Tutorial on Cylinders: Courtesy

1025 Route 161 St. Wenceslas, Qubec, Canada G0Z 1J0 Tel: (819) 224-4000 Fax: (819) 224-4224 service@hyco.qc.ca http://www.hycocanada.com/

Introduction to Hydraulic Cylinder Basics Hydraulic cylinders convert the energy produced from a hydraulic pump into a linear mechanical output so that they can perform useful work. Hydraulic cylinders are sometimes also referred to as hydraulic rams, hydraulic jacks, linear hydraulic actuators, and hydraulic actuators. These terms are all synonymous although the terms "hydraulic ram" and "hydraulic jack" are usually applied to short stroke, single acting cylinders with large diameter piston rods. Hydraulic cylinders are the muscles of machinery. Hydraulic cylinders are so named because they consist of a piston that moves through a smooth round cylinder or tube. This cylindrical tube must be sealed at both ends with end plates. The end plates are also called end caps or cylinder heads. The piston is

A cut away diagram showing the internal components of a welded body hydraulic cylinder.

firmly connected to a shaft called a piston rod that exits the cylinder through a hole in one end cap. This is called the rod end. The opposite end of the cylinder is called the cap end or the blind end (because it does not have an eye for the rod to stick out). The cylinder end caps also usually contain the ports where hydraulic fluid is admitted into the cylinder. The piston rod is the working end of the cylinder and is usually fastened to a load that must be moved. The opposite end of the cylinder body is called the cap end or blind end. It is usually attached to a surface which the actuator pushes against although a large variety of mountings are available that can be mounted at various positions over the body of the actuator. The cylinder barrel or tube is usually made from high strength seamless steel tubing that has been honed or skive roller burnished to a fine finish on the inside diameter. This will provide a smooth surface for the hydraulic piston to slide through. The tube must be of sufficient thickness to contain the hydraulic pressure that will be used. In a welded body hydraulic cylinder, the barrel must also provide the mechanical strength and rigidity to support the loads that the body of the actuator will see. This is especially true when a mid trunnion mount is attached to the center of the cylinder barrel.

Cut Away Diagram of a Typical Hydraulic Cylinder Labeled with the Correct Component Names.

The amount of distance that a hydraulic cylinder is able to push the piston rod is called the cylinder stroke or travel. The amount of force that a cylinder is able to produce is directly related to the area of the piston to which the hydraulic fluid is exposed and the pressure of the hydraulic fluid. The larger the piston area, the more force is produced. The higher the pressure of the hydraulic fluid, the more force is produced. This amount of force is also called the cylinder capacity. It is measured in Pounds of force (lbsf), Tons of force, Newtons of force (N), or Kilograms (Kgf) of force. This force capacity is determined using the basic mathematical formula F=PA, where F= Force, P= Pressure, and A= Area. this equation is easily manipulated to determine the correct size of a cylinder for a required force, or the hydraulic system pressure required to produce a force for a given cylinder. It should be kept in mind that the effective piston area on the rod end of a hydraulic cylinder is reduced by the area of the piston rod. The piston rod area must be subtracted from the total piston area to find Large bore, high pressure, hydraulic cylinder barrels. the effective area of the piston being used during the retraction stroke. The force of a cylinder produced while retracting (or pulling) will always be less than the force produced when the cylinder is extending. The larger the diameter of the piston rod, the greater effect it will have in reducing the force of the cylinder in retracting.

Hydraulic cylinders are specified by bore size, stroke, mounting style, rod diameter, and pressure rating. Other details include seal material, temperature rating, materials of construction, cushioning, and more. Hydraulic rod cylinders are often shown in machine diagrams by the following standardized ISO symbol:

A rod cylinder with a large diameter piston rod will retract with much less force than on extension due to the area of the rod subtracting from the total area of the piston as on these oil field cylinders shown above. Single Acting and Double Acting Hydraulic Cylinders Hydraulic cylinders are designed to be either single acting or double acting.

The Internationally Recognized ISO Symbol for a Hydraulic Cylinder

A single acting hydraulic cylinder is the most simple and least expensive design. Pressurized hydraulic fluid is pumped into the cylinder at one end only and pushes the piston in one direction, usually to extend the rod. Once the work is accomplished, the oil is depressurized and diverted back to the oil reservoir. The piston is returned to its retracted position by an external force such as gravity or a compressed return spring. The piston of a single acting cylinder requires only one seal to contain the pressurized hydraulic fluid on the one side of the piston. A double acting cylinder is more complicated as it uses pressurized hydraulic fluid to both extend and retract the piston rod. It thus requires fluid ports at both ends of the actuator in order for the oil to be directed onto both sides of the piston. The piston must therefore be equipped with seals that will contain the pressure from both sides. The hole from which the piston rod extends out of the one end of the actuator must also be sealed to prevent fluid pressure loss. This area is often called the rod gland. It also consists of a bearing surface to guide and support the

piston rod as it moves back and forth. Another seal called a rod wiper is usually installed here to clean the rod as it re-enters the cylinder. The rod wiper excludes contamination that might damage the inner seals or the oil quality. Under extreme conditions a special hardened, heavy duty rod wiper called a rod scraper can be used to remove sticky contaminants from the piston rod as it re-enters the cylinder. Welded Body Cylinders Versus Tie Rod Cylinders There are two basic design styles of hydraulic cylinders: the welded cylinder and the tie rod cylinder. The welded body hydraulic cylinder is built by welding the steel end caps to a heavy gauge steel tube. The rod gland is usually bolted or threaded to a flange welded to the rod end of the cylinder. This provides access to the inner workings of the actuator for disassembly and repair. The cap end of a welded cylinder, also sometimes called the blind end, is not removable. Tie rod cylinders use high strength rods to hold the end caps onto the cylinder barrel. Small bore hydraulic cylinders, from 1 inch to 8 inch bore, usually have four tie rods holding the ends caps together. Large bore cylinders may require as many as 24 tie rods in order to retain the huge internal forces being generated. Welded body hydraulic cylinders have the advantage of being more compact is size than the tie rod design. Without the external tie rods and the wide heads to retain these rods, they are narrower in profile. Welding the heads to the barrel also reduces their overall length compared to tie rod cylinders. Tie rod cylinders suffer from some disadvantages due to their design. At high pressures, the tie rods stretch slightly. On long stroke cylinders this stretch may add

A typical welded body hydraulic cylinder.

A typical tie rod construction hydraulic cylinder.

up to such an extent that the tube detaches from the end caps and a loss of pressure and fluid volume occurs. Long stroke tie rod cylinders also require intermediate heads to be installed along the body to support the tie rods from sagging. Finally, certain mounting styles can cause the end caps of a tie rod cylinder to misalign again causing a loss of fluid pressure and volume. Special Hydraulic Cylinder Designs Other cylinder designs have been conceived that incorporate the barrel crimped onto the end caps or using retaining rings inside tie tubes. These styles lack strength and durability and are thus usually limited to low pressures (less than 500 psi) and small sizes (less than 4 inch bore). Other cylinder designs that are sometimes used are double rod end cylinders, multistage cylinders, tandem cylinders, and telescopic cylinders. Double Rod End Cylinders Double rod end cylinders have piston rods extending out both end caps. Thus when the piston is pushed down the barrel, one piston rod extends while the other is retracting. This design is sometimes used when the actuator is mounted by the two rod ends and the load is fastened to the cylinder body. The load thus traverses back and forth with the cylinder body.

Another reason for using this design is to equalize the areas or volumes on both sides of the piston. The result is that the extend and retract speed and the forces produced in both directions will be exactly the same.

A double rod end cylinder also enables the user to attach devices to the back end of the cylinder to adjust the stroke of the actuator or to measure or indicate the distance traveled. Multi-Stage Hydraulic Cylinders Sometimes cylinders are assembled to provide several discrete, exactly repeatable strokes without the need for complicated feedback control systems. This can be accomplished by integrating two or more cylinders together to produce multiple stages of extension. One multi-stage configuration consists of mounting two cylinders back to back by their rear heads. Thus when one cylinder (A) is extended, one discrete travel is produced. When the other cylinder (B) is extended, another discrete travel is produced. If the two cylinder bodies used are of different strokes, 4 discrete travels can be produced from the two actuators (0, A, B, and A+B). If yet a third cylinder (C) is added to the assembly by attaching it to the rod end of cylinder B, AS many AS 8 discrete travels can be produced (0, A, B, A+B, C, A+C, B+C, A+B+C). Three cylinders are usually the limit to this assembly style due to cost, overall length, and weight considerations. Any more position requirements can be usually be provided more effectively by a feedback control system. Another multi-stage cylinder configuration is produced by having cylinders mounted in sequence "nose to tail". In this arrangement a cylinder piston rod extends through the read head of another cylinder and pushes the piston of the front cylinder forward a discrete amount. In fact, numerous stages can be produced this way. Again, the disadvantages are cost, weight, and a build up of overall length. Two Telescopic Hydraulic Cylinders Tilt a Dump Body Tandem Cylinders Tandem cylinders are closely related to multistage cylinders but are used

to produce a force multiplying output effect rather than a number of discrete stroke outputs. A tandem cylinder arrangement is often used when a large bore cylinder can not be fitted into a narrow space. Thus two or more cylinders mounted end to end are combined to push along the same line of force. Telescopic Hydraulic Cylinders Often cylinders are required to produce an long output travel from a very small retracted space. This would not be able to be accomplished using a standard rod style cylinder. Instead a series of hydraulic tubes nested like sleeves that telescope within each other are used to provide a long total output travel. Telescoping style cylinders are available in designs using 3, 4 or as many as 6 stages or sleeves. Travels of up to 500 inches can be provided. Most telescopic cylinders are single acting cylinders. They are usually retracted using gravity. A typical example of a single acting telescopic cylinder is that which is used to tilt the dump body on the back of a dump truck.

Above: Long stroke telescopic cylinders must be carefully designed so as not to buckle under the forces they will see in service. Telescopic cylinders can be built as double acting cylinders too. These are much more complex and more expensive. They must be used carefully as the internal pressures produced if they are not retracted properly can burst the seals.

Telescoping cylinders must be carefully designed into each application. Because they often have such a long extended length, the application must ensure that the side loads exerted upon the cylinder bodies do not cause the unit to buckle and collapse. Never the less, telescoping hydraulic cylinders are a very effective solution to many actuator requirements that are not effectively solved using any other method or style of mechanism. Hydraulic telescopic cylinders are often shown in machine diagrams by the following standardized ISO symbol: Hydraulic Cylinder Cushions Hydraulic cushioning can be provided to decelerate the cylinder load as it approaches the end of stroke. Cushions will prevent the piston from banging into the end caps with high impact forces. If not effectively cushioned, the resultant slamming could damage the piston and reduce the service life of the actuator. Cushions are in fact small diameter pistons that enter a small receptacle machined into the end caps. As the cushion piston enters the cushion sleeve, the flow of hydraulic oil leaving the cylinder is restricted. This thereby slows down the speed of the actuator. Care must be taken with the use of hydraulic cushions when combined with heavy loads. A very large moving mass will produce extremely high pressures within the cushion when the hydraulic flow is suddenly restricted. This Above: A Cut Away View Showing a Hydraulic Cylinder Cushion spike in pressure may destroy the cylinder seals. In these situations, some other form of end of stroke deceleration should be incorporated into the machine design. The addition of end of stroke cushioning may add to the overall length of a cylinder body and should therefore be considered before the design

of any equipment is finalized. Hydraulic cushions may not be available on the rod end of hydraulic cylinders with large diameter piston rods as the space required to accommodate the cushion sleeve is not available in the end cap. Cylinder heads with cushions usually have a built in check valve that allows the free flow of hydraulic fluid into the cylinder so that the speed of the cylinder will not be limited when the direction of travel is reversed. Cylinders with adjustable cushions will have needle valves mounted in the heads so that the flow of fluid leaving the cushion can be adjusted and the amount of deceleration fine tuned for the application.

Cylinders with large piston rods leave little room for a rod end cushion.

Hydraulic Cylinder Mounting Options Hydraulic actuators can be fitted with a wide variety of mounting styles to enable a designer to fit the cylinder into a machine. Mountings include fixed style mounts that hold the cylinder body rigidly in place and pivoting mounts that allow the body of the actuator to move with the machine components that it pushes. Fixed mounting styles include front and rear flanges, threaded side tapped mounts, and foot mounts. These allow an actuator to be fasten to a flat surface such as a table or a steel plate.

Great care must be taken when using such fixed mounts so that the load does not exert side forces on the piston rod. Side loads on the piston rod will cause wear on the rod bearing, the inside diameter of the barrel, the outside diameter of piston, the rod seals, and the piston seals. A cylinder that encounters excessive side load forces will experience a short service life and require expensive repairs and machine downtime. Side loading may also cause high friction, binding and erratic cylinder movement. The worst case scenario for a cylinder employing a fixed mount is when the A Head Flange Mounted Hydraulic Actuator load itself is being guided such as on a linear bearing or track. Any misalignment between the cylinder and movement of the load will produce side loads. A cylinder experiencing side loading will exhibit a dull surface finish on one side of the piston rod and a standard polished finish on the other side. Likewise the rod bearing, the piston and the inside diameter of the barrel will show asymmetrical wear patterns. Pivoting mounts include rear pivot and rear clevis mounts, spherical eye mounts, and trunnion mounts. This mounts allow for misalignments by enabling the actuator to pivot or swing through an arc. Spherical mounts, although more expensive than clevis mounts, are especially effective as they also allow the cylinder to rotate slightly around its longitudinal axis. A hydraulic cylinder with spherical eye mounts on both ends allowing the actuator to pivot and twist as it moves thus avoiding side loads. Hydraulic Cylinder Piston Rods The piston rod must be sized to accommodate the forces that the hydraulic actuator will produce. For example, a long stroke actuator with a small diameter piston rod, may fail in service if the rod buckles due to encountering forces that exceed its column strength. At the same time, an oversized piston rod has disadvantages too. A large diameter piston rod has a higher initial cost. A cylinder with a large piston rod also

A Rear Clevis Mount Hydraulic Cylinder

requires a larger and more expensive mounting attachment. It is also heavier and will produce high end of stroke impact forces in a high velocity application. If it is too large it will not allow for end of stroke cushioning. Finally, a large diameter piston rod will result in very high retraction speeds and reduced retraction forces. The high retraction speed is caused by the reduced volume on the rod end. The pump will take much less time to fill that small volume than the large volume on the cap end of the cylinder. The large rod reduces the effective area of the piston on the rod end resulting in smaller retraction forces. With these points in mind, it is important to size a hydraulic cylinder piston rod properly for each application. Speed Control of Hydraulic Cylinders The speed of advance of the piston rod is adjusted by controlling the flow of hydraulic oil entering or leaving the cylinder. This is accomplished using valves. In simple systems that have one set speed of advance, the required speed is set by manually adjusting a needle valve mounted on the oil return line from the cylinder. This valve restricts the flow of oil exiting the cylinder thereby controlling the speed of advance. This needle valve often has an integral check valve allowing a free flow of oil in the opposite direction. Thus the cylinder can be rapidly retracted without restriction or it can have another valve set to control the retracting speed. In more complex systems requiring constant cylinder speed adjustments, this is accomplished using the hydraulic fluid directional control servo valves. These valves allow an infinite adjustment of the volume of oil flow to the hydraulic actuator thus controlling cylinder output velocity. These valves are available with either manual control, usually by levers, or electronic control for interfacing with computers. The Advantage of Hydraulic Cylinders The primary advantage of hydraulic cylinders is that they enable large amounts of power to be applied to machinery in areas located remote from the large heavy source of power generation. This source of power is usually an electric motor, a diesel engine, a turbine, or, in very simple systems, a hand or foot pump.

Another advantage of hydraulic actuators is the incredible power to weight ratio and power to size ratio that they possess. Even a small hydraulic actuator weighing only a few pounds can exert a tremendous force. For example, a 2 inch bore, 4 inch stroke actuator, will have an outside diameter of less than 2.5 inches, an overall length of only about 12 inches, will weigh only about 10 pounds, but will produce over 6000 pounds (3 tons) of force when pressurized to 2000 psi.

Other advantages of hydraulic actuators include infinitely variable speed control, infinitely variable positioning, ability to hold large masses in place, and automatic overload protection. Hydraulic systems are rugged and are able endure difficult conditions. The technology is mature and used worldwide. Applications of Hydraulic Cylinders By combining hydraulic actuators with other mechanical devices including linkages, gears and valves, the applications are virtually limitless and confined only by ones ingenuity and imagination. Linear travel can be converted to rotary or oscillating motion. Travel and forces can be multiplied. Positioning and velocities can be

Above: Hydraulic Actuators are Powerful and Rugged controlled, changed and held.

At Hyco Canada we are ready to assist you in the design of custom hydraulic cylinders to suit your exact application requirements.

American High Performance Seals, Inc. 408 High Tech Dr. Imperial Business ParkOakdale, PA 15071 Phone: 412-788-8815 FAX: 412-788-8816 Email: ahpseals@ahpseals.com

Copyright (c) American High Performance Seals - All Rights Reserved

For linear reciprocating dynamic and static applications

Symmetrical seals are seals whose cross section, when viewed from a cutaway, is symmetrical, i.e., the same on each side of the center line (see below). These seals are for linear and reciprocating dynamic applications. The symmetrical design allows for interchangeability between rod and piston applications. These types of seals became very popular because of their great advantages for reduced inventory and stock keeping purposes. If, however, you require the best sealing results and durability, we recommend you select one of our rod or piston seals, depending on your application. These seals have very specific design features which deliver better results than Symmetrical Seals. Symmetrical Seal Profiles

S06

S06A

S06B

S06C

S18

K18

S22

S1012

Find a seal and check instant availability For your unique or special Hydraulic & Fluid Seal application contact our engineers to help you in specifying a seal thats best for your situation. At American High Performance Seals, we pride ourselves on manufacturing the most durable hydraulic & fluid seals. Utilizing advanced materials designed specifically to offer our customers maximum durability, we manufacture the widest array of seal and material options to meet industrys challenging fluids, temperatures, surface speeds and pressures. Most standard and custom-made hydraulic and fluid seals are available with a 1-4 day turnaround. Applications & Industries AHP Seals are currently in successful service in the following industries:
Steel Works Government, Military and Defense Abrasive Substance Pumps and Valves Pharmaceuticals Can and Package Filling Machines Oil-Field Exploration and Production Paint and Solvent Manufacture and Application Adhesives Dispensing Valves and Cylinders Chemical Pumps Cryogenic Liquid Control Components Liquid Handling Swivel Joints Hydraulics Construction Equipment Drilling Equipment Chemical Pumps and Valves Heavy Mobile Equipment Mining Rubber and Plastics Presses Food Processing Space Exploration Marine Tire Production Low Friction Vacuum Service Automotive Plants Pharmaceutical Production Domestic Goods Production Many other applications

Materials: Our extensive range of Symmetrical Seals are available in a wide variety of sizes and materials. Our materials include: Polyurethane, Nitrile,

Viton, H-Nbr, high-performance Polyurethane, water resistant (hydrolysis resistant) Polyurethane, EPDM, Silicone, FDA compliant materials, Aflas, Hytrel, Kalrez, UHMWPE, Tefzel, Nylon, Nylatron, Engineering Plastics, Peek, and a range of proprietary-filled Teflon (PTFE). Many special Duralast, Permachem and Duraloy Engineering Plastics and Elastomers were developed to match real-world applications, and on many occasions we have developed a special grade to address a customer's application difficulty.

For linear and reciprocating dynamic sealing applications

The Rod Seal is typically the most critical seal on any type of equipment because a leak in a rod seal can not only decrease the efficiency of the equipment, it also can potentially cause environmental issues. Particular attention should be paid to selecting the best rod seal for your application. AHP Seals utilizes a nonsymmetrical design in which the diameter of the seal is oversized for the groove diameter. Oversizing creates a hoop pressure resulting in higher static sealing force on the seal in the gland, which aids in stability and helps to limit the rocking motion of the seal as the rod cycles, which in turn can reduce fluid seepage.

We offer two types of rod seals: Single-acting (unidirectional) Double-acting (bidirectional)

Rod Seal Profiles Single-acting (unidirectional): Sealing pressure only from one side (most common)

S1

S01A

S01B

S02

S02A

S03

S04

S05

S08

S16

S17

S17A

S17B

S17C

S17D

S19

R50

R51

R52

R53

S19B

Double-acting (bidirectional): Capable of sealing pressure from both sides

S20

R56

R54

R55

Find a seal and check instant availability For your unique or special Hydraulic & Fluid Seal application contact our engineers to help you in specifying a seal thats best for your situation. At American High Performance Seals, we pride ourselves on manufacturing the most durable hydraulic & fluid seals. Utilizing advanced materials designed specifically to offer our customers maximum durability, we manufacture the widest array of seal and material options to meet industrys challenging fluids, temperatures, surface speeds and pressures. Most standard and custom-made hydraulic and fluid seals are available with a 1-4 day turnaround. Materials: Our extensive range of Rod Seals are available in a wide variety of sizes and materials. Our materials include: Polyurethane, Nitrile, Viton, H-Nbr, high-performance Polyurethane, water resistant (hydrolysis resistant) Polyurethane, EPDM, Silicone, FDA compliant materials, Aflas, Hytrel, Kalrez, UHMWPE, Tefzel, Nylon, Nylatron, Engineering Plastics, Peek, and a range of proprietary-filled Teflon (PTFE). Many special Duralast, Permachem and Duraloy Engineering Plastics and Elastomers were developed to match real-world applications, and on many occasions we have developed a special grade to address a customer's application difficulty.

For linear and reciprocating dynamic sealing applications

AHP Seals' non-symmetric Piston Seal designs ensure a high static seal force on the inside diameter of the seal, which adds stability and helps to limit the rocking motion of the seal as the piston cycles, and in turn can reduce fluid seepage.

We offer these types of piston seals: Single-acting (unidirectional) Double-acting (bidirectional) Piston Seal Profiles Single-acting (unidirectional): Sealing pressure only from one side (most common)

K01

K01A

K01B

K02

K02A

K03

K04

K05

K16

K19

K82

Double-acting (bidirectional): Capable of sealing pressure from both sides

K08

K08C

K08D

K81

K08E

K20

K08F

P56

P57

P50

P51

P52

P53

P54

P55

K35

Find a seal and check instant availability For your unique or special Hydraulic & Fluid Seal application contactour engineers to help you in specifying a seal thats best for your situation.

At American High Performance Seals, we pride ourselves on manufacturing the most durable hydraulic & fluid seals. Utilizing advanced materials designed specifically to offer our customers maximum durability, we manufacture the widest array of seal and material options to meet industrys challenging fluids, temperatures, surface speeds and pressures. Most standard and custom-made hydraulic and fluid seals are available with a 1-4 day turnaround. Materials: Our extensive range of Piston Seals are available in a wide variety of sizes and materials. Our materials include: Polyurethane, Nitrile, Viton, H-Nbr, high-performance Polyurethane, water resistant (hydrolysis resistant) Polyurethane, EPDM, Silicone, FDA compliant materials, Aflas, Hytrel, Kalrez, UHMWPE, Tefzel, Nylon, Nylatron, Engineering Plastics, Peek, and a range of proprietary-filled Teflon (PTFE). Many special Duralast, Permachem and Duraloy Engineering Plastics and Elastomers were developed to match real-world applications, and on many occasions we have developed a special grade to address a customer's application difficulty.

For linear and reciprocating dynamic sealing applications

Buffer rings buffer the pressure spikes of hydraulic systems. They act as a primary rod seal, and at the same time enable trapped fluid sealed by the secondary seal, which is down stream of the buffer, to be pumped back into the system. When a buffer ring is used in combination with a lip seal, the resulting sealing system provides long life with an exceptionally dry rod. Buffer seals are commonly used for rod seal application only. Buffer Seal Profiles

S09

S93

S92

S91

S98

S92C

F02B For your unique or special Hydraulic & Fluid Seal and Buffer Sealapplication contact our Engineers to help you in specifying a seal thats best for your situation. At American High Performance Seals, we pride ourselves on designing and manufacturing the most durable hydraulic & fluid seals. Utilizing advanced materials designed specifically to offer our customers maximum durability, we manufacture the widest array of seal and material options to meet industrys challenging fluids, temperatures, surface speeds and pressures. Most standard and custom made hydraulic and fluid seals are available with a 1-4 day turnaround. Materials: Our extensive range of Buffer Seals are available in a wide range of sizes and materials. Our materials include: Polyurethane, Nitrile, Viton, H-Nbr, high-performance Polyurethane, water resistant (hydrolysis resistant) Polyurethane, EPDM, Silicone, FDA compliant materials, Aflas, Hytrel, Kalrez, UHMWPE, Tefzel, Nylon, Nylatron, Engineering Plastics, Peek, and a range of proprietary filled Teflon (PTFE). Many special Duralast, Permachem and Duraloy Engineering Plastics and Elastomers were developed to match real-world applications, and on many occasions we have developed a special grade to address a customer's application difficulty.

For linear and reciprocating dynamic seal applications

The function of a wiper, scraper or excluder is to wipe or scrape dirt from the rod or shaft to prevent dirt particles from entering the hydraulic or fluid circuit of cylinders valves, thus dramatically increasing the service life of the seal and the equipment. Particular attention should be drawn to the selection of the wiper. For maximum seal life, it is important to protect the scraping edge of the wiper from being damaged.

We offer these types of wipers: Snap-in wipers, scrapers, excluders Press-in wipers Wiper Profiles Snap-in wipers, scrapers, excluders: This wiper design snaps into a groove in the cylinder and scrapes off mud and dirt and other contaminants.

A01

A01A

A02

A02A

A02B

A07

A11

A15

A21

A21E2

A20

A23

A09

W51

A04

A05

A8

A13

A02C Press-in wipers: This wiper is designed to press into a groove for ease of installation and replacement.

A03

A25

A06

For your unique or special Hydraulic & Fluid Seal and Wiper applications contact our engineers to help you in specifying a seal thats best for your situation. At American High Performance Seals, we pride ourselves on manufacturing the most durable hydraulic & fluid seals and wipers. Utilizing advanced materials designed specifically to offer our customers maximum durability, we manufacture the widest array of seal and material options to meet industrys challenging fluids, temperatures, surface speeds and pressures. Most standard and custom-made hydraulic and fluid seals and wipers are available with a 1-4 day turnaround. Materials: Our extensive range of Wipers are available in a wide variety of sizes and materials. Our materials include: Polyurethane, Nitrile, Viton, HNbr, high-performance Polyurethane, water resistant (hydrolysis resistant) Polyurethane, EPDM, Silicone, FDA compliant materials, Aflas, Hytrel, Kalrez, UHMWPE, Tefzel, Nylon, Nylatron, Engineering Plastics, Peek, and a range of proprietary-filled Teflon (PTFE). Many special Duralast, Permachem and Duraloy Engineering Plastics and Elastomers were developed to match real-world applications, and on many occasions we have developed a special grade to address a customer's application difficulty.

(GUIDE ELEMENTS)
The sliding movements of components, i.e. a piston in a tube, risk metal to metal contact, that will damage and score the surface and eventually cause a seize up, particularly if the components are subjected to side load forces. Piston and rod, therefore, need to be supported by guiding elements such as wear rings, wear bands, guide rings or bearings. Wear Ring Profiles

F01

F03

F04

F05

F06

F07

F08 Find a wear ring and check instant availability For your unique or special Hydraulic & Fluid Seal and Wear Ring applications contact our engineers to help you in specifying a product that is best for your situation. At American High Performance Seals, we pride ourselves on manufacturing the most durable hydraulic and fluid seals and wear rings. Utilizing advanced materials designed specifically to offer our customers maximum durability, we manufacture the widest array of seal and material options to meet industrys challenging fluids, temperatures, surface speeds and pressures. Most standard and custom-made hydraulic and fluid seals and wear rings are available with a 1-4 day turnaround. Materials: Our extensive range of Wear Rings and Guide Elements are available in a wide variety of sizes and materials. Our materials include: Nylatron, Nylon, UHMWPE, Tefzel, Engineering Plastics, Peek, Composit materials, and a range of proprietary-filled Teflon (PTFE). Many specialized Duraloy Engineering Plastics were developed to match real-world applications, and on many occasions we have developed a special grade to solve a customer's current application difficulty.

Back-up Rings are used in conjunction with O-rings and seals for both static and dynamic sealing applications. They prevent extrusion of the
O-ring or seal when it is subjected to high pressure, and/or larger extrusion gaps. The back-up ring should be used on the opposite pressure side of the seal. For seals that are exposed to pressure from both sides, two back-up rings should be used, one on each side of the O-ring or seal. Back-up Ring Profiles

F02

ST09

ST10

ST11

ST12

ST13

For your unique or special Hydraulic & Fluid Seal and Back-up Ring applications contact our engineers to help you in specifying a seal thats best for your situation. At American High Performance Seals, we pride ourselves on manufacturing the most durable hydraulic and fluid seals and back-up rings. Utilizing advanced materials designed specifically to offer our customers maximum durability, we manufacture the widest array of seal and material options to meet industrys challenging fluids, temperatures, surface speeds and pressures. Most standard and custom-made hydraulic and fluid seals and back-up rings are available with a 1-4 day turnaround. Materials: Our extensive range of Back-up Rings are available in a wide variety of sizes and materials. Our materials include: Polyurethane, Nitrile, Viton, H-Nbr, high-performance Polyurethane, water resistant (hydrolysis resistant) Polyurethane, EPDM, Silicone, FDA compliant materials, Aflas, Hytrel, Kalrez, UHMWPE, Tefzel, Nylon, Nylatron, Engineering Plastics, Peek, and a range of proprietary-filled Teflon (PTFE). Many special Duralast, Permachem and Duraloy Engineering Plastics and Elastomers were developed to match real-world applications, and on many occasions we have developed a special grade to address a customer's application difficulty.

When there is very little or no motion of the mating assembly parts upon the seal, a static condition exists. Usually an initial compression or periodic compressions typify static seal. When compressed, as with an o-ring or a seal, outward expansion results in the horizontal direction as a pressure relief, and this change needs to be accommodated in the housing design to avoid an overfill of the groove into which the seal fits. The groove or seal housing must, therefore, always be wider than the o-Ring or seal itself. The recommended compression range for static seals is 10% - 30%. Recent Article 1. Static Seals May Not Be Static Static Seal Profiles < Click to View PDF

OR

QR01

FLA01A

FL02B

OR1

OR2

P58

OCT

SS01

Find a seal and check instant availability For your unique or special Hydraulic & Fluid Seal application contact our engineers to help you in specifying a seal thats best for your situation.

At American High Performance Seals, we pride ourselves on manufacturing the most durable hydraulic & fluid and static seals. Utilizing advanced materials designed specifically to offer our customers maximum durability, we manufacture the widest array of seal and material options to meet industrys challenging fluids, temperatures, surface speeds and pressures. Most standard and custom-made hydraulic and fluid seals are available with a 1-4 day turnaround. Materials: Our extensive range of Static Seals are available in a wide variety of sizes and materials. Our materials include: Polyurethane, Nitrile, Viton, H-Nbr, high-performance Polyurethane, water resistant (hydrolysis resistant) Polyurethane, EPDM, Silicone, FDA compliant materials, Aflas, Hytrel, Kalrez, UHMWPE, Tefzel, Nylon, Nylatron, Engineering Plastics, Peek, and a range of proprietary-filled Teflon (PTFE). Many special Duralast, Permachem and Duraloy Engineering Plastics and Elastomers were developed to match real-world applications, and on many occasions we have developed a special grade to address a customer's application difficulty.

Lubricants Report
Product Data Sheet from Shell Lubricants

Shell Tellus Oils High performance hydraulic oil

Shell Tellus Oils are premium quality, solvent refined, high viscosity index mineral oil based fluids generally acknowledged to be the 'standard-setter' in the field of industrial hydraulic and fluid power lubrication.

Applications
Industrial hydraulic systems Mobile hydraulic fluid power transmission systems Marine hydraulic systems

Performance Features and Benefits Thermal stability

Thermally stable in modern hydraulic systems working in extreme conditions of load and temperature. Tellus Oils are highly resistant to degradation and sludge formation therefore improving system reliability and cleanliness.

Oxidation resistant
Resist oxidation in the presence of air, water and copper. Turbine Oil Stability Test (TOST) results show outstanding performance for Tellus Oils; low acidity, low sludge formation, low copper loss; therefore extending oil drain interval life and minimising maintenance costs.

Hydrolytic stability
Tellus Oils have good chemical stability in the presence of moisture, which ensures long oil life and reduces the risk of corrosion and rusting.

Outstanding anti-wear performance

Proven anti-wear additives are incorporated to be effective throughout the range of operating conditions, including low and severe duty high load conditions. Outstanding performance in a range of piston and vane pump tests; including the tough Denison T6C (dry and wet versions) and the demanding Vickers 35VQ25. Tellus Oils help system components last longer.

Superior filterability
Tellus Oils are suitable for ultra-fine filtration, an essential requirement in today's hydraulic systems. Unaffected by the usual products of contamination, such as water and calcium, which are known to cause blockage of fine filters. Customers can use finer filters, therefore achieving all the benefits of having in use cleaner fluids.

Low friction
Tellus Oils possess high lubrication properties and excellent low friction characteristics in hydraulic systems operating at low or high speed. Prevents stick-slip problems in critical applications enabling very fine control of machinery.

Excellent air release and anti-foam properties

Careful use of additives to ensure quick air release without excessive foaming. Quick air release helps minimise cavitation and slow oxidation, maintaining system and fluid performance.

Good water separation Good water separation properties

(demulsibility). Resists the formation of water-in-oil emulsions and prevents consequent hydraulic system and pump damage.

All round versatility

Tellus Oils are suitable for a wide range of other industrial applications.

Compatibility Specifications and Approvals

Tellus Oils have the following approvals: CINCINNATI P-68 (ISO 32) CINCINNATI P-70 (ISO 46) CINCINNATI P-69 (ISO 68) DENISON HF-0 DENISON HF-1 DENISON HF-2 Eaton (Vickers) M-2950 S Eaton (Vickers) I-286 S Tellus Oils meet the requirements of: ISO 11158 HM GM LS/2 AFNOR NF-E 48-603 Bosch Rexroth Ref 17421-001 and RD 2201/04.03 Swedish Standard SS 15 54 34 AM Tellus Oils are compatible with most pumps. However, please consult your Shell SIPC Tellus Page 2 of 3 03/08/2006 Representative before using in pumps containing silver plated components

Seal & Paint Compatibility

Tellus Oils are compatible with all seal materials and paints normally specified for use with mineral oils.

Health & Safety

Guidance on Health and Safety are available on the appropriate Material Safety Data Sheet which can be obtained from your Shell representative.

Protect the environment

Take used oil to an authorised collection point. Do not discharge into drains, soil or water.

Typical Physical Characteristi cs Product Product Code Density Kg/m3 Pour Point Flash Point Viscosity Index Viscosity @ 40 Viscosity @ 100 Demulsabilit y 54C o Rust Test (SW) 24hr Copper Corrosion 100C 3hrs Tost Lives hrs

Test Method

Tellus 22

Tellus 32

Tellus 46

Tellus 68

Tellus 100

Tellus 150

407-161 D 4052 D 97 D 92 D 2270 D 445 D 445 D 1401 D 665B D 130 D 943 864.2 -33 213 99 21.33 4.21 40/40/0(5) Pass 1A -

407-162 869.0 -30 225 99 32.32 5.38 40/40/0(10) Pass 1A 3000+

407-163 872.9 -30 238 96 46.99 6.76 40/40/0(10) Pass 1A -

407-164 875.4 -30 257 98 69.43 8.76 40/40/0(15) 40 Pass 1A 3000+

407-165 877.4 -27 279 108 100.64 11.91 /40/0(10) Pass 1A -

407-166 881.5 -30 286 96 148.33 14.56 40/40/0(10) Pass 1A -