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TIU LUN
K THUT TRI PH V NG DNG




ti: M khi khng gian tn s trong ng ln ca h thng thng tin di ng
MC-CDMA bng thng rng vi tin cn bng













H Ni, thng 11/2012

Ging vin hng dn : PGS-TS Nguyn Hu Trung
Hc vin : Nguyn B Phi
Lp
MSHV
:
:
KTTT2 - 2012B
CB120178
2

Space Frequency Block Coding in the Uplink of Broadband MC-CDMA
Mobile Radio Systems with Pre-Equalization
(M khi khng gian tn s trong ng ln ca h thng thng tin di ng MC-CDMA bng thng rng vi tin cn bng)


Tm tt: Ti liu ny xem xt hiu sut ca m
khi khng gian tn s (SFBC) i vi h thng
OFDM. Ngoi ra cn tm hiu v s kt hp ca n
vi cc cng ngh tin cn bng n ngi dng c
phc tp thp trong ng ln ca h thng
MC-CDMA. Vi phng php ny c th trnh
c vic phi thc hin cn bng ti khi thu,
thm vo , khng cn phi thit lp bt k knh
uplink no. Ti liu ch ra rng SFBC kt hp vi
b pht hin n k hiu (single symbol) truyn
thng c mt bng li cao hn, ngay c khi s dng
m ha knh. Tuy nhin, hin ti vic kt hp gia
SFBC v tin cn bng (pre-equalization) c th t
c kt qu y ha hn trong ng ln ca h
thng CDMA vi phc tp thp.
Abstract: In this paper, an efcient realization
of space frequency block coding (SFBC) for OFDM
systems is given. Moreover, its combination with
different low complexity single user preequalization
techniques in the uplink of MC-CDMA systems is
investigated. This approach can completely avoid
an equalization at the receiver side and,
additionally, does not need any uplink channel
estimation. It is shown in this paper that SFBC in
combination with classical single symbol detection
has a high error oor, even with channel coding.
However, the presented combination of SFBC with
pre-equalization can achieve promising
performance results in the uplink of MC-CDMA
systems with low complexity.
I. GII THIU
Mt k thut Mt k thut c trin vng cho vic a
truy nhp trong h thng thng tin di ng l c
trin vng cho a truy cp trong h thng thng tin
di ng tng lai l MC-CDMA. K thut ny
c xut nm 1993 [1], [2] cho ng xung
ca h thng di ng vi hiu sut ph cao. S
dng OFDM trong h thng MC-CDMA c th
trnh c nhiu ISI (giao thoa gia cc k hiu) v
gip lm gim phc tp ca khi thu. Thm vo
, m tri trc giao gip gim thiu nhiu MAI
(nhiu a truy cp). Tuy nhin cn phi s dng b
pht hin a ngi dng pha uplink v nguyn l
thit lp knh phc tp.
M khi khng gian thi gian [3], [4] c gii
thiu gip ci thin hiu sut h thng m khng
lm gim tc ca 2 anten pht (Tx) vi gi thit
rng h s knh khng thay i i vi 2 chu k k
hiu lin sau m bo li khc nhau. y l
iu kin quyt nh trong h thng OFDM vi chu
k k hiu Ts bng Nc ln chu k k hiu d liu T,
vi Nc l s sng mang. trnh phi s dng 2 k
hiu OFDM lin tip cho m ha, cc k hiu kt
hp c th c gi trn cc sng mang khc nhau
trn mt h thng a sng mang. Ti liu ny th
hin cch thc hin m khi khng gian tn s mt
cch hiu qu, cc c tnh ca OFDM c khai
thc sao cho 2 bng con hp lin k chu nh hng
bi cng cc h s knh. V th SFBC c th nhn
bit c ch vi 1 k hiu OFDM c thu, v
trnh c vn v gii hn thi gian tng quan
v gim tr trong qu trnh nhn bit.
Ti liu ny tp trung nghin cu ng ln ca h
thng MC-CDMA, mt tng trin vng c
xut l s dng b tin cn bng ti pha pht [5],
[6], [7], [8], nu pha pht c thng tin v knh
truyn. Nh th, tn hiu bn thu s khng b mo
dng v bn thu khng cn phi thit lp trng thi
knh v cn bng li. Thng tin v trng thi knh
c th c thc hin theo c ch song cng phn
chia theo thi gian TDD (time division duplex) nu
cc khe thi gian TDD ngn, nh th th knh
ca mt lin kt xung (downlink) v mt lin kt
ln (uplink) c th c xem l khng i. V th
mt b thu pht vi chc nng tin cn bng c th
s dng thng tin trng thi knh thu c t knh
downlink c lng khe thi gian thu c lin
trc. ng dng ca tin cn bng ti trm cui
c c bit ch trong c ch a truy cp phn
chia theo m MC-CDMA, do n c th trnh c
vic phi thit lp knh uplink phc tp vi phn
mo u cha cc k hiu tham chiu.
Khi s thay i v thi gian trong knh gia 2 khe
thi gian TDD lin nhau khng th b b qua, nn
hiu sut tin cn bng c th c ci thin bng
cch d on trc trng thi knh pha pht khi m
3
mt vi thng tin trng thi knh c lc ra t
trc.
Ti liu ny xut kt hp SFBC vi MC-CDMA
s dng b tin cn bng v a ra kt qu i vi
cc knh fading thng thng trong trng hp b
pht hin n ngi dng c s dng ti pha thu.
II. MC-CDMA TIN CN BNG
Tng s ngi dng trong mng di ng MC-
CDMA l K. Qua kho st th uplink ng b vi
d liu truyn pht t trm u cui trm BS. S
khi pht k, vi k = 0, 1,..., K-1, kt hp vi b tin
cn bng v SFBC c cho nh hnh 1. Cc k
hiu d liu d
(k)
ca trm u cui k thu c t b
m ha knh v nh x k hiu. Chng c tri ra
s dng m trc giao, v nh m Walsh-Hadamard.
Cc k hiu d liu d
(k)
nm trong khong T=LTc,
vi Tc l khong thi gian ca 1 chip v L l chiu
di ca m tri:
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 1
, ,...,
T
k k k k
L
c C C C

= . Phng
trnh tri ph:
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 1
, ,...,
T
k k k k k k
L
s c d S S S

= = (1)
Trong (.)
T
th hin ma trn chuyn v.

Hnh 1:My pht MC-CDMA vi b tin cn bng v
SFBC ca trm u cui di ng k
Sau khi tri ph, chui s(k) ca trm u cui k
c tin cn bng theo:
( ) ( )
( )
k k
k
s G s = ; (2)
Vi
( ) k
G l mt ma trn cho LxL tin cn bng c
cc phn t
( )
,
k
l l G . Tin cn bng c thc hin
bng cch nhn cc k hiu trn mi phn knh vi
mt h s tin cn bng ch nh trc khi truyn i.
Tiu chun la chn cc h s cn bng l b li
fadinh knh, khi tn hiu n anten thu ch cn b
nh hng bi nhiu cng => chn
( )
( )
,
,
1/
k
k
l l
l l
G H = .
Trn thc t th k thut ny khng th trin khai
c do n yu cu mt tuyn truyn vi cng sut
rt cao. V vy, bt buc phi tin cn bng khi tng
cng sut pht c tin cn bng v tng cng sut
pht khng s dng tin cn bng c gi tr bng
nhau. iu kin tin cn bng bt buc l:
2
1 1
2 ( )
( ) ( )
,
0 0
; (3)
L L
k
k k
l l
l l
l l
G S S

= =
=


Gi thi rng tt c k hiu
( ) k
l
S c truyn vi
cng cng sut, t (3) ta c:
1 1 2
2 ( )
( ) ( )
,
,
0 0
; (4)
L L
k
k k
l l
l l
l l
G G C L

= =
= =


Trong
( )
,
k
l l
G l h s cn bng khng hn ch v
cng sut, C
(k)
l h s chun ha gip gi cho cng
sut pht khng i.
( )
1 2
( )
,
0
; (5)
k
L
k
l l
l
L
C
G

=
=

Tiu chun tin cn bng khc cng vi vic gim
cng sut c th c p dng, cho kt qu l cc
h s tin cn bng nh sau:
Maximum ratio combining (MRC): t s kt hp cc
i ca mi phn knh vi h s knh lin hp phc,
cho ta
( )
( )*
,
, 1
2
( )
,
0
; (6)
k
k
l l
l l L
k
l l
l
L
G H
H

=
=

Mt hn ch ca MRC l n lm gim tnh trc giao
gia cc m tri ph v lm tng MAI (giao thoa a
truy nhp).
Equal gain combining (EGC): b s xoay pha gy
ra bi knh truyn bng cch chn
( )*
( )
,
,
( )
,
; (7)
k
k
l l
l l
k
l l
H
G
H
=
EGC khng khi phc li tnh trc giao gia cc m
tri ph v gy nhiu MAI, n ch yu cu thng tin
v pha ca knh truyn.
Zero forcing (ZF): lm o knh v c th khi
phc mt phn tnh trc giao gia cc m tri ph
bng cch chn h s:
( )*
( )
,
,
2 1
( )
,
2
( )
0
,
; (8)
1
k
k
l l
l l
L
k
l l
k
l
l l
H
L
G
H
H

=
=

o knh vi tin cn bng b gii hn do h s
cng sut thp v nhiu MAI. Ngoi ra ZF cn
khuch i nhiu.
Li bnh phng trung bnh ti thiu (MMSE) tin
cn bng vi cng sut thp cho ta h s:
( )
( )*
( )
,
,
2 2
( ) 2
( )*
1
,
,
2
( ) 2
0
,
; (9)
k
k
l l
l l
k
k
L
l l
l l
k
l
l l
H
L
G
H
H
H
o
o

=
=
+
+

4
v gip gim thiu li ny gia chui pht v chui
nhn. Ngoi h s knh, th MMSE cng cn c
thng tin v bin i nhiu
2
.
Sau thao tc chn th chui
( ) k
s c iu ch vo
cc sng mang con v cc k hiu OFDM khc
nhau, ty theo kch thc v kiu chn. Vic tri
theo min tn s hay thi gian c th c thc hin
bng cch chn b chn ph hp [9]. Tuy nhin,
nu chn L<<Nc th c th gim phc tp ca b
thu [10].
Mt m khi khng gian tn s hot ng vi 2
anten pht Tx c m t nh hnh 1 v c gii
thch chi tit trong phn III.
S khi thu MC-CDMA kt hp vi khng gian
tn s (SFBC) c chi ra trn hnh 2. Ti khi thu,
tn hiu sau nghch o OFDM l:
( )
1
( )
( )
0
1
( )
( ) ( )
0 1 1
0
; (10)
, ,..., ; (11)
K
k
k
k
K
k
T
k k
L
k
r H s n
H G s n R R R

=
= +
= + =

Hnh 2: My thu OFDM vi tn s kt hp ti trm base
Vi H(k) th hin ma trn cho knh LxL vi cc
thnh phn trn ng cho l
( )
,
k
l l
H . Vector n=(N
0
,
N
1
, ..., N
L-1
)
T
th hin thnh phn nhiu cng. Sau
khi gii xen, mt b kt hp khng gian tn s s
thc hin m khi khng gian tn s, c m t
chi tit trong phn III. Sau khi kt hp khng gian
tn s, tn hiu c gii tri ph bng cch nhn n
vi lin hp phc ca chui tri ph c(k). Sau khi
k hiu c gii nh x, phn mm gii m knh
s chuyn tip cc bt thng tin va nhn c.
III. M KHI KHNG GIAN TN S
S khi ca mt b pht OFDM s dng SFBC
vi 2 anten pt c ch ra nh hnh 3. Chui Nc
thi gian hoc tn s xen k hiu
( ) k
n S c pht i
trong mt k hiu OFDM. Ch s m tri ph l,l=0,
1, ..., L-1, c thay bng ch s sng mang con
n,n=0, 1, ..., N
c-1
. nh x t 1 ti n ph thuc vo
vic chn b xen. Cc k hiu
( ) k
n S c xen trc
SFBC cc k hiu c kt hp vi nh x
khng gian tn s v v th cc k hiu lin sau
trong chui tri ph gc khng chu nh hng bi
cng mt h s fading.

Hnh 3: M khi tn s khng gian trong thit b truyn
Anten 1 Anten 2
Sng mang con 1
( ) k
n S
( )* k
n S
Sng mang con n+1
( )
1
k
n S +
( )* k
n S
Bng I. nh x vi SFBC v anten pht Tx
C ch nh x ca cc k hiu
( ) k
n S vi SFBC 2
anten pht v t l m ha c cho trong bng I.
C ch nh x cho SFBC c chn sao cho
anten 1 pht i d liu gc cha qua iu ch, v c
th tng thch vi h thng khng s dng SFBC,
tc l h thng khng s dng n anten th 2. Vic
nh x cc k hiu d liu trn sng mang con i
vi anten th nht tng ng vi bin i ngc
Fourier ri rc, ta c:
1
( )
2 / ( )
0,
0
1
; (12)
c
c
N
k
j n N k
n
n
c
x S e
N
t v
v

=
=


Vi n l ch s sng mng con v v l ch s ly
mu ca tn hiu thi gian. Ch c k hiu d liu
nh x vo anten th 2 l phi iu ch theo c ch
nh x cho m khi khng gian tn s nh trong
bng I. K hiu d liu ca anten pht th 2 c
nh x vo trong sng mang con nh sau:
/ 2 1
( )* ( )*
2 (2 1) / 2 2 / ( )
2 2 1
1,
0
1
; (13)
c
c c
N
k k
j n N j n N k
n n
v
n
c
x S e S e
N
t v t v

+
+
=
=

Khi OFDM bao gm cc khi bin i ngc
Fourier nhanh (IFFT) v khong thi gian bo v
ca mt k hiu OFDM. Tn hiu thu c trn cc
phn knh n v n+1 sau khi b i khong bo v v
bin i Fourier nhanh (FFT) l:
1
( ) ( )*
( ) ( )
1
0, 1,
0
; (14)
K
k k
k k
n n
n n n n
k
R H S H S N

+
=
= +

1
( ) ( )*
( ) ( )
1
1 0, 1 1, 1 1
0
; (15)
K
k k
k k
n n
n n n n
k
R H S H S N

+
+ + + +
=
= + +

Vi
( )
,
k
m n
H l h s fading phng ca phn knh th
n ca anten pht m v N
n
l nhiu cng trn sng
mang con n. H thng OFDM c thit k sao cho
fading trn mi phn knh c th c xem l
phng, nh th c th kt lun rng fading gia cc
sng mang con lin k l phng v c th xem
( )
,
k
m n
H =
( )
, 1
k
m n
H
+
. V th khi phn tch mt cp phn
5
knh lin k l n v n+1 chng ta c th coi
( ) k
m
H l
h s fading phng cp cho cp phn knh ca
anten pht th m. Sau khi s dng c ch kt hp
cho cc tn hiu nhn c ca ngi dng k th:
( ) ( )* ( ) *
0 1 1
;(16)
k k k
n n n
R H R H R
+
= +
( ) ( ) * ( )*
1 1 0 1
;(17)
k k k
n n n
R H R H R
+ +
= +
Tn hiu nhn c l:
( )
2 2 ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )*
0 1 0
( ) *
1 1
; (18)
k
k k k k
n
n n
k
n
R H H S MAI H N
H N
+
= + + +
+

( )
2 2 ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )*
1
1 0 1 0 1
( ) *
1
; (19)
k
k k k k
n
n n
k
n
R H H S MAI H N
H N
+
+ +
= + + +

So vi h thng OFDM khng ghp knh phn chia
theo m th trong h thng ny s xut hin mt
thnh phn nhiu MAI b sung [11] trong tn hiu
thu sau khi kt hp khng gian tn s ca mt
ngi dng c th. Mc tiu ca k thut tin cn
bng trong mc II l nhm gim nhiu MAI trong
iu kin cng sut thp.
Sau khi gii xen, pht hin k hiu v gii nh x, ta
thu c bt quyt nh mm w, trong trng hp
m ha knh, bt ny c dng cp cho b gii
m knh. m bo ti u gii m knh quyt
nh mm, t l truy cp c dng lm cc gi tr
mm, cc gi tr ny trong h thng MC-CDMA
tin cn bng c th c ly xp x [12]:
2
4
w LLR
o
= (20)
C th thy rng cng thc (20) khng cn thm
thng tin trng thi knh v c lp vi s anten
pht v ph hp cho SFBC vi s anten pht bt k.
IV. KT QU THC NGHIM
H thng SFBC MC-CDMA vi tin cn bng
trong knh fading Rayleigh c thc nghim.
Bng thng truyn pht ca h thng TDD l
20MHz, tn s trung tm sng mang l 5GHz. S
sng mang con N
c
=2048, chu k mi k hiu
OFDM l 102.4s. Khong bo v ln hn tr
cc i ca knh v tuyn. S dng m tri ph l
Hadamard c di L=8. S lng ngi dng c
th ln n 91 ngi vi tc d liu truyn ti l
100kbit/s/thu bao, c dng tnh ton khong
bo v. Tc d liu truyn c th ln n
18.2Mbit/s nu tt c cc knh c kt ni ti mt
ngi dng bng cch s dng tnh linh ng ca
bin i M v Q [10]. Cc m cun vi b nh 6 v
tc m R=1/2 c chn lm m knh. QPSK
c dng cho nh x k hiu. su chn l 24 k
hiu OFDM lin tip, chn thi gian v tn s, nh
th ta thu c tri ph theo thi gian v tn s.
Khng c tng quan gia cc anten trong h thng
OFDM m khi khng gian tn s. Knh v tuyn
c m hnh ha theo knh fading Rayleigh vi
cch chn trc tip thi gian v tn s, ta c th so
snh gia cc c ch sp xp khc nhau.
Hnh 4 l th gia t s BER v SNR/bit cho mt
h thng MC-CDMA uplink vi MRC ti khi thu
v SFBC. Kt qu th nghim trong h thng khng
dng SFBC cng c a ra tham kho. H
thng c xem xt vi s ti khc nhau. D thy,
h thng MC-CDMA trong trng hp n ngi
dng v y ti (K=8) c mc nhiu nn rt cao.
Trong trng hp bn ti (K=4), mc nhiu nn
thp BER=10
-4
v nu s dng SFBC c th ci
thin hiu sut, SNR tng 1dB. Trong trng hp
n ngi dng, SFBC hu nh khng c tc dng.
Cc kt qu vi MRC c th hin trn hnh, y
l k thut pht hin n ngi dng ti u trong
knh ln (uplink).

Hnh 4: Hiu sut ca MC_CDMA vi MRC trong b thu
v SFBC cho cc ti h thng khc nhau; R=1/2; QPSK;
L=8; Fafing Rayleigh; ng ln
Hnh 5 l th BER v SNR/bit vi h thng MC-
CDMA vi cc k thut tin cn bng khc nhau
trong khi pht. H thng vn p ng tt trong
trng hp y ti (K=8). Do kch bn tin cn
bng t thnh phn tn hiu c so snh vi kch
bn ng xung, nh th c th tn dng c
u im ca tnh trc giao gia cc m tri ph. Kt
qu trong trng hp khng s dng SFBC cng
c th hin tham kho. Tin cn bng MMSE
t c hiu sut cao hn cc k thut khc. Ch
rng tin cn bng EGC m khng dng SFBC s
khng th t c hiu qu cao nh tin cn bng
MMSE. Tuy nhin, trc khi c ch SFBC c
6
ng dng th hiu sut ca c 2 k thut l tng
ng. Da trn cc kt qu thc nghim, EGC ch
cn thng tin v pha ca knh trong khi MMSE cn
cc thng tin khc v bin fading v bin thin
nhiu.

Hnh 5: Quan h gia hiu qu s dng ph ca knh
MC-CDMA vi cc k thut tin cn bng trong b thu v
SFBC cho cc ti h thng khc nhau; R=1/2; QPSK; L=8;
Fafing Rayleigh; ng ln
Da trn cc kt qu c th hin, vic kt hp
tin cn bng EGC v SFBC l hon ton ph hp
cho ng ln trong h thng MC-CDMA, do n
gip gim c cc b pht hin a ngi dng
phc tp v khng cn phi thit lp knh uplink.
H thng c th hot ng ti vi BER<10
-4
v
SNR<6dB. Hiu sut ph c th t c trong
ng ln l 0.91bit/s/Hz. iu kin cn thit duy
nht l thng tin v knh ti pha pht, trong trng
hp TDD. Nghin cu h thng SFBC MC-CDMA
vi hiu sut ph cao v phc tp thp c th
c xem xt thay th cho h thng MC-CDMA
uplink thng thng.
V. KT LUN
Hiu sut ca m khi khng gian tn s (SFBC)
trong h thng OFDM c gii hiu v c
trin khai trong h thng MC-CDMA tin cn bng
bn pht. Ti liu ny tp trung vo ng ln ca
h thng di ng TDD. Nhng u im ca c ch
ny l vic s dng b tin cn bng n ngi
dng c phc tp thp, gip trnh c vic phi
s dng b pht hin a ngi dng ti pha thu,
ngoi ra cn gip trnh c vic phi thit lp K
knh ng thi ti ng ln. V th cc k hiu
tham chiu dng thit lp knh uplink l khng
cn thit, v gip duy tr hiu sut cao cho h thng.
Cc kt qu thc nghim cho thy h thng c th
t c t l BER<10
-4
khi y ti trong knh
fading Rayleigh, v SNR/bit<6dB i vi tin cn
bng n ngi dng. li khi s dng k thut
SFBC ln ti 3dB, nhng kt qu ny khng th t
c trong h thng MC-CDMA thng thng vi
b pht hin n ngi dng ti ng ln.


TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] K. Fazel and L. Papke, On the performance of
convolutionally-coded CDMA/OFDM for mobile
communication systems, in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. on
Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Commun. (PIMRC93),
pp. 468472, Sept. 1993.
[2] N. Yee, J.-P. Linnartz, and G. Fettweis, Multi-carrier
CDMA in indoor wireless radio networks, in Proc. IEEE Int.
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