Está en la página 1de 31

ABNORMAL UTERINE ACTION

Introduction

Abnormal uterine action is one of the factors causing dystocia (difficult labor) in
which uterine forces are insufficiently strong or inappropriately coordinated to
.(efface and dilate the cervix (uterine dysfunction

Pelvic contraction is often accompanied by uterine dysfunction and the two


.together constitute the most common cause of dystocia

Similarly, malpresentation or large fetal size (macrosomia) may be accompanied


.by uterine dysfunction

As a generalization, uterine dysfunction is common whenever there is


.disproportion between the presenting part of the fetus and the birth tract
:Physiology of uterine contractions
refer to normal labor

Uterine work. can be evaluated using Montevideo units

Montevideo units are calculated by subtracting the baseline uterine


pressure from the peak of uterine contraction pressure for each
contraction in a 10 minutes window and adding the pressures
.generated by each contraction
PHYSIOLOGICAL UTERINE CONTRACTIONS

The physiological control of myometrial activity takes place through


estrogen, progesterone, oxytocin, prostaglandins, cyclic AMP, calcium,
.beta 2 receptors among others

By the end of pregnancy, the balance of these factors is tipped, favoring an


.increase in uterine activity initiating labor

The uterus, like other smooth muscle organs, exhibits waves of


.contractions beginning at the fundus, downwards to the lower segment

Contractions of the uterus are paralleled with cervical dilatation. The


increased frequency and intensity of uterine contractions will cause
descent of the presenting part with progressive cervical dilatation and
.effacement

:Assessment of uterine activity should include


Frequency
Amplitude
Duration
.Resting tone of the uterine muscle
CLASSIFICATION OF ABNORMALITIES OF THE UTERINE
:ACTION
:Uterine overactivity
Precipitate labor:. in absence of obstruction
Obstructed labor:. in presence of obstruction
Uterine underactivity: (uterine inertia):: This may be due to
.Hypotonic inertia-1
:Hypertonic inertia-2
Uterus is hyperactive with increase in the basal tone with no or
minimal effect on dilatation and effacement of the cervix, this
:may include the following types
A-Incoordinate uterine contractions (colicky uterus): due to lack
.of synchrony of contractions of the myometrium
.B-Hyperactive lower segment: due to lack of fundal dominance
Contraction ring (constriction ring): caused by localized annular
.spasm of the uterine muscles
.Cervical dystocia-3
UTERINE HYPERACTIVITY

:Precipitate labor .1
:Definition

It is a labor duration less than 4 hours due to strong coordinate


uterine contractions in absence of obstruction in the birth canal,
and resistance of the soft tissue, with small sized fetus. The
patient does not feel except the last contractions during the
.expulsion of the fetus
:Diagnosis
It is a retrospective diagnosis as the patient is usually seen in the
2nd or 3rd stages of labor. If seen during the first stage of the
labor, the partogram will show rapid progress of cervical
dilatation and effacement. If seen after delivery, examination of
the mother and infant should be performed for the following
:complications
:Maternal
Lacerations of the cervix, vagina and perineum predisposing to:*
postpartum hemorrhage and sepsis which is also predisposed to due to
.delivery in unsuitable surroundings
Atony: due to uterine exhaustion may lead to postpartum *hemorrhage, *
.retained placenta and inversion of the uterus
.Shock due to heamorrhage and/or pain*

:Fetal
Intracranial hemorrhage: due to rapid compression and *
decompression of the fetal head during delivery
Fetal injuries *
Avulsion of the cord *
Neonatal sepsis *
:Management
:Prophylaxis
A patient with past history of precipitate labor should be admitted to the
.hospital at the first perception of labor pains

Rarely if the patient is seen during delivery, general anesthesia


(inhalation by nitrous oxide and oxygen or sedation) may be given to
.slow down the course of delivery to prevent forcible bearing down

If the patient is seen after delivery: exploration of the birth canal for any
.injury and manage accordingly

Prophylactic antibiotics if delivery occurred in unsuitable conditions

.Proper examination of the fetus for detection of any complications


Excessive uterine contractions and retraction (in .2
:presence of obstruction) = uterine overactivity

In obstructed labor, there is excessive uterine contraction in a trial to


over come the obstruction, there will be marked retraction
&thickening of the upper uterine segment while the more passive
lower segment is markedly stretched and thinned to accommodate
.more and more of the fetus
Therefore the retraction ring rises up and is seen and felt
abdominally as a transverse groove that may rise to or above the
.level of the umbilicus
This retraction ring is known as “pathological retraction ring or
.“Bandle ring
Unless the obstruction is properly treated, the thinned out lower
.segment will rupture
UTERINE UNDERACTIVITY
:Hypotonic Inertia .1

Definition :Weak, infrequent and ineffective uterine contractions

Etiology ::Not known but the following factors may be associated

:General factors .1
.Primigravida especially elderly
Anemia, chronic illness. (Antepartum hemorrhage leads to anemia
.that predisposes to inertia
.Hypertensive states with pregnancy
.Nervous, anxious patients
.Improper use of analgesics
:Local factors .2

.(Overdistension of the uterus (e.g.: twins and polyhydramnios

Anomalies in development of the uterus (eg: unicornuate,


.(bicornuate and septate uterus

Malpresentations and malposition

.Full bladder or rectum

.Uterine fibroids: Fibroids interfere with proper uterine contractions

.Induction of premature labor


:Classification

:Primary inertia
.Poor uterine contractions from the start of labor

:Secondary inertia
Uterine contractions become weaker after a period of
good uterine contractions due to uterine exhaustion in cases of
cephalopelvic disproportion (act as a protective mechanism
.(against rupture uterus
:Clinical picture

Labor is prolonged: at various stages of labor (detected clinically by


partogram as e.g.: prolonged latent phase, protraction disorders
.(and arrest of cervical dilatation

Uterine contractions are weak, infrequent and have short duration.


:This can be detected clinically by
Examination: On feeling the contractions abdominally there is
weak increase in the uterine tone, uterine contractions in 10
minutes are less than 3 contractions and each lasting less than 30
.seconds
:Monitoring using
.External tocodynamometer: by external sensor over the abdomen

The mother & the fetus are usually not seriously affected especially
.when the membranes remain intact, apart from prolonged labor

If the inertia persists after delivery of the fetus, there is liability for
retention of the placenta (prolonged 3rd stage of labor) and atonic
.postpartum hemorrhage
:Complications
Mostly that of prolonged labor
:A. Maternal
:In the 1st stage
.Nervousness, anxiety, exhaustion and starvation ketoacidosis
:In the 2nd stage
prolonged 2nd stage, increase liability for instrumental delivery and
.cesarean section
:In the 3rd stage
retention of the placenta and postpartum hemorrhage
Subinvolution of the uterus
.Risks of abuse of uterine stimulants

:B. Fetal
Usually no effect apart from fetal infection from prolonged
.premature rupture of the membranes
:Treatment of Hypotonic inertia
:General measures
Proper diagnosis that this patient is in active labor (and not in the prodroma of
labor) by proper identification of true labor pains (rhythmic, increase in
strength, frequency and duration and accompanied by bulge of the bag of
.forewater and cervical dilatation

Exclusion of cephalopelvic disproportion and malpresentations so as to be


.managed accordingly

:Proper management of the 1st stage of the labor


:Uterine stimulants
:Oxytocin stimulation
:Aim
To increase the strength, frequency and duration of the uterine
.contractions
:Precautions before & during use of oxytocin
There must be no contraindication to oxytocin. Exclusion of the following
:is essential
.Cephalopelvic disproportion
Malpresentations (however oxytocin can be given in cases of breech
provided that the pelvis is adequate and there is no other
.(contraindication
.Incoordinate uterine action
.Scar in the uterus
.Grand multipara
.Fetal distress
.Multiple pregnancy
Close observation of the mother &the fetal heart sounds by continuous fetal
. monitoring. If significant deceleration develops, stop the infusion
Continuous automatic computer infusion pump: For proper calculation and
. adjustment of the dose
:Technique of I.V. oxytocin administration
Dissolve 5 units (5,000 mIU) in 500 ml of lactated ringer
.solution so 1 ml contains 10 mIU of oxytocin

:Assessment of efficiency of uterine contractions


:a. Clinical
The hand is applied on the
patient's abdomen to detect frequency, regularity, duration
.and strength
:b. External tocography
A tocodynamometer is applied on
.the mother's abdomen to record uterine contractions
:Operative interference
Artificial rupture of the membranes: may be effective especially in
.(cases of hydramnios (will relieve the overstretch of the uterine muscles

Operative delivery indicated if labor is prolonged beyond 24 hours or


.if there is fetal distress at any time
:One of the following may be done
Vaginal delivery for example by forceps if the cervix is fully
dilated and the conditions are suitable for vaginal delivery
Caesarean section: if fetal distress occurs before full
:dilatation of the cervix
N.B.: continue the drip for at least one hour (duration of fourth
stage) after delivery of the fetus to guard against retained placenta
.and atonic postpartum hemorrhage

:Secondary uterine hypotonia


this condition usually follows prolonged labor with good uterine
contractions which has failed to overcome obstruction to delivery in
.primigravida
Careful examination is needed to detect the cause of obstruction.
.CS is usually the solution
Hypertonic Inertia .2
:Etiology
:not known but the following may be associated
.Anxiety
.Repeated rough manipulation
.Mal-use of oxytocin
,Disproportion
malpresentations
.and malposition
:Clinical picture
.(Labor is prolonged (detected by partogram
Uterine contractions are irregular and between the contractions
.the uterus is not lax with increase in the basal tone
.This can be detected by external tocodynamometer
Contractions are painful. The pain precedes, outlasts the
.contractions and there is marked low backache
There is slow cervical dilatation and effacement (i.e. ineffective
.(uterine contractions
The membranes rupture early (due to increased intrauterine
.(pressure
:Treatment
:I. General measures
Exclude disproportion, malposition and malpresentations (to be
.(managed accordingly
.Proper management of the 1st stage
:II. Specific management
:Medical .1
Analgesics e.g.: pethidine and antispasmodic e.g. hyoscine:
Epidural analgesia may be useful in cases not responding to
.analgesics
Normal uterine action with progressive cervical dilatation may occur
.following these measures
:Caesarean section: is indicated in .2
.In cases of disproportion
.If fetal distress occurs before full cervical dilatation
Cases in which analgesia fails to cause normal uterine action and
.progressive cervical dilatation
CONTRACTION (CONSTRICTION) RING
:Definition
.It is a persistent localized annular spasm of the uterine muscles

.(It occurs at any stage of labor (1st, 2nd or 3rd stage

It occurs at any part of the uterus but usually at the junction of the upper
.and lower segments
:Etiology
:Not known but the following may be associated
.Malpresentations and malposition
Rough or repeated intrauterine manipulations (especially under light
(anaesthesia
Improper use of uterine stimulants e.g. the use of oxytocin infusion in
.hypertonic inertia
:Diagnosis
Contraction ring is frequently preceded by colicky uterus and the
.patient is usually a primigravida
Contraction ring is only diagnosed by per vaginal examination
.i.e by feeling it with a hand introduced inside the uterus
Contraction ring causes prolonged 2nd stage (as it usually lies
.(opposite the neck of the fetus
It is suspected if there is prolonged 2nd stage without any
.obvious cause
In the 3rd stage it may cause hour glass contraction of the
.uterus with retained placenta and postpartum hemorrhage
:Treatment
.Exclude disproportion, malpresentations and malposition

.Analgesics e.g.: pethidine and antispasmodic e.g. hyoscine

In the 2nd stage, give deep general anesthesia and amyl nitrite inhalation
.then deliver the fetus immediately by forceps
If the forceps fails or if the ring is below the presenting part, cesarean
,section is needed
if the ring persists in spite of general aneasthesia, a vertical incision of the
.lower segment is needed to cut the ring

In the 3rd stage, give deep general anesthesia and amyl nitrite inhalation
then remove the placenta manually in cases of hour glass contraction
.of the uterus
CERVICAL DYSTOCIA
:Definition
This is a difficulty in labor due to failure of cervical
dilatation within a reasonable time in spite of the presence of
strong, regular uterine contractions, i.e. no abnormalities in
.the uterine expulsive power
:Types
:)Organic rigidity )2ry .1
Stenosis of the cervix by fibrosis following previous trauma or
iatrogenic surgical trauma e.g.: cervical amputation,
.overcauterization, conization, repeated cerclage
Organic obstruction of the cervix by cervical fibroid or
.carcinoma
:)Functional rigidity )1ry .2
It is non-dilatation of the external os of the cervix in absence of
.any organic lesion
The process affects the external os only, so the cervix may be
.well effaced and the head is well applied to it
:Clinically
.The external os is felt as a hard rim
:Complications
Besides the complications of prolonged labor and obstructed labor
(if labor is neglected), very rarely annular detachment of the cervix
.may result
:Treatment
In cases of stenosis of the cervix by fibrosis, cesarean section is
the safest method of delivery if the cervix fails to dilate after a
.reasonable time
In cases of organic obstruction of the cervix, cesarean section is
.the method of delivery
:In cases of functional rigidity
.Giving time this cervix may dilate with good uterine contractions
Analgesics as pethidine, and antispasmodics as hyoscine may be
.given
If fetal distress occurs with the cervix less than half dilated or
.the head is not engaged cesarean section is done
If fetal distress occurs with the cervix taken up and more than
half dilated with the head deeply engaged: Cesarean section is
.the safe preferable solution

También podría gustarte