CONTENTS OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 REFERENCES

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY IV (QSD 282)

PREPARED BY: SITI SARAH BINTI MAT ISA JABATAN UKUR BAHAN FAKULTI SENIBINA, PERANCANGAN DAN UKUR UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA CAWANGAN PERAK, KAMPUS SERI ISKANDAR

CONTENT OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 REFERENCES

CONTENTS
COURCE OBJECTIVES LEARNING OUTCOMES CHAPTER ONE:
Basement construction & Waterproofing for Basement

CHAPTER TWO:
Types and Selection of Deep Foundation

CHAPTER THREE:
Testing of Piles

CHAPTER FOUR:
Structural Steelworks

REFERENCES

COURSE OBJECTIVES
CONTENT

OBJECTIVES
OUTCOMES

1. Understand the technique, processes and types of plant used in construction of deep foundations and basement

CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 REFERENCES

2. Understand the effect of construction techniques on cost

different

3. Understand the characteristics, functional and performance of piles, basement and steel structures.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
CONTENTS OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 REFERENCES Knowledge: Types of basement, the construction methods and the waterproofing system suitable for basement Types of deep foundation, the installation method and its suitability in relation to soil and structural condition Components, suitability and installation of structural steelworks Skills: Able to identify the appropriate types of basements and its waterproofing systems Able to identify the appropriate types of piles with respect to soil and structural condition Able to identify the appropriate types of steel structures for a particular building design Understanding: Various types of basements construction waterproofing system Various types of piles and its suitability Fabrication and erection of structural steelworks and its

CONTENT OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 REFERENCES

BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION & WATERPROOFING FOR BASEMENT

BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION
WHAT IS BASEMENT?
A basement is the lowermost portion of a structure whether a story or several stories of a building, partly or wholly below ground level; often used for storage For buildings with basements, the furnace, water heater, car park and air-conditioning system of a house or building are typically located in the basement; so also are amenities such as the electrical distribution system, and cable television distribution point.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
PERIMETER TRENCH EXCAVATION OPEN CUT METHOD

FIVE (5) GENERAL METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING BASEMENT TOP DOWN METHOD CUT & COVER METHOD COMPLETE EXCAVATION

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
The excavations need to be adequately supported and the ground water were properly controlled. Three (3) method of supporting an excavation either in isolation or combination are: 1. 2. 3. Excavations supported by sheet piling Excavation supported by reinforced concrete diaphragm wall constructed in advance of the main excavation Excavation supported by contiguous bore piles or secant piles constructed in advance of the main excavation

OPEN CUT METHOD

Very old method Used in open space area where there is no obstruction & no building/structure nearby Beyond 6m deep, uneconomical because it will involved a massive excavation work and will require retaining wall no additional support operations and equipment, it is the economical choice The slope of the bank requires more excavation and large backfill volume than the other options.

BAC

OPEN CUT METHOD

OPEN CUT METHOD

Ramp

CUT AND COVER METHOD

This technique is usually employed in constrained sites where ground movement to the adjacent surrounding has to kept to the minimum Retaining walls are required to support the excavation with the provision of bracing as the excavation proceeds downward until the deepest basement level. The sides of the excavation are supported with heavy lateral bracing (strutting), which installed at various depths with the subsequent progress of excavation. The main functions of strutting are to provide temporary support to the walls and also as working platform for the mechanical plants to operate on. The basement is then constructed in the conventional way, bottom upwards in sequence with the removal of the temporary struts.
BAC

TOP DOWN METHOD

The top-down method of construction enables a high-rise superstructure and its sub-basement to be built simultaneously. Perimeter foundation walls are constructed using the concrete diaphragm or secant wall methods. Prefounded columns are constructed, followed by the construction of ground floor slab, where prefounded columns are structural columns/piles formed before basement excavation Ground level and first basement slabs are poured, with access holes left to allow excavation beneath. As each subsequent subgrade level is completed, the floors acts as lateral bracing for the perimeter wall system. Above, building construction can proceed while the basement work is ongoing since the buildings structural support is already in place
BAC

TOP DOWN METHOD

BAC

BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION USING DIAPHARGM WALL

BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION USING SECANT PILES

FINISHED LOAD BEARING SECANT WALL

INSTALLATION OF SECANT PILES CONSTRUCTION BELOW GROUND LEVEL

PERIMETER TRENCH EXCVTN.

This method is employed where weak subsoil are encountered. A perimeter trench is excavated around the proposed basement excavation The width and depth of the trench must sufficient to accommodate timbering, basement retaining wall & adequate working space.

BAC

PERIMETER TRENCH EXCVTN.

This method can be used where weak subsoil are encountered so that the basement walls act as permanent support whilst the mound or dumpling is excavated and the base slab cast.
BAC

COMPLETE EXCAVATION
This method can be used in firm subsoil where the centre of the proposed basement can be excavated first to enable the basement slab to be cast thus giving the protection to the formation level.

BAC

COMPLETE EXCAVATION
The sides of the excavation to the perimeter of the basement can be supported from the formation level using raking struts or from the edge of the basement slab using raking struts pitched.

BAC

WATERPROOFING FOR BASEMENT

Definition: Basement waterproofing refers to preventing water from entering the basement of a building. How this Happen? 1. Waterproofing is needed in cases where ground water is attempting to reach a level while it moves downward towards the watertable. 2. This leveling causes hydrostatic pressure to be exerted onto basement walls. 3. This hydrostatic pressure forces water into foundation walls and through the footing-foundation wall joint. 4. Hydrostatic pressure can cause major structural damage to foundation walls and has the ability to mold and decay building materials.

WATERPROOFING FOR BASEMENT

TANKING OR MEMBRANE SYSTEM

The objective of tanking is to provide a continuous waterproof membrane. Tanking is applied all around floor & wall in the form of liquid application, laying of pieces and/or sheets The tanking can be applied externally and internally according to the circumstances prevailing on site. Alternative to mastic asphalt are polythene sheeting, bituminous compounds, epoxy resin compound and bitumen laminates

WATERPROOFING FOR BASEMENT

WATERPROOFING FOR BASEMENT

WATERPROOFING FOR BASEMENT

CONCRETE ADMIXTURE OR INTEGRAL SYSTEM

Provides protection against water penetration based on the use of admixtures with waterproofing properties in the concrete mix Function of admixtures: a) To form concrete with surfaces that are repellent (resistant) to water b) To fill the capillary pores hence reduces the permeability of the concrete. Common admixtures used are the reactive hydrophobic preblocking ingredient and silica fume.

WATERPROOFING FOR BASEMENT

DRAINAGE CAVITY SYSTEM

Water seepage or moisture penetration is allowed to be collected & drained away

This system achieved by constructing an inner non-load bearing wall to create a cavity wall & special precast concrete drainage tiles over the basement floor but below the actual floor tile finishes, screeds & DPM
Water will trickle (mengalir) down the inside face of the outer wall, flow beneath the floor tiles, discharge into the surface of water drains or pumped into the drain

WATERPROOFING FOR BASEMENT

EXERCISES AND GROUP ACTIVITY

Exercises: Describe the main objectives of basement construction in any construction projects. Sketch and explain two (2) types of basement excavation Sketch and describe in detail three (3) methods of waterproofing for basement Explain the sequence of basement construction using diaphragm wall Explain the factors to be considered before deciding on the basement techniques in a construction project.

Form a group consist of five students, find any example of construction project which comprise of basement level. Identify the method that they used in constructing the basement. Prepare a 10 minutes presentation.

CONTENTS OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 REFERENCES

DEEP FOUNDATION

CONTENTS OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 REFERENCES

TESTING OF PILES

CONTENTS OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 REFERENCES

STRUCTURAL STEELWORKS

REFERENCES
Chudley, R (1999). Construction Technology (3rd Edition) London: Logman Chew Yit Lin (2001), Construction Technology for Tall Buildings (2nd Edition) Singapore Chudley, R (2001). Building Construction Handbook (2nd Edition) London: Butterworth Heinemann Cole, K.W. (1992), Foundation (2nd Edition), London: ICE Works Construction Guides Fleming, W.K. (1992), Piling Engineering (2nd Edition), London Tomlinson, M.J. (1994), Piles Design and Construction Practice (4th Edition), London Simmons, H.L. (2001), Construction-Principles and Practice of Heavy Construction (4th Edition), New Jersey

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