9.

Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates

Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates

In plane geometry the polar coordinate system is used to give a convenient description of certain curves and regions. Figure 1 enables us to recall the connection between polar and Cartesian coordinates. If the point P has Cartesian coordinates (x, y) and polar coordinates (r, ), then, from the figure,
Figure 1

x = r cos
r 2 = x2 + y2

y = r sin
tan =
2

Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates

In three dimensions there are two coordinate systems that are similar to polar coordinates and give convenient descriptions of

some commonly occurring surfaces and solids.

They will be especially useful when we compute volumes and triple integrals.

Cylindrical Coordinates

Cylindrical Coordinates
In the cylindrical coordinate system, a point P in three-dimensional space is represented by the ordered triple (r, , z), where r and are polar coordinates of the projection of P onto the xy-plane and z is the directed distance from the xy-plane to P. (See Figure 2.)

Figure 2

The cylindrical coordinates of a point

Cylindrical Coordinates
To convert from cylindrical to rectangular coordinates, we use the equations

whereas to convert from rectangular to cylindrical coordinates, we use

Example 1 Converting Between Cylindrical and Rectangular Coordinates

(a) Plot the point with cylindrical coordinates (2, 2/3, 1) and find its rectangular coordinates.

(b) Find cylindrical coordinates of the point with rectangular coordinates (3, 3, 7).
Solution: (a) The point with cylindrical coordinates (2, 2/3, 1) is plotted in Figure 3.

Figure 3

Example 1 Solution
From Equations 1, its rectangular coordinates are

cont d

Thus the point is (1,

, 1) in rectangular coordinates.

Example 1 Solution
(b) From Equations 2 we have

cont d

so

Therefore one set of cylindrical coordinates is ( , 7/4, 7). Another is ( , /4, 7). As with polar coordinates, there are infinitely many choices.
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Cylindrical Coordinates
Cylindrical coordinates are useful in problems that involve symmetry about an axis, and the z-axis is chosen to coincide with this axis of symmetry. For instance, the axis of the circular cylinder with Cartesian equation x2 + y2 = c2 is the z-axis. In cylindrical coordinates this cylinder has the very simple equation r = c. (See Figure 4.) This is the reason for the name cylindrical coordinates.
Figure 4

r = c, a cylinder

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Spherical Coordinates

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Spherical Coordinates
The spherical coordinates (, , ) of a point P in space are shown in Figure 6, where = | OP | is the distance from the origin to P, is the same angle as in cylindrical coordinates, and is the angle between the positive z-axis and the line segment OP. Note that

The spherical coordinate system is especially useful in problems where there is symmetry about a point, and the origin is placed at this point.

Figure 6

The spherical coordinates of a point

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Spherical Coordinates
For example, the sphere with center the origin and radius c has the simple equation = c (see Figure 7); this is the reason for the name spherical coordinates.

Figure 7

= c, a sphere

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Spherical Coordinates
The graph of the equation = c is a vertical half-plane (see Figure 8), and the equation = c represents a half-cone with the z-axis as its axis (see Figure 9).

Figure 8

Figure 9

= c, a half-plane

= c, a half-cone

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Spherical Coordinates
The relationship between rectangular and spherical coordinates can be seen from Figure 10. From triangles OPQ and OPP we have z = cos r = sin

Figure 10

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Spherical Coordinates
But x = r cos and y = r sin , so to convert from spherical to rectangular coordinates, we use the equations

Also, the distance formula shows that

We use this equation in converting from rectangular to spherical coordinates.

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Example 4 Converting from Spherical to Rectangular Coordinates

The point (2, /4, /3) is given in spherical coordinates. Plot the point and find its rectangular coordinates. Solution: We plot the point in Figure 11.

Figure 11

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Example 4 Solution
From Equations 3 we have x = sin cos

cont d

y = sin sin

z = cos Thus the point (2, /4, /3) is coordinates. in rectangular

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