HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 1 of 56

HNH THC NH GI
T
T
T
T
KHNG
T
KHNG
T
KHNG
T
Hc
li
t
u
KHNG
T
KHNG
T
KHNG
T
ln 2

Hc
li
t
u
T
THI KT
THC MN
MN
HC
TIU
LUN
(i vi mn
hc l
thuyt)
BI TP
TNG HP
(i vi mn
hc thc
hnh)

THI GIA
MN HC
Thi li
Xt vt
Thi li
T T
KHNG
T
ln 1

HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 2 of 56
HA I CNG
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 3 of 56
QUY NH V CCH NH GI IM
im gia hc k c tnh 20%.
im tiu lun c tnh 30%.
im thi kt thc mn c tnh 50%.
Trng hp nhng sinh vin thi li (k c thi
gia hc phn, kt thc mn, tiu lun) Nu
>5 th ch tnh phn thi bng 5, cc phn
im khc c bo lu).
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 4 of 56
Gii thiu v ni dung mn hc
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nh lut c bn
Chng 2: Cu to nguyn t
Chng 3: nh lut tun hon
Chng 4:Lin kt ha hc v cu to phn t
Chng 5: Trng thi tp hp ca vt cht
Chng 6: Nhit ng hc
Chng 7: ng ha hc
Chng 8: Cn bng ha hc
Chng 9: Cn bng trong dung dch lng
Chng 10: in ha hc
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 5 of 56
Ti liu tham kho HC
Nguyn nh Soa, HC, HBK HCM
Website:
www.cwx.prenhall.com/petrucci/medialib/pow
er_point/
http://www.uhd.edu/academic/colleges/sciences
/naturalscience/BKC_Homepage.htm
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 6 of 56
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nh lut cn bn


HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 7 of 56
Ni dung
Nhng pht hin u tin v ha hc
Nguyn t v phn t
Ht nhn nguyn t
Nguyn t ha hc v ng v
Cht ha hc, n cht, hp cht
Khi lng nguyn t, phn t, nguyn t
gam, phn t gam, ng lng
The Mole
K hiu, cng thc ha hc, phng trnh HH
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 8 of 56
Cc nh lut c bn
nh lut bo tun khi lng
L thnh phn khng i
nh lut t l bi
L ng lng
L th tch
L Avgadro v s Avogadro
L Boy-Mariotte v charler-Gray-Lussac
PT trng thi KLT
Mt vi phng php x KLPT v lng
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 9 of 56
Nhng pht minh u tin
What is the Chemistry?
Chemistry is the science that describes matter its properties,
the changes it undergoes, and the energy changes that
accompany those processes.
Lavoisier 1774 Law of conservation of mass
Proust 1799 Law of constant composition
Dalton 1803-1888 Atomic Theory

HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 10 of 56
Nguyn t v phn t
Daltons Atomic Theory
Each element is composed of small particles called atoms.
Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions.
All atoms of a given element are identical
Compounds are formed when atoms of more than one element
combine
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 11 of 56
Nguyn t v phn t
Nguyn t:
Phn t nh nht ca mt nguyn t tham gia vo
thnh phn phn t cc n cht v hp cht.
Nguyn t l ht nh nht ca mt nguyn t ho
hc khng th chia nh hn na v mt ho hc.
Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c kch thc v
khi lng khc nhau. Nu xem nguyn t nh
hnh cu th bn knh ca nguyn t hyro l
0,34A
0
(1 anstrom bng 10
8
cm ), ca nguyn
t iot bng 1,33A
o
...

HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 12 of 56
Nguyn t v phn t
V d v nguyn t
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 13 of 56
Nguyn t v phn t
Phn t:
L tiu phn nh nht ca mt cht c tt c tnh
cht ho hc ca cht .
Biu din phn t ca 1 cht bng cng thc ho
hc bao gm tt c cc k hiu ho hc cc nguyn
t to nn phn t ca cht cng cc ch s ghi
pha di bn phi ca k hiu ch s nguyn t
ca nguyn t .
Phn t hp cht v phn t n cht
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 14 of 56
Nguyn t v phn t
V d v phn t
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 15 of 56
Ht nhn nguyn t
Ht nhn nguyn t gm
proton(p) c khi lng 1,671.10
24
g (1,00728
vc) v c in tch theo quy c proton mang
in tch dng(+1).
Notron (n) c khi lng bng proton nhng
khng mang in tch. S proton lun bng s
electron v quyt nh in tch ht nhn. Tng
s (p)+(n) quyt nh khi lng ca nguyn t
v c gi l s khi
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 16 of 56
Ht nhn nguyn t
Rutherford
protons 1919
James Chadwick
neutrons 1932
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 17 of 56
Nguyn t ha hc, ng v
Nguyn t ho hoc. Nguyn t ha hc l
tp hp cc nguyn t c cng in tch ht
nhn. Nhiu nguyn t l hn hp ca mt
s ng v. Nh oxy c 3 ng v :
16
O
8
,
17
O
8

18
O
8
vi t l 3150:1:5. Kh hyro
thin nhin l hn hp ca 2 ng v
1
H
1

(proti) v
2
H
1
(tri
2
D
1
) vi t l 5000:1.

HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 18 of 56
V d: Bao nhiu proton, neutron v electron cho mi
nguyn t sau
O C C
2.3 Atomic Diversity
Nguyn t vi cng s proton, nhng khc s netron.
16
8
12
6
14
6
ng v

Z
A
X
K hiu nguyn t
S khi
S nguyn t, s p
ng v.
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 19 of 56
Ht nhn nguyn t v ng v
A= S khi = N + Z
Z = S in tch dng, in tch HN, s
Proton trong ht nhn
Vi mi nguyn t: proton l c nh (Z) v
s N c th thay i
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 20 of 56
Examples:
O
C
C
16
8
12
6
14
6
6 protons, 6 neutrons, 6 electrons
6 protons, 8 neutrons, 6 electrons
8 protons, 8 neutrons, 8 electrons
X
A
Z
ng v
Nguyn t vi cng s proton, nhng khc s netron.
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 21 of 56
V d ng v
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 22 of 56
Cht ha hc, ng phn, ng hnh
Cht l dng ng th c cng tnh cht vt
l v ha hc c cu to cng mt loi
phn t hay nguyn t
n cht l nhng cht m phn t ca
chng c cng loi nguyn t nh kh H
2
,
O
3
, S, Fe,
Hp cht l nhng cht m phn t ca
chng bao gm hai hay nhiu nguyn t
khc nhau nh CO, CO
2
, NH
3
, HNO
3
,
HCl
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 23 of 56
Cht ha hc, ng phn, ng hnh
Dng th hnh. Mt nguyn t ho hc c th tn ti 2
hay nhiu n cht khc nhau gi l hin tng th hnh
v cc n cht c gi l dng th hnh.Khi trng
thi kt tinh dng th hnh ng thi cng l dng a
hnh.
Hin tng ng hnh. Cc cht tinh th khc nhau c
th kt tinh di cng dng tinh th c mng tt ging
nhau. V d CaCO
3,
FeCO
3
, MgCO
3
u kt tinh cng
mt loi mng tinh th( mng tam phng mt thoi).
Hin tng ny c gi l hin tng ng hnh
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 24 of 56
VD: Hin tng ng hnh
Cu
3
Au
ReO
3
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 25 of 56
ng phn, k hiu ha hc, PTHH
ng phn. Nhng cht ho hc khc nhau
nhng c cng cng thc phn t gi l nhng
cht ng phn. Nh vy ch n thun thnh
phn cha xc nh 1 hp cht ho hc m
phi k n cu to phn t ca n. Trong ha
hc c bit ha hc hu c biu th mt cht
ho hc nht thic phi dng n cng thc cu
to.
V d
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 26 of 56
K hiu ha hc, PTHH
K hiu ho hc.
Mi nguyn t ha hc c k hiu bng ch ci
u hay hai ch ci trong tn Latinh ca nguyn t

Mi k hiu ho hc ca nguyn t ng thi ch 1
nguyn t ca nguyn t .
Cng thc dng biu th cc cht (phn t), v d:
hidro (H
2
)
PTHH: Dng biu th cc phn ng ha hc bng
cng thc HH
Phn loi phn ng ha hc
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 27 of 56
Phn ng ha hc
Phn ng kt hp: C + O
2
CO
2
|
Phn ng phn hy: CaCO
3
CaO + CO
2
|
Phn ng th: Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu+
Phn ng trao i: AgNO
3
+ NaCl AgCl + NaNO3
Phn ng ta nhit: H
2
+ Cl
2
2HCl AH = - 2,3kJ
Phn ng thu nhit: N
2
+ O
2
2NO AH = + 90,4kJ
Phn ng mt chiu: 2KClO
3
2KCl + 3O
2
Phn ng hai chiu: N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3
Phn ng oxy ha kh: 2FeCl
3
+ SnCl
2
FeCl
2
+ SnCl
4


HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 28 of 56
PTHH
2 NO + 1 O
2
2 NO
2
2 (14 + 16)g 32 g 2 (14 +32)g
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 29 of 56
Khi lng NT, PT
Khi lng nguyn t. Trc y ngi ta
thng nht ly khi lng nguyn t hyro v
sau l ly 1/16 khi lng nguyn t oxy lm
n v o. T 1961 n nay ngi ta thng nht
ly 1/12 khi lng ca nguyn t ng v C
12

lm n v o n bng 1,66054.10
24
g= amu.
Khi lng nguyn t: t s khi lng nguyn t
ca n vi 1/12 phn khi lng ca nguyn t
cacbon


V du: m
nguyen t
(O) =
) ln ( 16
10 66 , 1
10 66 , 2
24
23
t vk ~

HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 30 of 56

Khi lng NT, PT
Khi lng phn t ca mt cht l t s khi lng
phn t ca n vi 1/12 phn khi lng ca nguyn t
cacbon
Khi lng phn t ca mt cht l khi lng mt
phn t ca cht tnh bng n v khi lng
nguyn t v bng tng khi lng nguyn t ca cc
nguyn t trong phn t.
V d; H
2
O l 18,0152 vc ca NH
3
l 17,0304 vc
Nguyn t gam. Nguyn t gam l lng ca 1
nguyn t c tnh bng gam c gi tr v s bng khi
lng nguyn t ca nguyn t . V d mt nguyn t
gam ca Fe bng 55,847g, mt nguyn t gam ca O l
15,9994g, mt nguyn t gam ca Cu l 63,546g
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 31 of 56
Phn t gam. Phn t gam l lng cht c
tnh ra gam v c gi tr v s bng khi lng
phn t ca cht
Mol: l n v o lng cht, 1 mol bt k u
cha s tiu phn nh nhau (s Avogadro)
N
A
= 6.02214199 x 10
23
mol
-1


* Khi lng phn t H
2
O bng 18 v.C
Khi lng mol phn t H
2
O bng 18g.
* Khi lng phn t CO2 bng 44 v.C
Khi lng mol phn t CO2 bng 44g
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 32 of 56
Khi lng mol phn t: l khi lng tnh bng
gam c a 1 mol phn t cht .
Khi lng mol nguyn t: l khi lng tnh bng
gam ca 1 mol nguyn t .
Tng t: khi lng mol ion

) (
) (
) (
A t nguyen mol lng Khoi
m to nguyen gam So
n to nguyen mol So =
) (
) (
) (
M t phan mol lng Khoi
m chat gam So
n chat mol So =
ion mol lng Khoi
m ion gam So
n ion mol So
) (
) ( =
Cch biu
th mt
lng cht
KL m gam
qua mol
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 33 of 56
nh lut cn bn
nh lut thnh phn khng i: Mt hp cht d
c iu ch bng cch no i na bao gi cng c
thnh phn xc nh v khng i.
V d: H
2
O d iu ch bng cch no khi phn tch thnh
phn u cho t l 11,1% : 88,9% hay 1g : 8g.
NaCl: c 39,34% Na v 60,66% Cl
Tr trng hp cc khuyt tt trong mng tinh th


HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 34 of 56
nh lut t l bi: Nu hai nguyn t kt hp vi nhau
cho mt s hp cht th ng vi cng mt khi lng
nguyn t ny, cc khi lng nguyn t kia t l vi
nhau nh nhng s nguyn n gin.
V d: Nit kt hp vi oxi to thnh nm oxit c cng
thc phn t ln lt l: N
2
O, NO, N
2
O
3
, NO
2
, N
2
O
5
,
nu ng vi mt n v khi lng nit th khi lng
ca oxy trong cc oxit ln lt l: 0,57 : 1,14 : 1,71
: 2,28 : 2,85 hay 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 35 of 56
Nitrogen oxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Dinitrogen oxide
Dinitrogen trioxide
Dinitrogen pentoxide
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 36 of 56
nh lut cn bn
nh lut bo ton KL
Tng khi lng cc sn phm
thu c ng bng tng khi
lng cc cht ban u tc
dng.
V d:
Ch khi phn ng thu hoc ta
nhit

HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 37 of 56
nh lut ng lng.
ng lng ca mt nguyn t l s phn khi lng
ca nguyn t kt hp (thay th) ht vi 1,008 phn khi
lng ca hyro hoc 8 phn khi lng ca oxy
V d ng lng ca hyro l
H
=1,008,
O
=8
Trong cc phn ng ho hc cc nguyn t kt hp vi nhau
hoc thay th nhau theo cc khi lng t l vi ng lng
ca chng
Khi lng cht A l m
A
gam phn ng ht vi m
B
gam cht
B.Nu gi ng lng cht A v cht B ln lc
A
v
B
th
theo nh lut ng lng ta c:
A A
B B
m D
m D
=
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 38 of 56
ng lng ca nguyn t
A c lin h n gin sau:
Trong phn ng trao i Z=
s nguyn t H(OH) ca 1
pt axit (baz) thc t tham
gia phn ng
Mui: Z= tng in tch
dng phn kim loi
Phn ng oxi ha Z= s e
m 1 pt cht kh cho v
ngc li
Z hoa oxi So
A t nguyen lng Khoi

A
=
Z hoa oxi So
A t nguyen lng Khoi

A
=
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 39 of 56
V d: ng lng ca axit H
2
SO
4
trong hai phn ng sau
H
2
SO
4
+ NaOH NaHSO4 + H
2
O (1)

H2SO4
= 98/1 = 98
H
2
SO
4
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SO4 + 2H
2
O (2)

H2SO4
= 98/2 = 49
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 6NaOH 2Fe(OH)
3
+ 3Na
2
SO
4
Fe2(SO4)3 = 400/6 = 66,66
2FeCl
3
+ SnCl
2
FeCl
2
+ SnCl
4

85 , 94
2
5 , 162
1
2
2
3
3
= = = =
SnCl
SnCl
FeCl
FeCl
M
t tng
M

HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 40 of 56

ng lng gam: ca mt n cht hay hp
cht l lng cht c tnh bng gam c tr
s bng ng lng ca n.
Mi lin h gia s gam (m) v s ng lng
gam (n) ca mt cht c ng lng theo
biu thc sau:


B A
B
B
A
A
B
A
B
A
n n

m
hay
m
m

' ' = = =
) (
) (
) ' (
lng ng
m gam So
n gam lng ng So =
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 41 of 56
D. Avogadros Law
- Trong cng iu kin T & P nhng thr
tch bng nhau (V1=V2) ca cht kh khc
nhau u cha cng s phn t nh nhau
(N1=N2)
- At STP [Standard Temperature and
Pressure; 1.00 atom and 0
o
C (273 K)] 1.00
mole = 22.4 L
- 22.4 L is a little larger than a basketball.

HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 42 of 56
D. Avogadros Law




9 atoms and 9 tri-atomic molecules occupy the same
volume (STP)

- How many L would 5.6 g of He occupy at standard
temperature and pressure (STP)?
- Note: 22.4L = 1 mole gas only at STP.
- 5.6g He x 1.0mol He x 22.4 L = 31 L He
4.0g He 1.0 mol

HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 43 of 56
nh lut th tch
Th tch cc kh tham gia phn ng t l vi
nhau v cng t l vi th tch cc sn phm
kh ca phn ng nh nhng s nguyn n
gin
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 44 of 56
nh lut cht kh
A. Boyle-Mariottes Law
- In 1601 Robert Boyle noted that the volume of a
fixed amount of gas at a given temperature was
inversely related to the pressure.
V = k x 1/P where k is a constant; PV = k or

P
2
V
2
= P
1
V
1


- Example: 2.3 L of gas at 3.0 atm is expanded into
a 5.0 L container. What is the new P?

P
2
= P
1
V
1
/V
2
= (3.0atm)(2.3L)/5.0L = 1.4 atm
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 45 of 56
Gas Laws
B. Charles Law
- In 1787 Jacques Charles noted a relationship between the
volume of a given gas and temperature.
- For a given amount of gas at constant pressure, following
is true (in absolute K):
V = k x T or V/T = k

V
2
/T
2
= V
1
/T
1
Where T is in the Kelvin scale

Example: 2.1 L of a gas at 300. K is cooled
to 100. K. What will be the new volume.

V
2
= V
1
T
2
/T
1
= (2.1L) (100.K)/300.K = 0.70 L
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 46 of 56
Gay-Lussacs law
Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac, 1778-1850
V are constant :





Example: If in a closed container 1 liter of a gas at
300K (27 C) has a pressure of 1 bar heating the
sample to 600 K (327 C) the pressure will rise to 2
bar.
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 47 of 56
nh lut kh

V T & V 1/P
V T/P V = k x T/P
k = PV/T

P
2
V
2
= P
1
V
1

T
2
T
1


- Note: a) all units must be same on both
sides of the equation, & b) T must be in K.
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 48 of 56
Kh l tng
V n V T V 1/P

V n x T / P; V = k x n x T/P; Let k = R

V = RnT/P or PV = nRT nh lut kh l tng

R = 0.0821 L x atm / (K x mol) when P in atm
R = 8.31 J / (K x mol) when P in Pa & V in m
3
R= 62400 mmHg/mol x K nu P=mmHg, V =ml

nh lut ny c kt hp t ba nh lut kh
chnh xc ~ 10% ti T & P thng.
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 49 of 56
Bi tp p dng
1) What is P of 0.51 mol O
2
in 15 L at 303 K?

P = nRT/V = 0.51mol x 0.0821Latm/(Kmol) x 303K / 15 L
= 0.84 atm

2) What is V of 28.0 g of CO at 760 Torr and 0
o
C?
n= 28.0 g CO x 1 mol / 28.0 g CO = 1.00 mol CO
T= 0 + 273 = 273 K
P= 760 Torr x 1 atm / 760 torr = 1.00 atm

V = nRT/P = 1.00mol x 0.0821Latm/Kmol x 273K / 1.00 atm
= 22.4 L
HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 50 of 56
nh lut G. Dalton
P
T
= P
1
+ P
2
+ P
3
+ .. Total pressure = sum of
partial pressures of all gases present.

Mole fraction of a gas = Pressure fraction of the
gas
x
1
= n
1
/n
T
= P
1
/P
T
or P
1
= x
1
x P
T


HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 51 of 56
nh lut G. Dalton
- Nu kh c thu qua nc: P
T
= P
gas
+ P
H2O

HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 52 of 56
Phng php xc nh KLPT v L
Theo phng trnh trng thi ca KLT
Phng php Duylong Peti . Nhit dung nguyn t
ca mt n cht rn gn bng 26J/mol. A.C = 26
V d nhit dung ring ca Fe l 0,463J/g nn khi lng
nguyn t Fe l:
A
Fe
= 26/0,463 = 56,1

Phng php t chy i vi cc hp cht HC

HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 53 of 56
Scale of Atoms
Useful units:

1 amu (atomic mass unit) = 1.66054 x 10
-24
kg
1 pm (picometer) = 1 x 10
-12
m

1 (Angstrom) = 1 x 10
-10
m = 100 pm = 1 x 10
-8
cm
The heaviest atom has a mass of only 4.8 x 10
-22
g

and a diameter of only 5 x 10
-10
m.