1.1. LÞCH Sö PH T Trión

phn 1.
si quang
Chng I. Gii thiu tng qut

Phn 1. Si quang
Chng I : Gii thiu tng qut

1.1.Lch s pht trin:
Tri qua mt thi gian di t khi con ngi s dng nh sng ca la

lm phng tin thng tin lin lc n nay lch s ca thng tin quang 2 qua
nhng bc pht trin v hon thin c ghi nhn bng nhng mc chnh sau:
- 1790 : CLAUDE CHAPPE, k s ngi Php, 2 xy dng mt h thng
in bo quang (Optical Telegraph). h thng ny gm mt chui cc thp vi
cc n bo hiu di ng trn . Thi y tin tc c truyn bng h thng ny
vt chng ng 200 km trong vng 15 pht.
- 1870 : JOHN TYNDALL, nh vt l ngi Anh, 2 chng t rng nh
sng c th dn c theo vi nc un cong. Th nghim ca ng 2 s dng
nguyn l phn x ton phn, iu ny vn cn p dng cho si quang ngy nay.
- 1880 : ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL, ngi M, gii thiu h thng
photophone, qua ting ni c th truyn i bng nh sng trong mi trueong
khng kh m khng cn dy. Tuy nhin h thng ny cha c p dng trn
thc t v cn qu nhiu ngun nhiu lm gim cht lng ca ng truyn.
- 1934 : NORMAN R. FRENCH, k s ngi M, nhn c bng sng
ch v h thng thng tin quang. Phng tin truyn dn ca ng l cc thanh
thu tinh.
- 1958 : ARTHUR SCHAWLOW v CHARLES H. TOWNES, xy dng v
pht trin laser.
- 1960 : THEODOR H. MAIMAN a laser vo hot ng thnh cng.
- 1962 : Laser bn dn v photodiode bn dn c tha nhn. Vn cn
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 1-
http://www.ebook.edu.vn
phn 1. si quang
li l phi tm mi trng truyn dn quang thch hp.

- 1966 : CHARLES H. KAO v GEORGE A. HOCKHAM, hai k s phng
th nghim Standard Telecommunications ca Anh, xut vic dng thu tinh
truyn dn nh sng. Nhng do cng ngh ch to si thu tinh thi y cn
hn ch nn suy hao ca si qu ln ( ~ 1000 dB/km).
- 1970 : H2ng Corning Glass Works ch to thnh cng si quang loi SI c
suy hao nh hn 20 db/km bc sng 633 nm.
- 1972 : Loi si GI c ch to vi suy hao 4 dB/km.
- 1983 : Si n mode (SM) c xut xng M.
- Ngy nay si n mode c s dng rng r2i. suy hao ca loi si ny
ch cn khong 0,2 dB/km bc sng 1550 nm.
1.2.Cc thnh phn ca mt tuyn truyn dn si quang:
Tn hiu in
Mch kch
thch
Tn hiu quang
Ngun
quang
Tn hiu in
Linh kin
thu quang
Si quang
Thit b pht
Phc hi
tn hiu
Thit b thu
Cc thnh phn chnh ca mt tuyn truyn dn si quang c nu trong

hnh trn. Trong tn hiu in c th dng analog hoc digital, ngy nay tn
hiu digital c dng ph bin hn.
Nu c ly truyn dn di th gia hai trm u cui mt hoc mt vi trm
tip vn vi s khi sau :
Tn hiu quang
Tn hiu quang
Thu
quang
Sa
dng
Pht
quang
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- 2-
phn 1. si quang
1.3.Nhng ng dng ca si quang :
Cng vi s pht trin khng ngng v thng tin vin thng, h thng truyn
dn quang - truyn tn hiu trn si quang 2 v ang pht trin mnh m
nhiu nc trn th gii. Do c nhiu u im hn hn cc hnh thc thng tin
khc v dung lng knh, kinh t... m thng tin quang gi vai tr chnh trong
vic truyn tn hiu cc tuyn ng trc v cc tuyn xuyn lc a, xuyn i
dng. Cng ngh ngy nay 2 to ra k thut thng tin quang pht trin v thay
i theo xu hng hin i v kinh t nht.
c bit cng ngh si quang n mode c suy hao nh iu ny 2 lm n
gin vic tng c chiu di ton tuyn thng tin quang. Thm vo khi cng
ngh thng tin quang kt hp v khuch i quang ra i lm tng chiu di
on ln gp i hoc gp n ln. Nh vy cht lng tn hiu thu trn h thng
ny s c ci thin mt cch ng k.
nc ta thng tin cp si quang ang ngy cng chim v tr quan trng.
Cc tuyn cp quang c hnh thnh, c bit l h thng cp quang H Ni H Ch Minh chim mt v tr quan trng trong thng tin ton quc.
Trong tng lai mng cp quang s c xy dng rng khp. Tuyn ng
trc cp quang s c r nhnh ti cc tnh, thnh ph, qun, huyn v xy
dng tuyn cp quang ni ht.
V tr ca si quang trong mng thng tin giai on hin nay:
- Mng ng trc xuyn quc gia
- Mng ring ca cc cng ty ng st, in lc, ...
- ng trung k
- ng cp th bin lin quc gia
-
ng truyn s liu, mng LAN
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- 3-
phn 1. si quang
- Mng truyn hnh.

- Trong tng lai si quang c th c s dng trong mng thu
bao.
1.4.u im ca thng tin si quang:
So vi dy kim loi si quang c nhiu u im ng ch l:

- Suy hao thp: cho php ko di khong cch tip vn do gim c s
trm tip vn
- Di thng rt rng: c th thit lp h thng truyn dn s tc cao
- Trng lng nh, kch thc nh
- Hon ton cch in khng chu nh hng ca sm xt
- Khng b can nhiu bi trng in t
- Xuyn m gi cc si dy khng ng k
- Vt liu ch to c rt nhiu trong thin nhin
- Dng h thng thng tin si quang kinh t hn so vi si kim loi cng
dung lng v c ly.
***
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- 4-
phn 1. si quang
Chng II.L thuyt chung v si dn quang
Chng II : L thuyt chung v si dn quang

2.1.
c s quang hc:
nh sng dng trong thng tin quang nm vng cn hng ngoi vi

bc sng t 800 nm n 1600 nm. c bit c 3 bc sng thng dng l 850
nm, 1300 nm, 1550 nm.
Chit sut ca mi trng:
n =
Trong :
C
V
n: chit sut ca mi trng.

C: vn tc nh sng trong chn khng
C = 3. 108m/s
V: vn tc nh sng trong mi trng
V V C nn n 1
S phn x ton phn:
nh lut Snell :
n1 sin = n2 sin
1
Mi trng 2: n2
Tia khc x
2
Mi trng 1: n1
3
T
2
1
Tia phn x
1
Tia phn x
S phn x v khc x nh sng

Nu n1 > n2 th < nu tng th cng tng theo v lun lun ln
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- 5-
phn 1. si quang
hn . Khi = 900 tc l song song vi mt tip gip, th c gi l gc ti

hn T nu tip tc tng sao cho > T th khng cn tia khc x m ch cn
tia phn x hin tng ny gi l s phn x ton phn.
Da vo cng thc Snell c th tnh c gc ti hn T :
sin T =
2.2.
n2
n1
S truyn dn nh sng trong si quang:
* Nguyn l truyn dn chung:

ng dng hin tng phn x ton phn, si quang c ch to gm mt
li (core) bng thu tinh c chit sut n1 v mt lp bc (cladding) bng thu
tinh c chit sut n2 vi n1 > n2 nh sng truyn trong li si quang s phn x
nhiu ln (phn x ton phn) trn mt tip gip gia li v lp v bc. Do
nh sng c th truyn c trong si c c ly di ngay c khi si b un cong
vi mt cong c gii hn.
n2
n
n1
Lp bc (cladding) n2
Li (core) n1
Lp bc (cladding) n2
Nguyn l truyn dn nh sng trong si quang

2.3.
cc dng phn b chit sut trong si quang:
a) Si quang c chit sut nhy bc (si SI: Step- Index):

y l loi si c cu to n gin nht vi chit sut ca li v lp v
bc khc nhau mt cch r rt nh hnh bc thang. Cc tia sng t ngun quang
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- 6-
phn 1. si quang
phng vo u si vi gc ti khc nhau s truyn theo cc ng khc nhau

n2
n2
n1
n1 > n2
n2
S truyn nh sng trong si quang c chit sut nhy bc (SI)

Cc tia sng truyn trong li vi cng vn tc :
V=
C
n1
y n1 khng i m chiu di ng truyn khc nhau nn thi gian

truyn s khc nhau trn cng mt chiu di si. iu ny dn ti mt hin
tng khi a mt xung nh sng hp vo u si li nhn c mt xung nh
sng rng hn cui si. y l hin tng tn sc,do tn sc ln nn si SI
khng th truyn tn hiu s tc cao qua c ly di c. Nhc im ny c
th khc phc c trong loi si c chit sut gim dn
b) Si quang c chit sut gim dn (si GI: Graded- Index):
Si GI c dng phn b chit sut li hnh parabol, v chit sut li thay
i mt cch lin tc nn tia sng truyn trong li b un cong dn.
n2
n2
n1
n(r)
n2
S truyn nh sng trong si GI

ng truyn ca cc tia sng trong si GI cng khng bng nhau nhng
vn tc truyn cng thay i theo. Cc tia truyn xa trc c ng truyn di
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- 7-
phn 1. si quang
hn nhng li c vn tc truyn ln hn v ngc li, cc tia truyn gn trc c

ng truyn ngn hn nhng li c vn tc truyn nh hn. Tia truyn dc theo
trc c ng truyn ngn nht v chit sut trc l ln nht . Nu ch to
chnh xc s phn b chit sut theo ng parabol th ng i ca cc tia sng
c dng hnh sin v thi gian truyn ca cc tia ny bng nhau. tn sc ca
si GI nh hn nhiu so vi si SI.
c) Cc dng chit sut khc:
Hai dng chit sut SI v GI c dng ph bin , ngoi ra cn c mt s
dng chit sut khc nhm p ng cc yu cu c bit:
+ Dng gim chit sut lp bc:
Trong k thut ch to si quang, mun thu tinh c chit sut ln phi tim
nhiu tp cht vo, iu ny lm tng suy hao. Dng gim chit sut lp bc
nhm m bo chnh lch chit sut nhng c chit sut li n1 khng cao.
+ Dng dch tn sc:

tn sc tng cng ca si quang trit tiu bc sng gn 1300nm.
Ngi ta c th dch im tn sc trit tiu n bc sng 1550nm bng cch
dng si quang c dng chit sut nh hnh v:
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- 8-
phn 1. si quang
+ Dng san bng tn sc:

Vi mc ch gim tn sc ca si quang trong mt khong bc sng.
Chng hn p ng cho k thut ghp knh theo bc sng ngi ta dng si
quang c dng chit sut nh hnh v:
Dng chit sut ny qu phc tp nn mi ch c nghin cu trong

phng th nghim ch cha a ra thc t.
2.4.
si a mode v n mode:
a) Si a mode (MM: Multi Mode):

Cc thng s ca si a mode thng dng (50/125m) l:
- ng knh li: d = 2a = 50m
- ng knh lp bc: D = 2b = 125m
- chnh lch chit sut: = 0,01 = 1%
- Chit sut ln nht ca li: n1 1,46
Si a mode c th c chit sut nhy bc hoc chit sut gim dn.
50 m
50 m
125 m
125 m
n1
n1
n2
n2
a) Si SI
n1 n 2
= 1%
n1
b) Si GI
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- 9-
phn 1. si quang
b) Si n mode ( SM: SingleMode ):

Khi gim kch thc li si ch c mt mode sng c bn truyn c
trong si th si c gi l n mode. Trong si ch truyn mt mode sng nn
tn sc do nhiu ng truyn bng khng v si n mode c dng phn b
chit sut nhy bc.
9 m
125 m
n1
= 0,3%
n2
Cc thng s ca si n mode thng dng l:

ng knh li:
d = 2a =9m 10m
ng knh lp bc:
D = 2b = 125m
lch chit sut:
= 0,003 = 0,3%
Chit sut li:
n1 = 1,46
tn sc ca si n mode rt nh, c bit bc sng = 1300 nm

tn sc ca si n mode rt thp ( ~ 0). Do di thng ca si n mode
rt rng. Song v kch thc li si n mode qu nh nn i hi kch thc ca
cc linh kin quang cng phi tng ng v cc thit b hn ni si n mode
phi c chnh xc rt cao. Cc yu cu ny ngy nay u c th p ng c
do si n mode ang c s dng rt ph bin.
***
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- 10-
phn 1. si quang
Chng III.Cc thng s ca si quang
Chng III : cc thng s ca si quang

3.1.
Suy hao ca si quang:
Cng sut trn si quang gim dn theo hm s m tng t nh tn hiu

in. Biu thc tng qut ca hm s truyn cng sut c dng:
P( z ) = P0 10
10
Trong :
P0 : cng sut u si (z = 0)
P(z): cng sut c ly z tnh t u si
: h s suy hao
P1 = P0
P2 = P ( L)
z
suy hao c tnh bi:

A(dB) = 10 lg
P1
P2
Trong :
P1 = P0 : cng sut a vo u si
P2 = P(L) : cng sut cui si
H s suy hao trung bnh:
(dB / km) =
A(dB)
L(km)
Trong :
A: suy hao ca si
L: chiu di si
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- 11-
phn 1. si quang
3.2.
Cc nguyn nhn gy suy hao trn si quang:
Cng sut truyn trong si b tht thot do s hp th ca vt liu, s tn

x nh sng v s khc x qua ch si b un cong.
a) Suy hao do hp th:
+ S hp th ca cc cht kim loi:
Cc tp cht trong thu tinh l mt trong nhng ngun hp th nh sng.
Cc tp cht thng gp l St (Fe), ng (Cu), Mangan (Mn), Chromium (Cr),
Cobal (Co), Nikel (ni).v.v.. Mc hp th ca tp cht ph thuc vo nng
tp cht v bc sng nh sng truyn qua n. c si quang c suy hao
di 1dB/Km cn phi c thu tinh tht tinh khit vi nng tp cht khng
qu mt phn t (10-9)
+ S hp th ca OH:
S c mt ca cc ion OH trong si quang cng to ra mt suy hao hp
th ng k. c bit hp th tng vt cc bc sng gn 950nm, 1240nm,
1400nm. Nh vy m cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy suy hao ca
si quang. Trong qu trnh ch to nng ca cc ion OH trong li si c
gi mc di mt phn t (10-9) gim hp th ca n.
+ S hp th bng cc tm v hng ngoi:
Ngay c khi si quang c t thu tinh c tinh khit cao s hp th
vn sy ra. Bn thn ca thu tinh tinh khit cng hp th nh sng trong vng
cc tm v vng hng ngoi. hp th thay i theo bc sng
b) Suy hao do tn x:
+ Tn x Raylegh:
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- 12-
phn 1. si quang
Ni chung khi sng in t truyn trong mi trng in mi gp nhng

ch khng ng nht s xy ra hin tng tn x. Cc tia sng truyn qua ch
khng ng nht ny s to i nhiu hng, ch mt phn nng lng nh sng
tip tc truyn theo hng c phn cn li truyn theo cc hng khc thm ch
truyn ngc v pha ngun quang.
+ Tn x do mt phn cch gia li v lp v bc khng hon ho:
Khi tia sng truyn n nhng ch khng hon ho gia li v lp bc tia
sng s b tn x. Lc mt tia ti s c nhiu tia phn x vi cc gc phn x
khc nhau, nhng tia c gc phn x nh hn gc ti hn s khc x ra lp v
bc v b suy hao dn.
c) c tuyn suy hao:
(dB/km)
5
4
3
2
1
0,4
0,25
0,8
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,55
(m)
Trn c tuyn suy hao ca si quang c 3 vng bc sng c suy hao

thp, cn gi l 3 ca s suy hao:
-
Ca s th nht bc sng 850nm: c xem l bc sng c suy hao
thp nht i vi nhng si quang c ch to giai on u. Suy hao trung

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- 13-
phn 1. si quang
bnh bc sng ny t 2 3 dB/km. Ngy nay bc sng ny t c dng v

suy hao cha phi l thp nht.
-
Ca s th hai bc sng 1300nm: suy hao bc sng ny tng i
thp, khong t 0,4 0,5 dB/Km. c bit bc sng ny tn sc rt thp

nn c s dng rng r2i hin nay.
-
Ca s th ba bc sng 1550nm: cho n nay suy hao bc sng ny
l thp nht, c th di 0,2dB/Km.

3.3.
Tn sc:
Tng t nh tn hiu in tn hiu quang truyn qua si quang cng b

bin dng hin tng ny gi l s tn sc. S tn sc lm mo dng tn hiu
analog v lm xung b chng lp trong tn hiu digital. S tn sc lm hn ch
di thng ca ng truyn dn quang.
Cc nguyn nhn gy ra tn sc:
+
Tn sc mode ( modal dispersion):

Do nng lng nh sng phn tn thnh nhiu mode. Mi mode li truyn
vi vn tc nhm khc nhau nn thi gian truyn khc nhau.

S ph thuc ca dmodvo s m g: dmod t cc tiu khi g ~ 2 v dmod tng
kh nhanh khi g c gi tr khc 2 v hai pha. y l mt yu cu nghim ngt
trong qu trnh ch to si GI.
Tn sc th mode (dmod) thay i theo dng chit sut:
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- 14-
phn 1. si quang
dmod
(ns/km)
1
0,1
0,01
1,6
1,8
2,0
2,2
2,4
2,6
2,8
Tn sc Mode (dmod) thay i theo chit sut
Tn sc th (chromatic dispersion):
Do tn hiu quang truyn trn si khng phi l n sc m gm mt
khong bc sng nht nh. Mi bc sng li c vn tc truyn khc nhau nn

thi gian truyn cng khc nhau
+
Tn sc cht liu:
Chit sut ca thu tinh thay i theo bc sng nn vn tc truyn ca
nh sng c bc sng khc nhau cng khc nhau. l nguyn nhn gy nn

tn sc cht liu.
V mt vt l, tn sc cht liu cho bit mc ni rng xung ca mi nm
b rng ph ngun quang qua mi km si quang, n v ca tn sc do cht
liu M l ps/nm.Km.
bc sng 850 nm tn sc do cht liu khong 90 120 ps/nm.Km.
Nu s dng ngun quang l LED c b rng ph = 50 nm th ni rng
xung khi truyn qua mi Km l:
Dmat = M
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- 15-
phn 1. si quang
Dmat = 100ps/nm.Km 50nm = 5ns/Km

Cn nu ngun quang l Laser Diode c = 3 nm th ni rng xung
ch khong 0,3 ns/Km.
bc sng 1300nm tn sc do cht liu bng tn sc ng dn sng
nhng ngc du nn tn sc th bng khng. Do bc sng 1300nm thng
c chn cho cc ng truyn tc cao.
bc sng 1550nm tn sc do cht liu khong20ps/nm.Km
d
(ps/nm.km)
16
12
Tn sc cht liu
8
Tn sc sc th
4
0
1200
1300
1400
1600
-4
-8
(nm)
Tn sc dn sng
-12
-16
Tn sc cht liu, tn sc dn sng v tn sc sc th

thay i theo bc sng
Tn sc do tc dng ca ng dn sng:
S phn b nng lng nh sng trong si quang ph thuc vo bc
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- 16-
phn 1. si quang
sng, s phn b ny gy nn hin tng tn sc ng dn sng. Tn sc ng dn

sng rt nh ch ng ch vi si n mode.
+
Tn sc th ca cc loi si:
dchr
(ps/nm.km)
12
1
2
8
4
1300
1600
0
-4
1200
1400
1500
(nm)
-8
-12
Tn sc th ca cc loi si
1: Si bnh thng (G652)
2: Si dch tn sc (G653)
3: Si san bng tn sc.
***
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- 17-
phn 1. si quang
Chng IV.Cu trc si quang
chng IV : Cu trc si quang
Thnh phn chnh ca si quang gm li (core) v lp bc (cladding).

Trong vin thng dng loi si c c hai lp trn bng thu tinh. Li dn nh
sng v lp bc gi nh sng tp trung trong li nh s phn x ton phn
gia li v lp bc.
bo v si quang, trnh nhiu tc dng do iu kin bn ngoi si
quang cn c bc thm mt vi lp na:
- Lp ph hay lp v th nht (primary coating)
- Lp v th hai (Secondary coating)
4.1.
Lp ph:
Lp ph c tc dng bo v si quang:
- Chng li s xm nhp ca hi nc.
- Trnh s try st gy nn nhng vt nt
- Gim nh hng v un cong
Lp ph c bc ngay trong qu trnh ko si. Chit sut ca lp ph
ln hn chit sut ca lp bc loi b cc tia sng truyn trong lp bc v khi
s phn x ton phn khng th xy ra phn cch gia lp bc v lp ph.
Lp ph c th c nhum mu hoc c thm vng nh du, khi hn ni si
hoc ghp nh sng vo si nht thit phi ty sch lp ph. ng nht, b
dy v ng tm ca lp ph c nh hng n cht lng ca si quang.
4.2.
Lp v:
Lp v c tc dng tng cng sc chu ng ca si quang trc cc tc

dng c hc v s thay nhit , cho n nay lp v c cc dng chnh sau:
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- 18-
phn 1. si quang
- Dng ng m lng (Loose buffer)

- Dng m kht (tight buffer)
- Dng bng dt (Ribbon)
Mi dng c nhng u nhc dim khc nhau do c s dng trong
tng iu kin khc nhau.
Lp v
250m
Lp ph
125m
Lp bc
li
Cu trc si quang
a)
Dng ng m lng:
Si quang (2 bc lp ph) c t trong mt ng m c ng knh
ln hn ng kch thc si quang.

si quang
lp ph
1,2 2mm
ngm
cht nhi
Cu trc ng m lng (Loose buffer)

-
ng m lng thng gm hai lp, lp trong c h s ma st nh si
quang di chuyn t do khi cp b ko cng hoc co li, lp ngoi bo v si

quang trc nh hng ca lc c hc. i vi cp trong nh th bn trong ng
m lng khng cn cht nhi nhng vi cp ngoi tri th phi bm thm cht
nhi c cc tnh cht sau:
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- 19-
phn 1. si quang
C tc dng ngn m
C tnh nht khng tc dng ho hc vi cc thnh phn khc ca cp
D ty sch khi cn hn ni
Kh chy.
Cu trc ng m lng c nhiu u im nn c dng trong cc ng
truyn dn cn cht lng cao, trong iu kin mi trng thay i nhiu.

b)
Dng m kht:
Mt cch n gin bo v si quang di tc dng ca nhiu iu kin
bn ngoi l bc mt lp v m st lp ph. Phng php ny lm gim ng

knh ca lp v do gim kch thc v trng lng ca cp, song si quang li
chu nh hng trc tip khi cp b ko cng gim nh hng ny ngi ta
chn thm mt lp m mm gia lp ph v lp v. Hnh thc ny c gi l
cu trc m tng hp. Si quang c v m kht v m tng hp thng c
dng lm cp t trong nh, lm dy nhy u ni cc trm u cui...
Si quang
lp ph
0,9mm
lp m mm
lp v
Cu trc si quang c v m tng hp

c)
Dng bng dt:

Cu trc bng dt cung l mt dng v m kht nhng bc nhiu si
quang thay v mt si. S si trong bng c th ln n 12, b rng ca mi bng

tu thuc vo s si trong bng. Nhc im ca cu trc ny ging nh cu
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 20-
phn 1. si quang
trc m kht, tc l si quang chu nh hng trc tip khi cp b ko cng.
bng 4 si
bng 8 si
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 21-
phn 1. si quang
Chng V.Linh kin bin i quang in
chng V : Linh kin bin i quang in

5.1.
Tng qut:
Linh kin bin i quang in c t hai u si quang. C hai linh

kin quang in:
+
Linh kin bin i t tn hiu in sang tn hiu quang, c gi l ngun
quang. Linh kin ny c nhim v pht ra nh sng c cng sut t l vi dng

in chy qua n.
+
Linh kin bin i tn hiu quang sang tn hiu in, cn gi l linh kin
tch sng quang (hay linh kin thu quang). Linh kin ny c nhim v ngc li
so vi ngun quang , tc l to ra dng in t l vi cng sut quang chiu vo
n.
Cht lng ca linh kin bin i quang in v cht lng si quang quyt
nh c ly, dung lng v cht lng ca tuyn truyn dn quang.
Yu cu k thut ca linh kin quang in:
a)
i vi ngun quang:
-
Bc sng ca nh sng pht ra:

Mc suy hao ca nh sng truyn trn si quang ph thuc vo bc
sngca nh sng. C ba bc sng thng dng l 850nm, 1300nm, 1550nm. Do

nh sng do ngun quang pht ra cng phi c bc sng ph hp.
-
Thi gian chuyn:

c th truyn c tn hiu s c tc bit cng cao th thi gian
chuyn trng thi ca ngun quang phi cng nhanh.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 22-
phn 1. si quang
Cng sut pht:

C ly thng tin ph thuc vo nhiu yu t trong cng sut pht ca
ngun quang l mt trong nhng yu t chnh. Cng sut pht cng ln th c ly

thng tin cng xa.
-
rng ph:
nh sng m ngun quang thc t pht ra khng phi l ch c mt bc
sng duy nht m gm mt khong bc sng. Khong sng ny cng rng th

tn sc cht liu cng ln do lm hn ch di thng ca tuyn truyn dn
quang. Nh vy rng ph ca ngun quang cng hp cng tt.
-
Gc phng nh sng:
Nh ta 2 bit ng knh li ca si quang rt nh nu kch thc ca
ngun quang ln v gc phong nh sng rng v cng sut pht quang vo c

li s rt thp. Do ngun quang c vng pht sng v gc pht sng cng hp
cng tt.
-
n nh:
Cng sut quang m cc ngun quang thc t pht ra t nhiu ph thuc
vo nhit mi trng, thi gian s dng v i khi cn ph thuc vo cng

sng xung quanh. V vy cng sut do ngun quang pht ra cng n nh
cng tt.
-
Thi gian s dng lu, gi thnh h.
b)
i vi linh kin tch sng quang:
- Bc sng:
Nhy i vi bc sng hot ng ca h thng
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 23-
phn 1. si quang
nhy:
C nhy cng cao cng tt. Tc l kh nng tch c cc tn hiu
quang tht nh vi s li (BER) trong phm vi cho php. Linh kin tch sng
quang cng nhy th cng c kh nng ni rng c ly thng tin.
- p ng nhanh:
c th lm vic trong h thng c tc bit cao.
- Dng ti nh:
Khi cha c nh sng chiu vo nhng linh kin tch sng quang vn c
dng in tch sng nhiu chy qua. Dng in ny cng nh cng tt.
- Tp m:
C tp m cng thp cng tt m bo t s tn hiu trn tp m (S/N).
- tin cy cao , gi thnh h.
5.2.
Ngun quang:
5.2.1.
Nguyn l chung:
C hai loi linh kin c dng lm ngun quang hin nay l:

- Diode pht quang hay LED (Light Emitting Diode)
- Diode Laser hay LD (Laser Diode)
C hai linh kin trn u pht trin t diode bn dn, Tc l t tip gip
ca bn dn loi P v loi N. Cc c tnh k thut ca ngun quang phn ln
ph thuc vo cu to ca chng, ring bc sng do ngun quang pht ra ph
thuc vo vt liu ch to ngun quang. Mi cht bn dn c b rng khe nng
lng Eg khc nhau. M Eg quyt nh tn s v do quyt nh bc sng ca
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 24-
phn 1. si quang
nng lng nh sng pht ra theo cng thc sau:

E g = hv = h
hay:
hC
1,24
=
E g E g (eV )
Trong :
h = 6,625 . 10-34 j.s
: Hng s Planck
C = 300.000 Km/s
: Vn tc nh sng trong chn khng
Eg : b rng khe nng lng, n v (eV)

v : tn s nh sng pht ra, n v Hz
T cng thc trn ta thy bc sng cua nh sng pht ra t l nghch vi
b rng khe nng lng ca cht bn dn ch to ngun quang. Do mun
ngun quang pht ra nh sng c bc sng di th phi dng cht bn dn c b
rng khe nng lng hp.
InGaAsP
GaAs/InP
AlGaAs
GaAsP
GaP
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,85
1,3
Ga : Gallium
As : Arsenic
P : Phosphorus
Al : Aluminium
1,55
1,8
(nm)
In : Indium
Bc sng pht x ca cc cht bn dn dng trong thng tin quang
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 25-
phn 1. si quang
5.2.2.
a)
LED:
Cu to v phn loi:
Mc d nguyn l pht quang trong mi ni P N kh n gin song cu
trc ca cc n LED phc tp hn mt diode bn dn bnh thng v phi p

ng ng thi cc yu cu k thut ca mt ngun quang.
LED tip xc mt GaAs:
y l loi c cu trc n gin nht, dng bn dn GaAs vi nng
khc nhau lm lp nn loi N v lp pht quang loi P. Lp P dy khong
200m, mt ngoi ca lp P c ph mt lp chng phn x ghp nh sng
vo si quang. Bc sng pht ca LED GaAs trong khong t 880 n 950nm.
Lp chng phn x
Tip xc P
Lp cch in
Lp P-GaAs (khuch tn)
Lp N-GaAs (nn)
Tip xc N
Cu trc LED tip xc mt GaAs
LED Burrus:
LED Burrus c ch to theo cu trc nhiu lp (Heterostructure) bao
gm cc lp bn dn loi N v P vi b dy v nng khc nhau. Vi cu trc
nhiu lp v vch tip xc P c kch thc nh, Vng pht sng ca LED Burrus
tng i hp. Ngoi ra trn b mt ca LED c khot mt l a si quang
vo gn vng pht sng. Bc sng ca LED Burrus dng bn dn AlGaAs /
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 26-
phn 1. si quang
gaAs trong khong t 800 n 850nm. Nu dng bn dn InGaAsP / InP th

bc sng pht ra di hn
Tip xc N
Lp N - GaAs ( lp nn )
vng pht sng
Lp N - AlGaAs
Lp P - AlGaAS ( lp tch cc )
Lp P+ - AlGaAs
Lp cch in Al2O3
Tip xc P ( ng knh nh )
Cu trc LED Burrus

LED pht bc sng di:
Mt loi LED pht bc sng di (1300nm v 1550nm) dng bn dn
InGaAsP / InP . Tng t nh LED Burrus, loi ny cng c cu trc nhiu lp
v c ng knh vch tip xc P nh (25 n 30m) nn c vng pht sng hp.
im khc bit so vi LED Burrus l thay v khot l ghp nh sng vo si
quang, y dng lp nn InP c dng mt thu knh ghp nh sng vo si
quang.
Lp chng phn x
Lp P+ - InGaAsP
Tip xc N
Lp N - InP ( lp nn )
Lp cch in Al2O3
Vng pht sng
Lp to nhit
Lp P - InGaAsP
Tip xc P
( 25 30m )
Lp P+ - InP
LED pht bc sng di
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 27-
phn 1. si quang
LED pht x ra: (ELED: Edge Light Emitting Diode)

LED pht x ra c cu to khc vi LED thng thng, cc in cc tip
xc (bng kim loi) ph kn mt trn v y ca ELED. Do nh sng khng
th pht ra pha hai mt c m b gi trong vng tch cc c dng vch hp.
Lp tch cc rt mng, bng vt liu c chit sut ln kp gia hai lp P v N c
cit sut nh hn. Cu trc nh vy tng t cu trc si quang. Hay ni cch
khc, tng ng vi mt ng dn sng. nh sng pht ra c hai u ng dn
sng ny, mt trong hai c ni vi si quang. Cu trc ny c u im l vng
pht sng hp v gc pht sng nh nn hiu sut ghp nh sng vo si quang
cao. Tuy nhin n cng c mt hn ch l khi hot ng nhit ca ELED tng
kh cao nn i hi phi c gii nhit.
Tip xc P
Vng pht sng
( lp tch cc )
Lp P - AlGaAs
Lp P - AlGaAs
Lp N - AlGaAs
Cch in SIO2
Lp P - AlGaAs
Tip xc N
LED pht x ra (ELED)

Cui cng phi ghi nhn rng cu trc ca LED cng phc tp th cng
sut pht cng cao, gc pht sng cng hp, thi gian chuyn cng nhanh. Tt
nhin, cng nh mi linh kin khc, cu trc cng phc tp th gia thnh s cng
cao.
b)
c tnh k thut:
Cc c tnh k thut ca LED ph thuc rt nhiu vo cu to ca chng.
Ngoi ra theo pht trin ca cng ngh bn dn, cht lng ca LED ngy
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 28-
phn 1. si quang
cng nng cao hn.

Thng s in:
- Dng in hot ng tiu bi: t 50mA n 300mA
- in p st trn LED: t 1,5V 2,5V
Cng sut pht:
L cng sut tng cng do ngun quang pht ra. Cng sut pht ca LED
t 1 3mW. i vi loi pht sng cao (High - Radinnce) cng sut pht c th
ln n 10mW. Cc LED pht x mt cng sut pht cao hn LED pht x ra
vi cng dng in kch thch. Nhng iu khng c ngha l si quang nhn
c cng sut quang t LED pht x mt cao hn LED pht x ra.
P(mW)
LED
(pht x mt)
10
ELED
(pht x ra)
5
0
100 200 300 400 500
I(mA)
Cng sut pht ca LED v ELED

Gc pht quang:
Cng sut nh sng do ngun quang pht ra cc i trc pht quang v
gim dn theo gc hp vi trc. Gc pht quang c xc nh mc cng sut
pht quang gim mt na (3dB) so vi mc cc i. LED pht x mt c gc
pht quang ln hn so vi LED pht x ra.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 29-
phn 1. si quang
Cng sut
tng i
1
pht x mt
pht x ra
0,5
0
900 450
00 450
300
900
0 (gc pht)
1200
Gc pht quang ca LED v ELED

Hiu sut ghp quang:
Hiu sut ghp quang c tnh bi t s cng sut quang ghp vo si
quang vi cng sut pht quang tng cng ca ngun quang. Hiu sut ghp
quang ph thuc vo kch thc vng pht quang, gc pht quang ca ngun,
gc thu nhn (NA) ca si quang v v tr t ngun quang v si quang. Hiu
sut ghp ca LED pht x mt khong 1 5% v LED pht x ra trong khong
5 15%. T , tuy cng sut pht ca LED pht x mt ln hn nhng cng
sut a vo si quang ca LED pht x ra li ln hn ( thng ln hn khong
hai ln ).
rng ph:
Ngun quang pht ra cng sut cc i bc sng trung tm v gim
dn v hai pha. rng ph l khong bc sng m trong cng sut quang
khng nh hn phn na mc cng sut nh. Thng thng LED c rng
ph trong khong 35 100 nm
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 30-
phn 1. si quang
Cng sut
tng i
1
0,5
0
40nm
800
850
900
Bc sng (nm)
rng ph ca LED
Thi gian chuyn ln (Rise time):

L khong thi gian cng sut ra tng t 10% n 90% mc cng sut
n nh khi c xung dng in kch thch ngun quang. Thi gian chuyn ca
ngun quang c nh hng n tc bit ca tn hiu iu ch, mun iu ch
tc cng cao th ngun quang phi c thi gian chuyn cng nhanh. Gii
thng ti a ca tn hiu iu ch ph thuc vo thi gian chuyn.
nh hng ca nhit :
Khi nhit mi trng tng th cng sut pht gim, tuy nhin mc
nh hng bi nhit ca LED khng cao:
- bc sng 850nm: nh hng l -1% / 0C
- bc sng 1300nm v 1550nm: nh hng t -2% n -4% /
5.2.3.
a)
LASER:
Cu to v nguyn tc hot ng:

Laser bn dn hot ng theo nguyn l pht x kch thch. Cu to ca n
gn gi vi cu to ca LED pht x ra (ELED). im khc bit c bn l trong

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 31-
phn 1. si quang
Laser c hai mtphn x hai u lp tch cc to nn mt hc cng hng

quang. Phn nh sng pht ra theo chiu dc ca hc cng hng s b phn x
qua li gia hai mt phn x. Trong qu trnh di chuyn theo chiu dc ca hc
nh sng kch thch cc in t kt hp vi cc l trng phng ra cc photon
mi. Phn nh sng thot ra theo cc phng khc b tht thot dn. nh vy ch
c phn nh sng pht ra theo chiu dc mi c khuch i.
Mt sau ca Laser c ph mt lp phn x cn mt trc c ct nhn
mt phn nh sng phn x cn mt phn chiu ra ngoi.
+
Mt phn x
Bn dn loi P
Lp tch cc
Bn dn loi N
nh sng
Nguyn l cu to LASER bn dn
Nhm tng hiu qu pht x, cc Laser thc t c cu trc phc tp hn

chng hn loi Laser c cu trc nhiu lp chn cn gi l Laser BH (Buried
Heterostructure) c vng pht sng rt hp (2m 0,2m) nn hiu sut ghp
nh sng vo li si quang rt cao.
Tip xc P
Lp P + ( InGaAsP )
Cch in ( SiO2 )
Lp P ( InP )
Lp N ( InP )
Lp P ( InP )
Lp tch cc
( InGaAsP )
Lp N ( InP )
Lp N ( InP )
Tip xc N
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 32-
phn 1. si quang
b)
c tnh k thut:
Thng s in:
- Dng in ngng:
Khi dng in kch thch cho Laser c tr s nh, Laser hot ng ch
pht x t pht nn cng sut pht rt thp. Khi c kch thch vi dng in
ln, Laser hot ng ch kch thch cng sut quang tng nhanh theo dng
kch thch.
P (mW)
T1
10
LASER
T2 >T1
T1
T2 >T1
LED
0
100
200
I(mA)
Dng ngng
Dng ngng ca Laser thay i theo nhit . i vi nhnh Laser i

c, dng ngng c gi tr t 50mA 100mA. Nhng Laser i mi dng
ngng ch trong khong 10mA 20mA.
- Dng in kch thch: t vi chc n vi trm mA tu theo loi.
- in p st trn Laser: t 1,5V 2,5V
Cng sut pht:
Cng sut pht ca Laser t 1 10mW, i vi nhng Laser i mi c
th ln n 50mW hay hn na.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 33-
phn 1. si quang
Gc pht sng:
Gc pht sng ca Laser theo phng ngang ca lp tch cc ch trong
khong 5 100 , cn theo phng vung gc vi lp tch cc gc pht c th ln
n 400 . Nh vy mt bao ca gc pht khng phi l mt nn trn xoay m l
mt nn hnh elip
Hiu sut ghp:
Laser c vng pht sng nh, gc pht sng hp nn c hiu sut ghp nh
sng vo si quang cao.
- Trung bnh hiu sut ghp ca Laser trong khong:
30% 50%: i vi si n mode (SM)
60% 90%: i vi si a mode (MM)
tng hiu sut ghp, ngi ta c th to thm cc chi tit ph gia
ngun quang v si quang nh t thm thu knh gia ngun quang v si
quang, to u si quang c dng mt cu,...
rng ph:
Dng ph pht x ca Laser l tng hp c tuyn khuch i (do b rng
khe nng lng thay i) v c tuyn chn lc ca hc cng hng quang ( ph
thuc vo chiu di hc). So vi LED th ph pht x ca Laser rt hp, trong
khong t 1 n 4nm. Dng ph gm nhiu vch ri rc nn c gi l ph ca
Laser a mode. Ngi ta c khuynh hng ch to Laser c ph ngy cng hp
gim tn sc cht liu khi s dng bc sng 1550nm. V trong tng lai c
th s dng rng r2i k thut ghp knh theo bc sng.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 34-
phn 1. si quang
-3
= 1 - 4 nm
0
0
Ph pht x ca LASER dng thc t

- Laser hi tip phn b DFB: thay th cho cc mt phn x hai u l
mt chui gn sng trn lp bn dn lm nn ch phn x nhng bc sng nht
nh do gn nh ch c mt bc sng c cng hng v khuch i. Ph
ca Laser DFB rt hp ch vo khong 0,1nm n 0,2nm. Ph ca Laser DFB c
dng:
P
0
-3
< 0,1nm
-20
-25
1nm
- Laser hc ghp C_cubed: hai chp Laser ri c ghp quang vi nhau

nhng cch ly v in t c s gii hn bc sng pht
- Laser hc ngoi (external Cavity): l loi Laser c mt phn x bn ngoi
thay v trng mt phn x trong Laser thng thng.
Thi gian chuyn ln:
Thi gian cng sut quang tng t 10% 90% mc cng sut xc lp
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 35-
phn 1. si quang
ca Laser rt nhanh, thng thng khng qu 1ns.

nh hng nhit :
Khi nhit thay i dng ngng ca Laser thay i do cng sut
pht ra cng thay i nu gi nguyn dng in kch thch. Khi nhit tng th
dng ngng cng tng theo dng hm m ca s gia tng nhit . Trung bnh,
gia tng dng ngng vo khong +1%/0C. Ngoi ra khi nhit thay i th
cng sut pht ra cng thay i, nhng mc nh hng rt thp.
5.3.
Tch sng quang:
5.3.1. Nguyn l chung:
Cc linh kin tch sng quang hin nay cng l loi linh kin bn dn.
Cu to ca chng cng pht trin t tip gip PN. C hai loi linh kin tch
sng quang c s dng hin nay l:
- PIN: loi diode thu quang gm ba lp bn dn P,I v N. Trong P v N
l hai lp bn dn c pha tp cht cn I (Intrinsic) khng pha tp cht hoc pha
vi nng rt thp.
- APD (Avalanche Photo Diode): Diode thu quang c nhy v tc
cao.
- Ngoi ra cn c transistor quang (Phototransistor) c kh nng bin i
tn hiu quang sang tn hiu in nhng c thi gian p ng chm nn t c
s dng. Nu c cng ch xut hin trong cc h thng c c ly ngn v tc
chm.
Cc linh kin tch sng quang hot ng theo nguyn tc ca mt tip
gip PN phn cc ngc.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 36-
phn 1. si quang
5.3.2.
a)
Nhng thng s c bn:
Hiu sut lng t:

Hiu sut lng t c tnh bi t s lng in t tch ra v s photon
c hp th.
n
=n e
ph
Trong :
: Hiuut lng t
nph : s lng photon hp th
ne : s lng in t tch ra
Gi tr ln nht ca l 1, tc l mt photon c hp th s lm bc x
nhiu nht mt cp in t v l trng. Thng thng nh hn 1 v c tnh
theo phn trm (%). Trong nhng trng hp c bit (c hiu ng nhn) mt
photon c hp th c th lm pht sinh nhiu in t.
b)
p ng:
p ng ca linh kin tch sng quang l t s ca dng in sinh ra v
cng sut quang a vo.

Ie
ne .e
R=
=
Popt n ph .hV
Trong :
R: p ng
Ie: Dng quang in
Popt: cng sut quang
c)
nhy:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 37-
phn 1. si quang
nhy ca linh kin thu quang l mc cng sut quang thp nht m
linh kin c th thu c v mt t s li (BER) nht nh. Theo tiu chun
G956 ca CCITT, BER = 10-10 . nhy ca linh kin thu quang ph thuc loi
linh kin tch sng quang v mc nhiu ca b khuch i in. Ngoi ra tc
bit truyn dn cng cao th nhy ca thit b thu cng km.
d)
Di ng:
Di ng ca linh kin thu quang l khong chnh lch gia mc cng
sut cao nht v mc cng sut thp nht (tc nhy) m linh kin c th thu
c trong mt gii hn t s li (BER) nht nh.
e)
Tp m:
Tp m trong cc linh kin thu quang c th hin di dng dng in
tp m. Cc ngun tp m ng k ca linh kin thu quang l:

- Tp m nhit:
L tp m gy ra do in tr ti ca diode thu quang cng nh tr khng
vo ca b khuch i u. Tp m nhit It ph thuc nhit , bng tp m, in
tr ti theo cng thc:
I t2 =
4 KT
.B
R
Trong :
K: hng s Boltzman; 1,38 10-38 J/0K
T: nhit tuyt i, K
B: b rng bng, n v Hz
R: in tr ti, n v Ohm
Tp m nhit ca my thu quang cn ph thuc h s tp m ca b
khuch i.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 38-
phn 1. si quang
- Tp m lng t:
Do bin ng ngu nhin nng lng ca cc photon p vo diode thu
quang. Dng tp m lng t Iq c tnh bi:
I q2 = 2 e . R . P opt B = 2 e . I
ph
.B
- Tp m dng ti:
Dng in nhiu do cc diode thu quang pht ra khi khng c nh sng
chiu vo cng gy nn tp m thng ging. Tp m do dng ti c tnh bi
cng thc:
I q2 = 2e.i D .B
Trong : iD l dng ti ca diode pht quang.

5.3.3.
Diode thu quang PIN:
Cu to ca diode thu quang PIN gm ba lp bn dn P-I-N, trong lp I

(Intrinsic) l lp bn dn khng pha tp cht hoc pha vi nng rt thp. Qu
trnh hp th photon tch ra cc in t v l trng xy ra trong lp I . Do
lp I cng dy th hiu sut lng t cng cao nhng ng thi thi gian tri ca
in t s cng chm. iu ny lm gim kh nng hot ng vi tc cao ca
PIN. B dy lp P ph thuc kh nng thm nhp ca nh sng vo bn dn. nh
sng c bc sng cng di th kh nng thm nhp vo bn dn cng ln.
nh sng
Lp chng phn x
Vng tip xc
( kim loi )
Cch in ( SiO2 )
Tip xc ( kim loi )
Cu to ca diode thu quang PIN

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 39-
phn 1. si quang
5.3.4.
Diode thu quang APD:
ng dng hiu ng nhn in t trong bn dn, ngi ta ch to APD,

trong P+ v N - l hai lp bn dn c nng tp cht cao cn P - l lp c
nng tp cht rt thp (thay th v tr lp I trong PIN)
Di tc dng ca ngun phn cc ngc, s phn b cng in
trng trong cc lp bn dn khng u nhau, in trng trong vng tip gip
PN- cao nht , qu trnh nhn in t xy ra trong vng ny. Vng ny cn c
gi l vng thc l.
Khi c nh sng chiu vo, cc photon b hp th trong lp P - v to ra
cc cp in t - l trng. L trng di chuyn v pha lp P+ ni vi cc m ca
ngun; cn in t di chuyn v pha tip gip PN- , in trng cao trong vng
ny s tng tc cho in t. in t va chm vo cc nguyn t ca tinh th bn
dn to ra cc cp in t - l trng mi (gi l s ion ho do va chm). Cc in
t th cp mi c to ra li c kh nng gy ra s ion ho do va chm. Qu
trnh tip din v s lng cc ht ti in tng ln rt ln.
Tip xc N
N- ( InGaAs )
N ( InGaAs )
N ( InP )
P ( InP )
P ( InP )
Tip xc P
nh sng
Cu to APD
Nh vy trong APD dng quang in 2 c nhn ln M ln vi M l s
in t th cp pht sinh ng vi mt in t s cp.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 40-
phn 1. si quang
Dng quang in do APD to ra s l:

Iph = R.M.Popt
Trong :
R : p ng (A/W)
M : h s nhn
Popt : cng sut quang(W)
H s nhn M thay i theo in p phn cc ngc v cng ph thuc
nhit nn vic gi cho h s nhn M n nh rt kh khn.
Ngoi ra, nu vng thc l cng rng th h s M cng cng ln. Nhng
lc thi gian tri ca in t cng chm nn tc hot ng ca APD gim.
Gi tr ca h s nhn M t 10 1000 ln. trn thc t ch chn im phn
cc cho APD sao cho M = 50 200 ln v M cng ln th dng nhiu ca APD
cng cng cao.
c tnh k thut ca PIN v APD:
- nhy:
APD nhy hn PIN. nhy ca APD ln hn PIN t 5 n 15 dB
Nhy (dBm)
-30
-40
PIN
-50
-60
APD
-70
1
10
100
1000
Mb/s
Tuy nhin nu dng PIN kt hp vi FET th nhy ca PIN - FET gn

bng nhy ca APD.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 41-
phn 1. si quang
- Di ng:
Di ng ca APD rng hn PIN v c th iu chnh c bng cc thay
i in p phn cc thay i h s nhn M.
- Dng ti:
Dng ti ca APD ln hn so vi PIN.
- n nh:
n nh ca PIN tt hn so vi APD v h s nhn M ca APD va ph
thuc in p phn cc va thay i theo nhit .
- in p phn cc:
APD cn in p phn cc ngc cao hn PIN. in p phn cc ca APD
c th ln n hng trm volt trong khi in p phn cc cho PIN thng di 20
volt.
u nhc im ca hai loi tch sng quang PIN v APD tri ngc nhau
khng ging nh hai loi ngun quang LED v LASER. c tnh k thut ca
LASER tt hn LED v nhiu mt trong khi APD ch hn PIN v nhy v tc
lm vic. Cc mt hn ch ca APD l:
- Ch lm vic km n nh nn cn mch in phc tp.
- Dng nhiu ln
- in p phn cc cao v yu cu n nh cao
- Gi thnh cao
Do nhng dc tnh k thut trn m c APD v PIN u tn ti song song.
C th gi c cc u im ca PIN v khc phc cc nhc im ca n
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 42-
phn 1. si quang
bng cch dng kt hp PIN vi mt Transistor trng (FET) trong mch tin
khuch i. Hai linh kin kt hp ny c gi l PIN - FET, chng c s
dng kh ph bin trong cc h thng thng tin quang hin nay, nhy ca
PIN - FET c th so snh c vi APD.
***
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 43-
phn 2. cng ngh sdh
Phn 2. Cng ngh SDH

I. Gii thiu v k thut SDH :
1)
Cc yu cu v mng truyn dn :
Song song bn cnh cc dch v v thoi, ngy nay ngi ta pht trin
thm nhiu loi hnh dch v mi quan trng nh l telefax, truyn dn data,
truyn dn video... trong cht lng v kh nng p ng cc yu cu v
bng tn hoc cc giao tip tng thch... Lun lun ng mt vai tr quan trng
hng u.
tho m2n cc yu cu trn, ngnh vin thng phi c cc thay i cn
thit p ng kp thi.
- Thi gian thit lp lung truyn dn ngn dung lng tho m2n theo mi
yu cu.
- Tng cng kh nng sn sng phc v cc mng vin thng.
- Gi thnh thit lp mng thp, chi ph dnh cho cc khon khai thc, bo
tr, bo dng... Phi gim.
- C kh nng quc t ho dch v.
2) Khi nim v SDH ( Synchronous Digital Hierachy ):
Cc h thng PDH pht trin khng p ng c cc nhu cu trn do
phi c mt th h truyn dn mi trn th gii. K thut SDH ra i to ra mt
cuc cch mng trong nghnh vin thng, th hin mt k thut tin tin c th
p ng rng r2i cc yu cu ca cc thu bao, ngi khai thc cng nh cc nh
sn xut...Tho m2n cc yu cu i hi t ra cho ngnh vin thng, khc phc
cc nhc im ca th h PDH m chng ta ang s dng hin nay.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 44-
phn 2. cng ngh sdh
Trong tng lai h thng ng b SDH s ngy cng pht trin mnh nh
cc u im vt tri hn so vi PDH v mt im quan trng l SDH c kh
nng kt hp vi PDH trong mng li hin ti, n cho php thc hin vic hin
i ho dn dn theo tng giai on pht trin.
S lng
PDH
SDH
Nm
2000
Cc tiu chun ca SDH c bt u t nm 1985 ti M. Bt u l cc

n lc to ra mt mng giao tip quang c th hot ng vi tt c cc h
thng truyn dn khc nhau ca cc sn phm khc nhau (theo tiu chun chu
u v chu M). Sau cc tiu chun m rng dn ln c th s l cho mng
hin ti v c cho cc loi tn hiu trong tng lai cng nh cho c phng tin
vn hnh v bo dng.
Nm 1985 cng ty Bellcore l cng ty con ca cng ty Bell ti M 2
xut mt k thut truyn dn mi nhm khc phc nhng nhc im ca h
thng cn ng b PDH v c t tn l SONET (Synchronous Optical
Network) mng quang ng b da trn nguyn l ghp ng b v tt c cc tn
hiu ng b c ng b vi nhau, trong cp quang c s dng lm mi
trng truyn dn. Sau cc tiu chun v giao tip thit b cng c nghin
cu c th kt ni cc thit b vi nhau vi nhng tiu chun khc nhau m
khng gy tr ngi. Khi ng dng k thut mi ny vo mng li vin thng
hin hu, p ng cc tiu chun ngi ta phi lu n s tiu chun ho
cc tn hiu bo dng, gim st, chuyn mch bo v v c vn qun l
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 45-
phn 2. cng ngh sdh
mng li ca cc loi thit b khc nhau .

Nm 1988 mt tiu chun quc gia ca M 2 c thng qua ng thi
vi SONET cng 2 gy c s ch v cng c pht trin ti Chu u bi
cc nh sn xut da trn mt tiu chun ring ph hp vi cc mng PDH
theo tiu chun Chu u ang hin hnh. CCITT 2 xut cc tiu chun ca
h thng SDH.
SDH c xy dng to ra mt mng tiu chun quc t, n cho php
tip nhn c tt c cc tn hiu PDH trc y.
Khi nim v SDH
US
CEPT
1,5
45
Mbit/s
6
Thng tin
gim st
POH
140
Mbit/s
34
Container
Ptr
Pointer
byte-by-byte
multiplexing
SOH
Thng tin
qun l
STM-1
155,520 Mbit/s
byte-by-byte
multiplexing
STM-N
N155,520 Mbit/s
Tiu chun phn cp ng b SDH xy dng theo tiu chun do ITU-T

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 46-
phn 2. cng ngh sdh
xut trn c s mt h thng cc khuyn ngh :

G.707
Cc mc phn cp s ng b.
G.708
Giao din ti nt mng cho phn cp s ng b.
G.709
Cu trc ghp knh SDH.
G.780
Cc nh ngha v thut ng trong SDH.
G.781
Cu trc ca cc khuyn ngh i vi thit b ghp knh SDH.
G.782
Cc loi v c tnh chung ca cc thit b ghp knh SDH.
G.783
Cc dc tnh ca khi chc nng thit b ghp knh SDH.
G.784
Qun l SDH.
G.957
Giao din quang cho cc thit b v cc h thng lin quan n
SDH
G.958
Cc h thng truyn dn SDH s dng cp si quang.
3) Cc c tnh ca PDH v SDH :

Nhc im ca h thng PDH :
- Mng PDH ch yu p ng cc dch v in thoi, i vi cc dch v
mi nh: mng ISDN, truyn data, dch v in thoi truyn hnh... th mng
PDH kh c th p ng c.
- Mng PDH khng linh hot trong vic kt ni cc lung lin tc. Khi c
nhu cu rt lung t mt lung c dung lng ln th phi qua cc cp trung
gian h tc t cao xung thp tng ng, cng nh vic ghp lung phi
tri qua y cc cp t tc thp ln tc cao. iu ny r rng l khng
mm do, khng thun tin cho vic kt ni, cn phi c cc cp thit b
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 47-
phn 2. cng ngh sdh
gii php lung do khng tit kim v kh thc hin ng thi i hi nhiu
thit b phc tp.
- Cc thng tin v bo tr khng c lin kt trn ton tuyn thng tin m
ch i vi tng on truyn dn ring l. Th tc bo tr cho ton tuyn phc
tp.
- cha c tiu chun chung cho thit b ng dy, cc nh sn xut mi ch
c tiu chun c trng ring cho thit b ring ca h.
- C nhiu thit b ghp lung. Mt lung 2Mbit/s c th s i qua nhiu
hng trc khi i n ch do vn qun l lung ti mi trm phi ng
b v cht ch. Trong thc t nhiu khi sinh ra li lm trong thc t hoc u ni
khng ch nh hng n lung ang kt ni m c th s gy ra mt lin lc cho
nhng lung khc ang khai thc.
- H thng PDH thiu cc phng tin gim st, o th t xa m ch tin
hnh ngay ti ch.
c im ca SDH :
u im :
Trong PDH vic ghp knh c tin hnh ti mi cp, qu trnh ghp
phi ln lt qua cc mc trung gian t 2 n 140 Mb/s. Vic truy cp trc tip
n mt lung 2Mbit/s trong mt lung 140 Mb/s l khng th thc hin c.
Chng hn nh khi cn ni cho cc lung 2 Mb/s th phi thc hin h knh t
lung 140 Mb/s qua nhiu cp xung n 2 Mb/s ri mi dng cp nhy thc
hin ni cho. Mng li ny rt cng knh v phc tp v khng linh hot ng
thi chi ph vn hnh rt ln do i hi nhiu sc lao ng trong cc khu lp t
chuyn cp...
i vi SDH th u im ni bt hn l n gin ho mng li, linh hot
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 48-
phn 2. cng ngh sdh
trong s dng khai thc. Khc vi PDH, trong mng SDH qu trnh ghp knh
ch thc hin qua mt giai on, do vic tch mt knh 2Mbit/s trong mt
lung tc cao l n gin. Hn na, vic s dng phn mm trong qun l
bo dng lung 2 Mbit/s 2 lm cho vic u cho cc lung 2 Mbit/s tr nn
thc s n gin v nhanh chng. Chnh v th vic vn hnh v qun l mng
li n gin hn nhiu so vi cng cng vic ny mng PDH.
- Trong SDH tc bit ln hn 140 Mbit/s ln u tin c tiu chun ho
trn phm vi ton th gii.
- M2 truyn dn ca tn hiu quang c tiu chun ho tng thch cc
thit b ca cc nh sn xut.
- C cu trc khi :
- Tc bit v cu trc khung ca cp cao hn c to thnh t tc bit
v cu trc khung ca lung c bn cp thp hn do vic tch ghp lung
thng tin d dng.
- C cc knh ring cho gim st, qun l, o th hoc iu khin trong
phn mng qun l.
- Tt c cc tn hiu PDH c tc thp hn 140 Mbit/s u c th ghp
c vo cp SDH thp nht l STM - 1 c tc 155 Mbit/s.
Nhc im ca h thng SDH :
- K thut phc tp hn do phi ghi li s tng quan v phase gia cc tn
hiu lung v overhead
- Vic nhi byte - byte tng Jitter hn kiu bit - bit ca PDH.
- ng h phi cung cp t ngoi
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 49-
phn 2. cng ngh sdh
- Truyn d tha v thiu mc 8 Mb/s.

Ta c th tm tt s tng quan khc nhau gia k thut PDH v SDH nh
sau :
PDH
SDH
- B dao ng ni dao ng t
do
- B dao ng ni c ng
b vi ng h ngoi
- Ghp knh khng ng b
- Ghp knh ng b
- Cu trc khung c trng
- Cu trc khung ng nht
- Ghp lung theo nguyn l
- Ghp lung theo nguyn l
xen bit
xen byte
- Truy nhp lung ring l sau

khi gii ghp n cp tng ng.
- Truy nhp lung trc tp t

lung c tc cao hn.
4) Phn cp h thng SDH :

Ngy nay c 3 cp ca tn hiu SDH c nh ngha. Cp v mc bit
c ch ra trong bng sau :
Mc SDH
Tc bit
STM - 1
155,52 Mbit/s
STM - 4
622,08 Mbit/s
STM - 16
2488,32 Mbit/s
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 50-
phn 2. cng ngh sdh
Cn ng b ( SDH ) :
Thit b u cui
Trm xen/r
ng dy
Thit b u cui
Trm xen/r
140 Mbit/s
ng dy
140 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
OLTU
OLTU
OLTU
OLTU
OLTU
OLTU
34 -140
34 -140
34 -140
34 -140
34 -140
34 -140
8 - 34
8 - 34
8 - 34
8 - 34
8 - 34
8 - 34
2-8
2-8
2-8
2-8
2-8
2-8
64
2Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
64
ng b SDH :
SDH MUX
155 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s I/F
SDH MUX
155 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s I/F
SDH MUX
155 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s I/F
SDH MUX
2 Mbit/s I/F
Thit b qun l mng

bng phn mm
Giao din
2 Mbit/s
II. Cu trc ghp knh :
1)
Cu trc ghp knh c bn :

STM ( Synchronous Transport Module ) Module truyn ng b
Cc cp STM - n c ghp t STM - 1
Cc tn hiu PDH c th c ghp vo SDH v c truyn dn thng
qua h thng ny, iu ny gii thch ti sao CCITT xut ra STM - 1 v tt c

cc tn hiu PDH 1,5 Mb/s n 140 Mb/s c th ghp vo tr thnh tn hiu SDH
theo kin ngh G. 709.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 51-
phn 2. cng ngh sdh
Trong :
Cn : Container ( cp n )
n v cha thng tin
VCn : Vitualy Container ( cp n )
Container o cp n
TUn : Tributtari Unit
n v lung cp n
TUGn : Tributtari Unit Group
Nhm n v lung
AU : Administrative Unit
n v qun l
AUG : Administrative Unit Group
Nhm n v qun l
POH : Path Overhead
Thng tin gim st
SOH : Section Overhead
Thng tin qun l
Ghp knh SDH:

1
STM - n
AU4
AUG
VC4
C4
139,264
Kbit/s
C3
44,736
34,386
Kbit/s
3
1
TU3
TUG3
VC3
3
7
AU3
VC3
7
1
TU2
VC2
C2
6,312
Kbit/s
TU12
VC12
C12
2,048
Kbit/s
TU11
VC11
C11
1,544
Kbit/s
S l
con tr
Gn / tch
POH
TUG2
3
4
Gn / tch
SOH
S l
con tr
Gn / tch
POH
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 52-
phn 2. cng ngh sdh
S ghp knh t C - 12 qua AU - 4
C - 12
VC - 12
VC - 12POH
TU - 12Ptr
TU - 12Ptr
TU - 12
TU - 12Ptr
TUG - 2
TUG - 3
TUG - 3
TUG - 3
VC - 4 POH
TUG - 3
TUG - 3
VC - 4
AU - 4
AU - 4 Ptr
AU - 4 Ptr
SOH
AUG
AUG
AUG
STM - n
S ghp knh t C - 4 qua U - 4 :

C-4
VC - 4 POH
VC - 4
C-4
AU - 4
AU - 4 Ptr
AUG
AU - 4 Ptr
SOH
AUG
AUG
STM - n
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 53-
phn 2. cng ngh sdh
2) Cu trc cc khi :
a)
Container C:
L n v nh nht trong khung truyn dn, l ni ta b tr vo cc
lung tn hiu truyn dn cp thp nht nh l cc lung PDH, lung hnh, lung
s hiu.
C cc loi container c s dng tng thch vi cc tc truyn
dn khc nhau cho hai h SONET v SDH.
Cc loi container :
K hiu
Tn hiu ng truyn
Mbit/s
C - 11
1,544
C - 12
2,048
C-2
6,312
C-3
44,736 & 34,368
C-4
139,264
D liu c ghp vo container theo nguyn l theo bit hoc byte. i

vi tn hiu cn ng b cc container gm c :
- Cc lung d liu ( nh l tn hiu PDH )
- Cc bit hoc byte nhi c nh trong khung khng mang ni dung thng
tin m ch s dng tng thch tc bit ca tn hiu PDH c ghp vi tc
bit container cp cao hn.
- Ngoi ra cn c cc byte nhi khng c nh t c s ng chnh
mt cch chng xc. Khi cn thit cc byte ny c th c s dng cho cc byte
d liu ( databyte ). Trong trng hp ny trong khung cn c cc bt iu khin
nhi thng bo cho u thu bit cc byte ny c th l byte d liu hoc cc
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 54-
phn 2. cng ngh sdh
byte nhi thun tu.

Tu theo kch thc ca lung data u vo m ta gn container C tng
ng ph hp.
b)
container o VC ( Virtual container ) :

Mt VC l s kt hp ca container C vi POH ( VC = C + POH ) to
thnh mt khung hon chnh truyn n u thu. Chc nng ca POH l mang
thng tin b tr, gim st v bo tr ng truyn ng thi thng bo v tr m
container s truyn n. Trong VC th POH c gn vo u khung v ti u
thu s c dch ra trc khi m container c gii m2.
VC cng c tu loi tng ng vi kch thc ca container C. Mt VC c
th truyn ring r trong mt khung STM - 1 hoc l truyn xen k nhau trong
mt VC ln hn ri mi c truyn n STM - 1 . Ta c th phn bit hai cp
VC tu theo container C nh sau :
- Tt c container khi c ghp vo container ln hn th c gi l
container cp thp LOC ( Low Order Container ), tng ng vi container o
cp thp LOVC ( Low Order Virtual Container ), l VC - 11, VC - 12, VC - 2
v VC - 3.
- Tt c cc container c truyn trc tip trong khung STM - 1 th c
gi l container cp cao HOC ( Hight Order Container ) tng ng ta c
container o cp cao HOVC (Hight Order Virtual Containe) l VC - 4 v
trong trng hp VC - 3 c truyn trc tip vo khung STM - 1 th VC - 3
cng c coi l mt HOVC.
* Cu trc cc VC :
- VC - 11 : gm 25 byte d liu cng vi mt byte POH c sp xp trn 3
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 55-
phn 2. cng ngh sdh
hng dc 9 byte. c s dng truyn dn tn hiu 1,5 Mb/s theo tiu chun
chu M.
- VC - 12 : gm 34 byte d liu cng vi mt byte POH c s dng
tng thch vi lung 2 Mb/s theo tiu chun chu u v c sp xp theo 4
hng dc 9 byte. C 3 loi tn hiu 2 Mb/s c th b tr trong VC - 12:
+ Tn hiu 2 Mb/s khng ng b : cho php mang tn hiu 2 Mb/s
nhng khng c kh nng gim st trn tng bit.
+ Tn hiu 2 Mb/s ng b bit ( bit synchronous ) : Cho php gim st
trn tng bit nhng khng nhn dng c khung.
+ Tn hiu 2 Mb/s ng b byte : cho php gim st v nhn dng tt c
cc bit d liu.
3
: POH
9
Cu trc VC - 11
Cu trc VC - 12
- VC - 2 : gm 160 byte d liu vi mt byte POH dng tng thch vi

lung 6,312 Mb/s theo tiu chun ca M. Cu trc gm 12 hng dc 9 byte.
12
: POH
C-2
- VC - 1x/VC - 12 : C th c truyn i theo phng thc xen byte vo

trong VC - 3 hoc VC - 4.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 56-
phn 2. cng ngh sdh
- VC - 1x/VC - 2 : c truyn i theo tng a khung 500 ms gm 4 khung

125 ms v c gn vo trong mt TU, cc con tr gn vo cc VC - 1x/VC - 2
theo tng 125 ms mt.
- VC - 3 : Gm 750 byte d liu cng vi 9 byte POH sp xp trn mt
hng dc trong mi byte POH thc hin mt chc nng ring ca mnh. Cu
trc gm 85 hng dc 9 byte.
VC - 3 POH
85
C-3
c)
n v lung TU ( Tribuari Unit ) :

Gm VC cng vi pointer : TU = VC + Ptr
Trc khi chuyn n STM - 1 c pht i cc cp VC cp thp s
c ghp vo mt VC cp cao hn. to ra cc phase ca cc VC ngi ta

dngPtr (Pointer) ghp theo vo VC ti mt v tr c nh trong VC v thng
bo s bt u ca VC . Tng ng vi VC, TU cng c nhiu bc t 1 n 3.
Vic truyn dn cc byte pointer s sy ra ln lt. C mt khung 125 ms
s c mt byte pointer. Byte pointer ghp theo vo VC ti mt v tr c nh
trong khung cp cao hn ( VC - 3 hoc VC - 4 ). Nh vy tng cng s c 3 byte
pointer cho khung 125 ms cn byte th 4 ca a khung 500 ms cng mang mt
byte pointer nhng byte ny cha c quy nh r chc nng hin nay ang
c dng d phng.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 57-
phn 2. cng ngh sdh
Cu trc ca cc TU :
- Cc TU - 11, TU - 12, TU - 2 u c cu to bi cc VC tng ng

cng thm mt byte pointer :
TU - 11 = VC - 11 + Ptr
TU - 12 = VC - 12 + Ptr
TU - 2 = VC - 2 +Ptr
S hnh thnh cu trc TU - 11 v TU - 12 :
3
VC - 11
9
VC - 12
9
+ pointer
TU - 11
+ pointer
TU - 12
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 58-
phn 2. cng ngh sdh
S hnh thnh cu trc TU - 2 t VC - 2 :

12
VC - 2
: POH
C-2
+ pointer
12
TU - 2
C-2
- TU - 3 :
TU - 3 = VC - 3 + Ptr
3xVC - 3 c th ghp vo VC - 4 theo nguyn tc xen tng byte sau
c pht i trong khung AU - 4. trong qu trnh truyn dn c hai cp container
c ghp vo.
Pointer AU - 4 trong SOH ch th VC - 4 trong khung STM - 1.
3 pointer TU - 3 (mi pointer 1 byte) c gn vo trong VC - 4 thng
bo v tr ca VC - 3 trong khung VC - 4.
S hnh thnh ca VC - 3 c ch ra di hnh v sau :
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 59-
phn 2. cng ngh sdh
VC - 3
85
VC - 3
C-3
+ 3 byte pointer
TU - 3 PTR
TU - 3
85
d)
Nhm n v lung TUG (Tributary Unit Group) :

TUG l nhm cc TU ghp li theo phng thc xen byte. c hai loi TUG
l TUG - 2 v TUG - 3.
+ Cu trc cc TUG :
- TUG - 2:
Mt TUG - 2 c th hnh thnh bi :
TUG - 2 = 3 x TU - 12
TUG - 2 = 4 x TU - 11
TUG - 2 = 1 x TU - 2
Do vy TUG - 2 c kch thc l 108 byte vi tc bt l 6912 Kb/s.
TUG - 2 hnh thnh t TU - 11 :
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 60-
phn 2. cng ngh sdh
TU - 11
TUG - 2
12
TUG - 2 hnh thnh t TU -12 :

TU - 12
TUG - 2
12
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 61-
phn 2. cng ngh sdh
TUG - 2 hnh thnh t cc TU - 2 :

12
TU - 2
9
TUG - 2
: Pointer
9
Nhn xt :
- Cc byte u tin ca hng u tin tng ng vi kiu cu trcl cc byte
pointer cc byte sau l cc byte data.
- TU - 2 c kch thc tng ng vi mt TUG - 2.
- C hai cch b tr VC - 2 vo trong TUG - 2 :
+ Cht ( locked mode )
+ Ni ( Floating mode )
Kiu Floating cho php cc VC c gn vo khung TUG tai mt v tr
no v s dng Pointer lin kt vi mi VC ch th im bt u ca VC
trong TUG. V tr con tr s c gn c nh trong TUG tng ng bt k v tr
ca VC.
Kiu Locked th ngc li, VC c gn vo trong TUG ti mt v tr c
nh do khng cn s dng pointer nh kiu Floating.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 62-
phn 2. cng ngh sdh
- TUG - 3 :
Mt TUG - 3 c th hnh thnh bi :
TUG - 3 = 1 x TU - 3
TUG - 3 = 7 x TUG - 2
- Kch thc TUG - 3 gm 774 byte vi tc bit l 49536 Kb/s.
- Nu TUG -3 cha mt TU- 3 th ct u tin cha 3 byte pointer TU-3 v
6 byte cn li l byte nhi c nh ( Justification ).
85
TU - 3 PTR
9
TU - 3
TU - 3 PTR
9
TUG - 3
86
: byte nhi c nh
- Nu TUG - 3 c cu thnh t 7 x TUG - 2 th nguyn tc ghp cng l
ghp tng byte, ct u tin cng cha 3 byte pointer v 6 byte nhi c nh.
Tuy nhin trong trng hp ny pointer trong TUG - 3 khng c chc nng nh
v a ch trm n ca cc lung tn hiu m lc ny cc byte pointer ring l
nh v a ch ca cc VC - x1 hoc VC - 2 s l cc pointer nm trong TUG - 2.
Cc byte ny c sp xp trong hng u tin ca ct TUG tng ng.
- Cc TUG - 2 c b tr theo kiu c nh vo trong cc TUG - 3, 3 byte
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 63-
phn 2. cng ngh sdh
trong ct u tin ca TUG - 3 ny s khng mang ngha no m n ch mang

nhng mu bit c nh gi l cc ch th pointer khng c gi tr NPI ( Null
Pointer Indication ).
Ngi ta s dng cc byte ny phn bit trng hp TUG - 3 c cu
thnh t TU - 3 hay t cc TUG - 2.
#1
#2
#3
TU - 12
#1
#2
12
#7
TUG - 2
NPI
21
TUG - 3
86
: byte nhi c nh
: Pointer
3 x TUG - 3 c ghp vo VC - 4 theo trnh t ct th nht ca VC - 4 cha
VC - 4 POH. Ct th hai v ct th ba cha cc byte nhi c nh.
e)
Cc n v qun l AU (Adminis trative Unit) :

Cc AU bao gm cc container ca cp cao cng vi pointer.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 64-
phn 2. cng ngh sdh
AU = HOVC + pointer
Trong trng hp ny cc gi tr ca pointer AU - Ptr c gn trong
khung STM - 1 ghi nhn mi tng quan Phase gia khung truyn dn v cc
VC tng ng.
Cc byte AU - Ptr c gn khng c nh vo trong 9 byte u tin ca
hng th t trong khung STM - 1 c chc nng nh du cc AU. Tuy nhin cn
phi lu rng cc AU - Ptr ca AU - 3 v AU - 4 l khc nhau.
Cc AU c th cu thnh t :
AU - 3 = 1 x VC - 3
AU - 4 = 1 x VC - 4
AU - 3 :
c to thnh t 1 x VC - 3: mt VC - 3 c thit k truyn dn tn
hiu 45 Mb/s hoc 34 Mb/s PDH.
Cu trc AU - 3 gm 9 x 87 + 3 byte. Ngoi ra v dung lng truyn dn
ca AU - 3 (87 ct) ln hn dung lng truyn dn ca VC - 3 (85 ct) nn
ngi ta b tr cc byte nhi c nh vo trong ct tha.
AU - 3
Pointer
85
P
O
H
C-3
VC - 3
87
P
O
H
C-3
AU - 3
3 x AU - 3 c ghp xen byte trong khung STM - 1. Mi AU - 3 gm 3

byte pointer c chc nng nh v tr cho VC - 3 bng cch ch th byte u tin
ca POH trong VC -3 tng ng.
AU - 4 :
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 65-
phn 2. cng ngh sdh
c to thnh t 1 x VC - 4: c cu trc gm 9 x 261 + 9 byte pointer

tng ng vi khung STM - 1 c cu thnh t container C - 4 gm 9 x 260
byte + 1ct VC - 4 POH ( 9 byte ).
Cu trc AU - 4 t VC - 4 :
260
P
O
H
AU - 4
Pointer
VC - 4
261
P
O
H
AU - 4
Nhm n v qun l AUG (Administrative Unit Group) :
f)
Nhiu AU c ghp vi nhau theo phng thc xen byte to thnh mt

AUG. Cu trc AUG gm 9 x 261 + 9 byte, ging nh cu trc khung STM - 1
khi cha c SOH.
Cu trc khung STM -1 :
g)
STM - 1 = AUG + SOH

- Khung STM - 1 gm 9 x 270 byte v c truyn theo nguyn tc t tri
sang phi, t trn xung di.
- Trong SOH l thng tin qun l c dng cho h thng SDH. Thng
tin qun l ny c b tr trong v tr 9 ct u tin tnh t tri qua phi bao
gm :
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 66-
phn 2. cng ngh sdh
+ Thng tin qun l trm lp RSOH ( Repeat Section Over Head ) gm:
3 hng x 9 byte ( 3 hng pha trn )
+ Cc byte hng th 4 dng cho pointer gm 1 hng x 9 byte.
+ Thng tin qun l ghp knh MSOH ( multiplex Section Over Head )
gm :
5 hng x 9 byte ( 5 hng di )
+ Cn li 9 x 261 byte dng ti tin.
Cu trc STM - 1:
9
Thng tin qun l
trm lp
Thng tin qun l
ghp knh
261
SOH
AU - 4
Pointer
Playload
SOH
Khung STM - 1 c truyn dn 8000 ln/s l tc bit s dng cho tn

hiu PCM. Mi khung STM - 1 chim 125 ms do c tc bit l :
8000khung x 9hng/khung x 270byte/hng x 8bit/byte = 155 Mb/s.
Vic b tr VC - 4 vo STM - 1 cng tng t nh b tr VC - 12 vo
khung TUG - 2. VC - 4 cho php b tr khng c nh vo khung STM - 1, v tr
ca n c xc nh bi AU - 4 pointer gm cc byte H1, H2, H3. Bnh thng
VC - 4 ch cn 2 byte xc nh v tr l byte th nht ca H1 v byte th
nht ca H2. Cn byte H3 l byte nhi ch dng trong trng hp cn thit.
S b tr 3 x AU - 3 trong STM - 1 phn pointer :
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 67-
phn 2. cng ngh sdh
270
261
9
3
SOH
AU - 3
Pointer
STM -1
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
Z4
Z5
SOH
C-3
VC - 3
VC - 3 POH
85
S b tr 3 x AU - 3 vo STM - 1 phn d liu:

270
261
h)
SOH
AU - 3
Pointer
SOH
J1 2
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
Z4
Z5
29 F 30
I
X
E
D
S
T
U
F
F
STM -1
57 F
I
X
E
D
58
S
T
U
F
F
85
VC - 3
C trc khung STM - N (N = 4; 16):

- Cu trc STM - N ging nh cu trc khung STM - 1 ch khc l tc
truyn c trong khong 125 ms l N x 9 x 270 byte.

- STM - N (vi N = 4 hoc N = 16) l mc truyn dn cp cao ca SDH, t
c bng cch ghp STM -1 theo phng thc ghp tng byte to thnh cc
mc sau :
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 68-
phn 2. cng ngh sdh
* STM - 4 c tc truyn dn 155,52 x 4 = 622,08 Mb/s

* STM - 16 c tc truyn dn l 16 x 155,52 = 2,488 Gb/s
To khung STM - 16 t STM - 1 :
STM - 1 #1
A1 A2
M
U
X
16
A1 B1 C1 D1 ...... P1 A2 B2 ....
16 : 1
STM - 16
STM - 1 #16 P1 P2
- Ngoi ra c c STM - 16 ta cng c th ghp 4 x STM - 4 vi nhau

theo phng thc ghp tng 4 byte mt.
To khung STM - 16 t STM - 4 :
STM - 1 # 1 A1 A2
STM - 1 # 4 D1 D2
STM - 1 # 1 E1 E2
STM - 1 # 4 H1 H2
STM - 1 # 1 I1 I2
STM - 1 # 4 L1 L2
STM - 1 # 1 M1 M2
STM - 1 # 4 P1 P2
M
U
X
4:1
M
U
X
4:1
4
A1 .... D1 A2
4
E1 .... H1 E2
4
I1 .... L1 I2
M
U
X
4:1
16
M
U
X
4:1
4
4
A1 .. D1 E1 .. H1 .... P1 A2 ....
STM - 16
4
M
U
X
4:1
M1 .... P1 M2
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 69-
phn 2. cng ngh sdh
- ln v tc bit ca cc loi container :

Container
ln (byte)
Tc (Kbit/s)
C - 11
25
1600
C - 12
34
2176
C-2
106
6784
C-3
756
48384
C-4
2340
149760
Virtual container
ln (byte)
Tc (Kbit/s)
VC - 11
16
1664
VC - 12
35
2240
VC - 2
107
6848
VC - 3
765
48960
VC - 4
2349
150336
Tributary unit
ln (byte)
Tc (Kbit/s)
TU - 11
27
1728
TU -12
36
2304
TU - 2
108
6912
TU - 3
768
49152
TUG - 2
108
6912
TUG - 3
774
495236
Tributary unit group

ln (byte)
Tc (Kbit/s)
AU - 3
786
50304
Aministrative unit
ln (byte)
Tc (Kbit/s)
AU - 4
2358
150912
AUG
2358
150912
Aministrative unit group

ln (byte)
tc (Kbit/s)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 70-
phn 2. cng ngh sdh
- S tng kt qu trnh to khung STM - 1

270
STM - 1
SOH
J1
AU-4 PTR
SOH
261
J1
VC - 4
B3 F
I
C2 X
G1 E
D
F
I
X
E
D
H4 S
S
T
U
F
F
F2
T
Z3 U
Z4 F
F
Z5
T
U
G
3
a
T
U
G
3
b
T
U
G
3
c
C-4
DS 140
86
86
N
7 x 3 TU-12
P F T T T T T
I I U U U U U
X G G G G G
E - - - - D 3 3 3 3 3
a
TUG - 3
PTR
T
U
G
3
f
T
U
G
3
g
7 x TUG-2
H1
H4
H2
Z3
H3
Z4
TU - 3
C-3
Z5
DS 45
J1
S
T
U
F
F
12
DS 34
B3
C2
G1
F2
12
T
U
G
2
a
3 x TU-12 PTR
T
U
G
2
b
T
U
G
2
c
T
U
G
2
d
T
U
G
2
e
T
UT
GU
- G
2 f 2
g
T
U
G
1
2
a
T
U
G
1
2
b
TUG - 2
T
U
G
1
2 TU-12 PTR
c
TU-12 PTR
T
TU-12 PTR
U
G T
U
T C - 12
1 G U
2 - G
a 1 2
V5
b 1
2
c
TU-2 PTR TU-2
DS 6
C-2
V6
DS 2
DS 1,5
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 71-

1.1. LÞCH Sö PH T Trión

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1.1. LÞCH Sö PH T Trión

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phn 1.

Chng I. Gii thiu tng qut

Chng I : Gii thiu tng qut

Tri qua mt thi gian di t khi con ngi s dng nh sng ca la

Chng I. Gii thiu tng qut

li l phi tm mi trng truyn dn quang thch hp.

Cc thnh phn chnh ca mt tuyn truyn dn si quang c nu trong

Chng I. Gii thiu tng qut

1.3.Nhng ng dng ca si quang :

ng truyn s liu, mng LAN

Chng I. Gii thiu tng qut

- Mng truyn hnh.

So vi dy kim loi si quang c nhiu u im ng ch l:

Chng II.L thuyt chung v si dn quang

Chng II : L thuyt chung v si dn quang

nh sng dng trong thng tin quang nm vng cn hng ngoi vi

n: chit sut ca mi trng.

S phn x v khc x nh sng

Chng II.L thuyt chung v si dn quang

hn . Khi = 900 tc l song song vi mt tip gip, th c gi l gc ti

S truyn dn nh sng trong si quang:

* Nguyn l truyn dn chung:

Nguyn l truyn dn nh sng trong si quang

cc dng phn b chit sut trong si quang:

a) Si quang c chit sut nhy bc (si SI: Step- Index):

Chng II.L thuyt chung v si dn quang

phng vo u si vi gc ti khc nhau s truyn theo cc ng khc nhau

S truyn nh sng trong si quang c chit sut nhy bc (SI)

y n1 khng i m chiu di ng truyn khc nhau nn thi gian

S truyn nh sng trong si GI

Chng II.L thuyt chung v si dn quang

hn nhng li c vn tc truyn ln hn v ngc li, cc tia truyn gn trc c

+ Dng dch tn sc:

Chng II.L thuyt chung v si dn quang

+ Dng san bng tn sc:

Dng chit sut ny qu phc tp nn mi ch c nghin cu trong

a) Si a mode (MM: Multi Mode):

Chng II.L thuyt chung v si dn quang

b) Si n mode ( SM: SingleMode ):

Cc thng s ca si n mode thng dng l:

lch chit sut:

Chit sut li:

tn sc ca si n mode rt nh, c bit bc sng = 1300 nm

Chng III.Cc thng s ca si quang

Chng III : cc thng s ca si quang

Suy hao ca si quang:

Cng sut trn si quang gim dn theo hm s m tng t nh tn hiu

suy hao c tnh bi:

Chng III.Cc thng s ca si quang

Cc nguyn nhn gy suy hao trn si quang:

Cng sut truyn trong si b tht thot do s hp th ca vt liu, s tn

Chng III.Cc thng s ca si quang

Ni chung khi sng in t truyn trong mi trng in mi gp nhng

Trn c tuyn suy hao ca si quang c 3 vng bc sng c suy hao

Ca s th nht bc sng 850nm: c xem l bc sng c suy hao

thp nht i vi nhng si quang c ch to giai on u. Suy hao trung

Chng III.Cc thng s ca si quang

bnh bc sng ny t 2 3 dB/km. Ngy nay bc sng ny t c dng v

Ca s th hai bc sng 1300nm: suy hao bc sng ny tng i

thp, khong t 0,4 0,5 dB/Km. c bit bc sng ny tn sc rt thp

Ca s th ba bc sng 1550nm: cho n nay suy hao bc sng ny

l thp nht, c th di 0,2dB/Km.

Tng t nh tn hiu in tn hiu quang truyn qua si quang cng b