CV3011 SCBF Ad2012

1
Diseo de Edificios
de Acero
Resistentes a
Sismos
Preparada por:
Michael D. Engelhardt
University of Texas at Austin
Con el apoyo del
American Institute of Steel Construction.
Modificada por:
Carlos Nungaray
ITESM
April, 2011
Generalidades
Design of Seismic-Resistant Steel Building
Structures: A Brief Overview
Earthquake Effects on Structures
Performance of Steel Buildings in Past Earthquakes
Importance of Ductility
Design Earthquake Forces: ASCE-7
Steel Seismic Load Resisting Systems
AISC Seismic Provisions
2
Building Code Philosophy for Earthquake-Resistant Design
and Importance of Ductility
3
4
5
Ground
Acceleration
Building:
Mass = m
Building
Acceleration
6
F = ma
Earthquake Forces
on Buildings:
Inertia Force Due to
Accelerating Mass
7
Causes of Earthquake Fatalities: 1900 to 1990
Collapse of
Masonry Buildings
Fire
Collapse of Timber
Buildings
Other Causes
Landslides
Collapse of RC Buildings
Collapse of
Masonry Buildings
Fire
Collapse of Timber
Buildings
Other Causes
Landslides
Collapse of RC Buildings
Earthquake Fatalities: 1900 - 1949
(795,000 Fatalities)
Earthquake Fatalities: 1950 - 1990
(583,000 Fatalities)
8
9
10
11
Conventional Building Code Philosophy for
Earthquake-Resistant Design
Objective: Prevent collapse in the extreme
earthquake likely to occur at a
building site (MCE).
Objectives are not to:
- limit damage
- maintain function
- provide for easy repair
A more comprehensive view of seismic design philosophy is
considered under the broad field of "performance-based"
earthquake engineering.
To Survive Strong Earthquake
without Collapse:
Design for Ductile Behavior
12
H
H
Ductility = Inelastic Deformation
H
H
yield

failure
Ductility Factor =
failure
yield
13
H
H
Strength
Reqd Ductility
MAX
H
elastic
3/4 *H
elastic
1/2 *H
elastic
1/4 *H
elastic
H
Ductility = Yielding
Failure =
Fracture
or
Instability
Ductility in Steel Structures: Yielding
Nonductile Failure Modes: Fracture or Instability
14
Developing Ductile Behavior:
Choose frame elements ("fuses") that will yield in an
earthquake.
Detail "fuses" to sustain large inelastic deformations prior to
the onset of fracture or instability (i.e. , detail fuses for
ductility).
Design all other frame elements to be stronger than the fuses,
i.e., design all other frame elements to develop the plastic
capacity of the fuses.
This approach is called Capacity Design.
Applications of Capacity Design
15
16
17
18
Key Elements of Seismic-Resistant Design
Required Lateral Strength
ASCE-7:
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other
Structures
Detailing for Ductility
AISC:
Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings
19
Design EQ Loads Total Lateral Force per ASCE 7-05:
s
V C W = == =
V = total design lateral
force or shear at
base of structure
W = effective seismic
weight of building
C
S
= seismic response
coefficient
V
Design EQ Loads Total Lateral Force per ASCE 7-05:
S
DS
= design spectral
acceleration at
short periods
S
D1
= design spectral
acceleration at
1-second period
I = importance factor
R = response modification coefficient
T = fundamental period of building
W C V
S
= == =

| || |

| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
I
R
S
C
DS
S
| || |

| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
I
R
T
S
1 D
| || |

| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
I
R
T
T S
2
L 1 D
for T T
L
for T > T
L
T
L
= long period transition period
20
R factors for Selected Steel Systems (ASCE 7):
SMF (Special Moment Resisting Frames): R = 8
IMF (Intermediate Moment Resisting Frames): R = 4.5
OMF (Ordinary Moment Resisting Frames): R = 3.5
EBF (Eccentrically Braced Frames): R = 8 or 7
SCBF (Special Concentrically Braced Frames): R = 6
OCBF (Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames): R = 3.25
BRBF (Buckling Restrained Braced Frame): R = 8 or 7
SPSW (Special Plate Shear Walls): R = 7
Undetailed Steel Systems in
Seismic Design Categories A, B or C R = 3
(AISC Seismic Provisions not needed)
Factor de Comportamiento
Ssmico: CFE 2008
Q=4.0, cuando se cumpla:
1. La resistencia es suministrada por:
Marcos no contraventeados de acero o concreto reforzado.
Marcos contraventeados o con muros de concreto o de placa de acero o
ambos (los marcos de cada entrepiso son capaces de resistir, sin muros
ni contravientos el 50% de la fuerza ssmica.
2. Si hay muros de mampostera ligados a la estructura:
se deben considerar en el anlisis.
Su contribucin a la resistencia slo se tomar si:
a. son de piezas macizas
b. los marcos y los muros de concreto, de placa de acero o compuestos son
capaces de resistir el 80% de las fuerzas laterales.
3. El mnimo cociente de la resistencia de un entrepiso entre la accin de
diseo no difiere en ms de 35% del promedio de todos los entrepisos.
4. Los marcos y muros de concreto cumplen los requisitos de marcos dctiles
de las NTC para estructuras de concreto vigentes.
5. Los marcos y muros de concreto cumplen los requisitos de marcos dctiles
de las NTC para estructuras de concreto vigentes.
21
Ssmico: CFE 2008
Q=3.0, cuando:
Se satisfacen 2 y 4 5 para el caso Q = 4
La resistencia es suministrada por columnas de acero o de
concreto con losas planas, marcos rgidos de acero, marcos de
concreto, muros de concreto o de placa de acero (o compuestos),
por combinaciones de stos y marcos o diafragmas de madera.
Las estructuras con losas planas y las de madera debern adems
satisfacer los requisitos que sobre el particular marcan las NTC
para estructuras de concreto vigentes.
Los marcos rgidos de acero satisfacen los requisitos para
ductilidad alta o estn provistos de contraventeo concntrico
dctil, de acuerdo con las normas correspondientes vigentes.
Ssmico: CFE 2008
Q=2.0, cuando:
La resistencia a fuerzas laterales es suministrada por :
a. losas planas con columnas de acero o de concreto, marcos de acero con
ductilidad reducida o provistos de contraventeo con ductilidad normal, o
de concreto reforzado que no cumplan con los requisitos para ser
considerados dctiles, o muros de concreto reforzado, de placa de acero o
compuestos de acero y concreto, que no cumplen en algn entrepiso lo
que se especifica para los casos Q = 4 y Q = 3
b. muros de mampostera de piezas macizas confinados por castillos, dalas,
columnas o trabes de concreto reforzado o de acero que satisfacen los
requisitos de las normas correspondientes vigentes.
c. elementos de concreto prefabricado o presforzado, ver excepciones en
NTC)
d. estructuras de madera (ver NTC)
e. estructuras de acero (ver NTC)
22
Ssmico: CFE 2008
Q=1.5, cuando:
La resistencia a fuerzas laterales es suministrada por:
a. muros de mampostera de piezas huecas, confinados o con refuerzo
interior, que satisfacen las NTC para estructuras de mampostera
b. combinaciones de dichos muros con elementos como los descritos para
los casos Q = 3 y
Q = 2
c. marcos y armaduras de madera (ver NTC)
d. estructuras de acero (ver NTC)
Ssmico: CFE 2008
Q=1.0, cuando:
En estructuras cuya resistencia a fuerzas laterales es
suministrada, al menos parcialmente, por elementos o materiales
diferentes de los arriba especificados.
estructuras de acero (ver NTC)
Nota: usar el Q mnimo de todos los entrepisos en cada direccin
23
Seismic Load Resisting Systems
for Steel Buildings
Moment Resisting Frames
Concentrically Braced Frames
Eccentrically Braced Frames
Buckling Restrained Braced Frames
Special Plate Shear Walls
24
MOMENT RESISTING FRAME (MRF)
Advantages
Architectural Versatility
High Ductility and Safety
Disadvantages
Low Elastic Stiffness
Beams and columns with moment resisting connections; resist
lateral forces by flexure and shear in beams and columns - i.e. by
frame action.
Develop ductility primarily by flexural yielding
of the beams:
Moment Resisting Frame
25
26
Inelastic Response
of a Steel Moment
Resisting Frame
27
Concentrically Braced Frames (CBFs)
Beams, columns and braces arranged to form a vertical truss.
Resist lateral earthquake forces by truss action.
Develop ductility through inelastic action in braces.
- braces yield in tension
- braces buckle in compression
Advantages
- high elastic stiffness
Disadvantages
- less ductile than other systems (SMFs, EBFs, BRBFs)
- reduced architectural versatility
Types of CBFs
Single Diagonal Inverted V- Bracing V- Bracing
X- Bracing
Two Story X- Bracing
28
29
30
Inelastic Response of CBFs under Earthquake Loading
31
Tension Brace: Yields
(ductile)
Compression Brace: Buckles
(nonductile)
Columns and beams: remain essentially elastic
Compression Brace
(previously in tension):
Buckles
(nonductile)
Tension Brace (previously in
compression): Yields
(ductile)
32
Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBFs)
Framing system with beam, columns and braces. At least one end of
every brace is connected to isolate a segment of the beam called a
link.
Resist lateral load through a combination of frame action and truss
action. EBFs can be viewed as a hybrid system between moment
frames and concentrically braced frames.
Develop ductility through inelastic action in the links.
EBFs can supply high levels of ductility (similar to MRFs), but can
also provide high levels of elastic stiffness (similar to CBFs)
e
e
Link
Link
33
e
e
Link
Link
Some possible bracing arrangement for EBFS
e e
e e
e
e
34
35
36
37
Inelastic Response of EBFs
38
Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames (BRBFs)
Type of concentrically braced frame.
Beams, columns and braces arranged to form a vertical truss.
Resist lateral earthquake forces by truss action.
Special type of brace members used: Buckling-Restrained
Braces (BRBs). BRBS yield both in tension and compression
- no buckling !!
Develop ductility through inelastic action (cyclic tension and
compression yielding) in BRBs.
System combines high stiffness with high ductility.
39
Buckling-Restrained Brace
Buckling-
Restrained Brace:
Steel Core
+
Casing
Casing
Steel Core
Buckling-
Restrained Brace:
Steel Core
+
Casing
A
A
Section A-A
Steel Core
Debonding material
Casing
Steel jacket
Mortar
40
P
P
Steel core resists entire axial force P
Casing is debonded from steel core
- casing does not resist axial force P
- flexural stiffness of casing restrains buckling of core
Buckling-
Restrained Brace:
Steel Core
+
Casing
Steel Core
Yielding Segment
Core projection and
brace connection
segment
41
Bracing Configurations for BRBFs
X- Bracing
42
43
44
Inelastic Response of BRBFs under Earthquake Loading
Tension Brace: Yields Compression Brace: Yields
45
Compression Brace: Yields Tension Brace: Yields
Special Plate Shear Walls (SPSW)
Assemblage of consisting of rigid frame, infilled with thin
steel plates.
Under lateral load, system behaves similar to a plate girder.
Wall plate buckles under diagonal compression and forms
tension field.
Develop ductility through tension yielding of wall plate along
diagonal tension field.
System combines high stiffness with high ductility.
46
47
48
Plate-Girder Analogy
Shear buckling
Development of
tension diagonals
Inelastic Response of a SPSW
49
2005/2010 AISC Seismic Provisions
50
Description and Types of Concentrically Braced
Frames
Basic Behavior of Concentrically Braced Frames
AISC Seismic Provisions for Special Concentrically
Braced Frames
Frames
Braced Frames
51
Concentrically Braced Frames (CBFs)
Beams, columns and braces arranged to form a
vertical truss. Resist lateral earthquake forces by
truss action.
Develop ductility through inelastic action in braces.
- braces yield in tension
- braces buckle in compression
Advantages
- high elastic stiffness
Disadvantages
- less ductile than other systems (SMFs, EBFs, BRBFs)
- reduced architectural versatility
Types of CBFs
X- Bracing
52
53
54
55
56
Frames
Braced Frames
57
Tension Brace: Yields
(ductile)
Compression Brace: Buckles
(nonductile)
Compression Brace
(previously in tension):
Buckles
(nonductile)
Tension Brace (previously in
compression): Yields
(ductile)
58
59
60
Brace Behavior Under Cyclic Axial Loading
P

Tension
Compression
Elongation
Shortening
P
61
P

P
P
CR
1
1. Brace loaded in compression to peak
compression capacity (buckling).
P

P
2. Continue loading in compression.
Compressive resistance drops rapidly.
Flexural plastic hinge forms at mid-
length (due to P- moment in member).
plastic hinge
2
P
CR
1
62
P

Compressive resistance drops rapidly.
length (due to P- moment in member).
3. Remove load from member (P=0).
Member has permanent out-of-plane
deformation.
3
2
P
CR
1
P

4. Brace loaded in tension to yield.
3
2
P
CR
1
4
P
P
y
63
P

Member still has permanent out-of-
plane deformation.
3
2
P
CR
1
4
P
y
5
P

plane deformation.
Peak compression capacity reduced
from previous cycle.
3
2
P
CR
1
4
P
y
5
P
6
64
P

plane deformation.
Peak compression capacity reduced
from previous cycle.
length (due to P- moment in
member).
3
2
P
CR
1
4
P
y
5
P
6
7
Experimental Behavior of Brace Under Cyclic Axial Loading
P
W6x20 Kl/r = 80
65
Experimental Behavior of Brace Under Cyclic Axial Loading
P
W6x16 Kl/r = 120
Experimental Behavior of Braced Frame Under Cyclic Loading
66
Developing Ductile Behavior in CBFs
Design frame so that inelastic behavior is
restricted to braces.
Braces are "fuse" elements of frame.
Braces are weakest element of frame. All
other frame elements (columns, beams,
connections) are stronger than braces.
Choose brace members with good energy
dissipation capacity and fracture life (limit kL/r
and b/t).
General Approach
Design brace connections for maximum
forces and deformations imposed by brace
during cyclic yielding/buckling
General Approach
67
Design beams and columns (and column
splices and column bases) for maximum
forces imposed by braces
General Approach
General Approach
Design braces based on
code specified
earthquake forces.
Design all other frame
elements for maximum
forces that can be
developed by braces.
68
Maximum Forces Developed by Braces
Braces in Tension - Axial Force:
P

P

P
max
= P
y
For design:
Take P
max
= R
y
F
y
A
g
Braces in Compression - Axial Force
P

P

P
max
For design:
Take P
max
= 1.1 R
y
P
n
( P
n
= A
g
F
cr
)
Take P
residual
= 0.3 P
n
P
residual
0.3 P
cr
69
Braces in Compression - Bending Moment:
P P
M M
For "fixed" end braces: flexural plastic hinges will form at
mid-length and at brace ends. Brace will impose bending
moment on connections and adjoining members.
Plastic Hinges
For design:
Take M
max
= 1.1 R
y
F
y
Z
brace
(for critical buckling direction)
Braces in Compression - Bending Moment:
For "pinned" end braces: flexural plastic hinge will form at
mid-length only. Brace will impose no bending moment on
connections and adjoining members.
Must design brace connection to behave like a "pin"
P P
P P
Plastic Hinge
70
Maximum Forces in Columns and Beams
To estimate maximum axial forces
imposed by braces on columns and
beams:
Braces in tension:
Take P = R
y
F
y
A
g
Braces in compression:
Take P = 1.1 R
y
P
n
or P = 0.3 P
n
whichever produces critical design case
Example

Find maximum axial
compression in column.
Tension Braces:
Take P = R
y
F
y
A
g
Compression Braces:
Take P = 0.3 P
n
71
Example

R
y
F
y
A
g
R
y
F
y
A
g
R
y
F
y
A
g
0.3 P
n
0.3 P
n
Column Axial Compression =
[ (R
y
F
y
A
g
) cos + (0.3 P
n
) cos ] + P
gravity
(sum brace forces for all levels
above column)
0.3 P
n
Example

Find maximum axial
tension in column.
Tension Braces:
Take P = R
y
F
y
A
g
Compression Braces:
Take P = 0.3 P
n
72
Example

R
y
F
y
A
g
0.3 P
n
R
y
F
y
A
g
R
y
F
y
A
g
0.3 P
n
0.3 P
n
Column Axial Tension =
[ (R
y
F
y
A
g
) cos + (0.3 P
n
) cos ] - P
gravity
(sum brace forces for all levels
above column)
Example

Find maximum axial
compression in column.
Tension Brace:
Take P = R
y
F
y
A
g
Compression Brace:
Take P = 0.3 P
n
73
Example

R
y
F
y
A
g
0.3 P
n
Column Axial Compression =
(R
y
F
y
A
g
) cos - (0.3 P
n
) cos + P
gravity
Note
Based on elastic frame analysis:
Column Axial Force = P
gravity
Example

Find maximum bending
moment in beam.
Tension Brace:
Take P = R
y
F
y
A
g
Compression Brace:
Take P = 0.3 P
n
74
Example
R
y
F
y
A
g
0.3 P
n
Example
( R
y
F
y
A
g
- 0.3 P
n
) sin
Compute moment in beam
resulting from application of
concentrated load at midspan
of ( R
y
F
y
A
g
- 0.3 P
n
) sin
and add moment due to
gravity load
Note
Based on elastic frame analysis:
Moment in beam 0
75
Example

Find maximum axial
tension and compression
that will be applied to
gusset plate.
Tension Brace:
Take P = R
y
F
y
A
g
Compression Brace:
Take P = 1.1 R
y
P
n
Example
1.1 R
y
P
n
R
y
F
y
A
g
Check gusset buckling,
beam web crippling, etc.
Check gusset yield, gusset
net section fracture, gusset
block shear fracture, local
beam web yielding, etc.
76
Frames
Braced Frames
2005 AISC Seismic Provisions
Section 13 Special Concentrically Braced Frames (SCBF)
Section 14 Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames (OCBF)
77
Section 13
Special Concentrically Braced Frames (SCBF)
13.1 Scope
13.2 Members
13.3 Required Strength of Bracing Connections
13.4 Special Bracing Configuration Requirements
13.5 Column Splices
13.6 Protected Zone
AISC Seismic Provisions - SCBF
13.1 Scope
Special concentrically braced frames (SCBF) are
expected to withstand significant inelastic deformations
when subjected to the forces resulting from the motions
of the design earthquake.
78
13.2 Members
13.2a Slenderness
Bracing members shall have:
F
y
= 36 ksi: KL/r 114
F
y
= 42 ksi: KL/r 105
F
y
= 46 ksi: KL/r 100
F
y
= 50 ksi: KL/r 96
y
F
E
4
r
KL

13.2a Slenderness
Bracing members shall have:
Exception:
Braces with:
are permitted in frames in which the available
strength of the columns is at least equal to the
maximum load transferred to the column
considering R
y
times the nominal strengths of
the brace elements.
y
F
E
4
r
KL

200
r
KL
F
E
4
y

79
Example

Find required axial
compression strength of
column.
Example

R
y
F
y
A
g
R
y
F
y
A
g
R
y
F
y
A
g
0.3 P
n
0.3 P
n
Required column axial compression
strength =
[ (R
y
F
y
A
g
) cos + (0.3 P
n
) cos ]
+
[(1.2 + 0.2S
DS
) D + 0.5L]
0.3 P
n
OR
0
Q
E
+
[(1.2 + 0.2S
DS
) D + 0.5L]
All bracing members:
Note:
0
= 2 for SCBF and OCBF
y
F
E
4
r
KL

80
Example

R
y
F
y
A
g
R
y
F
y
A
g
R
y
F
y
A
g
0.3 P
n
0.3 P
n
Required column axial compression
strength =
[ (R
y
F
y
A
g
) cos - (0.3 P
n
) cos ]
+
[(1.2 + 0.2S
DS
) D + 0.5L]
0.3 P
n
0
Q
E
+
[(1.2 + 0.2S
DS
) D + 0.5L]
Bracing members with:
NOT PERMITTED
200
r
KL
F
E
4
y

13.2 Members
13.2b Required Strength
Where the effective net area of bracing members is
less than the gross area, the required tensile
strength of the brace, based on a limit state of
fracture of the net section shall be at least R
y
F
y
A
g
of
the bracing member.
Objective: yield of gross section of
brace prior to fracture of net section
81
82
Example
double angle bracing member
gusset plate
Check double angle bracing member for
limit state of net section fracture
P
u
= R
y
F
y
A
g
Required axial tension strength
of brace for limit state of
fracture of the net section
83
P
u
= R
y
F
y
A
g
Critical Net Section
A
e
= U A
n
A
e
< A
g
due to:
bolt hole (A
n
< A
g
), and
shear lag (U < 1)
P
u
= R
y
F
y
A
g
Limit state: fracture of net section
P
n
= (0.75) A
e
(R
t
F
u
)

Per Section 6.2: use expected tensile strength R
t
F
U
when checking net section
fracture of bracing member, since R
y
F
y
of the same member is used to
computed the required strength
84
P
u
= R
y
F
y
A
g
(0.75) A
e
(R
t
F
u
) R
y
F
y
A
g
OR:
( (( ( ) )) )
u t
y y
g
e
F R 75 . 0
F R
A
A

P
u
= R
y
F
y
A
g
For A36 Angles: For A572 Gr. 50 Angles:
Need to Reinforce Net Section (A
e
need not exceed A
g
)
( (( ( ) )) )
u t
y y
g
e
F R 75 . 0
F R
A
A

( (( ( ) )) )
03 . 1
ksi 58 2 . 1 75 . 0
ksi 36 5 . 1
A
A
g
e
= == =

( (( ( ) )) )
03 . 1
ksi 65 1 . 1 75 . 0
ksi 50 1 . 1
A
A
g
e
= == =

85
P
u
= R
y
F
y
A
g
Also check block shear rupture of bracing member....
P
n
= (0.75) U
bs
A
nt
R
t
F
u
+ lesser of
0.6 A
nv
R
t
F
u
0.6 A
gv
R
y
F
y
Reinforcing net section of bracing member....
86
Example
gusset plate
rectangular HSS bracing
member
Check HSS bracing member for limit state
of net section fracture
87
P
u
= R
y
F
y
A
g
Required axial tension strength
of brace for limit state of
fracture of the net section
P
u
= R
y
F
y
A
g
Critical Net Section
A
e
= U A
n
A
e
< A
g
due to:
slot (A
n
< A
g
), and
shear lag (U < 1)
88
P
u
= R
y
F
y
A
g
(0.75) A
e
(R
t
F
u
) R
y
F
y
A
g
OR:
For A500 Gr B rectangular HSS:
Need to Reinforce Net Section (A
e
need not exceed A
g
)
( (( ( ) )) )
u t
y y
g
e
F R 75 . 0
F R
A
A

( (( ( ) )) )
14 . 1
ksi 58 3 . 1 75 . 0
ksi 46 4 . 1
A
A
g
e
= == =

P
u
= R
y
F
y
A
g
P
n
= (0.75) U
bs
A
nt
R
t
F
u
+ lesser of
0.6 A
nv
R
t
F
u
0.6 A
gv
R
y
F
y
A
nt
0
L
t = design wall thickness of HSS
A
nv
= A
gv
= 4 L t
For A500 Gr B rectangular HSS: R
t
F
u
= 1.3 x 58 ksi = 75.4 ksi
R
y
F
y
= 1.4 x 46 ksi = 64.2 ksi
89
P
u
= R
y
F
y
A
g
L
t = design wall thickness of HSS
P
n
= (0.75) ( 4 L t x 0.6 x 64.2 ksi) 1.4 x 46 ksi x A
g
= minimum length of welded overlap
needed based on block shear
rupture in HSS bracing member
t
A 557 . 0
L
g

Reinforcing net section of bracing member....
90
13.2 Members
13.2c Lateral Force Distribution
Along any line of bracing, braces shall be deployed
in opposite directions such that, for either direction
of force parallel to the bracing, at least 30 percent but
not more than 70% of the total horizontal force along
that line is resisted by braces in tension..
13.2 Members
13.2c Lateral Force Distribution
Deploy braces so that about half are in tension (and the
other half in compression)
All braces in tension (or compression) NG
OK
91
13.2 Members
13.2d Width-Thickness Limitations
Columns and braces shall meet requirements of
Section 8.2b.
i.e. columns and braces must be seismically
compact :
ps
Columns:
ps
92
Braces: form plastic hinge during buckling
P
plastic hinge
With high b/t's - local buckling and possibly

fracture may occur at plastic
hinge region
93
94
Bracing Members:
ps
For rectangular HSS (A500 Gr B steel):
1 . 16
ksi 46
ksi 29000
64 . 0
F
E
64 . 0
t
b
y
= == = = == =
95
13.3a Required Tensile Strength
The required tensile strength of bracing connections (including
beam-to-column connections if part of the bracing system) shall
be the lesser of the following:
1. R
y
F
y
A
g
of the bracing member.
2. The maximum load effect, indicated by analysis that
can be transferred to the brace by the system.
Few practical applications of Item 2.
Note that
o
Q
E
is NOT an acceptable method to establish
"maximum load effect"
96
R
y
F
y
A
g
P
u
= R
y
F
y
A
g

P
u
cos
P
u
sin
Consider load path
through connection region
97
P
u
= R
y
F
y
A
g
P
u
cos
P
u
sin
Consider load path
through connection
region:
Uniform Force Method -
Vertical Component of P
u
transferred to column.
V
uc
V
ub
V
uc
+ V
ub
= P
u
sin
V
uc
is transferred directly to column
V
ub
is transferred indirectly to column
through beam and beam to
column connection
V
ub
P
u
= R
y
F
y
A
g
P
u
cos
P
u
sin
H
uc
H
ub
H
uc
+ H
ub
= P
u
cos
H
ub
is transferred directly to beam
H
uc
is transferred indirectly to beam
through column and beam to
column connection
H
uc
Consider load path
through connection
region:
Uniform Force Method -
Horizontal Component of
P
u
transferred to beam.
98
P
u
= R
y
F
y
A
g
P
u
cos
P
u
sin
Consider load path through
connection region:
Use caution in use of bolts
and welds.
Section 7.2:
"Bolts and welds shall not be
designed to share force in a
joint or the same force
component in a connection."
P
u
= R
y
F
y
A
g
P
u
cos
P
u
sin
If designed by uniform force
method - this connection
violates Section 7.2
Bolts and welds must transfer same
force components.
99
13.3b Required Flexural Strength
The required flexural strength of bracing connections is
1.1 R
y
M
p
of bracing member.
P
M M
For "fixed" end braces: flexural plastic hinges will form at
mid-length and at brace ends. Brace will impose bending
moment on connections and adjoining members.
Plastic Hinges
M
u
= 1.1 R
y
M
p
= 1.1 R
y
F
y
Z
brace
(for critical buckling direction)
100
1.1 R
y
M
p-brace
101
13.3b Required Flexural Strength
The required flexural strength of bracing connections is
1.1 R
y
M
p
of bracing member.
Exception:
Brace connections that can accommodate the
inelastic rotations associated with brace post-
buckling deformations need not meet this
requirement.
For "pinned" end braces: flexural plastic hinge will form at
mid-length only. Brace will impose no bending moment on
connections and adjoining members.
Must design brace connection to behave like a "pin"
P P
P P
Plastic Hinge
102
Buckling perpendicular
to gusset plate
Line of rotation ("fold
line") when the brace
buckles out-of-plane
(thin direction of plate)
To accommodate brace end rotation: provide "fold line"
103
2t
2t
104
Concrete floor slab
2t
Concrete floor slab
Styrofoam
2t
105
106
107
> 2t
>2t
108
> 2t
Alternate Approach: Elliptical
Yield Line Path
109
Yield Line Path
Yield Line Path
110
Yield Line Path
13.3c Required Compressive Strength
The required compressive strength of bracing connections shall
be at least 1.1 R
y
P
n
P
n
= A
g
F
cr
of bracing member
(per Chapter E of AISC Main Specification)
111
1.1 R
y
P
n
Check:
- buckling of gusset plate
- web crippling for beam and column
112
13.4a V-Type and Inverted V-Type Bracing
(1) Design beams for unbalanced load that will occur
when compression brace buckles and tension brace
yields.
Take force in tension brace: R
y
F
y
A
g
Take force in compression brace: 0.3 P
n
Assume beam has no vertical support
between columns.
113
R
y
F
y
A
g
0.3 P
n
w
gravity
= (1.2 + 0.2 S
DS
) D + 0.5L
Example
L
Beam-to-column connections:
simple framing
w
gravity
= (1.2 + 0.2 S
DS
) D + 0.5L
Example
L
( R
y
F
y
A
g
- 0.3 P
n
) sin
( R
y
F
y
A
g
+ 0.3 P
n
) cos
Forces acting on beam:
114
(2) Both flanges of beams must be provided with lateral
braces with a maximum spacing of L
pd
and
Both flanges of the beam must be braced at the point
of intersection of the braces.
Per Main AISC Specification (Appendix 1):
y
y 2
1
pd
r
F
E
M
M
076 . 0 12 . 0 L
| || |
| || |

| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (

| || |
| || |

| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ + = == =
115
Types of CBFs
13.4b K-Type Bracing
K-Type Braces are not Permitted for SCBF
116
Section 13
Special Concentrically Braced Frames (SCBF)
13.1 Scope
13.2 Members
13.5 Column Splices
13.6 Protected Zone

CV3011 SCBF Ad2012

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With high b/t's - local buckling and possibly

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