1.

, ,
, ,
,
.

.
, .

,
,

.
,
,
. ,



.

.
, .
,
.
,

.

100 Gb, .
Maxtor, Seagate Toshiba.
.
2.
,
1955
IBM 350 Disk File, Reynold Johnson
IBM 305.
. 1956
. 1973
. Winchester
. 7 Winchester
5.25 Shugart ST-506, 5 MB.
1982 Hitacht 14-
1.2 GB. 1986

() SCSI.


. 1980 .
20 cm 35 cm
,
,
-

1980 . Seagate Technology ST-506,

5.25 5 .
,
, : 1995

 2GB ; 1997 10 GB ; 2002

137 GB; 2003 Serial ATA ;
2005 . 80GB
500GB, 7200 10.000
50MB/s.
15.000
80MB/s.
()
. 4200
5.400, 7200 rpm.
3. (HDD)
e
.
( 1),

1.
. ,
, ROM (. firmware) RAM

. ROM-
adaptive
3

 ,
.

( 2).
,
.

.
,
,
.
.
()
, (
2).

2.
(. step, stepper)
. (
. 1o) .

.
,
,
. /

 .

: , ,
, .

.
.

( ).


.

.
.
/ ,


/.

,
.
4.
( 3).

15.000 rpm,
5400 rpm 7200 rpm.

 3.

,
.
-
.

.
-,
.
,
.
,
, .
,
, ..
head crash, .

. ,
/ .
.
,
.


Voice Coil Actuator (VCA). VCA
,
.
( ) .
VCA
, .
,
VCA .
,
. ,
,
,

.
(. slider).
,
.

.
(. landing zone)
.
, IBM-
. ,

. ,

.
.
.
/

 .
()
.
(MR)
.

MR
.
5. ,


( 4).
.
.


.

4.

.

 ,
.
.

. .

.

.

,
.
,
.

.
Neel-
.

.

Neel- .
.
.

.
6.
.

 .
.

.
e
.

, 100 .

VCA ,
.
,
.
,
. FM ( ), MFM
( FM), RLL (. run length limited), PRML (. partial responze,
maximum likelyhood) , EPRLM (. extended PRML).
. ,
,
. ,
,
.
( , , , )
.

. ,
. ,
,
.
, , .

10

 (.
servo writer) ,

VCA ,
,
.
, .

.
(. dedicated servo) ,

, .
,
, .
,
(.embedded servo)
. .
,
(. Error Correction Codes).
,
ECC . ,
ECC
; , ,
,
, . ECC
- (Reed-Solomon) .

.

(. Low Level Format - LLF).

11

 ( )
,
.
.
.
. 5.
.
.

5.
7.
, ,
. ,
IDE/ATA SCSI ,
LBA

.
,
. SCSI ,
IDE/ATA , .
. BIOS ,
,
, CHS.

12

 , ,
.
,
. BIOS-
, . e

,
. LBA IDE/ATA
.
LBA
, IDE/ATA .

, .

.
.
,
6, 2, 85.

/ ,

.

,
/.

,
.
(. Latency)
.

13

 /
.
8.
.
,
.

.
,
.
.

.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
, .
,

.
.
,
( ), ,
, .

.

14

, .
. ,
,
,
.
,
,
.
: ,
,
.
ECC ,
. ,
.
,
.

, .
(. defect mapping)
.
,
,
.

.

, .

chkdsk Windows badblocks
Linux, . ,

15

 .

.

.
.
, :
.
.
9.

.

.
.

, ,

.

, , .

16