A. Abiyev, GAU J. Soc. & Appl. Sci.

, 2(4), 17-25, 2007

A New Algorithm for Reactive Electric Power Measurement

Adalet Abiyev1 Girne American University, Departmernt of Electrical Electronics Engineering, Mersin 10, Turkey Abstract In this paper a Walsh function (WF) based new algorithm for reactive power measurement is presented. The proposed algorithm allows the convenient calculating process to obtain a reactive power from the entire instant power signal without time delay between current and voltage signal. To test the validity of the suggested approach the simulation tool has been developed by use of Matlab 6.5 software environment. Keywords: Discrete Walsh function, active power, reactive power, phase shift

Introduction The reactive power directly influences the power factor and, as a result, overloads the connecting cables between the electrical energy sources and energy user devices and plays a vital role in the stable operation of power systems (Fairney 1994). The extension of the wavelet transform to the measurement of power components (reactive power and active power) through the use of a broad-band quadrature phase-shift networks is demonstrated in (Yoon & Devaney 2000). The proposed wavelet-based power metering system requires the phase shift of the input voltage signal. According to Purkayastha & Savoie (1990) the amplitude-pulse modulation together with phase shift operation is used to measure reactive power in the frequency range of from 50 to 70 Hz. An electronic shifter based on stochastic signal processing for simple and cost-effective digital implementation of a reactive power and energy meter has been proposed by Djokic et al. (2000). Toral et al. (2001), suggest a computer algorithm for calculating reactive (quadrature) power. In scientific papers the averaging of the value of the product of the current samples and the voltage samples with shifting to the quarter one of the samples (current or
1

aabiyev@gau.edu.tr

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Algorithm for Electric Power Measurement

voltage) relatively to another is used. The Fourier transformation including fast Fourier transformation based digital or analogue filtering algorithms, used to measure reactive power, involves quite complex computations. In single-phase circuits an instant electric power (EP) can be evaluated by using different methods depending on load type. In a simple case, when a source voltage, u(t), and a current flowing through load, i(t), are the pure sinusoidal signals, the instant EP is defined by Abijev (2006).

p (t ) = P [P cos 2 t + Q sin 2 t ]

(1)

For applying a discrete WF for measuring EP components the instant power, p(t ) , is written in the discrete form as

2 2 P(n) = P P cos 2 t n + Q sin 2 t n T T

(2)

Where t is the time interval between neighbourhood samples, t =T/N, N is the number of samples within observation period of T, n=0, 2, ...N-1. Considering these equalities, final expression for power is written as
4 4 P(n ) = P P cos n + Q sin n N N

(3)

Thus we have suitable expressions (Eq. 2 and Eq. 3) allowing for simultaneous measuring of active and reactive components of the EP by use of WF. Analogue Measurement Approach This approach is based on analogue signal processing theory and implies the integral of the product of instant power, p (t ) , and corresponding order of analogue WF:

S ( m) =

1 nT

nT

p(t )Wal (m, t )dt

0

(4)

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A. Abiyev, GAU J. Soc. & Appl. Sci., 2(4), 17-25, 2007

where m is an order of WF, n is the required integer number of averaging periods T. The higher the n the lower the random error influence to the measurement results. When m=0, considering Eq. 2 we get from Eq. 4:

S ( 0) =

1 nT

nT

{[ P ( P cos 2 t + Q sin 2 t )]Wal (0, t )}dt

0

(5)

Since zero-order WF, Wal (0, t ) has only +1 value in the normalized period of T[7], Eq.(5) results in average(active) power, P:

S ( 0) =

1 nT

nT

Pdt = P
0

(6)

When m=3, considering Eq. 2 we get from Eq.4:

S (3) =

1 {[ P ( P cos 2 t + Q sin 2 t )]Wal (3, t )}dt nT 0

nT

(7)

Third-order WF, Wal (3, t ) is an odd function with normalized cycling period of T/2 and is orthogonal with the P cos 2 t term as it should be (figure 1). So

1 nT

nT

P cos 2 tWal (3, t )dt = 0

0

The average power, P has constant value within a period of T, therefore:

1 nT

nT

PWal (3, t )}dt = 0 . So, S (3) =

0

1 nT

nT

Q sin 2 tWal (3, t )}dt

(8)

As can be seen from figure 1, the product of Q sin 2 t Wal (3, t )}dt results in rectification of the reactive component of the entire instant power signal, p(t ) . As a result integral of Eq.(8) gives the average value of the reactive power, Q .
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Algorithm for Electric Power Measurement

Figure 1. Graphical interpretation of the rectifying effect

Digital Measurement Approach For digital measuring of the active and reactive power components we use discrete expression of the WF (Abiyev & Aliyev2003, Abijev 2006).
m m k m k +1 k k =1

Wal (i, k ) = ( 1)

(9)

where i is order of WF in the WF system, i=0,1,2,,N-1, k is argument of WF and defines the bit(digit) coefficients of k represented in binary code, = (1 , 2 ... k )2 , k = 0,1 , m is the bit(digit) coefficients of m represented in binary code, = ( 0 , 1 , 2 ... m )2 , m = 0,1 , m is a in binary representation of highest-order WF serial number in the WF system. For example, if number of samples, N=64 the dimension of WF system would also be 64. So from N = 2 m we get m = 6. 20

A. Abiyev, GAU J. Soc. & Appl. Sci., 2(4), 17-25, 2007

Now we can write general expression for digitally measuring of the EP by use of equalities of Trautman (1975) and Abiyev (2006):

S (i ) =

1 P (n)(1) k =1 N n =0
N 1

( m k +1 m k ) k
(10)

For measuring the reactive component of the EP we use the third- order WF, Wal (3, k ) . For the third-order Walsh function = 3 therefore only 6 = 1 and 5 = 1 . The remaining bit coefficients of m , m = 1,2,3,4 are equal to the zero: 3 = (0000011)2 . In this case the third-order WF is

W (3, 2 ) = (-1) ( 5 4 ) 2 = (-1) (1 0 ) 2 = ( 1) 2

(11)

The argument, 2 changes depending on normalized time of T=0.02s as shown in figure 2.

Figure 2.

Time representation of final three bit coefficients of the binary representation of k 21

Algorithm for Electric Power Measurement

Figure 3 depicts the k and third-order discrete WF, W (3, 2 ) = (1) 2 . So for the third-order component of the EP from Eq.(10) and Eq.(13) we obtain the equality

S (3) =

1 N

P(n)(1)
n =0

N 1

(12)

Figure 3. Time representation of k and third-order discrete WF

Considering Eq.(3) we have

S (3) = 1 N

P P cos N
n=0

N 1

4 n + Q sin n (1) 2 N

(13)

The next terms of this sum are equal to zero: 1 N

n =0

N 1

P (1) 2 = 0 and S (3) =

1 N

P cos N
n =0

N 1

n (1) 2 = 0

Considering these, Eq. (13) becomes(see figure 3):

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A. Abiyev, GAU J. Soc. & Appl. Sci., 2(4), 17-25, 2007

S (3) =
N / 2 1 3 N / 4 1 N 1 1 N / 4 1 4 4 4 4 Q sin n Q sin n + Q sin n Q sin n N n=0 N n= N / 4 N N /2 N n =3 N / 4 N

(14)

The analysis of intervals indicated in the figure 3 shows that since the function of sin (4n / N ) has negative values at the intervals of [N/4, N/2-1] and [3N/4, N-1], then the Eq. (14) results in:
S (3) = 1 N n Q sin N
n=0 N 1

(15)

4 This expression defines the average value of the signal of Q sin n and is N proportional to the average reactive value of the EP in the investigated circuit. During experimental studying the input voltage, u (t ) , and the current, i (t ) , signals were taken as

u (t ) = U m sin( t ) and i (t ) = I m sin( t ) ,

where I m =2A, U m =4V, = 2f , f = 50 is the linear frequency in Hz, =314 is frequency in rad/sec, -phase shift between the voltage, u (t ) and the current, i (t ) signals. During experimental studies the phase shift, between the voltage, u (t ) and the current, i (t ) signals has been varied in the interval of = 0 90 . The signal proportional to the instant value of the power, p(t) which is applied to the first nputs of the pair of multipliers is represented in figure 4 and is written as

p(t) = 8 sin(314 t ) sin(314 t )

The time representation of the signals S0(t) and S3(t) are shown in the figure 4. The essential advantages of the proposed method for the measuring of the reactive power have been verified by experimental studies. One of these advantages is that, in contrast to the known existing methods, the proposed method does not require the time delay of the current signal to the / 2 with respect to the voltage signal. The time delaying process requires the corresponding hardwire which may result in the additional measurement error.

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Algorithm for Electric Power Measurement

Figure 4. Component output signals versus time representation

Conclusion The evaluation and measurement of components of EP with application of a Walsh function simplifies the volume of computing operations on some order in comparison with sets of algorithms based on decomposition of signals on harmonics (trigonometric components). Measuring of the reactive EP Walsh functions results in certain advantages:

- during the processing of the signals on the base of Walsh functions the timeshifting of the signals acts on the structure of the signals. This influence becomes 24

A. Abiyev, GAU J. Soc. & Appl. Sci., 2(4), 17-25, 2007

useful during the evaluation of the power components allowing the obtaining of extra knowledge concerning the phase-shifts on the harmonics of the input signals; - during digital signal processing the sample values of the signals multiplication by Walsh functions is replaced by summing of the samples with the corresponding +1or -1 signs.
References Abiyev AN, 2006. The Walsh Function based electric power measuring method. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Electrical, Electronics, and Computer Engineering, November 23-25, 2006. Nicosia, North Cyprus, 177181. Abiyev AN, Aliyev IM, 2003. An electric power measurement based on discrete Walsh transformation. Proceedings of the International Conference Interactive Systems: The Problems of Human-Computer Interaction, 23-27 September 2003, Ulyanovsk, Russia, 195-196. Djokic B, So E, Bosnjakovic P, 2000. A high performance frequency insensitive quadrature phase shifter and its application in reactive power measurements. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., 49, 161 165. Fairney W, 1994. Reactive power real or imaginary? Power Engineering Journal, 8 (2), 69 75. Purkayastha I, Savoie PJ, 1990. Effect of harmonics on power measurement. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 26 (5), 944 946. Toral SL, Quero JM, Franquelo LG, 2001. Reactive power and energy measurement in the frequency domain using random pulse arithmetic. IEE Proc.-Sci. Technol., 148 (2), 63 67. Trachtman AM, Trachtman VA,1975. Fundamentals of the discrete signals theory on the finite intervals. - M.: Sov. Radio, 208 p. Yoon W-K, Devaney MJ, 2000. Reactive power measurement usinq the Wavelet Transform. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., 49, 246 252.

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