SAN MARCOS

UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING
INGLES TECNICO
TOPIC: ETHANOL PRODUCTION BASED ON
SUGAR CANE

TEACHER: FRANK DOMINGUEZ

MEMBERS:

GUILLERMO NAVARRO ARTURO
ZEGARRA SABOYA MITSUE 09070045

DATE EXPOSURE: 11/07/13

2013



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INDICE
PAG.

Introduction

3

Process description

4

Raw material pretreatment

5

Fermentation

6

Separation

8

Dehydration

9

Benefits of ethanol

10

Conclusion

10



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INTRODUCTION

Demand for bioethanol has grown considerably over the last years. Even though Brazil
has been producing ethanol from sugarcane on a large scale for decades, this industry is
characterized by low energy efficiency, using a large fraction of the bagasse produced
as fuel in the cogeneration system to supply the process energy requirements. Global
warming and the consequent need to diminish greenhouse gases emissions have
encouraged the use of fuels produced from biomass.

Sugarcane is so far the most efficient raw material for bioethanol production: the
consumption of fossil energy during sugarcane processing is much smaller than that of
corn. One of the main by-products generated during sugarcane processing is sugarcane
bagasse, which is usually burnt in boilers for production of steam and electrical energy,
providing the energy necessary to fulll the process requirements.

Its use as a gasoline oxygenate increases the oxygen content, allowing better oxidation
of hydrocarbon sand reducing the amounts of aromatic compounds and carbon
monoxide released onto the atmosphere. Moreover, CO2 emissions generated by the
combustion of this biofuel are compensated by the CO2 absorption during the growth of
the crops from which ethanol is produced, avoiding a net emission of this gas.









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PROCESS DESCRIPTION

Fuel ethanol production can be described as a Four-stage process:

1. Raw material pretreatment

2. Fermentation

3. Separation

4. Dehydration.


DESCRIPTION OF PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL



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RAW MATERIAL PRETREATMENT
A dry-cleaning system is used to clean sugarcane received in the factory, removing
about 70% of dirt before it is fed to the mills. Extraction of sugars is done using mills,
where sugarcane juice and bagasse are obtained. Water is used to improve sugars
recover, the cane juice is sent to a clarication process, where pH is adjusted, some
impurities are removed, and the cachaza is generated. This material is the lter cake
obtained during the removal of suspended solids in the rotary drum lter utilized for
juice clarication.











1.-SUGAR CANE
2. - WATER FOR WASHING
3.-CANE WASHED
4. - WATER FOR WASHING
5. BAGASSE
6. - CANE JUICE (SUCROSE)
7. - H
2
SO
4
,CAO
8. - CLARIFICATION SLUDGES
9. CACHAZA
10. - JUICE EXTRACTED FROM
THE SLUDGE
11. - CLARIFIED JUICE

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FERMENTATION

Fermentation is performed by using the yeast S. cerevisiae, which is continuously
separated by centrifugation and recycled to the fermenter. Sterilized juice is added to the
fermentors along with yeast stream. In the fermentor sucrose is inverted to glucose and
fructose, which are consumed by the yeast producing ethanol, CO2 and other products,
such as higher alcohols, organic.
OVERALL REACTION
C
12
E
22
0
11
+E
2
0 C
6
E
12
0
6

Fructose Dextrose
Saccharomyces Cerevisiase (YEAST)
C
6
E
12
0
6
2C
2
E
5
0E +2C0
2


OPERATING CONDITIONS
Temperature for the fermentation process: 31C
optimum pH range 4.5-5.5

Saccharomyces cerevisiae
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
is clearly the most ideal eukaryotic
microorganism for biological studies.
The awesome power of yeast genetics
has become legendary and is the envy
of those who work with higher
eukaryotes.



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The complete sequence of its genome has proved to be extremely useful as a reference
towards the sequences of human and other higher eukaryotic genes. Furthermore, the
ease of genetic manipulation of yeast allows its use for conveniently analyzing and
functionally dissecting gene products from other eukaryotes.
Cell Growth
Stages of cell growth in a batch reactor are shown schematically in fig 7.14 .Here , the
log of the number of livings cells is shown as a function of time.
Initially, a small number of cells are inoculated into the reactor containing the nutrients
and the growth process begins.
Phase 1.
There is a little increase in cell concentration .during the lag phase the cells are
adjusting to their new environment synthesizing enzymes, and getting ready to begin
reproducing
Phase 2.
This phase is called the exponential growth phase owing to the fact the the cells growth
rate is proportional to the cell concentration. In this phase the cells are dividing at the
maximum rate because all of the enzymes pathways for metabolizing the media are in
the place. And the cells are able to use the nutrients most efficiently
Phase 3.
This stationary phase, during which the cells reach a minimum biological space where
the lack of one or more nutrients limits the cells growth.
Phase 4.
The final phase, is the death phase where a decrease in the live cell concentration
occurs. This decline is a result of a lo concentration of nutrients



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SEPARATION

The separation process of components with different boiling points and physical
properties is known as Distillation.
Distillation concentrates and purifies the alcohol. At industrial levels, ethanol is
produced through a continuous distillation process where a distillation column brings
ascending vapour into contact with the descending low wine or low beer liquid using
devices such as bubble caps, valves or sieve trays. This leads to a mass transfer; the
alcohol vapour is concentrated in the top of the column, while the original liquid,
stripped of alcohol, is discarded as slop at the bottom of the column.


Distillation of ethanol





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DEHYDRATION
In this case the ethanol with a concentration of 96.5 % w is led to a new concentration
of 99.9% w in which it can be commercialized as an additive for gasoline.
There are basically three dehydration processes to remove the water from an azeotropic
ethanol/water mixture
The first process, used in many early fuel ethanol plants, is called azeotropic distillation
and consists of adding benzene or cyclohexane to the mixture. When these components
are added to the mixture, it forms a heterogeneous azeotropic mixture in vapor-liquid-
liquid equilibrium, which when distilled produces anhydrous ethanol in the column
bottom.
Another early method, called extractive distillation, consists of adding a ternary
component which will increase ethanol's relative volatility. When the ternary mixture is
distilled, it will produce anhydrous ethanol on the top stream of the column.
A third method has emerged and has been adopted by the majority of modern ethanol
plants. This new process uses molecular sieves to remove water from fuel ethanol. In
this process, ethanol vapor under pressure passes through a bed of molecular sieve
beads. The bead's pores are sized to allow absorption of water while excluding ethanol.
After a period of time, the bed is regenerated under vacuum or in the flow of inert
atmosphere (e.g. N
2
) to remove the absorbed water.

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BENEFITS OF ETHANOL

Cleaner Air. Ethanol adds oxygen to gasoline which helps reduce air pollution
and harmful emissions in tailpipe exhaust.

Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Compared to gasoline, sugarcane
ethanol cuts carbon dioxide emissions by 90 percent on average. Thats better
than any other liquid biofuel produced today at commercial scale.

Better Performance. Ethanol is a high-octane fuel that helps prevent engine
knocking and generates more power in higher compression engines.

Lower Petroleum Usage. Ethanol reduces global dependence on oil. Sugarcane
ethanol is one more good option for diversifying energy supplies.



CONCLUSION

Ethanol from sugar cane is a relatively low-cost alternative fuel that reduced the amount
of CO
2
emitted into the atmosphere and from this way; it contributes decreasing the
global warming and the effect of greenhouse gases.