l Rbaud = (1/6)Rbit = 72.000/6 = 12.000 baud. 5.4 CHUYN I TNG T - TNG T (iu ch tng t) + Khi nim: L qu trnh thay i mt trong cc thng s ca sng mang cao tn (Dng iu ho) bi tn hiu tin tc (d liu tng t). + S khi: y l dng 16 QAM (24 =16) Mt n v tn hiu cha 4 bit. Nh th tc bit l Rbit= 4 Rbaud = 1.000 x 4 = 4.000 bps. y l dng 8PSK (23 =8) Cc pha cch nhau 3600/8 = 450 Mt n v tn hiu cha 3 bit. Nh th tc baud l Rbaud = (1/3)Rbit = 4.800/3 = 1600 baud/s

V d 16: Tnh tc bit ca tn hiu 16QAM, bit tc baud l 1000.

V d 17: Tm tc baud ca tn hiu 64QAM bit c tc bit 72.000 bps.

+ Sng mang cao tn (Dng iu ha) c 3 thng s : Bin , tn s v pha nn ta c 3 phng php iu ch tng t l: AM (Amplitude Modulation): iu bin (iu ch bin ) FM (Frequency Modulation) ): iu tn (iu ch tn s) PM (Phase Modulation) ): iu pha (iu ch pha)

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5.4.1 iu bin (AM): + Khi nim: L phng php m bin sng mang c thay i theo tn hiu iu ch (tin tc), tn s v gc pha sng mang khng i. - Tn hiu iu ch (tin tc) tr thnh hnh bao ca sng mang. Tn hiu AM c bin thay i theo tn hiu tin tc.

+ Bng thng ca tn hiu AM: BWAM = 2 Fi max= 2 BWi

Vi Fi max: l tn s cc i ca tin tc. BWi (BWm): l bng thng ca tin tc. + Chun AM trong truyn thanh: Bng thng ca tn hiu thoi thng l 5 KHz. Bng thng cc i ca 1 knh AM l 10 KHz.

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FCC (Federal Communication Commission- Tiu ban thng tin lin bang-chun M) mi i AM c bng thng l 10 KHz.

+ Cc i AM pht cc tn s sng mang t 530 kHz n 1700 KHz (540 kHz n 1600 KHz). Cc tn s pht ny phi cch vi t nht l 10 KHz (mt bng thng AM) nhm trnh giao thoa. +V d: Nu mt i pht dng tn s 1100 KHz th tn s sng mang k khng c php nh hn 1110 KHz.

V d 18: Cho tn hiu tin tc vi bng thng 4KHz, hy tm bng thng ca tn hiu AM. Gi s khng xt theo qui nh ca FCC. Gii: BWi= 4KHz Tn hiu AM c bng thng BWAM = 2 BWi= 2 x 4KHz = 8 KHz 5.4.2 FM (iu tn): + Khi nim: L qu trnh m tn s sng mang bin thin theo bin tn hiu tin tc, bin v pha ca sng mang khng i.

+ Bng thng tn hiu FM: BWt = BWFM = 2 (Fi max+ fm ) = 10. BWi Vi : Fi max l tn s cc i ca tin tc. fm : l di tn cc i. BWi = BWm : l Bng thng ca tin tc.

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Bng thng ca tn hiu m thanh khi pht theo ch stereo thng l 15 KHz. Mi i pht FM cn mt bng thng ti thiu l 150 KHz. C quan FCC cho php bng thng mi knh FM 200 KHz (0,2 MHz) Di tn t 88 MHz n 108 MHz, Cc i phi c phn cch t nht 200 KHz trnh trng sng mang. Tm t 88 MHz n 108 MHz c khong 100 knh FM, c th pht cng lc 50 knh.

+ Chun FM trong truyn thanh:

V d 19: Cho tn hiu tin tc c bng thng 4 MHz, c iu ch FM. Hy tm bng thng ca tn hiu FM , khng xt n qui nh ca FCC. Gii: Theo cng thc tnh bng thng ca FM: BWt = BWFM = 2 (Fi max+ fm ) = 10. BWi M BWi = 4MHz Nn BWt = BWFM = 10 x 4 MHz = 40 MHz.

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