GEODESIC DOME OVER MANHATTAN (1962) INVENTORY OF WORLD RESOURCES (1963) BIOS 1-3 (1965-1972) DROP CITY (1965)

GEODESIC DOME AT EXPO67 (1967) WHOLE EARTH CATALOGUE (1968) ARCOLOGY (1969) ARCOSANTI (1970) LIZ CHRISTY COMMUNITY GARDEN (1970) OLDMAN RIVER CITY PROJECT (1971)

BIOSPHERE 2 (1991) JEAN MARIE TJIBAOU CULTURAL CENTER (1991-1998)

GLOBAL TEMPERATURE RECORD

GREAT CONSERVATORY CHATSWORTH (1837)

LETCHWORTH GARDEN CITY (1903)

R128 (2000) DUTCH PAVILION AT HANNOVER EXPO (2000) SHIMZU MEGACITY PYRAMID (2004) LONDON GATEWAY CPUL (2005) THE EDEN PROJECT (2005)DONGTAN (2005-2040)

LA BOLLA (1992) MENARA MESNIAGA BUILDING (1992)

WORLD POPULATION

FOREST HILLS GARDENS (1908) HELLERAU (1914) LIBERTY GARDENS (1915-1918)

VICTORY GARDENS (1940-1945)

WELVYN GARDEN CITY (1920)

DYMAXION HOUSE (1928) POTATO PATCHES (1929)

BROADACRE CITY (1932) SABAUDIA (1934) TALIESIN WEST (1937)

SUN SPAN HOUSE (1949)

1000

1500

+ 0.8 100 8 + 0.6

+ 0.4 80 6 + 0.2

ARCHITECTURE PROJECTS TECHNOCRATICAL BEAUROCRATICAL ECONOMICAL BIOPHYSICAL

PULMANN CITY (1880) ARK BIOSHELTER (1976) SKY CITY 1000 (1989)

OIL PRICES

1600

1700

1760

1780

1800

1840

1860

1880

1900

1940

SPACIAL CITY (1958)

1960

1972

1976

1980

1988

1992

1996

2000

BIONIC TOWER SHANGHAI (2015)

LINZ DESIGN CENTER (1994)

LIGHT URBANISM (1996)

GREEN BUILDING (1990)

MASDAR (2007-2023)

2020

2040

ENLIGHTED

VOLTAIRE

AUGUSTE COMTE

POSITIVIST

RICHARD BUCKMINSTER FULLER KONRAD WACHSMANN JOHN MCHALE IVAN LEONIDOV LE CORBUSIER FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

TECHNO-UTOPIST

OTTO FREI

RONALD BAILEY

LIBERTARIAN TRANSHUMANIST

GLENN REYNOLDS

GLOBAL WARMING CONSPIRACY THEORIST MICHAEL CHRICHTON GLOBAL WARMING DENIALIST PATRICK MICHAELS
BJORN LOMBORG

NEO EUGENIC

MALTHUSIAN
THOMAS MALTHUS

PAUL EHRLICH

NEO MALTHUSIAN

FREE MARKET ECOLOGIST

LIVE 8 LIVE EARTH JOHANNESBURG EARTH SUMMIT 2005 WORLD SUMMIT MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AL GORE EXPO2000 WILLIAM MCDONOUGH MICHAEL BRAUNGART

GEORG AGRICOLA

MATTHEW HALE WILLIAM PETTY

HANS CARL VON CARLOWITZ WILHELM GOTTFRIED MOSER

WILLIAM STANLEY JEVONS

GIFFORD PINCHOT

JOHN STUART MILL

STATIONARY STATE ECONOIMCS

WELFARE ECONOMIST
CECIL PIGOU

GARRETT HARDIN CLUB OF ROME KENNETH BOULDING STOCKHOLM CONFERENCE JOHN MCCONNELL EARTH DAY BARBARA WARD MAURICE STRONG FRITZ SCHUMACHER

LIVE AID BRUNTLAND COMMISSION

RENZO PIANO ARUP

RIO EARTH SUMMIT

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTALIST

KYOTO CONFERENCE

HANNOVER PRINCIPLES

HERMAN DALY

ALTERNATIVE TECHNO ECOLOGIST

JEFFREY KENWORTHY PETER NEWMAN

MICHAEL HOUGH

PIET VOLLAARD

KEN YEANG

JOHN THACKARA

KARL W. KAPP

IGNACY SACHS

THERMODYNAMIC
RUDOLPH CLAUSIUS

RENE DESCARTES GALILEO GALILEI FRANCIS BACON

MECHANICIST
GOTTFRIED LEIBNIZ

PIERRE-SIMON LAPLACE

ISAAC NEWTON

JAMES CLERK MAXWELL

MAX PLANCK ALBERT EINSTEIN

CYBERNETIC

METABOLISTS

NICHOLAS GEORGESCU-ROEGEN

BIO ECONOMIC

JEREMY RIFKIN

JOHN FERNANDEZ

EVOLUTIONIST
CHARLES DARWIN

ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE

NORBERT WIENER JOHN VON NEUMANN LUDWIG VON BERTALANFFY GREGORY BATESON MARGARET MEAD

SYSTEMS THEORIST

ILYA PRIGOGINE HUMBERTO MATURANA FRANCISCO VARELA NIKLAS LUHMANN

BIOMIMICIST
THEO JANSEN PETER TRUMMER

60

0
BARUCH SPINOZA

ERNST HAECKEL ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT

GEORGE PERKINS MARSH

ECOLOGIST

DARCY WENTWORTH THOMPSON

EUGENIUS WARMING

HOWARD T. ODUM

LIEBERECHT MIGGE PATRICK GEDDES LEWIS MUMFORD

WILLIAM VOGT

CONSTANTINOS A. DOXIADIS CHRISTOPHER ALEXANDER LOUIS LE ROY BARRY COMMONER KENNETH E. BOULDING

CENTER FOR BITS AND ATOMS

PERMACULTURIST
BILL MOLLISON DAVID HOLMGREN MASANOBU FUKUOKA

- 0.2

40 - 0.4

2 20

- 0.6

POLITICAL
ROBIN HOOD POOR KONRAD ST. FRANCIS OF ASSISI

DECONSTRUCTIONIST JACQUES DERRIDA ECO-FEMINIST ECO-SOCIALIST

WILLIAM MORRIS ALEKSANDR BOGDANOV PAOLO SOLERI THEODOR ADORNO MAX HORKHEIMER HANNAH ARENDT PETER BERG FRANCOISE DEAUBONNE RAYMOND DASMANN

THE FRENCH GROUP

POST STRUCTURALIST

MICHEL FOUCAULT GILLES DELEUZE

SLAVOJ ZIZEK TIMOTY MORTON FELIX GUATTARI CAROLYN MERCHANT ARTURO ESCOBAR REKOMBINANT NEUROGREEN

ANTI/NATURE ECOLOGIST

ANTIESSENTIALIST

ECO MARXIST
JOHN BELLAMY FOSTER PAUL BURKETT

BIOREGIONALIST
LUCIEN KROLL IVAN ILLICH

VANDANA SHIVA RUDOLF BAHRO WOLFGANG SACHS MIKE REYNOLDS ERAZIM KOHAK NEIL EVERNDEN CHELLIS GLENDINNING JOHN ZERZAN

ANTI DEVELOPMENTALIST
THEODOR KACZYNSKI

SERGE LATOUCHE

ALBERTO MAGNAGHI

LUDDITE

GENERAL LUDD CAPTAIN SWING RALPH WALDO EMERSON HENRY DAVID THOREAU

MURRAY BOOKCHIN JACQUES ELLUL JOHN RUSKIN EBENEZER HOWARD MARTIN HEIDEGGER HASSAN FATHI

ECO-ANARCHIST
EDWARD GOLDSMITH RACHEL CARSON STEWART BRAND WENDELL BARRY IAN MCHARG

ANARCOPRIMITIVIST

TERRITORIALIST
DERRICK JENSEN

NEO LUDDITE

BIOGENETIC LUDDITE

- 0.8

JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU

MILLENARIANIST

1000
$ BILLION C

1500
UTOPIA (1507)

1600
LA CITTA DEL SOLE (1602) THE TRAGICAL HISTORY OF DOCTOR FAUSTUS (1604) THE NEW ATLANTIS (1627) DIALOGO SOPRA I DUE MASSIMI SISTEMI (1632)

1700
ROBINSON CRUSOE (1719)

1760
CANDIDE OU LOPTIMISME (1759) EMILE, OU DE LEDUCATION (1762)

MORAL
WOLFGANG GOETHE

ROMANTIC

DEEP ECOLOGIST
ARNE NAESS

JACQUES ELLUL HANS JONAS

GIACOMO LEOPARDI

LYNN TOWNSEND WHITE

ECOPHENOMENOLOGIST TRANSPERSONAL ECOLOGIST JAMES LOVELOCK

WARWICH FOX

NON ANTHROPOCENTRIC
JOANNA MACY SCIENTOLOGY

STEFANO BOERI

JANE JACOBS

VERNACULAR

JAMES CUTLER LEON KRIER GLENN MURCUTT PETER CALTHORPE CHARLES PRINCE OF WALES SYM VAN DER RYN

ECO NAZI

JULIUS EVOLA

SAVITRI DEVI

NEO MILLENARIANIST

NEW AGEIST NEO-NAZI NEO NEO-NAZI

1780

1800

1840
LA GINESTRA (1836)

1860
TWENTY THOUSAND LEAGUES UNDER THE SEA (1870) JOURNEY TO THE CENTER OF THE EARTH (1864) WALDEN (1854)

1880
DE KLEINE JOHANNES (1885)

1900

MARY SHELLEYS FRANKENSTEIN (1994)

THE HITCHHIKERS GUIDE TO THE GALAXY (1978) CONAN, THE BOY IN FUTURE (1978)

THE PERFECT STORM (2000) DER SCHWARM (2004) STATE OF FEAR (2004) THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW (2004) LA POSSIBILITE DUNE ILE (2005) FREE KARMA FOOD (2006) I AM LEGEND (2007) THE ELEVENTH HOUR (2007) WALL-E (2008) BIOSHOCK (2008) BURN UP (2008)

WILHELM MEISTERS APPRENTICESHIP (1795)

DOCTOR FAUSTUS (1947)

CASSANDRA CROSSING (1976)

PALOMAR (1982) BLADE RUNNER (1982)

SOYLENT GREEN (1973)

DESCHOOLING SOCIETY (1971)

PLANET OF THE APES (1968)

PETITE COSMOGONIE PORTATIVE (1950) PAINC IN THE STREETS (1950)

MARS TRILOGY (1992-1996)

EDGE OF DARKNESS (1985)

FRANKENSTEIN (1931) BRAVE NEW WORLD (1932) KING KONG (1933) SAN FRANCISCO (1936)

THE WAMTOMG SEED (1962)

DER GOLEM, WIE ER IN DIE WELT KAM (1920)

FICTION MOVIES BOOKS GAMES

1940 1960
THE BIRDS (1963)

1972
SOLARIS (1972)

1976

1980

1988

1992

1996
ZODIAC (1996) RESIDENT EVIL (1996)

2000

2020

2040

FRANKENSTEIN (1818)

JURASSIC PARK (1990) SIM EARTH (1990)

WATERWORLD (1995) 12 MONKEYS (1995)

GODZILLA (1954) I AM LEGEND (1954)

ECOTOPIA (1975)

FAUST (1828)

DUNE (1984)

GATTACA (1997)

GODZILLA (1998) ARMAGEDDON (1998)

STALKER (1979)