Trigonometric Identities Reciprocal Identities Complement Formulas

sin x = cos x = tan x = cot x =

1 csc x 1 sec x 1 cot x 1 tan x

csc x = sec x = tan x = cot x =

1 sin x 1 cos x sin x cos x cos x sin x

sinx = cos (90x) cosx = sin (90x) tanx = cotx (90x) cotx = tanx (90x) secx = cscx (90x) cscx = secx (90x) Supplement Formulas

Pythagorean Identities
sin x + cos x = 1
2 2

sin(-x) = sinx cos(-x) = -cosx tan(-x) = -tanx csc(-x) = cscx sec(-x) = -secx cot(-x) = -cotx

sin2 x = 1 " cos2 x cos2 x = 1 " sin2 x sec 2 x " tan2 x = 1 sec 2 x = tan2 x + 1 tan2 x = sec 2 x "1

Addition & Subtraction Formulas

csc 2 x " cot 2 x = 1 csc 2 x = cot 2 x + 1 cot 2 x = csc 2 x " 1
cos( x + y ) = cos x cos y ! sin x sin y cos( x ! y ) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y sin( x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y sin( x ! y) = sin x cos y ! cos x sin y cot( ! x ) = ! cot x sec( !x ) = sec x csc( ! x ) = ! csc x

Symmetry Identities
sin(! x ) = !sin x cos( !x ) = cos x tan( ! x ) = ! tan x

tan( x + y ) =

tan x + tan y 1 ! tan x tan y tan x ! tan y 1 + tan x tan y

tan( x ! y ) =

Double-Angle Formulas
sin2 x = 2sin x cos x
cos2 x = cos2 x ! sin2 x

Sum Formulas

1 1 sin x + sin y = 2sin ( x + y )cos ( x ! y ) 2 2 1 1 sin x ! sin y = 2sin ( x ! y )cos ( x + y) 2 2 1 1 cos x + cos y = 2 cos ( x + y) cos ( x ! y) 2 2 1 1 cos x ! cos y = !2sin ( x + y)sin ( x ! y) 2 2
Inverse Functions

cos2 x = 2cos x " 1 cos2 x = 1 " 2sin2 x

tan 2 x =

2tan x 1 ! tan 2 x

Half-Angle Formulas
1 1 " cos x sin x = 2 2 1 1 + cos x cos x = 2 2

y = sin x

!1

if and only if x = sin y " " and ! # y # 2 2

1 sin x tan x = 2 1 + cos x

Product Formulas

!1 if and only if x = cos y y = cos x and 0 ! y ! "

y = tan x

!1

sin x sin y = cos x cos y = sin x cos y =

1 [cos( x ! y) ! cos(x + y )] 2 1 [cos(x + y ) + cos(x ! y )] 2 1 [sin(x + y) + sin( x ! y )] 2

if and only if x = tan y " " and ! # y # 2 2