5

The Fourier Transform

Exercises 5.2.4
1

at jt

e e

F (j) =

eat ejt dt

2a
+ 2

a2

dt +

F (j) =

jt

Ae

dt +

T
T

Aejt dt

2jA sin t dt

=
0

2jA
(1 cos T )

4jA
T
sin2
=

2 

T
2
2
= jAT sinc
2




T
At
At
jt
+A e
+ A ejt dt

dt +
F (j) =
T
T
T
0


T
At
+ A cos t dt

=2
T
0


T
2
= AT sinc
2

Exercise 2 is T derivative of Exercise 3, so result 2 follows as (j T )

result 3.
Sketch is readily drawn.

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2Kejt dt = 8K sinc(2)

F (j) =
2
1

Kejt dt = 2K sinc()

G(j) =
1

H(j) = F (j) G(j) = 2K(4 sinc(2) sinc())

5

jt

F (j) =

jt

dt +

dt +

ejt dt


1  j
2(e ej ) (e2j e2j )
=
j
= 4 sinc() 2 sinc(2)
6
1
F (j) =
2j
1
f(a) =
2j
=

a


a

a
sin a

(ejat ejat )ejt dt

jat jt

1
dt =
2j

ej(a)t dt

j(a )

F (j) = f(a) + f(a) =

F (j) =
0

2j

sin

2 a2
a

eat . sin 0 t.ejt dt

= f(0 ) f(0 )


1

e(a+j(0 )t) dt
where f (0 ) =
2j 0




1
1
1
1
=
=
2j a j(0 )
2j (a + j) j0
0
F (j) =
(a + j)2 + 02

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8

1
Fc (x) =
4


dene g(x, b) =

a

(ejt + ejt )(ejxt + ejxt ) dt

ej(b+x)t dt

1
[ej(b+x)a 1]
j(b + x)
1
Fc (x) = [g(x, 1) + g(x, 1) + g(x, 1) + g(x, 1)]
4

1 sin(1 + x)a sin(1 x)a
+
=
2
1+x
1x
=

Consider F (x) =

a
0

1.ejxt dt

j
(cos ax + j sin ax 1)
x
sin ax
Fc (x) = Re F (x) =
x
1 cos ax
Fs (x) = Im F (x) =
x
=

10

Consider F (x) =


0

eat ejxt dt

a + jx
a2 + x2

a
+ x2
x
Fs (x) = Im F (x) = 2
a + x2
Fc (x) = Re F (x) =

a2

Exercises 5.3.6
11

Obvious

12

(j)2 Y (j) + 3jY (j) + Y (j) = U (j)

1
U (j)
(1 2 ) + 3j
1
H(j) =
(1 2 ) + 3j
Y (j) =

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13
sinc

ei3/2 + ei3/2 sinc

2
2
= (sin(2) sin())

= 4 sinc(2) 2 sinc()
14


F (j) =

T
2

T
2

cos(0 t)eit dt

1
1
T
T
sin(0 ) +
sin(0 + )
0
2
0 +
2

T
T 
sin(0 + ) 2
T sin(0 ) 2
=
+
T
2 (0 ) 2
(0 + ) T2

Evaluating at = 0


T
T
T
sinc(0 ) + sinc(0 + )
F (j) =
2
2
2
15

F (j) =
0

cos 0 t.ejt dt

1
= [f(0 ) + f(0 )]
2


where f(0 ) =

ej(0 )t dt

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1
[ej(0 )T 1]
j(0 )

1
1
(ej(0 )T 1)
F (j) =
2 j(0 )

1
j(0 +)T
(e

1)
j(0 )
 j0 T /2
T
jT /2 e
sin(0 )
=e
0
2

j0 T /2
T
e
sin(0 + )
+
0 +
2

= 0

= 0

Checking at = 0 gives


T jT /2 j0 T /2
T
T
j0 T /2
e
F (j) = e
sinc(0 ) + e
sinc(0 + )
2
2
2
16

F (j) =

sin 2t.ejt dt

1
1
ej(2)t ej(+2)t dt
=
2j 1

1

ej(a)t dt = 2 sinc( a)
f (a) =
1

1
1
F (j) = f(a) f(a), a = 2
2j
2j
= j[sinc( + 2) sinc( 2)]

Exercises 5.4.3
17
I

H(s) =

s2

H(j) =

h(t) = (et e2t )(t)

(et e2t )ejt dt =

1
1

1 + j 2 + j

1
as required.
2
+ 3j




s+2
3
3
H(s) = 2
t + 3 sin
t (t)
h(t) = e1/2t cos
s +s+1
2
2
=

II

1
+ 3s + 2

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e(1/2tjj0 )t dt
Consider G(0 ) =
0

1
2

1
+ j( 0 )

3
3
1
1
(G(0 ) G(0 )), 0 =
H(j) = G(0 ) + G(0 ) +
2
2
2j
2
6
2 + 4j
+
So H(j) =
2
4 + 4j 4
4 + 4j 4 2
2 + j
=
1 2 + j
18

P (j) = 2AT sinc T

So F (j) = (ej + ei )P (j)

= 4AT cos sinc T

19

G(s ) =

(s )2

(s )2 + 2s + 1

G(j) =

1 2 + 2j
1
2

1 + 2 j

Thus | G(j) | 0 as 0
and | G(j) | 1 as
High-pass lter.

20

g(t) = ea|t| G(j) =

f (jt) =

a2

2a
+ 2

1
G(jt) g() = ea||
2
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21

F{f (t) cos 0 t} =

1
1
F (j( 0 )) + F (j( + 0 ))
2
2

F (j) = 2T sinc T
F{PT (t) cos 0 t}


= T sinc( 0 )T + sinc( + 0 )T

Exercises 5.5.3
22

1
2

( 0 )e

jt

1
d +
2

( + 0 )ejt d

1 j0 t
+ ej0 t )
(e
2
= cos 0 t
=

23

24

F{ej0 t } = 2( 0 )
1
F{sin 0 t} = {2( 0 ) 2( + 0 )}
2j
= j[( + 0 ) ( 0 )]


1
j[( + 0 ) ( 0 )]ejt d
2
j
= [ej0 t e+j0 t ] = sin 0 t
2
G(j) =

g(t)ejt dt; G(jt) =

So

g()ejt d

f (t)G(jt) dt





jt
f (t)
g()e
d dt
=






jt
g()
f (t)e
dt d
=

g()F (j)d =
g(t)F (jt) dt
=

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25

Write result 24 as

f ()F{g(t)}d =

f ()F{G(jt)}d =

so

F{f (t)}g()d
F{f (t)}G(j)d

g(t)
G(j)
Now
G(jt) 2g()
symmetry

G(jt) 2g()




Thus
f ().2g()d =
F (j)G(j)d

1
or
f (t)g(t) dt =
F (j)G(j)d
2

26

F{H(t) sin 0 t}






1
1
du
j ( u + 0 ) ( u 0 ) (u) +
=
2
ju


 1
1
j
1
= ( + 0 ) ( 0 ) +

2
2 + 0
0

0
j 
( + 0 ) ( 0 ) 2
=
2
02

27
A
an =
T

d/2

en0 t dt =

d/2

f (t) =

F () =

n0 d
Ad
sinc
,
T
2

0 = 2/T

n0 d n0 t
Ad 
e
sinc
,
T n=
2

2Ad 
n0 d
( n0 )
sinc
T n=
2

Exercises 5.6.6
28
T = 1,

N = 4,

= 2/(4 1) =

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G0 =

3


gn e n0/2 = 2

n=0

G1 =

3


gn e n1/2 = 0

n=0

G2 =

3


gn e n2/2 = 2

n=0

G3 =

3


gn e n3/2 = 0

n=0

G = {2, 0, 2, 0}
29
N = 4, W n = e n/2

1 0
0 1

gn =
1 0
0 1

1
G00
G 1
G = 10 =
1
G01
0
G11

Bit reversal gives

1
0
1
2
0
10 0
=
1
0
1
0
0 1
0
0
1
1
0
0

0
0
1
1

0
2
2
00 2
=

0
0

0
0

2
0
G=
2
0

30 Computer experiment.

31 Follows by direct substitution.

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Review exercises 5.9

1

FS (x) =

t sin xt dt +
0

sin xt dt =
1

sin x cos 2x

x2
x

+ H(t 2)
f (t) = H(t 2) + (H(t + 2) H(t 2))
2
4
2
1
+ ()



1
2j
F{H(t 2)} = e
+ ()
j




2j 1
2j 1
+ () = e
+ ()
F{H(t 2)} = e
j
j




2 jt

H(t 2)
F{f (t)} = F{ H(t 2)} +
te
dt + F
2
4 2
2
F{H(t)} =

=
3

j
sinc 2

T
2
F {cos 0 t} = [( + 0 ) + ( 0 )]

F {H(t + T /2) H(t T /2)} = T sinc

Using convolution

F {f (t)} =
2

T sinc

T
( u) ((u + 0 ) + (u 0 ))du
2



T
T
T
sinc( 0 ) + sinc( + 0 )
=
2
2
2
4



1
1
[( 0 ) + ( + 0 )] () +
F {cos 0 tH(t)} =
2
j
1
=
2



1
du
{( u 0 ) + ( u + 0 )} (u) +
ju

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=

277

[( 0 ) + ( + 0 )] + 2
2
0 2

5
F{f (t) cos c t cos c t}
=

F (j + jc ) + F (j jc )
[( c ) + ( + c )]
2


1
=
[F (j(u + c )) + F (j(u c ))]
4
[( u c ) + ( u + c )] du
1
1
= F (j) + [F (j + 2jc ) + F (j 2jc )]
2
4

Or write as
1
f (t) (1 + cos 2c t)
2
etc.

6
H(t + 1) H(t 1) 2 sinc
By symmetry
2 sinc t 2(H( + 1) H( 1)) = 2(H( + 1) H( 1))

7(a) Simple poles at s = a and s = b . Residue at s = a is eat /(a b) , at s = b

it is ebt /(b a) , thus

1 at
e ebt H(t)
f (t) =
ab
7(b) Double pole at s = 2 , residue is
d
lim
s2 ds

es t
(s 2)
(s 2)2
2

= te2t

So f (t) = te2t H(t)

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7(c) Simple pole at s = 1 , residue et , double pole at s = 0 , residue



d
lim
s0 ds

es t
s+1


= (t 1)H(t)

Thus f (t) = (t 1 + et )H(t)

8(a)

y(t) =

Thus
sin 0 t =

h(t )u( ) d

h(t ) cos 0 d = f (t), say

If u( ) = cos 0 ( + /4)

y(t) =

h(t ) cos 0 ( + /4) d

h(t ( /4)) cos 0 d = f (t + /4)

= sin 0 (t + /4)

8(b) Since sin 0 t = cos 0 (t /20 )

y(t) =

h(t ) sin 0 t d

h(t ) cos 0 ( /20 ) d

h(t ( + /20 )) cos 0 d

= f (t /20 ) = sin(0 t /2) = cos 0 t

8(c)
ej0 t = cos 0 t + j sin 0 t
This is transformed from above to
sin 0 t + j cos 0 t = j ej0 t
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8(d) Proceed as above using
ej0 t = cos 0 t j sin 0 t
9
F(sgn(t)) = F(f (t)) = F (j) =

2
, obvious
j

Symmetry,
F (jt) =

2
2/f () = 2sgn()
jt

That is

1
sgn()
jt


or

10

1
1
g(t) = f (t) =
t

so

1
t

1
g(x) =


jsgn()

1
f ( )
d =
t

f ( )
d = FHi (t)
t

f (t)
dt = FHi (x)
tx

So from Exercise 9
FHi (j) = jsgn() F (j)
so
|FHi (j)| = |jsgn()| |F (j)| = |F (j)|
and
arg(FHi (j)) = arg(F (j)) + /2, 0
Similarly
arg(FHi (j)) = arg(F (j)) /2, < 0
11 First part, elementary algebra.
1
FHi (x) =

t
(t2

a2 )(t

x)

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1
1
=
2
x + a2


a2
t
xt
dt
+

t2 + a2
t x t2 + a2
a
= 2
x + a2

12(a)

f (t)
dt = FHi (x)
t x


1 f (a + t)
dt
H{f (a + t)} =
t x


1
f (t)
=
dt = FHi (a + x)
t (a + x)
1
H{f (t)} =

12(b)

1 f (at)
dt
H{f (at)} =
t x


1 f (t)
=
dt = FHi (ax), a > 0
t ax

12(c)

1 f (at)
dt
H{f (at)} =
t x


1 f (t)
=
dt = FHi (ax), a > 0
t + ax

12(d)


H
1
=

df
dt

1
=

f  (t)
dt
tx





f (t) 
f (t)
+
dt
2
t x 
(t x)

Provided lim f (t)/t = 0 then

|t|

df
dt

1
=

f (t)
1 d
dt =
2
(t x)
dx
=

d
FHi (x)
dx

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dt
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12(e)
x

1
f (t)
dt +
tx

1
f (t) dt =

tf (t)
dt
tx

= H{tf (t)}
13

From Exercise 10
FHi (t) =

1
f (t)
t

So from Exercise 9,
F{FHi (t)} = jsgn () F( )
so
F(j) = jsgn () F{FHi (t)}

Thus

f (t) =

1
1
FHi ( )d =
(t )

1
FHi (x)dx
(x )

14
fa (t) = f (t) jFHi (t)
F{fa (t)} = F (j) j(jsgn ())F (j) = F (j) + sgn ()F (j)

=

2F (j), > 0
0,
<0

15
F{H(t)} =

1
+ () = F (jw)
j

Symmetry
F ( t) =

1
+ (t) 2H() = 2[1 H()]
jt
= 2[F(t) H()]

or
H()

1
j
+ (t)
2t 2

Thus
F 1 {H()} =

1
j
+ (t)
2t 2

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Then





j
1
1

f (t) = f (t) j
f (t)
f (t) = 2 (t) +
2
2t
t
= f (t) jFHi (t)

When f (t) = cos 0 t, 0 > 0 , then

F (j) = [( 0 ) + ( + 0 )]
so
F{f(t)} = 2( 0 )
whence
f(t) = f (t) jFHi (t) = ej0 t = cos 0 t + j sin 0 t
and so
FHi (t) = sin 0 t
When g(t) = sin 0 t, 0 > 0
G(j) = j[( + 0 ) ( 0 )]
and thus
g(t) = jej0 t = j(cos 0 t + j sin 0 t)
so
H{sin 0 t} = cos 0 t
= 0, t < 0 , then when t < 0
16 If h(t)
e (t) = 1 h(t),

o (t) = 1 h(t)

h
and h
2
2
e (t)
o (t) = h
i.e. h
When t > 0 then

e (t) = 1 h(t),

o (t) = 1 h(t)

h
and h
2
2
e (t)
o (t) = h
i.e. h

That is
o (t) = sgn (t)h
e (t) t
h
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Thus
=h
e (t) + sgn (t)h
e (t)
h(t)
When h(t) = sin t H(t)

1
sin t, t > 0
2
e (t) =
h

1 sin t, t < 0
2
and since

e (t) = 1 sin t t
sgn (t) h
2

the result is comrmed.

Then taking the FT of the result,
!
e (t)

e (j) + F sgn (t)h

H(j)
=H



2
e (j)
H
j
!
e (j) + jH H
e (j)
=H

e (j) + 1
=H
2

When

H(j)
=

eat ejwt dt =

then
H

a
2
a + 2

or
H
Finally


H

at
2
a + t2

a
2
a + t2


=


H

a2

+ 2

a2

x
+ x2


=

x
1
= x 2
+
2
a +x

So

2
2
+
a + 2

a2

t
2
a + t2


=

a2

a
a2
dt
=
a2 + t2
a2 + x2

a
+ x2

17(a)


FH (s) =

eat (cos 2st + sin 2st) dt =

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+ 4 2 s2

a2

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17(b)

FH (s) =

18

(cos 2st + sin 2st) dt =

T

f (t) cos 2st dt O(s) =

E(s) =

f (t) sin 2st dt

E(s) O(s) =

1
sin 2st
s

f (t)ej2st dt = F (js)

From 17(a)

whence
E(s) =

FH (s) =

1 + s
2 + 2 2 s2

1
,
2 + 2 2 s2

O(s) =

F ( s) =

1 js
2 + 2 2 s2

so

s
2 + 2 2 s2

agreeing with the direct calculation

F (js) =

e2t ej2st dt =

19
H{f (t T )} =

1 js
2 + 2 2 s2

f (t T ) cas 2st dt

f ( ) [cos 2s (cos 2sT + sin 2sT )+

sin 2s (cos 2sT sin 2sT )] dt

= cos 2sT FH (s) + sin 2sT FH (s)
20 The Hartley transform follows at once since
FH (s) = {F (js)} {F (js)} =

1
1
(s) +
2
s

From time shifting




1
1
1
1
+ cos s (s) +
FH (s) = sin s (s)
2
s
2
s


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285

cos s sin s
1
(s) +
2
s

21

H{(t)} =

(t) cas 2st dt = 1

From Exercise 18 it follows that the inversion integral for the Hartley transform is

f (t) =

FH (s) cas 2stds

and so the symmetry property is simply

f (t) FH (s) = FH (t) f (s)
Thus
H{1} = (s)

At once
H{(t t0 )}

(t t0 ) cas 2st dt = cas 2st0

By symmetry
H{cas 2s0 t} = (s s0 )

22

1
=
2

1
1
FH (s s0 ) + FH (s + s0 )
2
2

f (t) {cos 2(s s0 )t + sin 2(s s0 )t

+ cos 2(s + s0 )t + sin 2(s + s0 )t} dt

=
f (t) cos 2s0 t [cos 2st + sin 2st] dt

= H{f (t) cos 2s0 t}

From Exercise 21, setting f (t) = 1
H{cos 2s0 t} =

1
((s s0 ) + (s + s0 ))
2

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also
H{sin 2s0 t} = H{cas 2s0 t} H{cos 2s0 t}
1
1
= (s s0 ) ((s s0 ) + (s + s0 )) = ((s s0 ) (s + s0 ))
2
2
23

(1 + 2 )1 d = tan1 t +



Thus
1

F{tan

t} = F



=F

2 1

(1 + )


d

(1 + 2 )1 H(t )d


F

 

2
 


 
1
=F
H(t) F
1 + t2
2


 
1

1
=F
+ () 2()

2
1+t

2
But from Exercise 1



F e|t| =

and so by symmetry


F

whence
1

F tan
and so

24

1
1 + t2

||

t = e

2
1 + 2

= e||

1
+ () 2()
j
2

! e||
F tan1 t =
j

1
1
[1 + cos 0 t] [2() + ( 0 ) + ( + 0 )]
2
2

and
H(t + T /2) H(t T /2) 2T sinc

so
F {x(t)} =

2T sinc ( u)

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1
(u) + (( 0 ) + (u + 0 )) du
2


1
1
= T sinc + sinc ( 0 ) + sinc ( + 0 )
2
2
25

287

1
2r
H() =
f (r) cas
4 r=0
4
1
[f (0) + f (1) + f (2) + f (3)]
4
1
H(1) = [f (0) + f (1) f (2) f (3)]
4
1
H(0) = [f (0) f (1) + f (2) f (3)]
4
1
H(0) = [f (0) f (1) f (2) + f (3)]
4

H(0) =

so

1
1 1
T=
4 1
1

1
1
1
1 1 1

1
1 1
1 1
1

By elementary calculation T2 = 1/4T and if T1 exists, T1 = 4T . Since

T1 T = I , it does. Then

1
1
T1 H =
1
1

1
1
1
H(0)
f (0)
1 1 1 H(1) f (1)

1
1 1
H(2)
f (2)
1 1
1
H(3)
f (3)

c Pearson Education Limited 2004